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Ujala

2026-05-06T03:39:08Z

BrittScotto5: Creating the details v1

{{about||the LED lighting project UJALA|Unnat Jyoti by Affordable LEDs for All}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ujala
| image = Ujala 1959.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = Naresh Saigal
| producer = F.C. Mehra
| writer = [[Qamar Jalalabadi]] (screenplay) Naresh Saigal (story) Manohar Singh Sehrai (dialogues)
| narrator =
| starring = [[Shammi Kapoor]] [[Mala Sinha]] [[Raaj Kumar]] [[Leela Chitnis]]
| music = [[Shankar Jaikishan]]
| cinematography = Shivram Malaya
| editing = Pran Mehra
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1959|||df=y}}
| runtime = 109 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Ujala''''' (Light/Luminosity) is a [[Bollywood]] [[romantic film|romantic]] [[crime film]] released in 1959, starring [[Shammi Kapoor]], [[Mala Sinha]], [[Raaj Kumar]], [[Leela Chitnis]] and [[Tun Tun]]. Naresh Saigal was the story writer as well as the director. ''Ujala'' features one of the popular Bollywood songs "Jhoomta Mausam, Mast Mahina" played by Shammi Kapoor and Mala Sinha, sung by [[Manna Dey]] and [[Lata Mangeshkar]]. The film came with a message; "Honesty always triumphs". The film's music was by [[Shankar–Jaikishan]], with lyrics by [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]] and [[Hasrat Jaipuri]].

==Plot==
Ramu ([[Shammi Kapoor]]), his family consisting of his mother ([[Leela Chitnis]]) and three siblings, and his sweetheart Chhabili ([[Mala Sinha]]) are poor, but they dream of a better life and keep trying to achieve it. In the process, his childhood friend and villain in the movie Kalu ([[Raaj Kumar]]) creates obstacles for his ambitions.

Ramu is dragged into an evil world, where Kalu makes him realize that it is easy money to rob someone; honesty apparently has no value. Ramu gets pulled into this world when his sister meets with a car accident. He needs money for her treatment and she dies due to the lack of it. Ramu now joins Kalu and his gang. Kalu kills one of his gang members who betrayed him. Kalu convinces Ramu that he may get blamed for the murder so Ramu goes into hiding. He works for a man making knives from where Kalu steals a silver knife, which belongs to a police officer. This implicates Ramu further where he's again on the run. After a final fight with Kalu, Ramu is able to prove his innocence.

==Cast==
* [[Shammi Kapoor]] as Ramu<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=1959-01-01 |title=Ujala Cast List {{!}} Ujala Movie Star Cast {{!}} Release Date {{!}} Movie Trailer {{!}} Review- Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/ujala-2/cast/ |access-date=2024-11-06 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Mala Sinha]] as Chabeli
* [[Raaj Kumar]] as Kalu
* [[Leela Chitnis]] as Ramu's mother
* [[Dhumal (actor)|Dhumal]] as Bholu
* [[Kumkum (actress)|Kumkum]] as Kammo
* Ramesh Sinha as Police Inspector
* Shivraj as Acharya
* [[Asrani]] (uncredited cameo)

==Trivia==
Raaj Kumar was unhappy that none of the songs were picturized on him; they were instead picturized on Shammi Kapoor, a rising superstar of the late '50s. To remedy this, Naresh Saigal, the director, created a friendship song between the two male stars "Yaaron Surat Hamari Pe Mat Jaao" which was sung by [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]] and [[Mohammed Rafi]], with lyrics by Shailendra.

==Music==
The film score is composed by the musical duo [[Shankar–Jaikishan]]. The lyrics were written by [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]] and [[Hasrat Jaipuri]].
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Jhoomta Masoom, Mast Mahina
| extra1 = [[Manna Dey]], [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
| lyrics1 = [[Hasrat Jaipuri]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Tera Jalwa Jisne Dekha
| extra2 = Lata Mangeshkar
| lyrics2 = Hasrat Jaipuri
| length2 =
| title3 = Duniya Walaon Se Door
| extra3 = [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]], Lata Mangeshkar
| lyrics3 = [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]]
| length3 =
| title4 = Ab Kahan Jaye Hum
| extra4 = Manna Dey
| lyrics4 = Shailendra
| length4 =
| title5 = O Mora Nadan Balma
| extra5 = Lata Mangeshkar
| lyrics5 = Hasrat Jaipuri
| length5 =
| title6 = Suraj Jara Aa Pass Aa
| extra6 = Manna Dey
| lyrics6 = Shailendra
| length6 =
| title7 = Yaaron Surat Hamari Pe Mat Jaao
| extra7 = [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]], [[Mohammed Rafi]]
| lyrics7 = Shailendra
| length7 =
| title8 = Chamm Chamm
| extra8 = [[Manna Dey]], [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
| lyrics8 = Hasrat Jaipuri
| length8 =
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0157132|Ujala}}

[[Category:1959 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shankar–Jaikishan]]
[[Category:Romantic crime films]]
[[Category:Indian crime films]]
[[Category:1959 crime films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]

List of Indian Bengali films of 1962

2026-05-04T15:34:15Z

BrittScotto5: Redirect article

#REDIRECT [[List of Indian Bengali films of the 1960s]]{{Redirect category shell|{{R from merge}}{{R from history}}}}

Malkajgiri Municipal Corporation

2026-04-30T07:29:10Z

BrittScotto5:

{{Short description|Municipal government in Telangana, India}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Malkajgiri Municipal Corporation
| native_name =
| coa_pic =
| coa_res =
| coa_alt =
| logo =
| coa-pic =
| coa-res =
| house_type = [[Municipal corporation]]
| jurisdiction = Hyderabad
| foundation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|paren=yes|br=yes|2026|2|11}}
| leader1_type = Mayor
| leader1 = ''Vacant'' (since 11 February 2026)
| party1 =
| election1 =
| leader2_type = Deputy Mayor
| leader2 = ''Vacant'' (since 11 February 2026)
| party2 =
| election2 =
| leader3_type = [[Municipal commissioner]]
| leader3 = T. Vinay Krishna Reddy, IAS (since 11 February 2026)
| preceded_by = [[Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation]]
| succeeded_by =
| seats = 74
| structure1 =
| structure1_res = 300px
| political_groups1 =
| last_election1 =
| next_election1 =
| session_room =
| meeting_place = HMDA Building, [[Tarnaka]], Hyderabad
| website = {{URL|https://mmc.telangana.gov.in/|Official website}}
| motto =
}}
The '''Malkajgiri Municipal Corporation''' ('''MMC''') is a civic body that governs the eastern and few parts of southern areas of [[Hyderabad]], Telangana, within the '''Core Urban Region Economy (CURE)''' area. It is the local government responsible for the civic administration, including urban planning, sanitation, road maintenance and public health services. The corporation is governed by the Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation Act, 1955.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Swathi |first=V. |date=2026-02-11 |title=All the three corporations to be governed by the GHMC Act, 1955 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/all-the-three-corporations-to-be-governed-by-the-ghmc-act-1955/article70620480.ece |access-date=2026-03-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The headquarters and meeting place of the corporation is situated at the HMDA Building in [[Tarnaka]], Hyderabad and has a total jurisdictional area of 727 km².<ref>{{Cite news |title=Hyderabad Formally Split Into 3 Civic Bodies |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/vinay-krishna-reddy-takes-charge-as-commissioner-of-malkajgiri-municipal-corporation/article70618508.ece|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

==History==
The MMC was established on 11 February 2026 following the re-organisation of the [[Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation]] as part of administrative restructing in the metropolitan region.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=S. Bachan Jeet |date=2026-02-11 |title=Telangana govt reorganises GHMC into three municipal corporations |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2026/Feb/11/telangana-govt-reorganises-ghmc-into-three-municipal-corporations |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Reddy |first=L. Venkat Ram |date=2026-02-11 |title=Hyderabad Formally Split Into 3 Civic Bodies |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/telangana/telangana-splits-ghmc-into-three-corporations-1936447 |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref> T. Vinay Krishna Reddy assumed charge as the first Municipal Commissioner of the corporation.

==Administrative structure==
The MMC is administratively divided into three zones comprising 14 circles and 74 wards.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=S. Bachan Jeet |date=2026-02-12 |title=State government restructures GHMC into three bodies to enhance urban management |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2026/Feb/12/state-government-restructures-ghmc-into-three-bodies-to-enhance-urban-management |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!colspan="2" |Zone
!colspan="2" |Circle
!Ward
|-
!#
!Name
!#
!Name
!Name
|-
!rowspan=26 |1
|rowspan=26 |[[Malkajgiri]]
!rowspan=6 |1
|rowspan=6 |[[Keesara]]
|[[Keesara]]
|-
|Chandrapuri Colony
|-
|[[Jawaharnagar, Telangana|Jawaharnagar]]
|-
|[[Dammaiguda]]
|-
|[[Yapral]]
|-
|[[Shamirpet]]
|-
!rowspan=6 |2
|rowspan=6 |[[Alwal]]
|[[Turakapally]]
|-
|[[Macha Bollaram]]
|-
|[[Alwal]]
|-
|Venkatapuram
|-
|Bhudevi Nagar
|-
|Kanajiguda
|-
!rowspan=5 |3
|rowspan=5 |[[Bowenpally]]
|[[Monda Market]]
|-
|[[Fateh Nagar, Hyderabad|Fateh Nagar]]
|-
|Prakash Nagar
|-
|[[Old Bowenpally]]
|-
|[[Hasmathpet]]
|-
!rowspan=5 |4
|rowspan=5 |[[Moula Ali]]
|Balram Nagar
|-
|[[Vinayak Nagar]]
|-
|[[Moula Ali]]
|-
|[[Kakatiya Nagar]]
|-
|[[Neredmet]]
|-
!rowspan=4 |5
|rowspan=4 |[[Malkajgiri]]
|[[Anandbagh|East Anandbagh]]
|-
|Mirjalguda
|-
|[[Gautham Nagar]]
|-
|[[Malkajgiri]]
|-
!rowspan=24 |2
|rowspan=24 |[[Uppal Kalan|Uppal]]
!rowspan=4 |6
|rowspan=4 |[[Ghatkesar]]
|[[Nagaram, Medchal–Malkajgiri district|Nagaram]]
|-
|[[Ghatkesar]]
|-
|[[Edulabad]]
|-
|[[Pocharam, Medak district|Pocharam]]
|-
!rowspan=5 |7
|rowspan=5 |[[Kapra]]
|Vampuguda
|-
|[[Kapra]]
|-
|[[A. S. Rao Nagar]]
|-
|[[Kushaiguda]]
|-
|[[Cherlapally]]
|-
!rowspan=5 |8
|rowspan=5 |[[Nacharam]]
|Shakthi Sai Nagar
|-
|H. B. Colony
|-
|[[Mallapur]]
|-
|[[Nacharam]]
|-
|H. M. T. Nagar
|-
!rowspan=6 |9
|rowspan=6 |[[Uppal Kalan|Uppal]]
|Chilkanagar
|-
|Beerappagadda
|-
|[[Habsiguda]]
|-
|[[Ramanthapur]]
|-
|Venkat Reddy Nagar
|-
|[[Uppal Kalan|Uppal]]
|-
!rowspan=4 |10
|rowspan=4 |[[Boduppal]]
|[[Medipally, Telangana|Medipally]]
|-
|[[Peerzadiguda]]
|-
|[[Boduppal]]
|-
|[[Chengicherla]]
|-
!rowspan=24 |3
|rowspan=24 |[[L. B. Nagar]]
!rowspan=6 |11
|rowspan=6 |[[Nagole]]
|[[Nagole]]
|-
|Mansoorabad
|-
|[[Geological Survey of India]]
|-
|Lecturers Colony
|-
|[[Kuntloor]]
|-
|[[Pedda Amberpet]]
|-
!rowspan=7 |12
|rowspan=7 |[[Saroornagar]]
|[[Kothapet, Rangareddy|Kothapet]]
|-
|Chaitanyapuri
|-
|[[Gaddiannaram]]
|-
|[[Saroornagar]]
|-
|Doctors Colony
|-
|Rama Krishna Puram
|-
|N. T. R. Nagar
|-
!rowspan=5 |13
|rowspan=5 |[[L. B. Nagar]]
|[[Lingojiguda]]
|-
|[[Champapet]]
|-
|[[Karmanghat]]
|-
|Bairamalguda
|-
|[[Hastinapuram]]
|-
!rowspan=6 |14
|rowspan=6 |[[Hayathnagar]]
|B. N. Reddy Nagar
|-
|[[Vanasthalipuram]]
|-
|[[Chintalakunta]]
|-
|High Court Colony
|-
|Sahebnagar
|-
|[[Hayathnagar]]
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|Hyderabad}}
* [[Administrative divisions of Hyderabad]]
* [[Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Municipal corporations in Telangana}}
{{Hyderabad topics}}
{{Neighborhoods of Hyderabad|state=collapsed}}
{{State Agencies of Telangana}}
{{Telangana}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Municipal corporations in Telangana]]
[[Category:Government of Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:2026 establishments in India]]

Omprakash Hudla

2026-04-16T05:47:55Z

BrittScotto5: added some data from scratch

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1972)}}
{{BLP sources|date=May 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Omprakash Hudla
| image =
| office = [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Member of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2013
| term_end = 2023
| predecessor2 = [[Golma Devi Meena]]
| successor = [[Rajendra Meena]]
| constituency = [[Mahuwa (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Mahuwa]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1972|June|15|df=y}}
| birth_place = Hudla, [[Dausa district|Dausa]]
| spouse = Prem Prakash
| father = Shivcharan Meena
| mother = Mishri Devi Meena
| party = [[Indian National Congress]] (2023–present)
| other_party = [[Bhartiya Janata Party]] (2013-2018)
}}

'''Omprakash Hudla''' (born 15 June 1972) is an Indian politician. He has been a member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] 14th and 15th from the [[Mahuwa Assembly constituency]]. He is a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajasthan News: कांग्रेस की बाड़ाबंदी को बड़ा झटका, निर्दलीय विधायक हुड़ला की बिगड़ी तबीयत, उदयपुर के एमबी अस्पताल में भर्ती |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/rajasthan/udaipur/rajasthan-congress-rajya-sabha-election-badabandi-update-mla-om-prakash-hudla-admitted-mb-hospital-udaipur/articleshow/92000739.cms |access-date=2023-05-04 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Rajasthan]]

{{Rajasthan-BJP-politician-stub}}

Karjan Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:33:34Z

BrittScotto5: new new article!

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{incomplete list|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Karjan
| mla = Akshaykumar Ishvarbhai Patel
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Vadodara district|Vadodara]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bharuch Lok Sabha constituency|Bharuch]]
| established = 1972
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:213356}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|2}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 147
}}
'''Karjan''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Vadodara district|Vadodara]] district.

== List of segments ==

This assembly seat represents the following segments<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date= 5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref>

# Karjan Taluka – Entire taluka except village – Umaj
# Sinor Taluka
#Vadodara Taluka (Part) Villages – Karali, Itola, Vadsala, Untiya (Kajapur), Por, Raman Gamdi, Gosindra, Untiya (Medhad), Sarar, Kashipura, Ankhi, Fajalpur (Ankhi)

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
*2007 - Chandubhai Dabhi, [[Indian National Congress]]
*2012 - Satishbhai Patel, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!Picture
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|Chandubhai Dabhi
|
|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|Satishbhai Patel
|
|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]<ref name=election2017/>
|rowspan=3| [[Akshaykumar Patel|Akshaykumar Ishvarbhai Patel]]|| rowspan="3" |
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|2020 by-election
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party | rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

==Election results==
=== 2022 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly election, 2022]]:Karjan Assembly constituency }}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Akshaykumar Patel]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=83748|percentage=54.68|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Priteshkumar Janakbhai Patel Pintu Patel Vemardi|party=Indian National Congress|votes=57442|percentage=37.5|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Paresh Patel(Vakil)|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=6587|percentage=4.3|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=None of the above|votes=2293|percentage=1.5|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=|percentage=17.18|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:210883}}
|ref=<ref name="Gujarat Elections ECI">{{cite web |title=Gujarat Legislative Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

===2020===
{{Election box begin | title=By-election, 2020: Karjan<ref name="Gujarat Bypoll Results 2020: BJP wins all 8 seats, Congress turncoat bags Abdasa seat">{{cite news |last1=India Today |title=Gujarat Bypoll Results 2020: BJP wins all 8 seats, Congress turncoat bags Abdasa seat |language=en |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/gujarat-bypoll-results-live-updates-news-bjp-congress-byelection-1739605-2020-11-10 |accessdate=5 October 2023 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005140700/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/gujarat-bypoll-results-live-updates-news-bjp-congress-byelection-1739605-2020-11-10 |archivedate=5 October 2023}}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Akshaykumar Patel]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=76,958|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Jadeja Dolubha|party=Indian National Congress|votes=60,533|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the above|party=None of the above|votes=2,299|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,43,534|percentage=70.14|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|

|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 2017]]: Karjan<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Akshaykumar Patel]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the Above]]|party=None of the above|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2012]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2012 to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat |access-date=28 October 2014 |archive-date=26 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126215052/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Satishbhai Patel|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=68225|percentage=48.26|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Akshaykumar Patel]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=64736|percentage=45.79|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=3489|percentage=2.47|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=141375|percentage=78.60|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|

|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Vadodara district]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat|state=expanded}}
{{Gujarat elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|22.05|73.12|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Vadodara district]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Gujarat]]

Kodigehalli metro station

2026-04-14T14:28:24Z

BrittScotto5: new a stub!

{{Short description|Upcoming Namma Metro station under Blue Line}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Kodigehalli
| type = {{Namma Metro Infobox station line|line=Blue}}
| style = Namma Metro
| image = Kogilu Cross metro station (Oct '24).jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = Under construction of this metro station as of October 2024 under Phase 2B of [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]] of [[Namma Metro]]
| address = Kodigehalli Gate Amruthnagar, Byatarayanapura, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560092
| coordinates = {{coord|13.05702|77.59386|display=inline,title}}
| line = {{rcb|Namma Metro|Blue|croute}}
| other =
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double track]]
| platform = [[Island platform]] ''(TBC)'' 
Platform-1 → {{stl|Namma Metro|Hebbala}} * Platform-2 → {{stl|Namma Metro|KIAL Terminals}} ''Platform Numbers (TBC)'' * ''(Further extension to '''{{stl|Namma Metro|Krishnarajapura}} / {{stl|Namma Metro|Central Silk Board}} ''' in the future)''
| operator = [[Namma Metro]]
| depth =
| levels = 2 '''''(TBC)'''''
| tracks = 2 '''''(TBC)'''''
| connections =
| parking = '''''(TBC)'''''
| bicycle =
| baggage_check =
| opened =
| opening = {{start date and age|June 2027|df=yes}} '''''(TBC)'''''
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = '''''(TBC)'''''
| accessible = '''''(TBC)'''''
| status = Under Construction
| code = '''''(TBC)'''''
| owned = [[Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Ltd]] (BMRCL)
| architect =
| architectural_style =
| wifi =
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Namma Metro|line1=Blue|left1=Hebbala|to-left1=Hebbala|note-mid1=''(Operational around June 2027)''|right1=Jakkur Cross|to-right1=KIAL Terminals|line2=Blue|left2=Hebbala|to-left2=Krishnarajapura or Central Silk Board|note-mid2=''(Operational around December 2027)''|right2=Jakkur Cross|to-right2=KIAL Terminals}}
| route_map = {{BMR Blue Line}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Blue}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}
'''Kodigehalli''' is an upcoming important elevated metro station on the north–south corridor of the [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengaluru Metro Blue Line: Explore the City Like Never Before! - TimesProperty |url=https://timesproperty.com/news/post/all-about-bengaluru-metro-blue-line-blid5532 |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=timesproperty.com}}</ref> of [[Namma Metro]] in [[Bangalore]], India. This metro station will mainly serve the '''Brigade Corporate Offices''', consisting of '''Magnum, Opus''', '''Triumph''' and '''Caladium.''' It also serves prime locations including '''Aster CMI Hospital''', Amruthahalli Lake Park, [[Godrej Properties|Godrej]] Woodsman Estate, [[RMZ Corp|RMZ Latitude]] and many restaurants for the general public. This metro station is slated to be operational around June 2027.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2026-03-06 |title=₹500 crore for suburban rail, 41 km of metro line to be operational in 2026-27, says Chief Minister |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/500-crore-for-suburban-rail-41-km-of-metro-line-to-be-operational-in-2026-27-says-chief-minister/article70711959.ece |access-date=2026-04-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=L&T bags track contracts worth ₹501 crore for Bangalore Metro Phase 2A & 2B {{!}} Metro Rail Today |url=https://metrorailtoday.com/news/lt-bags-track-contracts-worth-501-crore-for-bangalore-metro-phase-2a-2b |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=Metro Rail Today: Gateway to Rail & Metro Industry}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-06 |title=Metro line to Bengaluru Airport to be ready by June 2026: D K Shivakumar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/metro-bengaluru-airport-june-2026-d-k-shivakumar8649143/ |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-07 |title=Bengaluru Airport Metro Line from KIA to Devanahalli Set for Completion by June 2026 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/bengaluru-airport-metro-line-from-kia-to-devanahalli-set-for-completion-by-june-2026-article-100827006 |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Metro's ORR, Airport line to be ready by Sept 2026, will benefit IT industry hugely: BMRCL |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2023/sep/16/metros-orr-airport-line-to-be-ready-by-sept-2026-will-benefit-it-industry-hugely-bmrcl-2615489.html |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

== History ==
On November 17, 2020, the Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Limited (BMRCL) invited bids for the construction of the Kodigehalli metro station, part of the 11.678 km Reach 2B – Package 2 (Hebbala - Bagalur Cross) of the 37.692 km [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]] of Namma Metro. On September 14, 2021, Nagarjuna Construction Company Ltd. '''(NCC Ltd.)''' was chosen as the lowest bidder for this segment, with their proposal closely matching the initial cost estimates.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-14 |title=NCC Wins Bangalore Metro Airport Line's Construction Work |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2021/09/14/ncc-wins-bangalore-metro-airport-lines-construction-work/ |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}</ref> As a result, the contract was awarded to the company, which led to the beginning of the construction works of this metro station as per the agreed terms.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2021-09-16 |title=Nagarjuna Construction Company wins bid to build Namma Metro's Airport Line |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2021/Sep/16/nagarjuna-construction-companywinsbid-to-build-namma-metros-airport-line-2359335.html |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Station layout==
'''''Station Layout - To Be Confirmed'''''
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Kodigehalli track layout
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Blue}}
| title-color = white
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = HSTg\HSTf
PSTR(L)\PSTR(R) ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Namma Metro|Jakkur Cross}} **
*'''P#'''\PSTR(L)\PSTR(R)\*'''P#'''
PSTR(L)\PSTR(R) ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Namma Metro|Hebbala}} {{rcb|Namma Metro|Orange|croute}} {{rcb|Namma Metro|Red|croute}} **
HSTg\HSTf
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and one Island platform ** '''Under Construction & Proposed'''</div>
}}}}
{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"
| width="30" valign="top" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''G'''
| width="85" valign="top" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Street level
| width="500" valign="top" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Exit/Entrance
|-
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''L1'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Mezzanine
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Fare control, station agent, Ticket/token, shops
|-
| rowspan="3" width="30" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''L2'''
| width="85" style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" |'''Platform #''' '''Northbound'''
| width="500" style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" |Towards → [[KIAL Terminals metro station|KIAL Terminals]] '''Next Station:''' [[Jakkur Cross metro station|Jakkur Cross]]
|-
| colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" |[[Island platform]]<nowiki> | Doors will open on the right </nowiki>{{access icon}}
|-
| width="85" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''Platform #''' '''Southbound'''
| width="500" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Towards ← {{stl|Namma Metro|Hebbala}} ** '''''Change at the next station for {{rcb|Namma Metro|Orange|croute}} or {{rcb|Namma Metro|Red|croute}}'''''
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=30 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85|'''''Note:'''''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|** '''''To be further extended to {{stl|Namma Metro|Krishnarajapura}} / {{stl|Namma Metro|Central Silk Board}} in the future'''''
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[Bangalore]]
*[[List of Namma Metro stations]]
*[[Transport in Karnataka]]
*[[List of metro systems]]
*[[Rapid transit in India|List of rapid transit systems in India]]
*[[Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation]]
{{Portal bar|Bangalore|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://english.bmrc.co.in ''BMRCL English''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630181732/http://english.bmrc.co.in/ |date=30 June 2019 }} - BMRCL Official Website
* [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.
{{Namma Metro|blue line=yes}}
__FORCETOC__

[[Category:Namma Metro stations]]
[[Category:Proposed railway stations in India]]

Etmadpur Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:48:33Z

BrittScotto5: Done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Etmadpur एत्मादपुर
| constituency_no = 86
| map_image = 86-Etmadpur.svg
| mla = [[Dharampal Singh]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| established = 1956
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Agra district|Agra]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 4,32,010 (2019)
| type= SLA
}}
'''Etmadpur Assembly constituency''' is one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is a part of the [[Agra district|Agra]] district and one of the five assembly constituencies in the [[Agra Lok Sabha constituency]]. First election in this assembly constituency was held in 1957 after the "DPACO (1956)" (delimitation order) was passed in 1956.<ref name="DPACO (1956)">{{cite news |title=DPACO (1956) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website |access-date= |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/eci_publications/books/deli/DPACO-56-DCI.pdf |archive-date=2 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502000814/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/eci_publications/books/deli/DPACO-56-DCI.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> After the "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order" was passed in 2008, the constituency was assigned identification number 86.<ref name="Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008">{{cite news|title= Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008|publisher= [[Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date=
|url= http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111113181505/http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-date= 13 November 2011 |url-status= dead}}</ref><ref name="Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008">{{cite news|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=5 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="All MLAs from Assembly constituency">{{cite news|title=All MLAs from Assembly constituency|publisher=Elections.in|access-date=|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/etmadpur.html|archive-date=19 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119225323/http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/etmadpur.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Member list">{{cite news|title=Member list|publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] website|access-date= |url=http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630050217/http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm|archive-date=30 June 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Wards / Areas ==
Extent of Etmadpur Assembly constituency is Etmadpur Tehsil; Ward Nos. 12, 17, 19, 28, 59, 61 & 73 in Agra (M Corp.) of Agra Tehsil.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly#List of Assemblies|Term]] !! Name !! Party !! From !! To !! Days !! Comments !! Ref
|-
| 01 || [[01st Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|01st Vidhan Sabha]] || Ram chandra sehra ||[[Indian National Congress]]|| May-1952 || Mar-1957 || 1,776 || Constituency not in existence || <ref name="1951 Election Results">{{cite news|title=1951 Election Results|website=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_UP.pdf|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225173258/https://eci.gov.in/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 02 || [[02nd Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|02nd Vidhan Sabha]] || Ganga Dhar || [[Indian National Congress]] || Apr-1957 || Mar-1962 || 1,800 || - || <ref name=" 1957 Election Results ">{{cite news|title=1957 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_UP_1957.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006234308/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_UP_1957.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 03 || [[03rd Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|03rd Vidhan Sabha]] || rowspan="3" | - || rowspan="3" | - || Mar-1962 || Mar-1967 || 1,828 || rowspan="3" | Constituency not in existence ||<ref name=" 1962 Election Results ">{{cite news|title=1962 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_UP_1962.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007085123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_UP_1962.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 04 || [[04th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|04th Vidhan Sabha]] || Mar-1967 || Apr-1968 || 402 || <ref name=" 1967 Election Results ">{{cite news|title=1967 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201967%20.pdf|archive-date=27 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227033731/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201967%20.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 05 || [[05th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|05th Vidhan Sabha]] || Feb-1969 || Mar-1974 || 1,832 || <ref name=" 1969 Election Results ">{{cite news|title=1969 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/Statistical%20Report%201969%20Uttar%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007134105/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/Statistical%20Report%201969%20Uttar%20Pradesh.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 06 || [[06th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|06th Vidhan Sabha]] || Shiv Charan Lal || [[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]] || Mar-1974 || Apr-1977 || 1,153 || - || <ref name=" 1974 Election Results ">{{cite news|title=1974 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1974/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201974.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006080051/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1974/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201974.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 07 || [[07th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|07th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Chandra Bhan Maurya]] || [[Janata Party]] || Jun-1977 || Feb-1980 || 969 || - || <ref name=" 1977 Election Results ">{{cite news|title=1977 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201977.pdf|archive-date=27 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227033007/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201977.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 08 || [[08th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|08th Vidhan Sabha]] || Maharaj Singh || [[Indian National Congress (I)]] || Jun-1980 || Mar-1985 || 1,735 || - || <ref name=" 1980 Election Results ">{{cite news|title=1980 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201980.pdf|archive-date=27 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227033419/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201980.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 09 || [[09th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|09th Vidhan Sabha]] || rowspan="4" | [[Chandra Bhan Maurya]] || [[Lok Dal]] || Mar-1985 || Nov-1989 || 1,725 || - || <ref name=" 1985 Election Results ">{{cite news|title=1985 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201985.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127183411/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201985.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 10 || [[10th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|10th Vidhan Sabha]] || rowspan="2" | [[Janata Dal]] || Dec-1989 || Apr-1991 || 488 || - || <ref name=" 1989 Election Results ">{{cite news|title=1989 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report_%20UP_1989.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006085257/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report_%20UP_1989.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 11 || [[11th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|11th Vidhan Sabha]] || Jun-1991|| Dec-1992 || 533 || - || <ref name=" 1991 Election Results ">{{cite news|title=1991 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/Stat_Rep_UP_91.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006055723/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/Stat_Rep_UP_91.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 12 || [[12th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|12th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Samajwadi Party]] || Dec-1993|| Oct-1995 || 693 || - || <ref name=" 1993 Election Results ">{{cite news|title=1993 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatisticalReport_UP_1993.pdf|archive-date=13 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613130455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatisticalReport_UP_1993.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 13 || [[13th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|13th Vidhan Sabha]] || rowspan="2" | Ganga Prasad Pushkar || [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] || Oct-1996 || May-2002 || 1,967 || - || <ref name=" 1996 Election Results ">{{cite news|title=1996 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-UP96.pdf|archive-date=13 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713084900/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-UP96.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 14 || [[14th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|14th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]] || Feb-2002 || May-2007 || 1,902 || - || <ref name=" 2002 Election Results ">{{cite news|title=2002 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_UP_2002.pdf|archive-date=13 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713105915/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_UP_2002.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 15 || [[15th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|15th Vidhan Sabha]] || Narayan Singh || rowspan="2" | [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] || May-2007 || Mar-2012 || 1,762 || - || <ref name=" 2007 Election Results ">{{cite news|title=2007 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_UTTAR_PRADESH.pdf|archive-date=13 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713102642/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_UTTAR_PRADESH.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 16 || [[16th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|16th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Dharampal Singh]] || Mar-2012 || Mar-2017 || - || - || <ref name=" 2012 Election Results ">{{cite news|title=2012 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf|archive-date=8 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508084526/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 17 || [[Seventeenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|17th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Ram Pratap Singh]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || Mar-2017 || Mar-2022|| -||-
| -
|-
| 18 || [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly|18th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Dharampal Singh]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || Mar-2022 || Incumbent || -||-
| -
|-
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Etmadpur<ref name="election2022"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Dr. Dharmpal Singh
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:146603}}
|percentage = 48.77
|change = {{increase}}0.43
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = PRAVAL PRATAP SINGH <ref name="election2022">{{cite web |title=BSP Candidate Name |url=https://www.oneindia.com/etmadpur-assembly-elections-up-86/ |language=en |access-date=26 February 2022 |archive-date=26 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226211726/https://www.oneindia.com/etmadpur-assembly-elections-up-86/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|votes = {{formatnum:98679}}
|percentage = 32.83
|change = {{increase}}1.12
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Dr. Virendra Singh Chauhan <ref name="election2022-1">{{cite web |title=SP Candidate Name |url=https://www.oneindia.com/etmadpur-assembly-elections-up-86/ |language=en |access-date=26 February 2022 |archive-date=26 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226211726/https://www.oneindia.com/etmadpur-assembly-elections-up-86/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|votes = {{formatnum:48642}}
|percentage = 16.18
|change = {{increase}}0.72
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1891}}
|percentage = 0.63
|change = {{decrease}}0.03
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:47924}}
|percentage = 15.94
|change = {{decrease}}0.69
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:300588}}
|percentage = 67.57
|change = {{decrease}}0.55
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Etmadpur<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |date=2018-08-16 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Ram Pratap Singh
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:137381}}
|percentage = 48.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = [[Dharampal Singh|Dr. Dharampal Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:90126}}
|percentage = 31.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Rajbeti
|votes = {{formatnum:43925}}
|percentage = 15.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|candidate = Narendra Baghel
|votes = {{formatnum:3496}}
|percentage = 1.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1872}}
|percentage = 0.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:47255}}
|percentage = 16.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:284202}}
|percentage = 68.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Bahujan Samaj Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===

{{Election box begin | title=2012 General Elections: Etmadpur
<ref name=" 2012 Election Results "/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = [[Dharampal Singh|Dr. Dharampal Singh]]
|votes = 79,982
|percentage = 33.90
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Dr. Prem Singh Baghel
|votes = 71,478
|percentage = 30.29
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ram Pratap Singh Chauhan
|votes = 50,098
|percentage = 21.23
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =
|candidate = Remainder 12 candidates
|votes = 34,405
|percentage = 14.56
|change = -
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 8,504
|percentage = 3.61
|change = -
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 2,35,963
|percentage = 65.23
|change = -
}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = {{formatnum: }} |ref= }}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bahujan Samaj Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==

*[[Agra district]]
*[[Agra Lok Sabha constituency]]
*[[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

== References ==

{{Reflist|colwidth=40em}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}
{{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Politics of Agra district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1956]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

The Other Way (film)

2026-04-13T05:27:37Z

BrittScotto5: Creating basic entry from scratch...

{{Short description|2018 Indian short film by Imtiaz Ali}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = The Other Way.jpeg
| director = [[Imtiaz Ali (director)|Imtiaz Ali]]
| writer = Imtiaz Ali
| producer = Rajesh Sharma
| starring = {{Plain list|
* [[Pavail Gulati]]
* Shreya Chaudhary
}}
| cinematography = Rajesh Shukla
| editing = Manish Jaitly
| music = Piyush Kanojia
| studio = Window Seat Films
| distributor = Royal Stag Barrel Select Large Short Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2018|03|20}}
| runtime = 14 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}
'''''The Other Way''''' is a 2018 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] short film written and directed by [[Imtiaz Ali (director)|Imtiaz Ali]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/imtiaz-alis-new-short-film-the-other-way-talks-about-changing-times-lifes-challenges-and-confidence-to-steer-through-4399829.html | title=Imtiaz Ali's new short film the Other Way talks about changing times, life's challenges and confidence to steer through | date=22 March 2018 }}</ref> Produced under the banner of Window Seat Films, it stars [[Pavail Gulati]] and Shreya Chaudhary playing the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2018/mar/24/the-other-way-was-a-big-experiment-for-me-imtiaz-ali-5179.html|title=The Other Way was a big experiment for me: Imtiaz Ali|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=24 March 2018 }}</ref> It was released for streaming on 20 March 2018 in [[YouTube]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://scroll.in/reel/872749/watch-in-the-other-way-imtiaz-ali-tells-a-familiar-story-with-an-unusual-touch | title=Watch: In 'The Other Way', Imtiaz Ali tells a familiar story with an unusual touch | date=21 March 2018 }}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Pavail Gulati]] as Arjun
* Shreya Chaudhary as Rewa
* Hitesh Arora
* [[Aarushi Sharma]]
* Lekha Prajapati
* Ashish Pandey
* Vaishnavi Andhale

== Reception ==
The film was reviewed by Subhash K. Jha for ''[[Hindustan Times]]''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/the-other-way-review-imtiaz-ali-s-new-short-film-is-atrocious/story-s1DqkJ7zKHS0Qg1AZQPjPP.html | title=The Other Way review: Imtiaz Ali's new short film is atrocious | date=29 March 2018 }}</ref> and Sampada Sharma for ''[[The Indian Express]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/the-other-way-short-film-imtiaz-ali-5106290/ | title=The Other Way review: This short film by Imtiaz Ali is the tale of our deepest fears | date=22 March 2018 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Portal bar|India|Film}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Other Way}}
[[Category:Indian short films]]
[[Category:2018 short films]]
[[Category:2018 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2018 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Imtiaz Ali]]

V. V. Siva Rama Raju

2026-04-13T00:33:30Z

BrittScotto5: Creating new data added tags

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly Andhra Pradesh]]
| term = 2009-2019
| predecessor = Pathapati Sarraju
| successor = Manthena Ramaraju
| constituency = [[Undi (Assembly constituency)|Undi]]
| honorific_prefix =
| name = V. V. Siva Rama Raju
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 1970
| birth_place = Kalavapudi, Andhra Pradesh, India
| baptised = 
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| resting_place =
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| monuments =
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| citizenship =
| education = Bachelor of Commerce
| alma_mater = Andhra University
| occupation = Politician, Businessman
| era =
| employer =
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| known_for =
| notable_works =
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| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| movement =
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| criminal_charge =
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| criminal_status =
| spouse = Smt. V. V. Aruna Kumari
| partner =
| children = Shruthi Keerthi, Sravya Gayatri, Abhi Rama Vama
| parents =
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| website = {{URL| http://kalavapudisiva.org/ }}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Vetukuri Venkata Siva Rama Raju''' is an Indian politician and former member of [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] representing [[Telugu Desam Party]] (TDP) from [[Undi Assembly constituency]].<ref name="2014elections">{{cite web|url=http://www.ap.gov.in/government/mla/|title=Election Candidates|access-date=7 October 2015|publisher=Andhra Pradesh Government|archive-date=8 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008071101/http://www.ap.gov.in/government/mla/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Biography==
===Political career===
In 2009 he was elected as a representative from the [[Undi]] constituency in the [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] with 42.07% of the votes, a majority of 15,568 votes. He ran again in the 2014 general elections and was elected to the Andhra Pradesh assembly from the Undi constituency with a vote share of 58.21% and a majority of 36,231 votes, one of the highest majorities in the 2014 Andhra Pradesh general elections. In 2019 General elections he contested from [[Narasapuram Lok Sabha constituency]] and get defeated by [[Kanumuru Raghu Rama Krishna Raju]] with margin of 3% votes.

===Personal life===
Vetukuri Venkata Siva Rama Raju was born on 10 May 1970 in a small village of Kalavapudi in the West Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh. Siva attended primary and secondary schooling in [[Eluru]] at St. Xavier's High school graduating in 1984. He went to [[Bhimavaram]] for his higher education and completed his intermediate education at Kasturibhai Government Junior College. He received his Bachelor of Commerce Degree from Dantuluri Natrayana Raju College (D.N.R. College - Andhra University) Bhimavaram, in 1989.

He is an active director of VEM Technologies Private Limited which operates in assembly and systems integration for aerospace and defense systems.<ref name="vem">{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/GE_2009/AFFIDAVITS/West%20Godavari/179%20UNDI/vetukurivenkatasivaramaraju.pdf|title=Afadavit, Form 26|date=3 April 2009|access-date=7 October 2015|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref><ref name="vemweb">{{cite web|url=http://www.vemtechnologies.com/index.html|title=VEM|publisher=VEM Technologies PVT. LTD.|access-date=7 October 2015|archive-date=28 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828032150/http://www.vemtechnologies.com/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Awards===
Vetukuri Venkata Sivarama Raju was awarded the Bharatiya Chaatra Samsad Foundation, Pune's Adarsh Yuva Vidhayak Puraskar. Bharatiya Chaatra Samsad Foundation has invited Mr. Raju to address its sixth annual convention. According to a press release, Mr. Raju had organised installation of 78 RO water plants in 70 villages. Under Neeru-Chettu programme, nearly 30,000 tree guards were provided. The significant initiative is distribution of seed packets with 17 types of seed to 70,000 families.<ref name="Undi MLA for bagging award">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/CM-pats-Undi-MLA-for-bagging-award/article13991917.ece|title=Undi MLA bags award|date=10 January 2016|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=9 June 2019}}</ref>

===Political Statistics===
{| class="wikitable" |style="background: white; color: black;"
|+ Elections
! Election No.
! Year
! Assembly Constituency
! Opponent
! Total Votes
! Margin
! Result
|-
! 1
| 2009 || Undi ||Pathapati Sarraju (INC)||68,102||15,658||style="background: lightgreen; color: black;"|'''WON'''
|-
! 2
| 2014 || Undi ||Pathapati Sarraju (YSRCP)||101,530||36,231||style="background:lightgreen; color: black;"|'''WON'''
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-gov}}
{{s-bef | before=Pathapati Sarraju}}
{{s-ttl | title=Representative, Undi Constituency, Andhra Pradesh Assembly | years=2009-present}}
{{s-aft | after= none(incumbent) }}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raju, Vetukuri Venkata Siva Rama}}
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Sathyaa

2026-04-12T13:58:57Z

BrittScotto5:

{{Short description|1988 film by Suresh Krishna}}
{{distinguish|Satya (disambiguation)#Film{{!}}Satya (film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Sathyaa poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Suresh Krissna]]
| writer =
| screenplay = {{plainlist|
* [[Kamal Haasan]]
* Suresh Krishna
}}
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = [[Ananthu (screenwriter)|Ananthu]]
}}
| story = [[Javed Akhtar]]
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Arjun (1985 film)|Arjun]]'' (1985)|[[Rahul Rawail]]}}
| producer = Kamal Haasan
| starring = {{plainlist|
* Kamal Haasan
* [[Amala Akkineni|Amala]]
}}
| cinematography = S. M. Anwar
| editing = N. R. Kittu
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = [[Raaj Kamal Films International]]
| released = {{film date|1988|01|29|df=y}}
| runtime = 147 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| gross = {{INR|8 crore}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kathick |date=18 April 2022 |title=சத்யா படத்தின் மொத்த வசூல் எவ்வளவு தெரியுமா.. அப்போவே பிரம்மாண்ட சாதனை படைத்த படம் - சினிஉலகம் |url=https://cineulagam.com/article/sathya-movie-box-office-1650215666 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131053111/https://cineulagam.com/article/sathya-movie-box-office-1650215666 |archive-date=31 January 2024 |access-date=31 January 2024 |website=Cineulagam |language=ta}}</ref>
}}

'''''Sathyaa''''' is a 1988 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[gangster film]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=31 May 2002 |title=The age of rage |url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/05/31/stories/2002053100910200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181217110254/https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/05/31/stories/2002053100910200.htm |archive-date=17 December 2018 |access-date=16 February 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> directed by [[Suresh Krissna]] in his directorial debut and produced by [[Kamal Haasan]] under [[Raaj Kamal Films International]]. A remake of the 1985 [[Hindi]] film ''[[Arjun (1985 film)|Arjun]]'', the film stars Kamal Haasan, [[Amala Akkineni]], [[Rajesh (Tamil actor)|Rajesh]], [[Janagaraj]], [[Bahadoor]] and [[Kitty (actor)|Kitty]].

''Sathyaa'' was released on 29 January 1988 and became one of the highest-grossing Tamil films of the year. Kitty won the [[Cinema Express Awards|Cinema Express Award for Best Villain Actor]]. A spiritual successor titled ''[[Dha Dha 87]]'' was released in 2019.

== Plot ==
Sathyamurthy "Sathyaa" is an unemployed youth who and stays with his father Rajarathnam Mudaliar, the sole breadwinner for his family despite his old age, stepmother, who despises him, and stepsister Sudha, who adores him. One day, Sathyaa beats a group of rogues who are thrashing a tea vendor for not paying extortion money. These ruffians are the henchmen of a local goon named Rangan, who works for the local [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] Mariappa. With this incident, Sathya's life changes as he invokes Rangan's wrath. In retribution, Rangan and his men humiliate Sudha in public, forcing Sathya to thrash Rangan and destroy his bar. Meanwhile, Sathya falls in love with Geetha Nair, who works as a salesperson in a cloth shop.

Sathyaa begins to grab public attention as he and his friends start taking the law into their own hands, thrashing anyone who tries to break the law. Mariappa also learns about Sathyaa and thinks that he is working for his arch-rival Dhandapani, a social reformer. Mariappa orders that Sathyaa and his friends be eliminated. Mariappa's gang attacks and kills Sathya's friend Sundar in full public view. Though Sathyaa tries his best, no one comes forward to give witness to the murder out of fear, and the murderers are soon released due to lack of evidence. An enraged Sathyaa thrashes the murderers on their release and is arrested but is released on bail by Dhandapani.

Sathyaa's family disowns him for his activities, following which he is approached by Dhandapani, who convinces him to move to his own house and work for him. With Dhandapani's help, Sathyaa manages to have Sudha marry her boyfriend, the local [[Inspector#India|Inspector]]; saves the marriage of his other stepsister by paying the dowry of {{INRConvert|20000|r|year=1988}}; and also ensuring that his father's employer treats his father with respect. Finally, Dhandapani tells Sathyaa to get some secret files and documents against Mariappa, which can be used to expose him in public. Risking his life, Sathyaa gets a hold of the files. Sathyaa later discovers that Dhandapani is corrupt and a double-crosser who used the evidence against Mariappa to join hands with him and contest in the upcoming election in his place. Sathyaa also learns that none of the evidence collected has been published anywhere.

Sathyaa further realizes that his services are no longer needed by Dhandapani, and is expelled from his house. Enraged and betrayed, Sathyaa barges into a political meeting where Mariappa and Dhandapani are present and tries to expose Dhandapani but is forced out and thrashed by the workers of Mariappa's party. Some days later, Sathyaa sneaks into Dhandapani's house and takes the file containing evidence of both Mariappa's and Dhandapani's illegal activities. While on the run from Dhandapani's henchmen, Sathyaa gets shot and seriously injured but manages to survive and gets hospitalized. After regaining consciousness, Sathyaa learns that the evidence against Mariappa and Dhandapani is destroyed as he used the file as a shield against the gunshots. Sathyaa escapes from the hospital, confronts and kills both Mariappa and Dhandapani.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Kamal Haasan]] as Sathyamurthy (Sathyaa)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vinoth Kumar |first=N |date=7 November 2019 |title=Celebrating 60 years of movie magic that's Kamal Haasan |url=https://thefederal.com/the-eighth-column/celebrating-60-years-of-movie-magic-thats-kamal-haasan/ |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216101515/https://thefederal.com/the-eighth-column/celebrating-60-years-of-movie-magic-thats-kamal-haasan/ |archive-date=16 February 2020 |access-date=20 February 2021 |website=[[The Federal]]}}</ref>
* [[Amala Akkineni|Amala]] as Geetha Nair<ref name="Dha Dha 87">{{Cite news |date=15 September 2018 |title=Dha Dha 87 Trailer {{!}} Charuhasan, not Kamal Haasan, to come back as 'Sathya' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/sep/15/dha-dha-87-trailer--charuhasan-not-kamal-haasan-to-come-back-as-sathya-1872252.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131165308/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/sep/15/dha-dha-87-trailer--charuhasan-not-kamal-haasan-to-come-back-as-sathya-1872252.html |archive-date=31 January 2020 |access-date=21 February 2021 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>
* [[Rajesh (Tamil actor)|Rajesh]] as Mariappa
* [[Janagaraj]] as Naidu<ref name="Dha Dha 87" />
* [[Bahadoor]] as Rajarathnam Mudaliar (Sathyaa's father)
* [[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]] as Malayali shop owner
* [[Vadivukkarasi]] as Sathyaa's stepmother
* Indira as Radha, Sathyaa's sister
* Rasi as Sudha, Sathyaa's sister
*[[S. N. Parvathy]] as Radha's mother-in-law
* Munni
* Huma Khan as Chittu
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Seena Thana
* [[G. M. Sundar|Sundar]] as Sundar, Sathyaa's friend
* [[Anand (actor)|Anand]] as Anand, Sathyaa's friend
* Ravi Bharath as Sathyaa's friend
* Arun as Sathyaa's friend
* [[Kitty (actor)|Kitty]] as Dhandapani (Voice dubbed by [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]])<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 November 2017 |title=Dasavathaaram: Ten 'anti-establishment' avatars of Kamal Haasan |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/641528/dasavathaaram-ten-anti-establishment-avatars.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210221104344/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/641528/dasavathaaram-ten-anti-establishment-avatars.html |archive-date=21 February 2021 |access-date=21 February 2021 |work=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref>
* Ramesh as Inspector Ravi
* [[Pradeep Shakthi]] as Pradeep, Dhandapani's henchman
* Azhagu as Azhagu, Mariappa's henchman
* [[T. K. S. Natarajan]] as Nair
* [[Idichapuli Selvaraj]] as the house owner
* Nellai Sarathy as the school teacher
* [[Sethu Vinayagam]] as Mariappa's assistant
* [[R. S. Shivaji|Shivaji]] as Anand's neighbour
* Jayaprakasam as Rangan
* [[Kavithalaya Krishnan|Krishnan]] as the paint shop owner
* [[S. Sathyendra|Sathyendra]]n as a pickpocket<ref>{{Cite news |last=Venkatraman |first=Lakshmi |date=23 March 2012 |title=Meet Mr. Versatile |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/meet-mr-versatile/article3198308.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216033702/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/meet-mr-versatile/article3198308.ece |archive-date=16 December 2023 |access-date=30 October 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
}}

;Guest appearances
* [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] as Mariappa's associate
* [[Delhi Ganesh]] as Ramanathan
* Lakshmi Narayanan as Mariappa's associate

== Production ==
''Sathyaa'' is a remake of the 1985 [[Hindi]] film ''[[Arjun (1985 film)|Arjun]]''. It marked the directorial debut of [[Suresh Krissna]] who earlier assisted [[K. Balachander]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |author-link=Naman Ramachandran |title=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |title-link=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-14-342111-5 |location=New Delhi |pages=145 |orig-date=2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajamani |first=Radhika |date=12 June 2008 |title='Dasavathaaram will be mind-blowing' |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/jun/12sssuresh.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419112829/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/jun/12sssuresh.htm |archive-date=19 April 2022 |access-date=19 April 2022 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Krissna avoided creating a [[shot-for-shot]] remake of ''Arjun''; according to him, "we took only basic theme from the original and worked on it".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sri |date=11 March 2009 |title=Interview with Sureshkrissna |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/interview_sureshkrissna_2009.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090314173800/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/interview_sureshkrissna_2009.php |archive-date=14 March 2009 |access-date=16 February 2021 |website=[[Telugucinema.com]] |page=1}}</ref> [[Kitty (actor)|Kitty]], who played one of the antagonists, had his voice dubbed by [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=ராம்ஜி |first=வி. |date=4 June 2020 |title=ஐஸ்க்ரீம் குரல்... அற்புதக் குரல்... குரலிசை நாயகன் எஸ்.பி.பி! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/blogs/557814-spb.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210221102607/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/blogs/557814-spb.html |archive-date=21 February 2021 |access-date=21 February 2021 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> The film was dedicated to [[M. G. Ramachandran]], to whom [[Kamal Haasan]] considered it as "[[Dakṣiṇā|Guru Dakshina]]".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vinoth Kumar |first=N |date=18 December 2020 |title=Of human bondage: How Kamal can claim a share of MGR's legacy |url=https://thefederal.com/states/south/tamil-nadu/of-human-bondage-how-kamal-can-claim-a-share-of-mgrs-legacy/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201218015620/https://thefederal.com/states/south/tamil-nadu/of-human-bondage-how-kamal-can-claim-a-share-of-mgrs-legacy/ |archive-date=18 December 2020 |access-date=21 February 2021 |website=[[The Federal]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]], and lyrics were penned by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sathya (1988) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0000410 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131231174357/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0000410 |archive-date=31 December 2013 |access-date=31 December 2013 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sathya Tamil Film EP Vinyl Record by Ilayaraja |url=https://mossymart.com/product/sathya-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja-3/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012044845/https://mossymart.com/product/sathya-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja-3/ |archive-date=12 October 2022 |access-date=12 October 2022 |website=Mossymart}}</ref> The song "Valayosai" was initially intended for Ilaiyaraaja's studio album ''[[How to Name It?]]''. It had been composed, but not recorded, and was included in ''Sathyaa'' at Haasan's insistence.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kolappan |first=B. |date=6 February 2022 |title=Lata Mangeshkar rendered a few all-time greats in Tamil films |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/lata-mangeshkar-rendered-a-few-all-time-greats-in-tamil-films/article38387785.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213050800/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/lata-mangeshkar-rendered-a-few-all-time-greats-in-tamil-films/article38387785.ece |archive-date=13 February 2022 |access-date=17 February 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> After learning that [[Lata Mangeshkar]] would be visiting Madras to sing for another project, Haasan asked Krissna if she could also sing for ''Sathyaa''. Krissna agreed, and the song was "Valayosai". As Mangeshkar did not know Tamil, Balasubrahmanyam helped her with diction.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suganth |first=M. |date=6 February 2022 |title=SPB sir helped Lata Mangeshkar ji with the pronunciation for Valayosai song: Suresh Krissna |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/the-kind-of-effort-lata-mangeshkar-ji-took-to-sing-valayosai-was-incredible-suresh-krissna/articleshow/89382867.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206101529/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/the-kind-of-effort-lata-mangeshkar-ji-took-to-sing-valayosai-was-incredible-suresh-krissna/articleshow/89382867.cms |archive-date=6 February 2022 |access-date=7 February 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The song is set in [[Sindhu Bhairavi (raga)|Sindhu Bhairavi]], a [[Carnatic raga]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=10 May 2013 |title=Light and melodious |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/light-and-melodious/article4702358.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924003210/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/light-and-melodious/article4702358.ece |archive-date=24 September 2019 |access-date=3 May 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> In May 2015, the [[Frequency modulation|FM]] radio station [[Radio City (Indian radio station)|Radio City]] commemorated Ilaiyaraaja's 72nd birthday by broadcasting the composer's songs in a special show titled ''Raja Rajathan'' for 91 days. "Valaiyosai" was one of the most-requested songs on the show.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Sudhir |date=9 May 2015 |title=Salute to Ilaiyaraaja, the king |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/salute-to-ilaiyaraaja/article7188356.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920115654/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/salute-to-ilaiyaraaja/article7188356.ece |archive-date=20 September 2015 |access-date=11 July 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Eley Thamizha
| extra1 = T. Sunderrajan, Saibaba
| length1 = 4:29
| title2 = Ingeyum
| note2 = not included in the film
| extra2 = [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
| length2 = 4:15
| title3 = Nagaru Nagaru
| extra3 = Lalith Sahari, T. Sunderrajan, Saibaba
| length3 = 4:24
| title4 = Potta Padiyudhu
| extra4 = [[Kamal Haasan]], T. Sunderrajan, Saibaba
| length4 = 4:50
| title5 = Valaiyosai
| extra5 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], Lata Mangeshkar
| length5 = 4:33
| total_length = 22:31
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Sathyaa'' was released on 29 January 1988.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ராம்ஜி |first=வி. |date=2023-02-01 |title=35ம் ஆண்டில் 'சத்யா' : மொட்டைத்தலை, தாடி, கையில் காப்பு... ஸ்டைல் காட்டிய கமல்! |url=https://kamadenu.hindutamil.in/cinema/in-the-35th-year-of-satya-shaved-head-beard-arm-bracelet-kamal-showed-style |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201172954/https://kamadenu.hindutamil.in/cinema/in-the-35th-year-of-satya-shaved-head-beard-arm-bracelet-kamal-showed-style |archive-date=2023-02-01 |access-date=2023-02-04 |website=[[Kamadenu (magazine)|Kamadenu]] |language=ta}}</ref> Angela Joseph of ''[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]]'' called ''Sathyaa'' "another gem in [Haasan's] mission for good cinema and acting. By shrewdly intertwining commercial ingredients with a good story and brilliant acting, Kamal is propagating love and appreciation for good cinema among the masses".<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Joseph |first=Angela |date=22 April 1988 |title='Nayakan' and 'Kamal' are now part of history |url=https://pbs.twimg.com/media/EEUFac9UUAAq7Lo?format=jpg&name=4096x4096 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190921100257/https://pbs.twimg.com/media/EEUFac9UUAAq7Lo?format=jpg&name=4096x4096 |archive-date=21 September 2019 |access-date=10 June 2021 |magazine=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]] |page=32}}</ref> Kitty won the [[Cinema Express Awards|Cinema Express Award for Best Villain Actor]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 March 1989 |title=Cinema Express readers choose Agni Nakshathiram |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19890311&printsec=frontpage |access-date=19 February 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=4 |via=[[Google News Archive]] |agency=Express News Service}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
Haasan's looks as Sathyaa became a rage among the public.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 November 2016 |title=கமல் என்றொரு 'ஸ்டைல் ஸ்டேட்மெண்ட்!' |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/89793-.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210221102610/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/89793-.html |archive-date=21 February 2021 |access-date=21 February 2021 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> The 2017 film ''[[Sathya (2017 Tamil film)|Sathya]]'' was titled after the 1988 film after its lead actor [[Sibi Sathyaraj]] got permission from Haasan.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajendran |first=Gopinath |date=6 December 2017 |title=I asked Kamal sir for the title without going through appa: Sibiraj |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2017/dec/06/i-asked-kamal-sir-for-the-title-without-going-through-appa-sibiraj-3423.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813170953/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2017/dec/06/i-asked-kamal-sir-for-the-title-without-going-through-appa-sibiraj-3423.html |archive-date=13 August 2020 |access-date=21 February 2021 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> A spiritual successor to ''Sathyaa'', ''[[Dha Dha 87]]'', was released in 2019,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sekhar |first=Arunkumar |date=1 March 2017 |title=Dha Dha 87 Review: An earnest story buried in a convoluted mess |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/tamil/2019/mar/01/dha-dha-87-review-vijay-sri-g-charuhasan-10336.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025193343/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/tamil/2019/mar/01/dha-dha-87-review-vijay-sri-g-charuhasan-10336.html |archive-date=25 October 2020 |access-date=21 February 2021 |work=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> and featured Janagaraj reprising his role.<ref name="Dha Dha 87" /> The protagonist in the web series ''Vaseegara'' is named Sathya and he also imitates Sathya in his dress and mannerisms.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JDNVtK5c0YM |title=Vaseegara {{!}} Full Movie {{!}} Ft.Guru Lakshman, Deepa Balu {{!}} Naakout {{!}} Allo Media |date=2023-02-04 |last=Naakout |access-date=2026-02-18 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Suresh Krissna}}

{{RaajKamalFilmsInternational}}

[[Category:1980s gangster films]]
[[Category:1988 Indian films]]
[[Category:1988 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1988 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:1988 films]]
[[Category:Fiction about unemployment]]
[[Category:Films about corruption in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by Suresh Krissna]]
[[Category:Films produced by Kamal Haasan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Ananthu (screenwriter)]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Hindi films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Lokendra Pratap Singh

2026-04-10T09:24:18Z

BrittScotto5: put up bio

{{Short description|Member of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Lokendra Pratap Singh
| office1 = Member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Mohammdi Assembly constituency|Mohammdi]]
| term_start1 = March 2017
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Awasthi Bala Prasad]]
| successor1 =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1962|6|15}}
| birth_place = [[Mohammadi, Uttar Pradesh]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| occupation = Politician, journalist
| education = [[Bachelor of Laws]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Lucknow]]
}}
'''Lokendra Pratap Singh''' is an Indian politician, lawyer, and journalist.<ref name="upla">{{cite web |url=https://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/main_members_en.aspx#/Data/18144/18 |title=Members of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly |language=hi |publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] |access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref><ref name="on">{{cite web |url=https://ourneta.com/neta/lokendra-pratap-singh/ |title=Lokendra Pratap Singh, BJP MLA from Mohammdi |publisher=ourneta.com |access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], currently serving as a member of the [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]], representing the [[Mohammdi Assembly constituency]] of [[Lakhimpur Kheri]].<ref name="upla"/><ref name="on"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://prsindia.org/mlatrack/lokendra-pratap-singh-46878 |title=Lokendra Pratap Singh |publisher=[[PRS Legislative Research]] |access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref>

==Early life==
Lokendra Pratap Singh was born on 15 June 1962 in [[Mohammadi, Uttar Pradesh]], to a [[Hindi]] family of Shiv Mangal Singh.<ref name="upla"/><ref name="on"/> He married Pushpa Singh on 28 February 1985, and they have two children.<ref name="upla"/>

==Education==

Lokendra Pratap Singh completed his graduation with a [[Bachelor of Laws]] at the [[University of Lucknow]] in 1986.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://myneta.info/uttarpradesh2017/candidate.php?candidate_id=1979 |title=Lokendra Pratap Singh(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP))|publisher=myneta.info |access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref>

==Posts held==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! From !! To !! Position !! Comments
|-
| 01 || 2017 || Incumbent || Member, [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Lokendra Pratap}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Lakhimpur Kheri]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]

{{UttarPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Mohammed Siraj

2026-03-25T00:38:28Z

BrittScotto5: general update details for accuracy and updated info per standard format

{{short description|Indian cricketer (born 1993)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Mohammed Siraj
| image = File:Prime Minister Of Bharat Shri Narendra Damodardas Modi with Mohammad Siraj (cropped).jpg
| caption = Siraj in 2024
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1994|03|13|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Secunderabad]], [[Andhra Pradesh, India]]
(present-day [[Telangana]])
| nickname = Miya Magic<ref>{{cite web|title=Mohammed Siraj leaves Sri Lanka jaded with heavy dose of 'Miya Magic' and six overs of madness|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/mohammed-siraj-leaves-sri-lanka-jaded-with-heavy-doze-of-miya-magic-and-six-overs-of-madness-101694973584738.html}}</ref>
| batting = Right-handed

| bowling = Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast]]<ref>{{Cite web|author=Scroll Staff|title=Data check: Mohammed Siraj, Prasidh Krishna dominate fastest deliveries list for IPL 2021 so far|url=https://scroll.in/field/993467/data-check-mohammed-siraj-prasidh-krishna-dominate-fastest-deliveries-list-for-ipl-2021-so-far|access-date=28 July 2021|website=Scroll.in|date=27 April 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref>
| role = [[Bowler (cricket)|Bowler]]
| international = true
| internationalspan = 2017–present
| country = India
| testdebutdate = 26 December
| testdebutyear = 2020
| testdebutagainst = Australia
| testcap = 298
| lasttestdate = 14 November
| lasttestyear = 2025
| lasttestagainst = South Africa

| odidebutdate = 15 January
| odidebutyear = 2019
| odidebutagainst = Australia
| odicap = 225
| odishirt = 73
| lastodidate = 18 January
| lastodiyear = 2026
| lastodiagainst = New Zealand

| T20Idebutdate = 4 November
| T20Idebutyear = 2017
| T20Idebutagainst = New Zealand
| T20Icap = 71
| T20Ishirt = 73
| lastT20Idate = 7 February
| lastT20Iyear = 2026
| lastT20Iagainst = USA

| club1 = [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| year1 = 2015–2016
| club2 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| year2 = 2017
| club3 = [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
| year3 = 2018–2024
| club4 = [[Warwickshire County Cricket Club|Warwickshire]]
| year4 = 2022

| columns = 4
| column1 = [[Test cricket|Test]]
| matches1 = 45
| runs1 = 154
| bat avg1 = 4.40
| 100s/50s1 = 0/0
| top score1 = 16[[not out|*]]
| deliveries1 = 7,007
| wickets1 = 139
| bowl avg1 = 29.66
| fivefor1 = 5
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 6/15
| catches/stumpings1 = 22/–
| column2 = [[One Day International|ODI]]
| matches2 = 50
| runs2 = 57
| bat avg2 = 7.12
| 100s/50s2 = 0/0
| top score2 = 9*
| deliveries2 = 2,251
| wickets2 = 76
| bowl avg2 = 25.32
| fivefor2 = 1
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 6/21
| catches/stumpings2 = 7/–
| column3 = [[Twenty20 International|T20I]]
| matches3 = 17
| runs3 = 14
| bat avg3 = 7.00
| 100s/50s3 = 0/0
| top score3 = 7*
| deliveries3 = 372
| wickets3 = 17
| bowl avg3 = 28.29
| fivefor3 = 0
| tenfor3 = 0
| best bowling3 = 4/17
| catches/stumpings3 = 7/–
| column4 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches4 = 90
| runs4 = 591
| bat avg4 = 7.12
| 100s/50s4 = 0/0
| top score4 = 46
| deliveries4 = 15,098
| wickets4 = 315
| bowl avg4 = 26.65
| fivefor4 = 10
| tenfor4 = 2
| best bowling4 = 8/59
| catches/stumpings4 = 28/–
| date = 8 February 2026
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/940973.html ESPNcricinfo
|medaltemplates=
{{MedalSport|Men's [[cricket]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[ICC World Test Championship]]}}
{{Medal|RU|[[2019-2021 ICC World Test Championship|2019–2021]]}}
{{Medal|RU|[[2021–2023 World Test Championship|2021–2023]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[ICC Cricket World Cup]]}}
{{Medal|RU|[[2023 Cricket World Cup|2023 India]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[ICC T20 World Cup]]}}
{{Medal|W|[[2024 Men's T20 World Cup|2024 West Indies & USA]]}}
{{Medal|W|[[2026 Men's T20 World Cup|2026 India & Sri Lanka]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[ACC Asia Cup]]}}
{{Medal|W|[[2023 Asia Cup|2023 Pakistan]]}}
|heightm=1.78|club5=[[Gujarat Titans]]|year5=2025–present}}

'''Mohammed Siraj''' (born 13 March 1994) is an Indian international [[cricket]]er who plays as a right-arm [[fast bowling|fast bowler]] for the [[India national cricket team|India national team]]. He plays for [[Gujarat Titans]] in the [[Indian Premier League]] and [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]] in domestic cricket. He was a part of the squad which won the [[2023 Asia Cup]] and was the Player of the Match in the final. Siraj was also a member of the team that won the [[2024 Men's T20 World Cup|2024]] and [[2026 Men's T20 World Cup|2026]] [[Men's T20 World Cup|T20 World Cups]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Latest Business and Financial News : The Economic Times on mobile |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/sports/ind-vs-sa-t20-final-my-only-belief-was-on-jassy-bhai-emotional-siraj-commends-bumrah-for-his-game-changing-spell-in-t20-wc-final/amp_articleshow/111373726.cmsands-best-bowler-on-land-air-water-placard-101719801830476-amp.html |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=m.economictimes.com}}</ref> He is also an honorary [[Deputy Superintendent of Police]] in [[Hyderabad City Police|Hyderabad]].

==Early life==
Siraj was born on 13 March 1994 in [[Secunderabad]], [[Telangana]] to a [[Hyderabadi Muslims|Hyderabadi Muslim]] family. His father, Mirza Mohammed Ghaus, was an [[auto rickshaw]] driver, and his mother, Shabana Begum, is a [[housewife]]. His elder brother, Mohammed Ismail, is an engineer. Siraj started playing club cricket at the age of 19 after first starting bowling aged 16, with a tennis ball. In his first match, he took 9 wickets for his uncle's team in the Hyderabad Cricket Association.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/siraj-living-life-in-the-fast-lane/article17856628.ece|title=Siraj living life in the fast lane|last=Subrahmanyam|first=V. v|date=7 April 2017|work=The Hindu|access-date=15 September 2019|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Rai |first1=Prakash |title="Miss You Papa": Mohammed Siraj's Emotional Post On First Eid After Father's Death |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/mohammed-sirajs-emotional-post-on-first-eid-after-fathers-death-2441879 |access-date=17 September 2023 |work=Sports NDTV |date=14 May 2021}}</ref>

==Domestic career==
Siraj made his [[first-class cricket|first-class]] debut on 15 November 2015 under the coaching of Karthik Udupa playing for [[Hyderabad]] in the [[2015–16 Ranji Trophy]] tournament.<ref name="FC">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/901851.html |title=Ranji Trophy, Group C: Services v Hyderabad (India) at Delhi, Nov 15-18, 2015 |access-date=13 December 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> He made his [[Twenty20]] debut on 2 January 2016 in the [[2015–16 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]] tournament.<ref name="T20">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/902089.html |title=Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy, Group A: Bengal v Hyderabad (India) at Nagpur, Jan 2, 2016 |access-date=10 January 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> During the [[2016–17 Ranji Trophy]] tournament, he was the highest wicket-taker for Hyderabad with 41 wickets at an average of 18.92.<ref name="Hyderabad Ranji Trophy 2016-2017 Statistics">{{Cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ranji-trophy-2016-17/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=11519;team=1815;type=tournament |title=Hyderabad Ranji Trophy 2016-2017 Statistics |access-date=23 March 2017 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

In February 2018, he was the leading wicket-taker in the [[2017–18 Vijay Hazare Trophy]], with 23 dismissals in seven matches.<ref name="VH1718">{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=12016;type=tournament |title=Vijay Hazare Trophy, 2017/18:Most Wickets |access-date=27 February 2018 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> In October 2018, he was named in [[India A cricket team|India A]]'s squad for the [[2018–19 Deodhar Trophy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/1162570.html |title=Rahane, Ashwin and Karthik to play Deodhar Trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=19 October 2018}}</ref> In October 2019, he was named in [[India B cricket team|India B]]'s squad for the [[2019–20 Deodhar Trophy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/deodhar-trophy-2019-squads-india-a-india-b-india-c-parthiv-patel-shubman-gill-anuma-vihari-ranchi/article29788595.ece |title=Deodhar Trophy 2019: Hanuma Vihari, Parthiv, Shubman to lead; Yashasvi earns call-up |work=SportStar |date=24 October 2019 |access-date=25 October 2019}}</ref>

==International career==
In October 2017, he was named in India's [[Twenty20 International]] (T20I) squad for their series [[New Zealand cricket team in India in 2017–18|against New Zealand]].<ref name="IndT20I">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/21122781/shreyas-iyer,-mohammed-siraj-called-new-zealand-t20is |title=Iyer, Siraj called up for New Zealand T20Is |access-date=23 October 2017 |work=ESPNcricinfo|date=23 October 2017 }}</ref> He made his T20I debut for India against New Zealand on 4 November 2017, taking the wicket of [[Kane Williamson]], finishing with figures of 1 wicket for 53 runs from four overs.<ref name="T20I">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1120094.html |title=2nd T20I (N), New Zealand tour of India at Rajkot, Nov 4 2017 |access-date=4 November 2017 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

In February 2018, he was named in India's [[Twenty20 International]] (T20I) squad for the [[2018 Nidahas Trophy]].<ref name="India">{{cite web |url=http://www.bcci.tv/news/2018/press-releases/17166/rohit-sharma-to-lead-india-in-nidahas-trophy-2018 |title=Rohit Sharma to lead India in Nidahas Trophy 2018 |work=BCCI Press Release |access-date=25 February 2018 |date=25 February 2018 |archive-date=25 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180225211131/http://www.bcci.tv/news/2018/press-releases/17166/rohit-sharma-to-lead-india-in-nidahas-trophy-2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In September 2018, he was named in India's [[Test cricket|Test]] squad for their series [[West Indian cricket team in India in 2018–19|against the West Indies]], but he did not play.<ref name="IndTest">{{cite web |url=http://www.bcci.tv/news/2018/press-releases/17671/indian-team-for-paytm-test-series-against-windies-announced |title=Indian team for Paytm Test series against Windies announced |work=Board of Control for Cricket in India |access-date=29 September 2018 |archive-date=29 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929234730/http://www.bcci.tv/news/2018/press-releases/17671/indian-team-for-paytm-test-series-against-windies-announced |url-status=dead }}</ref> In December 2018, he was named in India's [[One Day International]] (ODI) squad for their series [[Indian cricket team in Australia in 2018–19|against Australia]].<ref name="IndODI">{{cite web |url=http://www.bcci.tv/news/2018/press-releases/17902/indias-odi-squad-against-australia-announced-squads-for-new-zealand-tour-declared |title=India's ODI squad against Australia announced; squads for New Zealand tour declared |work=The Board of Control for Cricket in India |access-date=24 December 2018 |archive-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224170528/http://www.bcci.tv/news/2018/press-releases/17902/indias-odi-squad-against-australia-announced-squads-for-new-zealand-tour-declared |url-status=dead }}</ref> He made his ODI debut against [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] at the [[Adelaide Oval]] on 15 January 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=India vs Australia: Mohammed Siraj makes ODI debut in Adelaide|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/india-vs-australia-2nd-odi-mohammed-siraj-debut-5538729/lite/ |website=The Indian Express |access-date=15 January 2019 |language=en |date=15 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Recent Match Report - Australia vs India 2nd ODI 2019 |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/18693/report/1144998/australia-vs-india-2nd-odi-india-in-aus-2018-19 |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=15 January 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

On 26 October 2020, Siraj was named in India's [[Test cricket|Test]] squad for their series [[Indian cricket team in Australia in 2020–21|against Australia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/india-tour-of-australia-rohit-sharma-ishant-sharma-not-part-of-india-squad/story-TiCqtmkq15lQ8szIoV5tZM.html |title=Indian team for Australia series: Rohit Sharma not named in squads for all formats due to injury concern, Varun Chakravarthy included for T20Is |work=Hindustan Times |date=26 October 2020 |access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref> After some deliberation to choose between [[Navdeep Saini]] and Siraj following an injury to [[Mohammad Shami]], Siraj was chosen ahead of Saini, and he made his Test debut for India on 26 December 2020, against [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1223870.html |title=2nd Test, Melbourne, Dec 26 - Dec 30 2020, India tour of Australia |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=25 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://yorkerworld.com/mohammed-siraj-or-navdeep-saini-the-better-pick-for-tests |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118081145/https://yorkerworld.com/mohammed-siraj-or-navdeep-saini-the-better-pick-for-tests/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=18 January 2022 |title=Navdeep Saini or Mohammed Siraj, the Better Pick |work=Yorker World |date=29 December 2020 |access-date=29 December 2020}}</ref> His first Test wicket was of [[Marnus Labuschagne]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sportstar|first=Team|title=India vs Australia, Boxing Day Test: Mohammed Siraj shines on debut|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/india-tour-of-australia/news/india-vs-australia-boxing-day-test-mcg-mohammed-siraj-shubman-gill-debut-labuschagne-green-wicket-sports-news/article33422078.ece|access-date=26 December 2020|website=Sportstar|date=26 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref> In January 2021, during the fourth Test of the series against [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]], Siraj took his first [[five-wicket haul]] in Test cricket.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/australia-vs-india-mohammed-siraj-5-wicket-haul-brisbane-test-elite-list-top-bowling-1760124-2021-01-18|title=Brisbane Test: Mohammed Siraj enters elite list with 5-wicket haul, tops India bowling charts in maiden series|work=[[India Today]]|date=18 January 2021 |access-date=18 January 2021}}</ref>

In January 2023, Siraj played important role in the Ind vs NZ ODI series. He took 4 wickets in the first ODI which helped the team to win the match for 12 runs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cricket scorecard - India vs New Zealand, 1st ODI, New Zealand tour of India, 2023 |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/live-cricket-scorecard/59981/ind-vs-nz-1st-odi-new-zealand-tour-of-india-2023 |access-date=2023-01-27 |website=Cricbuzz |language=en}}</ref>

On 21 January 2023, Siraj became the No. 1 ODI Bowler in [[International Cricket Council|ICC]] ODI Rankings for Bowlers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/icc-odi-rankings-mohammed-siraj-becomes-the-number-one-bowler-in-odis-news-256628|title=ICC ODI Rankings: Mohammed Siraj Becomes The Number One Bowler In ODIs|date=25 January 2023 }}</ref>

On 21 August 2023, Siraj was selected to play for [[India National Cricket Team|India]] and his name was included in the 15 Man squad announced by [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] ahead of [[2023 Asia Cup]].<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sports/cricket/210823/asia-cup-2023-india-squad-checkplayerslist.html |title=India Squad announced for Asia Cup| work=Deccan Chronicle | date=4 September 2023}}</ref>

On 17 September 2023, in the [[2023 Asia Cup final|Asia Cup final]], Siraj became the joint fastest bowler to take a 6 wicket haul in ODIs equaling [[Chaminda Vaas|Chaminda Vaas's]] record of taking 5 wicket in 16 balls against Bangladesh in [[2003 Cricket World Cup|2003 World Cup]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-17 |title=Mohammed Siraj's record-breaking Colombo show hands Sri Lanka unwanted 23-year-old Asia Cup low in final vs India |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/mohammed-siraj-record-breaking-colombo-show-hands-sri-lanka-unwanted-23-year-old-asia-cup-low-in-final-vs-india-101694950675447.html |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> He ended with a career best figure of 6/21 and also became the 1st Indian to take 4 wickets in an over.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Livemint |date=2023-09-17 |title=Asia Cup Final: Siraj becomes first Indian bowler to take 4 wickets in 1 over |url=https://www.livemint.com/sports/cricket-news/asia-cup-2023-final-mohammad-siraj-becomes-first-indian-bowler-ta-take-4-wickets-in-one-over-11694950410401.html |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

In May 2024, he was named in India's squad for the [[2024 ICC Men's T20 World Cup]] tournament.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India's Squad for the ICC Men's T20I World Cup 2024 |url=https://www.scorewaves.com/news-details/cricket-team-world-cup-squad-icc-mens-t20i-world-cup-2024 |access-date=2024-06-11 |website=ScoreWaves |language=en}}</ref>

In June 2025, he was named in India's squad for the inaugural [[Anderson–Tendulkar Trophy]]. During the series, he got his fourth and fifth 5-wicket hauls in tests, claiming 6 wickets in the first innings of the second match and 5 wickets in the second innings of the fifth match.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-04 |title=IND vs ENG highlights, 5th Test Match Day 5: Siraj takes five-fer as India pull off thrilling 6-run win to level Anderson-Tendulkar Trophy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ind-vs-eng-live-score-today-cricket-match-india-vs-england-5th-test-match-day-5-scorecard-london-oval-rain-weather-update/liveblog/123089016.cms |access-date=2025-08-05 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=England vs India, 2nd Test at Birmingham, ENG vs IND, Jul 01 2025 - Full Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-in-england-2025-1445348/england-vs-india-2nd-test-1448350/full-scorecard |website=CricInfo |publisher=CricInfo |date=6 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=England vs India, 5th Test at London, ENG vs IND, Jul 30 2025 - Match Result |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-in-england-2025-1445348/england-vs-india-5th-test-1448353/live-cricket-score |website=CricInfo |publisher=CricInfo |date=4 August 2025}}</ref> He was awarded the [[Player of the Match awards (cricket)|Player of the Match]] award for his latter performance. He was also the highest wicket-taker of the series, taking 23 total wickets in 9 innings.<ref>{{cite web |title=
India tour of England 2025 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-in-england-2025-1445348 |website=CricInfo |publisher=CricInfo |date=4 August 2025}}</ref>

==Franchise career==
In February 2017, he was bought by the [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] team for the [[2017 Indian Premier League]] (IPL) for 2.6 [[crore]]s.<ref name="IPL">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2017/content/story/1083407.html |title=List of players sold and unsold at IPL auction 2017 |access-date=20 February 2017 |work=ESPNcricinfo|date=20 February 2017 }}</ref> In January 2018, he was bought by the [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] in the [[List of 2018 Indian Premier League personnel changes|2018 IPL auction]].<ref name="IPL2018">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/22218394/ipl-2018-player-auction-list-sold-unsold-players |title=List of sold and unsold players |access-date=27 January 2018 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

On 21 October 2020, he became the first bowler in IPL history to bowl back to back [[Over (cricket)|maiden overs]] in a single match.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/ipl/mohammed-siraj-kkr-vs-rcb-ipl-2020-two-maiden-record-6821952/ |title=Mohammad Siraj became the first bowler to bowl two maidens in a IPL match with figures of 3 wickets for 8 runs in 4 overs. |access-date= 21 October 2020 |work= The Indian Express|date=21 October 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/report/1216494/kolkata-knight-riders-vs-royal-challengers-bangalore-39th-match-indian-premier-league-2020-21 |title=Mohammed Siraj's record-breaking night stuns Kolkata Knight Riders |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=21 October 2020 |access-date=21 October 2020}}</ref>

In November 2024, he was bought by [[Gujarat Titans]] in the [[List of 2025 Indian Premier League personnel changes|2025 IPL Mega Auction]] for 12.25 Crores.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mohammed Siraj to play for new IPL team after GT buy him for Rs 12.25 crore, RCB say no to RTM |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/ipl-auction-2025-mohammed-siraj-sold-to-for/articleshow/115622943.cms |website=The Times of India |publisher=Times of India |date=25 November 2024}}</ref>

==Off the field==
Siraj was made an honorary [[Deputy Superintendent of Police]] in [[Hyderabad City Police|Hyderabad]] on 11 October 2024.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://fantasykhiladi.com/news/mohammed-siraj-takes-charge-as-dsp-telangana-dgp-office/ |title=From Cricket Pitches to Police Duty: Mohammed Siraj Appointed as DSP at Telangana DGP Office |access-date=2024-10-11|work=FantasyKhiladi|date=11 October 2024 }}</ref>

In July 2025, Siraj launched his restaurant named ''Joharfa'' in [[Banjara Hills]], Hyderabad.<ref>https://www.siasat.com/mohammed-sirajs-lavish-restaurant-in-banjara-hills-hyderabad-3235099/</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
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Parzania

2026-03-22T16:20:41Z

BrittScotto5: added basic article nd citations

{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Parzania
| image = Parzania.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Rahul Dholakia]]
| producer = Rahul Dholakia Kamal Patel
| writer = [[David N. Donihue]] [[Rahul Dholakia]]
| starring = [[Naseeruddin Shah]] [[Sarika]] [[Corin Nemec]] [[Raj Zutshi]] [[Parzan Dastur]]
| music = [[Zakir Hussain (musician)|Zakir Hussain]] [[Taufiq Qureshi]]
| cinematography = Robert D. Eras
| editing = Aarif Sheikh
| distributor = [[PVR Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2005|11|26|film festival|2007|1|26|theatrical}}
| runtime = 122 minutes
| country = India
| language = English
| budget = [[United States dollar|US$]]700,000<ref name="SF_Chronicle">{{cite news|title=Film about massacre banned in India state|last=Chu|first=Henry|work=[[The Los Angeles Times]]|publisher=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]|date=25 February 2007|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2007/02/25/MNGGKOAR6A1.DTL&type=politics|accessdate=22 February 2009}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
| gross =
}}

'''''Parzania''''' ([[translation]]: ''Heaven and hell on earth''<ref name="all_movie">{{cite web|title=Heaven & Hell On Earth - Overview|website=[[Allmovie]]|url=http://www.allmovie.com/cg/avg.dll?p=avg&sql=1:343140|accessdate =22 February 2009}}</ref>) is a 2007 Indian drama film co-written and directed by [[Rahul Dholakia]]; [[David N. Donihue]] is the other co-writer. The film featured [[Naseeruddin Shah]] and [[Sarika]] in the lead roles, while [[Corin Nemec]] and [[Raj Zutshi]] played supporting roles. Made on a budget of [[United States dollar|US$]]700,000, the film was shot in [[Ahmedabad]] and [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]].

The film is inspired by the true story of Rupa Mody, a [[Parsi people|Parsi]] woman whose ten-year-old son, Azhar Mody (represented in the film as the character Parzaan Pithawala) disappeared after the 28 February 2002 [[Gulbarg Society massacre]] during which 69 people were killed and which was one of the violent episodes of the [[2002 Gujarat violence|communal riots in Gujarat]].<ref name="ex">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Apex-court-SIT-submits-report-on-Gulbarg-Society-massacre/Article1-543728.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606060611/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Apex-court-SIT-submits-report-on-Gulbarg-Society-massacre/Article1-543728.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 June 2011|title=Apex court SIT submits report on Gulbarg Society massacre|date=14 May 2010|work=The Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref name="thehindu.com">{{cite news | url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/modis-blog-evokes-anger-among-victims/article5512951.ece | title = Modi's blog evokes anger among victims | newspaper = The Hindu | date = 2013-12-09 | accessdate = 2013-12-29 }}</ref> The film traces the journey of the Pithawala family while trying to locate their missing son.

The film was premiered at 36th [[India International Film Festival]] in [[Goa]] on 26 November 2005, before being released nationwide on 26 January 2007.<ref name="IFFI_Premiere">{{cite news|title=Turnout spells success for IFFI|last=Kamath|first=Sudhish|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=3 December 2005|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/12/03/stories/2005120303661300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060305145331/http://www.hindu.com/2005/12/03/stories/2005120303661300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 March 2006|accessdate=22 February 2009}}</ref>

==Plot==
Allan ([[Corin Nemec]]), an American, arrives in [[Ahmedabad]] searching for answers, to find internal peace and to understand the world and his troubled life. He chooses India as his school and [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi]] as the subject of his thesis. It is here that he meets the Pithawala family — Cyrus ([[Naseeruddin Shah]]), his wife Shernaz ([[Sarika]]), son Parzan (Parzan Dastur) and daughter Dilshad (Pearl Barsiwala). The Pithawalas being [[Parsis]] follow [[Zoroastrianism]]. Through them and the teachings of a [[Gandhism|Gandhian]], Allan starts to find peace of mind.

The plot is based on the story of Rupa Mody, whose son went missing after the [[2002 Gujarat riots]].<ref name="thehindu.com"/> The ten-year-old Parzan disappears during these riots when their surrounding homes are attacked. Cyrus, Shernaz and Dilshad manage to escape the carnage. In the aftermath of the riots, Cyrus searches for his missing child while fighting for his own sanity. While assisting the Pithawalas in their search, Allan battles to uncover the reason behind the riots in an effort to make some sense of the incident. People start to question government's official explanation of the incident which downplays any conspiracy. As a result, a [[Human Rights]] Commission is formed. Through the commission, several witnesses and victims testify against the indifference of the police to protect them from the rioters. The film ends with a dedication to the victims of communal violence.

==Cast==
[[File:Sarika.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Sarika won the [[National Film Award for Best Actress]] in 2005 for her performance as ''Shernaz'' in this film.]]
* [[Naseeruddin Shah]] as Cyrus
* [[Corin Nemec]] as Allan
* [[Sarika]] as Shernaz
* [[Parzan Dastur]] as Parzan
* Pearl Barsiwalla
* [[Raj Zutshi]]
* [[Asif Basra]]
* Pushpendra Saini
* [[Ram Gopal Bajaj]]

[[File:The child star of Film ‘Parzania’, Pearl at a Press Conference at the 36th International Film Festival of India – 2005 in Panaji, Goa on November 28, 2005.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Pearl Barsiwalla addressing press conference, [[International Film Festival of India|IFFI]] ([[36th International Film Festival of India|2005]]) ]]

==Production==
In the [[2002 Gujarat violence|2002 communal riots in Gujarat]], [[Los Angeles]]-based director [[Rahul Dholakia]] faced a personal tragedy. The riots left his friend's family shattered and this left an indelible mark on him. It hurt him all the more because the incidents happened in his home state. He felt responsible, both morally and socially, and wanted to speak up as a filmmaker.<ref name="Dholakia_1">{{cite news|title=Parzania director: 2006's National award winner?|last=Sen|first=Raja|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=30 August 2006|url=http://in.rediff.com/movies/2006/aug/30rahul.htm|accessdate=22 February 2009}}</ref> Most of the [[United States dollar|US$]]700,000 budget came from two of his Indian friends in the [[United States]].<ref name="NYTimes">{{cite news|title=In India, Showing Sectarian Pain to Eyes That Are Closed |last=Sengupta|first=Somini|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=20 February 2007|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/20/movies/20parz.html?_r=3&oref=slogin|accessdate=22 February 2009}}</ref> Dholakia chose to make the film in [[English language|English]] because he thought that communal riots was a global issue. Furthermore, he was unsure whether he could have the film released in India, given the sensitive nature of the film.<ref name="Dholakia_2">{{cite news|title=Being Cyrus and Shernaz|last=Banerjee|first=Poulomi|newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]|date=24 January 2007|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070124/asp/calcutta/story_7303025.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006084055/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070124/asp/calcutta/story_7303025.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 October 2008|accessdate=22 February 2009}}</ref>

While deciding on the cast, Dholakia said that they were not looking at people's physical appearances. He added:
<blockquote>We didn't want glamorous people to play realistic roles. We've shot the film without any makeup, etc. We needed people who looked believable. So casting did play a major role, and I'm not even talking about the principal cast. Every actor in the film has been auditioned, and that includes people with one line to say or not even that.<ref name="Dholakia_3">{{cite news|title=Will Parzania reach theatres?|last=Sen|first=Raja|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=31 August 2006|url=http://in.rediff.com/movies/2006/aug/31rahul.htm|accessdate=22 February 2009}}</ref></blockquote>

Veteran actor [[Naseeruddin Shah]] was the first and obvious choice for the film. But Dholakia was very apprehensive about whether Shah would agree to do the film, and if he could pay his remuneration. His latter worry was because the film started out as a very low-budget film. After Dholakia narrated the script to him, Shah said, "I agree in principle, provided we make this sensitively and sensibly."<ref name="Dholakia_3" /> Shah thought that the film's story needed to be told, and he felt that he had to be part of it. After agreeing to join the cast, Shah did not actively research for his character. Being a parent himself, he felt that it was not difficult for him to empathize with the family whose son was lost in the riots.<ref name="Dholakia_2" /> After 18 years of hiatus, [[Sarika]] chose to return to cinema with this film. Since the film dealt with a real and sensitive issue, she felt that ''Parzania'' went beyond than being just a film.<ref name="sarika_1">{{cite news|title='I've matured over the years'|last=Mathur|first=Barkha|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=9 August 2007|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/nagpur-times/ive-matured-over-the-years/articleshow/2266215.cms|accessdate=25 February 2009}}</ref> Despite facing the camera after a long gap, Sarika felt quite comfortable during the shooting.<ref name="sarika_2">{{cite news|title=18 ''saal baad''...|last=Nair|first=Suresh|work=Times News Network|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 July 2004|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bombay-times/18-saal-baad-/articleshow/786451.cms|accessdate=25 February 2009}}</ref>

Shortly thereafter, Shah, Sarika and Dholakia went through the script in great detail. Owing to their screen and real-life experiences, Shah and Sarika suggested changes and revised the script several times.<ref name="Dholakia_3" />

Because the film was about communal riots in [[Gujarat]], the film was purposefully not released there, as the cinema owners refused to screen it, fearing backlash.<ref name="release_1">{{cite news|title=Flicker of hope for Parzania in Gujarat|date=28 January 2007|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-01-28/ahmedabad/27876901_1_multiplex-owners-association-ashok-purohit-wide-angle-multiplex|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022074427/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-01-28/ahmedabad/27876901_1_multiplex-owners-association-ashok-purohit-wide-angle-multiplex|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 October 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=22 February 2009}}</ref><ref name="release_2">{{cite news|title=Parzania director's offer to Gujarat exhibitors|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=3 February 2007|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/02/03/stories/2007020317621100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070206013741/http://www.hindu.com/2007/02/03/stories/2007020317621100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 February 2007|accessdate=22 February 2009}}</ref><ref name="release_3">{{cite news|title=Gujarat will see Parzania if Bajrangi says OK!|last=Sharma|first=Radha|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=3 February 2007|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Gujarat-will-see-Parzania-if-Bajrangi-says-OK/articleshow/1559020.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103085614/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-02-03/ahmedabad/27878679_1_special-screening-babu-bajrangi-cinema-halls|url-status=live|archive-date=3 January 2013|access-date=22 February 2009}}</ref> After an initiative by [[ANHAD]], a civil rights group, the film was screened at some places in the state after April 2007.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/gujarat-finally-screens-parzania/39075-8.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012163940/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/gujarat-finally-screens-parzania/39075-8.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 October 2012|title=Gujarat finally screens Parzania|date=24 April 2007|publisher=CNN-IBN}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Recipient
! Result
|-
|rowspan=2|2007
|rowspan=2|[[53rd National Film Awards|National Film Awards]]<ref>{{cite web |title=53rd National Film Awards – 2006 |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm53NFAAward.aspx |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |accessdate=1 December 2012 |page=30|url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815224948/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm53NFAAward.aspx |archivedate=15 August 2016 }}</ref>
|[[National Film Award for Best Direction|Best Director]]
|[[Rahul Dholakia]] ||{{won}}
|-
|[[National Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] || [[Sarika]] ||{{won}}
|-
|rowspan=3|2008
|rowspan=2|[[53rd Filmfare Awards|Filmfare Awards]] || [[Filmfare Award for Best Story|Best Story]]
|rowspan=2|[[David N. Donihue]], Rahul Dholakia || {{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]] || {{nom}}
|-
|[[Screen Awards]] ||Ramnath Goenka Memorial Award || [[Rahul Dholakia]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080113000844/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/article/35844.html 'Rahul Dholakia' Wins Ramnath Goenka Memorial Award] ''IndiaGlitz'', 11 January 2008.</ref> ||{{won}}
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0433425|title=Parzania}}

{{Rahul Dholakia}}
{{2002 Gujarat Violence}}

[[Category:2005 films]]
[[Category:2005 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]
[[Category:English-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films about the 2002 Gujarat riots]]
[[Category:Films set in Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Films featuring a Best Actress National Award–winning performance]]
[[Category:Films whose director won the Best Director National Film Award]]
[[Category:Films shot in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rahul Dholakia]]
[[Category:2005 English-language films]]
[[Category:Film censorship in India]]
[[Category:Censored films]]
[[Category:Films about Zoroastrianism]]
[[Category:2005 controversies]]
[[Category:English-language drama films]]

Corporation of Panaji

2026-03-20T19:11:17Z

BrittScotto5: Creating

#REDIRECT [[Corporation of the City of Panaji]]

Hinduism in Sudan

2026-03-16T07:50:36Z

BrittScotto5: Started New Stub...

#REDIRECT [[Hinduism in Arab States#Hinduism in Sudan]]

Kalamandalam Sindhu

2026-03-14T20:43:33Z

BrittScotto5: new new info!

{{Short description|Indian classical dancer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kalamandalam Sindhu
| birth_name = Sindhu
| alias =
| image = Koodiyattam, Kalamandalam Sindhu.jpg
| caption = Kalamandalam Sindhu (right side) performing Koodiyattam
| birth_date = 1977
| birth_place = [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]], [[Kerala]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| parents =
| spouse =
| children =
| occupation = [[Koodiyattam]]-[[Nangiar koothu]] dancer
| known for =
| awards = [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]]
}}
'''Kalamandalam Sindhu''' (born 1977) is an Indian [[Koodiyattam]]-[[Nangiar koothu]] artist from [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-06-01 |title=Art of theatre |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/art-of-theatre/article3480520.ece |access-date=2023-07-03 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> An [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations|ICCR]] empaneled artiste, she is the recipient of [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]] in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-17 |title=കേരള സംഗീത നാടക അക്കാദമി: ഫെലോഷിപ്പ്, അവാര്‍ഡ്, ഗുരുപൂജാ പുരസ്കാരങ്ങള്‍ പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു |url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/kerala/kerala-sangeetha-nataka-academy-awards-for-2019-ss-288177.html |access-date=2023-07-03 |website=News18 Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref>

==Biography==
Sindhu was born in [[Thrissur district]] as the daughter of Mukundan Nair and Parukutty Amma. She joined [[Kerala Kalamandalam|Kalamandalam]] in 1992 at the age of fifteen and got training under [[Kalamandalam Rama Chakyar|Kalamandalam Ramachakyar]], Kalamandalam Sivan Namboothiri, [[Kalamandalam Girija]] and Kalamandalam Shailaja. Sindhu obtained a scholarship from the [[Ministry of Education (India)|Ministry of Human Resource Development]] and trained for two years under [[Usha Nangiar|Usha Nangyar]]. She has also played the lead role in the play Punarjani of Niriksha theater, [[Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Interview - Kalamandalam Sindhu {{!}} സിന്ധു ചോദിക്കുന്നു "കൂടിയാട്ടത്തെ ശ്രദ്ധിക്കാത്തതെന്തേ?" |url=https://malayalam.webdunia.com/article/dance-drama-in-malayalam/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B5%81-%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%81-%E2%80%9C%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%86-%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%87-%E2%80%9D-111012200023_1.htm |access-date=2023-07-03 |website=malayalam.webdunia.com |language=ml}}</ref>

After working at Kalamandalam for a year, she then worked at the [[Painkulam]] Ramu Chakyar Memorial Kalapeeth for a year. Later she worked at the [[Mani Madhava Chakyar]] Memorial Gurukulam.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-02-27 |title=In Ravana's garden |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/theatre/nangiarkoothu-by-kalamandalam-sindhu/article26386383.ece |access-date=2023-07-03 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Sindhu has performed Koodiyattam-Nangyarkuth in France, Germany, Holland, Russia, Siberia, Japan and Singapore and has also performed in Russia on the invitation of [[UNESCO]]. In 2020, she won the for [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]] for Nangiyarkoothu. She has also won the Bhagavatar Kunjunnithampuran Award, Thiruvananthapuram Swaralaya Award, Thrissur Doctor T. I Radhakrishnan Foundation Award and Sri Ramakrishna Ashramam Award.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-04 |title=മാർഗി സതിയുടെസ്വപ്നത്തിലേക്ക് ചുവടുവച്ച് കലാമണ്ഡലം സിന്ധു; മാർഗി സതി രചിച്ച ശ്രീരാമചരിതം നങ്യാരമ്മ കൂത്ത് സമ്പൂർണ അവതരണം, നാളെ കഥ സീതാ ജനനം {{!}} Janachinda Daily |url=https://janachinda.in/kalamandalam-sindhu-sreeramacharitham-samboornavatharanam/ |access-date=2023-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904051603/https://janachinda.in/kalamandalam-sindhu-sreeramacharitham-samboornavatharanam/ |archive-date=4 September 2021 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sindhu, Kalamandalam}}
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Koodiyattam dancers]]
[[Category:Dancers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Indian dance teachers]]

Mahavidya

2026-03-10T05:41:58Z

BrittScotto5:

{{short description|Group of ten Hindu goddesses}}
[[Image:Mahavidyas.jpg|thumb|311px|Top: [[Kali]], [[Tara (Devi)|Tara]], [[Tripura Sundari]], [[Bhuvaneshvari]], and [[Bhairavi]] Bottom: [[Chhinnamasta]], [[Dhumavati]], [[Bagalamukhi]], [[Matangi]], and [[Kamalatmika|Kamala]]]]
{{Hinduism}}
{{Saktism}}

The '''''Mahavidya''''' ({{langx|sa|महाविद्या}}, {{IAST3|Mahāvidyā}}, lit. ''Great Wisdoms'') are a group of ten [[Hinduism|Hindu]]{{sfnp|Kinsley|1997|pp=ix, 1}} [[Tantra|Tantric]] [[Devi|goddesses]].{{sfnp|Shin|2018|p=316}} The ten Mahavidyas are usually named in the following sequence: [[Kali]], [[Tara (Devi)|Tara]], [[Tripura Sundari]], [[Bhuvaneshvari]], [[Bhairavi]], [[Chhinnamasta]], [[Dhumavati]], [[Bagalamukhi]], [[Matangi]] and [[Kamalatmika]].{{sfnp|Shin|2018|p=17}} Nevertheless, the formation of this group encompasses divergent and varied religious traditions that include ''[[yogini]]'' worship, [[Shaivism]], [[Vaishnavism]], and [[Vajrayana]] [[Buddhism]].{{sfnp|Shin|2018|p=316}}

The development of the Mahavidyas represents an important turning point in the [[history of Shaktism]] as it marks the rise of the [[Bhakti]] aspect in [[Shaktism]], which reached its zenith in 1700 CE. First occurring in the post-[[Puranic]] age, around 6th century CE, it was a new theistic movement in which the supreme being was envisioned as female. A fact epitomized by texts like ''[[Devi Bhagavata Purana]]'', especially its last nine chapters (31–40) of the seventh ''skandha'', which are known as the ''Devi Gita'', and soon became central texts of Shaktism.<ref name=dev>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OxayHczql9EC|title=The Devī Gītā: The Song of the Goddess|last=Brown|first=Charles Mackenzie|year=1998|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=9780791439401|page=23}}</ref>

==Names==
Shaktas believe, "the one Truth is sensed in ten different facets; the [[Adi Parashakti|Divine Mother]] is adored and approached as ten cosmic personalities," the Dasa-Mahavidya ("ten-Mahavidyas").<ref>{{cite book|last=Shankarnarayanan|first=S|title=The Ten Great Cosmic Powers: Dasa Mahavidyas|publisher= Samata Books |location=Chennai|year=1972|edition=4|pages=4–5|isbn=9788185208381|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I-sYAAAAIAAJ}}</ref> As per another school of thought in Shaktism Mahavidyas are considered to be forms of [[Mahakali]], in others as forms of [[Tripura Sundari]]. The Mahavidyas are considered [[Tantra|Tantric]] in nature, and are usually identified as:{{sfnp|Kinsley|1997|p=302}}
[[File:Dasha Mahavidya.jpg|thumb|419x419px|The ten mahavidyas, Rajasthan. Top: Kali. Second row (l->r): Bhairavi, Bhuvaneshvari, Tara. Third row (l->r): Bagalamukhi, Shodashi, Chhinnamasta. Last row (l->r):Kamalatmika, Matangi, Dhumavati]]

#''[[Kali]]'' The goddess who is the ultimate form of Brahman, and the devourer of time (Supreme Deity of [[Shaktism#Kalikula: family of Kali|''Kalikula'']] systems). Mahakali is of a pitch black complexion, darker than the dark of the dead of the night. She has three eyes, representing the past, present and future. She has shining white, fang-like teeth, a gaping mouth, and her red, bloody tongue hanging from there. She has unbound, disheveled hairs. She wears tiger skin as her garment, a garland of skulls and a garland of red [[Hibiscus]] flowers around her neck, and on her belt, she was adorned with skeletal bones, skeletal hands as well as severed arms and hands as her ornamentation. She is Chaturbhuji (having [[four hands]]), two of them carry the Khadga ([[Ram-dao]]), or a [[sword]] and the [[Trishul]] and two others carry a demon head and a bowl collecting the blood dripping from a demon head.
#''[[Tara (Devi)|Tara]]'' The goddess who acts as a guide and a protector, and she who offers the ultimate knowledge that grants salvation. She is the goddess of all sources of energy. The energy of the sun is believed to originate from her. She manifested as the mother of Shiva after the incident of [[Samudra manthan|Samudra Manthana]] to heal him as her child. Tara is of a light blue complexion. She has disheveled hair, wearing a crown decorated with the digit of the half-moon. She has three eyes, a snake coiled comfortably around her throat, wearing the skins of tigers, and a garland of skulls. She is also seen wearing a belt supporting her skirt made of tiger-skin. Her [[Chaturbhuja|four hands]] carry a lotus, [[scimitar]], demon head and scissors. Her left foot rests on the laying down [[Shiva]].
#''[[Tripura Sundari]]'' (''Shodashi'', ''Lalita'') The goddess who is "beauty of the three worlds" (Supreme Deity of ''[[Shaktism#Srikula: family of Sri|Srikula]]'' systems); the "Tantric Parvati" or the "Moksha Mukta". She is the ruler of [[Manidvipa]], the eternal supreme abode of the goddess. Shodashi is seen with a molten gold complexion, three placid eyes, a calm mien, wearing red and pink vestments, adorned with ornaments on her divine limbs and four hands, each holding a [[goad]], lotus, a bow, and arrow. She is seated on a throne.
#''[[Bhuvaneshvari]]'' The goddess as the world mother, or whose body comprises all the fourteen lokas of the cosmos. Bhuvaneshvari is of a fair, golden complexion, with three content eyes as well as a calm mien. She wears red and yellow garments, decorated with ornaments on her limbs and has four hands. Two of her four hands hold a goad and noose while her other two hands are open. She is seated on a divine, celestial throne.
#''[[Bhairavi]]'' The fierce goddess. The female version of Bhairava. Bhairavi is of a fiery, volcanic red complexion, with three furious eyes, and disheveled hair. Her hair is matted, tied up in a bun, decorated by a crescent moon as well as adorning two horns, one sticking out from each side. She has two protruding tusks from the ends of her bloody mouth. She wears red and blue garments and is adorned with a garland of skulls around her neck. She also wears a belt decorated with severed hands and bones attached to it. She is also decked with snakes and serpents too as her ornamentation – rarely is she seen wearing any jewelry on her limbs. Of her four hands, two are open and two hold a rosary and book.
#''[[Chhinnamasta]]'' ("She whose head is severed") – The self-decapitated goddess.<ref name="Daniélou1991">{{cite book|first=Alain|last= Daniélou|title=The Myths and Gods of India: The Classic Work on Hindu Polytheism from the Princeton Bollingen Series|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1HMXN9h6WX0C&pg=PA284|year=1991|publisher=Inner Traditions / Bear & Co|isbn=978-0-89281-354-4|pages=284–290}}</ref> She chopped her own head off in order to satisfy Jaya and Vijaya (metaphors of [[rajas]] and [[Tamas (philosophy)|tamas]] - part of the ''trigunas''). Chinnamasta has a red complexion, embodied with a frightful appearance. She has disheveled hair. She has four hands, two of which hold a sword and another hand holding her own severed head; three blazing eyes with a frightful mien, wearing a crown. Two of her other hands hold a lasso and drinking bowl. She is a partially clothed lady, adorned with ornaments on her limbs and wearing a garland of skulls on her body. She is mounted upon the back of a [[Maithuna|copulating couple]].
#''[[Dhumavati]]'' The widow goddess. Dhumavati is of a smoky dark brown complexion, her skin is wrinkled, her mouth is dry, some of her teeth have fallen out, her long disheveled hair is gray, her eyes are seen as bloodshot and she has a frightening mien, which is seen as a combined source of anger, misery, fear, exhaustion, restlessness, constant hunger and thirst. She wears white clothes, donned in the attire of a widow. She is sitting in a horseless chariot as her vehicle of transportation and on top of the chariot, there is an emblem of a crow as well as a banner. She has two trembling hands, her one hand bestows boons and/or knowledge and the other holds a [[Winnowing|winnowing basket]].
#''[[Bagalamukhi]]'' The goddess who paralyzes enemies. Bagalamukhi has a molten gold complexion with three bright eyes, lush black hair and a benign mien. She is seen wearing yellow garments and apparel. She is decked with yellow ornaments on her limbs. Her two hands hold a [[Mace (bludgeon)|mace]] or club and holds demon Madanasura by the tongue to keep him at bay. She is shown seated on either a throne or on the back of a [[Crane (bird)|crane]].
#''[[Matangi]]'' – The Prime Minister of Lalita (in ''Srikula'' systems), sometimes called [[Śyāmala]] ("dark in complexion", usually depicted as dark blue) and the "Tantric [[Saraswati]]". Matangi is most often depicted as emerald green in complexion, with lush, disheveled black hair, three placid eyes and a calm look on her face. She is seen wearing red garments and apparel, bedecked with various ornaments all over her delicate limbs. She is seated on a royal throne and she has four hands, three of which hold a sword or scimitar, a skull and a [[veena]] (a musical instrument). Her one hand bestows boons to her devotees.
#''[[Kamalatmika|Kamala]]'' (''Kamalatmika'') she who dwells in lotuses; sometimes called the "Tantric [[Lakshmi]]". Kamala is of a molten gold complexion with lush black hair, three bright, placid eyes, and a benevolent expression. She is seen wearing red and pink garments and apparel and bedecked with various ornaments and lotuses all over her limbs. She is seated on a fully bloomed lotus, while of her four hands, two hold lotuses while two grant her devotees' wishes and assure protection from fear.

All these Mahavidyas reside in [[Manidvipa]].

The ''[[Bhagavata Purana|Maha bhagavata]] Purana'' and ''Brihaddharma Purana'' however, list Shodashi (Sodasi) as Tripura Sundari, which is simply another name for the same goddess.<ref name=maha>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hgTOZEyrVtIC|title=Hindu Goddesses: Vision of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition|last=Kinsley|first=David R|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publication|year=1987|pages=161–165|isbn=9788120803947}}</ref>

The Todala-Tantra associates the Mahavidyas with the [[Dashavatara]], the ten [[avatar]]s of [[Vishnu]], in chapter ten. They are as follows:{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Todala-Tantra Association between the Mahavidyas and the Dashavatara
!No.
!Mahavidya names
!Dashavatara names
|-
|1.
|[[Kali]]
|[[Krishna]]
|-
|2.
|[[Tara (Devi)|Tara]]
|[[Matsya]]
|-
|3.
|[[Tripura Sundari]]
|[[Parashurama]]
|-
|4.
|[[Bhuvaneshvari]]
|[[Vamana]]
|-
|5.
|[[Bhairavi]]
|[[Balarama]]
|-
|6.
|[[Chhinnamasta]]
|[[Narasimha]]
|-
|7.
|[[Dhumavati]]
|[[Varaha]]
|-
|8.
|[[Bagalamukhi]]
|[[Kurma]]
|-
|9.
|[[Matangi]]
|[[Rama]]
|-
|10
|[[Kamalatmika|Kamala]]
|[[Buddha]]
|}

The Guhyati guyha-tantra associates the Mahavidyas with the [[Dashavatara]] differently, and states that the Mahavidyas are the source from which the avatars of Vishnu arise.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Guhyati Guyha-Tantra Association between the Mahavidyas and the Dashavatara
!No.
!Mahavidya names
!Dashavatara names
|-
|1.
|[[Kali]]
|[[Krishna]]
|-
|2.
|[[Tara (Devi)|Tara]]
|[[Rama]]
|-
|3.
|[[Tripura Sundari]]
|[[Kalki]]
|-
|4.
|[[Bhuvaneshvari]]
|[[Varaha]]
|-
|5.
|[[Bhairavi]]
|[[Narasimha]]
|-
|6.
|[[Chhinnamasta]]
|[[Parashurama]]
|-
|7.
|[[Dhumavati]]
|[[Vamana]]
|-
|8.
|[[Bagalamukhi]]
|[[Kurma]]
|-
|9.
|[[Matangi]]
|[[Gautama Buddha in Hinduism|Buddha]]
|-
|10
|[[Kamalatmika|Kamala]]
|[[Matsya]]
|}

''Note'': In the above list do not get confused the names of Matanga Bhairava with [[Kasyapa Matanga|Matanga Rishi]], and Narada Bhairava with [[Narada|Narada Rishi]].

== Mention in Scriptures ==
Source:<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 3, 2025 |title=The Dashamahavidya: The Ten Great Wisdom Goddesses of Hindu Tantric Tradition |url=https://www.storywire.co.in/2025/04/The-Dashamahavidya-The-Ten-Great-Wisdom-Goddesses-of-Hindu-Tantric-Tradition.html |website=Story Teller}}</ref>
* '''Rudra Yamala Tantra''': Describes the origin and powers of Dashamahavidya in detail.
* '''Tantrasara''' by Abhinavagupta: Philosophical and symbolic interpretations.
* '''Devi Bhagavatam''': Especially Book 7 elaborates the divine play of Devi as Dashamahavidya.
* '''Kalika Purana''': Details the worship of Kali and other Mahavidyas.
* '''Brahmanda Purana''': Refers to Lalita Tripura Sundari as the head of all Mahavidyas.
* '''Shakta Upanishads''': Reference to the symbolic aspects of Mahavidyas, especially Matangi and Chhinnamasta.

==See also==
{{Portal|Hinduism}}
*[[Shaktism]]
*[[Navadurga]]
*[[Navaratri]]
*[[Matrikas]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Works cited===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|last=Kinsley|first=David R.|title=Tantric Visions of the Divine Feminine: The Ten Mahavidyas|publisher= University of California Press |location=Berkeley|year= 1997|isbn=9780520204997|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gkCsrfghkZ4C}}
* {{cite book |last1=Shin |first1=Jae-Eun |year=2018 |title=Change, Continuity and Complexity: The Mahavidyas in East Indian Sakta Traditions | publisher=Routledge |place=London |ISBN=978-1-138-32690-3}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal |last1=Shin |first1=Jae-Eun |year=2010 |title=Yoni, Yoginis and Mahavidyas : Feminine Divinities from Early Medieval Kamarupa to Medieval Koch Behar |journal=Studies in History |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=1–29 |doi=10.1177/025764301002600101 |s2cid=155252564 |ref=none}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}
{{Shaktism}}
{{Hindu Culture and Epics}}
{{Hindudharma}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:10 (number)]]
[[Category:Hindu goddesses]]
[[Category:Forms of Parvati]]
[[Category:Mahavidyas| ]]
[[Category:Hindu tantric deities]]

Vishvaraj Singh Mewar

2026-03-07T10:51:38Z

BrittScotto5: Creating some bio basic info

{{Short description|Maharana of Mewar and Politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Vishvaraj Singh Mewar
| title = [[Maharana]]
| image = Vishvaraj Singh Mewar (cropped).jpg
| caption = Vishvaraj Singh
| succession = [[Maharana of Mewar]]
| reign = 10 November 2024{{endash}}present
| reign-type = Reign
| coronation = 25 November 2024
| predecessor = [[Mahendra Singh Mewar]]
| Successor =
| regent = [[Kingdom of Mewar]]
| reg-type = Maharana
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1969|05|18|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Udaipur]], [[Kingdom of Mewar]], [[Rajputana]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| spouse = [[Mahima Kumari Mewar]]
| issue = Prince Devajaditya Singh Princess Jayati Kumari
| era dates =
| house = [[House of Sisodia]] or [[House of Mewar]]
| father = [[Mahendra Singh Mewar]]
| mother = Maharani Nirupama Kumari, also Princess of [[Tehri Garhwal|Tehri Garhwal State]]
| dynasty = [[Sisodia dynasty]]
| module = {{Infobox politician
| embed = yes
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| native_name =
| relations = [[Manabendra Shah]] (maternal grandfather)
| website = {{URL|https://vishvarajsinghmewar.in}}
| children =
| office = Member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|16th Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = {{Start date|2023||}}
| constituency = [[Nathdwara Assembly constituency|Nathdwara]]
| predecessor = [[C. P. Joshi]]
}}
}}
'''Vishvaraj Singh Mewar''' (born 18 May 1969) is an Indian politician and a member of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He was elected as [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from [[Nathdwara Assembly constituency|Nathdwara constituency]] and The 77th custodian of the House of Mewar.

== Personal life ==
He is married to [[Mahima Kumari Mewar]], a royal family member and the daughter of Vidya Devi of Bandhi Talukdari (Madhya Pradesh) and Jagdishwari Prasad Singh Deo of Panchkote.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rathore |first=Abhinay |date=1632 |title=Panchkote (Zamindari) |url=https://www.indianrajputs.com/view/panchkot |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=Rajput Provinces of India |language=en}}</ref> She also supports him in canvassing.<ref name=":0" /> They have two children, one daughter named Baisa Jayati Kumari and a son named Devajaditya Singh.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rathore |first=Abhinay |date=1941-02-14 |title=Udaipur (Princely State) |url=https://www.indianrajputs.com/view/udaipur_rajasthan |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=Rajput Provinces of India |language=en}}</ref>

He did his schooling from [[Ajmer]] and went to [[Mumbai]] for completing college studies and settled there in [[Mewar House]]. He has been visiting Udaipur frequently.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vishwaraj Singh Mewar: कौन हैं महाराणा प्रताप के वंशज विश्वराज मेवाड़, पहले पिता को मिली जीत, अब BJP ने दिया टिकट |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/rajasthan-election-who-is-vishwaraj-singh-mewar-maharana-pratap-descendant-got-ticket-from-bjp/1926529 |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=Zee News |language=hi}}</ref>

== Political life ==
His father, [[Mahendra Singh Mewar]], made his electoral debut with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the [[1989 Indian general election|1989 Lok Sabha elections]]. He later joined [[Indian National Congress]], after which he lost the [[1991 elections in India|1991 Lok Sabha elections]] in [[Chittorgarh Lok Sabha constituency|Chittorgarh]] and [[1996 Indian general election|1996 Lok Sabha elections]] in [[Bhilwara Lok Sabha constituency|Bhilwara]].

His maternal grandfather [[Manabendra Shah]], was an eight-time Member of Parliament from [[Tehri Garhwal Lok Sabha constituency|Tehri Garhwal]] and also a member of Bharatiya Janata Party.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hoon |first=Preeti |date=2020-01-31 |title=Maharaja Manujendra Shah's Craze For Cars & A Childhood Story |url=https://preetihoon.com/maharaja-manujendra-shahs-craze-for-cars-a-childhood-story/ |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=PREETI HOON |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rathore |first=Abhinay |date=1948 |title=Tehri Garhwal (Princely State) |url=https://www.indianrajputs.com/view/tehri_garhwal |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=Rajput Provinces of India |language=en}}</ref>

He is the grandson of [[Bhagwat Singh of Mewar]], the last Maharana of Mewar,<ref name=":1" /> and descendant of [[Rajput]] warrior [[Maharana Pratap]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raj Polls: Maharana Pratap's descendant Vishwaraj Singh joins BJP |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1131244 |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=www.daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Saini |first=Vishwanath |date=17 October 2023 |title=Vishvaraj Singh Mewar |url=https://hindi.oneindia.com/news/udaipur/vishwaraj-singh-mewar-descendants-of-maharana-pratap-joins-bjp-know-family-history-834775.html?story=1 |access-date=13 November 2023 |website=OneIndia News}}</ref>

His father Mahendra and his uncle [[Arvind Singh Mewar|Arvind]] both are claiming to be 76th custodian of the House of Mewar. The matter is currently ''[[sub judice]]''.<ref name=":2" /> The Royal Family of [[Udaipur State|Udaipur]] (former Maharanas) were not direct rulers rather they were considered as custodians of the [[kingdom of Mewar]] on behalf of [[Eklingji]] (form of [[Shiva]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=royal-families-in-india |url=https://wirally.com/royal-families-in-india/ |website=Wirally}}</ref>

He defeated incumbent [[C. P. Joshi|C.P. Joshi]], five-term incumbent MLA and former [[List of speakers of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Speaker of the Rajasthan Vidhan Sabha]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2023-11-05 |title=Mewar royal family's connect with people will help BJP win Nathdwara: Vishvaraj Singh |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/mewar-royal-familys-connect-with-people-will-help-bjp-win-nathdwara-vishvaraj-singh/articleshow/104989803.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-11-13 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-29 |title=Rajasthan Chunav: बीजेपी को मिला महाराणा प्रताप के वंशज का साथ, विश्वराज सिंह मेवाड़ को नाथद्वारा से उतारा चुनाव मैदान में |url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/elections/rajasthan-kunwar-vishwaraj-singh-mewar-nathdwara-election-2023-profile-net-worth-party-name-caste-age-other-details-article-104802635 |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=Times Now Navbharat |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajasthan Election 2023 BJP gives ticket to Vishvaraj Singh Mewar from Nathdwara seat – Rajasthan Election 2023: BJP ने Nathdwara Seat से Vishvaraj Singh Mewar को दिया टिकट 1, चुनाव न्यूज |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/videos/election/rajasthan-election-2023-bjp-gives-ticket-to-vishvaraj-singh-mewar-from-nathdwara-seat-1-8881057 |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=Hindustan |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nathdwara Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: BJP's Vishvaraj Singh Mewar defeats INC's C. P. Joshi with 7636 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/nathdwara-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470791-2023-12-03 |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajasthan Speaker CP Joshi concedes defeat in Nathdwara, congratulates BJP candidate |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/rajasthan-assembly-polls-2023/story/congress-cp-joshi-concedes-defeat-nathdwara-congratulates-bjp-vishvaraj-singh-mewar-2471324-2023-12-03 |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

He is an MLA from Nathdwara constituency in [[16th Rajasthan Assembly]]. This is his electoral debut and re-entry of his family into Bharatiya Janata Party after 3 decades.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=तीन दशक बाद महाराणा प्रताप के वंशज की BJP में एंट्री, कौन हैं विश्वराज सिंह मेवाड़, जानिए Profile |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/rajasthan/news/vishwaraj-singh-mewar-profile-maharana-pratap-descendant-joined-bjp-rajasthan-chunav-2023/articleshow/104638372.cms |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2023 |title=rajasthan-leaders-vishvaraj-singh-mewar-bhawani-singh-kalvi-join-bjp |url=http://www.uniindia.com/rajasthan-leaders-vishvaraj-singh-mewar-bhawani-singh-kalvi-join-bjp/india/news/3071139.html }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-17 |title=Seeking to soothe Rajput pride after dropping Rajvi, BJP inducts descendant of Maharana Pratap |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/rajasthan-assembly/seeking-to-soothe-rajput-pride-after-dropping-rajvi-bjp-inducts-descendant-of-maharana-pratap/article67430535.ece |access-date=2023-11-16 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=LIVE:LIVE: बीजेपी में शामिल हुए Vishvaraj Singh Mewar और Bhawani Singh Kalvi , BJP Press Conference, Rajasthan Election, hindi news, latest news, dainik jagran |url=https://www.jagran.com/videos/news/live-vishvaraj-singh-mewar-amp-bhawani-singh-kalvi-join-bjp-bjp-press-conference-rajasthan-election-25643.html |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=Press Trust of |date=2023-10-17 |title=Maharana Pratap's descendant, son of Karni Sena founder join BJP |url=https://www.siasat.com/maharana-prataps-descendant-son-of-karni-sena-founder-join-bjp-2726105/ |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |title=BJP takes two prominent families of Mewar & Marwar along for Rajasthan assembly polls |url=https://odishatv.in/news/politics/bjp-takes-two-prominent-families-of-mewar-marwar-along-for-rajasthan-assembly-polls-217735 |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=OdishaTV |language=en}}</ref> His entry in Bharatiya Janata Party is attributed to [[Diya Kumari]], Deputy Chief Minister of Rajasthan.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Report |first=Habib Ki |date=2023-10-17 |title=महलों में बीजेपी : बड़े भाई विश्वराज सिंह मेवाड़ ने ज्वाइन की बीजेपी, सियासत की दहलीज पर खड़े छोटे भाई लक्ष्यराज सिंह मेवाड़ – Habib Ki Report |url=https://habibkireport.com/state/bjp-in-palaces-elder-brother-vishwaraj-singh-mewar-joined-bjp-younger-brother-lakshyaraj-singh-mewar-standing-on-the-threshold-of-politics.html,%20https://habibkireport.com/state/bjp-in-palaces-elder-brother-vishwaraj-singh-mewar-joined-bjp-younger-brother-lakshyaraj-singh-mewar-standing-on-the-threshold-of-politics.html |access-date=2023-11-16 |language=en-US}}</ref>

He had written to PM [[Narendra Modi]] and the [[Central Board of Film Certification|CBFC]] in 2017 to stop the release of Bhansali's [[Padmaavat]] movie to prevent inaccurate portrayal of history and hurting of public sentiments.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Padmavati inaccuracies will hurt public sentiments: Mewar royal Vishvaraj Singh to India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/padmavati-sanjay-leela-bansali-vishvaraj-singh-cbpc-chief-prasoon-joshi-1087349-2017-11-15 |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-12-30 |title=Mewar royal Maharajkumar Vishvaraj Singh slams CBFC for certifying 'Padmavati' without his consent |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/mewar-royal-maharajkumar-vishvaraj-singh-slams-cbfc-for-certifying-padmavati-without-his-consent/995832/ |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref> He had also written to the PM, [[S. Jaishankar|S Jaishankar]] (Minister of External Affairs), and [[G. Kishan Reddy|G Kishan Reddy]] (Minister for Tourism) with respect to the consent not being taken for their disputed property being used in [[2023 G20 New Delhi summit|G20 Summit]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=मेवाड़ के पूर्व राजपरिवार का संपत्ति विवाद फिर उपजा, परिवार के पूर्व सदस्य ने पीएम को लिखा पत्र...G 20 के आयोजन स्थल पर सवाल |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/rajasthan/state/udaipur/property-dispute-of-former-royal-family-of-mewar-arose-again-objection-to-venue-of-g-20-vishwaraj-singh-mewar-letter-to-pm/rj20221112184221533533765 |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2022-11-11 |title=MK Vishvaraj Singh Mewar shares his concerns on selection of venues for G20 Sherpa Summit meeting in Udaipur |url=https://udaipurtimes.com/news/Vishvaraj-Singh-Object-on-Venue-for-G20-Sherpa-Meet-Udaipur/cid9139775.htm |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=udaipurtimes.com |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mewar, Vishvaraj Singh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:People from Udaipur]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Sisodia dynasty]]
[[Category:Monarchs of Mewar]]

2016–17 Maharashtra local elections

2026-03-06T13:44:31Z

BrittScotto5: corrected content for accuracy and cleaned formatting

{{short description|Indian local elections}}

{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2016–17 Maharashtra Local Body election
| country = India
| type = legislative
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 2012 Maharashtra local elections
| previous_year = 2012
| election_date = {{no wrap|Phase I – 28 November 2016}} Phase II – 14 December Phase III – 18 December {{no wrap|Phase IV – 8 January 2017}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-maharashtra-municipal-council-and-nagar-panchayat-polls-bjp-shows-commanding-performance-2277813|title=Maharashtra Municipal council polls:After BJP victory, PM Modi says win for pro-poor politics|website=DNA India|date=28 November 2016}}</ref>
| next_election = 2025–26 Maharashtra local election
| next_year = 2026
| seats_for_election = Around 4000 seats to the 192 Maharashtra Municipal Councils
| majority_seats = 
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Ashok Chavan With Coat.jpeg |bSize=155 |cWidth=110 |cHeight=150 |oTop=0 |oLeft=22|Location=center}}
| leader2 = [[Ashok Chavan]]<ref name="hindustantimes.com">{{cite web |url= http://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/chavan-made-maharashtra-congress-chief-nirupam-heads-mumbai/story-qYJpNrdfprr5JGbzpR9CKN.html |title= Maharshtra Congress State President}}</ref>
| party2 = Indian National Congress
| last_election2 = 1220 seats
| alliance2 =
| leaders_seat2 =
| seats2 = 873
| seat_change2 = {{decrease}}347
| popular_vote2 =
| percentage2 =
| swing2 = 
| image3 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Sunil Tatkare in 2014.jpg |bSize=145 |cWidth=110 |cHeight=150 |oTop=05 |oLeft=6 |Location=center}}
| leader3 = [[Sunil Tatkare]]<ref name="Sunil Tatkare, NCP State President">{{cite web |url= http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/sunil-tatkare-appointed-maharashtra-ncp-president/ |title= Sunil Tatkare, NCP State President |date= September 20, 2014 |publisher= [[Indian Express]] }}</ref>
| party3 = Nationalist Congress Party
| last_election3 = 1039 seats
| leaders_seat3 =
| seats3 = 847
| seat_change3 = {{decrease}}192
| alliance3 =
| popular_vote3 =
| percentage3 =
| swing3 = 
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=The Minister of State for Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution, Shri Raosaheb Dadarao Danve calls on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on March 05, 2015 (cropped).jpg |bSize=155 |cWidth=110 |cHeight=150 |oTop=05 |oLeft=17 |Location=center}}
| leader1 = [[Raosaheb Danve]]<ref name="NDTV">{{cite web | url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/raosaheb-danve-appointed-maharashtras-new-bjp-chief-723264 | title=Raosaheb Danve State BJP Chief | publisher=[[NDTV]] | date=September 20, 2014 | website=indianexpress.com/}}</ref>
| party1 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| last_election1 = 506 seats
| alliance1 =
| leaders_seat1 =
| seats1 = 1147
| seat_change1 = {{increase}}641
| popular_vote1 =
| percentage1 =
| swing1 = 
| image4 =
| leader4 = [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
| party4 = Shiv Sena
| last_election4 = 579 seats
| leaders_seat =
| seats4 = 608
| seat_change4 = {{increase}}29
| popular_vote4 =
| percentage4 =
| swing4 = 
| title =
| before_election =
| before_party =
| after_election =
| after_party =
}}
'''Local elections''' were held in [[Maharashtra]] in four phases, to select the 4,750 members of the 192 municipal councils and 20 Nagar Panchayat. Results were announced the day after each round of voting. The first phase took place on 27 November and saw the BJP emerge as the largest party in municipal councils, winning control of 53 of the 147 councils and winning 857 of the 3,417 seats. The Indian National Congress emerged as the largest party in Nagar Panchayat elections, winning 84 of the 253 seats on 18 Nagar Panchayats. Overall, the BJP emerged as the largest party winning 1,1147 seats.

==Results==
=== Phase 1 Municipal Council Results ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Council !! [[Indian National Congress|INC]] !! [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]] !! [[BJP]] !! [[Shiv Sena|SHS]] !! Others !! rowspan="2" | Council President
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Party
|-
! [[File:INC_Logo.png|center|108x108px]]!! [[File:NCP-flag.svg|center|123x123px]] !! !! [[File:Logo_of_Shiv_Sena.svg|center]] !! [[File:No flag.svg|50px]]
|-
! colspan="9" |Raigad District
|-
|Khopoli||2||10||3||10||4||Suman Ausarmal
| style="background-color: {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" | ||[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|-
|Uran||0||0||13||5||0||Sayali Mhatre
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|Pen||11||0||7||0||3||Pritam Patil
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" | ||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Alibaug 17||0||0||0||0||17||Prashant Naik
| ||SKP
|-
|Murud Janjira||2||3||0||9||2||Sneha Patil
| style="background-color: {{party color|Shiv Sena}}" | ||[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|-
|Roha||0||14||0||1||2||Santosh Potfode
| style="background-color: {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" | ||[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|-
|Shrivardhan||1||10||0||5||1||Narendra bhusane
| style="background-color: {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" | ||[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|-
|Mahad||12||0||0||5||0||Snehal Jagtap
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" | ||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Matheran||1||2||0||14||0||Prerna Sawant
| style="background-color: {{party color|Shiv Sena}}" | ||[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|-
! colspan="9" |Ratnagiri District
|-
|Chiplun||5||4||5||10||2||Surekha Kherade
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|Ratnagiri||0||5||6||17||2||Rahul Pandit
| style="background-color: {{party color|Shiv Sena}}" | ||[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|-
|Khed||0||0||0||10||7||Vaibhav Khedekar
| style="background-color: {{party color|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}}" | ||[[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena|MNS]]
|-
|Rajapur||7||1||1||8||0||Hanif Kazi
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" | ||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
! colspan="9" |Sindhudurg District
|-
|Vengurle||7||1||6||1||2||Rajan Girap
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|Sawantwadi||8||0||1||7||1||Baban Salgaonkar
| style="background-color: {{party color|Shiv Sena}}" | ||[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|-
|Malwan||4||2||5||5||1||Mahesh Kandalgaonkar
| style="background-color: {{party color|Shiv Sena}}" | ||[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|-
! colspan="9" |Solapur District
|-
|Barshi 40||0||11||0||29||0||Asif Tamboli
| style="background-color: {{party color|Shiv Sena}}" | ||[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|-
|Pandharpur 35||0||9||0||0||26||Sadhna Bhosale
| ||Other
|-
|Akkalkot 23||7||1||15||0||1||Shobha Khedgi
| style="background-color: {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" | ||[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|-
|Karmala 17||5||6||0||0||6||Vaibhav Jagtap
| style="background-color: {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" | ||[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|-
|Kurduwadi 17||0||0||0||7||10||Samir Mulani
| style="background-color: {{party color|Shiv Sena}}" | ||[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|-
|Sangola 20||1||6||4||4||5||Rani Mane
| ||Other
|-
|Mangalwedha 17||5||6||0||0||6||Aruna Mali
| style="background-color: {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" | ||[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|-
|Maindargi 17||0||0||4||0||13||Dipti Kesur
| ||Other
|-
|Dudhni 17||15||0||2||0||0||Bhimashankar Ingale
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
! colspan="9" |Kolhapur District
|-
|Panhala 17||0||0||0||0||17||Rupali Dhadle
| ||Jansurajya
|-
|Gadhinglaj 17||0||4||3||0||10||Swati Kori
| ||Janta Dal
|-
|Murgud 17||0||2||0||12||3||Rajekhan Jamadar
| style="background-color: {{party color|Shiv Sena}}" | ||[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|-
|Pethwadgav 17||0||0||0||0||17||Mohan Mali
| ||Other
|-
|Malkapur 17||0||4||4||4||5||Amol Kesarkar
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|Kurundwad 17||5||6||6||0||0||Jairam Patil
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" | ||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Kagal 20||0||11||9||0||0||Manik Mali
| style="background-color: {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" | ||[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|-
|Jaisingpur 24||0||10||0||0||14||Nita Mane
| ||Tararani
|-
|Ichalkaranji||12||18||14||1||19||Alka Swami
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
! colspan="9" |Sangli District
|-
|Islampur 28||0||14||0||0||14||Nishikant Patil
| ||Other
|-
|Vita 24||22||0||0||2||0||Pratibha Patil
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" | ||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Ashta 21||0||15||0||0||6||Sneha Mali
| ||Other
|-
|Tasgav 21||0||8||13||0||0||Vijay Sawant
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|Palus 17||12||0||1||0||4||Raju Sadamate
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" | ||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
! colspan="9" |Satara District
|-
|Satara 40||0||0||6||0||34||Madhavi Kadam
| style="background-color: {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" | ||[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|-
|Phaltan||8||17||0||0||0||Neeta Newase
| style="background-color: {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" | ||[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|-
|Karad 29||16||6||4||0||3||Rohini Shinde
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|Wai 20||6||14||0||0||0||Pratibha Shinde
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|Mhaswad 17||7||0||0||0||10||Tushar Veerkar
| style="background-color: {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" | ||[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|-
|Rahimatpur 17||4||13||0||0||0||Anand Kore
| style="background-color: {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" | ||[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|-
|Mahabaleshwar 17||0||10||0||5||2||Swapnali Shinde
| style="background-color: {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" | ||[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|-
|Pachgani||11||6||0||0||0||Lakshmi Karadkar
| ||Other
|-
! colspan="9" |Ahmednagar District
|-
|Sangamner 28||23||1||1||2||1||Durga Tambe
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" | ||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Kopargaon 28||0||7||14||6||1||Vijay Wahadne
| ||Other
|-
|Shrirampur 32||22||0||0||0||10||Anuradha Adik
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" | ||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Rahata||6||1||7||2||1||Mamta Pipada
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|Pathardi 17||0||5||12||0||0||Mrityunjay Garje
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|Rahuri 21||0||0||0||0||21||Prajakt Tanpure
| ||Other
|-
|Devlali 18||0||1||16||1||0||Satyajit Kadam
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
! colspan="9" |Nashik District
|-
|Manmad 31||5||5||0||18||3||Padmavati Dhatrak
| style="background-color: {{party color|Shiv Sena}}" | ||[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|-
|Sinnar 28||0||0||10||17||1||Kiran Dagle
| style="background-color: {{party color|Shiv Sena}}" | ||[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|-
|Yeola 24||0||10||4||5||5||Bandu Kshirsagar
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|Satana 21||2||5||6||0||8||Sunil More
| ||Other
|-
|Nandgaon 17||2||4||0||11||0||Rajesh Kawde
| style="background-color: {{party color|Shiv Sena}}" | ||[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|-
|Bhagoor 18||0||1||0||17||0||Anita Karanjkar
| style="background-color: {{party color|Shiv Sena}}" | ||[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|-
! colspan="9" |Nandurbar District
|-
|Shahada||11||0||10||0||5||Motilal Patil
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
! colspan="9" |Dhule District
|-
|Shirpur||21||0||4||0||5||Jayshri Patel
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" | ||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Dondaicha||3||0||20||0||1||Nayan Rawal
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
! colspan="9" |Jalgaon District
|-
|Bhusawal||0||0||26||1||21||Raman Bhole
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|Chopda||0||0||0||9||20||Manisha Chaudhari
| ||Other
|-
|Amalner||0||0||1||4||29||Pushpalata Patil
| ||Other
|-
|Chalisgaon 34||0||0||13||2||19||Ashalata Chauhan
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|Pachora 26||0||7||8||11||0||Sanjay Gohil
| style="background-color: {{party color|Shiv Sena}}" | ||[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|-
|Yawal||8||0||0||1||11||Surekha Koli
| style="background-color: {{party color|Shiv Sena}}" | ||[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|-
|Faizpur||3||4||5||1||4||Mahananda Hole
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|Sawda||0||7||9||0||1||Anita Yeole
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|Raver 17||0||0||4||1||12||Dara Mohammad
| ||Other
|-
|Erandol||1||9||4||5||1||Ramesh Pardeshi
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|Dharangaon||0||0||6||14||0||Salim Patel
| style="background-color: {{party color|Shiv Sena}}" | ||[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|-
|Parola||0||0||7||5||9||Karan Pawar
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
! colspan="9" |Jalna District
|-
|Jalna 61||12||5||9||5||2||Sangita Gorantyal
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" | ||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Bhokardan 17||9||4||4||0||0||Manjusha Deshmukh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" | ||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Ambad 19||5||5||6||1||2||Sangita Kuche
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|Partur||10||0||6||2||2||Vimal Jethliya
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" | ||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
! colspan="9" |Parbhani District
|-
|Gangakhed 24||8||6||4||2||4||Vijay Tapadiya
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" | ||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Selu 24||5||2||0||4||13||Vinod Borade
| ||Other
|-
|Jintur 23||10||13||0||0||0||Sabiya Farooqi
| style="background-color: {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" | ||[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|-
|Manwath 19||9||0||0||10||0||Shivkanya Swami
| style="background-color: {{party color|Shiv Sena}}" | ||[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|-
|Pathri 20||0||20||0||0||0||Mina Bhore
| style="background-color: {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" | ||[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|-
|Sonpeth 17||12||5||0||0||0||Jijabai Rathod
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" | ||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Purna 20||1||8||0||5||6||Ganga Eklare
| style="background-color: {{party color|Shiv Sena}}" | ||[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|-
! colspan="9" |Hingoli District
|-
|Hingoli 32||6||13||3||6||4||Baba Bangar
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|basmath 28||6||8||7||6||1||Shriniwas Porajkar
| style="background-color: {{party color|Shiv Sena}}" | ||[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|-
|Kalamnuri||3||5||0||9||0||Uttamrao Shinde
| style="background-color: {{party color|Shiv Sena}}" | ||[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|-
! colspan="9" |Beed District
|-
|Beed||0||19||2||1||28||Bharatbhushan Kshirsagar
| style="background-color: {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" | ||[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|-
|Majalgaon||0||8||5||2||11||Sahal Chaus
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|Parli Vaijnath||1||27||4||1||0||Sarojini Halge
| style="background-color: {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" | ||[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|-
|Ambejogai||6||16||6||0||0||Rachna Modi
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" | ||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Georai||0||0||18||1||0||Sushil Jawanjal
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|Dharur||0||6||9||0||2||Swarup Hazare
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
! colspan="9" |Osmanabad District
|-
|Usmanabad||2||17||8||11||1||Makrand Nimbalkar
| style="background-color: {{party color|Shiv Sena}}" | ||[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|-
|Paranda||0||9||4||4||0||Zakir Saudagar
| style="background-color: {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" | ||[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|-
|Bhoom||3||14||0||0||0||Supriya Ware
| style="background-color: {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" | ||[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|-
|Kalamb||7||10||0||0||0||Suwarna Munde
| style="background-color: {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" | ||[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|-
|Tuljapur||0||14||6||0||0||Archana Gangane
| style="background-color: {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" | ||[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|-
|Naldurg||5||12||0||0||0||Rekha Jagdale
| style="background-color: {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" | ||[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|-
|Murum||15||0||0||2||0||Anita Ambar
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" | ||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Umarga||8||3||7||4||0||Premlata Topge
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" | ||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
! colspan="9" |Yavatmal District
|-
|Yavatmal||12||4||29||8||3||Kanchan Chaudhari
| style="background-color: {{party color|Shiv Sena}}" | ||[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|-
|Digras||6||0||0||10||7||Sadaf Jahan Mohammad
| ||Other
|-
|Pusad||3||12||10||4||0||Anita Naik
| style="background-color: {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" | ||[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|-
|Umarkhed||3||1||7||4||9||[[Namdev Sasane]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|Wani||0||0||22||0||4||Tarendra Borde
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|Ghatanji||3||0||2||1||11||Nayana Thakur
| ||Other
|-
|Arni||7||8||0||4||0||Archana Mangam
| style="background-color: {{party color|Shiv Sena}}" | ||[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|-
|Darwha||4||0||4||8||4||Baban Irwhe
| style="background-color: {{party color|Shiv Sena}}" | ||[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|-
! colspan="9" |Akola District
|-
|Akot||10||1||17||3||2||Harinarayan Makode
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|Telhara||0||2||4||0||11||Jaysherre Fundkar
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|Balapur||16||0||0||0||7||Ainoddin Khatib
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" | ||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Patur||6||8||3||0||0||Prabha Kothalkar
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" | ||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Murtizapur||1||5||7||4||6||Monali Gawande
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
! colspan="9" |Washim District
|-
|Karanja||0||0||2||1||25||Prakash Dhoke
| ||BBM
|-
|Washim||2||2||15||8||3||Ashok Heda
| style="background-color: {{party color|Shiv Sena}}" | ||[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|-
|Mangrulpir||1||7||7||0||3||Gajala Khan
| ||BBM
|-
! colspan="9" |Amravati District
|-
|Achalpur||7||3||7||2||19||Sunita Fiske
| style="background-color: {{party color|Shiv Sena}}" | ||[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|-
|Anjangaon Surji||1||2||17||1||5||Kamalkant Ladole
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|Warud||4||2||16||0||2||Swati Ande
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|Chandur Bazar||0||2||6||0||9||Ravindra Pawar
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|Morshi||6||4||8||1||1||Sheela Rode
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|Shendurjanaghat||1||0||15||1||0||Rupes Mandawe
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|Daryapur||5||4||6||0||5||Nalini Bharsakle
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|Chandur Railway||10||0||5||0||2||Nilesh Suryawanshi
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" | ||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Dhamangaon||2||0||15||0||0||Pratap Adsul
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
! colspan="9" |Buldhana District
|-
|Shegaon||3||3||14||4||2||Shakuntala Buch
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|Nandura||2||0||5||2||14||Rajni Jawre
| ||Other
|-
|Malkapur ||16||0||0||0||12||Harish Rawal
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" | ||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Khamgaon||11||1||19||1||1||Anita Dawre
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|Mehkar||9||0||0||14||1||Kasam Gawli
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" | ||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Chikhli||9||2||13||1||1||Priya Bondre
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|Buldhana||7||3||5||10||3||Najmunnisa Shajjad
| ||BBM
|-
|Jalgaon Jamod||0||4||9||0||5||Seema Dobe
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|Deulgaon Raja||3||5||4||4||2||Sunita Shinde
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
! colspan="9" |Wardha District
|-
|Wardha 38||5||6||26||0||1||Atul Tarale
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|Hinganghat||0||4||28||1||5||Prem Basantani
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|Arvi 23||0||0||23||0||0||Prashant Savvalakhe
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|Sindi||6||2||8||0||1||Sangita Shende
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|Pulgaon 18||2||0||8||0||8||Shital Gate
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|Devli||6||0||0||11||0||Suchita Madavi
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
! colspan="9" |Chandrapur District
|-
|Ballarpur||11||0||15||3||3||Harish Sharma
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|Warora||3||1||10||9||1||Ahtesham Ali
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|Mul||1||0||16||0||0||Ratnmala Bhoir
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|Rajura||9||0||3||0||6||Arun Dhote
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" | ||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| ||659||663||857||500||738||
| ||
|}

=== Phase 2 Municipal Council Results ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! rowspan="2" | District !! rowspan="2" | Council !! [[Indian National Congress|INC]] !! [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]] !! [[BJP]] !! [[Shiv Sena|SHS]] !! Others !! rowspan="2" | Council President
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Party
|-
! [[File:INC_Logo.png|center|108x108px]]!! [[File:NCP-flag.svg|center|123x123px]] !! !! [[File:Logo_of_Shiv_Sena.svg|center]] !! [[File:No flag.svg|50px]]
|-
! colspan="10" |Pune District
|-
| Pune||Baramati||0||35||0||0||4||Pournima Tawre
| style="background-color: {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" | ||[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|-
| Pune||Lonavala||6||0||9||6||4||Surekha Jadhav
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
| Pune||Daund||0||15||0||0||9||Sheetal Kataria
| ||Other
|-
| Pune||Talegaon Dabhade||0||0||0||0||26||Chitra Jagnade
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
| Pune||Alandi||0||0||11||5||2||Vaijyanta Umargekar
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
| Pune||Indapur||8||9||0||0||0||Ankita Shah
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" | ||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| Pune||Jejuri||11||6||0||0||0||Veena Sonawane
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" | ||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| Pune||Junnar||1||7||0||6||3||Shyam Pande
| style="background-color: {{party color|Shiv Sena}}" | ||[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|-
| Pune||Saswad||0||0||0||0||19||Martand Bhonde
| ||Other
|-
| Pune||Shirur||0||0||2||0||19||Vaishali Wakhare
| ||Other
|-
! colspan="10" |Latur District
|-
| Latur||Udgir||14||0||18||0||6||Basawraj Bagbande
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
| Latur||Ausa||2||12||6||0||0||Afsar Shaikh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" | ||[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|-
| Latur||Nilanga||2||0||18||0||0||Balasaheb Shingade
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
| Latur||Ahmadpur||2||9||6||2||4||Ashwini Kasnale
| ||Other
|-
| Total||||46||93||70||19||96||
| ||
|-
|
|}

=== Phase 3 Municipal Council Results ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Council !! [[Indian National Congress|INC]] !! [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]] !! [[BJP]] !! [[Shiv Sena|SHS]] !! Others !! Council President
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
! !! !! !! !! !! [[File:No flag.svg|50px]] !!
! !!
|-
! colspan="9" |Aurangabad District
|-
|Kannad||14||0||0||2||7||Swati Kolhe
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" | ||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Paithan||4||6||5||7||1||Suraj Lolge
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|Khuldabad||8||2||4||3||0||S M Qamar
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" | ||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Gangapur||7||0||2||8||0||Vandana Patil
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
! colspan="9" |Nanded District
|-
|Hadgaon||8||1||2||6||0||Jyoti Rathod
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" | ||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Kandhar||5||0||0||10||2||Shobha Tai
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" | ||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Dharmabad||2||10||4||0||3||Afzal Begum
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" | ||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Biloli||12||0||4||0||1||Maithili Kulkarni
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" | ||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Deglur||12||11||2||0||0||Moglaji Shirshetwar
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" | ||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Mukhed||2||0||9||3||3||Baburao Debadwar
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" | ||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Umri||0||17||0||0||0||Anuradha Khandare
| style="background-color: {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" | ||[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|-
|Kundalwadi||4||0||10||3||0||
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|Mudkhed||15||0||0||0||2||Mujib Ansari
| ||Other
|-
! colspan="9" |Gadchiroli District
|-
|Gadchiroli||1||0||19||0||4||Yogita Pipre
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|Desaiganj||4||1||12||0||0||Shalu Dandwate
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
! colspan="9" |Bhandara District
|-
|Bhandara ||3||11||15||0||4||Sunil Mende
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|Tumsar||3||2||15||0||3||Pradip Padole
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|Pawni||5||3||2||1||6||Poonam Kaatekhate
| ||other
|-
|Sakoli||1||1||12||3||0||Dhanwanta Raut
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|Total||110||65||117||46||36||
| ||
|-

|}

=== Phase 4 Municipal Council Results ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! District !! Council !! [[Indian National Congress|INC]] !! [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]] !! [[BJP]] !! [[Shiv Sena|SHS]] !! Others !! Council President !! Party
|-
| || || || [[File:NCP-flag.svg|50px]] || || [[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Bow_And_Arrow.svg|50px]] || [[File:No flag.svg|50px]] || ||
|-
| Nagpur || Savner || 6 || 0 || 14 || 0 || 0 || Rekha Mowade || BJP
|-
| Nagpur || Umred || 6 || 0 || 19 || 0 || 0 || Vijaylakshmi Bhadoriya || BJP
|-
| Nagpur || Katol || 0 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 22 || Vaishali Thakur || Other
|-
| Nagpur || Narkhed || 0 || 8 || 0 || 3 || 6 || Abhijeet Gupta || Other
|-
| Nagpur || Khapa || 1 || 0 || 15 || 0 || 1 || Priyanka Mohite || BJP
|-
| Nagpur || Mohpa || 10 || 0 || 5 || 2 || 0 || nagargoje ajit
|| INC
|-
| Nagpur || Tiroda || 0 || 9 || 5 || 2 || 1 || Sonali Deshpande || BJP
|-
| Nagpur || Kamthi || 16 || 0 || 8 || 1 || 7 || Sahja Sapas || INC
|-
| Nagpur || Kalmeshwar || 8 || 2 || 5 || 2 || 0 || Smruti Ikhar || BJP
|-
| Gondia || Ramtek || 2 || 0 || 13 || 2 || 0 || Dilip Deshmukh || BJP
|-
| Gondia || Gondia || 9 || 7 || 18 || 2 || 6 || Ashok Ingale || BJP
|-
| ||||||||||||||||
|-
| ||Total||58||26||103||14||43||||
|-
|
|}

=== Nagar Panchayat ===
Despite Being Lost in State Municipal Council Election, Indian National Congress Made a Strong Comeback in Nagar Panchayat. Ruling and Winner of Municipal Council Election BJP is thrown on third Position.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! District !! Council !! [[Indian National Congress|INC]] !! [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]] !! [[BJP]] !! [[Shiv Sena|SHS]] !! Others
|-
| || || || [[File:NCP-flag.svg|50px]] || || [[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Bow_And_Arrow.svg|50px]] || [[File:No flag.svg|50px]]
|-
| Palghar||Vikramgad 17||0||1||2||1||13
|-
| Palghar||Talasari 17||0||2||4||0||11
|-
| Palghar||Mokhada 17||1||2||1||13||0
|-
| Ratnagiri||Dapoli||4||4||2||7||0
|-
| Sangli||Khanapur||11||0||0||5||1
|-
| Sangli||kadegaon 17||10||0||7||0||17
|-
| Sangli||Kavthe Mahankal||0||12||4||0||1
|-
| Sangli||Shirala 18||0||0||0||0||18
|-
| Satara||Koregaon||8||9||0||0||0
|-
| Satara||Medha||0||7||3||2||4
|-
| Satara||Patan 17||0||13||1||2||1
|-
| Satara||Waduj||5||5||3||0||4
|-
| Satara||Khandala 17||7||9||0||0||1
|-
| Satara||Dahiwadi 17||11||5||0||0||1
|-
| Ahmadnagar||Shirdi 17||9||1||3||1||3
|-
| Jalgaon||Bodvad||2||4||7||1||3
|-
| Chandrapur||Sindewahi||6||0||11||0||0
|-
| Nanded||Ardhapur||10||4||0||0||3
|-
| Nanded||Mahur||3||8||1||4||1
|-
| ||||||||||||
|-
| Total||||97||87||53||37||83
|-
|
|}

== Maharashtra Result Statistics ==
{{election table|title=Summary of the November 2016 Maharashtra Local Body election results<ref name="Lokmat">[http://www.lokmat.com/storypage.php?catid=1&newsid=17834914 Lokmat]</ref>}}
|-
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=left|Party
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|Flag
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|Nagar Adhyaksh
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|Nagar Sevak
|-
|align="left" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
|align="right" valign=top |
|align="right" valign=top |73
|align="right" valign=top |1147
|-
|align="left" |[[Indian National Congress]] (INC)
|align="right" valign=top |
|align="right" valign=top |35
|align="right" valign=top |873
|-
|align="left" |[[Nationalist Congress Party]] (NCP)
|align="right" valign=top |[[File:NCP-flag.svg|75px]]
|align="right" valign=top |23
|align="right" valign=top |847
|-
|align="left" |[[Shiv Sena]] (SHS)
|align="right" valign=top |[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Bow_And_Arrow.svg|75px]]
|align="right" valign=top |27
|align="right" valign=top |608
|-
|align="left" |Others
|align="right" valign=top |[[File:No flag.svg|75px]]
|align="right" valign=top |33
|align="right" valign=top |913
|-
|}

== Regionwise Breakout ==
=== Konkan ===
Shivsena Become Largest Party in Konkan Region. Konkan Was Considered as Bastion of Shiv Sena. Performance of Shiv Sena here proved that. Indian National Congress Become Second Largest Party here. Ruling BJP is thrown on fourth position.
{{election table|title=Summary of the November 2016 Maharashtra Local Body election results<ref name="Lokmat">[http://www.lokmat.com/storypage.php?catid=1&newsid=17834914 Lokmat]</ref>}}
|-
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=left|Party
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|Flag
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|Nagar Adhyaksh
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|Nagar Sevak
|-
|align="left" |[[Shiv Sena]] (SHS)
|align="right" valign=top |[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Bow_And_Arrow.svg|65px]]
|align="right" valign=top |06
|align="right" valign=top |107
|-
|align="left" |[[Indian National Congress]] (INC)
|align="right" valign=top |[[File:Hand_INC.svg|75px]]
|align="right" valign=top |03
|align="right" valign=top |60
|-
|align="left" |[[Nationalist Congress Party]] (NCP)
|align="right" valign=top |[[File:Indian Election Symbol Clock.png|65px]]
|align="right" valign=top |02
|align="right" valign=top |52
|-
|align="left" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
|align="right" valign=top |
|align="right" valign=top |03
|align="right" valign=top |47
|-
|align="left" |Others
|align="right" valign=top |[[File:No flag.svg|65px]]
|align="right" valign=top |02
|align="right" valign=top |44
|-
|}

=== Pashchim Maharashtra ===
Nationalist Congress Party Become Largest Party in West Maharashtra Region. Pashchim Maharashtra Was Considered as Bastion of NCP. Performance of NCP here proved that. Indian National Congress Become Second Largest Party here. Shiv Sena is thrown on fourth position.
{{election table|title=Summary of the November 2016 Maharashtra Local Body election results<ref name="Lokmat">[http://www.lokmat.com/storypage.php?catid=1&newsid=17834914 Lokmat]</ref>}}
|-
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=left|Party
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|Flag
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|Nagar Adhyaksh
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|Nagar Sevak
|-
|align="left" |[[Nationalist Congress Party]] (NCP)
|align="right" valign=top |[[File:NCP-flag.svg|75px]]
|align="right" valign=top |09
|align="right" valign=top |284
|-
|align="left" |[[Indian National Congress]] (INC)
|align="right" valign=top |
|align="right" valign=top |07
|align="right" valign=top |213
|-
|align="left" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
|align="right" valign=top |
|align="right" valign=top |13
|align="right" valign=top |157
|-
|align="left" |[[Shiv Sena]] (SHS)
|align="right" valign=top |[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Bow_And_Arrow.svg|75px]]
|align="right" valign=top |04
|align="right" valign=top |92
|-
|align="left" |Others
|align="right" valign=top |[[File:No flag.svg|75px]]
|align="right" valign=top |15
|align="right" valign=top |345
|-
|}

=== Uttar Maharashtra (Khandesh) ===
BJP Become Largest Party in Khandesh Region. Khandesh Was never Considered as Bastion of Any Party. Khandesh Always gave Mixed Results. Shiv Sena Become Second Largest Party here. Nationalist Congress Party is thrown on fourth position. NCP Poor perforamce here is subject to the Arrest of NCP Mass Leader Chhagan Bhujbal in corruption charges.
{{election table|title=Summary of the November 2016 Maharashtra Local Body election results<ref name="Lokmat">[http://www.lokmat.com/storypage.php?catid=1&newsid=17834914 Lokmat]</ref>}}
|-
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=left|Party
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|Flag
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|Nagar Adhyaksh
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|Nagar Sevak
|-
|align="left" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
|align="right" valign=top |
|align="right" valign=top |09
|align="right" valign=top |137
|-
|align="left" |[[Shiv Sena]] (SHS)
|align="right" valign=top |[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Bow_And_Arrow.svg|75px]]
|align="right" valign=top |07
|align="right" valign=top |122
|-
|align="left" |[[Indian National Congress]] (INC)
|align="right" valign=top |
|align="right" valign=top |01
|align="right" valign=top |56
|-
|align="left" |[[Nationalist Congress Party]] (NCP)
|align="right" valign=top |[[File:NCP-flag.svg|75px]]
|align="right" valign=top |00
|align="right" valign=top |52
|-
|align="left" |Others
|align="right" valign=top |[[File:No flag.svg|75px]]
|align="right" valign=top |04
|align="right" valign=top |155
|-
|}

=== Marathwada ===
NCP Become Largest Party in Marathwada Region. Marathwada Was Considered as Bastion of Indian National Congress. Performance of NCP here broke the INC Bastion. Indian National Congress Become Second Largest Party here. Shivsena is thrown on fourth position.
{{election table|title=Summary of the November 2016 Maharashtra Local Body election results<ref name="Lokmat">[http://www.lokmat.com/storypage.php?catid=1&newsid=17834914 Lokmat]</ref>}}
|-
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=left|Party
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|Flag
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|Nagar Adhyaksh
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|Nagar Sevak
|-
|align="left" |[[Nationalist Congress Party]] (NCP)
|align="right" valign=top |[[File:NCP-flag.svg|75px]]
|align="right" valign=top |10
|align="right" valign=top |296
|-
|align="left" |[[Indian National Congress]] (INC)
|align="right" valign=top |
|align="right" valign=top |17
|align="right" valign=top |294
|-
|align="left" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
|align="right" valign=top |
|align="right" valign=top |10
|align="right" valign=top |198
|-
|align="left" |[[Shiv Sena]] (SHS)
|align="right" valign=top |[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Bow_And_Arrow.svg|75px]]
|align="right" valign=top |05
|align="right" valign=top |120
|-
|align="left" |Others
|align="right" valign=top |[[File:No flag.svg|75px]]
|align="right" valign=top |09
|align="right" valign=top |105
|-
|}

=== Vidarbh ===
BJP Become Largest Party in Vidarbha Region. Vidarbha Was Considered as Bastion of BJP. Performance of BJP here proved that. Indian National Congress Become Second Largest Party here. Shivsena is thrown on fourth position.
{{election table|title=Summary of the November 2016 Maharashtra Local Body election results<ref name="Lokmat">[http://www.lokmat.com/storypage.php?catid=1&newsid=17834914 Lokmat]</ref>}}
|-
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=left|Party
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|Flag
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|Nagar Adhyaksh
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|Nagar Sevak
|-
|align="left" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
|align="right" valign=top |
|align="right" valign=top |38
|align="right" valign=top |608
|-
|align="left" |[[Indian National Congress]] (INC)
|align="right" valign=top |
|align="right" valign=top |08
|align="right" valign=top |288
|-
|align="left" |[[Nationalist Congress Party]] (NCP)
|align="right" valign=top |[[File:NCP-flag.svg|75px]]
|align="right" valign=top |01
|align="right" valign=top |142
|-
|align="left" |[[Shiv Sena]] (SHS)
|align="right" valign=top |[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Bow_And_Arrow.svg|75px]]
|align="right" valign=top |05
|align="right" valign=top |138
|-
|align="left" |Others
|align="right" valign=top |[[File:No flag.svg|75px]]
|align="right" valign=top |09
|align="right" valign=top |264
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Maharashtra elections}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2016-17 Maharashtra local elections}}
[[Category:2016 elections in India]]
[[Category:Local elections in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:2010s in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:2017 elections in India]]

Tata Nano Singur controversy

2026-03-04T08:41:29Z

BrittScotto5: basic correct page for accuracy further and added references

{{Short description|Controversy over a proposed Tata Motors auto factory in West Bengal, India}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Mamata Banerjee sidebar}}
The '''Tata Nano Singur controversy''' was a controversy generated by land acquisition for a proposed [[Tata Motors]] automobile factory at [[Singur]] in [[Hooghly district]], [[West Bengal]], India. The factory would have been used to build the compact car [[Tata Nano]].

The [[Left Front (West Bengal)|erstwhile state government of West Bengal]] created the controversy by citing the [[Land Acquisition Act, 1894]] rule to conduct an [[eminent domain]] takeover of {{convert|997|acre|km2}} of farmland on which Tata Motors was supposed to build its factory.<ref name="economist">[[The Economist]] 30 August 2008 edition. U.S. Edition. "[https://www.economist.com/business/2008/08/28/nano-wars Nano wars]". Page 63.</ref> The rule is meant for public improvement projects, and the state government wanted Tata to build in its state. The project was opposed by activists and opposition parties in West Bengal.

Leadership positions within the ''Singur Krishi Jami Raksha Committee'' (SKJRC - The Committee to Save the Farmland of Singur) were held by the locally dominant [[Mahishya]] community, who are the ''chasjami malik'' (landholder) or owner-cultivators of the region.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Guha |first=Ayan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m6-SEAAAQBAJ |title=The Curious Trajectory of Caste in West Bengal Politics: Chronicling Continuity and Change |date=2022-09-26 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-51456-0 |pages=12–13 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Chandra |first1=Uday |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7qXbCgAAQBAJ |title=The Politics of Caste in West Bengal |last2=Heierstad |first2=Geir |last3=Nielsen |first3=Kenneth Bo |date=2015-09-25 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-41477-3 |pages=125–144 |language=en}}</ref>

== Singur plant selection and protests ==

Singur was chosen by the company among six sites offered by the [[State governments of India|state government]]. The project faced massive opposition from displaced [[farmer]]s. The unwilling [[farmer]]s were given political support by [[West Bengal]]'s then opposition leader [[Mamata Banerjee]]. Banerjee's "Save Farmland" movement was supported by [[environmental activists]] like [[Medha Patkar]], Anuradha Talwar and [[Arundhati Roy]]. Banerjee's movement against displacement of farmers was also supported by several [[Kolkata]] based [[intellectual]]s like [[Aparna Sen]], [[Kaushik Sen]], [[Shaoli Mitra|Shaonli Mitra]], [[Mahasweta Devi]], [[Kabir Suman]], [[Miratun Nehar]] and [[Subhaprasanna]]. Leftist activists also shared the platform with Banerjee's [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]]. The Tatas finally decided to move out of Singur on 3 October 2008. [[Ratan Tata]] blamed agitation by Banerjee and her supporters for the pullout decision. On 7 October 2008, the Tatas announced that they would be setting up the [[Tata Nano]] plant in [[Sanand]], [[Gujarat]].

==Background==

The rapid rise in the population of [[West Bengal]] has not been accompanied by significant economic growth. Key indicators such as unemployment rates, poverty rates, infant mortality rates, job growth rates, per capita income, mobile phone penetration rates lag the more industrialized states of India. Local politicians gained power by promising agricultural land to landless farmers, but given West Bengal's population density, the land-holdings are small and the yields are insufficient to sustain poor families. While the shift from agriculture to industrial jobs requires re-training, given India's economic growth, it provides an opportunity for earning higher income.

Several other states had offered land to [[Tata Motors]] for the project.

The people staying in the proposed land were forced to evacuate by the government. The compensation given was considered inadequate and the new housing facilities offered were delayed. This led to the protest of the peasants backed by opposition political parties.

The company had made substantial promises. According to their claims, Singur would become a mini-auto city and approximately 70 vendors would set up shop along with the factory. The total investment planned is to the tune of Rs 1,000 crore.<ref>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2006/12/13/stories/2006121305020100.htm The Hindu Business Line, 13 December 2006]. Thehindubusinessline.com (13 December 2006). Retrieved on 2011-10-09.</ref> The project had, however, generated controversy right from the start, particularly on the question of state acquisition of fertile agricultural land for private enterprise.

=== The land acquisition controversy ===

On 23 September 2008, Tatas decided to leave [[Singur]] in [[West Bengal]], the decision is reported to have been made by the [[Tata Management Training Centre|Tata management]] and the [[West Bengal government]] had been informed. On 3 October it became official that [[Tata Motors|TATA]] will leave [[Singur]] ([[West Bengal|WB]]) when [[Ratan Tata]] announced it in a [[press conference]] in [[Kolkata]].

While the ruling party has gone all out<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070930060849/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061014/asp/bengal/story_6870254.asp CPM supports CM and Sen on Singur]. Telegraphindia.com (14 October 2006). Retrieved on 2011-10-09.</ref>
for acquisition of {{convert|997|acre|km2}}<ref name="economist"/> of [[Multi-cropping|multi-crop]] land required for the [[car factory]], questions have been raised about the party forcible acquisition which was made under the colonial [[Land acquisition in India|Land Acquisition]] Act of 1894.<ref name="economist"/> Others say the provisions of this act were allegedly not been met.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.business-standard.com/common/storypage_c.php?leftnm=10&autono=287336 |title = 30% of Singur farmers reject compensation |archive-url=https://archive.today/20070630031937/http://www.business-standard.com/common/storypage_c.php?leftnm=10&autono=287336 |archive-date=30 June 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The law has provisions for state taking over privately held land for public purposes but not for developing private businesses. The illegality of the acquisition has been substantially conceded by the [[Kolkata High Court]].

The [[Tata Motors]] site is the most fertile one in the whole of the [[Singur]], and the Singur block, in turn, is among the most highly fertile in [[West Bengal]]. Consequently, almost the entire local population depends on agriculture with approximately 15000 making their livelihood directly from it. With the number of direct jobs to be created no more than about 1,000, many of which are expected to go to outsiders, the local populace felt threatened for their [[livelihood]].<ref>[http://www.tehelka.com/story_main27.asp?filename=Ne030307Bengal_CS.asp&id=2 Cover Story] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423053913/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main27.asp?filename=Ne030307Bengal_CS.asp&id=2 |date=23 April 2008 }}. Tehelka.com (3 March 2007). Retrieved on 2011-10-09.</ref> [[Environmental degradation]] is also feared.

Chief protesters include the opposition parties spearheaded by the [[Trinamool Congress]] under [[Mamata Banerjee]] and [[Socialist Unity Centre of India]]. The movement has received widespread support from [[civil rights]] and [[Human rights group|human rights groups]], legal bodies, [[social activists]] like [[Medha Patkar]] and Anuradha Talwar, [[Booker Prize]]-winning author [[Arundhati Roy]] and [[Magsaysay]] and [[Jnanpith Award]]-winning author [[Mahasweta Devi]].<ref>[http://www.doccentre.net/Tod/singur-final-report.php THE PUBLIC HEARING AND FURTHER INVESTIGATION ON THE STRUGGLE BY THE PEOPLE OF SINGUR. THE FINAL REPORT] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202191551/http://www.doccentre.net/Tod/singur-final-report.php |date=2 December 2008 }}. Doccentre.net. 27 October 2006. Retrieved on 9 October 2011.</ref> Other intellectuals, writers like the poet Ruchit Shah, artists like [[Subhaprasanna]], theatre and film personalities like [[Shaoli Mitra]], [[Aparna Sen]] etc. have pitched in. The state police force has been used to restrict their access to the area.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121024161735/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-12-08/india/27814630_1_medha-patkar-singur-cpm Do you need a visa to enter Bengal?]. Timesofindia.indiatimes.com (8 December 2006). Retrieved on 2011-10-09.</ref> The [[Nobel Laureate]] [[Amartya Sen]] supported the idea of factory but he however opposed forcible acquisition of land.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Nation |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070215/nation.htm#2 |access-date=4 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080726030921/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070215/nation.htm#2 |archive-date=26 July 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Preliminary surveys by officials of the state and Tata Motors faced protests, and manhandling on one occasion, from the villagers organized under the Save Singur Farmland Committee with Trinamool Congress forming its chief component.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070123011919/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=217799 The Indian Express 15 January 2007]. Cities.expressindia.com. Retrieved on 9 October 2011.</ref> It is reported that Naxalite elements hold sway over the direction the agitation takes and the [[Trinamool Congress]] chief [[Mamata Banerjee]] takes no decisions without consulting them.<ref>[http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Naxals-NGOs-now-lead-Mamata-agitation-She-wont-act-without-our-OK/355813/ Banerjee doesn't take decisions without Naxal elements' OK] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101031114901/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Naxals-NGOs-now-lead-Mamata-agitation-She-wont-act-without-our-OK/355813/ |date=31 October 2010 }}. Expressindia.com (1 September 2008). Retrieved on 2011-10-09.</ref>

The [[State governments of India|state government]] imposed the prohibitory [[Section 144]] of the [[Indian Penal Code]] for initially a month and then extended it indefinitely. The imposition has been declared illegal by the [[Kolkata High Court]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121024161821/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-02-15/india/27875032_1_prohibitory-orders-land-acquisition-singur Sec 144 in Singur illegal: HC]. Timesofindia.indiatimes.com (15 February 2007). Retrieved on 2011-10-09.</ref>

While [[Landlessness|landless]] [[peasant]]s and [[sharecroppers]] fear losing out entirely, sections of the locals, particularly those owing allegiance to the CPI(M) have welcomed the factory. These count chiefly among the owners of bigger portions of the land even as discrimination in the compensation has been alleged.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070930014853/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061210/asp/insight/story_7118722.asp Fields of foment – 'We should get a picture of Ratan Tata and do his puja every day']. Telegraphindia.com (10 December 2006). Retrieved on 2011-10-09.</ref>

A section of those promised jobs at the factory have boycotted classes while training in protest against the alleged going back on the promise.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070627202440/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070623/asp/bengal/story_7962811.asp Job cry from Tata trainees]. Telegraphindia.com (23 June 2007). Retrieved on 2011-10-09.</ref>

In the 2011 state assembly elections, while the sitting Trinamool Congress MLA, Rabindranath Bhattacharya retained the [[Singur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Singur]] seat, [[Becharam Manna]], the convener of Krishi Jami Raksha Samiti, won the adjoining [[Haripal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Haripal]] seat.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25196.htm|title = Haripal|work = Assembly Elections May 2011 Results|publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 19 May 2011}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25188.htm|title = Singur|work = Assembly Elections May 2011 Results|publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 19 May 2011|archive-date = 16 May 2011|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110516054711/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25188.htm|url-status = dead}}</ref>

===Fencing off the land===

The land earmarked for the project was taken control of by the state administration amidst protests and fencing off commenced on 1 December 2006. Mamata Banerjee, who was prevented from entering Singur by the state police, called a statewide [[bandh]] in protest while legislators belonging to her party turned violent in the legislative assembly causing damage to furniture. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929115823/http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=1&id=166070] Later, she went on a 26-day [[hunger strike]] [http://www.rediff.com/news/2006/dec/29mamta.htm]. During this period she presented affidavits of farmers apparently unwilling to part with their land.<ref>[http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?date=2006-12-23&clid=1&id=168248 The Statesman 23 December 2006] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929123413/http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?date=2006-12-23&clid=1&id=168248 |date=29 September 2007 }}</ref> On 4 December, Banerjee began the historic 26-day hunger strike in Kolkata protesting the forcible acquisition of farmland by the government. The then-President [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]], who was concerned about her health, spoke to the then-Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] to resolve the issue. Kalam also appealed to Ms Banerjee to withdraw her fast as "life is precious". A letter from Manmohan Singh was faxed to [[Gopalkrishna Gandhi]], the then-Governor of West Bengal, and then it was immediately delivered to Mamata. After receiving the letter Mamata finally broke her fast at midnight on 29 December.<ref>{{Cite web|date=29 December 2006|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/mamata-ends-25-day-hunger-strike/story-s7gIzBR4FvivAKFuYozrLM.html|title=Mamata ends 25-day hunger strike|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=4 December 2020|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/farmers-agitation-mamata-reminds-people-of-her-26-day-hunger-strike-179907|title=Mamata Banerjee dials protesting farmers, assures TMC's support|website=The Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=4 December 2020|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/national-news/west-bengal-cm-mamata-banerjee-reminds-people-of-her-26-day-hunger-strike-514753|title=West Bengal CM Mamata Banerjee reminds people of her 26-day hunger strike|website=The Sentinel}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=4 December 2020|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/bengal/mamata-banerjee-remembers-singur-hunger-strike-context-ongoing-farmers-protest-1502938968.html|title=Mamata Banerjee remembers Singur hunger strike in context of ongoing farmers protest|website=The Statesman}}</ref>

The fenced off area has been regularly guarded, besides large contingents of policemen, by cadres of the CPI(M) party. They were accused of the multiple rape followed by burning to death of teenage villager [[Tapasi Malik]] who was active in the protests, on 18 December 2006.<ref>[http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=1&id=167862 The Statesman 19 December 2007] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929102749/http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=1&id=167862 |date=29 September 2007 }}</ref> Negligence and political interference in the probe into her death have been alleged.<ref>[http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=23&id=171772 The Statesman 22 January 2007] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929115729/http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=23&id=171772 |date=29 September 2007 }}</ref> Later, CPI(M) activist [[Debu Malik]] and based on his statement, CPI(M) zonal committee secretary [[Suhrid Dutta]] were arrested by the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] in connection with the crime.<ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/story/203224.html CPM local boss arrested for Singur girl's murder]. Indianexpress.com (29 June 2007). Retrieved on 2011-10-09.</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=29 June 2007|title=CPI(M) man confesses to raping Singur girl|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-cpim-man-confesses-to-raping-singur-girl-1106845|work=DNA India|access-date=30 November 2021}}</ref>

Intermittent attacks by villagers have since continued on the fence. However, continuing agitations against the project appeared to have proved ineffective and a farmer who lost land committed suicide.<ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/story/31930.html Land lost, Singur farmer said no to compensation, commits suicide]. Indianexpress.com (26 May 2007). Retrieved on 2011-10-09.</ref>

On the other hand, the pro-factory villagers siding with the CPI(M) have made accusations against the Naxalite faction of the 'Save Singur Farmland Committee' of threats and violence against them.<ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?NewsID=1076208 DNA – India – 'Save Singur' turns sour – Daily News & Analysis]. Dnaindia.com (24 January 2007). Retrieved on 2011-10-09.</ref>

===Construction of plant===
[[Tatas]] ceremonially initiated the construction of the plant on 21 January 2007.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070930060544/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070122/asp/frontpage/story_7294279.asp The Telegraph 22 January 2007]. Telegraphindia.com (22 January 2007). Retrieved on 2011-10-09.</ref> The Tata Group announced on 3 October 2008 that they are pulling out of Singur due to the political unrest and agitation.

===Procedural lacunae===

Other aspects of the process of setting up the factory that had come under severe criticism are the government's secrecy on the details of the deal and the chief minister's furnishing of false information, including in the legislative assembly [[Vidhan Sabha]]. In particular, the concessions being given to Tata Motors have not been publicly revealed. The falsehoods of the chief minister chiefly pertain to claims made by him of having acquired {{convert|912|acre|km2}} <ref>[http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=210657 The Indian Express November 24, 2006]. cities.expressindia.com. Retrieved on 9 October 2011. {{dead link|date=October 2011}}</ref> through voluntary consent of the owners without the use of force.

The [[Kolkata High Court]] declared the acquisition ''[[prima facie]]'' illegal.<ref>[http://www.indiadaily.com/editorial/15789.asp Calcutta High Court says Singur land acquisition appears illegal -all eyes now on communists in West Bengal] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100201012053/http://indiadaily.com/editorial/15789.asp |date=1 February 2010 }}. Indiadaily.com. Retrieved on 9 October 2011.</ref>
The air seemed to have cleared somewhat when the High Court ordered the state government to submit correct figures following which an [[affidavit]] but was not satisfied with the result.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://content.msn.co.in/News/National/NationalPTI_020507_1718.htm |title = MSN INDIA - Singur: HC asks Bengal Govt to file fresh affidavit |archive-url=https://archive.today/20070505115756/http://content.msn.co.in/News/National/NationalPTI_020507_1718.htm |archive-date=5 May 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In an affidavit filed later in June 2007, the government admitted to 30 per cent of the land was acquired from farmers without consent.<ref>[http://in.news.yahoo.com/070610/211/6gult.html IBN 10 June 2007: 30 pc Singur farmers not compensated] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070715125228/http://in.news.yahoo.com/070610/211/6gult.html |date=15 July 2007 }}</ref> The affidavit remains unclear on whether the lack of consent is based on insufficiency of the compensation or refusal to sell altogether.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121024161848/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-06-08/kolkata/27977543_1_affidavit-acres-compensation State files Singur affidavit]. timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved on 9 October 2011.</ref>

== Project relocation to Gujarat ==
On 3 October 2008, after a meeting with West Bengal Chief Minister Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee, Tata Group chairman Ratan Tata announced the decision to relocate the Nano project from Singur, West Bengal, citing ongoing protests and political opposition led by the [[Trinamool Congress]] under [[Mamata Banerjee]], who called for the return of land to displaced farmers.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/Tata-pulls-out-of-Singur-blames-Trinamool-stir/369241/|title=Tata pulls out of Singur, blames Trinamool stir – The Financial Express|date=4 October 2008|publisher=www.financialexpress.com|access-date=10 March 2009}}</ref><ref>
{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/28/stories/2008092859731000.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080930005825/http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/28/stories/2008092859731000.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 September 2008|title=If Tata pulls out, Trinamool will be solely responsible: CM
|access-date=10 March 2009|location=Chennai, India|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=28 September 2008}}</ref>

Following the announcement, the then [[Chief Minister of Gujarat]], [[Narendra Modi]], invited Tata Motors to establish the plant in the state. Modi reportedly sent a message to Ratan Tata reading "Suswagatham" (meaning "welcome"), to encourage the relocation to [[Gujarat]].<ref name="intoday1">[http://businesstoday.intoday.in/bt/story/gujarat-is-indias-new-factory-hub/1/11918.html Supersize Gujarat – Business Today – Business News]. Businesstoday.intoday.in (23 January 2011). Retrieved on 2011-10-09.</ref>

Tata Motors subsequently built a new factory in [[Sanand]], Gujarat, completing construction in 14 months, compared to the 28 months taken for the [[Singur]] facility.<ref name="intoday1"/>

== Supreme Court verdict and land restoration ==
On 31 August 2016, the [[Supreme Court of India]] set aside the West Bengal government's acquisition of 997 acres of agricultural land in Singur for Tata Motors' Nano project, declaring the acquisition illegal.

The Court directed the state government to take possession of the land and return it to 9,117 landowners. Following the verdict, the West Bengal government reclaimed the land and initiated its redistribution to the original owners.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Return-Singur-land-to-farmers-SC-orders-West-Bengal-govt./article14600055.ece | title = Return land to Farmers: SC orders West Bengal govt.| first= Krishnadas |last = Rajagopal| newspaper = The Hindu| date = 31 August 2016| access-date = 8 June 2017 | publisher = The Hindu, 31 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/bengal-to-return-singur-land-to-farmers-on-sept-14/article9100087.ece | title = Bengal to return Singur land to farmers on Sept 14 | date = 12 September 2016 | access-date = 8 June 2017 | publisher = The Hindu Business Line, 12 September 2016}}</ref>

== Arbitration and compensation award ==

In early 2017, Tata Motors sought compensation of ₹934 crore from the West Bengal Industrial Development Corporation (WBIDC) for losses incurred after relocating the Nano project to Sanand, Gujarat in 2008, citing sunk costs and accrued interest.<ref name=":0">{{cite web
| last1 = Dutt
| first1 = Ishita Ayan
| title = Tata Motors wins Rs 766 crore plus interest at 11% for losses in Singur
| work = Business Standard
| date = 30 October 2023
| url = https://www.business-standard.com/industry/auto/singur-case-tata-motors-wins-arbitral-award-of-rs-766-cr-plus-interest-123103001170_1.html
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250812195717/ess-standard.com%2Findustry%2Fauto%2Fsingur-case-tata-motors-wins-arbitral-award-of-rs-766-cr-plus-interest-123103001170_1.html
| archive-date = 12 August 2025
| access-date = 12 August 2025
| url-status = live
}}</ref>

On 30 October 2023, a three-member arbitral tribunal unanimously awarded Tata Motors ₹766 crore (approximately US$103 million) plus 11% annual interest in compensation for its losses related to the abandoned Singur facility. The tribunal found in favour of Tata Motors after reviewing the company’s investment of over ₹1,800 crore in establishing the Singur plant before the project’s cancellation.<ref name=":0" />

==See also==
* [[Tata Motors]]
* [[Tata Group]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{Hooghly topics}}

[[Category:21st-century conflicts]]
[[Category:21st century in India]]
[[Category:Hooghly district]]
[[Category:Economy of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Crime in West Bengal]]
[[Category:2008 in India]]
[[Category:Political controversies in India]]
[[Category:2000s in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Political history of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Controversies surrounding the Tata Group]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 2008]]
[[Category:Economic history of India (1947–present)]]
[[Category:Human rights abuses in India]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
[[Category:Land rights movements]]
[[Category:Left-wing terrorism]]
[[Category:Enforced disappearances]]
[[Category:Politics of India]]
[[Category:Protest-related deaths]]
[[Category:Protests in India]]
[[Category:Political repression in India]]
[[Category:Police brutality in India]]
[[Category:Police misconduct in India]]
[[Category:Discrimination in India]]
[[Category:Torture in India]]
[[Category:Special economic zones]]
[[Category:Communist repression]]
[[Category:Communist terrorist incidents in India]]
[[Category:2008 in Indian politics]]
[[Category:2009 in Indian politics]]
[[Category:2000s conflicts]]
[[Category:2008 protests]]
[[Category:2009 protests]]
[[Category:2008 in Indian economy]]
[[Category:Mamata Banerjee]]

Siddham (film)

2026-03-03T18:12:59Z

BrittScotto5: adjust page further and improved wording as per guidelines

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Siddham
| image = Siddham (film).jpg
| caption = DVD Cover
| writer = J. D. Chakravarthy {{small|(screenplay / dialogues)}}
| story = [[Ram Gopal Varma]]
| producer = Kiran Kumar Koneru
| director = [[J. D. Chakravarthy]]
| starring = [[Jagapati Babu]] [[Sindhu Menon]]
| music = [[Amar Mohile]]
| cinematography = Bharani K. Dharan
| editing = Bhanodaya
| based_on = ''[[Ab Tak Chhappan]]'' (2004)
| studio = Shreya Productions
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2009|2|12}}
| runtime = 134 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
}}
'''''Siddham''''' ({{translation}} ''Ready'') is a 2009 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action film]], produced by Kiran Kumar Koneru on Shreya Productions banner and directed by [[J. D. Chakravarthy]]. The film stars [[Jagapati Babu]] and [[Sindhu Menon]], with music composed by Amar Mohile. This film's plot is inspired by the [[Hindi film]], ''[[Ab Tak Chhappan]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2009020650290200.htm&date=2009%2F02%2F06%2F&prd=fr& |title=Flip side of being a super cop|first=M. L.|last=Narasimham |access-date=17 July 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=8 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108090846/http://hindu.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2009020650290200.htm&date=2009%2F02%2F06%2F&prd=fr& |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-siddham.html |title=Siddham review - Telugu cinema Review - Jagapati Babu |publisher=Idlebrain.com |date=2009-02-12 |accessdate=2012-08-05}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film begins at the [[Hyderabad]] Task Force department led by a dynamic deputy, Dayanayak, an [[encounter specialist]]. Though challenging, he has an enjoyable way of living with his ideal wife, Gauri, and daughter Harini. Daya holds the best network over the underworld and is cordial with his juniors & informers. However, Daya's pre-eminence envies one of his boys, Salim. Parallelly, a drastic feud rundown between mobsters Bilal, based abroad, and Chota. Meanwhile, a new kid, Akhil, on the block, attains confidence in Daya, and nice amity develops between them. During these events, Daya establishes a love-hate telephonic conversation with Bilal. Sooner, Daya upends when his confidential adviser, Commissioner Gurunarayana, retires, and an amoral Sivalinga Prasad arrives. He aids Chota, also persecutes Daya, and hoists Salim. Nevertheless, Daya strenuously never fails his path.

Once Daya gets intel regarding the landing of professional sharpshooter Ashok Chota's sidekick, he immediately takes action and apprehends him. But alas, his mother dies in that encounter where Ashok seeks vengeance and breaks out of the prison. At that point, Bilal notifies Daya that he is at risk from Ashok. Then, on the eve of Akhil's wedding, Gauri is slain by an unidentified and the cataclysmic forms severe impact on Daya. Yet, he is committed and initiates an inquiry, which Sivalinga Prasad hinders. Thus, Daya resigns and wipes out Chota's gang. Forthwith, Sivalinga Prasad announces shoot-at-sight orders against Daya and assigns Salim, who traps him. On the verge of his encounter, Akhil fires on Salim and frees Daya. Afterward, Daya knocks out Sivalinga Prasad too.

Now, Daya calls for Bilal to fuse, which he accepts and succeeds in getting him out of India. Later that night, Daya & Bilal begin a dialogue when Bilal states Ashok is the homicide of Gauri. Here, shockingly, Daya proclaims that he had already encountered Ashok before Gauri's death. Notoriously, it is Bilal's foul play that killed Gauri on behalf of Ashok, inducing Daya against Chota's gang. Anyhow, Daya has made this reverse gimmick for it. He slaughters Bilal therein and returns. At last, Gurunarayana reinstates Daya by posing his crimes as a covert mission. Finally, the movie ends with Daya persistently proceeding to a new operation with his team.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Jagapathi Babu]] as Dayanand alias Daya (based on [[Daya Nayak]])
* [[Sindhu Menon]] as Gauri
* [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Commissioner Gurunarayan
* [[Radha Ravi]] as Commissioner Sivalinga Prasad
* [[Mukul Dev]] as Bilal
* Kota Venkata Anjaneya Prasad as Saleem
* [[Bharath Reddy (actor)|Dr.Bharath Reddy]] as Akhil
* [[Subbaraju]] as Ashok
* [[Narsing Yadav]] as Fancis
* Amith as Pappu
* Bharat as Vasim
* Govardhan as Narayana
* Dr. Siva Prasad as MLA Sudheer Babu
* Sandra as Padma
* Aparna as Pinky
* Baby Sivani as Harini
{{colend}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links ==
*{{IMDb title|1612022}}

[[Category:2009 films]]
[[Category:2009 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2009 action films]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Hindi films]]
[[Category:Indian police films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Andhra Pradesh Police]]
[[Category:Encounters in India]]
[[Category:Films à clef]]
[[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]

Thimiru

2026-03-03T04:36:19Z

BrittScotto5: improve layout per standard format

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Thimiru poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Tarun Gopi]]
| writer = G. V. Renjith
| producer = [[Vikram Krishna]]
| starring = {{ubl|[[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]]|[[Reema Sen]]|[[Sriya Reddy]]}}
| cinematography = [[Priyan]]
| editing = [[V. T. Vijayan]]
| music = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| studio = G K Film Corporation
| released = {{Film date|2006|08|04|df=y}}
| runtime = 139 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Thimiru''''' ({{translation|Arrogance}}) is a 2006 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action film]] directed by [[Tarun Gopi]] (in his directorial debut), written by G. V. Renjith and produced by Vikram Krishna under G K Film Corporation. It stars [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]], alongside [[Reema Sen]], [[Sriya Reddy]], [[Vadivelu]], [[Manoj K. Jayan]], [[Vinayakan]] and [[I. M. Vijayan]]. The music was composed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], while cinematography and editing were handled by [[Priyan]] and [[V. T. Vijayan]].

''Thimiru'' was released on 4 August 2006 and became a major commercial success.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-08-04 |title=15 Years of 'Thimiru': Five stars who made this Vishal's starrer a memorable one |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/15-years-of-thimiru-five-stars-who-made-this-vishals-starrer-a-memorable-one/photostory/85038568.cms |access-date=2024-10-14 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film was dubbed in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Pogaru'' and was later remade in [[Kannada]] as ''Minchu''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Oct 13, 2006 |title=Pogaru - Movie Review |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/tc/movies/pogaru_moviereview.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061119103940/http://www.telugucinema.com/tc/movies/pogaru_moviereview.php |archive-date=19 November 2006 |website=[[Telugucinema.com]]}}</ref>

==Plot==
{{More plot|date=January 2025}}
Ganesh arrives from [[Madurai]] to continue his [[MBBS]] degree in [[Chennai]]. Srimathy, Ganesh's professor's daughter, wants to thank Ganesh for helping her escape from goons. When Ganesh and Srimathy meet, they are surprised as they already know each other, leading to Ganesh and Srimathy's past.

'''Past''': Eswari, an arrogant moneylender, lends money at usurious rates and goes after families who cannot repay the money. Srimathy's family gets into trouble with Eswari, where Ganesh helps Srimathy's folks. Eswari falls for Ganesh's bravery and proposes to him, but he rejects her. Eswari kidnaps Ganesh's parents and threatens him to accept her, but Ganesh thwarts her plans. Eswari angrily tries to kill Ganesh, but accidentally dies in a mishap. Eswari's brothers Periya Karuppu and Chinna Karuppu assume Ganesh and Srimathy to be responsible for their sister's death, where they resolve to kill them.

'''Present''': Chinna Karuppu learns that Ganesh and Srimathy are in Chennai and confronts him. Ganesh defeats Chinna Karuppu, who falls down from a building despite Ganesh trying to save him. Periya Karuppu confronts Ganesh and Srimathy, but Ganesh defeats him and reveals about his efforts to save Chinna Karuppu and Eshwari. Ganesh and Srimathy walk away after realizing their love for each other.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]] as Ganesh
* [[Reema Sen]] as Srimathy (voice dubbed by Renuka Kathir)
* [[Sriya Reddy]] as Easwari (voice dubbed by Jayageetha)
* [[Vadivelu]] as Warden Vallaran
* [[Manoj K. Jayan]] as Periya Karuppu
* [[I. M. Vijayan]] as Chinna Karuppu
* [[Vinayakan]] as Maayi, Easwari's sidekick
* [[Sriranjani (Tamil actress)|Sriranjani]] as Srimathy's mother and Ganesh's professor
* [[Neelima Rani]] as Srimathy's friend
* [[Nizhalgal Ravi]] as Principal
* [[Pawan (actor)|Pawan]] as Bhavani
* [[Manikka Vinayagam]] as Ganesh's father
* [[Bhanu Chander]] as Ganesh's uncle
* [[Hemalatha]]
* Robo Chandru

;Cameo appearances
* [[Singamuthu]]
* [[Mayilsamy]]
* [[Aarthi (actress)|Aarthi]]
* [[Kiran Rathod]] in the song ''Maana Madura''
* [[Kanal Kannan]] in the song ''Oppurane Oppurane''
}}

==Production==
[[Tarun Gopi]] was keen on casting [[Sriya Reddy]] in an antagonistic role and was only successful after several rounds of negotiation, with the casting subsequently winning acclaim post-release.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 August 2006 |title=Shriya Reddy too rocks |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/shriya-reddy-too-rocks-kannada-news-24488.html |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] in his second collaboration with Vishal after ''[[Sandakozhi]]''. The soundtrack released on 21 July 2006 and features 6 tracks overall, including an instrumental track. [[Rajesh Ramanath]] lifted the five songs for the Kannada remake ''Minchu'', but did not give due credit to Yuvan Shankar Raja. The major background scores of [[Pattiyal]] were reused in this movie by Yuvan Shankar Raja for the action scenes.<ref name="Another Friday, another remake!">{{cite web |last=Vijayasarathy |first=R G |author-link=R. G. Vijayasarathy |date=1 May 2009 |title=Another Friday, another remake! |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2009/may/01minchu-is-a-fiasco.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090506165202/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2009/may/01minchu-is-a-fiasco.htm |archive-date=6 May 2009 |accessdate=2009-07-20 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Minchu's boring narration, uninspired performances |url=http://movies.indiainfo.com/article/0905021507_minchu_-_boring_narration_uninspired_performances_kannada_film_review/347865.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090720225827/http://movies.indiainfo.com/article/0905021507_minchu_-_boring_narration_uninspired_performances_kannada_film_review/347865.html |archive-date=20 July 2009 |accessdate=2009-07-20 |website=indiainfo.com |publisher= |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kattikko Rappa Rappa
| lyrics1 = [[Pa. Vijay]]
| extra1 = [[Kunal Ganjawala]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length1 = 4:43
| title2 = Maana Madurai
| lyrics2 = [[Na. Muthukumar]]
| extra2 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| length2 = 4:47
| title3 = Mani Mani
| lyrics3 = Pa. Vijay
| extra3 = [[Anushka Manchanda]]
| length3 = 4:27
| title4 = Oppurane Oppurane
| lyrics4 = [[Yugabharathi]]
| extra4 = [[Gangai Amaran]]
| length4 = 3:29
| title5 = Thithikkara Vayasu
| lyrics5 = Na. Muthukumar
| extra5 = [[Anupama (singer)|Anupama]]
| length5 = 5:02
| title6 = Theme Music
| lyrics6 =
| extra6 = [[Instrumental]]
| length6 = 1:41
}}

== Reception ==
Malini Mannath of ''Chennai Online'' wrote "A promising effort by the director, which however falls short of the entertainment value of Vishal's earlier film ''[[Sandakozhi]]''."<ref>{{Cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061101222412/http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/2006/08thimiru.asp|title=Thimiru|date=1 November 2006|website=Chennai Online|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/2006/08thimiru.asp|archive-date=1 November 2006}}</ref> Rajaraman. R of ''Nowrunning'' wrote "Thimiru is a thorough entertainer with gripping fight sequences and excellent screenplay."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/3118/tamil/thimiru/785/review.htm|title=Thimiru Review | Thimiru Tamil Movie Review by Rajaraman.R|date=18 May 2006|website=NOWRUNNING|access-date=4 August 2023|archive-date=4 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804231328/https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/3118/tamil/thimiru/785/review.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Cinesouth'' wrote "The tight screenplay where there is no lapse into dullness at any point, makes it hard to believe that this is his [Tarun Gopi] first directorial venture".<ref>{{cite web |title=Thimiru |url=http://cinesouth.com/scopes/reviews/new/thimiru.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061029091344/http://cinesouth.com/scopes/reviews/new/thimiru.shtml |archive-date=29 October 2006 |access-date=14 October 2024 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref> Lajjavathi of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' in a negative review, criticized Sriya Reddy's character, Vadivelu's humour and logical mistakes but praised Yuvan's music and editing.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=லஜ்ஜாவதி |date=20 August 2006 |title=திமிரு |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2006-08-20/page/72/mode/2up |access-date=2 April 2024 |magazine=Kalki |page=72 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* [http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0000831 Listen to Thimiru songs] at Raaga

[[Category:2006 Indian films]]
[[Category:2000s masala films]]
[[Category:2006 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2006 action films]]
[[Category:2006 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2006 films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Madurai]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]

Bodinayakkanur Ganesan

2026-03-03T03:26:38Z

BrittScotto5: Creating.

{{short description|2011 film directed by O. Gnanam}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bodinayakkanur Ganesan
| image = Bodinayakkanur Ganesan.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = O. Gnanam
| producer = Athiralakshmi Atul Krishna
| writer = O. Gnanam
| starring = [[Harikumar (actor)|Harikumar]] [[Arundhati (actress)|Arundhati]]
| music = [[John Peter (music director)|John Peter]]
| cinematography = Prabhakar
| editing = S. P. Ahamed
| distributor =
| studio = Lakshmi Krishna Combines
| released = {{Film date|2011|07|29|df=y}}
| runtime = 135 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Bodinayakkanur Ganesan''''' ({{translation|Ganesan from Bodinayakkanur}}) is a 2011 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action film]] directed by O. Gnanam. The film stars [[Harikumar (actor)|Harikumar]] and [[Arundhati (actress)|Arundhati]], with [[P. Ravi Shankar|Ravi Shankar]], [[Soori (actor)|Soori]], [[L. Raja]], Christopher, Dindigul Alex, Stills Kumar, M. Thirupathi and V. Venkatesh playing supporting roles. The film, produced by Athiralakshmi and Atul Krishna, had musical score by [[John Peter (music director)|John Peter]] and was released on 29 July 2011.

==Plot==

Ganesan ([[Harikumar (actor)|Harikumar]]) and his friend Gilaki ([[Soori (actor)|Soori]]) sell [[arrack]] and [[ganja]] in [[Bodinayakkanur]] and they work for the heartless ruffian Thiruvaachi ([[P. Ravi Shankar|Ravi Shankar]]). Ganesan and Gilaki often go to jail for petty crimes and Ganesan has a mentally-challenged brother Kottaiyan who lives in a special home. One day, Ganesan comes across the nurse Raji ([[Arundhati (actress)|Arundhathi]]) who cares and shares for others and he falls in love with her. When Ganesan reveals his love, Raji insults him for being a rowdy and advises him to become a good man. Her words shook him so much, that Ganesan all of a sudden has an [[epileptic seizure]] in front of her and no one came to help him. Ganesan then decides to earn an honest living but Thiruvaachi who has a grudge against Ganesan tries to stop him. Meanwhile, Thiruvaachi wants to marry his cousin Raji and confronts Ganesan.

In the past, Thiruvaachi was the son of the wealthy man Azhagar ([[L. Raja]]) while Ganesan was the son of their servant Manikkam (V. Venkatesh). Being constantly and unfavourably compared with Ganesan who was academically-inclined, Thiruvachi had developed a hatred for Ganesan and he had slowly become a wastrel. One day, Thiruvaachi stabbed to death his own father Azhagar in front of Ganesan and a shocked Ganesan had his first epileptic seizure but before dying, Azhagar requested Ganesan to endure Thiruvachi's evil deeds for the good of Kottaiyan. Thiruvaachi left the place and blamed Ganesan for killing his father. The innocent Ganesan spent time in jail and he then became Thiruvaachi's henchman.

Back to the present, Ganesan fights back and defeats Thiruvaachi. Raji eventually accepts to marry a reformed Ganesan and they get engaged with the blessings of Raji's mother, Gilaki, Gilaki's newly married wife Annakili (Janaki) and the villagers. Thiruvaachi then abducts Annakili and he threatens to rape her unless Gilaki gives Kottaiyan up. Gilaki surprisingly makes the exchange and he then feels guilty of betraying his best friend. The next day, Gilaki is found hanging from a tree and Annakili reveals everything to Ganesan. Ganesan sets out to find his brother but Thiruvaachi mercilessly kills Kottaiyan. Ganesan and Raji track Thiruvaachi down and they find the dead body of Kottaiyan. Ganesan begins to have an epileptic seizure but he manages to control it and Thiruvaachi attacks the couple. The film ends with Ganesan killing Thiruvaachi.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Harikumar (actor)|Harikumar]] as Ganesan
*[[Arundhati (actress)|Arundhati]] as Raji
*[[P. Ravi Shankar|Ravi Shankar]] as Thiruvaachi
*[[Soori (actor)|Soori]] as Gilaki
*[[L. Raja]] as Azhagar
*Christopher as Head constable
*Dindigul Alex as Inspector Naagu
*Stills Kumar as "Alaparai" Arumugam
*M. Thirupathi as Kottaiyan
*V. Venkatesh as Manikkam
*Jinda as Bose
*Janaki as Annakili
*Madhu in a special appearance
{{colend}}

==Production==
Gnanam, who had earlier worked with [[Surya Prakash (director)|Surya Prakash]] and [[Ravi Mariya]], made his directorial debut with ''Bodinayakkanur Ganesan'' under the banner of Lakshmi Krishna Combines. After ''[[Thoothukudi (film)|Thoothukudi]]'' (2006) and ''[[Madurai Sambavam]]'' (2009), [[Harikumar (actor)|Harikumar]] returned to play the lead role. [[Arundhati (actress)|Arundhati]] was chosen to play the female lead, the film's villain was [[P. Ravi Shankar|Ravi Shankar]] and [[Soori (actor)|Soori]] brought in the laughs. The action sequences of the film were directed by [[Anal Arasu]], John Peter had composed the music while Prabhakar had handled the camera. The film was primarily shot in [[Bodinayakkanur]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Itsy-bitsy/article15589277.ece|title=Path to redemption?|author=Nikhil Raghavan|date=11 December 2010|access-date=21 April 2020|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=13 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240413162639/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Itsy-bitsy/article15589277.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ayngaran.com/frame.php?iframepath=newsdetails.php?newsid=6163|title=Harikumar goes to Bodinayakanur|date=24 July 2010|access-date=21 April 2020|publisher=ayngaran.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/We-shot-in-a-forest-area-Harikumar/articleshow/6995658.cms|title=We shot in a forest area: Harikumar|access-date=21 April 2020|work=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=30 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930070348/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/We-shot-in-a-forest-area-Harikumar/articleshow/6995658.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> With the age-old Fishing Festival as the backdrop, director O. Gnanam managed to convince fisherfolk to shift the event to a date convenient to shoot, for the film. Speaking of the film, the director said, "The movie has a strong storyline. It is earthy, sentimental and reflects the culture and traditions of the land".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Itsy-bitsy/article16242395.ece|title=Fishing tales|author=Nikhil Raghavan|date=10 June 2010|access-date=21 April 2020|newspaper=The Hindu|archive-date=12 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612052059/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Itsy-bitsy/article16242395.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/harikumar-goes-to-bodinayakanur-tamil-news-57484|title=Harikumar goes to Bodinayakanur|date=4 June 2010|access-date=21 April 2020|website=IndiaGlitz.com|archive-date=12 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612052059/https://www.indiaglitz.com/harikumar-goes-to-bodinayakanur-tamil-news-57484|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album|
| name = Bodinayakkanur Ganesan
| type = [[soundtrack]]
| artist = [[John Peter (music director)|John Peter]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2011
| recorded = 2011
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 22:07
| label =
| producer = [[John Peter (music director)|John Peter]]
| prev_title = [[Madurai Sambavam]]
| prev_year = 2009
| next_title = [[Mr. Rascal]]
| next_year = 2011
}}

The film score and the soundtrack were composed by [[John Peter (music director)|John Peter]]. The soundtrack, released in 2011, features 5 tracks with lyrics written by Nandalala and Ilaya Kamban.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mio.to/album/Bodi+Naayakkanur+Ganesan+(2011)|title=Bodi Naayakkanur Ganesan (2011) - John Peter|access-date=13 April 2020|publisher=MusicIndiaOnline|archive-date=14 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914213548/http://mio.to/album/Bodi+Naayakkanur+Ganesan+(2011)|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{track listing|
|extra_column=Singer(s)
|headline=Tracklist
|total_length=22:07
|title1=Pooti Kedandha Manasu|extra1=[[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], Priya|lyrics1=Nandalala|length1=4:19
|title2=Vanjira Meen|extra2=[[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]], [[Anuradha Sriram]]|lyrics2=Nandalala|length2=4:42
|title3=Murattu Machan|extra3=[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]]|lyrics3=Nandalala|length3=5:15
|title4=Kolam Potta|extra4=[[Haricharan]]|lyrics4=Nandalala|length4=2:45
|title5=Bodi Ganesan|extra5=[[Velmurugan]], [[Chinnaponnu]]|lyrics5=Ilaya Kamban|length5=5:06
}}

==Release==
The film was released on 29 July 2011 alongside ''[[Karungali]]'', ''[[Markandeyan]]'' and ''[[Veppam]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ayngaran.com/frame.php?iframepath=newsdetails.php%3Fnewsid%3D6206|title=Today release - 4 movies|date=24 July 2010|access-date=21 April 2020|publisher=ayngaran.com|archive-date=12 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612052059/http://www.ayngaran.com/frame.php?iframepath=newsdetails.php%3Fnewsid%3D6206|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Critical reception===
''Behindwoods.com'' rated the film 0.5 out 5 and stated, "Director Gnanam really seemed to have very little idea about the way the film was headed. It looks a shoddy product in all [..] Overall a disappointing product which has to be endured rather than enjoyed!".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-reviews/reviews-2/jul-11-05/bodinayakanur-ganesan-review.html|title=BODINAYAKANUR GANESAN REVIEW|access-date=21 April 2020|publisher=behindwoods.com|archive-date=22 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022002950/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-reviews/reviews-2/jul-11-05/bodinayakanur-ganesan-review.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[The New Indian Express]] said, "the plot and narration is quite monotonous and tedious is an understatement" and concluded, "This one too is a passable entertainer, with nothing novel or exciting to offer the audience".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2011/aug/01/bodinayakanur-ganesan-277411.html|title=Bodinayakanur Ganesan|date=1 August 2011|access-date=21 April 2020|publisher=[[The New Indian Express]]|archive-date=12 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612052059/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2011/aug/01/bodinayakanur-ganesan-277411.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Malathi Rangarajan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "The same kind of stuff you've seen ever so many times, with a little suspense here and there".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/oneminute-review-bodinayakanur-ganesan/article2308353.ece|title=One-minute review: Bodinayakanur Ganesan|author=Malathi Rangarajan|date=30 July 2011|access-date=21 April 2020|newspaper=The Hindu|archive-date=13 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240413162621/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/oneminute-review-bodinayakanur-ganesan/article2308353.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> ''IndiaGlitz'' stated, "Gnanam, who has directed the film, seems to have made it a commercial cocktail. But a sense of deja vu prevails as we watch ''Bodinayakanur Ganesan''".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/bodinayakanur-ganesan-review-tamil-movie-12414|title=Bodinayakanur Ganesan|date=29 July 2011|access-date=21 April 2020|website=IndiaGlitz.com|archive-date=12 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612052100/https://www.indiaglitz.com/bodinayakanur-ganesan-review-tamil-movie-12414|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Box office===
The film took a below-average opening at the [[Chennai]] box office and it ultimately tanked at the box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-slide-shows/movie-4/top-ten-movies-august-01/tamil-cinema-topten-movie-bodinayakanur-ganesan.html|title=Bodinayakanur Ganesan - Behindwoods.com - Tamil Top Ten Movies|date=1 August 2011|access-date=21 April 2020|publisher=behindwoods.com|archive-date=19 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119025433/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-slide-shows/movie-4/top-ten-movies-august-01/tamil-cinema-topten-movie-bodinayakanur-ganesan.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/roots-and-shoots/article2782946.ece|title=Roots and shoots|author=Anand Venkateswaran|date=7 January 2012|access-date=21 April 2020|newspaper=The Hindu|archive-date=17 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017093735/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/roots-and-shoots/article2782946.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2011 films]]
[[Category:2011 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2011 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:2011 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2011 action films]]
[[Category:Films scored by John Peter (composer)]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Vizhithelu

2026-03-03T02:30:52Z

BrittScotto5: Creating initial entry first draft...

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vizhithelu
| image = Vizhithelu.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = A. Tamil Selvan
| writer = A. Tamil Selvan
| screenplay =
| producer = CM. Durai Anand
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Ashok Kumar (Tamil actor)|Ashok Kumar]]
* [[Gayatri Rema]]
}}
| cinematography = Sambath Kumar.A
| editing = S.R. Muthu Kumaran
| music = Nalla Thambi
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2023|03|03}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Vizhithelu''''' ({{translation|Wake up}}) is a 2023 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action thriller]] film directed by [[A. Tamil Selvan]]. The film stars [[Ashok Kumar (Tamil actor)|Ashok Kumar]], [[Gayatri Rema]] in the lead roles with Billy Murali, Salem Saravanan, [[Saravana Sakthi]], [[Paruthiveeran Sujatha]] and [[Vinodhini Vaidyanathan]] portraying supporting roles. The film was released theatrically on 3 March 2023.

== Plot ==
The film is based on online gambling and developed around the theme of internet fraud.<ref>{{Cite web |last=மலர் |first=மாலை |date=2022-12-08 |title=ஆன்லைன் சூதாட்டத்தை அம்பலப்படுத்தும் 'விழித்தெழு' திரைப்படம் |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/tamil-cinema-vizhithezhu-movie-preview-546050 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307075434/https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/tamil-cinema-vizhithezhu-movie-preview-546050 |archive-date=2023-03-07 |access-date=2023-03-07 |website=www.maalaimalar.com |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dinamalar |date=2022-12-08 |title=ஆன்லைன் சூதாட்டத்திற்கு எதிரான படம் {{!}} Vizhithelu movie to speak about Online gambling |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/109777/cinema/Kollywood/Vizhithelu-movie-to-speak-about-Online-gambling.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307075433/https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/109777/cinema/Kollywood/Vizhithelu-movie-to-speak-about-Online-gambling.htm |archive-date=2023-03-07 |access-date=2023-03-07 |website=தினமலர் - சினிமா |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title='Vizhithelu' is an awareness film, says director Tamilchelvan - Exclusive |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vizhithelu-is-an-awareness-film-says-director-tamilchelvan-exclusive/articleshow/98312505.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309061721/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vizhithelu-is-an-awareness-film-says-director-tamilchelvan-exclusive/articleshow/98312505.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=2023-03-09 |access-date=2023-03-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Ashok Kumar (Tamil actor)|Ashok Kumar]] as Sivakumar
* [[Gayatri Rema]]
* Billy Murali
* Salem Saravanan
* [[Saravana Sakthi]]
* [[Paruthiveeran Sujatha]]
* [[Vinodhini Vaidyanathan]]
* [[Chaplin Balu]]
* Ranjan
* Manimaran
}}

== Production ==
The film's first look was released by [[Nakkheeran]] editor [[Nakkeeran Gopal]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-01 |title='விழித்தெழு' திரைப்பட ஃபர்ஸ்ட் லுக் போஸ்டரை வெளியிட்ட நக்கீரன் ஆசிரியர் |url=https://www.nakkheeran.in/24-by-7-news/thamizhagam/vizhithelu-first-look-poster-released-nakkheeran-editor |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307075434/https://www.nakkheeran.in/24-by-7-news/thamizhagam/vizhithelu-first-look-poster-released-nakkheeran-editor |archive-date=2023-03-07 |access-date=2023-03-07 |website=nakkheeran |language=en}}</ref> and director [[S. A. Chandrasekhar]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=அம்பலப்படுத்தும் ’விழித்தெழு’! |first=ஆன்லைன் மோசடியை |title=ஆன்லைன் மோசடியை அம்பலப்படுத்தும் 'விழித்தெழு'! |url=https://www.cinemainbox.com/new-cinemadetail/vizhithezhu-movie-based-in-online-came-issue-8749.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307082453/https://www.cinemainbox.com/new-cinemadetail/vizhithezhu-movie-based-in-online-came-issue-8749.html |archive-date=2023-03-07 |access-date=2023-03-07 |website=www.cinemainbox.com}}</ref> The film's audio launch took place on 12 January 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title='விழித்தெழு' படத்தின் இசை வெளியீடு |url=https://www.virakesari.lk/article/145579 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307082152/https://www.virakesari.lk/article/145579 |archive-date=2023-03-07 |access-date=2023-03-07 |website=Virakesari.lk |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
The film was released on 3 March 2023 across Tamil Nadu. A critic from ''[[Dina Thanthi]]'' wrote that director Tamil Selvan tells the story with a sense of responsibility and moves the scenes briskly to raise awareness about internet scams.<ref>{{Cite web |last=தினத்தந்தி |date=2023-03-07 |title=விழித்தெழு: சினிமா விமர்சனம் |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/Review/vizhithelu-cinema-review-913778 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307075434/https://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/Review/vizhithelu-cinema-review-913778 |archive-date=2023-03-07 |access-date=2023-03-07 |website=dailythanthi.com |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt26086684}}

[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:2023 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Corporate (2006 film)

2026-03-02T23:59:57Z

BrittScotto5: revised

{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Corporate
| image = Corporate(Film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Madhur Bhandarkar]]
| producer = Rahim Khan
| story = {{ubl|Madhur Bhandarkar|Manoj Tyagi|Ajay Monga}}
| screenplay = {{ubl|Madhur Bhandarkar|[[Ajay Monga]]}}
| starring = {{ubl|[[Bipasha Basu]]|[[Kay Kay Menon]]|[[Minissha Lamba]]|[[Raj Babbar]]|[[Rajat Kapoor]]}}
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Shamir Tandon]] '''Score:''' [[Raju Singh]]
| cinematography = [[Mahesh Limaye]]
| editing = Devendra Murdeshwar
| studio = [[Sahara One Motion Pictures]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2006|07|07}}
| runtime = 142 minutes<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/corporate-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc00mtiymtc|title=Corporate|website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref>
| language = Hindi
| country = India
| budget = ₹67.5 Million INR<ref>https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=287</ref>
| gross = ₹150.6 Million INR<ref>https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=287</ref>
}}

'''''Corporate''''' is a 2006 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] written and directed by [[Madhur Bhandarkar]]. The film stars [[Bipasha Basu]], [[Kay Kay Menon]], [[Payal Rohatgi]], [[Minissha Lamba]] and [[Raj Babbar]]. The film revolves around a game between two powerful industrialists. It was released on 7 July 2006, and was a moderate commercial success.

==Plot==
''Corporate'' revolves around the power games between two industrialists, the Sehgal Group of Industries (SGI), owned by Vinay Sehgal, and the Marwah Group of Industries (MGI), owned by Dharmesh Marwah. The two companies are traditional rivals in the food and beverage products business. Nishigandha "Nishi" Dasgupta is the vice president of SGI, while Vinay's brother-in-law Ritesh joins in later as senior vice president.

Ashwini, a politician backed by Vinay, becomes the Union Finance Minister, which helps the SGI enter a lucrative partnership with international food products giants Friscon.

In a CII meeting, the state Finance Minister Gulabrao declared that a public sector unit (PSU) is for sale. Both companies pounce into the competition using every tactic they have to outperform each other. But the last-minute politics by Dharmesh with Gulabrao led to the PSU going to the MGI, leaving Vinay disappointed.

However, Nishi charms MGI CEO Pervez and is then able to steal critical information from his laptop computer: she finds out that Dharmesh had been misleading the media that the MGI were planning to manufacture mineral water in the plant, whereas in reality the plan was to manufacture a mint-based soft drink. The SGI publicly announces that it will be launching its own mint-based soft drink, which it has named "Just Chill," preempting the MGI's planned launch. Dharmesh traces the leak to Pervez and fires him.

Ten days before the launch of the drink, Vinay learns that the FDA has found a large amount of pesticides in the drink. But he cold-heartedly decides to launch the product by bribing the FDA agents, though CEO Naveen resigns from the SGI. The drink is a great success, but another SGI executive is unhappy that Ritesh is being made the CEO, and he leaks the secret about "Just Chill" containing pesticides to Dharmesh, who, along with Gulabrao, blows up the issue in the media, leading to a raid on the SGI plants and a case on the Sehgals. Vinay decides that the only solution is for an SGI employee who is not a member of the Sehgal family to take the blame for the blunder. Nishi is chosen for that role.

Ritesh is called on by his sister Chhaya Sehgal, where she asks him to convince Nishi to sacrifice for the company. Initially disagreeing, Ritesh agrees to convince Nishi on the insistence of Sehgal, as he promises that Nishi would be released by the Enquiry Commission soon. A foreign investor holding a major stake in Friscon urges Ashwini to settle the dispute between the two, as this would lead to capital flight and foreign investors would pull back their investments, causing serious havoc in the business market. Ashwini discusses the issue with Gulabrao, and both the ministers mediate between Dharmesh and Vinay to settle down the issue. Dharmesh agrees to withdraw all the allegations suited through the NGOs and draw the limitations in Friscon. However, Gulabrao refuses to release Nishi as it would dent his chances of chief ministership as elections roar near.

Meanwhile, Ritesh learns that Nishi is pregnant with his baby. Ritesh, angry about it, threatens to expose Vinay in front of the media if Nishi is not released within 48 hours. The next day he is found dead, having fallen from the terrace of his apartment building. It is assumed to be suicide, but some think otherwise. The film ends with the narrator concluding that Dharmesh and Vinay are living happily in their world, whereas there is no place for emotions in the corporate world as Nishi is the victim of their tactics. The film shows Nishi still fighting the case after two years of the incident with her child.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Bipasha Basu]] as Nishigandha Dasgupta
* [[Kay Kay Menon]] as Ritesh Sahani
* [[Rajat Kapoor]] as Vinay Sehgal
* [[Raj Babbar]] as Dharmesh Marwah
* [[Minissha Lamba]] as Megha Apte
* [[Sameer Dattani]] as Anmol Rawat
* [[Harsh Chhaya]] as Naveen Shroff
* Bharat Dabholkar as Joe Rajan
* Kevin Green as Mr. Steve Jones
* Sandeep Mehta as Parvez Merchant
* [[Achint Kaur]] as Chhaya V. Seghal
* [[Lilette Dubey]] as Devyani Bakshi
* [[Ashok Pandit]] as Ashok Pandit
* [[Manoj Joshi (actor)|Manoj Joshi]] as Monty, film director
* [[Shweta Menon]] as Archana
* Anil Nagrath as Ballu
* [[Amar Talwar]] as Anand Ruia
* [[Vinay Apte]] as Gulabrao
* Mukesh Tyagi as Mukesh Tyagi
* [[Viju Khote]] as Megha's father
* [[Navni Parihar]] as Dharmesh's wife
* [[Dolly Thakore]]
* Suhas Avchat
* [[Brinda Parekh]]
* [[Hamsa Nandini]]
* Sunayana Fauzdar
* [[Bikramjeet Kanwarpal]]
* [[Girish Oak]] as Ashwini Dayal
* Manohar Kanungo in a special appearance
* [[Kailash Kher]] as special appearance in the song "O Sikander"
* [[Javed Akhtar]] as himself
* Pralhad Kakkar in a special appearance
* [[Vasundhara Das]] as herself
* [[Payal Rohatgi]] as self
* [[Atul Kulkarni]] as narrator
}}

==Soundtrack==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Shamir Tandon]] with lyrics written by [[Sandeep Nath]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s) !! Duration
|-
| 1
| "Lamha Lamha Zindagi Hai"
| [[Asha Bhosle]]
| 06:14
|-
| 2
| "Lamha Lamha Zindagi Hai " (Sad)
| Asha Bhosle
| 01:44
|-
| 3
| "O Sikander"
| [[Kailash Kher]], [[Sapna Mukherjee]]
| 06:26
|-
| 4
| "O Sikander" (Desi Mix)
| Kailash Kher, Sapna Mukherjee, [[Sonu Kakkar]]
| 05:18
|-
| 5
| "O Sikander" (International Dance)
| Kailash Kher, Sapna Mukherjee, S-Endz, [[DJ Swami]]
| 05:42
|-
| 6
| "Peele Peele"
| Sangeet Haldipur, [[Vasundhara Das]]
| 04:37
|-
| 7
| "Yahan Sab Ko Sab Corporate Title"
| [[Alisha Chinai]], Gary Lawyer
| 04:09
|-
| 8
| "Yahan Sab Ko Sab" (Easy Mix)
| Sameer Dattani, Rajat Kapoor, [[Payal Rohatgi]]
| 04:34
|}

== Reception ==
A critic from [[BBC]] wrote that "a provocative social commentary, with all the elements of good filmmaking keenly in evidence, the portrait painted of the corporate world is deeply disturbing. For all its startling realism the film is intensely watchable".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2006/07/12/corporate_2006_review.shtml | title=BBC – Movies – review – Corporate | publisher=BBC}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote that "with its urban premise, intricate dialogue and stark realism, ''Corporate'' might not be a box office smash. It's still a smart, gripping, honest film. And that should count for something".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/jul/07corp.htm | title=Corporate: Smart and gripping | work=Rediff.com}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' recommended the film to "watch it for its topicality and the novelty of the story".<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/corporate/movie-review/1717013.cms | title=Corporate | newspaper=The Times of India | date=30 March 2016 | accessdate=5 June 2022}}</ref>

== Awards ==
Bipasha Basu won the following awards for best actress:
* 2007: [[GIFA Best Actress]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Lage Raho Munnabhai upstages Rang De.. at GIFA as best film|date=10 December 2006|url=http://www.zeenews.com/znnew/articles.asp?rep=2&aid=341153&ssid=1&sid=ENT|publisher=[[Zee News]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930211039/http://www.zeenews.com/znnew/articles.asp?rep=2&aid=341153&ssid=1&sid=ENT|access-date=17 April 2017|archive-date=30 September 2007}}</ref>
* 2007: [[Bollywood Movie Award – Best Actress]]
* 2007: Anadalok Purashkar Award, Best Actress
* 2007: Anand Bazar Patrika Award, Best Actress

She received further nominations for [[Star Screen Awards]], [[Filmfare Awards]] and [[Zee Cine Awards]]. Kay Kay Menon was also nominated for [[GIFA Best Supporting Actor]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=0488381|title=Corporate}}

{{Madhur Bhandarkar}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Corporate (Film)}}
[[Category:2006 films]]
[[Category:2006 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2006 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2000s business films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Madhur Bhandarkar]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shamir Tandon]]
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]

Chanakya

2026-03-01T23:00:03Z

BrittScotto5: Updated formatting and improved readability

{{Short description|Semi-legendary adviser of Chandragupta Maurya}}
{{other uses}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Chanakya
| image = Chanakya artistic depiction.jpg
| caption = Chanakya as depicted on the cover of [[R. Shamasastry]]'s 1915 translation of ''[[Arthashastra]]''
| birth_place = Chanaka village in Golla region, [[South India]] (Jain legends);{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=21}} or in [[Takshashila]] (Buddhist legends){{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=12}}
| death_place = [[Pataliputra]], [[Maurya Empire]]
| occupation = [[advisor|Political advisor]], [[prime minister]]
| era = 4th century BC–3rd century BCE
| known_for = Prominent role in the foundation of the [[Maurya Empire]]
| succession =
| relatives = Chanaka (father)
}}
'''Chanakya''' ([[ISO 15919|ISO]]: ''{{IAST|Cāṇakya}}'', चाणक्य, {{pronunciation|Chanakya.ogg}}), according to legendary narratives{{efn-la|name="Trautman_1971_semi-legendary"}} preserved in various traditions dating from the 4th to 11th century CE, was a [[Brahmin]] who assisted the first Mauryan emperor [[Chandragupta Maurya|Chandragupta]] in his rise to power and the establishment of the [[Maurya Empire]]. According to these narratives, Chanakya served as the chief adviser and prime minister to both emperors Chandragupta Maurya and his son [[Bindusara]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-20|title=Mauryan Empire|url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/mauryan-empire|access-date=2022-01-20|website=National Geographic Society|language=en}}</ref>

Conventionally, Chanakya was identified with '''Kauṭilya''' and synonymously '''Vishnugupta''', the author of the ancient Indian politico-economic treatise ''[[Arthashastra]]''.<ref name="Mabbett">{{cite journal |last1=Mabbett |first1=I. W. |title=The Date of the Arthaśāstra |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=84 |issue=2 |pages=162–169 |issn=0003-0279 |doi=10.2307/597102 |jstor=597102 |year=1964 |publisher=American Oriental Society }}</ref> ''Arthashastra'' is now thought with high probability to have been composed by multiple authors during the early centuries of the [[common era]]—several centuries after the Mauryan period—the backdated identification with Chanakya to have served to add prestige to the work.{{sfn|Olivelle|2013|loc=Introduction}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Transaction and Hierarchy|date = 9 August 2017|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AOsrDwAAQBAJ|page=56|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1351393966}}</ref>{{efn-la|name="date_authorship"}}

==Chanakya-Chandragupta ''katha'' (legend)==
[[File:Nanda Empire, c.325 BCE.png|thumb|right|Dhana Nanda's empire, {{circa|323 BCE}}]]

There is no documented historical information about Chanakya: narratives about him come from legendary accounts.{{efn-la|name="Trautman_1971_semi-legendary"}} [[Thomas Trautmann]] identifies four distinct accounts of the ancient Chanakya-Chandragupta ''katha'' (legend):<ref name="Namita2008">{{cite book |author=Namita Sanjay Sugandhi |title=Between the Patterns of History: Rethinking Mauryan Imperial Interaction in the Southern Deccan |url=https://www.academia.edu/1956032 |access-date=2024-12-09 |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-549-74441-2 |pages=88–89 }}</ref>
* Buddhist version: ''[[Mahavamsa]]'' (5th-6th cent. CE) and its commentary ''Vamsatthappakasini'' (Pali language)
* Jain version: ''[[Parishishtaparvan]]'' (12th cent. CE) by [[Hemachandra]], based on 1st-8th century sources
* Kashmiri version: ''[[Kathasaritsagara]]'' (11th cent. CE) by Somadeva, ''Brihat-Katha-Manjari'' by Ksemendra
* [[Vishakhadatta]]'s version: ''[[Mudrarakshasa]]'' (4th-8th cent. CE) , a Sanskrit play by Vishakhadatta; largely fictional{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=43}}

In all the four versions, Chanakya feels insulted by the Nanda king, and vows to destroy him. After dethroning the Nanda, he installs Chandragupta as the new king.

=== Buddhist version (5th-6th cent. CE) ===

====Source====
The legend of Chanakya and Chandragupta is detailed in the Pali-language Buddhist chronicles of [[Sri Lanka]]. It is not mentioned in ''[[Dipavamsa]]'', the oldest of these chronicles.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=11}} The earliest Buddhist source to mention the legend is ''[[Mahavamsa]]'', which is generally dated between fifth and sixth centuries CE. ''Vamsatthappakasini'' (also known as ''Mahvamsa Tika''), a commentary on ''Mahavamsa,'' provides some more details about the legend. Its author is unknown, and it is dated variously from sixth century CE to 13th century CE.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=16}} Some other texts provide additional details about the legend; for example, the ''[[Bodhi Vamsa|Maha-Bodhi-Vamsa]]'' and the ''[[Atthakatha]]'' give the names of the nine Nanda kings said to have preceded Chandragupta.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=11}}{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|pp=18}}

====Narrative====
According to the Buddhist legend, the [[Nanda dynasty|Nanda emperors]] who preceded Chandragupta were robbers-turned-rulers.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=11}} Chanakya ([[IAST]]: Cāṇakka in ''Mahavamsa'') was a [[Brahmin]] from Takkāsila ([[Takshashila]]). He was well-versed in three [[Vedas]] and politics. He was born with canine teeth, which were believed to be a mark of royalty. His mother feared that he would neglect her after becoming an emperor.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=12}} To pacify her, Chanakya broke his teeth.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=13}}

Chanakya had an [[Unattractiveness|ugly appearance]], accentuated by his broken teeth and crooked feet. One day, the Emperor [[Dhana Nanda]] organized an alms-giving ceremony for Brahmins. Chanakya went to Pupphapura ([[Pushpapura]]) to attend this ceremony. Disgusted by his appearance, the emperor ordered him to be thrown out of the assembly. Chanakya broke his [[sacred thread]] in anger, and cursed the emperor. The emperor ordered his arrest, but Chanakya escaped in the disguise of an [[Ājīvika]]. He befriended Dhananada's son Pabbata, and instigated him to seize the throne. With help of a [[signet ring]] given by the prince, Chanakya fled the palace through a secret door.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=13}}

Chanakya escaped to the [[Vindhya Range|Vinjha]] forest. There, he made 800 million gold coins (''[[Karshapana|kahapana]]''s), using a secret technique that allowed him to turn 1 coin into 8 coins. After hiding this money, he started searching for a person worthy of replacing Dhana Nanda.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=13}} One day, he saw a group of children playing: the young Chandragupta (called Chandagutta in ''Mahavamsa'') played the role of an emperor, while other boys pretended to be vassals, ministers, or robbers. The "robbers" were brought before Chandragupta, who ordered their limbs to be cut off, but then miraculously re-attached them. Chandragupta had been born in a royal family, but was brought up by a hunter after his father was killed by an usurper, and the [[devata]]s caused his mother to abandon him. Astonished by the boy's miraculous powers, Chanakya paid 1000 gold coins to his foster-father, and took Chandragupta away, promising to teach him a trade.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=14}}

Chanakya had two potential successors to Dhana Nanda: Pabbata and Chandragupta. He gave each of them an amulet to be worn around the neck with a woolen thread. One day, he decided to test them. While Chandragupta was asleep, he asked Pabbata to remove Chandragupta's woolen thread without breaking it and without waking up Chandragupta. Pabbata failed to accomplish this task. Some time later, when Pabbata was sleeping, Chanakya challenged Chandragupta to complete the same task. Chandragupta retrieved the woolen thread by cutting off Pabbata's head. For the next seven years, Chanakya trained Chandragupta for imperial duties. When Chandragupta became an adult, Chanakya dug up his hidden treasure of gold coins, and assembled an army.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=14}}

The army of Chanadragupta and Chanakya invaded Dhana Nanda's empire, but disbanded after facing a severe defeat. While wandering in disguise, the two men once listened to the conversation between a woman and her son. The child had eaten the middle of a cake, and thrown away the edges. The woman scolded him, saying that he was eating food like Chandragupta, who attacked the central part of the empire instead of conquering the border villages first. Chanakya and Chandragupta realized their mistake. They assembled a new army, and started conquering the border villages. Gradually, they advanced to the empire's capital [[Pataliputra]] (Pāṭaliputta in ''Mahavamsa''), where they killed the Emperor Dhana Nanda. Chanakya ordered a fisherman to find the place where Dhana Nanda had hidden his treasure. As soon as the fishermen informed Chanakya about its location, Chanakya had him killed. Chanakya anointed Chandragupta as the new emperor, and tasked a man named Paṇiyatappa with eliminating rebels and robbers from the empire.{{Sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=15}}

Chanakya started mixing small doses of poison in the new emperor's food to make him immune to poisoning attempts by the enemies. Chandragupta, who was not aware of this, once shared the food with his pregnant empress Durdhara, who was seven days away from delivery. Chanakya arrived just as the empress ate the poisoned morsel. Realizing that she was going to die, Chanakya decided to save the unborn child. He cut off the empress's head and cut open her belly with a sword to take out the foetus. Over the next seven days, he placed the foetus in the belly of a goat freshly killed each day. After seven days, Chandragupta's son was "born". He was named [[Bindusara]] because his body was spotted with drops (''bindu'') of goat's blood.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=15}}

The earliest Buddhist legends do not mention Chanakya in their description of the Mauryan dynasty after this point.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=14}} [[Atthakatha#Dhammapala|Dhammapala]]'s commentary on ''[[Theragatha]]'', however, mentions a legend about Chanakya and a Brahmin named Subandhu. According to this account, Chanakya was afraid that the wise Subandhu would surpass him at Chandragupta's court. So, he got Chandragupta to imprison Subandhu, whose son Tekicchakani escaped and became a Buddhist monk.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=28}} The 16th-century Tibetan Buddhist author [[Taranatha]] mentions Chanakya as one of Bindusara's "great lords". According to him, Chanakya destroyed the nobles and [[Raja|kings]] of 16 towns and made Bindusara the master of all the territory between the eastern and the western seas ([[Arabian Sea]] and the [[Bay of Bengal]]).{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2016|p=331}}

=== Jain version (12th cent. CE, based on 1st-8th cent. CE sources) ===

====Source====
The Chandragupta-Chanakya legend is mentioned in several commentaries of the [[Shvetambara]] canon. The most well-known version of the Jain legend is contained in the ''Sthaviravali-Charita'' or ''Parishishta-Parvan'', written by the 12th-century writer [[Hemachandra]].{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=21}} Hemachandra's account is based on the [[Prakrit]] ''kathanaka'' literature (legends and anecdotes) composed between the late first century CE and mid-8th century CE. These legends are contained in the commentaries (''churni''s and ''tika''s) on canonical texts such as ''[[Uttaradhyayana]]'' and ''Avashyaka Niryukti''.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=29}}

[[Thomas Trautmann]] believes that the Jain version is older and more consistent than the Buddhist version of the legend.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=29}}

====Narrative====
According to the Jain account, Chanakya was born to two lay Jains (''[[shravaka]]'') named Chanin and Chaneshvari. His birthplace was the Chanaka village in Golla ''[[vishaya]]'' (district).{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=21}} The identity of "Golla" is not certain, but Hemachandra states that Chanakya was a [[Dravidian people|Dramila]], implying that he was a native of [[South India]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta Sastri|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YoAwor58utYC&pg=PA148|title=Age of the Nandas and Mauryas|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|year=1988|isbn=978-81-208-0466-1|page=148}}</ref>

Chanakya was born with a full set of teeth. According to the monks, this was a sign that he would become a king in the future. Chanin did not want his son to become haughty, so he broke Chanakya's teeth. The monks prophesied that the baby would go on to become a [[power behind the throne]].{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=21}} Chanakya grew up to be a learned ''shravaka'', and married a Brahmin woman. Her relatives mocked her for being married to a poor man. This motivated Chanakya to visit [[Pataliputra]], and seek donations from the Emperor [[Dhana Nanda|Nanda]], who was famous for his generosity towards Brahmins. While waiting for the emperor at the imperial court, Chanakya sat on the emperor's throne. A ''[[dasa|dasi]]'' (slave woman) courteously offered Chanakya the next seat, but Chanakya kept his [[kamandal]] (water pot) on it, while remaining seated on the throne. The servant offered him a choice of four more seats, but each time, he kept his various items on the seats, refusing to budge from the throne. Finally, the annoyed servant kicked him off the throne. Enraged, Chanakya vowed to uproot Nanda and his entire establishment, like "a great wind uproots a tree".{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=22}}

Chanakya knew that he was prophesied to become a power behind the throne. So, he started searching for a person worthy of being a king. While wandering, he did a favour for the pregnant daughter of a village chief, on the condition that her child would belong to him. Chandragupta was born to this lady. When Chandragupta grew up, Chanakya came to his village and saw him playing "king" among a group of boys. To test him, Chanakya asked him for a donation. The boy told Chanakya to take the cows nearby, declaring that nobody would disobey his order. This display of power convinced Chanakya that Chandragupta was the one worthy of being a king.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=21}}

Chanakya took Chandragupta to conquer Pataliputra, the capital of Nanda. He assembled an army using the wealth he had acquired through [[alchemy]] (''dhatuvada-visaradan''). The army suffered a severe defeat, forcing Chanakya and Chandragupta to flee the battlefield. They reached a lake while being pursued by an enemy officer. Chanakya asked Chandragupta to jump into the lake, and disguised himself as a meditating ascetic. When the enemy soldier reached the lake, he asked the 'ascetic' if he had seen Chandragupta. Chanakya pointed at the lake. As the soldier removed his armour to jump into the lake, Chanakya took his sword and killed him. When Chandragupta came out of the water, Chanakya asked him, "What went through your mind, when I disclosed your location to the enemy?" Chandragupta replied that he trusted his master to make the best decision. This convinced Chanakya that Chandragupta would remain under his influence even after becoming the king. On another occasion, Chanakya similarly escaped the enemy by chasing away a washerman, and disguising himself as one. Once, he cut open the belly of a Brahmin who had just eaten food, and took out the food to feed a hungry Chandragupta.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=23}}

One day, Chanakya and Chandragupta overheard a woman scolding her son. The child had burnt his finger by putting it in the middle of a bowl of hot gruel. The woman told her son that by not starting from the cooler edges, he was being foolish like Chanakya, who attacked the capital before conquering the bordering regions. Chanakya realized his mistake, and made a new plan to defeat Nanda. He formed an alliance with Parvataka, the king of a mountain kingdom called Himavatkuta, offering him half of Nanda's empire.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=23}}

After securing Parvataka's help, Chanakya and Chandragupta started besieging the cities other than Pataliputra. One particular city offered a strong resistance. Chanakya entered this city disguised as a [[Shaivite]] mendicant, and declared that the siege would end if the idols of the [[saptamatrika|seven mothers]] were removed from the town's temple. As soon as the superstitious defenders removed the idols from the temple, Chanakya ordered his army to end the siege. When the defenders started celebrating their victory, Chanakya's army launched a surprise attack and captured the town.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=23}}

Gradually, Chanakya and Chandragupta subdued all the regions outside the capital. Finally, they captured Pataliputra and Chandragupta became the emperor. They allowed the Emperor Nanda to go into exile, with all the goods he could take on a cart. As Nanda and his family were leaving the city on a cart, his daughter saw Chandragupta, and fell in love with the new emperor. She chose him as her husband by [[svayamvara]] tradition. As she was getting off the cart, 9 spokes of the cart's wheel broke. Interpreting this as an omen, Chanakya declared that Chandragupta's dynasty would last for 9 generations.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=23}}

Meanwhile, Parvataka fell in love with one of Nanda's [[visha kanya]]s (poison girl, assassin). Chanakya approved the marriage, and Parvataka collapsed when he touched the girl during the wedding. Chanakya asked Chandragupta not to call a physician. Thus, Parvataka died and Chandragupta became the sole ruler of Nanda's territories.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=24}}

Chanakya then started consolidating the power by eliminating Nanda's loyalists, who had been harassing people in various parts of the empire. Chanakya learned about a weaver who would burn any part of his house infested with cockroaches. Chanakya assigned the responsibility of crushing the rebels to this weaver. Soon, the empire was free of insurgents. Chanakya also burned a village that had refused him food in the past. He filled the imperial treasury by inviting rich merchants to his home, getting them drunk and gambling with a [[loaded dice]].{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=24}}

Once, the empire suffered a 12-year long famine. Two young Jain monks started eating from the emperor's plate, after making themselves invisible with a magic ointment. Chanakya sensed their presence by covering the palace floor with a powder, and tracing their footprints. At the next meal, he caught them by filling the dining room with thick smoke, which caused the monks' eyes to water, washing off the ointment. Chanakya complained about the young monks' behavior to the head monk Acharya Susthita. The Acharya blamed people for not being charitable towards monks, so Chanakya started giving generous alms to the monks.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=24}}

Meanwhile, Chandragupta had been patronizing the non-Jain monks. Chanakya decided to prove to him that these men were not worthy of his patronage. He covered the floor of the palace area near the women's rooms with powder and left the non-Jain monks there. Their footprints showed that they had sneaked up to the windows of the women's rooms to peep inside. The Jain monks, who were assessed using the same method, stayed away from the women's rooms. After seeing this, Chandragupta appointed the Jain monks as his spiritual counsellors.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=25}}

Chanakya used to mix small doses of poison in Chandragupta's food to make him immune to poisoning attempts. The emperor, unaware of this, once shared his food with Empress [[Durdhara]]. Chanakya entered the room at the instant she died. He cut open the dead empress's belly and took out the baby. The baby, who had been touched by a drop ("''bindu''") of the poison, was named [[Bindusara]].{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=25}}

After Chandragupta abdicated the throne to become a Jain monk, Chanakya appointed Bindusara as the new emperor.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=25}} Chanakya asked Bindusara to appoint a man named Subandhu as one of his ministers. However, Subandhu wanted to become a higher minister and grew jealous of Chanakya. So, he told Bindusara that Chanakya was responsible for the death of his mother. Bindusara confirmed the allegations with the nurses, who told him that Chanakya had cut open the belly of his mother. Bindusara became enraged, and started hating Chanakya. As a result, Chanakya, who had grown very old by this time, retired and decided to [[sallekhana|starve himself to death]]. Meanwhile, Bindusara learned the detailed circumstances of his birth, and implored Chanakya to resume his ministerial duties. After failing to pacify Chanakya, the emperor ordered Subandhu to convince Chanakya to give up his suicide plan. Subandhu, while pretending to appease Chanakya, burned him to death. Subandhu then took possession of Chanakya's home. Chanakya had anticipated this, and before retiring, he had set up a cursed trap for Subandhu. He had left behind a chest with a hundred locks. Subandhu broke the locks, hoping to find precious jewels. He found a sweet-smelling perfume and immediately inhaled it. But then his eyes fell on a [[birch bark manuscript|birch bark note]] with a curse written on it. The note declared that anybody who smelled this perfume will have to either become a monk or face death. Subandhu tested the perfume on another man, and then fed him luxurious food (something that the monks abstain from). The man died, and then Subandhu was forced to become a monk to avoid death.<ref name="Rosalind_1993">{{cite book|author=Motilal Banarsidass|title=The Clever Adulteress and Other Stories: A Treasury of Jaina Literature|year=1993|isbn=978-8120811508|editor=Phyllis Granoff|editor-link=Phyllis Granoff|pages=204–206|translator=Rosalind Lefeber|chapter=The Minister Cāṇakya, from the Pariśiṣtaparvan of Hemacandra|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Po9tUNX0SYAC&pg=PA204}}</ref><ref name="HJ_1891">{{cite book|author=Hemachandra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iSFCAQAAMAAJ|title=Sthavir̂aval̂i charita, or, Pariśishtaparvan|publisher=Asiatic Society|year=1891|location=Calcutta|pages=67–68|translator=[[Hermann Jacobi]]}}</ref>

According to another Jain text – the ''Rajavali-Katha'' – Chanakya accompanied Chandragupta to forest for [[sannyasa|retirement]], once Bindusara became the emperor.{{sfn|Rice|1889|p=9}}

=== Kashmiri version (11th cent. CE) ===

====Source====
''Brihatkatha-Manjari'' by [[Kshemendra]] and ''[[Kathasaritsagara]]'' by Somadeva are two 11th-century [[Kashmir]]i Sanskrit collections of legends. Both are based on a now-lost Prakrit-language ''Brihatkatha-Sarit-Sagara'', which was based on the now-lost [[Paishachi]]-language ''[[Brihatkatha]]'' (before 3rd cent. CE) by ''[[Gunadhya]]''. The Chanakya-Chandragupta legend in these collections features another character, named Shakatala (IAST: Śakaṭāla).{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=31–33}}

==== Kashmiri narrative ====
The Kashmiri version of the legend goes like this: Vararuchi (identified with [[Katyayana]]), Indradatta and Vyadi were three disciples of the [[Rishi|sage]] Varsha. Once, on behalf of their [[guru]] Varsha, they travelled to [[Ayodhya]] to seek a [[gurudakshina]] (guru's fee) from Emperor Nanda. As they arrived to meet Nanda, the emperor died. Using his [[yoga|yogic]] powers, Indradatta entered Nanda's body and granted Vararuchi's request for 10 million gold [[dinar]]s (gold coins). The imperial minister Shakatala realized what was happening, and had Indradatta's body burnt. But before he could take any action against the fake emperor (Indradatta in Nanda's body, also called Yogananda), the emperor had him arrested. Shakatala and his 100 sons were imprisoned and were given food sufficient only for one person. Shakatala's 100 sons starved to death, so that their father could live to take revenge.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=31}}

Meanwhile, the fake emperor appointed Vararuchi as his minister. As the emperor's character kept deteriorating, a disgusted Vararuchi retired to a forest as an ascetic. Shakatala was then restored as the minister, but kept planning his revenge. One day, Shakatala came across Chanakya, a Brahmin who was uprooting all the grass in his path, because one blade of the grass had pricked his foot. Shakatala realized that he could use a man so vengeful to destroy the fake emperor. He invited Chanakya to the emperor's assembly, promising him 100,000 gold coins for presiding over a ritual ceremony.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=31}}

Shakatala hosted Chanakya in his own house and treated him with great respect. But the day Chanakya arrived at the imperial court, Shakatala got another Brahmin named Subandhu to preside over the ceremony. Chanakya felt insulted, but Shakatala blamed the emperor for this dishonour. Chanakya then untied his topknot ([[sikha]]), and vowed not to re-tie it until the emperor was destroyed. The emperor ordered his arrest, but he escaped to Shakatala's house. There, using materials supplied by Shakatala, he performed a magic ritual which made the emperor sick. The king died of a fever after 7 days.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=32}}

Shakatala then executed Hiranyagupta, the son of the fake emperor. He anointed Chandragupta, the son of the real emperor Nanda, as the new emperor (in Kshemendra's version, it is Chanakya who installs Chandragupta as the new emperor). Shakatala also appointed Chanakya as the imperial priest (''[[purohita|rajpurohita]]''). Having achieved his revenge, he then retired to the forest as an ascetic.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=32}}

=== Mudrarakshasa version (4th-8th cent. CE) ===

====Source====
''[[Mudrarakshasa]]'' ("The [[signet ring]] of [[Rakshasa (amatya)|Rakshasa]]") is a Sanskrit play by [[Vishakhadatta]]. Its date is uncertain, but it mentions the [[Huna people|Huna]], who invaded northern India during the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta period]]. Therefore, it could not have been composed before the Gupta era.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|pp=41–43}} It is dated variously from the late fourth century{{sfn|Varadpande|2005|p=223}} to the eighth century.{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2016|p=30}} The ''Mudrarakshasa'' legend contains narratives not found in other versions of the Chanakya-Chandragupta legend. Because of this difference, Trautmann suggests that most of it is fictional or legendary, without any historical basis.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=43}}

==== Mudrarakshasa narrative (4th-8th cent. CE)====
According to the ''Mudrarakshasa'' version, the Emperor Nanda once removed Chanakya from the "first seat of the empire" (this possibly refers to Chanakya's expulsion from the emperor's assembly). For this reason, Chanakya vowed not to tie his top knot (''[[sikha|shikha]]'') until the complete destruction of Nanda. Chanakya made a plan to dethrone Nanda, and replace him with Chandragupta, his son by a lesser empress. Chanakya engineered Chandragupta's alliance with another powerful king Parvateshvara (or Parvata), and the two rulers agreed to divide Nanda's territory after subjugating him. Their allied army included [[Bahlikas|Bahlika]], [[Kirata]], [[Persian people|Parasika]], [[Kambojas|Kamboja]], [[Shakas|Shaka]], and [[Yavana]] soldiers. The army invaded [[Pataliputra]] (Kusumapura) and defeated the Nandas.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|pp=36–37}} Parvata is identified with [[King Porus]] by some scholars.{{sfn|Varadpande|2005|pp=227–230}}

Nanda's prime minister [[Rakshasa (amatya)|Rakshasa]] escaped Pataliputra, and continued resisting the invaders. He sent a [[vishakanya]] (poison girl) to assassinate Chandragupta. Chanakya had this girl assassinate Parvata instead, with the blame going to Rakshasa. However, Parvata's son Malayaketu learned the truth about his father's death and defected to Rakshasa's camp. Chanakya's spy Bhagurayana accompanied Malayaketu, pretending to be his friend.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=37}}

Rakshasa continued to plot Chandragupta's death, but all his plans were foiled by Chanakya. For example, once Rakshasa arranged for assassins to be transported to Chandragupta's bedroom via a tunnel. Chanakya became aware of them by noticing a trail of ants carrying the leftovers of their food. He then arranged for the assassins to be burned to death.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=38}}

Meanwhile, Parvata's brother Vairodhaka became the ruler of his emperor. Chanakya convinced him that Rakshasa was responsible for killing his brother, and agreed to share half of Nanda's emperor with him. Secretly, however, Chanakya hatched a plan to get Vairodhaka killed. He knew that the chief architect of Pataliputra was a Rakshasa loyalist. He asked this architect to build a [[triumphal arch]] for Chandragupta's procession to the imperial palace. He arranged the procession to be held at midnight citing astrological reasons, but actually to ensure poor visibility. He then invited Vairodhaka to lead the procession on Chandragupta's elephant, and accompanied by Chandragupta's bodyguards. As expected, Rakshasa's loyalists arranged for the arch to fall on who they thought was Chandragupta. Vairodhaka was killed, and once again, the assassination was blamed on Rakshasa.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=37}}

Malayaketu and Rakshasa then formed an alliance with five kings: Chiravarman of Kauluta (Kulu), Meghaksha of [[Persia|Parasika]], Narasimha of [[Malaya Mountains|Malaya]], Pushkaraksha of [[Kasmira Kingdom|Kashmira]], and Sindhusena of [[Sindhu Kingdom|Saindhava]]. This allied army also included soldiers from [[Chedi Kingdom|Chedi]], [[Gandhara]], [[Hunas]], [[Khasas|Khasa]], [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]], [[Shakas|Shaka]], and [[Yavana]] territories.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=38}}

In Pataliputra, Chanakya's agent informed him that three Rakshasa loyalists remained in the capital: the Jain monk Jiva-siddhi, the scribe Shakata-dasa and the jewellers' guild chief Chandana-dasa. Of these, Jiva-siddhi was actually a spy of Chanakya, unknown to his other spies. Chandana-dasa sheltered Rakshasa's wife, who once unknowingly dropped her husband's signet-ring (''mudra''). Chanakya's agent got hold of this signet-ring, and brought it to Chanakya. Using this signet ring, Chanakya sent a letter to Malayaketu warning him that his allies were treacherous. Chanakya also asked some of Chandragupta's princes to fake defection to Malayaketu's camp. In addition, Chanakya ordered Shakata-dasa's murder, but had him 'rescued' by Siddharthaka, a spy pretending to be an agent of Chandana-dasa. Chanakya's spy then took Shakata-dasa to Rakshasa.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=38}}

When Shakata-dasa and his 'rescuer' Siddharthaka reached Rakshasa, Siddharthaka presented him the signet-ring, claiming to have found it at Chandana-dasa's home. As a reward, Rakshasa gave him some jewels that Malayaketu had gifted him. Sometime after this, another of Chanakya's agents, disguised as a jeweller, sold Parvata's jewels to Rakshasa.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=39}}

Sometime later, Rakshasa sent his spies disguised as musicians to Chandragupta's court. But Chanakya knew all about Rakshasa's plans thanks to his spies. In front of Rakshasa's spies, Chanakya and Chandragupta feigned an angry argument. Chandragupta pretended to dismiss Chanakya, and declared that Rakshasa would make a better minister. Meanwhile, Malayaketu had a conversation with Chanakya's spy Bhagurayana while approaching Rakshasa's house. Bhagurayana made Malayaketu distrustful of Rakshasa, by saying that Rakshasa hated only Chanakya, and would be willing to serve Nanda's son Chandragupta. Shortly after this, a messenger came to Rakshasa's house and informed him that Chandragupta had dismissed Chanakya while praising him. This convinced Malayaketu that Rakashasa could not be trusted.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=39}}

Malayaketu then decided to invade Pataliputra without Rakshasa by his side. He consulted the Jain monk Jiva-siddhi to decide an auspicious time for beginning the march. Jiva-siddhi, a spy of Chanakya, told him that he could start immediately.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=39}} Jiva-siddhi also convinced him that Rakshasa was responsible for his father's death, but Bhagurayana persuaded him not to harm Rakshasa. Shortly after, Chanakya's spy Siddharthaka pretended to get caught with a fake letter addressed to Chandragupta by Rakshasa. Wearing the jewels given by Rakshasa, he pretended to be an agent of Rakshasa. The letter, sealed with Rakshasa's signet-ring, informed Chandragupta that Rakshasa only wished to replace Chanakya as the prime minister. It also stated that five of Malayaketu's allies were willing to defect to Chandragupta in return for land and wealth. An angry Malayaketu summoned Rakshasa, who arrived wearing Parvata's jewels that Chanakya's agent had sold him. When Malayaketu saw Rakshasa wearing his father's jewels, he was convinced that there was indeed a treacherous plan against him. He executed his five allies in a brutal manner.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=40}}

The rest of Malayaketu's allies deserted him, disgusted at his treatment of the five slayed allies. Rakshasa managed to escape, tracked by Chanakya's spies. One of Chanakya's spies, disguised as a friend of Chandana-dasa, got in touch with him. He told Rakshasa that Chandana-dasa was about to be executed for refusing to divulge the location of Rakshasa's family. On hearing this, Rakshasa rushed to Pataliputra to surrender and save the life of his loyal friend Chandana-dasa. When he reached Pataliputra, Chanakya, pleased with his loyalty to Chandana-dasa, offered him clemency. Rakshasa pledged allegiance to Chandragupta and agreed to be his prime minister, in return for release of Chandana-dasa and a pardon for Malayaketu. Chanakya then bound his top knot, having achieved his objective, and retired.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=40}}

== Legacy ==
{{see also|:Category:Works about Chanakya}}
Chanakya is regarded as a great thinker and diplomat in India. Many Indian nationalists regard him as one of the earliest people who envisioned a united India spanning the entire [[Indian subcontinent|subcontinent]]. [[National Security Advisor (India)|India's former National Security Advisor]] [[Shiv Shankar Menon]] praised Chanakya's [[Arthashastra]] for its precise and timeless descriptions of power. Furthermore, he recommended reading of the book for broadening the vision on strategic issues.<ref name="India needs to develop its own doctrine for strategic autonomy: NSA">{{cite news|title=India needs to develop its own doctrine for strategic autonomy: NSA|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/india-needs-to-develop-its-own-doctrine-for-strategic-autonomy-nsa/articleshow/16868737.cms|access-date=18 October 2012|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=18 October 2012|agency=Press Trust of India|location=New Delhi}}</ref>

=== Identification with Kautilya, author of the ''Arthashastra'' ===
{{see also|Arthashastra#Authorship|l1=Authorship of the Athashastra}}

{{Quote box
|quote = Arthashastra is serious manual on statecraft, on how to run a state, informed by a higher purpose, clear and precise in its prescriptions, the result of practical experience of running a state. It is not just a normative text but a realist description of the art of running a state.
|source = - [[Shiv Shankar Menon]], [[National Security Advisor (India)|National Security Advisor]]<ref name="India needs to develop its own doctrine for strategic autonomy: NSA"/>
|width = 25%
}}

Traditionally, two books are attributed to Chanakya: ''[[Arthashastra]]'',<ref name="Shamasastry1905">{{cite book |title=Kautilya's Arthashastra |year=1905 |translator-last=Shamasastry|translator-first=R. |url=https://archive.org/details/Arthashastra_English_Translation |access-date=2020-08-23}}</ref> and ''[[Chanakyaniti|Chanakya Niti]]'', also known as ''Chanakya Neeti-shastra'',<ref name="Miles1981">{{cite book |title=Sri Chanakya Niti-shastra; the Political Ethics of Chanakya Pandit Hardcover |year=1981 |translator-first=Miles |translator-last=Davis |translator-first2=V. Badarayana |translator-last2=Murthy |url=http://www.hinduism.co.za/chanakya.htm |access-date=2014-08-15 |publisher=Ram Kumar Press |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716182652/http://www.hinduism.co.za/chanakya.htm |archive-date=16 July 2014}}</ref> a collection of [[aphorism]]s, said to be selected by Chanakya from the various [[shastra]]s.<ref name="Miles1981"/>

Early on, the attribution to Chanakya has been questioned,{{sfn|Kane|1926|p=87}}{{efn-la|'''Early questioning of attribution to Chanakya:''' {{harvtxt|Kane|1926|p=87}}: "Keith [1916] and Winternitz hold that the extant Kautiliya is not the work of the Maurya minister." * {{harvtxt|Bhandarkar|1926|p=67}}: "Soon after the Arthašāstra of Kautalya was published, it came to be more assiduously studied in Europe than even in India; and a view of diametrically opposite character was being formulated, namely, that the work belonged not to the fourth century B. C. but to the fourth century A. D. This is now the view which is generally held by European Sanskritists, and the late Sir Ramkrishna Bhandarkar iś perhaps the only Indian scholar who has expressed a similar opinion.opinion. The arguments on which this view is based were marshalled and enunciated by Prof. Jolly and Prof. Winternitz [1924], and were briefly indicated in a short but lucid note by Prof. Keith [1916]."}} and contemporary scholarship since 1965 rejects this attribution to Chanakya,{{efn-la|name="date_authorship"|See [[Arthashastra#Authorship|Arthashastra, note on dating and authorship]]].}} regarding the ''Arthashastra'' as a compilation of a number of earlier texts written by various authors, which were compiled in a new text around the beginning of the Common Era; this text then underwent a major redaction or expansion at the end of the first century CE or in the second century.{{sfn|Olivelle|2013|loc=Introduction}}{{sfn|McClish|2009}}{{sfn|McClish|2019}}{{sfn|Trautmann|2016}} [[Patrick Olivelle]] states that the oldest layer of text, the "sources of the Kauṭilya", dates from the period 150 BCE–50 CE. The next phase of the work's evolution, the "Kauṭilya Recension", which compiled portions of these sources into a new ''shastra'', can be dated to the period 50–125 CE. Finally, the "Śāstric Redaction" (i.e., the text as we have it today) is dated period 175–300 CE.{{sfn|Olivelle|2013|loc=Introduction}}

The ''Arthashastra'' identifies its author as Kauṭilya, a [[gotra]] or clan name, except for one verse that refers to him by the personal name of Vishnugupta.{{efn-la|{{harvtxt|Trautmann|1971|p=5}}: "the very last verse of the work [...] is the unique instance of the personal name Vishnugupta rather than the ''gotra'' name Kautilya in the ''Arthashastra''." According to Trautmann, Kauṭilya is presumably the name of the author's [[gotra]] (clan). {{harvtxt|Trautmann|1971|p=10}}: "while in his character as author of an ''Arthashastra'' he is generally referred to by his ''[[gotra]]'' name, Kautilya."}} One of the earliest [[Sanskrit literature]]s to identify Chanakya with Vishnugupta explicitly was the ''[[Panchatantra]]'' (2nd c. CE).<ref>Mabbett 1964: "References to the work in other Sanskrit literature attribute it variously to Vishnugupta, Chanakya and Kautilya. The same individual is meant in each case. The Panchatantra explicitly identifies Chanakya with Vishnugupta."</ref>{{request quotation|date=April 2019}} K. C. Ojha proposes that the traditional identification of Vishnugupta with Kauṭilya was caused by a confusion of the text's editor and its originator. He suggests that Vishnugupta was a redactor of the original work of Kauṭilya.<ref name="Mabbett"/>

R. P. Kangle, writing in the 1960s, found the traditional attribution to the Maurya prime minister Chanakya acceptable, therefor dating the Arthashastra to Mauryan times.{{sfn|Olivelle|2013|p=33}} Critical scholarship after Kangle, such as [[Thomas Trautmann]] and [[Patrick Olivelle]], following [[Thomas Burrow]], reject this identification of Chanakya and Kautilya,{{efn-la|name="Trautman_1971_identification"}} as it is a later development from the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta period]]. Trautmann points out that none of the earlier sources that refer to Chanakya mention his authorship of the ''Arthashastra'',{{sfn|Olivelle|2013|p=33}} and Olivelle notes that "the name Canakya, however, is completely absent from the text."{{sfn|Olivelle|2013|p=34}} The identification happens at the penultimate paragraph of the ''Arthashastra'', which states, "without the explicit use of the name Canakya," that the treatise was authored by the person who rescued the country from the [[Nanda Empire|Nanda kings]],"{{sfn|Olivelle|2013|p=34, 36}} that is, the [[Maurya Empire|Maurya]] prime minister Chanakya who played a pivotal role in the overthrow of the Nanda dynasty.

The Guptas tried to present themselves symbolically as the legitimate successors of the Mauryas, even using the names "Chandragupta" and "Gupta," a connection also made in the play ''Mudraraksasa'', composed in the time of the Guptas.{{sfn|Olivelle|2013|p=34}} The verse seems to be a later interpolation, and Olivelle proposes that it was an attempt to identify the author of the political treatise, which was followed by the Guptas, with the renowned Maurya prime minister.{{sfn|Olivelle|2013|p=34-35}}

Several reasons are given for the persistent scholarly attribution to Chanakya, which from the beginning has been "heavily influenced" by this traditional attribution,{{sfn|McClish2009|p=4}} and has led many scholars to an a priori dating to Mauryan times.{{sfn|Olivelle|2013}} One reason is the reception by Indian nationalists, who saw it "as evidence of a pragmatic and virile tradition of self-rule in India’s past."{{sfn|McClish2009|p=3}} According to Trautmann, "[n]ationalist aspirations seemed somehow fortified when the existence of strongly centralized empires and native schools of political theory was shown."{{sfn|McClish2009|p=3}} Furthermore, the identification with Kautilya provided "a link to the most powerful dynasty in South Asian antiquity: the Mauryan Empire,{{sfn|McClish2009|p=3}} and "[g]iven the absolute paucity of sources for this most intriguing era, many scholars seem unable to resist using the Arthaśāstra as a source for the period, despite a decided lack of supporting evidence."{{sfn|McClish2009|p=4}} According to McClish, "the desire on the part of Indologists to possess just such a source seems to have exerted, in general, a strong influence on conclusions about the compositional history of the text."{{sfn|McClish2009|p=4}}

Kautilya's works were lost near the end of the [[Gupta Empire]] in the sixth century CE and not rediscovered until the early 20th century, when the ''Arthashastra'' was discovered in 1905 by librarian [[R. Shamasastry|Rudrapatna Shamasastry]] in an uncatalogued group of ancient [[palm-leaf manuscripts]] donated by an unknown [[pandit]] to the [[Oriental Research Institute Mysore]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Srinivasaraju|first1=Sugata|title=Year of the Guru|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/year-of-the-guru/250522|access-date=17 March 2018|work=Outlook India|date=27 July 2009}}</ref> It discusses [[monetary policy|monetary]] and [[Fiscal policy|fiscal]] policies, [[welfare (financial aid)|welfare]], [[international relations]], and [[military strategy|war strategies]] in detail. The text also outlines the duties of a ruler.<ref>Paul Halsall. [https://resources.saylor.org/wwwresources/archived/site/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/ECON301-1.3.pdf Indian History Sourcebook: Kautilya: from the Arthashastra c. 250 BC] Retrieved 19 June 2012</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=March 2016}} Kautilya uses different terms to describe war other than [[dharma-yuddha]] (just war), such as [[Kutayuddha|kutayudhha]] (unjust war).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Workshop on Kautilya: Creating Strategic Vocabulary|url=https://idsa.in/event/WorkshoponKautilyaCreatingStrategicVocabulary|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-11|website=Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329143043/http://www.idsa.in:80/event/WorkshoponKautilyaCreatingStrategicVocabulary |archive-date=29 March 2013 }}</ref>

Kautilya's work is thought of as an important precursor to [[classical economics]].<ref name="bss.sfsu.edu">Waldauer, C., Zahka, W.J. and Pal, S. 1996. [https://ideas.repec.org/a/dse/indecr/v35y1996i1p101-108.html Kauṭilya's Arthashastra: A neglected precursor to classical economics]. ''Indian Economic Review'', Vol. XXXI, No. 1, pp. 101–108.</ref><ref>Tisdell, C. 2003. [https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:84337 A Western perspective of Kauṭilya's Arthashastra: does it provide a basis for economic science?] ''Economic Theory, Applications and Issues Working Paper No. 18''. Brisbane: School of Economics, The University of Queensland.</ref><ref>Sihag, B.S. 2007. Kauṭilya on institutions, governance, knowledge, ethics and prosperity. ''Humanomics'' 23 (1): 5–28.</ref> and based on the identification of Kautilya with Chanakya, K.N. Jha considers Chanakya as the pioneer of the field of [[political science]] and economics in India, .<ref>L. K. Jha, K. N. Jha (1998). "Chanakya: the pioneer economist of the world", ''International Journal of Social Economics'' '''25''' (2–4), p. 267–282.</ref>

===Naming===
The diplomatic enclave in New Delhi is named [[Chanakyapuri]] in honour of Chanakya. Institutes named after him include [[Training Ship Chanakya]], [[Chanakya National Law University]] and Chanakya Institute of Public Leadership. Chanakya circle in [[Mysore]] has been named after him.<ref>{{Cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=5APECQAAQBAJ&pg=PA8 |title=Chanakya's Views on Administration |last=Yelegaonkar |first=Dr Shrikant |date=23 April 2015 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-1329082809 |pages=8 |language=en}}</ref>{{self-published inline|date=February 2020}}

=== In popular culture ===

====Plays====
Several modern adaptations of the legend of Chanakya narrate his story in a semi-fictional form, extending these legends. In ''[[Chandragupta (play)|Chandragupta]]'' (1911), a play by [[Dwijendralal Ray]], the Nanda king exiles his half-brother Chandragupta, who joins the army of [[Alexander the Great]]. Later, with help from Chanakya and Katyayan (the former Prime Minister of Magadha), Chandragupta defeats Nanda, who is put to death by Chanakya.<ref name= sourcessukumar>{{cite book |last1=Ray |first1= Dwijendralal |editor1-first=Sukumar |editor1-last=Bandyopadhyay |title=Dwijendralaler Chandragupta |trans-title=Chandragupta by Dwindralal |edition=4th |year=1969 |publisher=Modern Book Agency |location=[[Kolkata]] |language=bn |pages=Preface–10–14 |trans-chapter=Preface: Historic References |chapter=Bhumika: Aitihasikata }}</ref>

==== Film and television ====
* The story of Chanakya and Chandragupta was portrayed in the 1977 Telugu film entitled ''[[Chanakya Chandragupta]]''. [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] played the role of Chanakya, while [[N. T. Rama Rao]] portrayed as Chandragupta.<ref>{{Citation|title=Chanakya Chandragupta (1977)|date=25 August 1977|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0259242/|access-date=2017-05-24}}</ref>
* The 1991 TV series ''[[Chanakya (TV series)|Chanakya]]'' is an archetypal account of the life and times of Chanakya, based on the ''Mudrarakshasa.'' The titular role of the same name was portrayed by [[Chandraprakash Dwivedi]]
* ''[[Chandragupta Maurya (2011 TV series)|Chandragupta Maurya]]'', a 2011 TV series on [[NDTV Imagine]] is a biographical series on the life of Chandragupta Maurya and Chanakya, and is produced by [[Sagar Arts]]. [[Manish Wadhwa]] portrays the character of Chanakya in this series.
* The 2015 [[Colors TV]] drama, ''[[Chakravartin Ashoka Samrat]]'', features Chanakya during the reign of Chandragupta's son, Bindusara.
* Chanakya was played by [[Chetan Pandit]] and [[Tarun Khanna (TV actor)|Tarun Khanna]], in the historical-drama television series [[Porus (TV series)|Porus]] in 2017–2018.
* Chanakya was played by [[Tarun Khanna (TV actor)|Tarun Khanna]], in the historical drama TV series [[Chandragupta Maurya (2018 TV series)|Chandragupta Maurya]] in 2018–2019.

====Arthashastra====
* Ashok R. Garde, ''Chanakya on Management'' contains 216 sutras on ''raja-neeti'', each of which has been translated and commented upon.
* [[Ratan Lal Basu]] & Rajkumar Sen: ''Ancient Indian Economic Thought, Relevance for Today'', {{ISBN|81-316-0125-0}}, Rawat Publications, New Delhi, 2008, deals with the economic concepts mentioned in ''Arthashastra'' and their relevance for the modern world.
* In 2009, many eminent experts discussed the various aspects of Kauṭilya's thought in an International Conference held at the Oriental Research Institute in [[Mysore]] (India) to celebrate the centenary of discovery of the manuscript of the [[Arthashastra]] by [[R. Shamasastry]]. Most of the papers presented in the Conference have been compiled in an edited volume by Raj Kumar Sen and [[Ratan Lal Basu]].<ref>Raj Kumar Sen & Ratan Lal Basu (eds): ''Economics in Arthashastra'', {{ISBN|81-7629-819-0}}, Deep& Deep Publications Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2006</ref><ref name=outlook>{{cite news|last=Srinivasaraju |first=Sugata |title=Year of the Guru |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?250522 |access-date=8 March 2012 |newspaper=Outlook India |date=27 July 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012211517/http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?250522 |archive-date=12 October 2012 }}</ref>
* {{cite book | author=Pavan Choudary | title=Chanakya's Political Wisdom | publisher=Wisdom Village Publications Division | isbn=978-81-906555-0-7| date=2 February 2009 | ref=none}}, a political commentary on Chanakya
* {{citation | last= Sihag | first = Balbir Singh | title = Kautilya: The True Founder of Economics | year=2014 | publisher = Vitasta Publishing Pvt.Ltd | isbn = 978-81-925354-9-4 | ref=none}}
* Radhakrishnan Pillai has written a number of books related to Chanakya:
:* "Chanakya in the Classroom: Life Lessons for Students",<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Chanakya in the Classroom: Life Lessons for Students|url=https://rupapublications.co.in/books/chanakya-in-the-classroom-life-lessons-for-students/|access-date=2021-02-06|website=Rupa Publications|language=en-US|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20181205115256/https://rupapublications.co.in/books/chanakya-in-the-classroom-life-lessons-for-students/|archive-date=2018-12-05}}</ref>
:* "Chanakya Neeti: Strategies for Success", "Chanakya in You", "Chanakya and the Art of War", "Corporate Chanakya",<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sethi|first=Vinay|date=December 2015|title=Corporate Citizen|url=https://corporatecitizen.in/issue19/tete-a-tete-the-corporate-chanakya.html|access-date=2021-02-06|website=corporatecitizen.in}}</ref>
:* "Corporate Chanakya on Management" and "Corporate Chanakya on Leadership".<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Books - Radhakrishnan Pillai|url=https://www.crossword.in/books/search?q=Radhakrishnan%20Pillai|access-date=2021-02-06|website=www.crossword.in|language=en|archive-date=28 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628113207/http://www.crossword.in/books/search?q=Radhakrishnan%20Pillai|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==== Fiction ====
* ''Chanakya'' (2001) by B. K. Chaturvedi<ref name="BKChaturvedi2001">{{cite book | author=B. K. Chaturvedi | title=Chanakya | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ArAaNTn7FwIC | access-date=2012-06-06 | year=2001 | publisher=Diamond Pocket Books | isbn=978-81-7182-143-3}}</ref>
* ''[[Chanakya's Chant]]'' by [[Ashwin Sanghi]] is a fictional account of Chanakya's life as a political strategist in ancient India. The novel relates two parallel stories, the first of Chanakya and his machinations to bring Chandragupta Maurya to the throne of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]]; the second, that of a modern-day character called Gangasagar Mishra who makes it his ambition to position a slum child as [[Prime Minister of India]].
* ''[[The Emperor's Riddles]]'' by Satyarth Nayak features popular episodes from Chanakya's life.
* Kauṭilya's role in the formation of the Maurya Empire is the essence of a historical/spiritual novel ''Courtesan and the Sadhu'' by Mysore N. Prakash.<ref>''The Courtesan and the Sadhu, A Novel about Maya, Dharma, and God'', October 2008, Dharma Vision, {{ISBN|978-0-9818237-0-6}}, {{LCCN|2008934274}}</ref>
* Chanakya's contribution to the cultural heritage of Bharat (in Kannada) by [[Shatavadhani Ganesh]] with the title Bharatada Samskrutige Chanakyana Kodugegalu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spiritualbangalore.com/knowledge-center/audios/shatavadhani-dr-r-ganesh/bharatiya-samskrutige-chanakyana-kodugegalu-part-2-shatavadhani-dr-r-ganesh/ |title=Bharatiya Samskrutige Chanakyana Kodugegalu Part 1 – Shatavadhani Dr.R.Ganesh — Spiritual Bangalore |work=spiritualbangalore.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302045721/http://www.spiritualbangalore.com/knowledge-center/audios/shatavadhani-dr-r-ganesh/bharatiya-samskrutige-chanakyana-kodugegalu-part-2-shatavadhani-dr-r-ganesh/ |archive-date=2 March 2014 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Rajamandala]], political theory in the ''Arthashastra''

==Notes==
{{notelist|refs=


{{efn-la|name="Trautman_1971_identification"|{{harvtxt|Trautmann|1971|p=67}}: "T. Burrow ("Cāṇakya and Kauṭalya", ''Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute 48–49'', 1968, pp. 17 ff.) has now shown that Cāṇakya is also a ''[[gotra]]'' name, which in conjunction with other evidence makes it clear that we are dealing with two distinct persons, the minister Cāṇakya of legend and Kauṭilya the compiler of the ''Arthashastra''. Furthermore, this throws the balance of evidence in favor of the view that the second name was originally spelt ''Kauṭalya'', and that after the compiler of the ''Arth'' came to be identified with the Mauryan minister, it was altered to Kauṭilya (as it appears in Āryaśūra, Viśākhadatta and Bāna) for the sake of the pun. We must then assume that the later spelling subsequently replaced the earlier in the ''[[gotra]]'' lists and elsewhere.'"}}

{{efn-la|name="Trautman_1971_semi-legendary"|Semi-legendary:
* {{harvtxt|Trautmann|1971|p=9}}: "the legend of Chanakya"
* {{harvtxt|Trautmann|1971|p=10}}: "To say that the Arthasastra is ascribed to an historical character is to strain the term ‘historical'. Rather, Kautilya, or Canakya as he is more generally called, is a figure of legends which assign him an historical role; the historicity of the person, and much more so of his role, is a matter of some doubt."
* {{harvtxt|Trautmann|1971|p=67}}: "sufficient grounds to believe that Canakya is as historical a figure as Nanda or Candragupta. ... although as hero of the story his role vis-a-vis Candragupta is no doubt exaggerated, it must have been a prominent one to have become current in folk literature. To doubt Canakya’s existence places a greater strain on the imagination: some other origin for the stories of him would have to be found.'}}
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==
{{refbegin}}

* {{cite journal | last =Bhandarkar | first =D. R. | year =1926 | title =Date of Kautalya | journal =Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute | volume =7 | issue =1/2 | pages =65–84 | jstor =44082682 | url =https://www.jstor.org/stable/44082682}}

* {{cite journal | last =Kane| first =P. V. |year =1926 | title =The Artheshastra of Kautilya | journal =Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute | jstor =44082683 | url =https://www.jstor.org/stable/44082683}}

* {{cite book | last =McClish | first =Mark Richard | year =2009 | title =Political Brahmanism and the State: A Compositional History of the Arthaśāstra | publisher =The University of Texas at Austin}}
* {{cite book | last =McClish | first =Mark | year =2019 | title =The History of the Arthasastra | publisher =Cambridge University Press}}


* {{citation | last=Olivelle | first = Patrick | author-link=Patrick Olivelle | title = King, Governance, and Law in Ancient India: Kauṭilya's Arthaśāstra | year=2013 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford UK | isbn = 978-0199891825| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=6MlgU0oQb4sC|access-date=2016-02-20}}

* {{citation |last=Rice |first=B. Lewis |author-link=B. Lewis Rice |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EMUUAAAAYAAJ |title=Epigraphia Carnatica |volume=II: Inscriptions and Sravana Belgola |publisher=Mysore Government Central Press |location=Bangalore |year=1889 }}

* {{citation |last=Singh |first=Upinder |author-link=Upinder Singh |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq2iCwAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Pearson Education]] |year=2016 |isbn=978-93-325-6996-6 |ref={{sfnref|Upinder Singh|2016}} }}

* {{citation |first=Thomas R. |last=Trautmann |author-link=Thomas Trautmann |title=Kauṭilya and the Arthaśāstra: a statistical investigation of the authorship and evolution of the text |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.107863/page/n27/mode/2up |year=1971 |publisher=Brill }}
* {{cite book | last =Trautmann | first =Thomas R. | year = 2016 | title =Arthashastra: The Science of Wealth | publisher =Penguin UK}}

* {{citation |first=Manohar Laxman |last=Varadpande |title=History of Indian Theatre |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fOZB7MbeMrAC&pg=PA223 |year=2005 |publisher=Abhinav |isbn=978-81-7017-430-1 }}
{{refend}}

==External links==

{{commons category|Chanakya}}
{{Wiktionary|Chanakya}}
{{wikiquote}}

* [https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/kautilya-arthashastra Kautilya Arthashastra] English translation by R. Shamasastry 1956 (revised edition with IAST diacritics and interwoven glossary)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140716182652/http://www.hinduism.co.za/chanakya.htm Chanakya Nitishastra]: English translation by Miles Davis.

{{Indian philosophy}}
{{Political philosophy}}

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Chanakya| ]]
[[Category:4th-century BC Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:Hindu philosophers and theologians]]
[[Category:People from the Maurya Empire]]
[[Category:4th-century BC Hindus]]
[[Category:Taxila Tehsil]]
[[Category:Chandragupta Maurya]]
[[Category:Asian people whose existence is disputed]]

Bilaspuri

2026-02-25T11:55:19Z

BrittScotto5: slightly corrected layout and updated info

{{Short description|Western Pahari language of north India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Bilaspuri
| altname = Kahluri
| nativename = 𑚠𑚮𑚥𑚭𑚨𑚞𑚱𑚤𑚯, बिलासपूरी, 𑚊𑚩𑚥𑚱𑚤𑚯, कहलूरी
| states = [[India]]
| region = [[Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh]]
| speakers = {{sigfig|296,000|2}}
| date = 2011
| ref = e25
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4 = [[Northern Indo-Aryan languages|Northern]]
| fam5 = [[Western Pahari]]
| script = [[Devanagari]], [[Takri]]
| nation =
| iso3 = kfs
| glotto = bila1253
| glottorefname = Bilaspuri
| notice = Indic
| image = Bilaspuri language.png
| imagecaption = Bilaspuri and Kahluri written in Takri Script
}}
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}
'''Bilaspuri''' ([[Takri script|Himachali Takri]]: {{Lang|kfs|𑚠𑚮𑚥𑚭𑚨𑚞𑚱𑚤𑚯}}), or '''Kahluri''' ([[Takri script|Takri]]:{{Lang|kfs|𑚊𑚩𑚥𑚱𑚤𑚯}}) is a [[Western Pahari|Western Pahari language]] spoken in northern [[India]], predominantly in the [[Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh|Bilaspur district]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]].<ref name=e25/> It is associated with the people of the former princely state of [[Bilaspur State|Bilaspur]] in the Hills State.

Bilaspuri is classified as one of the varieties of the [[Western Pahari|Himachali language]] group. According to the 2011 Census, the speakers of Bilaspuri/Kahluri are 295,805.<ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf 2011 Census] censusindia.gov.in {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521101450/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf |date=21 May 2020 }}</ref>

The dialect of the hilly part of [[Hoshiarpur district]] is also known as ''Pahāṛī'' ([[Takri script|Takri]]: {{Lang|kfs|𑚞𑚩𑚭𑚪𑚯}}).<ref>{{Cite book| last = Masica| first = Colin P.|author-link = Colin Masica| title = The Indo-Aryan languages| series = Cambridge language surveys| date = 1991| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-0-521-23420-7|page=439}}</ref>

== Phonology ==
=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2| [[Front vowel|Front]]
! rowspan=2 | [[Central vowel|Central]]
! colspan="2" | [[Back vowel|Back]]
|- class=small
|- class=small
! [[Short vowel|short]]
! [[Long vowel|long]]
! short
! long
|-
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
|{{IPA link|ɪ}}, {{IPA link|ʏ}}
| {{IPA link|iː}}, {{IPA link|yː}}
| {{IPA link|ɨ}}
|{{IPA link|ɯ}}, {{IPA link|ʊ}}
| {{IPA link|uː}}
|-
! [[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
|
| {{IPA link|eː}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|ə}}
|
| {{IPA link|oː}}
|-
! [[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
|
| {{IPA link|æː}}
|
| {{IPA link|ɔː}}
|-
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
| colspan=2|
| {{IPA link|ä|aː}}
| colspan=2|
|}

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
! colspan=2|
! [[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
! [[Dental consonant|Dental]]
! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
! [[Postalveolar consonant|Post-alv.]]/ [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan=2| [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPA link|m}}
| {{IPA link|n̪|n}}
|
|{{IPA link|ɳ}}
|
|{{IPA link|ŋ}}
|
|-
! rowspan=2| [[Stop consonant|Stop]]/ [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
! {{small|plain}}
| {{IPA link|p}}⠀{{IPA link|b}}
| {{IPA link|t̪|t}}⠀{{IPA link|d̪|d}}
|
| {{IPA link|ʈ}}⠀{{IPA link|ɖ}}
| {{IPA link|tɕ}}⠀{{IPA link|dʑ}}
| {{IPA link|k}}⠀{{IPA link|ɡ}}
|
|-
! {{small|[[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]}}
| {{IPA link|pʰ}} {{IPA link|bʱ}}
| {{IPA link|tʰ}} {{IPA link|dʱ}}
|
| {{IPA link|ʈʰ}} {{IPA link|ɖʱ}}
| {{IPA link|tɕʰ}} {{IPA link|dʑʱ}}
| {{IPA link|kʰ}} {{IPA link|ɡʱ}}
|
|-
! colspan=2| [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
|
|
| {{IPA link|s}}
|
|
|
| {{IPA link|h}}
|-
! colspan=2| [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|{{IPA link|w}}
| {{IPA link|l̪|l}}
|
|{{IPA link|ɭ}}
| {{IPA link|j}}
|
|
|-
! colspan=2| [[Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
| {{IPA link|r̪|r}}
|
|{{IPA link|ɽ}}
|
|
|
|}

== Dialects ==
Following are the five dialects of Bilaspuri:

# North-east Bilaspuri: (north-east of Kumar Hati); resemblance with [[Mandeali]] and Baghliani dialect of [[Mahasu Pahari|Mahasui]] of [[Arki, India|Arki]] tehsil of [[Solan district]].
# North Bilaspuri: (north of Kumar Hati); resemblance with [[Mandeali]].
# West Bilaspuri: shares resemblance with [[Kangri language|Kangri]].
# Central Bilaspuri: Bilaspur (historic) town and surrounding area; shares resemblance with Baghliani dialect of [[Mahasu Pahari|Mahasui]] of [[Arki, India|Arki]] tehsil of [[Solan district]].
# Davin or Daur: east and south-east of Bilaspur (historic town) shares resemblance with [[Hinduri language|Hinduri]], a dialect of [[Keonthal|Keonthali]] sub group of [[Mahasu Pahari|Mahasui]].

The dialects of Kahluri are so closely allied that one might call them one dialect Kahluri or Bilaspuri.<ref>{{Cite book|title=PLSI The Languages of Himachal Pradesh, Volume Eleven, Part Two|publisher=Orient Blackswan|pages=130}}</ref>

== Writing system ==
The native script of the language is [[Takri script]].
{{wiktionary category 2|Bilaspuri language}}

== Proverbs ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!𑚊𑚩𑚥𑚱𑚤𑚯 (𑚠𑚮𑚥𑚭𑚨𑚞𑚱𑚤𑚯)
!कहलूरी (बिलासपूरी)
!Transliteration (Roman ITRANS)
!Equivalent Idiom in English
|-
|𑚏𑚥𑚯 𑚝𑚯𑚫 𑚈𑚆 𑚀𑚞𑚱𑚫 𑚙𑚲 𑚟𑚮𑚔𑚲𑚢𑚱𑚫𑚩 𑚌𑚴𑚖𑚲𑚣𑚭𑚫𑚤𑚲
|चली नीं ओए अप्पूं ते फिट्टेमूंह गोड्डेयांरे
|chalI nIM oe appUM te phiTTemUMha goDDeyAMre
|A bad workman quarrels with his own tools.
|-
|𑚑𑚠𑚤𑚲 𑚤𑚭 𑚞𑚙𑚶𑚚𑚤 𑚊𑚶𑚦𑚭𑚥𑚮𑚣𑚭
|जबरे रा पत्थर क्वालिया
|jabare rA patthara kvAliyA
|Might is right.
|-
|𑚀𑚞𑚘𑚯𑚣𑚲𑚫 𑚟𑚱𑚔𑚯𑚣𑚲𑚫 𑚝𑚲𑚩𑚤𑚭
|अपणीयें फूटीयें नेहरा
|apaNIyeM phUTIyeM neharA
|Only the wearer knows where the shoe pinches.
|-
|𑚀𑚞𑚘𑚭 𑚨𑚳 𑚀𑚞𑚘𑚭, 𑚞𑚤𑚭𑚣𑚭 𑚨𑚳 𑚞𑚤𑚭𑚣𑚭
|अपणा से अपणा, पराया से पराया
|apaNA se apaNA, parAyA se parAyA
|Blood is thicker than water.
|-
|𑚜𑚲𑚥𑚭 𑚁𑚃 𑚑𑚭𑚫𑚛𑚭 𑚞𑚤 𑚠𑚲𑚥𑚭 𑚝𑚃𑚫 𑚉𑚫𑚛𑚭
|धेला आई जांदा पर बेला नईं औंदा
|dhelA AI jAMdA para belA naIM auMdA
|Time once lost cannot be got back
|-
|𑚜𑚭𑚝𑚭𑚤𑚲 𑚸𑚲𑚙 𑚞𑚤𑚭𑚥𑚭 𑚙𑚲 𑚝𑚑𑚤𑚯 𑚁𑚃 𑚑𑚭𑚫𑚛𑚲/
𑚑𑚮𑚝𑚲𑚫 𑚤𑚵𑚫𑚛𑚲𑚣𑚭𑚫 𑚑𑚭𑚘𑚭 𑚙𑚮𑚝𑚲 𑚢𑚤𑚱𑚤𑚲𑚣𑚭𑚫 𑚤𑚯 𑚃 𑚸𑚠𑚤 𑚥𑚶𑚣𑚭𑚅𑚘𑚯
|धानारे खेत पराला ते नजरी आई जांदे/
जिनें रौंदेयां जाणा तिने मरूरेयां री ई खबर ल्याऊणी
|dhAnAre kheta parAlA te najarI AI jAMde/
jineM rauMdeyAM jANA tine marUreyAM rI I khabara lyAUNI
|Coming events cast their shadows beforehand.
|-
|𑚩𑚲𑚥 𑚠𑚲𑚠𑚲 𑚩𑚲𑚥 𑚢𑚲𑚤𑚭 𑚀𑚫𑚌𑚘 𑚙𑚲𑚤𑚯 𑚛𑚲𑚩𑚥𑚷
|हेल बेबे हेल मेरा अंगण तेरी देहळ
|hela bebe hela merA aMgaNa terI dehaLa
|To waste time by loitering.
|-
|𑚠𑚩𑚰𑚆 𑚏𑚑𑚶𑚑𑚲-𑚏𑚭𑚤𑚲𑚫 𑚝𑚯𑚫 𑚈𑚫𑚌𑚯 𑚙𑚭𑚫 𑚌𑚥𑚶𑚥𑚲𑚫 𑚛𑚲𑚸𑚲𑚣𑚭𑚫 𑚁𑚤𑚛𑚯
|बहुए चज्जे-चारें नीं ओंगी तां गल्लें देखेयां आरदी
|bahue chajje-chAreM nIM oMgI tAM galleM dekheyAM AradI
|If not competent in deeds, why not boast in words?
|-
|𑚜𑚯𑚆 𑚜𑚢𑚭𑚊𑚪𑚭 𑚊𑚝𑚶𑚝 𑚊𑚤 𑚠𑚩𑚰𑚆
|धीए धमाकड़ा कन्न कर बहुए
|dhIe dhamAka.DA kanna kara bahue
|To speak to someone but to mean it for some other.
|-
|𑚑𑚮𑚨𑚤𑚲 𑚀𑚙𑚶𑚚𑚲 𑚥𑚴𑚃 𑚙𑚮𑚨𑚤𑚭 𑚨𑚠 𑚊𑚴𑚃
|जिसरे अत्थे लोई तिसरा सब कोई
|jisare atthe loI tisarA saba koI
|One who can reward can win hearts
|-
|𑚸𑚶𑚦𑚭𑚑𑚲𑚤𑚭 𑚌𑚶𑚦𑚭' 𑚢𑚮𑚖𑚊
|ख्वाजेरा ग्वाऽ मिडक
|khvAjerA gvA.a miDaka
|Birds of same feather flock together
|-
|𑚠𑚲𑚛𑚲 𑚁𑚃 𑚑𑚫𑚌 𑚙𑚭𑚫 𑚠𑚮𑚝 𑚊𑚰𑚪𑚮𑚣𑚲 𑚤𑚲 𑚊𑚝𑚶𑚝
|बेदे आई जंग तां बिन कुड़िये रे कन्न
|बेदे आई जंग तां बिन कुड़िये रे कन्न
|
|}

== Status ==
The language is commonly called [[Pahari language|Pahari]] or [[Western Pahari|Himachali]]. Before independence there were certain institutions which enjoyed states patronage to publish in Kahluri. All of these institutions today lie in ruins since independence to favour Hindi. With no institute that imparts teaching for this language, the language/dialect is endangered due to dominance of other recognised languages like Hindi.

The demand for the inclusion of 'Pahari (Himachali)' under the Eight Schedule of the Constitution, which is supposed to represent multiple Pahari languages of Himachal Pradesh, had been made in the year 2010 by the [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|state's Vidhan Sabha]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Pahari Inclusion|work=Zee News|url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/himachal-pradesh/hp-for-inclusion-of-pahari-language-in-eighth-schedule_615857.html}}</ref> There has been no positive progress on this matter since then even when small organisations are striving to save the language.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Pahari Inclusion|work=The Statesman|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/demand-for-pahari-as-language-in-8th-schedule-of-constitution-1479046804.html}}</ref> The language is recorded under Western Pahari group of languages, which was done on the basis of the conclusion made by linguists.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/subgroups/western-pahari|title=Western Pahari|accessdate=8 March 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{incubator|kfs}}
* Singh, Amitjit. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20011201045942/http://asnic.utexas.edu/asnic/sagar/sagar4.1.html#RTFToC1#RTFToC1 The Language Divide in Punjab.]" ''Sagar'', Volume 4, Number 1, Spring 1997.

{{Western Pahari languages}}

[[Category:Indo-Aryan languages]]
[[Category:Northern Indo-Aryan languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Languages written in Takri]]
[[Category:Languages written in Devanagari]]
[[Category:Endangered languages of India]]

{{IndoAryan-lang-stub}}

Madhav National Park

2026-02-23T04:56:44Z

BrittScotto5: further update article per sources also and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|National park in India}}
{{Refimprove|date=May 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox Protected area
| name = Madhav National Park
| iucn_category = II
| image = Mnp1.jpg
| image_caption = Forest in Madhav National Park
| map = India Madhya Pradesh#India
| map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh
| location = [[Madhya Pradesh]], India
| nearest_city = [[Shivpuri]] around 9km away
| coordinates = {{coord|25.50|N|77.82|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| area_km2 = 354
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| visitation_num = around 500 people
| visitation_year = every year
| governing_body =
| module = {{Designation list
| embed = yes
| designation1 = Ramsar
| designation1_offname = Sakhya Sagar
| designation1_date = 7 January 2022
| designation1_number = 2483<ref name="RSIS">{{Cite web|title=Sakhya Sagar|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2483|access-date=7 August 2022}}</ref>}}
| established =
}}
'''Madhav National Park''' is a national park in [[Shivpuri District]] of [[Gwalior division]] in northwest [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]. It was established in 1956 with {{cvt|167|km2}} as Shivpuri National Park. In 1958, it was renamed Madhav National Park after [[Madho Rao Scindia]] and was finalized the following year.<ref name="Tiwari" /> Sakhya Sagar, a reservoir within the park, has been designated as a [[Ramsar site]] in 2022.<ref name="RSIS"/>

Two national highways pass through the park, the [[Gwalior]] to [[Bombay]] former [[National Highway 3 (India, old numbering)|National Highway 3]] and the [[Jhansi]] to [[Shivpuri]] [[National Highway 27 (India)|National Highway 27]].<ref name="Tiwari">{{Cite book |last=Tiwari |first=S. K. |year=1998 |chapter=Madhav National Park |title=National Parks of Madhya Pradesh: State of Bio Diversity and Human Infringement |location=New Delhi |publisher=APH Publishing |pages=148–166 |isbn=978-81-7024-950-4}}</ref>

==History==
The dense forests of Sipri later came to be known as Shivpuri doubled up as hunting grounds for Mughal emperors since the 16th century. Since then Mughal princes, Rajputana rulers, Gwalior royals and British dignitaries travelled to this area for hunting sprees. Therefore it came to be known as royal hunting park or Majestic Park due to high movement of Kings and high ranking british officials including British Monarch and Viceroys.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhagat |first=M. |date=2025 |title=Once A Royal Ground For Mughals, This National Park Is Now India's 58th Tiger Reserve |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/travel/news/once-a-royal-hunting-ground-for-mughals-this-national-park-in-madhya-pradesh-is-now-indias-58th-tiger-reserve-article-118835326 |access-date=12 March 2025 |website=Times now}}</ref>

[[File:George Castle, Madhav National Park, Shivpuri.jpg|thumb|George Castle]]
George Castle was built in 1911 at an elevation of {{cvt|484.0|m}}. It was built for [[George V]] who had intended to stay there during his visit to India.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sengar |first=R. |date=2018 |title=The charms of Shivpuri in Madhya Pradesh |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/the-charms-of-shivpuri-in-madhya-pradesh/as65579178.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828224156/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/the-charms-of-shivpuri-in-madhya-pradesh/as65579178.cms |archive-date=28 August 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

After the independence of India, the area suffered degradation.<ref name="Tiwari" /> Agriculture and mining encroached on the former hunting grounds. Although the park was noticed in 1956, at 167 km2, as '''Shivpuri National Park''' and became the renamed Madhav National Park in 1959, degradation continued.<ref name="Tiwari" /><ref name="Roy" /> The last of the resident wild tigers were seen in Madhav National Park in the late 1970s. In 1982, a plan to add a new part of the park parallel to the [[Chambal River]] was proposed. This expansion area included a corridor joining it to the original {{cvt|167|km2}}.<ref name="Tiwari" />

In the 1990s, there was little effort to improve the conditions in the park. [[Illegal mining]] and questionable mining permits led to significant degradation in the park, so that in the 1990s conservationists took the matter to the [[Supreme Court of India]] and by 1998 received an injunction terminating mining in the area.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shrivastava |first=P. P. |display-authors=etal |date=2017 |title=District Tourism Master Plan for Shivpuri Draft Report |publisher=Design and Planning Consultants (DPC) |location=[[Bhopal]] |page=43 |url=https://docplayer.net/79213896-District-tourism-master-plan-for-shivpuri-draft-report-july-client-district-tourism-promotion-council-dtpc-shivpuri.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527030555/https://docplayer.net/79213896-District-tourism-master-plan-for-shivpuri-draft-report-july-client-district-tourism-promotion-council-dtpc-shivpuri.html |archive-date=27 May 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 1 December 2024, the technical committee of the [[National Tiger Conservation Authority]] (NTCA) proposed to recognize Madhav National Park as a Tiger Reserve which will span {{cvt|1751|km2}} featuring a core area of {{cvt|375|km2}} and a buffer area of {{cvt|1276|km2}}. Furthermore, the committee has also approved the release of one tiger and one tigress into the park.<ref>{{cite news |title=Not Madhav National Park, but Rathapani forest notified as eighth tiger reserve in Madhya Pradesh |url=https://www.mid-day.com/lifestyle/nature-and-wildlife/article/ratapani-forest-notified-as-eighth-tiger-reserve-in-madhya-pradesh-23439720 |access-date=4 December 2024 |work=Mid-day}}</ref>

==Geography==
There are several small ponds in this national park, but the largest body of water is Sankhya Sagar, a [[reservoir]],<ref>[https://www.google.com/maps/place/25%C2%B028'00.0%22N+77%C2%B045'00.0%22E/@25.3969754,77.7187696,6755m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x0!8m2!3d25.466667!4d77.75?hl=en Google maps]</ref> constructed for [[Madho Rao Scindia]] when it was still his hunting grounds.<ref name="Tiwari" /> He also had constructed a second smaller reservoir by damming Manihar River, Madhav Sagar, known as Madhav Lake.<ref name="Tiwari" /> A third reservoir was not included in the park.<ref name="Tiwari" />

Located in the [[ecoregion]] of [[Khathiar-Gir dry deciduous forests]],<ref name="WWF, SA: NI">{{WWF ecoregion |id=im0206 |name=Khathiar-Gir dry deciduous forests |access-date=2017-01-29}}</ref> this national park has a varied terrain of [[forest]]ed [[hills]] and flat [[grasslands]] around the reservoir and is thus rich in [[biodiversity]]. The average rainfall is 816 mm.<ref name="Roy">{{Cite journal|last1=Roy |first1=P. S. |last2=Ravan |first2=Shirish A. |year=1996 |title=Biomass estimation using satellite remote sensing data—An investigation on possible approaches for natural forest |journal=Journal of Biosciences |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=535–561 |doi=10.1007/BF02703218 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225623869}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Wildlife of India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Madhav National Park}}
* {{Cite map|title=Madhav National Park |url=https://docplayer.net/docs-images/79/79213896/images/50-0.jpg |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527025642/https://docplayer.net/docs-images/79/79213896/images/50-0.jpg |archive-date=27 May 2020 |url-status=live}}

{{National Parks of India}}
{{Ramsar sites in India}}

[[Category:Khathiar-Gir dry deciduous forests]]
[[Category:National parks in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1959]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Shivpuri district]]
[[Category:1959 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Ramsar sites in India]]

Emigration Act, 1983

2026-02-15T05:41:07Z

BrittScotto5:

{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}

{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = Emigration Act, 1983
| legislature = [[Parliament of India]]
| long_title = An Act to consolidate and amend the law relating to emigration of citizens of India.
| citation = [https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/1779/1/198331.pdf Act No. 31 of 1983]
| territorial_extent = whole of India
| enacted_by = [[Lok Sabha]]
| date_passed = 12 August 1983
| enacted_by2 = [[Rajya Sabha]]
| date_passed2 = 25 August 1983
| assented_by = President
| date_assented = 10 September 1983
| date_commenced = 30 December 1983
| bill = Emigration Bill, 1983
| introduced_by = [[Veerendra Patil]], [[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Minister of Labour and Rehabilitation]]
| date_introduced = 10 August 1983
| passed = 12 August 1983
| introduced_by2 = [[Veerendra Patil]], [[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Minister of Labour and Rehabilitation]]
| passed2 = 25 August 1983
| date_amendments_considered =
| date_final_passage =
| repeals = Emigration Act, 1922
| status = in force
}}

The '''Emigration Act, 1983''' is an Act passed by the [[Government of India]] to regulate emigration of people from India, with the stated goal of reducing fraud or exploitation of Indian workers recruited to work overseas. The Act imposed a requirement of obtaining '''emigration clearance''' (also called '''POE clearance''') from the office of Protector of Emigrants (POE), [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] for people emigrating from India for work. As of 2017, this requirement applies only for people going to one of 18 listed countries.<ref name="ecr">{{cite web|url = https://boi.gov.in/content/encrecr|title = ECNR/ECR|publisher = Bureau of Immigration, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|access-date = December 10, 2017}}</ref><ref name="epcom-fulltext">{{cite web|url = http://www.epcom.org/Emigration-Act-1983.pdf|title = The Emigration Act, 1983 {{sic|Alongw|ith|nolink=y}} The Emigration Rules, 1983, As Amended by Emigration (Amendment) Rules, 2004 vide GSR 143(E), dt. 26-2-2004, w.e.f. 15-3-2004|access-date = December 10, 2017}}</ref><ref name="emigration-and-you">{{cite web|url = http://mea.gov.in/images/pdf/emigration_and_you_new.pdf|title = Emigration and You|publisher = Government of India|access-date = December 10, 2017}}</ref><ref name="goi-fulltext">{{cite web|url = https://emigrate.gov.in/ext/static/emig-act.pdf|title = The Emigration Act, 1983|access-date = December 10, 2017|publisher = Government of India}}</ref>

== Background ==

Indians emigrated, both temporarily and permanently, to a number of countries, including the [[United States]], [[United Kingdom]], [[Germany]], [[Canada]], [[Australia]], and the economies of Southeast Asia. The bulk of emigration from the 1970s onward was to the [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf]].<ref name=emigration-and-you/> Recruiting agents played a role in connecting workers to foreign jobs and charged the workers or the employers some share of the revenue. The Emigration Act, 1983 was passed to address concerns related to defrauding and exploitation of workers by the recruiting agents and other problems they might face upon going abroad.<ref name=emigration-and-you/>

== Provisions ==

=== Creation of the office of Protector of Emigrants (Chapter II) ===

Chapter II, Section 3 of the Act provided that the Central Government may appoint a Protector General of Emigrants and as many Protectors of Emigrants (POE) as it sees fit, as well as their respective areas of operation. Later Sections of Chapter II defined the duties of Protectors of Emigrants in more detail, provided for emigration check-points, and provided for other emigration officers.<ref name=epcom-fulltext/><ref name=emigration-and-you/>{{rp|7}}

=== Registration of recruiting agents (Chapter III) ===

The Act made the Protector General of Emigrants and other Protectors of Emigrants the authorities who could register recruiting agents. A person could operate as a recruiting agent for emigrants only if registered. The Act also provided details on the application, terms and conditions, renewal, and cancellation of registration.<ref name=epcom-fulltext/><ref name=emigration-and-you/>{{rp|7}}

=== Permits for recruitment by employers (Chapter IV) ===

All employers were required to recruit either through a recruiting agent with a valid registration, or obtain a permit for recruitment. The procedure for obtaining, validity period, and cancellation of permits was detailed in the law.<ref name=epcom-fulltext/>

=== Emigration clearance (Chapter V) ===

Any citizen of India seeking to emigrate was required to have emigration clearance from the Protectorate of Emigrants (POE). The application process for emigration clearance, and potential grounds for rejection, were detailed.<ref name=epcom-fulltext/>

As of 2017, passport holders could either have ECR status (emigration check required) in which case they need to obtain emigration clearance, or have ECNR status (emigration check not required) in which case they do not need to obtain emigration clearance.<ref name=emigration-and-you/> The ECR/ECNR distinction does not appear to have been stated in the original language of the Emigration Act, 1983, which seems to suggest that anybody emigrating for work is required to obtain emigration clearance.<ref name=epcom-fulltext/> The requirements for getting to ECNR status have been progressively relaxed over time, starting from being restricted to people such as graduates and income tax payers and now applying to a much wider set of people including those who have completed matriculation (class 10 of school).<ref>{{cite news|url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/ecnr-stamp-not-required-for-class-10-graduates/article18486107.ece|title = ECNR stamp not required for class 10 graduates|last = Ravikaran|first = G.|newspaper = [[The Hindu]]|date = November 29, 2006|access-date = December 10, 2017}}</ref>

=== Other provisions ===

* Chapter VI described the appeals process
* Chapter VII provided details on offences and penalties
* Chapter VIII covered miscellaneous items

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:1983 in Indian law]]
[[Category:Emigration policy]]
[[Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 1983]]

Rajput

2026-02-11T09:49:41Z

BrittScotto5: small edit

{{short description|Social community of South Asia}}
{{other uses|Rajput (disambiguation) }}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{infobox caste
| caste_name = '''Rajput'''
| caste_name_in_local =
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| varna =
| jati =
| classification =
| gotra =
| veda =
| kula_daivat =
| kula_devi =
| devak =
| religions = Majority: [[Hinduism]] [[file:Om symbol.svg|20x20px]] Minority: [[Islam]] [[file:Allah-green.svg|20x20px]] • [[Sikhism]] [[file:Khanda.svg|20x20px]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cohen |first1=Stephen Philip |title=The idea of Pakistan |date=2006 |publisher=Brookings Institution Press |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=978-0815715030 |pages=35–36 |edition=Rev. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=42XRDAAAQBAJ&q=pakistan+RAJPUT+tribe+conversion&pg=PP1 |access-date=18 July 2017}}</ref>
| languages = [[Hindi]]-[[Urdu]], [[Haryanvi]], [[Bundeli language|Bundeli]], [[Bagheli language|Bagheli]], [[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi]], [[Marwari language|Marwari]], [[Mewari language|Mewari]], [[Shekhawati language|Shekhawati]], [[Dhundari language|Dhundari]], [[Malwi language|Malwi]], [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TcvjAAAAMAAJ&q=bhojpuri+language+rajput |title=Folk-lore, Volume 21 |access-date=9 April 2017 |pages=79 |year=1980}}</ref> [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]], [[Braj Bhasha]], [[Angika]], [[Magahi language|Magahi]], [[Maithili language|Maithili]],<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gZDXAAAAMAAJ&q=Maithila |title=Samaskaras in Indian Tradition and Culture |access-date=4 March 2017 |pages=195 |isbn=9788175411401 |last1=Roy |first1=Ramashray |date=1 January 2003|publisher=Shipra Publications }}</ref> [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Western Pahari language|Western Pahari]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[Kumaoni language|Kumaoni]], [[Garhwali language|Garhwali]]
| country = • {{flag|India}} • {{flag|Pakistan}} • {{flag|Nepal}}
| state =
| populated_states =[[Rajasthan]] • [[Gujarat]] • [[Madhya Pradesh]] • [[Haryana]] • [[Punjab, India|Indian Punjab]] • [[Punjab, Pakistan|Pakistani Punjab]] • [[Himachal Pradesh]] • [[Uttarakhand]] • [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] • [[Azad Kashmir]] • [[Uttar Pradesh]] • [[Bihar]] • [[Maharashtra]]<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=78rfCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA217 |page=217 |title=Rise of the Plebeians?: The Changing Face of the Indian Legislative Assemblies (Exploring the Political in South Asia) |editor1=Christophe Jaffrelot |editor2=Sanjay Kumar |author=Rajendra Vora |publisher=Routledge India |year=2009 |isbn=9781136516627 |quote=[In Maharashtra]The Lingayats, the Gujjars and the Rajputs are three other important castes which belong to the intermediate category. The lingayats who hail from north Karnataka are found primarily in south Maharashtra and Marthwada while Gujjars and Rajputs who migrated centuries ago from north India have settled in north Maharashtra districts.}}</ref> • [[Sindh]]
| region = •[[North India|Northern India]] 
•[[Western India]]
| ethnicity =
| population =
| family_names =
| endogamous =
| notable_members =
| related =
| historical_grouping =
| disputed_grouping =
| status = [[Forward caste]] (except in [[Karnataka]])
}}

'''Rājpūt''' ({{ipa|hi|ɾaːd͡ʒpuːt̪|ipa}}, from [[Sanskrit]] ''rājaputra'' meaning "son of a king"), also called '''Thākur''' ({{ipa|hi|ʈʰaːkʊɾ|ipa}}),<ref>
*{{Cite book|title=Communities, Segments, Synonyms, Surnames and Titles|author=[[Kumar Suresh Singh]]|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|page=1706|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bfAMAQAAMAAJ&dq=Rajput+thakur+synonymous&pg=PA1706|year=1996|isbn=978-0-19-563357-3 }}
*{{Cite book|title=Theft of an Idol|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q55rb_-NnugC&q=Rajput+is+used+interchangeably+with+Rajput+&pg=PA151|publisher=Princeton University Press|page=151|isbn=9780691026503|author=Paul R. Brass|year=1997|quote=Thakur is used interchangeably with Rajput to refer to persons from this cluster of upper castes. Thakur is really the common title used for persons of this caste grouping, as Pandit is for the Brahman castes.}}</ref> is a large multi-component cluster of castes, kin bodies, and local groups, sharing social status and ideology of genealogical descent originating from the northern part of the [[Indian subcontinent]]. However, the derivation from ''rājaputra'' is misleading because although many Rajputs belonged to some ruling clans, the majority of the Rajput community were common agricultural laborers whose main source of income was farming.<ref>{{cite book | last=Eraly | first=Abraham | title=The First Spring: The Golden Age of India | publisher=Penguin Books Limited | date=2011-07-16 | isbn=978-81-8475-569-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5JnBfFVb2XIC&pg=PT152| page= 152|quote=The term Rajputs means 'sons of rajas', but this appellation is not to be taken literally. Though a good number of the Rajputs belonged to one or the other of the numerous ruling clans that constituted the Rajput polity, the vast majority of the Rajputs were common peasants eking out a bare subsistence from their arid land.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Collins Dictionary|peasant}}</ref> The term ''Rajput'' covers various [[patrilineal]] clans historically associated with [[warrior]]hood: several clans claim Rajput status, although not all claims are universally accepted. According to modern scholars, almost all Rajput clans originated from [[peasant]] or [[Pastoralism|pastoral]] communities.

Over time, the Rajputs emerged as a social class comprising people from a variety of ethnic and geographical backgrounds. From the 12th to 16th centuries, the membership of this class became largely hereditary, although new claims to Rajput status continued to be made in later centuries. Several [[List of Rajput dynasties and states|Rajput-ruled kingdoms]] played a significant role in many regions of central and [[North India|northern India]] from the seventh century onwards.

The Rajput population and the former Rajput states are found in northern, western, central and eastern India, as well as southern and eastern Pakistan. These areas include [[Rajasthan]], [[Delhi]], [[Haryana]], [[Gujarat]], [[Punjab, India|Eastern Punjab]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Western Punjab]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[West Bengal]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Jammu region|Jammu]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[Bihar]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Sindh]] and [[Azad Kashmir]].

In terms of religious affiliation, in 1988 it was estimated that out of a total Rajput population of roughly 38 million in the Indian subcontinent, the majority, 30 million (79%) were Hindus, nearly 8 million (19.9%) were followers of [[Islam]] (mostly concentrated in [[Pakistan]]) while slightly less than 200,000 (0.5%) were [[Sikhs]].<ref>Sukhbir Singh, "[https://apgin.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Vol-10_1988.pdf Distributional Pattern of the Major Agricultural Communities (Ahirs, Gujars, Jats and Rajputs) in Their Traditional Abode of the North-Western Indian Subcontinent]", ''Population Geography'', Vol. 10, Nos. 1 and 2, June–December 1988, pp. 1–17, table 2 on p. 6. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240815183749/https://apgin.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Vol-10_1988.pdf Archived] 23 June 2025.</ref>

==Etymology and early references==
===''Rājaputra''===
The word ''Rājaputra'' ({{Langx|sa|राजपुत्र}}; literally "son of a king") finds mention in some ancient [[Hindu]] scriptures like the ''[[Rigveda]]'', ''[[Ramayana]]'' and ''[[Mahabharata]]''.{{sfn|Rima Hooja|2006|p=181}} According to Sabita Singh, the word first appears in a sense other than its literal meaning in the 7th century [[Bakhshali manuscript]] from [[North-West Frontier Province|NWFP]] in reference to a mercenary soldier, while in the 8th century [[Chachnama]] of [[Sindh]], it is used for elite horsemen.<ref name=sab>{{cite book|title=The Politics of Marriage in India Gender and Alliance in Rajasthan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0bSmDwAAQBAJ&dq=Chachnama+rajput&pg=PT22
|isbn=9780199098286|author=Sabita Singh| date=27 May 2019 |page=2|publisher=Oxford University Press |quote=Deeply set in the minds of historians of all hues is the association of medieval Rajasthan with the Rajputs. This is so deeply set indeed that one tends to forget that the earliest reference to the ''Rajputra'', in a sense other than that of a prince, comes not from the records of Rajasthan, but occurs in the Bakhshali manuscript (seventh century) from North West Frontier Province, in the sense of mercenary soldier and as Irfan Habib points out in the ''Chachnama'' (eighth century) of Sind, in the sense of an elite horsemen.}}</ref> A late 11th century inscription from [[Mount Abu]] talks of "all the ''rājaputras'' of the illustrious ''Rājaputra'' clan".{{sfn|Brajadulal Chattopadhyaya|1994|p=83|loc="a Mt. Abu inscription of the late eleventh century speaks of ‘all the ''rājaputras'' of the illustrious ''Rājaputra'' clan.}} In [[Kalhana]]'s ''[[Rajatarangini|Rājatarangiṇī]]'' (12th century), the ''rājaputras'' appear as mercenary soldiers claiming high status on account of birth.<ref>
*{{cite book|editor=J.S. Grewal |year=2005 |title=The State and Society in Medieval India |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=148 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LKkBJyKdoZ8C&q=The%20State%20and%20Society%20in%20Medieval%20India |isbn=0195667204|quote=Somadeva's Kathāsaritsāgara, composed in Kashmir between 1063 and 1081, shows the rājaputras as mercenary soldiers of some status. There is much evidence to the same effect in Kalhana's Rājatarangini (1149-50), the great history of Kashmir. In an early reference, relating to an incident of the eighth century, the rājaputra could be both a prince and a notable warrior. But early in the eleventh century, the sense of warrior is clear. The rājaputras lead the Kashmiri army sent to assist Shahi Trilochanapāla against Mahmud of Ghazni. A rājaputra is said to be one who has his pay and carries arms, and must therefore be loyal to his master...The rājaputras began to form a loose federation of castes well before the twelfth century in a manner characteristic of the Indian social system. Kalhana regards them as immigrants into Kashmir, one of them coming from as far as Champa (eastern Bihar). And yet they had begun to claim a very high position on account of their birth. Kalhana refers to 'those Rājaputras, Anantapāla and the rest, who claim descent from the thirty-six families, and who in their pride would not concede a higher position to the sun himself'.}}
*{{cite journal|last=Wink|first=Andre |year=2002 |title=The Mahārājas of India |publisher=Brill.com |url=https://brill.com/display/book/9789004483002/B9789004483002_s009.xml?rskey=O3hW42&result=1 |journal=Al-Hind, Volume 1 Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7th-11th Centuries |pages=219–358 |doi=10.1163/9789004483002_009 |isbn=978-90-04-48300-2 |quote=Page 232 — The earliest extant and most important of these chronicles is the ''Rājatarangiṇī'' or 'Stream of Kings', compiled by Kalhana in about 1150 A.D. Page 239 — Royal troops are then regularly seen engaging in expeditions against various ''dāmara'' chiefs. The mainstay of these royal troops were evidently the 'Rājaputras' and other mercenaries from outside of Kashmir, whose 'bravery' Kalhana contrasts with the conspicuous 'cowardice' of the ''dāmara'' and the rest of the Kashmirian population.|url-access=subscription }}</ref> An inscription from [[Chittor]] (1301) mentions three generations of ''rājaputras''.{{sfn|Brajadulal Chattopadhyaya|1994|p=83|loc="A Chitor inscription of AD 1301 mentions three generations of ''rājaputras'',..}}

B.D Chattopadhyay says that according to the references to ''rajputras'' in medieval and early medieval sources, they represent a mixed caste that constituted a large section of "petty chiefs holding estates".{{sfn|Brajadulal Chattopadhyaya|1994|p=62|ps=:If the early medieval and medieval references to rajputras in general are taken into account, they represent a mixed caste and constituted a fairly large sections of petty chiefs holding estates.}}
Thus, the ''Rajputra'' covers all levels from the actual son of a king to the lowest level landholder.{{sfn|Brajadulal Chattopadhyaya|1994|p=83|ps=:It is understandable then that among the ruling elites, rajputra covered a wide range, from the actual son of a king to the lowest ranking landholder.}} The term is used for a prince under the [[Chahamana]]s but for the lowest ranking "fief" holder under the [[Chalukya]]s.<ref>{{cite book|quote=Irfan Habib says: ''Rajaputras'', for example is used for a prince under Cahamanas, but for the lowest ranking "fief" holder under the Chalukyas. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oh7ICQAAQBAJ&dq=rajaputra+irfan+habib&pg=PT106 |title=Warfare in Pre-British India - 1500BCE to 1740CE |year=2015 |author=Kaushik Roy |isbn=978-1317586913 |publisher=Taylor & Francis}}</ref> According to some scholars, the term ''rajputra'' was reserved for the immediate relatives of a king; scholars like BD Chattopadhyay believe that it was used for a larger group of high-ranking men.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=119}}

===''Thakur''===

According to B.D Chattopadhyay, from 700 CE, north India's political and military landscape was dominated by large [[Kshatriya]] landowners called ''thakurs'', some of whom were descended from pastoral tribes and central Asian invaders; they later came to be known as Rajputs.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Routledge History of Global War and Society |editor=Matthew S. Muehlbauer, David J. Ulbrich |year=2018 |isbn=978-1317533184| publisher=Routledge |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1EBNDwAAQBAJ&dq=from+700+CE,+North+India%27s+political+and+military+landscape+was+dominated+by+large+Kshatriya+landowners&pg=RA1-PA1931|page=1931 |quote=The rise of the Rajputs constituted a landmark in Indian military history. Imperial historians identified the Rajputs as one of the Aryan martial races. More recently, Brajadulal Chattopadhyay (1994) has offered a social perspective about their rise to power. He writes that from 700 BCE, large Kshatriya landowners known as ''thakurs'' dominated the political and military landscape of north India. Eventually known as Rajputs, some had descended from the pastoral tribes and central Asian invaders who had merged with the settled society of north India.}}</ref> [[Andre Wink]] notes that the military nobility of Sindh ruler [[Raja Dahir|Dahir]] to which the [[Chachnama]] (8th century) and [[Al-Baladhuri]] (9th century) refer as ''thakurs'' can be seen as Rajputs in the original sense of the word.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g2m7_R5P2oAC&dq=Chachnama+rajput&pg=PA155|title=Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval and the expansion of Islam|page=155|year=2002|publisher=Brill|isbn=0391041738 }}</ref>

===''Rajput''===

The term ''rajput'' is derived from the Sanskrit word ''rājaputra''.<ref name=EB>
*{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/490157/Rajput |title=Rajput |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=3 November 2024}}
*{{cite web|website=encyclopaedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/anthropology-and-archaeology/people/rajputs#:~:text=%22Rajput%22%20identifies%20numerous%20ksatriya%20or,states%20into%20the%20Rajputana%20Province.|title=Rajputs|access-date=3 November 2024}}
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aVd9xS4yo04C&dq=Rajput+derived+from+rajaputra&pg=PA77 |page=77 |author=Vipul Singh |publisher=Macmillan |quote=These so called 'warrior castes' were in effect nothing but military ruling clans which coalecsed into a single caste, that of the Rajputs, the term being derived from the Sanskrit word ''Rajaputra''. |year=2008|title=Interpreting Medieval India: Early medieval, Delhi Sultanate, and regions (circa 750-1550)|isbn=978-0230637610}}
*{{Cite book|quote=The term Rajput was derived from the word ''rajaputra''.|author=Kaushik Roy|page=75 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xx7ICQAAQBAJ&dq=Rajput+derived+from+rajaputra&pg=PA75 |title=Warfare in Pre-British India – 1500BCE to 1740CE |year=2015 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1317586920}}</ref>
Its literal meaning is "son of a king".<ref name=kolff/> However, the meaning cannot be applied literally to the community because most of the Rajputs were common agricultural laborers although some were members of the ruling clans.<ref>{{cite book | last=Eraly | first=Abraham | title=The First Spring: The Golden Age of India | publisher=Penguin Books Limited | date=2011-07-16 | isbn=978-81-8475-569-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5JnBfFVb2XIC&pg=PT152| page= 152|quote=The term Rajputs means 'sons of rajas', but this appellation is not to be taken literally. Though a good number of the Rajputs belonged to one or the other of the numerous ruling clans that constituted the Rajput polity, the vast majority of the Rajputs were common peasants eking out a bare subsistence from their arid land.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Collins Dictionary|peasant}}</ref>

The term finds mention in [[Vidyapati]]'s ''[[Kīrtilatā]]'' (1380) among castes inhabiting the [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]] city.<ref>
*{{cite journal|title=Society in the Kirtilata of Vidyapati|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=67 |pages=288, 291|author=Kamal Deo|date=2006 |publisher=Indian History Congress|jstor=44147948 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44147948|quote=Page 288— Vidyapati comments on the social composition of Jaunpur town also."In the city, people of different caste and class of Hindu religion were living. In the city, mostly they were Brahmin, Kayasth, Rajput and Businessmen." Page 291— बहुल बाहम्ण बहुल काअत्थ, राजपुत्त कुल बहुल, बहुल जाति मिलि बसइ चप्परि ।}}
*{{cite book|title=Perspectives on Indian Society and History: A Critique|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kwxuAAAAMAAJ&q=Vidyapati+uses+the+local+term+rajput|page=114|author=Hetukar Jha| date=2002 |publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors, 2002|isbn=8173044228|quote=Included in this list is the Rajputra, though ''VR'' mentions it separately, which again is a term that appears in contemporary Sanskrit literature. However, Vidyapati uses the local term Rajput.}}</ref>

According to modern scholars, the word "rajput" meant 'horse soldier', 'trooper', 'headman of a village' or 'subordinate chief' before the 15th century.<ref name=kolff>{{cite book|quote=Inevitably, a certain group identity grew up amongst these families : it was summed up in the name of Rajput . This word literally means 'son of a king'. At first used to denote various individuals who achieved such statuses as ' horse - soldier', 'trooper' or 'headman of a village', and then pretended to the family of some king, it became a generic name for this military and landed class as a whole. |url=https://archive.org/details/naukarrajputsepo0000kolf/page/71/mode/1up?q=Pretended |author=Dirk H. A. Kolff |title=Naukar, Rajput, and Sepoy The Ethnohistory of the Military Labour Market of Hindustan, 1450-1850 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1990 |isbn=0521381320 |page=71}}</ref>{{sfn|Hastings|2002|p=54|ps=:The Indian historian K. R. Qanungo has pointed out that in " the middle ages ' Rajput ' ordinarily meant a trooper in the service of a chief or a free-lance captain(1960,98); and Dirk Kolff(1990), following both Quango and D.C.Sircar has surely settled the matter with his argument that many Rajput clans came out of pastoralist bands which achieved some degree of landed status in the first half of the second millennium, forming "largely open status groups of clans, lineages, or even families and individuals who achieved statuses as 'horse soldier', 'trooper' or 'headman of village', and pretended to be connected with the family of some king, it became a generic name for this military and landed class(p 71-72) }}<ref name="Peabody2003"/><ref name="Mukta1994"/><ref name=stish/> Individuals or groups with whom the word "rajput" was associated are generally considered ''varna–samkara'' ("mixed caste origin") and inferior to Kshatriya.{{sfn|Norman Ziegler|1976|p=141|ps=:...individuals or groups with which the word was associated were generally considered to owe their origin to miscegenation or varna-samkara ("the mixing of castes") and were thus inferior in rank to Ksatriyas. [...] What I perceive from the above data is a rather widespread change in the subjective perception and the attribution of rank to groups and individuals who emerged in Rajasthan and North India as local chiefs and rulers in the period after the muslim invasions(extending roughly from the thirteenth to the fifteenth centuries). These groups were no longer considered kshatriyas and though they filled roles previously held by kshatriyas and were attributed similar functions of sustaining society and upholding the moral order, they were either groups whose original integrity were seen to have been altered or who had emerged from the lower ranks of the caste system. This change is supported by material from the Rajput chronicles themselves.}}<ref name="Mukta1994">{{cite book |author=Parita Mukta |title=Upholding the Common Life: The Community of Mirabai |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DlVuAAAAMAAJ |year=1994 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-563115-9 |page=51 |quote=The term 'Rajput' before the fifteenth century meant 'horse soldier', 'trooper', 'headman of a village' or 'subordinate chief'. Moreover, individuals with whom the word was associated were generally considered to be products of varna–samkara of mixed caste origin, and thus inferior in rank to Kshatriyas (Ziegler, 1976, 242--3.)}}</ref><ref name=stish>{{harvnb|Satish Chandra|1982|p=92}}: "D.C Sarkar has noted that in the period before the Muslim invasions, the word Rajput had, apart from Rajputra, had, various meanings, including horse-soldier, trooper, headman of village, subordinate chief., etc. In addition, he notes that individuals or groups with whom the word was associated with are generally considered to be varnasanakara, of mixed caste origin, and thus inferior in rank to Kshatriyas."</ref>

B.D Metcalf and T.R Metcalf write that under the [[Mughals]], the term had become the mark of legitimate kshatriya rule.<ref>{{Cite book|quote=The challenges to Aurangzeb did not come from groups that had been suppressed under Muslim rule and now sought to regain their Autonomy. Marathas, Sikhs, Jats and even Rajputs represented social groups with old names but new cohesion and status. These were not age-old India 'castes'.[...]There was in practice, far more importance given to occupational identities and individual mobility than most commentators have recognized. A major stimulus to the use of the Sanskrit categories appears to have been the claims of aspiring dynasts in the Mughal period who as parvenu Kshatriyas, in turn identified peasants and soldiery as ranked groups, giving new meanings to old titles that had only loose regional or occupational meaning.[...]Under the Mughals, the term ''Rajput'' had become the symbol of legitimate kshatriya rule,...|page=24,25 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jGCBNTDv7acC&dq=Rajput+legitimate+kshatriya&pg=PA24 |title=A Concise History of India |publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2002 |author=Barbara D. Metcalf, Thomas R. Metcalf|isbn=978-0-521-63974-3 }}</ref>

==Origin and Varna==
The origin of the Rajputs has been a much-debated topic among historians. Historian [[Satish Chandra (historian)|Satish Chandra]] states: "Modern historians are more or less agreed that the Rajputs consisted of miscellaneous groups including [[Shudra]] and tribals. Some were [[Brahmin|Brahmans]] who took to warfare, and some were from Tribes- indigenous or foreign".<ref name="Chandra2008"/> Thus, the Rajput community formation was a result of political factors that influenced caste mobility, called [[Sanskritization]] by some scholars and [[Rajputization]] by others.<ref name="Chandra2008">{{cite book |author=Satish Chandra |author-link=Satish Chandra (historian) |title=Social Change and Development in Medieval Indian History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_XYMAQAAMAAJ |year=2008 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |quote=M.N.Srinivas who had used the word "Sanskritization" to denote this process, now accepts accepts that he put too much emphasis originally on the movement of groups towards the varna status of Brahmans. Both Srinivas and B.Stein now emphasize not merely the process of Sanskritization, but other factors, such as the position of the dominant peasant and land-owning classes, political power and production system in the process of caste mobility of groups. Srinivas further surmises that the varna model became more popular during British rule. Thus, growing caste rigidity was an indirect effect of British rule. The rise of Rajputs is a classic model of varna mobility in the earlier period. There is a good deal of discussion regarding the origin of Rajputs - whether they were Kshatriyas of they were drawn from other categories in the population including indigenous tribes. Modern historians are more or less agreed that the Rajputs consisted of miscellaneous groups including Shudra and tribals. Some were Brahmans who took to warfare, and some were from Tribes- indigenous of foreign.|pages=43–44|isbn=9788124113868 }}</ref>{{sfn|Reena Dube|Rashmi Dube Bhatnagar|2012|p=59}} Modern scholars agree that nearly all Rajputs clans originated from peasant or pastoral communities.<ref name="EV2012">{{harvnb|Eugenia Vanina|2012|p=140}}: "Regarding the initial stages of this history and the origin of the Rajput feudal elite, modern research shows that its claims to direct blood links with epic heroes and ancient kshatriyas in general has no historic substantiation. No adequate number of the successors of these epically acclaimed warriors could have been available by the period of seventh-eights centuries AD when the first references to the Rajput clans and their chieftains were made. [...] almost all Rajput clans originated from the semi-nomadic pastoralists of the Indian north and north-west."</ref><ref name="Lorenzen1995">{{cite book |editor=David N. Lorenzen |editor-link=David N. Lorenzen |author=Daniel Gold |title=Bhakti Religion in North India: Community Identity and Political Action |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rpSxJg_ehnIC&pg=PA122 |date=1 January 1995 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-7914-2025-6 |pages=122 |quote=Paid employment in military service as Dirk H. A. Kolff has recently demonstrated, was an important means of livelihood for the peasants of certain areas of late medieval north India... In earlier centuries, says Kolff, "Rajput" was a more ascriptive term, referring to all kinds of Hindus who lived the life of the adventuring warrior, of whom most were of peasant origins.}}</ref><ref name="Kling1993">{{cite book |author=Doris Marion Kling |title=The Emergence of Jaipur State: Rajput Response to Mughal Rule, 1562–1743 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gGBuAAAAMAAJ |year=1993 |page=30 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania |quote=Rajput: Pastoral, mobile warrior groups who achieved landed status in the medieval period claimed to be Kshatriyas and called themselves Rajputs.}}</ref><ref name="Wink1991">{{cite book |author=André Wink|author-link=Andre Wink|title=Al-Hind the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest : 11Th-13th Centuries |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=75FlxDhZWpwC&pg=PA171 |year=1991 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|BRILL]] |isbn=90-04-10236-1 |pages=171 |quote=...and it is very probable that the other fire-born Rajput clans like the Caulukyas, Paramaras, Cahamanas, as well as the Tomaras and others who in the eighth and ninth centuries were subordinate to the Gurjara-Pratiharas, were of similar pastoral origin, that is, that they originally belonged to the mobile, nomadic groups...}}</ref><ref name="Eaton87">{{harvnb|Richard Eaton|2019|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=aIF6DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP87]|p=87|ps=In Gujarat, as in Rajasthan, genealogy proved essential for making such claims. To this end, local bards composed ballads or chronicles that presented their patrons as idea warriors who protected Brahmins, cows and vassals, as opposed to the livestock herding chieftains that they actually were, or had once been. As people, who created and preserved the genealogies, local bards therefore played critical roles in brokering for their clients socio-cultural transitions to a claimed Rajput status. A similar thing was happening in the Thar desert region, where from the fourteenth century onwards mobile pastoral groups gradually evolved into landed, sedentary and agrarian clans. Once again, it was bards and poets, patronized by little kings, who transformed a clan's ancestors from celebrated cattle-herders or cattle-rustlers to celebrated protectors of cattle-herding communities. The difference was subtle but critical, since such revised narratives retained an echo of a pastoral nomadic past while repositioning a clan's dynastic founder from pastoralist to non-pastoralist. The term 'Rajput', in short, had become a prestigious title available for adoption by upwardly mobile clan in the process of becoming sedentary. By one mechanism or another, a process of 'Rajputization' occurred in new states that emerged from the turmoil following Timur's invasion in 1398, especially in Gujarat, Malwa and Rajasthan.}}</ref>

[[Alf Hiltebeitel]] discusses three theories by Raj era and early writers for Rajput origin and gives the reasons as to why these theories are dismissed by modern research. [[British India|British colonial-era]] writers characterised Rajputs as descendants of the foreign invaders such as the [[Scythians]] or the [[Huna people|Hunas]], and believed that the [[Agnikula]] myth was invented to conceal their foreign origin.{{sfn|Alf Hiltebeitel|1999|pp=439–440}} According to this theory, the Rajputs originated when these invaders were assimilated into the [[Kshatriya]] category during the 6th or 7th century, following the collapse of the [[Gupta Empire]].{{sfn|Bhrigupati Singh|2015|p=38}}{{sfn|Pradeep Barua|2005|p=24}} While many of these colonial writers propagated this foreign-origin theory in order to legitimise the colonial rule, the theory was also supported by some Indian scholars, such as [[D. R. Bhandarkar]].{{sfn|Alf Hiltebeitel|1999|pp=439–440}} The second theory was promulgated by [[Chintaman Vinayak Vaidya|C.V. Vaidya]] who believed in the [[Indo-Aryan migrations#"Aryan invasion"|Aryan invasion theory]] and that the entire 9th-10th century Indian populace was composed of only one race - the Aryans who had not yet mixed with the Shudras or [[Dravidian peoples|Dravidians]]. [[Nationalism|Nationalist]] historians Vaidya and R.B. Singh write that the Rajputs had originated from the [[Vedic Aryan]] Kshatriyas of the epics - [[Ramayana]] and [[Mahabharata]]. Vaidya bases this theory on certain attributes - such as bravery and "physical strength" of [[Draupadi]] and [[Kausalya]] and the bravery of the Rajputs. However, Hiltebeitel says that such "affinities do not point to an unbroken continuity between an ancient epic period" in the Vedic period (3500 BCE - 3000 BCE according to Vaidya) and the "great Rajput tradition" that started in sixteenth-century Rajasthan instead "raise the question of similarities between the epics' allusions to Vedic Vratya warbands and earlier medieval low status Rajput clans". Hiltebeitel concludes that such attempts to trace Rajputs from epic and Vedic sources are "unconvincing"{{sfn|Alf Hiltebeitel|1999|pp=440–441}} and cites [[Nancy MacLean]] and B.D. Chattopadhyaya to label Vaidya's historiography on Rajputs as "often hopeless".{{sfn|Alf Hiltebeitel|1999|pp=3}} A third group of historians, which includes Jai Narayan Asopa, theorised that the Rajputs were [[Brahmin]]s who became rulers. However, such "one track arguments" and "contrived evidence" such as shape of the head, cultural stereotypes, etc. are dismissed by Hiltebeitel who refers to such claims and Asopa's epic references as "far-fetched" or "unintelligible".{{sfn|Alf Hiltebeitel|1999|pp=441–442}}

Recent research suggests that the Rajputs came from a variety of ethnic and geographical backgrounds{{sfn|Catherine B. Asher|Cynthia Talbot|2006|p=99}} and various [[Varna (Hinduism)|varnas]].<ref name="Banerjee-Dube-Mayaram-Shail2010"/><ref name="Banerjee-Dube2010"/><ref name=kolff>{{cite book|quote=Inevitably, a certain group identity grew up amongst these families : it was summed up in the name of Rajput . This word literally means 'son of a king'. At first used to denote various individuals who achieved such statuses as ' horse - soldier', 'trooper' or 'headman of a village', and then pretended to the family of some king, it became a generic name for this military and landed class as a whole. |url=https://archive.org/details/naukarrajputsepo0000kolf/page/71/mode/1up?q=Pretended |author=Dirk H. A. Kolff |title=Naukar, Rajput, and Sepoy The Ethnohistory of the Military Labour Market of Hindustan, 1450-1850 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1990 |isbn=0521381320 |page=71}}</ref>{{sfn|Hastings|2002|p=54|ps=:The Indian historian K. R. Qanungo has pointed out that in " the middle ages ' Rajput ' ordinarily meant a trooper in the service of a chief or a free-lance captain(1960,98); and Dirk Kolff(1990), following both Quango and D.C.Sircar has surely settled the matter with his argument that many Rajput clans came out of pastoralist bands which achieved some degree of landed status in the first half of the second millennium, forming "largely open status groups of clans, lineages, or even families and individuals who achieved statuses as 'horse soldier', 'trooper' or 'headman of village', and pretended to be connected with the family of some king, it became a generic name for this military and landed class(p 71-72) }}<ref name="Peabody2003"/><ref name="Mukta1994"/> According to Norman Ziegler, the groups and individuals that rose to power in North India after Muslim invasions were no longer considered Kshatriyas although they performed similar functions; the fact that they had emerged from the lower rungs of the caste system are documented in the Rajput chronicles themselves.{{sfn|Norman Ziegler|1976|p=141|ps=:...individuals or groups with which the word was associated were generally considered to owe their origin to miscegenation or varna-samkara ("the mixing of castes") and were thus inferior in rank to Ksatriyas. [...] What I perceive from the above data is a rather widespread change in the subjective perception and the attribution of rank to groups and individuals who emerged in Rajasthan and North India as local chiefs and rulers in the period after the muslim invasions(extending roughly from the thirteenth to the fifteenth centuries). These groups were no longer considered kshatriyas and though they filled roles previously held by kshatriyas and were attributed similar functions of sustaining society and upholding the moral order, they were either groups whose original integrity were seen to have been altered or who had emerged from the lower ranks of the caste system. This change is supported by material from the Rajput chronicles themselves.}}

[[André Wink]] states that some Rajputs may be Jats by origin.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g2m7_R5P2oAC&pg=PA154|title=Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval and the expansion of Islam|page=154,155|year=2002|publisher=Brill|isbn=0391041738 }}</ref> Tanuja Kothiyal states: "In the colonial ethnographic accounts rather than referring to Rajputs as having emerged from other communities, [[Bhils]], [[Mer (community)|Mers]], [[Meena|Minas]], [[Gujars]], [[Jats]], [[Raikas]], all lay a claim to a Rajput past from where they claim to have 'fallen'. Historical processes, however, suggest just the opposite".<ref name="Kothiyal2016_265"/> She points to the fact that "both Rajputs and Jats appear to originate from the mobile cattle rearing and [[Cattle theft in India|rustling]] groups", hence it is understandable that they refer to each other in their chronicles, although they try to remain distinct. However, since Rajputs dominated the region, they were portrayed as "warriors" as opposed to Jats who were portrayed as "farmers", thus wiping out "Jat kingship" from the historiography.<ref>{{cite book | last=Kothiyal | first=Tanuja | title=Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian Desert | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=2016 | isbn=978-1-107-08031-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=be-7CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA257 | page=257|quote= Given the fact that both Rajputs and Jats appear to originate from the mobile cattle rearing and rustling groups, it is not surprising that these groups find references in each other's narratives, while attempting to establish a separate identity at the same time. The dominance of Rajput perspective in the historiography of the region, not only obliterated references to Jat kingship or Jat resistance to Rajput kingship, but also increasingly poised Jats as sturdy, hardworking but simple minded peasant community, as opposed to the martial rajputs.}}</ref> [[Christopher Bayly]] writes that the ruling dynasties among the Rajputs, Jats and [[Maratha (caste)|Maratha]], that arose when the Islamic cultural influence diminished, mostly originated from peasant of nomadic castes, but they performed rituals such as [[Śrāddha]] by employing high status Brahmins. These communities hoped that such rituals would enable them to make a Kshatriya claim.<ref name="Jwhaley2012">{{cite book | editor =Joachim Whaley|author= C.A.Bayly | title=Mirrors of Mortality (Routledge Revivals): Social Studies in the History of Death | publisher=Taylor & Francis | year=2012 | isbn=978-1-136-81060-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JIksZtWqrd0C&pg=PA164 | access-date=2025-03-14 | page=164|quote= It was among the rulers of these new predominantly, Hindu states - the Mahrattas in the west, the Jats near Delhi and the Bhumihar and Rajput rulers of the ganjetic plane itself - that the holy and funerary rites found their most energetic patrons. These ruling dynasties were often themselves drawn from nomadic or peasant communities of relatively low caste status. An essential aspect of the consolidation of their power was a claim to legitimacy which entailed regular association with the cult centers of orthodox Hinduism. By acquiring priests of sufficiently high status to perform ceremonies such as shraddha, these princes could hope to their claims to kshatriya(warrior) which was the pride of the old Hindu ruling houses.}}</ref><ref name="c156">{{cite book | last=Bayly | first=C.A. | title=Origins of Nationality in South Asia: Patriotism and Ethical Government in the Making of Modern India | publisher=Oxford University Press | series=Oxford India paperbacks | year=1998 | isbn=978-0-19-564457-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FTNuAAAAMAAJ | page=144}}</ref>

According to scholars, in medieval times "the political units of India were probably ruled most often by men of very low birth" and this "may be equally applicable for many clans of 'Rajputs' in northern India". [[Burton Stein]] explains that this process of allowing rulers, frequently of low social origin, a "clean" rank via social mobility in the [[Varna (Hinduism)|Hindu Varna system]] serves as one of the explanations of the longevity of the unique Indian civilisation.<ref name="Studies1969">{{cite book |author=Association for Asian Studies |title=Social Mobility in the Caste System in India: An Inter Disciplinary Symposium |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PQVuAAAAMAAJ |year=1969 |publisher=Mouton |editor=James Silverberg |page=79|isbn=9783112026250 }}</ref><ref name="Lorenzen2004">{{cite book |editor=[[David N. Lorenzen]]|title=Religious Movements in South Asia, 600–1800 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0cAoAAAAYAAJ |year=2004 |publisher=Oxford University Press |author=[[Burton Stein]]|isbn=978-0-19-566448-5 |page=82 |quote=When the rank of persons was in theory rigorously ascribed according to the purity of the birth-group, the political units of India were probably ruled most often by men of very low birth. This generalization applies to south indian warriors and may be equally applicable for many clans of Rajputs in northern India. The capacity of both ancient and medieval Indian society to ascribe to its actual rulers, frequently men of low social origins, a "clean" or "Kshatriya" rank may afford one of the explanations for the durability and longevity of the unique civilization of India.}}</ref>{{sfn|Reena Dube|Rashmi Dube Bhatnagar|2012|p=257}}

Historian Janet Tiwary Kamphorst mentions the medieval tales on [[Pabuji]] depicting Rajput, [[Charan]], [[Bhil]] and [[Rabari]] warriors fighting side by side as well as other medieval and contemporary texts show claims made by [[Nomads of India|Nomadic tribes]] of the Thar desert to a higher rank in the society. Thus, she says that it is said that "formerly all Rajputs were once [[Maldhari]] (cattle-keepers) or vice-versa, it is asserted that all nomadic peoples have Rajput ''ansa'' (essence) in their veins".<ref>{{cite book|title=Epic Adventures: Heroic Narrative in the Oral Performance|chapter=Deification of South Asian epic Heroes-Methological Implications|editor1=Hendrik Maier|editor2=Jan Jansen|author=Janet Tiwary Kamphorst|date=2004 |page=95|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster |isbn=9783825867584 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UJEyHSUy8GMC&pg=PA95}}</ref>

Gradually, the term Rajput came to denote a [[social class]], which was formed when the various tribal and [[Nomads of India|nomadic groups]] became landed aristocrats, and transformed into the ruling class.{{sfn|Tanuja Kothiyal|2016|p=8}} These groups assumed the title "Rajput" as part of their claim to higher social positions and ranks.{{sfn|Richard Gabriel Fox|1971|p=16}} The early medieval literature suggests that this newly formed Rajput class comprised people from multiple [[Indian caste system|castes]].{{sfn|Brajadulal Chattopadhyaya|1994|p=60}} Thus, the Rajput identity is not the result of a shared ancestry. Rather, it emerged when different social groups of medieval India sought to legitimise their newly acquired political power by claiming Kshatriya status. These groups started identifying as Rajput at different times, in different ways. Thus, modern scholars summarise that Rajputs were a "group of open status" since the eighth century, mostly illiterate warriors who claimed to be reincarnates of ancient Indian Kshatriyas – a claim that had no historical basis. Moreover, this unfounded Kshatriya status claim showed a sharp contrast to the classical varna of Kshatriyas as depicted in Hindu literature in which Kshatriyas are depicted as an educated and urbanite clan.<ref name="AndreWink2002">{{cite book |author=André Wink|author-link=Andre Wink|title=Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7Th-11th Centuries |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g2m7_R5P2oAC&pg=PA282 |year=2002 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=0-391-04173-8 |pages=282 |quote=In short, a process of development occurred which after several centuries culminated in the formation of new groups with the identity of 'Rajputs'. The predecessors of the Rajputs, from about the eighth century, rose to politico-military prominence as an open status group or estate of largely illiterate warriors who wished to consider themselves as the reincarnates of the ancient Indian Kshatriyas. The claim of Kshatriyas was, of course, historically completely unfounded. The Rajputs as well as other autochthonous Indian gentry groups who claimed Kshatriya status by way of putative Rajput descent, differed widely from the classical varna of Kshatriyas which, as depicted in literature, was made of aristocratic, urbanite and educated clans...}}</ref>{{sfn|Brajadulal Chattopadhyaya|1994|p=59}}{{sfn|Norman Ziegler|1976|p=150|ps=: Rajputs were, with some exceptions, almost totally illiterate as a caste group}}<ref name="Bendix1998">{{cite book |author=Reinhard Bendix |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C_j_2nOUIpcC&pg=PA180 |title=Max Weber: An Intellectual Portrait |publisher=Psychology Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-415-17453-4 |pages=180– |quote=Eventually the position of the old Kshatriya nobility was undermined not only by the Brahmin priests but also by the rise of a warrior caste in northwest India. Most of the Rajputs were illiterate mercenaries in the service of a king.}}</ref><ref name="Farris2013">{{cite book |author=Sara R. Farris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nf5AAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA140 |title=Max Weber's Theory of Personality: Individuation, Politics and Orientalism in the Sociology of Religion |date=9 September 2013 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-25409-1 |pages=140– |quote=Weber however explained this downgrading of their status by the fact that they represented a threat to the cultural and intellectual monopoly of the Brahmans, as they[Kshatriyas] were also extremely cultured and educated in the art of administration. In about the eight century the Rajput thus began to perform the functions that had formerly belonged to the Kshatriya, assuming their social and economic position and substituting them as the new warrior class. Ancient illiterate merceneries, the Rajput did not represent a threat to the Brahmininc monopoly and were more inclined to accept the Brahmans' superiority, thus contributing to the so called Hindu restoration.}}</ref> Historian [[Thomas R. Metcalf]] mentions the opinion of Indian scholar [[K. M. Panikkar]] who also considers the famous Rajput dynasties of medieval India to have come from non-Kshatriya castes.<ref name="Metcalf1990">{{cite book|author=Thomas R. Metcalf|title=Modern India: An Interpretive Anthology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BSNuAAAAMAAJ|year=1990|page=90|publisher=Sterling Publishers|isbn=9788120709003|quote=Since then every known royal family has come from a non - Kshatriya caste, including the famous Rajput dynasties of medieval India . Panikkar also points out that “ the Shudras seem to have produced an unusually large number of royal families even in more recent times"}}</ref>

Historian Kapur writes that "divergent social groups got incorporated in the new socio-political fold of rajputras including Shudras. That’s why the [[Brihaddharma Purana]] regarded rajputras as a mixed caste and ''Shudra-kamalakara'' equates the Rajputs with ugra, a mixed caste born of the union of a Kshatriya man and a Shudra woman"<ref>{{cite web|publisher = Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi|title = Unit-14 Social structure and gender relations: c. 700-1200 CE(BHIC-132 History of India from c. 300 to 1206)| date=2020 |page=224|quote=Divergent social groups got incorporated in the new socio-political fold of rajputras including Shudras. That’s why the Brihaddharmapurana regarded rajputras as a mixed caste and Shudra-kamalakara equates the Rajputs with ugra, a mixed caste born of the union of a Kshatriya man and a Shudra woman|url=http://egyankosh.ac.in//handle/123456789/61929 |author=Prem Kumar, Nandini Sinha Kapur}}</ref> In ''Sudrakamalakara'' (17th century), the Sanskrit term ''rajapūta'' has been compared with ''ugra'' - "a mixed caste born out of the union of a Kshatriya man and a Shudra woman. This makes rajapūta a "sankarajāti" (mixed group) ie equivalent to shudras.<ref>{{cite book| title=Traditions in Motion |chapter=Excavating Identity through Tradition : Who was Shivaji? |editor=Supriya Varma, Satish Saberwal |author=Ananya Vajpeyi |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA | publication-place=New Delhi | date=2005 | isbn=0-19-566915-0 | pages=257, 258|quote=According to the ''Sudrakamalakara'', an authoritative Sanskrit text on the dharma of sudras written by Gagabhatta's own uncle, Kamalakarabhatta, in the early part of the seventeenth century, the progeny of a ksatriya man and a sudra woman would be an ''ugra'', otherwise known as ''rajapūta''. In Kamalakara' s classification, being a ''sankarajati'', or mixed group, ugras, or rajapūtas are ''sudrasamāna'' as good as (or as bad as!) sūdras.}}</ref> [[Ananya Vajpeyi]] argues that ''rajapūta'' has a different meaning from ''Rājpūt'' in realpolitik. With an unhistorical meaning, even if the dharmashastras attempt to fix the place of a jati like 'rajapūta' close to shudra, the socio-historical type 'Rājpūt' always gravitates to the Kshatriya varna, which makes the lexical similarity between the two words semantically misleading.<ref>{{cite book| title=Traditions in Motion | chapter=Excavating Identity through Tradition : Who was Shivaji? |editor=Supriya Varma, Satish Saberwal |author=Ananya Vajpeyi |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA | publication-place=New Delhi | date=2005 | isbn=0-19-566915-0 | page=258|quote=Now Gāgābhatta, master of dharmasastra, was himself, like his famous uncle, the author of an entire text on the rights and restrictions of the sūdras...So when he cleared Shivaji as a Rājpūt and therefore a true ksatriya, he too must have agreed to take the term ''Rājpūt'' for its contemporary meaning in realpolitik, and not for its normative and unhistorical meaning in dharmasastra texts, even the ones he himself had written! Gaga clearly understood a Rājpūt and a rajapūta - one a type of socio-historical subject, the other a category in Sanskrit legal discourse, which may or may not have corresponded to any such type- were two different things in the world...The dharmasastra text may try to fix the place of a jāti like 'rajapūta' somewhere low down on the varna scale, close to the sudra, the socio-historical type 'Rājpūt' always gravitates to the ksatriya varna, making the lexical similarity between the two terms semantically utterly misleading. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S8EoAAAAYAAJ&q=Lexical}}</ref>

In past, the Rajputs made fanatical attempts to assert their Kshatriya status which differentiate them from other communities.<ref>{{harvnb|Pradeep Barua|2005|p=831}} "What made the Rajputs stand out from the rest of Indian society was not their foreign origins but their fanatical attempts to assert their Kshatriya status"</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Global Medieval Life and Culture |page=831 |quote=The Rajputs considered them to be members of the ancient Kshatriya varna and were known for their fanatical attempts to assert their Kshatriya status. This assertion distinguished the Rajputs from other similar castes who migrated from outside India. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IbfOEAAAQBAJ&dq=this+distinguished+rajputs+from+greenwood&pg=PA831 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2008 |author=Joyce E. Salisbury, Nancy Sullivan}}</ref> [[Dipankar Gupta]] says that the reason that originally low castes, such as Rajput, who had a shudra status in the early medieval era, have been enabled to claim Kshatriya status in modern times is due to political power.<ref name="Gupta2000">{{cite book | last=Gupta | first=Dipankar | title=Interrogating Caste: Understanding Hierarchy and Difference in Indian Society | publisher=Penguin Books India | date=2000 | isbn=978-0-14-029706-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WIuZ5WdSzl0C&pg=PA124 | page=124|quote=Each caste would like its own hierarchy to be realized but to do so it must have power at its bidding. This is what has allowed castes that were once low to claim undisputed kshatriya status today. The transformation of Rajputs, Gujars and Jats from their early medieval Shudra positions to upper caste Kshatriya status is clearly a case in point. Today if Jats or Rajputs were reminded of their shudra past it would hardly carry with it a ring of credibility.}}</ref> He also says that Rajputs, Jats, Marathas - all claim Kshatriya status but do not accept each other's claim. There is no agreement on who is a true kshatriya caste.<ref>{{cite book | author = Dipankar Gupta| title=CheckPoint sociology | date=2023-05-16 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=num2EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT60 | page=60| publisher=Taylor & Francis | isbn=978-1-000-90548-9 |quote=As almost everybody aspires to be a warrior, king and conqueror, it is hardly surprising that there is no consensus in India’s four caste model (or chaturvarna) on who is a true Kshatriya. From earthy Jats and Marathas, to princelings and their hangers on, such as the Rajputs and Thakurs, a wide range of castes call themselves ‘Kshatriyas’, but without a shred of mutual admiration.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title=Social Change in Modern India | author = Mysore Narasimhachar Srinivas| date = 1995| publisher = Orient Blackswan| isbn = 978-81-250-0422-6| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZrJB-MsbWvoC&pg=PA9 |quote='while there seems to be some agreement in each area in India as to who are Brahmins and who Untouchables, such consensus is absent with regard to Kshatriyas and Vaishyas}}</ref>

[[Stewart N. Gordon|Stewart Gordon]] writes that during the era of the Mughal empire, [[Hypergamy|hypergamous marriage]] "marrying up", combined with service in the state army was another way a tribal family could "become" Rajput. This process required a change in dress, diet, worship, and other traditions, ending [[widow remarriage]], for example. Such a marriage between someone from a tribal family, and a member of an acknowledged - but possibly poor - Rajput family, would ultimately enable the non-Rajput family to transform themselves to Rajput. This marriage pattern supports the fact that Rajput was an "open caste category", available to those who served the Mughals.{{sfn|Stewart Gordon|2007|p=16|ps =: Eventually, kinship and marriage restrictions defined this Rajput group as different from other elements in the society of Rajasthan. The hypergamous marriage pattern typical of Rajputs tacitly acknowledged that it was a somewhat open caste category; by successful service in a state army and translating this service into grants and power at the local level, a family might become Rajput. The process required changes in dress, eating patterns, the patronage of local shrines closer to the "great tradition", and an end to widow remarriage. A hypergamous marriage with an acknowledged (but possibly impoverished) Rajput family would follow and with continued success in service the family would indeed become Rajput. All this is well documented in relations between Rajputs and tribals...}} [[Badri Narayan (writer)|Badri Narayan]] has written in his paper on mobility of the [[Dalit]] castes, that some [[Pasi (caste)|Pasi]]s that married their daughters to Rajput men, were able to become part of the Rajput community themselves.<ref>{{cite book | editor=D Gupta | author=Badri Narayan| title=Caste in Question: Identity Or Hierarchy? | publisher=SAGE Publications | series=Contributions to Indian Sociology series | year=2004 | isbn=978-0-7619-3324-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bgpEIb4tNjgC&pg=PA2046 | access-date=2025-04-04 | page=210}}</ref>

Rajput formation continued in the colonial era. Even in the 19th century, anyone from the "village landlord" to the "newly wealthy lower caste [[Shudra]]" could employ Brahmins to retrospectively fabricate a genealogy and within a couple of generations they would gain acceptance as Hindu Rajputs. This process would get mirrored by communities in north India. This process of origin of the Rajput community resulted in hypergamy as well as [[female infanticide]] that was common in Hindu Rajput clans. Scholars refer to this as "[[Rajputisation]]", which, like [[Sanskritisation]], was a mode for upward mobility, but it differed from Sanskritisation in other attributes, like the method of worship, lifestyle, diet, social interaction, rules for women, and marriage, etc. German historian [[Hermann Kulke]] has coined the term "Secondary Rajputisation" for describing the process of members of a tribe trying to re-associate themselves with the former chief of their tribe who had already transformed himself into a Rajput via Rajputisation and thus become Rajputs themselves.<ref name="Kantowsky1986">{{cite book |author=Detlef Kantowsky |title=Recent Research on Max Weber's Studies of Hinduism: Papers Submitted to a Conference Held in New Delhi, 1.-3.3. 1984 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j1cRAQAAIAAJ |year=1986 |publisher=Weltforum Verlag |isbn=978-3-8039-0333-4 |page=104}}</ref><ref name="Kulke1993">{{cite book |author=Hermann Kulke|author-link=Hermann Kulke|title=Kings and Cults: State Formation and Legitimation in India and Southeast Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nAYFAQAAIAAJ |year=1993 |publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors |page=251|isbn=9788173040375 }}</ref>{{sfn|Reena Dube|Rashmi Dube Bhatnagar|2012|p=59-62|pages=59, 62, 63, 257 |ps=(59)In our view Rajputization refers neither to a caste nor a race, instead it signifies a highly mobile social process of claiming military-political power and the right tocultivable land as well as the right to rule. Rajputization is unparalleled in traditional Indian society for its inventiveness in ideologies of legitimation and self-invention. The fabrication of a Rajput genealogy in the process of climbing from [[Vassal|feudatory]] to king does not constitute an isolated historical event in the early medieval period. In nineteenth-century India, the village landlord, the Brahmin priest, the tribal chieftain, the local Raja who has recently converted from Islam, the newly wealthy lower caste Sudra, the professional soldier or the member of a community with traditions of military labor, any of these men could Rajputize themselves and their families by adopting the lifestyle traditionally recognized as Rajput. These aspirants deployed Brahmins to compose a genealogy that would retrospectively endow the aspirant’s lineage with ritual purity. These social processes get repeated continually and mirrored by communities all over north India that Rajputize themselves to make a bid for political power. '''With surprising rapidity the newly Rajputized family or clan can gain, over a generation or two, social acceptance of their claim to Rajput status'''(62, 63) We have culled from the sociological literature, particularly from Srivinas's analysis of Sanskritization, the key differences between the two modes of upward mobility, Sanskritization and Rajputization. Despite the excellent fieldwork on Rajputization by Sinha (1962) and Kulke (1976), there is no clear theoretical definition of the key features of Rajputization, and its differences and similarities to Sanskritization. We argue that theorizing is as important as fieldwork, principally because of the colonial misreading of the term Rajput and its relation to Rajput history and to Rajputization. As a corrective we demarcate the distinction between Sanskritization and Rajputization in terms of attributional criteria - which denotes a code of living, dietary prohibition, modes of worship-and social interactional criteria, which signify the rules of marriage, rules pertaining to women, and modes of power. The attributional criteria for Sanskritization are vegetarianism, prohibition against beef eating, teetotalism, and wearing the sacred thread; the attributional criteria for Rajputized men consists of meat-eating, imbibing alcohol and opium, and the wearing of the sword; the attributional criteria for Rajputized women are seclusion through purdah or the veil and elaborate rules for women's mobility within the village. The religious code for Sanskritization is a belief in the doctrine of karma, dharma, rebirth and moksha and the Sradda ceremony for male ancestors. Conversely, the religious code for Rajputization consists of the worship of Mahadeo and Sakto and the Patronage of Brahmins through personal family priests (historically the Rajputized rulers gave land grants to Brahmins) and the priestly supervision of rites of passage. The social interactional criteria for Sanskritization is claiming the right to all priestly intellectual and cultural vocations, patronage from the dominant political power, and prohibition against widow remarriage. The interactional criteria for Rajputization consists of claiming the right to all military and political occupations, the right to govern, the right to aggrandize lands through wars, sanctioned aggressive behavior, the adoption of the code for violence, compiling clan genealogies and the right to coercively police the interactions between castes.}}<ref name="Banerjee-Dube-Mayaram-Shail2010">{{cite book|editor=Ishita Banerjee-Dube|author=Mayaram, Shail|title=Caste in History|chapter=The Sudra Right to Rule|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6n7OQwAACAAJ|year=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-806678-1|page=110|quote=In their recent work on female infanticide, Bhatnagar, Dube and Bube(2005) distinguish between Rajputization and Sanksritization. Using M.N.Srinivas' and Milton Singer's approach to social mobility as idioms they identify Rajputization as one of the most dynamic modes of upward mobility. As an idiom of political power it 'signifies a highly mobile social process of claiming military-political power and the right to cultivate land as well as the right to rule. Rajputization is unparalleled in traditional Indian society for its inventiveness in ideologies of legitimation and self-invention. This was a claim that was used by persons of all castes all over north India ranging from peasants and lower-caste Sudras to warriors and tribal chiefs and even the local raja who had recently converted to Islam.}}</ref><ref name="Banerjee-Dube2010"/>

== Emergence as a community ==
[[File:Oomuts of Nursinghur, Rajpoot tribe, Central India (NYPL b13409080-1125623).jpg|thumb|Rajputs of Central India]]

There are historical indications of the group calling themselves Rajputs settling in [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]] by the 6th century.<ref name=barb>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kz1-mtazYqEC&q=By+the+sixth+century+AD|title=The Indian Princes and their States, The New Cambridge History of India|author=Barbara N. Ramusack|author-link=Barbara N. Ramusack|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2003|page=14|quote="By the sixth century AD, there are historical indications of the group calling themselves Rajput settle in the Indo-Gangetic Plain. Over the course of ten centuries they came to control land and people|isbn=9781139449083}}</ref> However, scholarly opinions differ on when the term Rajput acquired hereditary connotations and came to denote a clan-based community.

An opinion asserts that the terms like ''rajputra'' and ''rāuta'' began to be more commonly used from 12th century onwards to denote a large number of people and a Rājaputra/Rajput caste established itself well before the thirteenth century. The reference to the clan structure of Rajputs in contemporary historical works like ''[[Rajatarangini]]'' by [[Kalhana]] along with other epigraphic evidences indicates their existence as a community by 12th century.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2005|title=NANDINI SINHA KAPUR: State Formation in Rajasthan: Mewar during the Seventh-Fifteenth Centuries. 308pp. Delhi: Manohar, 2002|journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |url=https://www.academia.edu/14797579 |pages=134–135|quote=The appearance of rajputras as mercenary soldiers is proved as early as 7th century CE from the reference in Bakshali manuscript found in the North-West Frontier Province and subsequently from the Chachnama in Sindh in 8th century CE. In all bardic traditions of this period the Rajputs are depicted as horsemen. It may not be again ignored that the Pratiharas, one of the clansmen of the Rajputs of early medieval period felt pride to bear the title of hayapati, “the lord of horses”. The term rajput is derived from Sanskrit root rajputra (son of the king). Prakrit forms of the term rajputra are variously known as rawat, rauta, raul and rawal. A transformation in connotation of the term is noticeable from 7th century CE onwards as it began to be used in literary texts in the sense of a landowner rather than “son of the king”. In the Harshacharita of Banabhatta (7th century CE) the term has been used in the sense of a noble or landowning chief. In Kadambari also it is used for persons of noble descent who were appointed by the king as local rulers. In the capacity of local rulers they might have naturally governed a large portion of land under them and, thus, played an active role in political and administrative system of the state. The term began to be more commonly used from 12th century onwards. In Rajatarangini the term rajputra is used in the sense of a landowner, acclaiming birth from 36 clans of the Rajputs. The reference of 36 clans and their clan structure clearly denotes their existence by 12th century CE. The 12th century Aparajitprachha of Bhatta Bhuvanadeva, which describes the composition of a typical feudal order, refers to rajaputras as constituting a fairly large section of kings holding estates, each one of them constituting one or more villages|last1=Ali|first1=Daud}}</ref><ref>{{citation |author=Upinder Singh|author-link=Upinder Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cvauDwAAQBAJ&dq=The+use+of+the+term+Rajaputra+for+specific+clans+of+Rajput+or+as+a+collective+term+for+various+clans+emerged+by+the+12th+century&pg=PA567|year=2008 |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |publisher=[[Pearson PLC|Pearson]]|pages=566|quote=The use of the term Rajaputra for specific clans of Rajput or as a collective term for various clans emerged by the 12th century|isbn=978-81-317-1120-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|chapter=The Agrarian Classes|editor=Irfan Habib|editor-link=Irfan Habib|author=[[Irfan Habib]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K8kO4J3mXUAC |title=Economic History of Medieval India, 1200-1500 |date=2011 |publisher=Pearson Education India|page=66|quote=Rāuta in these inscriptions are clearly ranked beneath the ranakas, and they are obviously more numerous. In the Mahoba Fort inscription (actually from Kasrak near Badaun), in an entry of 1234, the rautas are spoken off as a jati or caste. Rāuta is actually the Prakrit form of Rajaputra (modern Hindi Rajput); and a Rajaputra caste had established itself well before the thirteenth century......Military prowess converted itself into land control, and we say by the thirteenth century the rajaputras or rāutas had acquired the position of local land magnates|isbn=978-81-317-2791-1|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Rima Hooja|2006|page=181–182}}: "The Rajputs of Rajasthan are not over-concerned either over the date or period when the term ‘Rajput’ entered common usage. However, epigraphical and literary evidence would indicate that it was probably sometime during the c.twelfth-thirteenth centuries AD period that the usage of terms like Rajputra, Kshatriya, Rautt and similar words denoting connections with kingship, and Rajput became established as more or less synonymous words....In Kalhana’s Rajtarangini (VII.390) the word rajaputra is used in the sense of a landowner, but if it is read with VII, vv. 1617 and 1618 of the same book it would be clear that they acclaimed their birth from the 36 clans of the Rajputs. That would lead us to believe that by the beginning of the 12th century AD these clans had already come into existence”</ref><ref name=tts>{{cite book|editor=J.S. Grewal |year=2005 |title=The State and Society in Medieval India |publisher=Oxford University Press |location= |pages=148, 149 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LKkBJyKdoZ8C&q=The%20State%20and%20Society%20in%20Medieval%20India |isbn=0195667204|quote=Page 148: The rājaputras began to form a loose federation of castes well before the twelfth century in a manner characteristic of the Indian social system. Page 149: But with the emergence of the Rajputs as a caste (which to judge from Kalhana's reference to the rajaputras’ descent from thirty-six families must have reached a fairly advanced stage of formation by the eleventh century), the rulers, ranakas, and thakkuras could also belong to the same caste as the cavalry soldier.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Wink|first=Andre |year=2002 |title=The Mahārājas of India|publisher=Brill.com|page=293|url=https://brill.com/display/book/9789004483002/B9789004483002_s009.xml?rskey=O3hW42&result=1 |access-date= |isbn= 978-90-04-48300-2|issn= |oclc=|journal=Al-Hind, Volume 1 Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7th-11th Centuries|doi=10.1163/9789004483002_009 |quote=By the twelfth century the term ''Rājaputra'' or 'king's son' had approximately acquired the connotations of the 'Rajput' caste ...|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

While ''Rajatarangini'' puts the number of Rajput clans at 36, the ''[[Varna Ratnakara]]'' (1324) features a list of 72 Rajput clans including ''Chouhāna'', ''Pamāra'', ''Chandella'', ''Kachchvāha'', ''Guhilot'', ''Gāndhavariyā'', ''Baisvara'', ''Bhaṭi'' etc.<ref>
*{{cite book | url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108178/page/n159 | title=Mithila In The Age Of Vidyapati | publisher=Chaukhambha Orientalia | access-date=14 January 2019 | author=Radhakrishna Choudhary | pages= 131–132|year=1976}}
*{{Cite book|title=Sources of The History of India |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.scoerat.13343sourcesofthehistoryofindiavoll4/page/122/mode/1up|page=84|publisher=Institute of Historic Studies|year=1988|author=S.P. Sen|quote=The ''VR'' is encyclopaedic in character. The noises and sounds of the city through playing of all kinds of musical instruments, singing of ballads and songs, the shouts of the people, and all kinds of seemly and unseemly acts which would come to one’s own sight in a city with its motley crowd are mentioned. Here we get an account of delicacies in medieval Mithila. We get not only a list of seventy-two Rajput clans but also of eighty-four siddhas and further mention of countries like Khorasan and Gandhara.}}
*{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W8C1AAAAIAAJ&q=Varna+ratnakara+rajput |title=Bihar, Past & Present |publisher=Kashi Prasad Jayaswal Research Institute |page=166 |author=PN Ojha|year=1987}}</ref>

Historian Brajadulal Chattopadhyaya, based on his analysis of inscriptions (primarily from Rajasthan), believed that by the 12th century, the term ''rajaputra'' was associated with fortified settlements, kin-based landholding, and other features that later became indicative of the Rajput status.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=119}} According to him, the title acquired "an element of heredity" from c. 1300.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=120}}{{sfn|Brajadulal Chattopadhyaya|1994|p=83|loc="A Chitor inscription of AD 1301 mentions three generations of ''rājaputras'', perhaps suggesting that by the close of the thirteenth century the term rijaputra conveyed not merely a political status, but an element of heredity as well.}} A study of 11th–14th century inscriptions from western and central India, by Michael B. Bednar, concludes that the designations such as ''rajaputra'', ''[[thakur (title)|thakkura]]'' and ''rauta'' were not necessarily hereditary during this period.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=120}}

Rajputs were involved in nomadic pastoralism, animal husbandry and cattle trade until much later than popularly believed. The 17th century chronicles of [[Muhnot Nainsi]] i.e. ''[[Nainsi ri Khyat|Munhata Nainsi ri Khyat]]'' and ''Marwar ra Paraganan ri Vigat'' discuss disputes between Rajputs pertaining to cattle raids. In addition, Folk deities of the Rajputs – Pabuji, Mallinath, Gogaji and Ramdeo were considered protectors of cattle herding communities. They also imply struggle among Rajputs for domination over cattle and pasturelands.{{sfn|Tanuja Kothiyal|2016|p=266|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=be-7CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA266]|ps=Unlike the popular perception, even Rajputs remained engaged with nomadic pastorialism, animal husbandry and cattle trade till much later than it is assumed. Munhata Nainsini in his seventeenth century chronicles, Munhata Nainsi ri Khyat and Marwar ra Paraganan ri Vigat refers to a number of disputes between Rajputs that involved cattle raids. Also, a close reading of the lore regarding Rajput folk deities like Pabuji, Mallinath, Gogaji and Ramdeo, who are viewed as protectors of cattle herding communities actually indicates the intense struggle for control over cattle and pasturelands that Rajputs were engaged in. Rajputs extended patronage to Brahmins and Bardic communities like Bhats and Charans who composed detailed genealogies linking Rajput clans to older kshatriya lineages as well as celestial sources, which not only legitimised their claims to aristocracy but also distanced them from their tribal pastoral origins.}} The emergence of Rajput community was the result of a gradual change from mobile pastoral and tribal groups into landed sedentary ones. This necessitated control over mobile resources for agrarian expansion which in turn necessitated kinship structures, martial and marital alliances.<ref name="Kothiyal2016_265">{{harvnb|Tanuja Kothiyal|2016|p=265|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=be-7CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA265]|ps=...from gradual transformation of mobile patoral and tribal groups into landed sedentary ones. The process of settlement involved both control over mobile resources through raids, battles and trade as well as channelizing of these resources into agrarian expansion. Kinship structures as well as marital and martial alliances were instrumental in this transformation.[...]In the colonial ethnographic accounts rather than referring to Rajputs as having emerged from other communities, Bhils, Mers, Minas, Gujars, Jats, Raikas, all lay a claim to a Rajput past from where they claim to have 'fallen'. Historical processes, however, suggest just the opposite.}}</ref><ref name="Eaton87"/><ref name=":0">{{cite book|last=Kolff|first=Dirk H. A.|author-link=Dirk H. A. Kolff|title=Naukar, Rajput, and Sepoy: The Ethnohistory of the Military Labour Market of Hindustan, 1450-1850|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SrdiVPsFRYIC&pg=PA58|year=2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-52305-9|page=58|quote=What at first sight might seem to be a change of religion, is often a device to register either recruitment or professional success whether military or otherwise. Very often the Rajput to Afghan change — and, one may add, the peasant to Rajput change — was a similar kind of affair, indicating the pervading impact of soldiering traditions on North Indian social history. The military labour market, in other words, was a major generator of socio-religious identities.}}</ref>

B.D Chattopadhyaya opines that during its formative stages, the Rajput class was quite assimilative and absorbed people from a wide range of lineages.{{sfn|Tanuja Kothiyal|2016|p=8}} However, by the late 16th century, it had become genealogically rigid, based on the ideas of blood purity, Dirk Kolff writes.{{sfn|Tanuja Kothiyal|2016|pp=8–9}} The membership of the Rajput class was now largely inherited rather than acquired through military achievements.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=120}} A major factor behind this development was the consolidation of the [[Mughal Empire]], whose rulers had great interest in genealogy. As the various Rajput chiefs became Mughal feudatories, they no longer engaged in major conflicts with each other. This decreased the possibility of achieving prestige through military action, and made hereditary prestige more important.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=121}}

According to David Ludden, the word "Rajput" acquired its present-day meaning in the 16th century.{{sfn|David Ludden|1999|p=4}} According to Kolff, during 16th and 17th centuries, the Rajput rulers and their bards (''[[charan]]s'') sought to legitimise the Rajput socio-political status on the basis of descent and kinship.{{sfn|Barbara N. Ramusack|2004|p=13}} They fabricated genealogies linking the Rajput families to the ancient dynasties, and associated them with myths of origins that established their Kshatriya status.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=120}}{{sfn|André Wink|1990|p=282}}<ref name="Banerjee-Dube2010">{{cite book|author=Ishita Banerjee-Dube|title=Caste in History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6n7OQwAACAAJ|year=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-806678-1|page=xxiii|quote=Rajputization discussed processes through which 'equalitarian, primitive, clan based tribal organization' adjusted itself to the centralized hierarchic, territorial oriented political developments in the course of state formation. This led a 'narrow lineage of single families' to disassociate itself from the main body of their tribe and claim Rajput origin. They not only adopted symbols and practices supposedly representative of the true Kshatriya, but also constructed genealogies that linked them to the primordial and legendary solar and lunar dynasties of kings. Further, it was pointed out that the caste of genealogists and mythographers variously known as Carans, Bhats, Vahivanca Barots, etc., prevalent in Gujarat, Rajasthan and other parts of north India actively provided their patron rulers with genealogies that linked local clans of these chiefs with regional clans and with the Kshatriyas of the Puranas and Mahabharata. Once a ruling group succeeded in establishing its claim to Rajput status, there followed a 'secondary Rajputization' when the tribes tried to 're-associate' with their formal tribal chiefs who had also transformed themselves into Hindu rajas and Rajput Kshatriyas.}}</ref> This led to the emergence of what Indologist Dirk Kolff calls the "Rajput Great Tradition", which accepted only hereditary claims to the Rajput identity, and fostered a notion of eliteness and exclusivity.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|pp=121–122}} The legendary epic poem ''[[Prithviraj Raso]]'', which depicts warriors from several different Rajput clans as associates of [[Prithviraj Chauhan]], fostered a sense of unity among these clans.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=121-125}} The text thus contributed to the consolidation of the Rajput identity by offering these clans a shared history.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=119}}

By 1765, Awadh had become ally of the British East India Company and the increase in demand for revenue led to a continuous tussle in between the Nawab of Awadh and Rajput leadership bringing political instability in the region.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Metcalf |first1=Barbara D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mjIfqyY7jlsC&q=barbara+d+metcalf+rajputs+of+awadh |title=A Concise History of Modern India |last2=Metcalf |first2=Thomas R. |date=2012-09-24 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-02649-0 |pages=73 |language=en}}</ref>

In one 18th century example given by Pinch, Rajputs of Awadh countered the upward mobility of some of the peasant castes, who by virtue of their economic prosperity sought higher status by wearing ''[[Janeu (sacred thread)|Janeu]]'', a sacred thread or claimed ''[[Kshatriya]]'' status. The records indicates that during the tenure of [[Asaf-ud-Daula]] in Awadh, when a section of Awadhiya Kurmi were about to be bestowed with the title of ''Raja'', the Rajput constituency of Asaf's court caused stiff opposition to the move despite the fact that the Rajputs themselves were newcomers to the court and were peasant-soldiers a few year before. Rajputs of Awadh along with Brahmins also formed the major groups who gained during Asaf's regime.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uEP-ceGYsnYC|title=Peasants and Monks in British India |author=William R. Pinch| publisher=University of California Press|year=1996| isbn=0520916301|pages=85–86|access-date=22 January 2021|quote= Ironically, the Rajput constituency of Awadh itself composed a “group of newcomers to the court, who had been peasant soldiers only a few years before. They were called, half sarcastically, the ‘Tilangi Rajas’ [or] ‘trooper rajas’—the people described by the shocked Muhammad Faiz Baksh as the new Nawab’s courtiers: ‘Naked rustics, whose fathers and brothers were with their own hands guiding the plow . . . , rode about as Asaf ud-daula’s orderlies. In other words, the Rajputs of Awadh, who along with brahmans constituted the main beneficiaries of what historian Richard Barnett characterizes as “Asaf’s permissive program of social mobility,” were not willing to let that mobility reach beyond certain arbitrary sociocultural boundaries.}}</ref>

Despite these developments, migrant soldiers made new claims to the Rajput status until as late as the 19th century.{{sfn|Tanuja Kothiyal|2016|pp=8–9}} In the 19th century, the colonial administrators of India re-imagined the Rajputs as similar to the Anglo-Saxon [[knight]]s. They compiled the Rajput genealogies in the process of settling land disputes, surveying castes and tribes, and writing history. These genealogies became the basis of distinguishing between the "genuine" and the "spurious" Rajput clans.{{sfn|Tanuja Kothiyal|2016|p=11}}

==History==
=== History of Rajput Kingdoms===
{{See also|List of Rajput dynasties and states}}
[[File:Bikaner fort view 08.jpg|thumb|During their centuries-long rule, the Rajputs constructed several palaces. Shown here is the [[Junagarh Fort]] in [[Bikaner]], Rajasthan, which was built by the [[Rathore (Rajput clan)|Rathore]] Rajput rulers (see ''[[Rajput architecture]]'').]]
[[File:A royal Rajput procession.jpg|thumb|A royal Rajput procession, depicted on a mural at the [[Mehrangarh Fort]] in Jodhpur<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/media/full/147427|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109235632/http://www.britannica.com/media/full/147427|title=Rajput procession, Encyclopædia Britannica|archive-date=9 November 2014}}</ref> (see ''[[Rajput painting]]'')]]

Scholars stage emergence of Rajput clans as early as seventh century AD. when they start to make themselves lords of various localities and dominate region in current day [[Northern India]].<ref>{{Cite book|author=[[Hermann Kulke]] & [[Dietmar Rothermund]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V73N8js5ZgAC|title=A History of India|date=2004|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-32920-0|page=116|quote="When Harsha shifted the centre of north Indian history to Kanauj in midst of Ganga-Yamuna Doab the tribes living to the west of this new centre also became more important for further courses of Indian history They were first and foremost the Rajputs who now emerged into the limelight of Indian history"|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Sailendra Nath Sen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC|title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization|date=1999|publisher=New Age International|isbn=978-81-224-1198-0|page=307|quote="The anarchy and confusion which followed Harsha's death is the transitional period of history. This period was marked by the rise of the Rajput clans who begun to play a conspicuous part in the history of northern and western India from the eight century AD. onwards"|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Alain Danielou|author-link=Alain Danielou|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xlwoDwAAQBAJ|title=A Brief History of India|date=2003|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-59477-794-3|page=Chapter 15|language=en|quote="The role of the Rajputs in the history of northern and eastern India is considerable, as they dominated the scene between the death of Harsha and establishment of Muslim empire"}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Brajadulal Chattopadhyaya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=21SgAAAAMAAJ|title=Studying Early India: Archaeology, Texts and Historical Issues|date=2006|publisher=Anthem|isbn=978-1-84331-132-4|page=116|quote=The period between the seventh and the twelfth century witnessed gradual rise of a number of new royal-lineages in Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh, which came to constitute a social-political category known as 'Rajput'. Some of the major lineages were the Pratiharas of Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and adjacent areas, the Guhilas and Chahamanas of Rajasthan, the Caulukyas or Solankis of Gujarat and Rajasthan and the Paramaras of Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan.|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Satish Chandra|author-link=Satish Chandra (historian)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XAkVclcWWeUC|title=Historiography, Religion, and State in Medieval India|date=1996|publisher=Har-Anand Publications|page=115|quote="In north India, the dominant features of the period between 7th and 12th centuries have been identified as the growing weakness of state; the growth of the power of local landed elites and their decentralising authority by acquiring greater administrative, economic and political roles; the decline of towns, the setback to trades, especially long distance trade and the alientation of land to the brahmans in larger proportions then ever before. The period is also noted for the rise of the Rajputs|isbn=978-81-241-0035-6|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Sara R. Farris|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nf5AAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA140|title=Max Weber's Theory of Personality: Individuation, Politics and Orientalism in the Sociology of Religion|date=2013-09-05|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-25409-1|page=145|language=en|quote="In about the eighth century B.C. the Rajput thus began to perform the functions that had formerly belonged to the Kshatriya, assuming their social and economic position and substituting them as the new warrior class}}</ref><ref name="EV2012"/><ref name="Ludden2013">{{cite book|author=David Ludden|title=India and South Asia: A Short History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pBq9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT79|year=2013|publisher=Oneworld Publications|isbn=978-1-78074-108-6|pages=64–65|quote= By contrast in Rajasthan a single warrior group evolved called Rajput (from Rajaputra-sons of kings): they rarely engaged in farming, even to supervise farm labour as farming was literally beneath them, farming was for their peasant subjects. In the ninth century separate clans of Rajputs Cahamanas (Chauhans), Paramaras (Pawars), Guhilas (Sisodias) and Caulukyas were splitting off from sprawling Gurjara Pratihara clans...}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Peter Robb|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GQ-2VH1LO_EC|title=A History of India|date=2011-06-21|publisher=Macmillan International Higher Education|isbn=978-0-230-34549-2|language=en|pages=58–59|quote=From around 1000 ce, notable among these regional powers were various Rajput dynasties in the west and north}}</ref> These dynasties were the [[Gurjara-Pratiharas]],<ref>{{cite book|series=Studies In Indian History: Rajasthan Through The Ages|title=The Heritage Of Rajputs|volume=1|publisher=Sarup & Sons|year=2008|first1=R.K.|last1=Gupta|first2=S.R.|last2= Bakshi|publication-place=New Delhi|isbn=9788176258418|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gHNoU2zcDnIC|chapter=Origin of Rajputs|quote=The Gurjara-Pratiharas were chronologically the earliest, and historically the most important of the Rajput dynasties.|page=3}}</ref> Chahamanas (of [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Shakambhari]], [[Chahamanas of Naddula|Nadol]] and [[Chahamanas of Jalor|Jalor]]), the [[Tomara dynasty|Tomaras of Delhi]], the [[Chaulukya]]s, the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]]s, the [[Gahadavala]]s, [[Chandela]], [[Sisodias of Mewar|Sisodia]]s, [[Guhila dynasty|Guhila]]s etc. However, term "Rajput" has been used as an [[anachronism|anachronistic]] designation for leading martial lineages of 11th and 12th centuries that confronted the [[Ghaznavid]] and [[Ghurid]] invaders, although the Rajput identity for a lineage did not exist at this time, these lineages were classified as aristocratic Rajput clans in the later times.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=33}}<ref name="Peabody2003">{{cite book|last=Peabody|first=Norbert|title=Hindu Kingship and Polity in Precolonial India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5YZvuz6EGgcC&pg=PA38|year=2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-46548-9|pages=38–|quote=As Dirk Kolff has argued, it was privileged, if not initially inspired, only in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries by Mughal perceptions of Rajputs which, in a pre-form of orientalism, took patrilineal descent as the basis for Rajput social Organization and consequently as the basis for their political inclusion into the empire. Prior to the Mughals, the term ‘Rajput’ was equally an open-ended, generic name applied to any ‘“horse soldier”, “trooper”, or “headman of a village”’ regardless of parentage, who achieved his status through his personal ability to establish a wide network of supporters through his bhaibandh (lit. ‘ie or bond of brothers’; that is, close collateral relations by male blood) or by means of naukari (military service to a more powerful overlord) and sagai (alliance through marriage). Thus the language of kinship remained nonetheless strong in this alternative construction of Rajput identity but collateral and affinal bonds were stressed rather than those of descent. During the sixteenth and seventeenth cen-}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Jackson|first=Peter|title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&pg=PA9|year=2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-54329-3|pages=9–|quote=Confronting the Ghurid ruler now were a number of major Hindu powers, for which the designation 'Rajput' (not encountered in the Muslim sources before the sixteenth century) is a well-established anachronism. Chief among them was the Chahamana (Chawhan) kingdom of Shakambhari (Sambhar), which dominated present-day Rajasthan from its capital at Ajmer}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Behl|first=Aditya|editor=[[Wendy Doniger]]|title=Love's Subtle Magic: An Indian Islamic Literary Tradition, 1379-1545|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PK7riKO6IN8C&pg=PA364|year=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-514670-7|pages=364–|quote=The term ''Rajput'' is a retrospective invention, as most of the martial literature of resistance to Turkish conquest dates only from the mid-fifteenth century onward. As Dirk Kolff has noted in his ''Naukar, Rajput and Sepoy: The Ethnohistory of the Military Labour Market in Hindustan, 1450-1850 ''(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), the invention of “Rajput” identity can be dated to the sixteenth-century narratives of nostalgia for lost honor and territory.}}</ref><ref name="Bayly2001">{{cite book|last=Bayly|first=Susan|author-link=Susan Bayly|title=Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HbAjKR_iHogC&pg=PA32|year=2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-79842-6|pages=32–35|quote= [32]In the arid hill country what is now Rajasthan, located southwest to the Mughal original strongholds in gangetic plain, powerful lords had been calling themselves as Rajputs, a title derived from the Sanskrit (rajaputra, king's son), as far back as thirteenth century and possibly very much earlier[33]In both the sixteenth and the seventeenth centuries, Mughal armies fought bloody battles in this strategic frontier region, and through a mixture of force and coalition, its kingdoms were loosely absorbed into loosely textured Mughal political order. At this time, these armed elites had strong memories of the earlier clan chiefs who had made their mark in turbulent times by adopting known marks of lordship and exalted desent.[34]Yet the varna archetype of the Kshatriya-like man of prowess did become a key reference point for rulers and their subjects under the Mughals and their immediate successors. The chiefs and warriors whom the Mughals came to honor as Rajput lords in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries may not even have been descendants of Rajasthan’s earlier pre-Mughal elites. What mattered instead was that for both[] these titles and the markers of refined faith and social life which accompanied them, spoke in recognizable terms of exalted blood and ancestry.}}</ref>

The Rajput ruled kingdoms repelled early invasions of Arab commanders after [[Muhammad ibn Qasim]] [[Umayyad conquest of Sindh|conquered Sindh]] and executed last Hindu king of the kingdom, [[Raja Dahir]]. [[Kingdom of Mewar|Rajput family of Mewar]] under [[Bappa Rawal]] and later under Khoman fought off invasions by Arab generals and restricted them only until the border of Rajasthan but failed to recapture Sindh.<ref>{{harvnb|André Wink|1990|p=208}} "The Rajputs repelled Arabs from "Stravani and Valla", probably the area North of Jaisalmer and Jodhpur, and the invasion of Malwa but were ultimately defeated by Bappa Rawal and Nagabhata I in 725 AD near Ujjain. Arab rule was restricted to the west of Thar desert."</ref> By the first quarter of 11th century, Turkic conqueror [[Mahmud Ghaznavi]] launched several successful military expeditions in the territories of Rajputs, defeating them everytime and by 1025 A.D, he demolished and looted the famous [[Somnath Temple]] and its Rajput ruler Bhimdev Solanki fled his capital.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=44-45}} Rajput rulers at Gwalior and Kalinjar were able to hold off assaults by Maḥmūd, although the two cities did pay him heavy tribute.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC&pg=PA224 |pages=19–24|title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526) – Part One |first=Satish |last=Chandra |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |year=2004 |isbn=978-81-241-1064-5}}</ref> By last quarter of 12th century, [[Muhammad of Ghor]] expelled the [[Ghaznawids]] from their last bastion in [[Siege of Lahore (1186)|Lahore in 1186]], thereby securing the strategic route of [[Khyber Pass]]. After capturing the northwest frontier, he invaded Rajput domain. In 1191, [[Prithviraj Chauhan]] of [[Ajmer]] led a coalition of Rajput kings and [[First Battle of Tarain|defeated Ghori]] near [[Taraori]]. However, he returned a year later with an army of [[Turkish archery|mounted archers]] and crushed Rajput forces on the [[Second Battle of Tarain|same battlefield of Taraori]], Prithviraj fled the battlefield but was caught near Sirsa and was executed by Ghurids.<ref>{{Cite book|author=[[Sugata Bose]] & [[Ayesha Jalal]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ihNtzxy5GEC&q=Rajput|title=Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy|date=2004|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-30786-4|page=21|quote=It was a similar combination of political and economic imperatives which led Muhmmad Ghuri, a Turk, to invade India a century and half later in 1192. His defeat of Prithviraj Chauhan, a Rajput chieftain, in the strategic battle of Tarain in northern India paved the way for the establishment of the first Muslim sultanate|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Romila Thapar|author-link=Romila Thapar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bBXLCQAAQBAJ |title=The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300 |date=2015-06-01 |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |isbn=978-93-5214-118-0|quote=An attack was launched on the Rajput kingdoms controlling the watershed and the western Ganges plain, now beginning to be viewed as the frontier. The Rajputs gathered together as best as they could not forgetting internal rivalries and jealousies. Prithviraja defeated Muhmmad Ghori at First battle of Tarain north of Delhi, in 1191, a second battle was fought at the same place, Prithviraj was defeated and kingdom of Delhi fell to Muhmmad, who pressed on and concentrated on capturing capital of Rajput kingdoms with the assistance of his General, Qutub-ud-din Aibak|language=en}}</ref> Following the battle, the Delhi Sultanate became prominent in the Delhi region.<ref name="Chandra 2004 224">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC&pg=PA224 |page=224 |title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526) – Part One |first=Satish |last=Chandra |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |year=2004 |isbn=978-81-241-1064-5}}</ref>

The Rajputs fought against Sultans of Delhi from Rajasthan and other adjoining areas. By first quarter of 14th century, [[Alauddin Khalji]] sacked key Rajput fortresses of [[Siege of Chittorgarh (1303)|Chittor (1303)]], [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Ranthambore|Ranthambor (1301)]] and other Rajput ruled kingdoms like [[Siege of Siwana|Siwana]] and [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Jalore|Jalore]]. However, Rajputs resurgence took place under [[Rana Hammir]] who defeated [[Tughlaq dynasty|Tughlaq army]] of [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]] in [[Battle of Singoli|Singoli in 1336 CE]] and recaptured Rajasthan from Delhi sultanate.<ref name="BVB_1960">{{cite book |title=The History and Culture of the Indian People: The Delhi Sultanate |edition=2nd |editor=R. C. Majumdar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XKVFAQAAMAAJ |year=1960 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |page=70}}</ref> In the 15th century, the Muslim sultans of [[Malwa Sultanate|Malwa]] and [[Gujarat Sultanate|Gujarat]] put a joint effort to overcome the Mewar ruler [[Rana Kumbha]] but both the sultans were defeated.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lF0FvjG3GWEC&pg=PA95 |page=95 |title=The Rajputs of Rajputana: A Glimpse of Medieval Rajasthan |first=M.S |last=Naravane |publisher=APH Publishing |year=1999 |isbn=978-81-7648-118-2}}</ref> Kumbha's grandson renowned [[Rana Sanga]] inherited a troubling kingdom after death of his brothers but through his capable rule turned traditional kingdom of Mewar into one of the greatest power in northern India during the early 16th century.<ref>{{Cite book|author=V.S Bhatnagar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=plFuAAAAMAAJ|title=Life and Times of Sawai Jai Singh, 1688-1743|date=1974|publisher=Impex India|language=en|page=6|quote=From 1326, Mewar's grand recovery commenced under Lakha, and later under Kumbha and Sanga, till it became one of the greatest powers in northern India during the first quarter of the sixteenth century.}}</ref> Sanga defeated Sultans of [[Gujarat Sultanate|Gujarat]], [[Malwa Sultanate|Malwa]] and [[Lodhi dynasty|Delhi]] several times in various battles and expanded his kingdom. Sanga led a grand alliance of Rajput rulers and defeated the Mughal forces of [[Babur]] in [[Battle of Bayana|early combat]] but was defeated at [[Battle of Khanwa|Khanwa]] through Mughal's use of Gunpowder which was unknown in Northern India at the time. His fierce rival Babur in his autobiography acknowledged him as the greatest Hindu king of that time along with [[Krishnadevaraya]].<ref>{{Cite book|author=Giles Tillotson|author-link=Giles Tillotson|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ApDrAAAAMAAJ |title=Mughal India |date=1991 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-011854-4 |pages=4|language=en|quote=He was immediately challenged by assembled Rajput forces under Rana Sanga of Chittor who was reckoned by Babur as one of the two greatest Hindu rulers}}</ref><ref name="Chandra 2004 224"/><ref name="Maharana">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRBDAAAAYAAJ |page=1 |title=Maharana Sāngā, the Hindupat: The Last Great Leader of the Rajput Race |first=Har Bilas |last=Sarda |publisher=Kumar Bros. |year=1970}}</ref> After a few years [[Maldev Rathore]] of [[Marwar]] rose in power controlling almost whole portion of western and eastern [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chandra|first=Satish|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rm9MC4DDrcC|title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part - II|date=2005|publisher=Har-Anand Publications|isbn=978-81-241-1066-9|pages=79–80|language=en|quote=The conquest of Malwa and Chanderi was a prelude to the conquest of Marwar where Maldeo had ascended the gaddi in 1531. He had steadily augmented his power till it comprised almost the whole of western and eastern Rajasthan including Sambhal and Narnaul in Shekhawati. His armies were also said to have been seen near Hindaun and Bayana on the outskirts of Agra.}}</ref>

From 1200 CE, many Rajput groups moved eastwards towards the [[Indo-Gangetic plains|Eastern Gangetic plains]] forming their own chieftaincies.<ref name="Bayly1988">{{cite book |author=C. A. Bayly |title=Rulers, Townsmen and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion, 1770–1870 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xfo3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA18 |date=19 May 1988 |publisher=CUP Archive |isbn=978-0-521-31054-3 |pages=18–19}}</ref> These minor Rajput kingdoms were dotted all over the Gangetic plains in modern-day Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.{{sfn|Barbara N. Ramusack|2004|p=14,15}} During this process, petty clashes occurred with the local population and in some cases, alliances were formed.<ref name="Bayly1988" /> Among these Rajput chieftaincies were the [[Bhojpuri region|Bhojpur]] zamindars<ref name="Chatterjee1996">{{cite book |author=Kumkum Chatterjee |title=Merchants, Politics, and Society in Early Modern India: Bihar, 1733–1820 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wUeqQ2buQ80C&pg=PA35 |year=1996 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=90-04-10303-1 |pages=35–36}}</ref> and the [[Taluqdar|taluks]] of [[Awadh]].{{sfn|Richard Gabriel Fox|1971|p=68,69}}

The immigration of Rajput clan chiefs into these parts of the Gangetic plains also contributed the agricultural appropriation of previously forested areas, especially in South Bihar.<ref name="Prakash2003">{{cite book|author=Gyan Prakash |title=Bonded Histories: Genealogies of Labor Servitude in Colonial India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MQFvks7lahoC&pg=PA64 |date=30 October 2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-52658-6 |pages=64–66}}</ref> Some have linked this eastwards expansion with the onset of [[Ghurid dynasty|Ghurid invasion]] in the West.<ref name="Prakash2003" />

From as early as the 16th century, [[Purbiya]] Rajput soldiers from the eastern regions of [[Bihar]] and [[Awadh]], were recruited as mercenaries for Rajputs in the west, particularly in the [[Malwa]] region.<ref>{{cite book |title=India's Princely States: People, Princes and Colonialism |editor1-first=Waltraud |editor1-last=Ernst |editor2-first=Biswamoy |editor2-last=Pati |publisher=Routledge |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-134-11988-2 |first=Amar |last=Farooqui |chapter=The Subjugation of the Sindia State |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9eKbW3ukh9oC&pg=PA57 |page=57}}</ref>

The [[Rajput kingdoms]] were disparate: loyalty to a clan was more important than allegiance to the wider Rajput social grouping, meaning that one clan would fight another. This and the internecine jostling for position that took place when a clan leader (raja) died meant that Rajput politics were fluid and prevented the formation of a coherent Rajput empire.{{sfn|Pradeep Barua|2005|p=25}}

=== Mughal period ===
Rajputs played an important role in the [[Mughals|Mughal]] history. From Akbar's rule, Rajput leaders were integrated into the Mughal ruling elite through court appointments and matrimonial alliances.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EsMVDAAAQBAJ&dq=Mughal+Rajput+marriage+became+common&pg=PA475 |title=The Oxford Handbook of Global Religions |page=475 |publisher=OUP |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-976764-9 |editor=Mark Juergensmeyer|quote=From the time of Akbar, local Rajput Hindu rulers were absorbed into the Mughal ruling class through court promotion and marriage.}}</ref> Mughal emperors like [[Jahangir]] and [[Shah Jahan]] were born from Rajput mothers. Due to the presence of princes born to Rajput mothers in the Mughal harem as well as Rajput officers serving in the Mughal army, the Rajput values got diffused into the Mughal imperial system.<ref>{{cite book|title=India in the Persianate Age 1000- 1765 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aIF6DwAAQBAJ&dq=akbar+born+in+rajput&pg=PP179 |page=257 |author=Richard M. Eaton |publisher=University of California Press |year=2019 |isbn=978-0520325128 |quote=The diffusion of Rajput institutions in Mughal culture is partly explained by the incorporation of Rajput women in the Mughal harem and Rajput youths in Mughal households, which had begun in the early decades of Akbar’s reign. Children born of Rajput women in the imperial harem were treated as full members of the Mughal dynasty and eligible for inheriting the throne. This meant that, although Jahangir’s paternal grandfather was Humayun, his maternal grandfather was Raja Bharmal, leader of the Kachwaha Rajput lineage... Jahangir himself, then, was biologically half Rajput... His son Khurram, the future Shah Jahan, was born of one of these Rajputs – Jagat Gosain Begum, the daughter of Udai Singh of Jodhpur. Shah Jahan was therefore three-quarters Rajput by blood. Since Rajput mothers imparted their inherited culture to their offspring, the Mughal harem became a site for the diffusion of Rajput values at the heart of the imperial system. The Mughal connection with Rajputs, then, was more than political. It was biological and cultural, as Rajput institutions, introduced at the upper end of the Mughal order, percolated downwards, gradually diffusing among the officer corps. In addition, many officers and troopers in Mughal service were themselves Rajputs, which also served to lend a Rajput ethos to imperial armies.}}</ref>

====Babur's period====
The defeat of a Rajput coalition by [[Babur]] in the [[Battle of Khanwa]] is considered a turning point in the history of North India.<ref>{{Cite book|first=Andre |last=Wink|author-link=Andre Wink|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zhu9DwAAQBAJ|title=Akbar|date=2012|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-78074-209-0|page=27|quote="The victory of Mughals at khanua can be seen as a landmark event in Mughal conquest of North India as the battle turned out to be more historic and eventful than one fought near Panipat. It made Babur undisputed master of North India while smashing Rajput powers. After the victory at khanua, the centre of Mughal power became Agra instead of Kabul and continue to remain till downfall of the Empire after Aalamgir's death.|language=en}}</ref>

====Humayun's period====
Rajput ruler Rana Prasad of [[Amarkot]] gave refuge to Humayun and his pregnant wife when they were fleeing from India, and, it was in his fortress that young [[Akbar]] was born.<ref>{{cite journal|quote=While fleeing from Hindustan, Humayun and his wife Hamida Begum, who was pregnant at the time, were given refuge by the Hindu ruler, Rana Prasad in Amarkot, Rajputana (present day Umarkot, Sindh province, Pakistan). Akbar was born inside the Amarkot fort on 15 October 1542. |year=2022 |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |title=Birth Images of Ghazan and Timur: Vessels of Memory for the Mughals |author=Dipanwita Donde |journal=The Twelfth International Convention of Asia Scholars (ICAS 12) |page=135|doi=10.5117/9789048557820/ICAS.2022.015 |isbn=978-90-485-5782-0 |doi-access=free }}</ref> After returning to India, Humayun tried to make good relations with zamindars, both Hindu as well as Muslim. His attempts to foster positive connections with the Rajputs are viewed as a strategy aimed at engaging the local ruling classes of the country.<ref>{{cite book|quote=After returning to India, Humayun embarked upon a policy of conciliating and winning over the zamindars — a term used in official documents to include the autonomous rajas, both Hindu and Muslim...The attempt to establish special relations with the Rajputs was, thus, part of a broader policy towards the zamindars or the indigenous ruling sections in the country. |author=Satish Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rm9MC4DDrcC&dq=Satish+chandra+special+relations+with+rajputs+humayun&pg=PA111 |page=111 |year=2005 |title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part - II |publisher=Har-Anand Publications}}</ref>

==== Akbar's period ====
{{See also|Political marriages in India}}
[[File:Maharana Pratap cropped.jpg|thumb|[[Rana Pratap]], the Rana of [[Kingdom of Mewar|Mewar]], was popularly known for his role in battles against the Mughal Empire]]
[[File:Raja Man Singh the Great , Of Amer.jpg|thumb|[[Man Singh I]], an important Rajput official of [[Akbar]]. ]]
After the mid-16th century, many Rajput rulers formed close relationships with the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal emperors]] and served them in different capacities.<ref>{{cite book |last=Richards |first=John F.|author-link=John F. Richards|title=The Mughal Empire |date=1995 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-25119-8 |pages=22–24}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Bhadani |first=B. L. |title=The Profile of Akbar in Contemporary Literature |journal=Social Scientist |date=1992 |volume=20 |issue=9/10 |pages=48–53 |doi=10.2307/3517716 |jstor=3517716| issn = 0970-0293 }}</ref> It was due to the support of the Rajputs that Akbar was able to lay the foundations of the Mughal empire in India.<ref name="Chaurasia" /> Some Rajput nobles gave away their daughters in marriage to Mughal emperors and princes for political motives.{{sfn|Dirk H. A. Kolff|2002|p=132}}<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EFI7tr9XK6EC&pg=PA656 |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History |publisher=Oxford University Press |first=Bonnie G. |last=Smith |year=2008 |page=656 |isbn=978-0-19-514890-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&pg=PA23 |title=The Mughal Empire |publisher=Cambridge University Press |first=John F. |last=Richards |year=1995 |page=23 |isbn=978-0-521-56603-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B8NJ41GiXvsC&pg=PA174 |title=Domesticity and Power in the Early Mughal World |publisher=Cambridge University Press |first=Ruby |last=Lal |year=2005 |page=174 |isbn=978-0-521-85022-3}}</ref> For example, [[Akbar]] accomplished 40 marriages for himself, his sons and grandsons, out of which 17 were Rajput-Mughal alliances.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I5upAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT176 |title=Interrogating International Relations: India's Strategic Practice and the Return of History War and International Politics in South Asia |publisher=Routledge |first=Jayashree |last=Vivekanandan |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-136-70385-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-first1=Anthony |editor-last1=Reid |editor-first2=David O. |editor-last2=Morgan |year=2010 |title=The New Cambridge History of Islam: Volume 3, The Eastern Islamic World, Eleventh to Eighteenth Centuries |page=213 |publisher=Taylor and Francis |isbn=9781316184363 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ANiaBAAAQBAJ&dq=rajput+cambridge&pg=PT437}}</ref> Akbar's successors as Mughal emperors, his son [[Jahangir]] and grandson [[Shah Jahan]] had Rajput mothers.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hansen |first1=Waldemar |title=The peacock throne : the drama of Mogul India |date=1972 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |location=Delhi |isbn=978-81-208-0225-4 |pages=12, 34 |edition=1. Indian ed., repr.}}</ref> Although Rajput rulers provided the brides to the Mughals, neither Akbar nor his successors provided brides to the Rajput rulers. For example, Akbar got his sisters and daughters married to [[Timurid Empire|Timurids]] and prominent Muslims from central and west Asia. Historian [[Michael H. Fisher|Michael Fisher]] states that the bards and poets patronized by the Rajput rulers who served Akbar raised Akbar to a "semi-divine" status and gives an example of Akbar being projected as a "divine master" in the "Hindu cosmic order". The writer also finds correlation between the increasing numbers of Hindu Rajput wives in Akbar's household and Hindu Rajputs as well as non-Rajput Hindus in his administration to the religious and political policy followed by him towards non-Muslims which included ending the prohibition on the construction of new temples of non -Muslim faiths like Hindu, Jain etc. In 1564 AD, Akbar had also stopped collection of ''[[jaziya]]'' from non-Muslims, a tax considered as discriminatory by several non-Muslims which also consisted of his Hindu Rajput officials.<ref name="Fisher2015">{{cite book | author = Michael Fisher | date = 1 October 2015 | title = A Short History of the Mughal Empire | publisher = Bloomsbury Publishing | pages = 88–90 | isbn = 978-0-85772-976-7 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ldOLDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA88}}</ref> The ruling [[Sisodia Dynasty|Sisodia]] Rajput family of [[Mewar]] made it a point of honour not to engage in matrimonial relationships with Mughals and thus claimed to stand apart from those Rajput clans who did so.{{sfn|Barbara N. Ramusack|2004|pp=18–19}} [[Rana Pratap]] is renowned as a "Rajput icon" for firmly fighting with Akbar's forces for the cause of Mewar's freedom.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vfn1DwAAQBAJ&dq=Rajput+icon+pratap&pg=PT138|title=Caste, State and Society: Degrees of Democracy in North India|author=Jagmal Singh|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2020|isbn=9781000196061}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Goddesses' Henchmen- Gender in Indian Hero Worship|publisher=Oxford University Press|author=Lindsey Harlan|year=2003|isbn=9780195348347|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EmbRCwAAQBAJ&dq=rana+pratap+rajput+hero&pg=PA46|page=46}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0bQwEAAAQBAJ&dq=rana+pratap+rajput+hero&pg=PA337|page=337|title=The Temple Road Towards a Great India|author=Marta Kudelska, Dorota Kamińska-Jones, Agnieszka Sylwia Staszczyk, Agata Świerzowska|isbn=9788323399865|publisher=Jagiellonian University Press|year=2019}}</ref> Once Mewar had submitted and alliance of Rajputs reached a measure of stability, matrimonial between leading Rajput states and Mughals became rare.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chandra |first1=Satish|author-link=Satish Chandra (historian)|title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part-II |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rm9MC4DDrcC&q=satish+chandra+rajput+mughal+marriage&pg=PA124 |date=2007 |publisher=Har Anand Publications |page=124|isbn=9788124110669}}</ref>

==== Shah Jahan's period ====

Under Shah Jahan, the Bundela Rajputs were embroiled in internal strife and imperial intervention. [[Jhujhar Singh]], son of the Bundela leader [[Vir Singh Deo]], rebelled in 1627-28 and again in 1635. Shah Jahan skilfully exploited the divisions within the Bundela clan by deploying loyal Bundela chiefs such as Bhagwan Das, Bharat Shah, and Pahar Singh to suppress the rebellion. Although the first uprising concluded with a pardon, the second prompted a response led by Aurangzeb with support from Bundela nobles like Debi Singh, who was rewarded with the title of Raja of Orchha. However, Champat Rai Bundela, a staunch supporter of Jhujhar Singh’s surviving son, Prithviraj, opposed Debi Singh's appointment. The resulting unrest undermined Debi Singh’s authority, leading to his removal in 1637. Shah Jahan then placed Orchha under direct Mughal administration before appointing Pahar Singh, descendant of Vir Singh Deo, as ruler in 1642, a move which helped diminish Champat Rai’s local support. Throughout Shah Jahan’s reign, the Mughal court repeatedly capitalised on Bundela feuds to assert control over Bundelkhand, the Bundela Rajputs' ancestral land.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ahmad |first=Amir |title=The Bundela Revolts During the Mughal Period: A Dynastic Affair |date=2005 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44145860 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=66 |pages=438–445 |jstor=44145860 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref>

==== Aurangzeb's period ====
{{See also|Rajput War (1679–1707)}}
Aurangzeb had banned all Hindus from carrying weapons and riding horses but exempted the Rajputs.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Aurangzeb and The Decline of the Mughals|author=Sayan Lodh |journal=AltraLANG Journal|year=2019|url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=Aurangzeb+and+The+Decline+of+the+Mughals+Sayan+lodh&btnG=#d=gs_qabs&t=1723713142121&u=%23p%3DHCScHg5r2qwJ|publisher=Presidency University, Kolkata|pages=134|quote=In 1679, Aurangzeb revived the jizya or poll tax on non-Muslims. He also dismissed many non- Muslim clerks. All Hindus except the Rajput, were forbidden to carry weapons.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=A Note on Conception of Aurangzeb Alamgir Religious Policy|author=Aqib Yousuf Rather |journal=Journal of Psychology and Political Science |year=2022|url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=A+Note+on+Conception+of+Aurangzeb+Alamgir++Religious+Policy&btnG=#d=gs_qabs&t=1723713611986&u=%23p%3Dg5td9ORhlMoJ|publisher=JIPIRS|pages=34|quote=Aurangzeb issued orders barring all Hindus, with the exception of Rajputs, from riding elephants, horses, or palanquins.}}</ref>
Akbar's diplomatic policy regarding the Rajputs was later damaged by the intolerant rules introduced by his great-grandson [[Aurangzeb]]. A prominent example of these rules included the re-imposition of [[Jaziya]], which had been abolished by Akbar.<ref name="Chaurasia" /> However, despite imposition of Jaziya Aurangzeb's army had a high proportion of Rajput officers in the upper ranks of the imperial army and they were all exempted from paying Jaziya.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bayly |first1=Susan |title=Caste, society and politics in India from the eighteenth century to the modern age |date=2000 |publisher=Cambridge Univ. Press |location=Cambridge [u.a.] |isbn=9780521798426 |page=35 |edition=1. Indian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HbAjKR_iHogC&q=rajput+caste&pg=PR6}}</ref> The Rajputs then revolted against the Mughal empire. Aurangzeb's conflicts with them, which commenced in the early 1680s, henceforth became a contributing factor towards the downfall of the Mughal empire.<ref name=EB /><ref name="Chaurasia">{{cite book |last=Chaurasia |first=Radhey Shyam |title=History of Medieval India: From 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D |date=2002 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |isbn=978-81-269-0123-4 |pages=272–273}}</ref>

====Under Maratha influence====
Historian Lynn Zastoupil states that the Mughal Emperors had manipulated the appointment of the successor of the Rajput rulers earlier. However, in the early 18th century, when the Mughal power declined, Rajput states enjoyed a brief period of independence. But soon the [[Maratha Empire]] started collecting tribute from and harassing some Rajput states.<ref>{{cite book | date = July 1994 | title = John Stuart Mill and India | author =Lynn Zastoupil|publisher = Stanford University Press | pages = 120–121 | isbn = 978-0-8047-6617-3 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=42f1jD7L_wcC&pg=PA121|quote=Maratha incursions into Rajasthan grew steadily in the second half of the century, however, and soon the Rajput states were subject to the tribute, and sometimes plunder, of competing Maratha polities.}}</ref> The internal governance and political structures of the various Rajput kingdoms were weakened as a result of Maratha interference in dynastic succession disputes.<ref>{{harvnb|Rima Hooja|2006|p=658}} "Maratha interference in dynastic succession disputes would lead to the weakening of the internal governance and political structures of the several affected kingdoms..."</ref> Some Rajput states, in 1800s, appealed to the British [[East India Company]] for assistance against the Marathas but their requests for assistance were denied at the time.<ref name="Zastoupil1994">{{cite book | date = July 1994 | title = John Stuart Mill and India | author =Lynn Zastoupil|publisher = Stanford University Press | pages = 120–121 | isbn = 978-0-8047-6617-3 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=42f1jD7L_wcC&pg=PA121}}</ref><ref name="Sreenivasan2017">{{cite book | author = Ramya Sreenivasan | date = 1 May 2017 | title = The Many Lives of a Rajput Queen: Heroic Pasts in India, c. 1500-1900 | publisher = University of Washington Press | pages = 126– | isbn = 978-0-295-99785-8 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=QXQkDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA126}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Chaurasia |first1=R.S. |title=History of the Marathas. |date=2004 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist. |location=New Delhi, India |isbn=81-269-0394-5 |pages=23,178,185 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D_v3Y7hns8QC&q=+rajput+tribute&pg=PR3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=[[Jadunath Sarkar]]| year=1994|title= A History of Jaipur 1503–1938|chapter=The British alliance|pages=315–330|publisher=Orient Longman|isbn=81-250-0333-9}}</ref>

===British colonial period===
[[File:Charles Shepherd and Arthur Robertson01.jpg|thumb|Chauhan Rajputs, Delhi (1868)]]
In the late eighteenth century, despite the request from two Rajput rulers for British support, the British East India company initially refused to support the Rajput states in Rajputana region as they had the policy of non-interference and considered the Rajput states to be weak. In the early nineteenth century, British administrator [[Warren Hastings]] realised how alliance with the Rajputs had benefited the Mughals and believed that a similar alliance may give the East India company political advantage in India. In his journal, in January 1815, he noted that Rajput states - [[Jaipur]], [[Jodhpur]] and [[Udaipur]] had been "devastated" by the [[Scindia]], [[Holkars]], [[Pindari]], [[Amir Khan (Nawab of Tonk)|Ameer Khan]] and Muhammad Shah Khan and that the Rajput rulers made multiple petitions to him requesting British protection. Moreover, the Rajput rulers had argued that "British had replaced the Mughal Empire as the supreme power of India and therefore had the responsibility to protect weaker states from aggressive ones". [[Charles Metcalfe, 1st Baron Metcalfe|Charles Metcalfe]] agreed with this reasoning. One by one, many Rajput states in Rajputana came under British protection and became their allies - [[Kota State|Kota]], [[Udaipur]], [[Bundi]], [[Kishangarh]], [[Bikaner]], [[Jaipur]], [[Pratapgarh, Rajasthan|Pratapgarh]], [[Banswara]], [[Dungarpur]], [[Jaisalmer]] by 1817-18 and [[Sirohi]] by 1823. The British promised to protect the Rajput states from their adversaries and not interfere in internal affairs in exchange for tribute. However, [[David Ochterlony]], who was in charge of the Rajput states broke the promise to not interfere as in his view interferences would save the states from "ruin". In 1820, the British removed him from his position and replaced him with Charles Metcalfe. For several decades, "non-interference" in internal affairs remained the official policy. However, according to the historian Lynn Zastoupil, the "British never found it possible or desirable to completely withdraw from interference in Rajput affairs".<ref name="Sen2010">{{cite book | author = Sailendra Nath Sen | date = 2010 | title = An Advanced History of Modern India | publisher = Macmillan | pages = 73– | isbn = 978-0-230-32885-3 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=bXWiACEwPR8C&pg=PA73}}</ref><ref name="Zastoupil1994"/>

The medieval bardic chronicles (''[[kavya]]'' and ''[[masnavi (poetic form)|masnavi]]'') glorified the Rajput past, presenting warriorhood and honour as Rajput ideals. This later became the basis of the British reconstruction of the Rajput history and the nationalist interpretations of Rajputs' struggles with the Muslim invaders.{{sfn|Tanuja Kothiyal|2016|pp=9–10}} [[James Tod]], a British colonial official, was impressed by the military qualities of the Rajputs but is today considered to have been unusually enamoured of them.<ref>{{cite book |last=Tod |first=James |publisher=Higginbotham & Co |year=1873 |url=https://archive.org/details/annalsantiquitie02jame |quote=What nation on earth could have maintained the semblance of civilization, the spirit or the customs of their forefathers, during so many centuries of overwhelming depression, but one of such singular character as the Rajpoot. |title=Annals and Antiquities of Rajast'han |page=[https://archive.org/details/annalsantiquitie02jame/page/217 217]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Freitag |first1=Jason |title=Serving empire, serving nation: James Tod and the Rajputs of Rajasthan |date=2009 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden |isbn=978-90-04-17594-5 |pages=3–5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kiewCQAAQBAJ&dq=Jason+Freitag+tod&pg=PR3 |access-date=2 May 2022}}</ref>
Although the group venerate him to this day, he is viewed by many historians since the late nineteenth century as being a not particularly reliable commentator.<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nKJiBUFrmfoC&pg=PA31 |title=Cultural contours of India: Dr. Satya Prakash felicitation volume |last=Srivastava |first=Vijai Shankar |publisher=Abhinav Publications |year=1981 |isbn=978-0-391-02358-1 |editor1-last=Prakash |editor1-first=Satya |page=120 |chapter=The story of archaeological, historical and antiquarian researches in Rajasthan before independence |access-date=9 July 2011 |editor2-last=Śrivastava |editor2-first=Vijai Shankar}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Meister |first=Michael W. |year=1981 |title=Forest and Cave: Temples at Candrabhāgā and Kansuāñ |journal=Archives of Asian Art |volume=34 |pages=56–73 |jstor=20111117}}{{subscription required}}</ref> Jason Freitag, his only significant biographer, has said that Tod is "manifestly biased".<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ib93BhAu43gC |title=Serving empire, serving nation: James Tod and the Rajputs of Rajasthan |last=Freitag |first=Jason |publisher=BRILL |year=2009 |isbn=978-90-04-17594-5 |pages=3–5}}</ref>

As per the historian [[Thomas R. Metcalf]], Rajput Taluqdars in [[Awadh|Oudh]] provided a large numbers of leaders to the revolt of 1857 in that region. [[Kunwar Singh]], a Rajput Zamindar was an important leader in Bihar region in the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Metcalf |first=Thomas R. |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ByTWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA299 |title=Aftermath of Revolt: India 1857-1970 |date=2015-12-08 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-7664-8 |pages=299 |language=en}}</ref>

Historian Robert Stern points out that in [[Rajputana]], although there were some revolts in the soldiers commanded by British officers the "Rajpur durbar muskeeters and feudal cavalrymen" did not participate in the 1857 revolt at all.<ref name="Stern1988">{{cite book | author = Robert W. Stern | date = 1988 | title = The Cat and the Lion: Jaipur State in the British Raj | publisher = BRILL | pages = 108 | isbn = 978-90-04-08283-0 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=NK1MhWq-9VkC&pg=PA108}}</ref> But Crispin Bates is of the opinion that Rajput officers had soft corner for the rebels of 1857 fleeing Delhi who were entering into interior areas of then Rajasthan region. He gives examples of rebels who easily found safe havens in villages of Chittor without arrests.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bates |first=Crispin |title=Mutiny at the Margins: New Perspectives on the Indian Uprising of 1857: Volume VI: Perception, Narration and Reinvention: The Pedagogy and Historiography of the Indian Uprising |date=2014-10-16 |publisher=SAGE Publishing India |isbn=978-93-5150-457-3 |language=en|quote=This suggests that those who fled Delhi had taken asylum in the villages of Chittor, implying that Rajput officers had sympathy with the rebels, otherwise they could have been arrested at the entry point into Rajasthan. However, they travelled safely through Rajasthan, up to Chittor.}}</ref>

The Rajput practices of [[Female infanticide in India|female infanticide]] and ''[[Sati (practice)|sati]]'' (widow immolation) were other matters of concern to the British. It was believed that the Rajputs were the primary adherents to these practices, which the British Raj considered savage and which provided the initial impetus for British [[Ethnography|ethnographic]] studies of the subcontinent that eventually manifested itself as a much wider exercise in [[social engineering (political science)|social engineering]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Concept of Race in South Asia |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Delhi |year=1995 |editor-first=Peter |editor-last=Robb |first=Crispin |last=Bates |chapter=Race, Caste and Tribe in Central India: the early origins of Indian anthropometry |isbn=978-0-19-563767-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PwNkQgAACAAJ |page=227 |access-date=30 November 2011}}</ref>

During the British rule their love for pork, i.e. wild boar, was also well known and the British identified them as a group based on this.<ref>{{cite book |title=Shifting Ground: People, Animals, and Mobility in India's Environmental History |editor1=Mahesh Rangarajan, K |editor2=Sivaramakrishnan |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bIM8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT85 |quote=The British defined Rajputs as a group in part by their affinity for wild pork. |page=85 |isbn=9780199089376 |date=6 November 2014}}</ref>{{Clarify|reason = Why would muslim Rajputs eat Pork? Is it not forbidden in Islam?|date=November 2024}}

The Rajputs were classified as one of the farming and landowning communities by the British in the 1931 census.<ref name="Singh_2935">{{cite book | last=Singh | first=K. S. | title=India's Communities | volume=6|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India | date=1998 | isbn=978-0-19-563354-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jHQMAQAAMAAJ|page=2935|quote= In the 1931 census, the Rajput were grouped under landowning and cultivating classes. Their total population in India was about 10,743,091.}}</ref>

Some unrelated communities tried to change their status to Rajput during the Colonial era. [[William L. Rowe|William Rowe]], discusses an example of a Shudra caste - the Noniyas (caste of salt makers)- from [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Bihar]]. A large section of this caste that had "become" "Chauhan Rajputs" over three generations in the [[British Raj]] era. The more wealthy or advanced Noniyas started by forming the ''Sri Rajput Pacharni Sabha'' (Rajput Advancement Society) in 1898 and emulating the Rajput lifestyle. They also started wearing of [[Upanayana|Sacred thread]]. Rowe states that at a historic meeting of the caste in 1936, every child in this Noniya section "knew" about their "Rajput heritage".{{sfn|Lloyd Rudolph|1967|p=127}} Similarly, Donald Attwood and Baviskar give and example of a caste of shepherds who were formerly Shudras changed their status to Rajput in the Raj era and started wearing the Sacred thread. They are now known as [[Sagar Rajput]]s. The scholars consider this example as a case among thousands.<ref name="BaviskarAttwood2013">{{cite book|author1=B. S. Baviskar|author2=D. W. Attwood|title=Inside-Outside: Two Views of Social Change in Rural India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jVQtBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA389|date=30 October 2013|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-81-321-1865-7|pages=389–|quote= As one example among thousands, a small caste living partly in the Nira Valley was formerly known as Shegar Dhangar and more recently as Sagar Rajput}}</ref><ref name="Frykenberg1984">{{cite book|author=Robert Eric Frykenberg|title=Land Tenure and Peasant in South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gOLSAAAAMAAJ|year=1984|publisher=Manohar|page=197|quote=Another example of castes' successful efforts to raise their sacred status to twice-born are the Sagar Rajputs of Poona district. Previously they were considered to be Dhangars—shepherds by occupation and Shudras by traditional varna. However, when their economic strength increased and they began to acquire land, they found a genealogist to trace their ancestry back to a leading officer in Shivaji's army, changed their names from Dhangars to Sagar Rajputs, and donned the sacred thread.}}</ref>

===Post Independence===
====India====
On [[Partition of India|India's independence]] in 1947, the princely states, including those of the Rajput, were given three options: join either India or Pakistan, or remain independent. Rajput rulers of the 22 princely states of [[Rajputana]] acceded to newly independent India, amalgamated into the new state of Rajasthan in 1949–1950.<ref name="Markovits2002">{{cite book |date=2002 |orig-year=First published 1994 as ''Histoire de l'Inde Moderne'' |editor-first=Claude |editor-last=Markovits |title=A History of Modern India, 1480–1950 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uzOmy2y0Zh4C&pg=PA406 |edition=2nd |location=London |publisher=Anthem Press |page=406 |isbn=978-1-84331-004-4 |quote=The twenty-two princely states that were amalgamated in 1949 to form a political entity called Rajasthan...}}</ref> Initially the maharajas were granted funding from the [[privy purse in India|Privy purse]] in exchange for their acquiescence, but a series of land reforms over the following decades weakened their power, and their privy purse was cut off during [[Indira Gandhi]]'s administration under the 1971 [[List of amendments of the Constitution of India|Constitution 26th Amendment Act]]. The estates, treasures, and practices of the old Rajput rulers now form a key part of Rajasthan's tourist trade and cultural memory.<ref name="Larson2001">{{cite book |author=Gerald James Larson |title=Religion and Personal Law in Secular India: A Call to Judgment |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HGV3noHZ1QMC&pg=PA206 |access-date=24 August 2013 |year=2001 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-21480-5 |pages=206–}}</ref>

The Rajput [[Dogra dynasty|Dogra ruler]] of [[Kashmir and Jammu (princely state)|Kashmir and Jammu]] [[Instrument of Accession|acceded to India]] in 1947,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/167993/Dogra-dynasty |title=Dogra dynasty |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> while retaining his title until the monarchy was abolished in 1971 by the 26th amendment to the Constitution of India.<ref>{{Citation |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend26.htm |title=The Constitution (26 Amendment) Act, 1971 |publisher=Government of India |work=indiacode.nic.in |year=1971 |access-date=30 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111206041333/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend26.htm |archive-date=6 December 2011}}</ref>

Before the zamindari abolition, the Rajputs in [[Awadh|Oudh]] formed the major Taluqdars and had controlled over 50 percent of the land in the most districts of the region.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brass |first=Paul R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KulsjpUIxeUC |title=Factional Politics in an Indian State: The Congress Party in Uttar Pradesh |date=1966 |publisher=University of California Press |pages=16–17 |language=en |quote=The agricultural castes must be further subdivided into the traditional landowning castes, the cultivating castes, and the castes which provide field laborers. Among the traditional landowning castes, the Thakurs and Rajputs are by far the most important. Before zamindari abolition, Rajputs and Thakurs owned the largest share of the land in most of the districts in Uttar Pradesh; in Oudh, Rajputs were the most prominent talukdars and owned more than 50 percent of the land in most districts. Rajputs and Thakurs are associated with traditional Kshatriya class, the ruling class in the classical Hindu order.}}</ref> Historian Thomas R. Metcalf explains that in the province of Uttar Pradesh, majority of the Taluqdars with moderate to large estates were composed of Rajput caste. He also mentions that Rajputs were only next to Brahmins in the ritual hierarchy and also gave the secular elite of the state. According to him, the community controlled most of the best agricultural land in the region and this also helped the Rajput Taluqdars who were usually the head of the local Rajput clan to gather support over non-Rajput rival in the electoral politics of the state.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Thomas |first1=Metcalf |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lVBuAAAAMAAJ |title=Forging the Raj: Essays on British India in the Heyday of Empire |last2=Metcalf |first2=Thomas R. |last3=Metcalf |first3=Professor of History and Sarah Kailath Professor of India Studies Thomas R. |last4=Kailath |first4=Sarah |date=2005 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-566709-7 |pages=84 |language=en |quote=The bulk of the taluqdars, including almost all the Hindu holders of moderate to large estates, are of the Rajput caste. A ritually high caste, second only to the Brahmins, Rajputs have traditionally provided the secular elite of the province. Not only as large Landlords, but as petty zamindars and substantial peasant cultivators, Rajputs control most of the productive agricultural land and have long dominated the village ''panchayats'' and other local government institutions. The mere existence of such a large group of influential caste fellows scattered throughout the countryside gives the taluqdar a substantial advantage over a non-Rajput rival in gathering electoral support. But the taluqdar is usually more than just a Rajput; he is also the head of the local Rajput lineage or clan.}}</ref>

=====Affirmative Action=====
The Rajputs, in most of the states, are considered a [[Forward Caste|General caste]] (forward caste) in India's system of [[Reservation in India|positive discrimination]]. This means that they have no access to reservations. But they are classified as an [[Other Backward Class]] by the [[National Commission for Backward Classes]] in the state of [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLsThxqt53NPf0ggPwu7BzPqgy3u3lupJmQLsT8%2fMjBlhiG%2fb0Het9uX |title=Central List of OBCs – State : Karnataka |website= }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ncbc.nic.in/Writereaddata/note27635288560842543245.pdf |title=12015/2/2007-BCC dt. 18/08/2010 |website= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Reservational Justice to Other Backward Classes (Obcs): Theoretical and Practical Issues |author=A.Prasad |publisher=Deep and Deep Publications |year=1997 |page=69 |quote=(continued list of OBC classes) 7.Rajput 120.Karnataka Rajput}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zJxY9IWzGewC |title=Villages, Women, and the Success of Dairy Cooperatives in India: Making Place for Rural Development |first=Pratyusha |last=Basu |publisher=Cambria Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-60497-625-0 |page=96}}</ref> Some Rajputs in various states, as with other agricultural castes, demand reservations in Government jobs.<ref>
{{cite news |title=Rajput youths rally for reservations |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/Rajput-youths-rally-for-reservations/articleshow/48908796.cms |access-date=4 June 2016 |work=The Times of India}}
</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mudgal |first1=Vipul |title=The Absurdity of Jat Reservation |url=http://thewire.in/2016/02/22/the-absurdity-of-jat-reservation-22396/ |access-date=4 June 2016 |work=The Wire |date=22 February 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530212402/http://thewire.in/2016/02/22/the-absurdity-of-jat-reservation-22396/ |archive-date=30 May 2016}}
</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Rajputs demanding reservation threaten to disrupt chintan shivir |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rajputs-demanding-reservation-threaten-to-disrupt-chintan-shivir/article4313115.ece |access-date=4 June 2016 |work=The Hindu |date=16 January 2013 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=After Jats, Rajputs of western UP want reservation in govt posts |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/noida/now-rajputs-of-western-uttar-pradesh-want-reservation-in-government-jobs/story-FBbtkNPRFjULRaHA30BHdN.html |access-date=4 June 2016 |work=Hindustan Times |date=28 April 2016}}</ref> In 2016, Sikh Rajputs were added under Backward Classes in [[Punjab]]<ref>{{cite web | author=The Tribune India | title=Rajput body condemns govt for putting Sikh Rajputs in 'backward classes' | website=Tribuneindia News Service | date=2016-12-20 | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/jalandhar/rajput-body-condemns-govt-for-putting-sikh-rajputs-in-backward-classes-334515}}</ref> but after protest by the community, the government announced that they will be again put under General Category.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-15 |title=Rajputs to be accorded back general status, as per demand, says Punjab CM Channi |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/rajputs-to-be-accorded-back-general-status-as-per-demand-says-punjab-cmchanni-101636994782914.html |access-date=2022-10-22 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

====Pakistan====
In [[West Punjab]], the Muslim Rajputs, Jats and Arains are the three dominant agricultural castes, out of which, Rajputs are considered to be at the top of social hierarchy.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y5jTh7DA598C&dq=Rajput+different+from+other+castes&pg=PA118 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |year=1975 |author=Richard F. Nyrop |title=Area Handbook for Pakistan|quote=The agricultural tribes are usually castes with a common mythic ancestor whose traditional occupation is agriculture. The three most important Muslim castes are the Jats, Rajputs and Arains. In terms of social precedence, the Rajputs come first.|page=118}}</ref> In [[Azad Kashmir]], they are distributed across the territory and have higher presence in politics.<ref>{{cite book|title=Ethnic Knowledge and Perspectives of Medicinal Plants |page=198 |publisher=Apple Academic Press |year=2023 |isbn=978-1-000-81185-8 |editor=Francisco Martín Huerta-Martínez |quote=Rajputs are distributed all over AJK with higher involvement in political activities form the basis of AJKs politics. Respected group alone has half million population in AJK.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mKAIEQAAQBAJ&dq=Rajputs+are+distributed+all+over+AJK+with+higher+involvement+in+political+activities+form+the+basis+of+AJKs+politics&pg=PA198}}</ref> They are among the largest components of Pakistan's army.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y5jTh7DA598C&dq=Rajput+different+from+other+castes&pg=PA118 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |year=1975 |author=Richard F. Nyrop |title=Area Handbook for Pakistan|quote=The Muslim Rajputs are believed to stem from local aristocrats who converted to Islam during the Mughal period and who held positions of honor in the army and administration. Under the British, they contributed large number of excellent soldiers to the Indian army, and they continue to be the largest element in the army of Pakistan. |page=118,119}}</ref>

==Demographics==

=== India ===
In 1931, Rajputs comprised 3.7% of British India's population.<ref>{{cite book | last=Jaffrelot | first=C. | title=India's Silent Revolution: The Rise of the Lower Castes in North India | publisher=Hurst | year=2003 | isbn=978-1-85065-398-1 | page= 2|chapter=Introduction|quote=In 1931 - Brahmins represented 6.4% of the population, the Rajputs, the principal caste of warriors, 3.7%}}</ref> Currently, the region-wise estimates of Rajputs' share in population are, in descending order: 35% for [[Uttarakhand]],<ref>{{cite journal |author=Anjali Semwal |date=31 January 2023 |title=Influence of Caste, Education and Family on Women's Participation in Village Panchayats of Uttarakhand with special reference to Ukhimath and Raipur block |url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?start=10&q=uttarakhand+rajputs+35+per+cent&hl=en&as_sdt=0,5#d=gs_qabs&t=1725729583254&u=%23p%3DOHbJy0Ad0LsJ |journal=International Journal of Social Sciences and Management 10 (1), 5-9, 2023 |page=5 |quote=According to Uttarakhand Department of Social Justice and Empowerment, Rajputs constitute 35 percent of the total population and Brahmins 25 percent, together they constitute over 60 percent.}}</ref> 28% for [[Himachal Pradesh]],<ref>{{cite book |author1=Ramesh K. Chauhan |url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=Himachal+Pradesh%3A+Well-established+Domination+of+Majoritarian+Upper+Castes&btnG=#d=gs_qabs&t=1725987035235&u=%23p%3D-lIZyBNqw-UJ |title=Himachal Pradesh Well-established Domination of Majoritarian Upper Castes |author2=TR Sharma |author3=SN Ghosh |date=2012 |publisher=Taylor and Francis group |page= |quote=The Rajputs and Brahmins are the two politically dominant upper castes in the state. The Rajputs being higher in their numerical strength (28 per cent), followed by Brahmins (20 per cent), principally represent and influence the electoral politics in the state.}}</ref> 9% in [[Madhya Pradesh]],<ref>[[Christophe Jaffrelot]], "[https://www.india-seminar.com/2008/591/591_christophe_jaffrelot.htm The uneven plebeianisation of Madhya Pradesh politics]", ''Seminar'', Nov. 2008, pp. 28-33, [https://web.archive.org/web/20250111103418/https://www.india-seminar.com/2008/591/591_christophe_jaffrelot.htm archived] on 5 February 2025: "Madhya Pradesh (...) where the proportion of Rajputs is higher than in Rajasthan with about 9%."</ref> 7-8% for [[Uttar Pradesh]],<ref>{{Cite book |author=Anil Maheshwari |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QqJhEAAAQBAJ&dq=Rajputs+7+percent+uttar+pradesh&pg=PT73 |title=Uttar Pradesh Elections 2022: More than a State At Stake (UP Elections) |publisher=Om Books International |year=2022 |isbn=978-93-91258-48-1 |quote=Brahmins constitute between 10 to 11 percent of UP's population while Rajputs are at 7 to 8 percent.}}</ref> 6% for [[Rajasthan]],<ref>{{cite news |year=2016 |editor=Jacqueline Behrend, Laurence Whitehead |title=Illiberal Practices: Territorial Variance Within Large Federal Democracies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pKcQDAAAQBAJ&dq=Rajput+population+rajasthan+6+percent&pg=PA66 |publisher=JHU Press |page=66 |isbn=978-1-4214-1958-9}}</ref> 5% for [[Gujarat]],<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DsDOrvROzPEC&dq=Banias+or+Vanias+%283+per+cent%29%28trading+caste%29+and+rajputs+%285+per+cent%29+form+about+12+per+cent+of&pg=PA408 |title=Inclusion and Exclusion in Local Governance: Field Studies from Rural India polls |publisher=SAGE Publications Ltd |year=2009 |isbn=978-81-7829-860-3 |editor=B S Baviskar, George Mathew |page=408}}</ref> 3.45% for [[Bihar]],<ref>{{cite news |date=2 October 2023 |title=PoliticsBihar's Much-Awaited Caste Census Puts OBC-EBC Groups at Politically Dominant 63% |url=https://m.thewire.in/article/politics/bihar-caste-census-released-at-63-obc-ebc-groups-set-to-take-pole-position-in-state-politics |website=The Wire}}</ref> and 3.4% for [[Haryana]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Dr Sandeep Yadav, Dr Ashutosh Birla |date=30 October 2024 |title=Caste, Community, and Victory: Decoding the BJP's Historic Third Win in Haryana's 2024 Elections |url=https://knowledgeableresearch.com/index.php/1/article/view/267 |journal=Knowledgeable Research |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=15–20 |quote=The state {{sic|comprises |hide=y|of}} around 27 percent Jats, 21 percent SC, 8 percent Punjabis, 7.5 percent Brahmins, 7 percent Muslims, 5 percent Yadavs and 5 percent Vaish, 4 percent Jat Sikhs, 3.4 percent Rajputs and 3.4 percent Gujjars, 3 percent Sainis of the total electorates.}}</ref>

=== Pakistan ===
{{See also|Muslim Rajputs}}
In Pakistan the census is done on a linguistic basis, so it's harder to come across the population of Rajputs, who are mostly [[Muslim Rajputs|Muslim]], at a national level, but at a local level the [[Government of Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab government]] has provided the following numbers: Rajputs constitute 32% of the [[Kasur District]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=District Profile |url=https://kasur.punjab.gov.pk/our_history |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250107122444/https://kasur.punjab.gov.pk/our_history |archive-date=7 January 2025 |website=District Kasur - [[Government of Punjab, Pakistan|Government of Punjab]] |quote=The Rajputs are numerically the strongest tribe and also the most important. About 32% population of the district is Rajput.}}</ref> 20% of the [[Gujranwala District]],<ref>''[https://gazetteers.punjab.gov.pk/uploads/flipbooks/gujranwala/2020/mobile/index.html Gazetteer of Gujranwala District 2020]'', compiled and published under the supervision of the deputy commissioner Gujranwala, [[Government of Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab Government]], p. 34</ref> and 5% of the [[Lahore District]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=District Profile |url=https://lahore.punjab.gov.pk/district_profile |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127195943/https://lahore.punjab.gov.pk/district_profile |archive-date=27 November 2023 |website=District Lahore - [[Government of Punjab, Pakistan|Government of Punjab]]}}</ref>

Many others Rajputs live in other places of the [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab province]] as well in [[Sindh]] (including [[Karachi]]) and [[Azad Kashmir]], in Azad Kashmir being slightly less 10% than the total population with 500,000.<ref name="hrw.org">{{cite web |title="With Friends Like These...": Human Rights Violations in Azad Kashmir: II. Background |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2006/pakistan0906/3.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308175448/https://www.hrw.org/reports/2006/pakistan0906/3.htm |archive-date=March 8, 2021 |access-date=June 14, 2019 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> Hindu Rajputs of [[Sodha]] clan are concentrated in [[Umerkot District|Umerkot]] and [[Tharparkar District|Tharparkar]] districts.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sodha Rajputs & Their Losing Battle With Indo-Pak Tensions |website=Vibes of India |date=15 May 2022 |url=https://www.vibesofindia.com/sodha-rajputs-their-losing-battle-with-indo-pak-tensions/ |author=Beena Sarwar}}</ref>

=== Nepal ===
Rajputs form 0.16% of [[Nepal]]'s population or around 50,000 individuals based on 2021 census <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Population and Housing Census 2021 National Report on Caste/ethnicity, Language & Religion |url=https://censusnepal.cbs.gov.np/results/files/result-folder/Caste%20Ethnicity_report_NPHC_2021.pdf}}</ref>

==Subdivisions==
{{Main|Rajput clans}}
The term "Rajput" denotes a cluster of castes,<ref>{{cite book |author=Lawrence A. Babb |title=The Divine Hierarchy: Popular Hinduism in Central India |url=https://archive.org/details/divinehierarchy00lawr |url-access=registration |year=1975 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-08387-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/divinehierarchy00lawr/page/15 15] |quote=The term Rajput denotes a cluster of castes that are accorded Kshatriya status in the varna system.}}</ref> clans, and lineages.<ref>{{cite book |author=Lawrence A Babb |title=Alchemies of Violence: Myths of Identity and the Life of Trade in Western India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=74tUY0le33UC&pg=PA17 |year=2004 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-0-7619-3223-9 |page=17 |quote=...the region's erstwhile ruling aristocracy, a cluster of clans and lineages bearing the label 'Rajput'.}}</ref> It is a vaguely defined term, and there is no universal consensus on which clans make up the Rajput community.{{sfn|Ayan Shome|2014|p=196}} In medieval Rajasthan (the historical [[Rajputana]]) and its neighbouring areas, the word Rajput came to be restricted to certain specific clans, based on patrilineal descent and intermarriages. On the other hand, the Rajput communities living in the region to the east of Rajasthan had a fluid and inclusive nature. The Rajputs of Rajasthan eventually refused to acknowledge the Rajput identity claimed by their eastern counterparts,{{sfn|Catherine B. Asher|Cynthia Talbot|2006|p=99 (Para 3)|ps=: "...Rajput did not originally indicate a hereditary status but rather an occupational one: that is, it was used in reference to men from diverse ethnic and geographical backgrounds, who fought on horseback. In Rajasthan and its vicinity, the word Rajput came to have a more restricted and aristocratic meaning, as exclusive networks of warriors related by patrilineal descent and intermarriage became dominant in the fifteenth century. The Rajputs of Rajasthan eventually refused to acknowledge the Rajput identity of the warriors who lived farther to the east and retained the fluid and inclusive nature of their communities far longer than did the warriors of Rajasthan."}} such as the [[Bundela]]s.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=120 (Para 4)|ps=: "Kolff's provocative thesis certainly applies to more peripheral groups like the Bundelas of Central India, whose claims to be Rajput were ignored by the Rajput clans of Mughal-era Rajasthan, and to other such lower-status martial communities."}} The Rajputs claim to be [[Kshatriya]]s or descendants of Kshatriyas, but their actual status varies greatly, ranging from princely lineages to common cultivators.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rajput |title=Rajput |website=Encyclopædia Britannica|date=11 December 2023 }}</ref>

There are several major subdivisions of Rajputs, known as ''vansh'' or ''vamsha'', the step below the super-division [[jāti]]{{sfn|Shail Mayaram|2013|p=269}} These ''vansh'' delineate claimed descent from various sources, and the Rajput are generally considered to be divided into three primary vansh:<ref name="Lunheim1993">{{cite book |author=Rolf Lunheim |title=Desert people: caste and community—a Rajasthani village |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UuRtAAAAMAAJ |access-date=24 August 2013 |year=1993 |publisher=University of Trondheim & Norsk Hydro AS|isbn=9788290896121 }}</ref> [[Suryavansha|Suryavanshi]] denotes descent from the solar deity [[Surya]], [[Chandravanshi]] ([[Somavanshi]]) from the lunar deity [[Chandra]], and [[Agnivanshi]] from the fire deity [[Agni]]. The Agnivanshi clans include [[Parmar (Rajput clan)|Parmar]], Chaulukya ([[Solanki (clan)|Solanki]]), [[Parihar (clan)|Parihar]] and Chauhan.<ref name="Unnithan-Kumar1997">{{cite book |author=Maya Unnithan-Kumar |title=Identity, Gender, and Poverty: New Perspectives on Caste and Tribe in Rajasthan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b9ktWLud0oIC&pg=PA135 |access-date=24 August 2013 |year=1997 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-1-57181-918-5 |page=135}}</ref>

Lesser-noted ''vansh'' include Udayvanshi, Rajvanshi,.<ref name="Jha1997">{{cite book |author=Makhan Jha |title=Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0i94Z5C8HMC&pg=PA33 |access-date=24 August 2013 |date=1 January 1997 |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=978-81-7533-034-4 |pages=33–}}</ref> The histories of the various ''vansh''s were later recorded in documents known as ''vamshāavalīis''; André Wink counts these among the "status-legitimizing texts".<ref name="Wink2002">{{cite book |author=André Wink |title=Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7Th-11th Centuries |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g2m7_R5P2oAC&pg=PA282 |access-date=24 August 2013 |year=2002 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-0-391-04173-8 |pages=282–}}</ref>

Beneath the ''vansh'' division are smaller and smaller subdivisions: ''kul'', ''shakh'' ("branch"), ''khamp'' or ''khanp'' ("twig"), and ''nak'' ("twig tip").{{sfn|Shail Mayaram|2013|p=269}} Marriages within a ''kul'' are generally disallowed (with some flexibility for kul-mates of different ''gotra'' lineages). The ''kul'' serves as the primary identity for many of the Rajput clans, and each ''kul'' is protected by a family goddess, the ''[[kuldevi]]''. Lindsey Harlan notes that in some cases, ''shakh''s have become powerful enough to be functionally ''kul''s in their own right.{{sfn|Lindsey Harlan|1992|p=31}}

==Culture and ethos==

The [[Bengal army]] of the [[East India Company]] recruited heavily from upper castes such as Brahmins and Rajputs of north-central India particularly from the region of Awadh and Bihar. However, after the revolt of 1857 by the Bengal sepoys, the British Indian army shifted recruitment to the Punjab.<ref name="Streets2004">{{cite book |author=Heather Streets |title=Martial Races: The Military, Race and Masculinity in British Imperial Culture, 1857–1914 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BscnZT_1po8C |year=2004 |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=978-0-7190-6962-8 |page=26}}</ref>

===Martial race===
The Rajputs were designated as a [[Martial Race]] in the period of the British Raj. This was a designation created by administrators that classified each ethnic group as either "martial" or "non-martial": a "martial race" was typically considered brave and well built for fighting,<ref name=rand>{{Cite journal |last=Rand |first=Gavin |title=Martial Races and Imperial Subjects: Violence and Governance in Colonial India 1857–1914 |journal=European Review of History |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=1–20 |date=March 2006 |url= |doi=10.1080/13507480600586726|s2cid=144987021 }}</ref> whilst the remainder were those whom the British believed to be unfit for battle because of their sedentary lifestyles.<ref name="Street">{{cite book |title=Martial Races: The military, race and masculinity in British Imperial Culture, 1857–1914 |last=Streets |first=Heather |year=2004 |publisher=Manchester University Press |location= |isbn=978-0-7190-6962-8 |page=241 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BscnZT_1po8C |access-date=20 October 2010}}</ref> However, the martial races were also considered politically subservient, intellectually inferior, lacking the initiative or leadership qualities to command large military formations. The British had a policy of recruiting the martial Indians from those who has less access to education as they were easier to control.<ref name="Khalidi2003">{{cite book|author=Omar Khalidi|title=Khaki and the Ethnic Violence in India: Army, Police, and Paramilitary Forces During Communal Riots|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B-NtAAAAMAAJ|year=2003|publisher=Three Essays Collective|quote= Apart from their physique, the martial races were regarded as politically subservient or docile to authority|page=5|isbn=9788188789092}}</ref><ref name="Levine2003">{{cite book|author=Philippa Levine|title=Prostitution, Race, and Politics: Policing Venereal Disease in the British Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=It1lPzFCG9EC|year=2003|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-94447-2|pages=284–285|quote=The Saturday review had made much the same argument a few years earlier in relation to the armies raised by Indian rulers in princely states. They lacked competent leadership and were uneven in quality. Commander in chief Roberts, one of the most enthusiastic proponents of the martial race theory, though poorly of the native troops as a body. Many regarded such troops as childish and simple. The British, claims, David Omissi, believe martial Indians to be stupid. Certainly, the policy of recruiting among those without access to much education gave the British more semblance of control over their recruits.}}</ref> According to modern historian Jeffrey Greenhunt on military history, "The Martial Race theory had an elegant symmetry. Indians who were intelligent and educated were defined as cowards, while those defined as brave were uneducated and backward". According to Amiya Samanta, the martial race was chosen from people of mercenary spirit (a soldier who fights for any group or country that will pay him/her), as these groups lacked nationalism as a trait.<ref name="Samanta2000">{{cite book|author=Amiya K. Samanta|title=Gorkhaland Movement: A Study in Ethnic Separatism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J4GqdfG0EU8C&pg=PA26|year=2000|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-7648-166-3|pages=26–|quote=Dr . Jeffrey Greenhunt has observed that “ The Martial Race Theory had an elegant symmetry. Indians who were intelligent and educated were defined as cowards, while those defined as brave were uneducated and backward. Besides their mercenary spirit was primarily due to their lack of nationalism.}}</ref>

===Deities===
[[File:Shri Karni Mata Deshnoke-2.png|thumb|[[Karni Mata]], Hindu Goddess primarily worshipped by Rajputs]]
One of the most revered deities of Rajputs is [[Karni Mata]], whom many Rajput clans worship as family goddess and link their community's existence or survival in dire times.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schaflechner |first=Jürgen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=khBADwAAQBAJ&dq=%22karni%22+%22rajputs%22&pg=PA66 |title=Hinglaj Devi: Identity, Change, and Solidification at a Hindu Temple in Pakistan |date=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-085052-4 |language=en |quote=Among the crowds are many Rajputs who link their community's existence, or survival, to the help of Karni Mata.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kothiyal |first=Tanuja |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=be-7CwAAQBAJ&dq=%22karni%22+%22rajputs%22&pg=PA224 |title=Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian Desert |date=2016-03-14 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-08031-7 |language=en |quote=Several Charani goddesses like Avad, Karni, Nagnechi, Sangviyaan, Barbadi, among others are revered by Rajputs as patron deities.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=General |first=India Office of the Registrar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aeoeAQAAMAAJ&q=%22karni%22+%22rajputs%22 |title=Census of India, 1961 |date=1966 |publisher=Manager of Publications |language=en |quote=The principal followers of the deity are Charans, who are also the priests and belong to the community to which Karni Mata belonged, and Rajputs who worship her as their family deity .}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Prabhākara |first=Manohara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KXcSAAAAMAAJ&q=%22karni%22+%22rajputs%22 |title=A Critical Study of Rajasthani Literature, with Exclusive Reference to the Contribution of Cāraṇas |date=1976 |publisher=Panchsheel Prakashan |language=en |quote=Karni : Presiding Deity of Rajputs and Cāraņas}}</ref> [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]] (who is very popular all across India) and [[Durga|Goddess Durga]] are popular deities worshipped by the Hindu Rajputs. Lord Shiva's image is found in the shrines in the homes of many of the Rajput families. In Sikh Rajputs, [[Baba Ram Rai|Guru Ram Rai]] is quite popular. The fierce form of Goddess Durga, called ''Sherawali Mata'' or "she who rides a lion" is popular among Rajput women.<ref>{{cite book|title=Perceptions of Climate Change from North India: An Ethnographic Account|author= Aase J. Kvanneid|publisher=Routledge|year=2021|page=79-}}</ref>

The folk deities of the Rajput are [[Pabuji]], Mallinath, [[Gogaji]] and Ramdeo.{{sfn|Tanuja Kothiyal|2016|p=266|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=be-7CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA266]|ps=Unlike the popular perception, even Rajputs remained engaged with nomadic pastorialism, animal husbandry and cattle trade till much later than it is assumed. Munhata Nainsini in his seventeenth century chronicles, Munhata Nainsi ri Khyat and Marwar ra Paraganan ri Vigat refers to a number of disputes between Rajputs that involved cattle raids. Also, a close reading of the lore regarding Rajput folk deities like Pabuji, Mallinath, Gogaji and Ramdeo, who are viewed as protectors of cattle herding communities actually indicates the intense struggle for control over cattle and pasturelands that Rajputs were engaged in. Rajputs extended patronage to Brahmins and Bardic communities like Bhats and Charans who composed detailed genealogies linking Rajput clans to older kshatriya lineages as well as celestial sources, which not only legitimised their claims to aristocracy but also distanced them from their tribal pastoral origins.}}

===Rajput lifestyle===
[[File:Rajput (Jodhpur) (8411728143).jpg|thumb|An old Rajput man poses with a [[hookah]] in the Maharaja palace of [[Jodhpur]].]]
The Rajputs of Bihar were inventors of the martial art form ''Pari Khanda'', which includes heavy use of swords and shields. This exercise was later included in the folk dances of Bihar and [[Jharkhand]] like that of [[Chhau dance]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.india.com/travel/articles/7-interesting-martial-art-forms-in-india-3617897/ |title=7 Interesting Martial Art Forms in India |first=Charu |last=Chowdhary |website=India.com |access-date=26 August 2020}}</ref> On special occasions, a primary chief would break up a meeting of his vassal chiefs with ''khanda nariyal'', the distribution of daggers and coconuts. Another affirmation of the Rajput's reverence for his sword was the ''Karga Shapna'' ("adoration of the sword") ritual, performed during the annual [[Navaratri]] festival, after which a Rajput is considered "free to indulge his passion for rapine and revenge".<ref>{{cite book |first=Sakuntala |last=Narasimhan |url=https://archive.org/details/satiwidowburning00saku |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/satiwidowburning00saku/page/122 122] |title=Sati: Widow Burning in India |publisher=Doubleday |year=1992 |edition=Reprinted |isbn=978-0-385-42317-5}}</ref>
The Rajput of Rajasthan also offer a sacrifice of water buffalo or goat to their family goddess ([[Kuldevta]]) during [[Navaratri]].<ref name="Goat sacrifice to Shilamata">{{cite book |last1=Hiltebeitel |first1=Alf |author-link1=Alf Hiltebeitel |last2=Erndl |first2=Kathleen M. |date=2000 |title=Is the Goddess a Feminist?: The Politics of South Asian Goddesses |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sQJzTr4c-g4C&pg=PA77 |publisher=Sheffield Academic Press |location=Sheffield, England |page=77 |isbn=978-0-8147-3619-7}}</ref> The ritual requires slaying of the animal with a single stroke. In the past this ritual was considered a rite of passage for young Rajput men.{{sfn|Lindsey Harlan|1992|p=88}}

The general [[greeting]] used by the Rajputs in social gatherings and occasions, '<nowiki/>''Jai Mataji''<nowiki/>' or its regional variants, stands for '''Victory to the Mother Goddess''<nowiki/>'.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cūṇḍāvata |first=Lakshmī Kumārī |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZlluAAAAMAAJ |title=From Purdah to the People: Memoirs of Padma Shri Rani Laxmi Kumari Chundawat |date=2000 |publisher=Rawat Publications |isbn=978-81-7033-606-8 |pages=42 |quote=People said 'Jai Karni Mata ki', 'Jai Mataji ki', 'Jai Charbhuja ki', 'Jai Gordhan Nath ki', and so on. Different deities were invoked in different places and by different castes. For example, a Jat would never say 'Jai Mata Ki', only a Rajput or a Charan would say that.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Fisher |first=R. J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T1B_AAAAMAAJ |title=If Rain Doesn't Come: An Anthropological Study of Drought and Human Ecology in Western Rajasthan |publisher=Manohar |year=1997 |isbn=978-81-7304-184-6 |pages=61 |quote=In fact the greeting used by Bhati Rajputs is 'Jai - sri' or 'Jai - sri - Kishan' (victory to Lord Krishna) as opposed to the general Rajput greeting 'Jai - mata - jiri' (victory of the Mother Goddess).}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Simoons |first=Frederick J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JwGZTQunH00C |title=Eat Not this Flesh: Food Avoidances from Prehistory to the Present |date=1994 |publisher=Univ of Wisconsin Press |isbn=978-0-299-14254-4 |pages=330 |quote=Despite the widespread unacceptability of alcoholic beverages as offerings to high gods in India (Eichinger Ferro-Luzzi, 1977a : 365-66), when Rajputs 'open a bottle of whiskey, they often tip a little on the ground in an offering to the mother goddess before they drink. They say "Jai Mata-ji" as they do this-"Long live the Mother (Goddess)"'.}}</ref> This phrase also operated as a military slogan or [[Battle cry|war cry]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Somerville |first=Christopher |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aqe-DwAAQBAJ |title=Our War: Real stories of Commonwealth soldiers during World War II |date=2020-04-16 |publisher=Orion |isbn=978-1-4746-1775-8 |quote=The Muslims shout their battle-cry; the Rajputs cry, 'Jai Mata! Victory to the Mother!' and the Jats shout the war cry of Hanuman the monkey-god. The Japanese, too - they were shouting 'Banzai!' and wielding their samurai swords ... a medieval sight.}}</ref> often painted on the shields and banners of the [[jagir]]dars.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sandhu |first=Gurcharn Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xi3cAAAAMAAJ |title=A Military History of Medieval India |date=2003 |publisher=Vision Books |isbn=978-81-7094-525-3 |pages=428 |quote=Banners and Devices - Rajputs had slogans like 'Jai Mataji', 'Rann banka Rathor' and so on painted on their shields. Jagirdars carried their own flags; this served the same purpose as in ancient and ease of deployment for battle. The ruler's banners and flags were carried on elephants, camels and on horseback. India-identification}}</ref>

====Hospitability====
[[Harald Tambs-Lyche]] states that like other martial races of South Asia, Rajputs have a reputation for being hospitable i.e. they welcome and are friendly to guests.<ref name="Tambs-Lyche1997">{{cite book|author=Harald Tambs-Lyche|title=Power, Profit, and Poetry: Traditional Society in Kathiawar, Western India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ntuAAAAMAAJ|year=1997|page=101|publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors|isbn=978-81-7304-176-1|quote= Such hospitality is central to Rajputs, as it is to other martial castes of South Asia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/hospitable|title=Hospitable |publisher=Cambridge University Press|work=Cambridge Dictionary}}</ref>

====Miscellaneous====

By the late 19th century, there was a shift of focus among Rajputs from politics to a concern with kinship.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kasturi |first=Malavika |title=Embattled Identities Rajput Lineages |page=2 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-19-565787-6}}</ref> Many Rajputs of Rajasthan are nostalgic about their past and keenly conscious of their genealogy, emphasising a Rajput ethos that is martial in spirit, with a fierce pride in lineage and tradition.{{sfn|Lindsey Harlan|1992|p=27}}

===Sati===
There have been several cases of ''[[Sati (practice)|Sati]]'' (burning a widow alive) in Rajasthan from 1943 to 1987. According to an Indian scholar, there are 28 cases since 1947. Although the widows were from several different communities, Rajput widows accounted for 19 cases in Rajasthan. The most famous of these cases is of a Rajput woman named [[Roop Kanwar]]. 40,000 Rajputs gathered on the street of Jaipur in October 1987 for supporting her Sati. A pamphlet circulated on that day attacked independent and westernised women who opposed a woman's duty of worshipping her husband as demonstrated by the practice of Sati. This incident again affirmed the low status of women in the Rajput community and the leaders of this pro-sati movement gained in political terms.<ref name="ColucciLester2012">{{cite book|author1=Erminia Colucci|author2=David Lester|author2-link=David Lester (psychologist)|title=Suicide and Culture: Understanding the Context|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z09fAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA219|year=2012|publisher=Hogrefe Publishing|isbn=978-1-61676-436-4|pages=219–}}</ref><ref name="Mathur2004">{{cite book|author=Kanchan Mathur|title=Countering Gender Violence: Initiatives Towards Collective Action in Rajasthan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VOE7aptFmdIC&pg=PT44|date=16 November 2004|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-0-7619-3244-4|pages=44–}}</ref>

===Female infanticide===
[[Female infanticide in India|Female infanticide]] was practised by Rajputs of low ritual status seeking upward mobility as well as Rajputs of high ritual status. However, there were instances where it was not practised and instances where the mother tried to save the infant girl's life. According to the officials in the early Raj era, in [[Etawah]] ([[Uttar Pradesh]]), the [[Gahlot]], Bamungors and [[Bais (clan)|Bais]] would kill their daughters if they were rich but profit from getting them married if they were poor.<ref name="Fischer-TinéMann">{{cite book|author1=Harald Fischer-Tiné|author2=Michael Mann|title=Colonialism as Civilizing Mission: Cultural Ideology in British India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CWzuCykUKV4C&pg=PA124|year=2004|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=978-1-84331-092-1|pages=124–140}}</ref>

The methods used of killing the female baby were [[drowning]], [[strangulation]], poisoning, "[[asphyxiation|Asphyxia]] by drawing the [[umbilical cord]] over the baby's face to prevent respiration". Other ways were to leave the infant to die without food and if she survived the first few hours after birth, she was given poison.<ref name="Fischer-TinéMann"/> A common way to poison the infant during [[breastfeeding]] was by applying a preparation of poisonous plants like [[Datura]], [[Calotropis gigantea#Poisoning|madar]], or [[Papaver somniferum|poppy]] to the mother's breast.<ref name="Kaur1968">{{cite book|author=Manmohan Kaur|title=Role of Women in the Freedom Movement, 1857-1947|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wk4qAAAAYAAJ|year=1968|publisher=Sterling Publishers|page=9|quote=(iii) Amongst the Rajputs it was a common practice that a mother's breast was smeared with the preparation of 'dhatura' or Mudar plant or the poppy. The infant drank the milk along with the poison.}}</ref>

Social activists in the early nineteenth century tried to stop these practices by quoting [[Dharmaśāstra|Hindu Shastras]]:
{{blockquote|"to kill one woman is equal to one hundred brahmins, to kill one child is equal to one hundred women, while to kill one hundred children is an offence too heinous for comparison".<ref name="Fischer-TinéMann"/>}}

Infanticide has unintended consequences. The Rajput clans of lower ritual status married their daughters to Rajput men of higher ritual status who had lost females due to infanticide. Thus, the Rajputs of lower ritual status had to remain unmarried or resorted to other practices like marrying widows, levirate marriages (marrying brother's widow) as well as marrying low-caste women such as [[Jats]] and [[Gujars]] or nomads. This resulted in widening the gap between Rajputs of low ritual status and Rajputs of high ritual status.<ref name="Fischer-TinéMann"/>

In the late 19th century, to curb the practice, the act VIII of 1870 was introduced. A magistrate suggested:
{{blockquote|"Let every Rajput be thoroughly convinced that he will go to jail for ten years for every infant girl he murders, with as much certainty as he would feel about being hanged if he were to kill her when grown up, and the crime will be stamped out very effectually; but so long as the Government show any hesitation in dealing rigorously with criminals, so long will the Rajpoot think he has chance of impunity and will go on killing girls like before."<ref name="Fischer-TinéMann"/>}}

However, the practical application of the law faced hurdles. It was difficult to prove culpability as in some cases the Rajput men were employed at a distance although the infants could be killed at their connivance. In most cases, Rajput men were imprisoned only for a short time. Between 1888 and 1889, the proportion of girl children rose to 40%. However, the act was abolished in 1912 as punishments were unable to stop infanticide. A historian concludes that "the act, which only scraped the surface of the problem had been unable to civilize or bring about a social change in a cultural world devaluing girl children". In addition to Rajputs, it was observed that Jats and Ahirs also practised infanticide.<ref name="Fischer-TinéMann"/>

===Brideprice or Bridewealth weddings===
"Bridewealth" is discussed in north Indian Rajputs of 19th century India by the historian Malavika Kasturi. She states that Rajputs belonging to social groups where their women worked in the fields received Bridewealth from the groom's family. She adds that evidence shows that the assumption made by officials of the time that female infanticide among clans was a result of poverty and inability to pay dowry is incorrect.<ref name="Fischer-TinéMann"/>

Rajput women could be incorporated into [[Mughal Harem]] and this defined the [[Mughals]] as overlords over the Rajput clans. The Sisodia clan of Mewar was an exception as they refused to send their women to the Mughal Harem which resulted in siege and mass suicide at Chittor.{{sfn|Richard Eaton|2019|p=139|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=aIF6DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP139]|ps=:Only the Sisodia clan of Mewar in southern Rajasthan proudly claiming pre-eminence among the Rajput clans, refused to send its women to the Mughal Harem, resulting in the siege and mass suicide at Chittor.}}

Historically, members from the Rajput ruling clans of Rajasthan have also practised polygamy and also took many women they enslaved as concubines from the battles which they won. During numerous armed conflicts in India, women were taken captives, enslaved and even sold, for example, the capture and selling of Marwar's women by Jaipur's forces in the battle between [[Jaipur state]] and [[Jodhpur State|Jodhpur state]] in 1807. The enslaved women were referred to by different terms according to the conditions imposed on them, for example, a "domestic slave" was called ''davri''; a dancer was called a ''patar''; a "senior female slave–retainer in the women's quarters" was called ''badaran or vadaran''; a concubine was called ''khavasin''; and a woman who was "permitted to wear the veil" like Rajput queens was called a ''pardayat''.<ref name="IUP"/>

The term ''chakar'' was used for a person serving their "superior" and ''chakras'' contained complete families from specific "occupational groups" like [[Brahmin]] women, cooks, nurses, tailors, washer–women. For children born from the "illegitimate union" of Rajputs and their "inferiors", the terms like ''goli'' and ''darogi'' were used for females and ''gola'' and ''daroga'' were used for males. The "courtly chronicles" say that women who were perceived to be of "higher social rank" were assigned to the "harems of their conquerors with or without marriage". The chronicles from the Rajput courts have recorded that women from Rajput community had also faced such treatment by the Rajputs from the winning side of a battle. There are also a number of records between the late 16th to mid–19th century of the Rajputs immolating the queens, servants, and slaves of a king upon his death. [[Ramya Sreenivasan]] also gives and example of a [[Jain]] concubine who went from being a servant to a superior concubine called ''Paswan''<ref name="IUP"/>

According to Priyanka Khanna, with [[Marwar]]'s royal Rajput households, the women who underwent concubinage also included women from the [[Gurjar|Gujar]], [[Ahir]], [[Jat]], [[Mali caste|Mali]], [[Kayastha]], and [[Darzi|Darji]] communities of that region. These castes of Marwar claimed Rajput descent based on the "census data of Marwar, 1861".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Khanna|first=Priyanka|title=Embodying Royal Concubinage: Some Aspects of Concubinage in Royal Rajput Household of Marwar, (Western Rajasthan) C. 16|date=2011|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44146726|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=72|pages=337–345|jstor=44146726|issn=2249-1937}}</ref> However research by modern scholars on the forms of "slavery and servitude" imposed by ruling clans of Rajasthan's Rajputs between the 16th and early–19th centuries on the captured women faces hurdles because of the "sparse information", "uneven record–keeping", and "biased nature of historical records".<ref name="IUP">{{cite book |title=Slavery and South Asian History |year=2006 |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |place=Bloomington, Indiana |editor1-first=Indrani |editor1-last=Chatterjee |editor2-first=Richard M. |editor2-last=Eaton |chapter=Drudges, Dancing Girls, Concubines: Female Slaves in Rajput Polity, 1500–1850 |pages=136–161 |first=Ramya |last=Sreenivasan |author-link=Ramya Sreenivasan |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nsh8NHDQHlcC&pg=PA136 |isbn=978-0253116710 |oclc=191950586}}</ref>
[[Ravana Rajput]] community of today was one such slave community.<ref name="DDGaur">{{cite book |author=D. D. Gaur |title=Constitutional Development of Eastern Rajputana States |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uVAFAAAAMAAJ |year=1978 |publisher=Usha |oclc=641457000 |page=49 |quote=These slave communities were known by various names, such as Darogas, Chakars, Hazuris, Ravana- Rajputs, Chelas, Golas and Khawas. }}</ref>{{sfn|Lindsey Harlan|1992|p=145,167}}

The male children of such unions were identified by their father's names and in some cases as 'dhaibhai'(foster-brothers) and incorporated into the household. Examples are given where they helped their step-brothers in war campaigns.<ref name="IUP"/> The female children of concubines and slaves married Rajput men in exchange for money or they ended up becoming dancing girls. The scarcity of available brides due to female infanticide led to the kidnapping of low caste women who were sold for marriage to the higher clan Rajputs. Since these "sales" were genuinely for the purpose of marriage, they were considered legal. The lower clans also faced scarcity of brides in which case they married women such as those from Gujar and Jat communities. [[Nomads of India|Semi nomadic communities]] also married their daughters to Rajput bridegrooms for money in some cases.<ref name="Fischer-TinéMann2004">{{cite book|editor1=Harald Fischer-Tiné|editor2=Michael Mann|author=Malavika Kasturi|title=Colonialism as Civilizing Mission: Cultural Ideology in British India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bMh8CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA128|date=March 2004|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=978-1-84331-363-2|pages=128–|quote=If not, these children became dancing girls or were sold off to other Rajputs as wives.[...]Female infanticide had unintended consequences. [...]The scarcity of girls in many clans of higher status led to the kidnapping of women of lower castes, who were sold to high ranking clans for matrimonial purposes.[...]In some cases women from semi-nomadic communities were married to Rajput bridegrooms of this level in exchange for bride wealth}}</ref>

Of note, the mistreatment or enslavement of women was not unique to Rajputs. Datta notes Bachanan's observation in 18th century northern-India that, other than the Rajputs, Khatris and Kayasthas also "openly kept women slaves of any pure tribe". The offsprings of these women formed one matrimonial group. Similarly, affluent Muslim families in Bihar kept both male and female slaves – called ''Nufurs'' and ''Laundis'' respectively.<ref>{{cite book|title=Survey of India's Social Life and Economic Condition in the Eighteenth Century, 1707-1813|year=1978|author=Kalikinkar Datta|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal|page=68|quote=Buchanan writes that in northern India, the Rajputs, Khatris and Kayasthas openly kept women slaves of any pure tribe, and the children through such women were classed in one matrimonial group. Rich Muslim families in Bihar maintained large number of male slaves called Nufurs and female slaves called Laundis. A distinct class of slaves known as Molazadahs were also maintained by them.}}</ref>

These Rajput groups (khasa) of [[Uttarakhand]] today were formally classified Shudra but had successfully converted to Rajput status during the rule of Chand Rajas (that ended in 1790).<ref>{{cite book|title=Social Stratification in Rural Kumaon|author=R.D. Sanwal|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0195605314|year=1976|pages=43–44}}</ref> Similarly, the Rajputs of [[Garhwal division|Gharwal]] were originally of low ritual status and did not wear the sacred thread until the 20th century.<ref>{{cite book|author=Berreman Gerald D|year=1963 |title=Hindus of the Himalayas |publisher=University of California Press(Berkeley)|page=130}}</ref>

===Arts===
{{Main|Rajput painting}}
[[File:Nihâl Chand 001 cropped.jpg|thumb|220px|An 18th-century Rajput painting by the artist [[Nihâl Chand]]]]
The term [[Rajput painting]] refers to works of art created at the Rajput-ruled courts of Rajasthan, [[Central India Agency|Central India]], and the [[Punjab States Agency#Historical princely states of the Punjab Hills|Punjab Hills]]. The term is also used to describe the style of these paintings, distinct from the [[Mughal painting]] style.{{sfn|Karine Schomer|1994|p=338}}

According to [[Ananda Coomaraswamy]], Rajput painting symbolised the divide between Muslims and Hindus during Mughal rule. The styles of Mughal and Rajput painting are oppositional in character. He characterised Rajput painting as "popular, universal and mystic".<ref>{{cite book |author=Saleema Waraich |chapter=Competing and complementary visions of the court of the Great Mogor |title=Seeing Across Cultures in the Early Modern World |editor1=Dana Leibsohn |editor2=Jeanette Favrot Peterson |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FRVcjdiuAesC&pg=PA88 |date=2012 |publisher=Ashgate |page=88 |isbn=9781409411895}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
[[Hindi cinema]] (Bollywood) has produced several films based on Rajput history and legendary Rajput heroes, highlighting their valor, honor, and cultural legacy.
*''[[Rajput (film)|Rajput]]''
*''[[Meera (1979 film)|Meera]]''
*''[[Padmaavat]]''
*''[[Samrat Prithviraj]]''

==Notable people==
{{Main|List of Rajputs}}

==See also==
{{columns-list|
* [[Rajputana]]
* [[List of Rajput dynasties and states]]
* [[Rajputana Rifles]]
* [[Rajput Regiment]]
* [[Rajput clans]]
* [[List of Rajputs]]
* [[Muslim Rajputs]]
* [[Rajput architecture]]
|colwidth=30em}}

== References ==

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===

{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book|author=Alf Hiltebeitel|author-link=Alf Hiltebeitel|title=Rethinking India's Oral and Classical Epics: Draupadi among Rajputs, Muslims, and Dalits|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MMFdosx0PokC&pg=PR1|year=1999|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-34055-5}}
* {{cite book|author=André Wink|author-link=Andre Wink|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bCVyhH5VDjAC&pg=PA279|title=Al- Hind: The slave kings and the Islamic conquest|volume=1|publisher=BRILL|year=1990|page=269|isbn=9789004095090}}
* {{cite book |author=Asoke Kumar Majumdar |title=Chaulukyas of Gujarat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ffAdAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |year=1956 |oclc=4413150 }}
* {{cite book|author=Ayan Shome|title=Dialogue & Daggers: Notion of Authority and Legitimacy in the Early Delhi Sultanate (1192 C.E. – 1316 C.E.)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Q2qCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA196|year=2014|publisher=Vij Books|isbn=978-93-84318-46-8}}
* {{cite book|author=Barbara N. Ramusack|author-link=Barbara Ramusack|title=The Indian Princes and their States|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kz1-mtazYqEC&pg=PA13|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2004|isbn=9781139449083}}
* {{cite book|author=Brajadulal Chattopadhyaya|title=The Making of Early Medieval India|chapter=Origin of the Rajputs: The Political, Economic and Social Processes in Early Medieval Rajasthan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AmVuAAAAMAAJ|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1994|isbn=9780195634150}}
* {{cite book|author=Bhrigupati Singh|title=Poverty and the Quest for Life|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FhnRBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA38|year=2015|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-19468-4}}
* {{cite book|author1=Catherine B. Asher|author2=Cynthia Talbot|title=India Before Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC&pg=PA99|year=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-80904-7}}
* {{cite book|author=Cynthia Talbot|title=The Last Hindu Emperor: Prithviraj Cauhan and the Indian Past, 1200–2000|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m3DjCgAAQBAJ|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2015|isbn=9781107118560}}
* {{cite book|author=David Ludden|title=An Agrarian History of South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eHi62S7vZlsC&pg=PA4|year=1999|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-36424-9|page=4}}
* {{cite book|author=Dirk H. A. Kolff|author-link=Dirk H. A. Kolff|title=Naukar, Rajput, and Sepoy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SrdiVPsFRYIC|year=2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-52305-9}}
* {{cite book|author=Irfan Habib|author-link=Irfan Habib|title=Essays in Indian History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jUcu6uD5bU4C&pg=PA90|year=2002|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=978-1-84331-061-7|page=90}}
* {{cite book|author=Karine Schomer|title=Idea of Rajasthan: Constructions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eFJuAAAAMAAJ|year=1994|publisher=South Asia Publications|isbn=978-0-945921-25-7}}
* {{cite book|author=Lindsey Harlan|date=1992|title=Religion and Rajput Women: The Ethic of Protection in Contemporary Narratives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7HLrPYOe38gC&pg=PA88|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley, California|isbn=978-0-520-07339-5}}
* {{cite book|author=Pradeep Barua|title=The State at War in South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FIIQhuAOGaIC&pg=PA33|year=2005|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|isbn=978-0-8032-1344-9}}
* {{cite book|author=Peter Jackson|author-link=Peter Jackson (historian)|title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&pg=PA221|year=2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-54329-3}}
* {{cite book|author=Richard Gabriel Fox|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FHEcBTmxlOEC&pg=PA16|title=Kin, Clan, Raja, and Rule: Statehinterland Relations in Preindustrial India|publisher=University of California Press|year=1971|isbn=9780520018075}}
* {{Cite book|author=Rima Hooja|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qqd1RAAACAAJ |title=A History of Rajasthan|date=2006 |publisher=Rupa & Company|isbn=978-81-291-1501-0|language=en}}
* {{cite book|author=Satish Chandra|author-link=Satish Chandra (historian)|title=Medieval India: Society, the Jagirdari Crisis, and the Village|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vRM1AAAAIAAJ|year=1982|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=9780333903964}}
* {{cite book|author=Shail Mayaram|title=Against History, Against State: Counterperspectives from the Margins|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TyUtKfcjzG4C&pg=PA269|year=2013|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-52951-8}}
* {{cite book|author=Tanuja Kothiyal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=be-7CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA8|title=Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian Desert|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2016|isbn=9781107080317}}
* {{cite book|author=Stewart Gordon|author-link=Stewart N. Gordon|title=The Marathas 1600-1818|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C&pg=PA16|year=2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-03316-9}}
* {{cite journal|title=History in Africa|volume=3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RPIEAQAAIAAJ|year=1976|publisher=African Studies Association|editor=David Henige|editor-link=David Henige|author=Norman Ziegler|journal=History in Africa}}
* {{cite book|author=Eugenia Vanina|author-link=Eugenia Vanina|title=Medieval Indian Mindscapes: Space, Time, Society, Man|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yriGbWNAF5EC|year=2012|publisher=Primus Books|isbn=978-93-80607-19-1}}
* {{cite book|author1=Reena Dube|author2=Rashmi Dube Bhatnagar|title=Female Infanticide in India: A Feminist Cultural History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FK6_l2_TCfgC|year=2012|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-7914-8385-5}}
* {{cite book|author=Lloyd Rudolph|title=The Modernity of Tradition: Political Development in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7guY1ut-0lwC&pg=PA127|year=1967|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-73137-7}}
* {{cite book|author=Richard Eaton|author-link=Richard M. Eaton|title=India in the Persianate Age: 1000-1765|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aIF6DwAAQBAJ|year=2019|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-0-14-196655-7}}
* {{cite book | author = Lindsey Harlan | year= 2018 | title = Religion and Rajput Women: The Ethic of Protection in Contemporary Narratives | publisher = Univ of California Press | isbn = 978-0-520-30175-7 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=97jADwAAQBAJ}}
*{{cite book|title=Traditions in motion:Religion and Society in History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S8EoAAAAYAAJ|year=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|editor1=Supriya Varma|editor2=Satish Saberwal|author=Ananya Vajpeyi| isbn=978-0-19-566915-2 }}
*{{citation | last = Vajracharya | first = Dhanavajra | title = Notes on the Changunarayan Inscription | journal = Regmi Research Series | volume = 7 | issue = 12 | pages = 232–240 | date = December 1, 1975 | url = http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/regmi/pdf/Regmi_07.pdf }}
*{{cite book|last=Hastings | first=James |title=Poets, Sants, and Warriors: The Dadu Panth, Religious Change and Identity Formation in Jaipur State Circa 1562–1860 CE |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=nReHAAAAMAAJ|publisher=University of Wisconsin--Madison|year=2002}}
{{refend}}

{{Rajput Groups of India}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Rajputs| ]]
[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Sindh]]
[[Category:Social groups of Bihar]]
[[Category:Social groups of Haryana]]
[[Category:Social groups of Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Social groups of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Social groups of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Social groups of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Social groups of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Social groups of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Social groups of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Social groups of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Social groups of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Social groups of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Hindu communities]]

Sahithya Jagannathan

2026-02-10T03:15:37Z

BrittScotto5: Creating basic post w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian sports presenter (active 2012– )}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sahithya Jagannathan
| image =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| parents =
| othername =
| education = [[M.O.P. Vaishnav College for Women|MOP Vaishnav College]], Chennai
| occupation = [[Sports presenter]], [[VJ (media personality)|VJ]], [[Model (person)|Model]], [[actress]]
| years_active = 2012–present
}}
'''Sahithya Jagannathan''' is a sports presenter, VJ, anchor, columnist, model, actress and beauty pageant winner of the Vivel [[Miss Chennai]] competition in 2009.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/07/22/stories/2009072258910200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090725031541/http://www.hindu.com/2009/07/22/stories/2009072258910200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 July 2009 | location=Chennai, India |work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Beauty contest winners relive the final crowning moment | date=22 July 2009}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.dtnext.in/News/City/2017/10/06015538/1048033/I-like-my-life-spicy-just-like-my-sambhar-Sahithya-.vpf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007231204/http://www.dtnext.in/News/City/2017/10/06015538/1048033/I-like-my-life-spicy-just-like-my-sambhar-Sahithya-.vpf|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 October 2017|title=I like my life spicy, just like my sambhar: Sahithya Jagannathan|date=2017-10-06|work=dtNext.in|access-date=2017-12-19|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Career==
After winning the [[Miss Chennai]] 2009 crown, Sahithya represented India in the World Miss University contest in Seoul, Korea in 2010 and won the Miss Speech title.<ref name="sc">{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/fashion/Seoul-Curry/article15585195.ece | title= Seoul Curry | date=8 December 2010 | newspaper=The Hindu | first=T. Krithika | last=Reddy | access-date=10 August 2018 }}</ref> She simultaneously balanced modelling commitments with a degree in journalism at [[M.O.P. Vaishnav College for Women|MOP Vaishnav College]], Chennai.<ref name="sc"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/models-made-in-madras/article5909032.ece|title=…Models, made in Madras|newspaper=The Hindu|date=14 April 2014|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> As a model, she has walked the ramp for Chennai international fashion week, Season 1 <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cifw.in/Season-I/cfw16.swf |title=Archived copy |access-date=3 December 2011 |archive-date=26 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426015805/http://www.cifw.in/Season-I/cfw16.swf |url-status=dead }}</ref> and Season 3.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://chennaionline.com/City360/City-Feature/20114609054651/City-models-to-walk-the-ramp.col |title=City models to walk the ramp |access-date=2011-12-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512003022/http://chennaionline.com/City360/City-Feature/20114609054651/City-models-to-walk-the-ramp.col |archive-date=2012-05-12 }}</ref> She has also featured in ramp shows by well known Indian designers such as [[Sabyasachi Mukherjee]], Rehane, [[Ritu Kumar]] and for brands such as [[Volkswagen]], [[Wrangler (jeans)|Wrangler]], [[Reebok]], Toni & Guy and GRT Jewellery. Sahithya was shortlisted among Femina Miss India 2014's Top 25 contestants.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/articles/543003/20140312/femina-miss-india-2014-sri-lanka-host.htm|title = Femina Miss India 2014: Sri Lanka to Host Pageant; Top 25 Finalists Announced|website = [[International Business Times]]|date = 12 March 2014}}</ref>

Sahithya made her acting debut in [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]]'s bilingual film ''[[Neethane En Ponvasantham]]'' portraying a friend of Samantha's character during her school days, alongside [[Dhanya Balakrishna]] and [[Vidyullekha Raman]]. [[R. Parthiban]] subsequently signed her to play a leading role in his directorial venture ''[[Kathai Thiraikathai Vasanam Iyakkam]]'' (2014), where she portrayed an assistant director. The film opened to positive reviews and performed well at the box office in August 2014. She also worked on ''[[Andhadhi (film)|Andhadhi]]'' (2015), where she portrayed the role of a police officer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-india/Miss-India-finalist-Sahithya-Jagannathan-bags-Tamil-film/articleshow/35103681.cms|title=Miss India finalist Sahithya Jagannathan bags Tamil film - Beauty Pageants - Indiatimes|website=Femina Miss India|access-date=9 May 2020|archive-date=20 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420012349/https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-india/miss-india-finalist-sahithya-jagannathan-bags-tamil-film/articleshow/35103681.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-india/South-India-loves-beauty-queens-Sahithya-Jagannathan/articleshow/38549980.cms|title=South India loves beauty queens: Sahithya Jagannathan - Beauty Pageants - Indiatimes|website=Femina Miss India|access-date=9 May 2020|archive-date=19 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419200112/https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-india/south-india-loves-beauty-queens-sahithya-jagannathan/articleshow/38549980.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2017, Sahithya anchored the [[Pro Kabaddi League]] for Star Sports in both Tamil and English.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/i-thoroughly-enjoy-hosting-sports-events-sahithya/articleshow/61669852.cms|title=I thoroughly enjoy hosting sports events: Sahithya|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-12-19|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> She was also part of the team that covered the India-Australia Cricket Series for Star Sports Tamil in 2017.<ref name=":1" /> She later continued a career in sports commentary, and worked as an anchor for the Indian Super League (ISL) 2017-18 and the Premier Badminton League (PBL) 2018 for Star Sports.<ref name=":1" /> She also writes a weekly column for DT Next.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dtnext.in/News/City/2017/10/07084132/1048182/Dont-cry-over-boys-do-some-squats-and-make-them-cry.vpf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010031736/http://www.dtnext.in/News/City/2017/10/07084132/1048182/Dont-cry-over-boys-do-some-squats-and-make-them-cry.vpf|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 October 2017|title=Don't cry over boys, do some squats and make them cry!|date=2017-10-07|work=dtNext.in|access-date=2017-12-19|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Neethane En Ponvasantham]]'' || Nithya's friend ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Yeto Vellipoyindhi Manasu]]'' || Nithya's friend ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Kathai Thiraikathai Vasanam Iyakkam]]'' || Shirley ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Andhadhi (film)|Andadhi]]'' || Aruna ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Bigil]]'' || Commentator ||
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jagannathan, Sahithya}}
[[Category:Female models from Chennai]]
[[Category:Actresses from Chennai]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Female models from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian beauty pageant winners]]

Ministry of finance

2026-02-09T02:46:31Z

BrittScotto5: brief adjust content and fixed typos per sources

{{Short description|Government department responsible for financial policies}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2011}}
{{Public finance}}

A '''ministry of finance''' is a [[Ministry (government department)|ministry]] or other [[government agency]] in charge of [[government budget|government finance]], [[fiscal policy]], and [[financial regulation]]. It is headed by a '''finance minister''', an executive or [[Cabinet (government)|cabinet]] position.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Schmid |first1=Jonas Willibald |last2=Aaskoven |first2=Lasse |date=2025 |title=Constrainers vs Enablers? : Fiscal Deficits and the Political Survival of Finance Ministers Across Regime Types |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/00323217251378842 |journal=Political Studies |article-number=00323217251378842 |language=EN |doi=10.1177/00323217251378842 |issn=0032-3217|doi-access=free }}</ref>

A ministry of finance's [[Ministry (government department)|portfolio]] has a large variety of names around the world, such as "treasury", "finance", "financial affairs", "economy" or "economic affairs". The position of the finance minister might be named for this portfolio, but it may also have some other name, like "Treasurer" or, in the [[United Kingdom]], "[[Chancellor of the Exchequer]]".

The duties of a finance minister differ between countries. Typically, they encompass one or more of government finances, economic policy and/or financial regulation, but there are significant differences between countries:
* in some countries the finance minister might also have oversight of [[monetary policy]] (while in other countries that is the responsibility of an independent [[central bank]]);
* in some countries the finance minister might be assisted by one or more other ministers (some supported by a separate government department) with respect to fiscal policy or budget formation;
* in many countries there is a separate portfolio for general economic policy in the form of a ministry of "economic affairs" or "national economy" or "commerce";
* in many countries financial regulation is handled by a separate agency, which might be overseen by the finance ministry or some other government body.

Finance ministers are also often found in governments of [[federated state|federated states or provinces]] of a [[federalism|federal country]]. In these cases their powers may be substantially limited by superior legislative or fiscal policy, notably the control of taxation, spending, currency, inter-bank interest rates and the [[money supply]].

The powers of a finance minister vary between governments. In the [[United States]], the finance minister is called the "[[Secretary of the Treasury]]", though there is a separate and subordinate [[Treasurer of the United States]], and it is the director of the [[Office of Management and Budget]] who drafts the [[budget]].

In the [[United Kingdom]], the equivalent of the finance minister is the [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]]. Due to a quirk of history, the Chancellor of the Exchequer is also styled [[Second Lord of the Treasury]] with the [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] also holding the historic position of [[First Lord of the Treasury]]. This signals the Prime Minister's seniority and superior responsibility over the [[Her Majesty's Treasury|Treasury]].

In [[Australia]], the senior minister is the [[Treasurer of Australia|Treasurer]], although there is a [[Minister for Finance (Australia)|Minister for Finance]] who is more junior and, {{as of|2018|lc=yes}}, heads a separate portfolio of Finance and the Public Service.

Finance ministers can be unpopular if they must raise [[tax]]es or cut [[Government spending|spending]]. Finance ministers whose key decisions had directly benefited both the performance and perception of their country's economic and financial achievements are recognised by the annual [[Euromoney Finance Minister of the Year]] award.

==Lists of current ministries of finance==

=== Named "ministry" ===
* [[Ministry of Finance (Afghanistan)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance and Economy (Albania)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Algeria)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Andorra)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Angola)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Antigua and Barbuda)]]
* [[Ministry of the Treasury (Argentina)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Armenia)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Austria)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Azerbaijan)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (The Bahamas)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Bahrain)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Bangladesh)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance, Economic Affairs and Investment (Barbados)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Bashkortostan)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Belarus)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Belize)]]
* [[Ministry of Economy and Finance (Benin)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Bhutan)]]
* [[Ministry of Economy and Public Finance (Bolivia)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance and Treasury (Bosnia and Herzegovina)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance and Economic Development (Botswana)]]
* [[Ministry of the Economy (Brazil)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance and Economy (Brunei)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Bulgaria)]]
* [[Ministry of Economy and Finance (Cambodia)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Cameroon)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Chile)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (China)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance and Public Credit (Colombia)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Costa Rica)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Croatia)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance and Prices (Cuba)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Czech Republic)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Denmark)]]
* [[Ministry of Economy and Finance (Djibouti)]]
* [[Minister of Finance (Dominica)|Ministry of Finance (Dominica)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Dominican Republic)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (East Timor)]]
* [[Ministry of Economy and Finance (Ecuador)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Egypt)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (El Salvador)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Eritrea)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Estonia)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance and Economic Development (Ethiopia)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Finland)]]
* [[Ministry of Economics and Finance (France)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance of Georgia]]
* [[Federal Ministry of Finance (Germany)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning (Ghana)]]
* [[Ministry of National Economy and Finance (Greece)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Grenada)]]
* [[Ministry of Public Finance|Ministry of Public Finance (Guatemala)]]
* [[Ministry of Economy and Finance (Guinea)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Guyana)]]
* [[Ministry of Economy and Finance (Haiti)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Honduras)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Hungary)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Iceland)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (India)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Indonesia)]]
* [[Ministry of Economic Affairs and Finance (Iran)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Iraq)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Israel)]]
* [[Ministry of Economy and Finance (Italy)]]
* [[Minister of Finance and the Public Service|Ministry of Finance and the Public Service (Jamaica)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Japan)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Jordan)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Kenya)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Kazakhstan)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance and Economic Development (Kiribati)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Kosovo)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Kuwait)]]
* [[Ministry of Economy and Finance (Kyrgyzstan)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Laos)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Lebanon)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Lesotho)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Liberia)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Libya)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Lithuania)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Malaysia)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Maldives)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Marshall Islands)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Mauritania)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance and Economic Development (Mauritius)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Moldova)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Mongolia)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Montenegro)]]
* [[Ministry of Economy and Finance (Morocco)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance and Planning (Myanmar)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Namibia)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance of Nauru]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Nepal)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Netherlands)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Niger)]]
* [[Federal Ministry of Finance (Nigeria)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance of Northern Cyprus]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (North Korea)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (North Macedonia)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Norway)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Oman)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Ontario)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance and Revenue]] (Pakistan)
* [[Ministry of Finance (Palau)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Palestine)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Papua New Guinea)]]
* [[Ministry of Economy and Finance (Peru)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Poland)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Portugal)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Puntland)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Qatar)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Quebec)]]
* [[Rivers State Ministry of Finance]]
* [[Ministry of Public Finance (Romania)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Russia)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning (Rwanda)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance and Planning (São Tomé and Príncipe)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Saskatchewan)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Saudi Arabia)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Serbia)]]
* [[Sierra Leone Ministry of Finance]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Singapore)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance and Treasury (Solomon Islands)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Somalia)]]
* [[Ministry of Economy and Finance (South Korea)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning (South Sudan)]]
* [[Ministry of Economy and Enterprise]] (Spain)
* [[Ministry of the Treasury (Spain)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Sri Lanka)]]
* [[Minister of Finance of Saint Lucia|Ministry of Finance (St. Lucia)]]
* [[Minister of Finance of Saint Kitts and Nevis|Ministry of Finance (St. Kitts and Nevis)]]
* [[Minister of Finance of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines|Ministry of Finance (St. Vincent and the Grenadines)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Sudan)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Suriname)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Sweden)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Syria)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Tajikistan)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Taiwan)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance and Economic Affairs (Tanzania)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Thailand)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Trinidad and Tobago)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Tunisia)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance and Treasury (Turkey)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Turkmenistan)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development (Uganda)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (United Arab Emirates)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Ukraine)]]
* [[Ministry of Economy and Finance (Uruguay)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Uzbekistan)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance and Economic Management (Vanuatu)]]
* [[Ministry of Economy and Finance (Venezuela)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Vietnam)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Yemen)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Zambia)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Zimbabwe)]]

=== Named "department" ===
* [[Department of the Treasury (Australia)]]
* [[Department of Finance (Australia)]]
* [[Department of Finance (Canada)]]
* [[Department of Finance (Ireland)]]
* [[Department of Public Expenditure, Infrastructure, Public Service Reform and Digitalisation]] (Ireland)
* [[Department of Finance (Kerala)]]
* [[Department of Finance and Administration (Micronesia)]]
* [[Department of Finance and Economy (Monaco)]]
* [[Department of Finance (New Brunswick)]]
* [[Department of Finance, Services and Innovation (New South Wales)]]
* [[Department of Finance (Northern Ireland)]]
* [[Department of Finance (Philippines)]]
* [[Department of Budget and Management]] (Philippines)
* [[Federal Department of Finance]] (Switzerland)
* [[United States Department of the Treasury|Department of the Treasury (United States)]]
* [[Department of Treasury and Finance (South Australia)]]
* [[Department of Treasury and Finance (Victoria)]]
* [[Department of Finance (Western Australia)]]

=== Other names ===
* [[Federal Public Service Finance]] (Belgium)
* [[European Commissioner for Economic and Financial Affairs]] (European Union)
* [[Financial Services and the Treasury Bureau]] (Hong Kong)
* [[Isle of Man Treasury]]
* [[Secretariat for Economy and Finance (Macau)]]
* [[Secretariat of Finance and Public Credit (Mexico)]]
* [[New Zealand Treasury]]
* [[Finance Directorates]] (Scotland)
* [[National Treasury (South Africa)]]
* [[HM Treasury]] (United Kingdom)
* [[Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See]]

==Historical==
=== Named "ministry" ===
* [[Ministry of Revenue (imperial China)]]
* [[Ministry of Public Action and Accounts]] (France)
* [[Federal Ministry of the Treasury]] (Germany)
* [[Ministry of Finance (Hawaii)]]
* [[Ministry of the Treasury]] (Japan)
* [[Ministry of Revenue (Ontario)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Ottoman Empire)]]
* [[Ministry of State Treasury (Poland)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (RSFSR)]]
* [[Ministry of Finance of the Russian Empire]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (Soviet Union)]]
* [[Ministry of Revenues and Duties]] (Ukraine)
* [[Ministry of Finance (Yugoslavia)]]

=== Named "department" ===
* [[Department of Finance (1976–97)]] (Australia)
* [[Department of Finance and Administration]] (Australia)
* [[Department of Finance and Deregulation]] (Australia)

==Lists==
* [[List of current finance ministers]]
* [[List of female finance ministers]]

==See also==
* [[Board of Finance (disambiguation)]]
* [[Ministry of Revenue (disambiguation)]]
* [[Committee on Finance (disambiguation)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Types of government ministers}}

{{Set index article}}

[[Category:Ministries of finance| ]]
[[Category:Government ministers by portfolio|Finance]]
[[Category:Lists of government ministries|Finance]]

K. P. Mohanakumar

2026-02-07T23:12:18Z

BrittScotto5: further update references and added references

{{short description|Indian chemical biologist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = K. P. Mohanakumar
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1955
| birth_place = [[Kerala]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Chemical biology]] | [[Neuroscience]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | Inter University Centre for Biomedical Research | [[Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research]] | [[Indian Institute of Chemical Biology]] | [[Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram|IISER Thiruvananthapuram]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[University of Kerala]] | [[Aligarh Muslim University]] | [[Saurashtra University]] | [[National Institutes of Health]] | [[University of Göttingen]] | [[University of Essen]] | [[University of Virginia Health System|University of Virginia Medical Centre]]
}}
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies on [[Parkinson's disease]] and [[Huntington's disease]]
| awards = {{ublist| 1991 [[Indian Council of Medical Research|ICMR]] Young Scientist Award | 2000 [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development|N-BIOS Prize]] | IPS Uvnas Prize | IAN Tulsabai Somani Educational Trust Award }}
}}
'''Kochupurackal P. Mohanakumar''' (born 1955) is an Indian chemical biologist, neuroscientist and the director of Inter University Centre for Biomedical Research and Super Specialty Hospital, [[Kottayam]]. He is a former chief scientist at the [[Indian Institute of Chemical Biology]] and is known for his studies on [[Parkinson's disease]] and [[Huntington's disease]]. The [[Department of Biotechnology]] of the Government of India awarded him the [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development]], one of the highest Indian science awards, for his contributions to biosciences in 2000.<ref name="Awardees of National Bioscience Awards for Career Development">{{Cite web |url=http://dbtindia.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/list_of_bioscience_awardees.pdf |title=Awardees of National Bioscience Awards for Career Development |date=2016 |publisher=Department of Biotechnology |access-date=2017-11-20 |archive-date=4 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304191331/http://dbtindia.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/list_of_bioscience_awardees.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Biography ==
[[File:Kerala University.jpg|thumb|left|University of Kerala]]
Born in the south Indian state of [[Kerala]] in 1955,<ref name="NASI fellows">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=M |title=NASI fellows |date=2017-11-12 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |access-date=2017-11-12 |archive-date=27 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227133632/http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=M |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mohanakumar did his [[Undergraduate education|undergraduate]] studies at the [[University of Kerala]] to earn a [[Bachelor of Science|B.Sc.]] in zoology in 1976.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}} His master's studies were at [[Aligarh Muslim University]] and after obtaining an [[Master of Science|M.Sc.]] in [[experimental biology]] and chemical [[neuroanatomy]], in 1979, he enrolled at [[Saurashtra University]] for his doctoral studies to secure a [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] in [[neuropharmacology]] in 1985. His post-doctoral work and advanced training were at the [[National Institutes of Health]], [[University of Göttingen]], [[University of Essen]], and the [[University of Virginia Health System|University of Virginia Medical Centre]].<ref name="Director Profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.iucbr.ac.in/Director%20Profile.PDF |title=Director Profile |date=2017-11-21 |website=Inter University Centre for Biomedical Research |access-date=2017-11-21}}</ref>

On his return to India, he joined the [[Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram]] where he served as a professor of biological sciences.<ref name="Director Profile" /> Subsequently, he moved to the [[Indian Institute of Chemical Biology]] of the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] and was serving as the chief scientist at the Cell Biology and Physiology Division<ref name="K. P. Mohanakumar on Amrita Bioquest">{{Cite web |url=https://www.amritabioquest.org/conference/2013/team_member/k-p-mohanakumar-ph-d/ |title=K. P. Mohanakumar on Amrita Bioquest |date=2013 |website=Amrita Bioquest |access-date=2017-11-24}}</ref> and as the head of the Project Monitoring and Evaluation Division,<ref name="Cell Biology & Physiology Division">{{Cite web |url=http://iicb.res.in/divisionwiselistofscientists/cbp/kpmohankumar.html |title=Cell Biology & Physiology Division |date=2017-11-24 |website=Indian Institute of Chemical Biology |access-date=2017-11-24}}</ref> when he returned to his home state as the director of Inter University Centre for Biomedical Research and Super Specialty Hospital, Kottayam, a position he holds to date.<ref name="Contact Us">{{Cite web |url=http://www.iucbr.com/contact.php |title=Contact Us |date=2017-11-24 |website=Inter University Centre for Biomedical Research |access-date=2017-11-24}}</ref> He simultaneously serves as the convenor of the governing council of the institution.<ref name="Governing Council">{{Cite web |url=http://www.iucbr.com/council.php |title=Governing Council |date=2017-11-24 |website=Inter University Centre for Biomedical Research |access-date=2017-11-24}}</ref> He has also served as a professor at the [[Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research]].<ref name="Director Profile" />

== Legacy ==
Mohanakumar is known to have done notable work on [[neurodegenerative]] and [[neurodevelopmental]] disorders such as [[Parkinson's disease]], [[Huntington's disease]], [[autism]] and [[attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]].<ref name="Cell Biology & Physiology Division" /> It was under his leadership, an advanced clinical and experimental research laboratory on neurodegenerative diseases was established at the Indian Institute of Chemical Biology where research is carried out on the [[pathogenesis]] of Parkinson's disease.<ref name="Director Profile" /> AT IICB, he headed a [[Cybrids (medical)|cybrids]] laboratory, reported to be one of the most advanced ones in India, and was involved in the study of neurodegenerative diseases, with special emphasis to the impact of [[mitochondria]]. His studies have been documented by way of a number of articles<ref name="On Google Scholar">{{Cite web |date=2017-11-23 |title=On Google Scholar |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=HKE7a3EAAAAJ&hl=en |access-date=2017-11-23 |publisher=[[Google Scholar]]}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Selected bibliography'' section}} and [[ResearchGate]], an online repository of scientific articles has listed 184 of them.<ref name="On ResearchGate">{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kochupurackal_Mohanakumar |title=On ResearchGate |date=2017-11-23 |access-date=2017-11-23}}</ref> Besides, he has edited work books for practicing neurobiologists<ref name="Work Book 1">{{Cite web |date=2017-11-24 |title=Work Book 1 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01970186/95 |access-date=2017-11-24 |website=[[Science Direct]]}}</ref><ref name="Work Book 2">{{Cite web |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01970186/95 |title=Work Book 2 |date=2017-11-24 |website=Science Direct |access-date=2017-11-24}}</ref> and has contributed chapters to books edited by others.<ref name="StorchCollins2012">{{cite book |author1=Alexander Storch |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AJ_aBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA290 |title=Neurotoxic Factors in Parkinson's Disease and Related Disorders |author2=Michael A. Collins |date=6 December 2012 |publisher=[[Springer Science & Business Media]] |isbn=978-1-4615-1269-1 |pages=290–}}</ref> He has mentored several master's and doctoral scholars in their research<ref name="Director Profile" /> and has delivered many invited speeches, which included the one delivered at Amrita BioQuest 2013.<ref name="K. P. Mohanakumar on Amrita Bioquest" />

Mohanakumar has been an elected member of the [[International Society for Neurochemistry]] and sits in its conference committee.<ref name="Conference Committee ISN">{{Cite web |url=https://www.neurochemistry.org/about/committees.html |title=Conference Committee ISN |date=2017-11-24 |website=International Society for Neurochemistry |access-date=2017-11-24 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201033335/https://www.neurochemistry.org/about/committees.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> He is a former president of the Society of Neurochemistry India and a former vice-president of the Indian Academy of Neurosciences.<ref name="Director Profile" /> He has been associated with [[The World Academy of Sciences|TWAS]] as well as [[UNESCO]] as a professor, with the [[Department of Biotechnology]] as a member of its ''Neurobiology Task Force'',<ref name="Neurobiology Task Force">{{Cite web |url=http://dbt-neuro.ncbs.res.in/node/86 |title=Neurobiology Task Force |date=2017-11-24 |website=Department of Biotechnology |access-date=2017-11-24 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201050833/http://dbt-neuro.ncbs.res.in/node/86 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and is a member of the Chemical Biology Society.<ref name="Present Council CBS">{{Cite web |url=http://www.cbs-india.org/members.html |title=Present Council CBS |date=2017-11-24 |website=Chemical Biology Society |access-date=2017-11-24}}</ref> He sits in the editorial boards of journals such as ''Anatomy and Cell Biology'',<ref name="Editorial Board Anatomy and Cell Biology">{{Cite web |url=https://acbjournal.org/index.php?body=board |title=Editorial Board Anatomy and Cell Biology |date=2017-11-24 |website=Anatomy and Cell Biology |access-date=2017-11-24}}</ref> ''[[Neuroscience and Medicine]]'', ''[[Journal of Neurochemistry]]'',<ref name="Editorial Board Journal of Neurochemistry">{{Cite journal |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1471-4159/homepage/EditorialBoard.html |title=Editorial Board Journal of Neurochemistry |date=2017-11-24 |website=Journal of Neurochemistry |access-date=2017-11-24|doi=10.1111/(ISSN)1471-4159 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> ''[[Neurochemistry International]]'',<ref name="Neurochemistry International">{{Cite book |url=https://www.journals.elsevier.com/neurochemistry-international/editorial-board |title=Neurochemistry International |date=2017-11-24 |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |access-date=2017-11-24}}</ref> and ''[[Neurochemical Research]].''<ref name="Editorial Board Neurochemical Research">{{Cite web |url=https://www.springer.com/biomed/neuroscience/journal/11064/PSE?detailsPage=editorialBoard |title=Editorial Board Neurochemical Research |date=2017-11-24 |website=Springer |access-date=2017-11-24}}</ref>

== Awards and honors ==
Mohanakumar, an elected member of [[Guha Research Conference]], received the Young Scientist Award of the [[Indian Council of Medical Research]] in 1991. The Indian Academy of Neurosciences elected him as a fellow in 1999<ref name="IAN Fellows">{{Cite web |url=http://neuroscienceacademy.org.in/ian_fellows.php |title=IAN Fellows |date=2017-11-24 |website=Indian Academy of Neurosciences |access-date=2017-11-24}}</ref> and a year later, the [[Department of Biotechnology]] of the Government of India awarded him the [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development]], one of the highest Indian science awards in 2000.<ref name="Awardees of National Bioscience Awards for Career Development" /> The elected fellowship of the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] was awarded to him 2008.<ref name="NASI Year Book 2015">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/Year%20Book%202015.pdf |title=NASI Year Book 2015 |date=2017-11-24 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |access-date=2017-11-24 |archive-date=6 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806211716/http://www.nasi.org.in/Year%20Book%202015.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> He is also a recipient of the Uvnas Prize of the Indian Pharmacological Society for the best scientific publication and the Tulsabai Somani Educational Trust Award of Indian Academy of Neurosciences. The award orations delivered by him include Coln. R. N. Chopra Memorial Oration of [[Indian Journal of Pharmacology|Indian Pharmacological Society]] and Prof. B.K. Bachhawat Memorial Life Time Achievement (2019).

== Selected bibliography ==
=== Chapters ===
* {{cite book|author1=Alexander Storch, Michael A. Collins (Editors)|author2=K. P. Mohanakumar, D. Muralikrishnan )(Chapter authors)|title=Neurotoxic Factors in Parkinson's Disease and Related Disorders|date=6 December 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4615-1269-1|pages=290–}}
* {{cite book|author1=Sengupta T., Vinayagam J., Singh R., Jaisankar P., Mohanakumar K.P. |date=6 December 2016|title=Plant-Derived Natural Products for Parkinson's Disease Therapy. In: Essa M., Akbar M., Guillemin G. (eds) The Benefits of Natural Products for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Advances in Neurobiology, vol 12|publisher=Springer, Cham}}

=== Articles ===
* {{Cite journal |vauthors=Chakraborty J, Rajamma U, Mohanakumar KP |title=A mitochondrial basis for Huntington's disease: therapeutic prospects |journal=[[Mol. Cell. Biochem.]] |date=2014 |volume=389 |issue=1–2 |pages=277–291 |doi=10.1007/s11010-013-1951-9 |pmid=24374792 |s2cid=12998766}}
* {{Cite journal |vauthors=Chakraborty J, Nthenge-Ngumbau DN, Rajamma U, Mohanakumar KP |title=Melatonin protects against behavioural dysfunctions and dendritic spine damage in 3-nitropropionic acid-induced rat model of Huntington's disease |journal=[[Behav. Brain Res.]] |date=2014 |volume=1 |issue=264 |pages=91–104 |doi=10.1016/j.bbr.2014.01.048 |pmid=24509309 |s2cid=926656}}
* {{Cite journal |vauthors=Paidi RK, Nthenge-Ngumbau DN, Singh R, Kankanala T, Mehta H, Mohanakumar KP |title=Mitochondrial Deficits Accompany Cognitive Decline Following Single Bilateral Intracerebroventricular Streptozotocin |journal=[[Curr Alzheimer Res]] |date=2015 |volume=12 |issue=8 |pages=785–795 |pmid=26159195 |doi=10.2174/1567205012666150710112618}}

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Melatonin]]
* [[Neurotoxicity]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal|India|Biology|Medicine}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note|2}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{cite book|author1=Ronald F. Pfeiffer|author2=Zbigniew K. Wszolek|author3=Manuchair Ebadi|title=Parkinson's Disease, Second Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uWI0Ia3mkf8C&pg=PA60|date=9 October 2012|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4398-0714-9|pages=60–}}
* {{cite book|author1=Ana Martinez|author2=Carmen Gil|title=Emerging Drugs and Targets for Parkinson's Disease|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g3_8KlQvenAC&pg=PA82|date=29 July 2013|publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry|isbn=978-1-84973-617-6|pages=82–}}
* {{cite book|author=Society for Neuroscience|title=SfN 2010 Daily Books|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JF6Q0ajTk44C&pg=PT375|date=18 February 2011|publisher=Coe-Truman Technologies|isbn=978-1-61330-000-8|pages=375–}}
* {{cite book|author=Armen A. Galoyan|title=Brain Immune System Signal Molecules in Protection from Aerobic and Anaerobic Infections|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s3cIxnpDC4cC&pg=PA193|date=6 June 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4614-3667-6|pages=193–}}

{{authority control}}
{{N-BIOS Laureates 1999–2009}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohanakumar, K. P.}}
[[Category:N-BIOS Prize recipients]]
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Scientists from Kottayam]]
[[Category:University of Kerala alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala]]
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University alumni]]
[[Category:National Institutes of Health people]]
[[Category:University of Göttingen alumni]]
[[Category:University of Virginia School of Medicine alumni]]
[[Category:Indian biochemists]]
[[Category:Indian neuroscientists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]

Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu women's football team

2026-01-27T13:34:30Z

BrittScotto5:

{{About|the women's team|the men's team|Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu football team}}
{{Infobox football club
| clubname = Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu
| Badge =
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| fullname = Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu women's football team
| nickname =
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| league = [[Rajmata Jijabai Trophy]]
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}}

The '''Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu women's football team''' is an Indian [[association football|football]] team representing the union territory of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]] in the [[Rajmata Jijabai Trophy|Senior Women's National Football Championship]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/association/534|title = Dadra and Nagar Haveli Football Association}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/association/502|title = Daman and Diu Football Association}}</ref> The '''Dadra and Nagar Haveli''' and '''Daman and Diu''' women's football teams participated in the national competitions until they were merged in the 2022–23 Indian football season and will make its senior national debut in the [[2022–23 Rajmata Jijabai Trophy|2022–23]] edition.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Three venues for 76th National Football Championship for Hero Santosh Trophy 2022-23 group stage decided |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/three-venues-for-76thnational-football-championship-for-hero-santosh-trophy-2022-23-group-stage-decided |website=AIFF |date=25 November 2022 |access-date=29 November 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Santosh Trophy and Senior women's football Championships Groups Announced |url=https://thebridge.in/football/santosh-trophy-national-football-championships-groups-announced-36555 |website=The Bridge |date=22 October 2022 |access-date=29 November 2022}}</ref>

Their U-17 junior team became the champions of the National Junior (U-17) Girls’ Football tournament 2022–23 held at Guwahati.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dadra & Nagar Haveli win Hero Junior (U-17) Women's National Football Championship 2022-23 |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/dadra-nagar-haveli-win-hero-junior-u-17-womens-national-football-championship-2022-23 |date=4 July 2022 |website=AIFF }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/11851 |title=Hero Junior (U-17) Women's National Football Championship 2022-23 |access-date=6 July 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Dadra & Nagar Haveli win U-17 women's national football championship |url=https://thebridge.in/football/dadra-nagar-haveli-u-17-women-football-national-championships-32985 |website=The Bridge |date=4 July 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Dadra and Nagar Haveli win U-17 Women’s National Football C’ship title |url=https://theprint.in/sport/dadra-and-nagar-haveli-win-u-17-womens-national-football-cship-title/1025288/ |website=The Print |date=5 July 2022 }}</ref> The state footballers mostly consist of players from Haryana and Delhi.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dadra and Nagar Haveli wins U-17 women nationals with players from Haryana, Delhi |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/dadra-and-nagar-haveli-u17-women-national-champions-players-from-haryana-delhi/article38508756.ece |website=Sportstar |last1=Selvaraj |first1=Jonathan |date=4 July 2022 }}</ref>

==Honours==
===State (youth)===
; as '''Dadra and Nagar Haveli'''
* '''[[Junior Girl's National Football Championship]]'''
** Winners (1): 2022–23

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Rajmata Jijabai Trophy}}
{{Indian state football teams}}

[[Category:Rajmata Jijabai Trophy teams]]
[[Category:Football in Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]

{{India-footyclub-stub}}

Maha Vir Chakra

2026-01-27T03:05:29Z

BrittScotto5: page fix

{{Short description|Military decoration in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox award
| name = Maha Vir Chakra
| image = [[File:Mahavir-chakra.png|350px|Mahavir-chakra]] [[File:Maha Vir Chakra ribbon.svg|150px]]
| caption = Maha Vir Chakra medal and ribbon
| presenter = {{flagicon|India}} [[Republic of India]]
| country = {{flagicon|India}} [[Republic of India]]
| status = Currently awarded
| type = Medal
| eligibility = Military personnel
|awarded_for = "... acts of gallantry in the presence of the enemy on land, at sea or in the air."<ref>{{cite web |title = Maha Vir Chakra|url=http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=FaUH6rsUr6M=&ParentID=YG/CErIR6dY= |work=Gallantry Awards|publisher=[[Indian Army]] |access-date=23 March 2011}}</ref>
|established = {{start date and age|df=yes|26 January 1950}}
| firstawarded = 1947
| lastawarded = 2023
| total_awarded =
| total_awarded_posthumously = 74
|total_recipients = 213 (as of 2023)<ref>{{cite web |title=Awardees |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardees-0|date=20 November 2019 |website=Gallantry Awards – Ministry of Defence, Government of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023044307/https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardees-0|access-date=20 May 2020|archive-date=23 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=SUMMARY OF HONOURS AND AWARDS TO ARMY ON REPUBLIC DAY 2021|url=https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/userfiles/PIB%20Ahmedabad/Summary%20of%20gallantry%20and%20distinguished%20service%20awards%202021.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India|date=25 January 2021|access-date=25 January 2021}}</ref>
|higher = [[File:Param_Vishisht_Seva_Medal_ribbon.svg|35px]] [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]<ref name=precedence>{{cite web |title=Precedence of Medals |url=http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=zCQHR1MODtMw0EJ0MUc5CA==&ParentID=XRRy6fl/Yj1c0bK0sve+Pg== |website=Official Website of Indian Army |access-date=15 June 2016}}</ref>
|same = [[File:Kirti_Chakra_ribbon.svg|35px]] [[Kirti Chakra]]{{efn|Though the [[Kirti Chakra]] is placed below the Maha Vir Chakra in the precedence, it is considered as a peacetime equivalent of Maha Vir Chakra.}}<ref name=precedence/>
|lower = [[File:Padma Shri Ribbon.svg|35px]] [[Padma Shri]]<ref name=precedence/>
| image2 =
| caption2 =
}}

The '''Maha Vir Chakra''' ('''MVC''') ({{lit.|Medal for Great Bravery}}) is the second highest military [[Medal|decoration]] in [[India]], after the [[Param Vir Chakra]], and is awarded for acts of conspicuous gallantry in the presence of the enemy, whether on land, at sea or in the air. It replaced the British [[Distinguished Service Order (United Kingdom)|Distinguished Service Order]] (DSO). The medal may be awarded [[Posthumous recognition|posthumously]].

==Appearance==
The medal is made of standard [[silver]] and is circular in shape. [[Paper embossing|Embossed]] on the [[obverse]] is a five pointed [[heraldic]] star with circular center-piece bearing the gilded state [[emblem]] of India in the center. The words "Mahavira Chakra" are embossed in [[Hindi]] and [[English language|English]] on the reverse with two [[Indian lotus|lotus]] flowers in the middle. The decoration is worn on the left [[chest]] with a half-white and half-orange [[ribbon|riband]] about 3.2 cm in width, the orange being near the left [[shoulder]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india9.com/i9show/Mahavir-Chakra-27619.htm |title=Mahavir Chakra in India |publisher=India9.com |date=2005-06-07 |access-date=2013-07-10}}</ref>

==History==
More than 218 acts of bravery and selfless courage have been recognized since the inception of the medal. The most MVCs awarded in a single conflict was in the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]], when eleven were given to the [[Indian Air Force]].

==Bar to MVC==
Provision was made for the award of a bar for a second award of the Maha Vir Chakra, the first two being awarded in 1965. To date, there are six known awards of a first bar:
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! scope="col" style="width: 50px;" | S. No.
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Rank
! scope="col" style="width: 200px;" | Name
! scope="col" style="width: 200px;" | Branch
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | Date of First Award
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Date of Second Award
|-
|1
|[[Wing commander (rank)|Wing Commander]]
|[[Jag Mohan Nath]]
|{{air force|India}}
|1 January 1962
|1 September 1965
|-
|2
|[[Major general (India)|Major General]]
|[[Rajinder Singh Sparrow]]
|{{army|India}}
|19 March 1948
|6 September 1965
|-
|3
|[[General (India)|General]]
|[[Arun Shridhar Vaidya]]
|{{army|India}}
|16 September 1965
|5 December 1971
|-
|4
|[[Wing commander (rank)|Wing Commander]]
|[[Padmanabha Gautam]]
|{{air force|India}}
|6 September 1965
|5 December 1971
|-
|5
|[[Colonel (India)|Colonel]]
|[[Chewang Rinchen]]
|{{army|India}}
|1 July 1948
|8 December 1971
|-
|6
|[[Brigadier (India)|Brigadier]]
|[[Sant Singh]]
|{{army|India}}
|2 November 1965
|2 January 1972
|}
No second bars have been awarded. Award of the decoration carries with it the right to use MVC as a post-nominal abbreviation.

==List of recipients==

The Mahavir Chakra awardees include:<ref>{{cite web |title=Awardees – Maha Vir Chakra |url=http://gallantryawards.gov.in/awardees/maha-vir-chakra |website=Gallantry Awards – Ministry of Defence, Government of India |access-date=30 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Awards: Mahavir Chakra |url=http://www.twdi.in/awards?awardee_title=&service=All&field_awards_medal_nid=361&field_awards_operation_nid=All |date=2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025822/http://www.twdi.in/awards?awardee_title=&service=All&field_awards_medal_nid=361&field_awards_operation_nid=All |archive-date=4 March 2016 |publisher=The War Decorated Trust |access-date=30 September 2017}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Key
|-
|align=center style="width:50px;background-color:#e3d9ff;"|†
|Indicates posthumous honour
|}

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! scope="col" style="width: 50px;" | S. No.
! scope="col" style="width: 200px;" | Rank
! scope="col" style="width: 300px;" | Name
! scope="col" style="width: 200px;" | Branch
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | Operation/War
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Date of Award
|-
| 1
| [[Lieutenant Colonel]]
|style="background:#e3d9ff;"| [[Dewan Ranjit Rai]]
| {{army|India}}
| 1947 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lieutenant Colonel Dewan Ranjit Rai {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1125 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 27-Oct-1947
|-
| 2
| [[Sepoy]]
| style="background:#e3d9ff;"| Dewan Singh
| {{army|India}}
| 1947 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sepoy Dewan Singh {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1163 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 03-Nov-1947
|-
| 3
| [[Naik (military rank)|Naik]]
|style="background:#e3d9ff;"| Chand Singh
| {{army|India}}
| 1947 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naik Chand Singh {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1160 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 22-Nov-1947
|-
| 4
| [[Subedar]]
|style="background:#e3d9ff;"| Bishan Singh
|{{army|India}}
| 1947 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Subedar Bishan Singh {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://twdi.in/awardees?name=Bishan+Singh |website=twdi.in}}</ref>
| 12-Dec-1947
|-
| 5
| [[Jemadar]]
|style="background:#e3d9ff;"| [[Nand Singh]]
| {{army|India}}
| 1947 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jemadar Nand Singh {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1147 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 12-Dec-1947
|-
|6
|[[Colonel]]
|[[Thakur Prithi Chand]]
|{{army|India}}
|1947 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Colonel Thakur Prithi Chand {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1133 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
|15-Aug-1948
|-
| 7
| [[Civilian]]
| [[Ram Chander (MVC)|Ram Chandar]]
| Civilian
| 1947 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Civilian Ram Chandar {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1166 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 26-Jan-1950
|-
| 8
| [[Major (rank)|Major]]
| Yadunath Singh
| {{army|India}}
| 1947 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Major Yadunath Singh {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1118 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 26-Jan-1950
|-
| 9
| [[Lieutenant Colonel]]
|style="background:#e3d9ff;"| Inder Jit Singh Butalia
| {{army|India}}
| 1947 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lieutenant Colonel Inder Jit Singh Butalia {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1120 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in/}}</ref>
| 26-Jan-1950
|-
| 10
| [[Lieutenant Colonel]]
| [[Kushal Chand|Khushal Chand]]
| {{army|India}}
| 1947 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lieutenant Colonel Khushal Chand {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1136 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in/}}</ref>
| 26-Jan-1950
|-
| 11
| [[Brigadier (India)|Brigadier]]
|style="background:#e3d9ff;"| [[Mohammad Usman]]
| {{army|India}}
| 1947 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brigadier Mohammad Usman {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1119 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 26-Jan-1950
|-
| 12
| [[Lieutenant Colonel]]
| Man Mohan Khanna
| {{army|India}}
| 1947 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lieutenant Colonel Man Mohan Khanna {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1124 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in/}}</ref>
| 26-Jan-1950
|-
| 13
| [[Brigadier (India)|Brigadier]]
|style="background:#e3d9ff;"| [[Rajinder Singh (brigadier)|Rajinder Singh]]
| {{army|India}}
| 1947 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brigadier Rajinder Singh {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1117 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in/}}</ref>
| 26-Jan-1950
|-
| 14
| [[Major (rank)|Major]]
|style="background:#e3d9ff;"| Annavi K Ramaswamy
| {{army|India}}
| 1947 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Major Annavi Krishnaswamy Ramaswamy {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1197 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in/}}</ref>
| 26-Jan-1950
|-
| 15
| [[Sepoy]]
| Man Singh
| {{army|India}}
| 1947 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sepoy Man Singh {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1165 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in/}}</ref>
| 26-Jan-1950
|-
| 16
| [[Havildar]]
| Daya Ram
| {{army|India}}
| 1947 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Havildar Daya Ram {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1150}}</ref>
| 26-Jan-1950
|-
| 17
| [[Colonel (India)|Colonel]]
| [[Kishan Singh Rathore|Kishan Singh Rathor]]
| {{army|India}}
| 1947 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Colonel Kishan Singh Rathor {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1172 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 26-Jan-1950
|-
| 18
| [[Subedar-major|Subedar Major]]
| Krishna Sonawane
| {{army|India}}
| 1947 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sub Maj & Honorary Captain Krishna Sonawane {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1157 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in/}}</ref>
| 26-Jan-1950
|-
| 19
| [[Major (rank)|Major]]
|style="background:#e3d9ff;"| Sardar Malkit Singh Brar
| {{army|India}}
| 1947 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Major Sardar Malkit Singh Brar {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1169 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in/}}</ref>
| 26-Jan-1950
|-
| 20
| [[Major (rank)|Major]]
|style="background:#e3d9ff;"| Satyapal Chopra
| {{army|India}}
| 1947 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Major Satyapal Chopra {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1168 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in/}}</ref>
| 26-Jan-1950
|-
| 21
| [[Lieutenant Colonel]]
| Hari Chand
| {{army|India}}
| 1947 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Lieutenant Colonel Hari Chand {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1134 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in/}}</ref>
| 26-Jan-1950
|-
| 22
| [[Sepoy]]
| Hari Singh
| {{army|India}}
| 1948 [[Operation Polo]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sepoy Hari Singh {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1162 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 17-Mar-1948
|-
| 23
| [[Subedar]]
|style="background:#e3d9ff;"| Gurdial Singh
| {{army|India}}
| 1947 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Subedar Gurdial Singh {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://gallantryawards.gov.in/Awardee/gurdial-singh |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in/}}</ref>
| 26-Jan-1950
|-
| 24
| [[Major general (India)|Major General]]
| [[Rajinder Singh Sparrow]]
| {{army|India}}
| 1947 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref name="gallantryawards.gov.in">{{Cite web |title=Major General Rajinder Singh Sparrow {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1126 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 26-Jan-1950
|-
| 25
| [[Brigadier (India)|Brigadier]]
| Arvind Nilkanth Jatar
| {{army|India}}
| 1947 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brigadier Arvind Nilkhanth Jatar {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1137 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in/}}</ref>
| 26-Jan-1950
|-
| 26
| [[Naik (military rank)|Naik]]
|style="background:#e3d9ff;"| [[Sis Pal Singh|Shishpal Singh]]
| {{army|India}}
| 1947 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naik Shishpal Singh {{!}} Honourpoint |url=https://www.honourpoint.in/profile/naik-shish-pal-singh-mvc/ |website=www.honourpoint.in/}}</ref>
| 26-Jan-1950
|-
| 27
| [[Rifleman]]
|style="background:#e3d9ff;"| Dhonkal Singh
| {{army|India}}
| 1947 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rifleman Dhonkal Singh {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1178 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in/}}</ref>
| 26-Jan-1950
|-
| 28
| [[Lieutenant Colonel]]
| Kaman Singh
| {{army|India}}
| 1947 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lieutenant Colonel Kaman Singh {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1129 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in/}}</ref>
| 26-Jan-1950
|-
| 29
| [[Jemadar]]
| Lal Bahadur Khattri
| {{army|India}}
| 1947 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jemadar Lal Bahadur Khattri {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1334 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in/}}</ref>
| 26-Jan-1952
|-
| 30
| [[Jemadar]]
|style="background:#e3d9ff;"| Hardev Singh
| {{army|India}}
| 1947 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jemadar Hardev Singh {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1145 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in/}}</ref>
| 26-Jan-1950
|-
| 31
| [[Naik (military rank)|Naik]]
|style="background:#e3d9ff;"| Nar Singh
| {{army|India}}
| 1947 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naik Nar Singh {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1153 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in/}}</ref>
| 26-Jan-1950
|-
| 32
| [[Naik (military rank)|Naik]]
| Raju
| {{army|India}}
| 1947 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naik Raju {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1154 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in/}}</ref>
| 26-Jan-1950
|-
| 33
| [[Subedar]]
|style="background:#e3d9ff;"| Chuni Ram
| {{army|India}}
| 1947 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Subedar Chuni Ram {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1149 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in/}}</ref>
| 26-Jan-1950
|-
| 34
| [[Civilian|Civilian Porter]]
| Mohd Ismail
| Civilian
| 1947 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://twdi.in/node/1391|title=Civ Porter Mohd Ismail, MVC|publisher=War Decorated India & Trust}}</ref>
| 26-Jan-1950
|-
| 35
| [[Sepoy]]
| Amar Singh
| {{army|India}}
| 1947 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://twdi.in/node/1309|title=Sep Amar Singh, MVC|publisher=War Decorated India & Trust}}</ref>
| 26-Jan-1950
|-
| 36
| [[Major (rank)|Major]]
| [[Chewang Rinchen]]
| {{army|India}}
| 1947 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web |title=Major Chewang Rinchen {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1349 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 01-Jul-1948
|-
| 37
| [[Naik (military rank)|Naik]]
| [[Pritam Singh (soldier)|Pritam Singh]]
| {{army|India}}
| 1947 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naik Pritam Singh {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1156 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in/}}</ref>
| 26-Jan-1950
|-
| 38
| [[Jemadar]]
| style="background:#e3d9ff;"|Sampooran Singh
| {{army|India}}
| 1947 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jemadar Sampooran Singh {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1146 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in/}}</ref>
| 26-Jan-1950
|-
| 39
| [[Brigadier (India)|Brigadier]]
| [[Sher Jung Thapa]]
| {{army|India}}
| 1947 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brigadier Sher Jung Thapa {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1130 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 26-Jan-1950
|-
| 40
| [[Subedar]]
| Fateh Singh
| {{army|India}}
| 1947 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Subedar & Honorary Captain Fateh Singh {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1189 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in/}}</ref>
| 26-Jan-1950
|-
| 41
| [[Lieutenant Colonel]]
| [[Harbans Singh Virk]]
| {{army|India}}
| 1947 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lieutenant Colonel Harbans Singh Virk {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1128 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in/}}</ref>
| 26-Jan-1950
|-
| 42
| [[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]]
| Anil Krishna Barat
| {{army|India}}
| 1947 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lieutenant General Anil Krishna Barat {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1185 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in/}}</ref>
| 26-Jan-1950
|-
| 43
| [[Lance Naik]]
|style="background:#e3d9ff;"| Rabi Lal Thapa
| {{army|India}}
| 1947 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lance Naik Rabi Lal Thapa {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1161 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in/}}</ref>
| 26-Jan-1950
|-
| 44
| [[Lieutenant Colonel]]
| Dharam Singh
| {{army|India}}
| 1947 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lieutenant Colonel Dharam Singh {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1184 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in/}}</ref>
| 26-Jan-1950
|-
| 45
| [[Major general (India)|Major General]]
| [[Anant Singh Pathania]]
| {{army|India}}
| 1947 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Major General Anant Singh Pathania {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1167 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in/}}</ref>
| 26-Jan-1950
|-
| 46
| [[Havildar]]
| Ram Parsad Gurung
| {{army|India}}
| 1947 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Havildar Ram Parsad Gurung {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1176 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in/}}</ref>
| 26-Jan-1950
|-
| 47
| [[Jemadar]]
| Lal Singh
| {{army|India}}
| 1948 [[Operation Polo]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jemadar Lal Singh {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/4243 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 15-Nov-1948
|-
| 48
| [[Brigadier (India)|Brigadier]]
| Kanhya Lal Atal
| {{army|India}}
| 1947 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brigadier Kanhya Lal Atal {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1182 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in/}}</ref>
| 26-Jan-1950
|-
| 49
| [[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]]
|style="background:#e3d9ff;"| Dara Dinshaw Mistry
| {{army|India}}
| 1947 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Captain Dara Dinshaw Mistry {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1171 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in/}}</ref>
| 26-Jan-1950
|-
| 50
| [[Air commodore (India)|Air Commodore]]
| [[Mehar Singh (pilot)|Mehar Singh]]
| {{air force|India}}
| 1947 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Air Commodore Mehar Singh {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/4219 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 26-Jan-1950
|-
| 51
| [[Air Marshal (India)|Air Marshal]]
| [[Minoo Merwan Engineer]]
| {{air force|India}}
| 1947 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Air Marshal Minoo Merwan Engineer {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/4218 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 26-Jan-1950
|-
| 52
| [[Wing commander (rank)|Wing Commander]]
| Sidney Basil Norohna
| {{air force|India}}
| 1947 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Wing Commander Sidney Basil Norohna {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/4217 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 26-Jan-1950
|-
| 53
| [[Lieutenant Colonel]]
| [[AG Rangaraj]]
| {{army|India}}
| 1951 [[Operation Tomahawk]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lieutenant Colonel AG Rangaraj {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1180 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 24-Mar-1951
|-
| 54
| [[Colonel (India)|Colonel]]
| Nirod Baran Banerjee
| {{army|India}}
| 1951 [[Operation Tomahawk]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://twdi.in/node/1321|title=Col Nirod Baran Banerjee MVC|publisher=War Decorated India & Trust}}</ref>
| March-1951
|-
| 55
| [[Air Chief Marshal (India)|Air Chief Marshal]]
| [[Hrushikesh Moolgavkar]]
| {{air force|India}}
| 1961 [[Operation Vijay (1961)|Operation Vijay: Goa]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Air Chief Marshal Hrushikesh Moolgavkar {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/4220 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 08-Dec-1951
|-
| 56
| [[Lance Naik]]
|style="background:#e3d9ff;"| Ran Bahadur Gurung
| {{army|India}}
| 1961 [[United Nations Operation in the Congo|UN Operation: Congo]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lance Naik Ran Bahadur Gurung {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1205 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 06-Dec-1961
|-
| 57
| [[Naik (military rank)|Naik]]
|style="background:#e3d9ff;"| Mahabir Thapa
| {{army|India}}
| 1962 [[United Nations Operation in the Congo|UN Operation: Congo]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naik Mahabir Thapa {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1204 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 16-Dec-1961
|-
| 58
| [[Wing commander (rank)|Wing Commander]]
| [[Jag Mohan Nath]]
| {{air force|India}}
| 1962 [[Sino-Indian War|Operation Leg Horn]]<ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite web |title=Wing Commander Jag Mohan Nath {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/4223 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 01-Jan-1962
|-
| 59
| [[Naik (military rank)|Naik]]
|style="background:#e3d9ff;"| Chain Singh
| {{army|India}}
| 1962 [[Sino-Indian War|Operation Leg Horn]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naik Chain Singh {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1230 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 10-Oct-1962
|-
| 60
| [[Subedar]]
| Kanshi Ram
| {{army|India}}
| 1962 [[Sino-Indian War|Operation Leg Horn]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Subedar Kanshi Ram {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1232 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 10-Oct-1962
|-
| 61
| [[Havildar]]
|style="background:#e3d9ff;"| Sarup Singh
| {{army|India}}
| 1962 [[Sino-Indian War|Operation Leg Horn]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Havildar Sarup Singh {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1208 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 19-Oct-1962
|-
| 62
| [[Lieutenant Colonel]]
| Bhagwan Dutt Dogra
| {{army|India}}
| 1962 [[Sino-Indian War|Indo-China War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lieutenant Colonel Bhagwan Dutt Dogra {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1240 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 20-Oct-1962
|-
| 63
| [[Second lieutenant]]
|style="background:#e3d9ff;"| GKV Prasanna Rao
| {{army|India}}
| 1962 [[Sino-Indian War|Indo-China War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Second Lieutenant Gopal Krishna Venkatesa Prasanna Rao {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/3597 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 20-Oct-1962
|-
| 64
| [[Lieutenant Colonel]]
| Gurdial Singh
| {{army|India}}
| 1962 [[Sino-Indian War|Indo-China War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lieutenant Colonel Gurdial Singh {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1214 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 20-Oct-1962
|-
| 65
| [[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]]
| Mahabir Prasad
| {{army|India}}
| 1962 [[Sino-Indian War|Indo-China War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Captain Mahabir Prasad {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1216 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 20-Oct-1962
|-
| 66
| [[Major (rank)|Major]]
| Mahander Singh Chaudhary
| {{army|India}}
| 1962 [[Sino-Indian War|Indo-China War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Major Mahander Singh Chaudhary {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1213 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 20-Oct-1962
|-
| 67
| [[Lieutenant Colonel]]
|style="background:#e3d9ff;"| Sardul Singh Randhawa
| {{army|India}}
| 1962 [[Sino-Indian War|Indo-China War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lieutenant Colonel Sardul Singh Randhawa {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1210 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 20-Oct-1962
|-
| 68
| [[Brigadier (India)|Brigadier]]
| Sher Pratap Singh Shrikent
| {{army|India}}
| 1962 [[Sino-Indian War|Indo-China War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brigadier Sher Pratap Singh Shrikent {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1211 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 20-Oct-1962
|-
| 69
| [[Subedar]]
| Sonam Stopdhan
| {{army|India}}
| 1962 [[Sino-Indian War|Indo-China War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Subedar Sonam Stopdhan {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1206 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 20-Oct-1962
|-
| 70
| [[General (India)|General]]
| [[Tapishwar Narain Raina]]
| {{army|India}}
| 1962 [[Sino-Indian War|Indo-China War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Tapishwar Narain Raina {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1229 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 20-Oct-1962
|-
| 71
| [[Subedar|Naib Subedar]]
| Rabi Lal Thapa
| {{army|India}}
| 1962 [[Sino-Indian War|Indo-China War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naib Subedar Rabi Lal Thapa {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1219 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 21-Oct-1962
|-
| 72
| [[Colonel (India)|Colonel]]
| Ajit Singh
| {{army|India}}
| 1962 [[Sino-Indian War|Indo-China War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Colonel Ajit Singh {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1221 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 22-Oct-1962
|-
| 73
| [[Major general (India)|Major General]]
| Bejoy Mohan Bhattacharjea
| {{army|India}}
| 1962 [[Sino-Indian War|Indo-China War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Major General Bejoy Mohan Bhattacharjea {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1242 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 25-Oct-1962
|-
| 74
| [[Sepoy]]
|style="background:#e3d9ff;"| Kewal Singh
| {{army|India}}
| 1962 [[Sino-Indian War|Indo-China War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sepoy Kewal Singh {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1223 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 26-Oct-1962
|-
| 75
| [[Havildar]]
|style="background:#e3d9ff;"| Satigian Phunchok
| {{army|India}}
| 1962 [[Sino-Indian War|Indo-China War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Havildar Satigian Phunchok {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1226 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 27-Oct-1962
|-
| 76
| [[Jemadar]]
|style="background:#e3d9ff;"| Isht Tundup
| {{army|India}}
| 1962 [[Sino-Indian War|Indo-China War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jemadar Isht Tundup {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1224 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 27-Oct-1962
|-
| 77
| [[Rifleman]]
|style="background:#e3d9ff;"| [[Jaswant Singh Rawat]]
| {{army|India}}
| 1962 [[Sino-Indian War|Indo-China War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rifleman Jaswant Singh Rawat {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1237 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 17-Nov-1962
|-
| 78
| [[Major (rank)|Major]]
| Shyamal Dev Goswami
| {{army|India}}
| 1962 [[Sino-Indian War|Indo-China War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Major Shyamal Dev Goswami {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1227 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 18-Nov-1962
|-
| 79
| [[Lieutenant]]
|style="background:#e3d9ff;"| Ved Prakash Trehan
| {{army|India}}
| [[Congo Crisis]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lieutenant Ved Prakash Trehan {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1238 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 29-Dec-1962
|-
| 80
| [[Major general (India)|Major General]]
| Sushil Kumar Mathur
| {{army|India}}
| 1965 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|Operation Ablaze]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Major General Sushil Kumar Mathur {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1246 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 15-Apr-1965
|-
| 81
| [[Major (rank)|Major]]
| Baljit Singh Randhawa
| {{army|India}}
| 1965 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|Operation Ablaze]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Major Baljit Singh Randhawa {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1247 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 17-May-1965
|-
| 82
| [[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]]
| Chander Narain Singh
| {{army|India}}
| 1965 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|Operation Ablaze]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Captain Chander Narain Singh {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1254 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 05-Aug-1965
|-
| 83
| [[Major general (India)|Major General]]
| Swarup Singh Kalaan
| {{army|India}}
| 1965 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|Operation Ablaze]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Major General Swarup Singh Kalaan {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1272 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 05-Aug-1965
|-
| 84
| [[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]]
| Ram Dharam Dass Hira
| {{army|India}}
| 1965 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|Operation Ablaze]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lieutenant General Ram Dharam Dass Hira {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1273 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 05-Aug-1965
|-
| 85
| [[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]]
| [[Zorawar Chand Bakshi]]
| {{army|India}}
| 1965 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|Operation Ablaze]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lieutenant General Zorawar Chand Bakshi {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1282 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 05-Aug-1965
|-
| 86
| [[Colonel (India)|Colonel]]
| Gurbans Singh Sangha
| {{army|India}}
| 1965 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|Operation Riddle]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Colonel Gurbans Singh Sangha {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1249 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 15-Aug-1965
|-
| 87
| [[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]]
| [[Ranjit Singh Dyal|Ranjit Singh Dayal]]
| {{army|India}}
| 1965 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|Operation Riddle]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lieutenant General Ranjit Singh Dayal {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1251 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 25-Aug-1965
|-
| 88
| [[Major (rank)|Major]]
| Bhaskar Roy
| {{army|India}}
| 1965 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|Operation Riddle]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Major Bhaskar Roy {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1253 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 01-Sep-1965
|-
| 89
| [[Wing commander (rank)|Wing Commander]]
| [[Jag Mohan Nath]]
| {{air force|India}}
| 1965 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|Operation Riddle]]<ref name="ReferenceB"/>
| 01-Sep-1965
|-
| 90
| [[Air commodore (India)|Air Commodore]]
| William MacDonald Goodman
| {{air force|India}}
| 1965 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|Operation Riddle]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Air Commodore William MacDonald Goodman {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/4224 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 01-Sep-1965
|-
| 91
| [[Subedar]]
| Ajit Singh
| {{army|India}}
| 1965 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|Operation Riddle]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Subedar Ajit Singh {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1261 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 06-Sep-1965
|-
| 92
| [[Brigadier (India)|Brigadier]]
| [[Desmond Hayde]]
| {{army|India}}
| 1965 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|Operation Riddle]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brigadier Desmond Hayde {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1259 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 06-Sep-1965
|-
| 93
| [[Major general (India)|Major General]]
| Gurbaksh Singh
| {{army|India}}
| 1965 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|Operation Riddle]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Major General Gurbaksh Singh {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1268 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 06-Sep-1965
|-
| 94
| [[Major general (India)|Major General]]
| [[Rajinder Singh Sparrow]]
| {{army|India}}
| 1965 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|Operation Riddle]]<ref name="gallantryawards.gov.in"/>
| 06-Sep-1965
|-
| 95
| [[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]]
| Har Krishen Sibal
| {{army|India}}
| 1965 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|Operation Riddle]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lieutenant General Har Krishen Sibal {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1270 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 06-Sep-1965
|-
| 96
| [[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]]
| [[Khem Karan Singh]]
| {{army|India}}
| 1965 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|Operation Riddle]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lieutenant General Khem Karan Singh {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1275 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 06-Sep-1965
|-
| 97
| [[Lieutenant Colonel]]
| Narindra Nath Khanna
| {{army|India}}
| 1965 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|Operation Riddle]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lieutenant Colonel Narindra Nath Khanna {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1262 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 06-Sep-1965
|-
| 98
| [[Wing commander (rank)|Wing Commander]]
| [[Padmanabha Gautam]]
| {{air force|India}}
| 1965 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|Operation Riddle]]<ref name="ReferenceC">{{Cite web |title=Wing Commander Padmanabha Gautam {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/4231 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 06-Sep-1965
|-
| 99
| [[Air Marshal (India)|Air Marshal]]
| Prem Pal Singh
| {{air force|India}}
| 1965 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|Operation Riddle]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Air Marshal Prem Pal Singh {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/4226 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 06-Sep-1965
|-
| 100
| [[Brigadier (India)|Brigadier]]
| Raghubir Singh
| {{army|India}}
| 1965 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|Operation Riddle]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brigadier Raghubir Singh {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1285 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 07-Sep-1965
|-
| 101
| [[Lieutenant Colonel]]
| Harbans Lal Mehta
| {{army|India}}
| 1965 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|Operation Riddle]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lieutenant Colonel Harbans Lal Mehta {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1257 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 08-Sep-1965
|-
| 102
| [[Subedar|Naib Subedar]]
| Naubat Ram
| {{army|India}}
| 1965 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|Operation Riddle]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naib Subedar Naubat Ram {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1293 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 08-Sep-1965
|-
| 103
| [[Brigadier (India)|Brigadier]]
| [[Thomas K. Theogaraj|Thomas Krishnan Theogaraj]]
| {{army|India}}
| 1965 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|Operation Riddle]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brigadier Thomas Krishnan Theogaraj {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1281 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 08-Sep-1965
|-
| 104
| [[Major general (India)|Major General]]
| Mohindar Singh
| {{army|India}}
| 1965 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|Operation Riddle]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Major General Mohindar Singh {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/3598 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 09-Sep-1965
|-
| 105
| [[Brigadier (India)|Brigadier]]
| Sampuran Singh
| {{army|India}}
| 1965 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|Operation Ablaze]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brigadier Sampuran Singh {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1299 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 09-Sep-1965
|-
| 106
| [[Major general (India)|Major General]]
| Salim Caleb
| {{army|India}}
| 1965 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|Operation Riddle]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Major General Salim Caleb {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1255 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 10-Sep-1965
|-
| 107
| [[Major general (India)|Major General]]
| Madan Mohan Singh Bakshi
| {{army|India}}
| 1965 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|Operation Riddle]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Major General Madan Mohan Singh Bakshi {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1284 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 11-Sep-1965
|-
| 108
| [[General (India)|General]]
| [[Arun Shridhar Vaidya]]
| {{army|India}}
| 1965 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|Operation Riddle]]<ref name="ReferenceD">{{Cite web |title=General Arun Shridhar Vaidya {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1422 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 16-Sep-1965
|-
| 109
| [[Major (rank)|Major]]
| [[Asaram Tyagi|Asa Ram Tyagi]]
| {{army|India}}
| 1965 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|Operation Ablaze]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Major Asa Ram Tyagi {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1265 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 21-Sep-1965
|-
| 110
| [[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]]
| Kapil Singh Thapa
| {{army|India}}
| 1965 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|Operation Riddle]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Captain Kapil Singh Thapa {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/5045 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 21-Sep-1965
|-
| 111
| [[Brigadier (India)|Brigadier]]
| Pagadala K Nandagopal
| {{army|India}}
| 1965 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|Operation Riddle]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brigadier Pagadala Kuppuswamy Nandagopal {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1288 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 28-Sep-1965
|-
| 112
| [[Subedar]]
| Tika Bahadur Thapa
| {{army|India}}
| 1965 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|Operation Riddle]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Subedar Tika Bahadur Thapa {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1302 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 30-Sep-1965
|-
| 113
| [[Major (rank)|Major]]
| Bhupinder Singh
| {{army|India}}
| 1965 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|Operation Riddle]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Major Bhupinder Singh {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1263 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 11-Oct-1965
|-
| 114
| [[Naik (military rank)|Naik]]
| Darshan Singh
| {{army|India}}
| 1965 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|Operation Riddle]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naik Darshan Singh {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1294 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 02-Nov-1965
|-
| 115
| [[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]]
| Gautam Mubayi
| {{army|India}}
| 1965 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|Operation Riddle]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Captain Gautam Mubayi {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1289 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 02-Nov-1965
|-
| 116
| [[Brigadier (India)|Brigadier]]
| [[Sant Singh]]
| {{army|India}}
| 1965 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|Operation Riddle]]<ref name="ReferenceE">{{Cite web |title=Brigadier Sant Singh {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1304 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 02-Nov-1965
|-
| 117
| [[Major (rank)|Major]]
| [[Maj. Harbhajan Singh|Harbhajan Singh]]
| {{army|India}}
| 1967 [[Nathu La and Cho La clashes|Indo-China War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Major Harbhajan Singh {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1312 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 11-Sep-1967
|-
| 118
| [[Brigadier (India)|Brigadier]]
| [[Rai Singh Yadav]]
| {{army|India}}
| 1967 [[Nathu La and Cho La clashes|Indo-China War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brigadier Rai Singh {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1310 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 11-Sep-1967
|-
| 119
| [[Lieutenant Colonel]]
| Mahatam Singh
| {{army|India}}
| 1967 [[Nathu La and Cho La clashes|Indo-China War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lieutenant Colonel Mahatam Singh {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1313 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 01-Oct-1967
|-
| 120
| [[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]]
| Anand Sarup
| {{army|India}}
| 1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lieutenant General Anand Sarup {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1442 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 01-Jan-1971
|-
| 121
| [[Brigadier (India)|Brigadier]]
| Arun Bhimrao Harolikar
| {{army|India}}
| 1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brigadier Arun Bhimrao Harolikar {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1453 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 01-Jan-1971
|-
| 122
| [[Major general (India)|Major General]]
| Anthony Harold Edward Michigan
| {{army|India}}
| 1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Major General Anthony Harold Edward Michigan {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1369 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 01-Jan-1971
|-
| 123
| [[Major general (India)|Major General]]
| [[Hardev Singh Kler]]
| {{army|India}}
| 1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Major General Hardev Singh Kler {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/3599 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 01-Jan-1971
|-
| 124
| [[Captain (Indian Navy)|Captain]]
| [[Mohan Narayan Rao Samant]]
| {{navy|India}}
| 1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Captain Mohan Narayan Rao Samant {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/3859 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 01-Jan-1971
|-
| 125
| [[Brigadier (India)|Brigadier]]
| Rajkumar Singh
| {{army|India}}
| 1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brigadier Rajkumar Singh {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1343 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 01-Jan-1971
|-
| 126
| [[Lieutenant Colonel]]
| Surinder Kapur
| {{army|India}}
| 1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lieutenant Colonel Surinder Kapur {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1355 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 01-Jan-1971
|-
| 127
| [[Lance Naik]]
| [[Ram Ugrah Pandey]]
| {{army|India}}
| 1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lance Naik Ram Ugrah Pandey {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1319 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 24-Nov-1971
|-
| 128
| [[Sepoy]]
| Ansuya Prasad
| {{army|India}}
| 1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sepoy Ansuya Prasad {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1419 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 30-Nov-1971
|-
| 129
| [[Rifleman]]
| Pati Ram Gurung
| {{army|India}}
| 1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rifleman Pati Ram Gurung {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1321 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 30-Nov-1971
|-
| 130
| [[Lieutenant Colonel]]
| Shamsher Singh
| {{army|India}}
| 1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Major Shamsher Singh {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1431 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 01-Dec-1971
|-
| 131
| [[Vice Admiral]]
| [[Swaraj Parkash]]
| {{navy|India}}
| 1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vice Admiral Swaraj Parkash {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/3861 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 01-Dec-1971
|-
| 132
| [[Major (rank)|Major]]
| Anup Singh Gahlaut
| {{army|India}}
| 1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Major Anup Singh Gahlaut {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1333 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 03-Dec-1971
|-
| 133
| [[Brigadier (India)|Brigadier]]
| Basdev Singh Mankotia
| {{army|India}}
| 1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brigadier Basdev Singh Mankotia {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://twdi.in/awardees?name=Basdev+Singh+Mankotia |website=twdi.in}}</ref>
| 03-Dec-1971
|-
| 134
| [[Major general (India)|Major General]]
| Anant Vishwanath Natu
| {{army|India}}
| 1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Major General Anant Vishwanath Natu {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1340 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 03-Dec-1971
|-
| 135
| [[Major general (India)|Major General]]
| Kashmiri Lal Rattan
| {{army|India}}
| 1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Major General Kashmiri Lal Rattan {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1352 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 03-Dec-1971
|-
| 136
| [[Major general (India)|Major General]]
| Prem Kumar Khanna
| {{army|India}}
| 1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Major General Prem Kumar Khanna {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1331 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 03-Dec-1971
|-
| 137
| [[Lieutenant Colonel]]
| Jaivir Singh
| {{army|India}}
| 1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lieutenant Colonel Jaivir Singh {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1346 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 03-Dec-1971
|-
| 138
| [[Air vice marshal (India)|Air Vice-Marshal]]
| Vidya Bhushan Vasisht
| {{air force|India}}
| 1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Air Vice Marshal Vidya Bhushan Vasisht {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/4244 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 03-Dec-1971
|-
| 139
| [[Group captain (India)|Group Captain]]
| Allan Albert D’Costa
| {{air force|India}}
| 1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Group Captain Allan Albert D’Costa {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/4237 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 04-Dec-1971
|-
| 140
| [[Subedar-major|Subedar Major]]
| Bir Bahadur Pun
| {{army|India}}
| 1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Subedar Major Bir Bahadur Pun {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1372 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 04-Dec-1971
|-
| 141
| [[Commodore (India)|Commodore]]
| [[Kasargod Patnashetti Gopal Rao]]
| {{navy|India}}
| 1971 [[Operation Trident (1971)|Operation Trident]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commodore Kasargod Patnashetti Gopal Rao {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/3853 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 04-Dec-1971
|-
|142
|[[Brigadier (India)|Brigadier]]
|K Gowrishankar
|{{army|India}}
|1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref name="ReferenceD" />
|05-Dec-1971
|-
|143
|[[Brigadier (India)|Brigadier]]
|[[Hardev Singh Kler]]
|{{army|India}}
|1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref name="ReferenceC" />
| ---Dec-1971
|-
| 144
| [[General (India)|General]]
| [[Arun Shridhar Vaidya]]
| {{army|India}}
| 1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref name="ReferenceD" />
| 05-Dec-1971
|-
| 145
| [[Commodore (India)|Commodore]]
| [[Babru Bhan Yadav]]
| {{navy|India}}
| 1971 [[Operation Trident (1971)|Operation Trident]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commodore Babru Bhan Yadav {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/5039 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 05-Dec-1971
|-
| 146
| [[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]]
| Devinder Singh Ahlawat
| {{army|India}}
| 1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Captain Devinder Singh Ahlawat {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1427 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 05-Dec-1971
|-
| 147
| [[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]]
| Krishnaswamy Gowri Shankar
| {{army|India}}
| 1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lieutenant General Krishnaswami Gowri Shankar {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1351 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 05-Dec-1971
|-
| 148
| [[Brigadier (India)|Brigadier]]
| [[Kuldip Singh Chandpuri]]
| {{army|India}}
| 1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brigadier Kuldip Singh Chandpuri {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1347 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 05-Dec-1971
|-
| 149
| [[Brigadier (India)|Brigadier]]
| [[Narinder Singh Sandhu]]
| {{army|India}}
| 1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brigadier Narinder Singh Sandhu {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1452 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 05-Dec-1971
|-
| 150
| [[Wing commander (rank)|Wing Commander]]
| [[Padmanabha Gautam]]
| {{air force|India}}
| 1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref name="ReferenceC" />
| 05-Dec-1971
|-
| 151
| [[Air Marshal (India)|Air Marshal]]
| [[Ravinder Nath Bhardwaj]]
| {{air force|India}}
| 1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Air Marshal Ravinder Nath Bhardwaj {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/4234 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 05-Dec-1971
|-
| 152
| [[Lieutenant Colonel]]
| [[Sawai Bhawani Singh]]
| {{army|India}}
| 1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lieutenant Colonel Swai Bhawani Singh {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1323 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 05-Dec-1971
|-
| 153
| [[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]]
| [[Joginder Singh Gharaya]]
| {{army|India}}
| 1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lieutenant General Joginder Singh Gharaya {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1329 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 06-Dec-1971
|-
| 154
| [[Brigadier (India)|Brigadier]]
| [[Kailash Prasad Pande]]
| {{army|India}}
| 1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brigadier Kailash Prasad Pande {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1448 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 06-Dec-1971
|-
| 155
| [[Brigadier (India)|Brigadier]]
| [[Mohindar Lal Whig]]
| {{army|India}}
| 1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brigadier Mohindar Lal Whig {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1296 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 06-Dec-1971
|-
| 156
| [[Sepoy]]
| Pandurang Salunkhe
| {{army|India}}
| 1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sepoy Pandurang Salunkhe {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1339 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 06-Dec-1971
|-
| 157
| [[Air vice marshal (India)|Air Vice-Marshal]]
| [[Chandan Singh (Air Vice Marshal)|Chandan Singh]]
| {{air force|India}}
| 1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Air Vice Marshal Chandan Singh {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/4471 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 07-Dec-1971
|-
| 158
| [[Lieutenant Colonel]]
| [[Chittoor Venugopal]]
| {{army|India}}
| 1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lieutenant Colonel Chitoor Venugopal {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1357 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 07-Dec-1971
|-
| 159
| [[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]]
| [[Joginder Singh Bakshi]]
| {{army|India}}
| 1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lieutenant General Joginder Singh Bakshi {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1409 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 07-Dec-1971
|-
| 160
| [[Subedar-major|Subedar Major]]
| Mohinder Singh
| {{army|India}}
| 1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Subedar Major Mohinder Singh {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1337 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 07-Dec-1971
|-
| 161
| [[Major (rank)|Major]]
| [[Chewang Rinchen]]
| {{army|India}}
| 1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref name="ReferenceA" />
| 08-Dec-1971
|-
| 162
| [[Petty Officer]]
| [[Chiman Singh]]
| {{navy|India}}
| 1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Petty Officer Chiman Singh {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/4212 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 08-Dec-1971
|-
| 163
| [[Commander]]
| Joseph Pius Alfred Noronha
| {{navy|India}}
| 1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commander Joseph Pius Alfred Noronha {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/3857 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 08-Dec-1971
|-
| 164
| [[Brigadier (India)|Brigadier]]
| [[Brigadier Udai Singh|Udai Singh Bhati]]
| {{army|India}}
| 1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brigadier Udai Singh Bhati {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1364 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 08-Dec-1971
|-
| 165
| [[Captain (Indian Navy)|Captain]]
| [[Mahendra Nath Mulla]]
| {{navy|India}}
| 1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Captain Mahendra Nath Mulla {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/3855 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 09-Dec-1971
|-
| 166
| [[Naik (military rank)|Naik]]
| Sugan Singh
| {{army|India}}
| 1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naik Sugan Singh {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1446 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 09-Dec-1971
|-
| 167
| [[Brigadier (India)|Brigadier]]
| [[Rattan Nath Sharma]]
| {{army|India}}
| 1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brigadier Rattan Nath Sharma {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1354 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 10-Dec-1971
|-
| 168
| [[Lieutenant Colonel]]
| [[Harish Chandra Pathak]]
| {{army|India}}
| 1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lieutenant Colonel Harish Chandra Pathak {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1361 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 11-Dec-1971
|-
| 169
|[[Major (rank)|Major]]
| [[Kulwant Singh Pannu]]
| {{army|India}}
| 1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Major Kulwant Singh Pannu {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1362 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 11-Dec-1971
|-
| 170
| [[Brigadier (India)|Brigadier]]
| [[Sukhjit Singh (Soldier)|Sukhjit Singh]]
| {{army|India}}
| 1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brigadier Sukhjit Singh {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1365 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 11-Dec-1971
|-
| 171
| [[Major (rank)|Major]]
| [[Vijay Rattan Choudhry]]
| {{army|India}}
| 1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Major Vijay Rattan Choudhry {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1358 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 11-Dec-1971
|-
| 172
| [[Lance Naik]]
| Drig Pal Singh
| {{army|India}}
| 1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lance Naik Drig Pal Singh {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1359 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 13-Dec-1971
|-
| 173
| [[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]]
| Pradip Kumar Gour
| {{army|India}}
| 1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Captain Pradip Kumar Gour {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1356 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 14-Dec-1971
|-
| 174
| [[Brigadier (India)|Brigadier]]
| [[Amarjit Singh Bal]]
| {{army|India}}
| 1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brigadier Amarjit Singh Bal {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1408 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 15-Dec-1971
|-
| 175
| [[Havildar]]
| [[Thomas Philipose]]
| {{army|India}}
| 1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Havildar Thomas Philipose {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1375 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 15-Dec-1971
|-
| 176
| [[Lieutenant Colonel]]
| Ved Prakash Ghai
| {{army|India}}
| 1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lieutenant Colonel Ved Prakash Ghai {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1370 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 15-Dec-1971
|-
| 177
| [[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]]
| [[Hanut Singh (soldier)|Hanut Singh]]
| {{army|India}}
| 1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lieutenant General Hanut Singh {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1397 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 16-Dec-1971
|-
| 178
| [[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]]
| [[Raj Mohan Vohra]]
| {{army|India}}
| 1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lieutenant General Raj Mohan Vohra {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1393 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 16-Dec-1971
|-
| 179
| [[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]]
| Shankar Shankhapan Walkar
| {{army|India}}
| 1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Captain Shankar Shankhapan Walkar {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1371 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 16-Dec-1971
|-
| 180
| [[Air vice marshal (India)|Air Vice-Marshal]]
| [[Cecil Vivian Parker]]
| {{air force|India}}
| 1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Air Vice Marshal Cecil Vivian Parker {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/4242 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 17-Dec-1971
|-
| 181
| [[Air commodore (India)|Air Commodore]]
| [[Harcharan Singh Manget]]
| {{air force|India}}
| 1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Air Commodore Harcharan Singh Manget {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/4236 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 17-Dec-1971
|-
| 182
| [[Air vice marshal (India)|Air Vice-Marshal]]
| [[Madhavendra Banerji]]
| {{air force|India}}
| 1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Air Vice Marshal Madhavendra Banerji {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/4235 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 17-Dec-1971
|-
| 183
|[[Subedar]]
| Malkiat Singh
| {{army|India}}
| 1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Subedar Malkiat Singh {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1317 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 17-Dec-1971
|-
| 184
| [[Group Captain]]
| [[Man Mohan Bir Singh Talwar]]
| {{air force|India}}
| 1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Group Captain Man Mohan Bir Singh Talwar {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/4238 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 17-Dec-1971
|-
| 185
| [[Air commodore (India)|Air Commodore]]
| [[Ramesh Sakharam Benegal]]
| {{air force|India}}
| 1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Air Commodore Ramesh Sakhram Benegal {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/4240 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 17-Dec-1971
|-
| 186
| [[Second Lieutenant]]
| Shamsher Singh Samra
| {{army|India}}
| 1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Second Lieutenant Shamsher Singh Samra {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1315 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 17-Dec-1971
|-
| 187
| [[Lance Naik]]
| Shanghara Singh
| {{army|India}}
| 1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lance Naik Shanghara Singh {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1378 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 17-Dec-1971
|-
| 188
| [[Havildar|Lance Havildar]]
| Dil Bahadur Chettri
| {{army|India}}
| 1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lance Havildar Dil Bahadur Chettri {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1328 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 21-Dec-1971
|-
| 189
| [[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]]
| [[Santosh Kumar Gupta]]
| {{navy|India}}
| 1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rear Admiral Santosh Kumar Gupta {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/4211 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 21-Dec-1971
|-
| 190
| [[Brigadier (India)|Brigadier]]
| [[Vijay Kumar Berry]]
| {{army|India}}
| 1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brigadier Vijay Kumad Berry {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1439 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 28-Dec-1971
|-
| 191
| [[Air chief marshal (India)|Air Chief Marshal]]
| [[S. K. Kaul]]
| {{air force|India}}
| 1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Air Chief Marshal Swaroop Krishna Kaul {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/4233 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 30-Dec-1971
|-
| 192
| [[Subedar]]
| Nar Bahadur Chhetri
| {{army|India}}
| 1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Subedar Nar Bahadur Chhetri {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://twitter.com/adgpi/status/1731478548710302142 |website=twitter.com/adgpi/}}</ref>
| 31-Dec-1971
|-
| 193
| [[Colonel (India)|Colonel]]
| Dharam Vir Singh
| {{army|India}}
| 1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Colonel Dharam Vir Singh {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1363 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 01-Jan-1972
|-
| 194
| [[Brigadier (India)|Brigadier]]
| [[Sant Singh]]
| {{army|India}}
| 1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref name="ReferenceE" />
| 02-Jan-1972
|-
| 195
| [[Major (rank)|Major]]
| Daljit Singh Narang
| {{army|India}}
| 1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Major Daljit Singh Narang {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1325 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 20-Jan-1972
|-
| 196
| [[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]]
| [[Ved Prakash Airy]]
| {{army|India}}
| 1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lieutenant General Ved Prakash Airy {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1388 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 20-Jan-1972
|-
| 197
| [[Assistant commandant]]
| Ram Krishna Wadhwa
| {{flagicon image|BSF_Flag.svg}} [[Border Security Force|BSF]]
| 1971 [[Operation Cactus-Lilly|Indo-Pakistan War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Assistant Commandant Ram Krishna Wadhwa {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1366 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 10-Dec-1972
|-
| 198
| [[Lieutenant Colonel]]
| Puttichanda Somaiah Ganapathi
| {{army|India}}
| 1987 [[Operation Pawan]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lieutenant Colonel Puttichanda Somaiah Ganapathi {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1463 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 16-Oct-1987
|-
| 199
| [[Brigadier (India)|Brigadier]]
| [[Brigadier Manjit Singh|Manjit Singh]]
| {{army|India}}
| 1987 [[Operation Pawan]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brigadier Manjit Singh {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1454 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 19-Oct-1987
|-
| 200
| [[Lieutenant]]
| [[Arvind Singh (Indian Navy officer)|Arvind Singh]]
| {{Navy|India}}
| 1987 [[Operation Pawan]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lieutenant Arvind Singh {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/3862 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 22-Jan-1988
|-
| 201
| [[Squadron Leader]]
| style="background:#e3d9ff;" | [[Ajjamada B. Devaiah]]
| {{air force|India}}
| 1965 [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|Operation Ablaze]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Squadron Leader Ajjamada B. Devaiah {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.honourpoint.in/profile/sqn-ldr-ajjamada-boppayya-devayya-mvc-3/ |website=www.honourpoint.in}}</ref>
| 26-Jan-1988
|-
| 202
| [[Colonel (India)|Colonel]]
| Krishna Gopal Chatterjee
| {{army|India}}
| 1987 [[Operation Rajiv]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Colonel Krishna Gopal Chatterjee {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1468 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 26-Jan-1988
|-
| 203
| [[Lance Naik|Lance Havildar]]
| Nar Bahadur Ale
| {{army|India}}
| 1987 [[Operation Rajiv]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lance Havildar Nar Bahadur Ale {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1478 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 26-Jan-1988
|-
| 204
| [[Naik (military rank)|Naik]]
| [[Battle of Bahadur post#Gurung|Prem Bahadur Gurung]]
| {{army|India}}
| 1987 [[Operation Rajiv]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naik Prem Bahadur Gurung {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1483 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 26-Jan-1988
|-
| 205
| [[Subedar]]
| Sansar Chand
| {{army|India}}
| 1987 [[Operation Rajiv]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Subedar Sansar Chand {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1474 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 26-Jan-1988
|-
| 206
| [[Lieutenant Colonel]]
| Inder Bal Singh Bawa
| {{army|India}}
| 1987 [[Operation Pawan]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lieutenant Colonel Inder Bal Singh Bawa {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1458 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 02-Apr-1988
|-
| 207
| [[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]]
| style="background:#e3d9ff;" | Pratap Singh
| {{army|India}}
| 1984 [[Operation Meghdoot]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Captain Pratap Singh {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1487 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 25-May-1988
|-
| 208
| [[Second Lieutenant]]
| Rajeev Sandhu
| {{army|India}}
| 1987 [[Operation Pawan]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Second Lieutenant Rajeev Sandhu {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1497 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 19-Jul-1988
|-
| 209
| [[Colonel (India)|Colonel]]
| Vijay Kumar Bakshi
| {{army|India}}
| 1989 [[Operation Pawan]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Colonel Vijay Kumar Bakshi {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1494 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 29-Mar-1989
|-
| 210
| [[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]]
| style="background:#e3d9ff;" |[[Anuj Nayyar]]
| {{army|India}}
| 1999 [[Operation Vijay (1999)|Operation Vijay]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Captain Anuj Nayyar {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1504 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 15-Aug-1999
|-
| 211
| [[Major (rank)|Major]]
| [[Balwan Singh]]
| {{army|India}}
| 1999 [[Operation Vijay (1999)|Operation Vijay]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Major Balwan Singh {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1507 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 15-Aug-1999
|-
| 212
| [[Major (rank)|Major]]
| style="background:#e3d9ff;" |[[Rajesh Singh Adhikari]]
| {{army|India}}
| 1999 [[Operation Vijay (1999)|Operation Vijay]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Major Rajesh Singh Adhikari {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1502 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 15-Aug-1999
|-
| 213
| [[Lieutenant Colonel]]
| [[Sonam Wangchuk (soldier)|Sonam Wangchuk]]
| {{army|India}}
| 1999 [[Operation Vijay (1999)|Operation Vijay]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lieutenant Colonel Sonam Wangchuk {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1500 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 15-Aug-1999
|-
| 214
| [[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]]
| style="background:#e3d9ff;" |[[Keishing Clifford Nongrun]]
| {{army|India}}
| 1999 [[Operation Vijay (1999)|Operation Vijay]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Captain Keishing Clifford Nongrum {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1506 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 15-Aug-1999
|-
| 215
| [[Naik (military rank)|Naik]]
| [[Digendra Kumar]]
| {{army|India}}
| 1999 [[Operation Vijay (1999)|Operation Vijay]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naik Digendra Kumar {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1508 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 15-Aug-1999
|-
| 216
| [[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]]
| style="background:#e3d9ff;" | [[Neikezhakuo Kengurüse]]
| {{army|India}}
| 1999 [[Operation Vijay (1999)|Operation Vijay]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Captain Neikezhakuo Kengurüse {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1505 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 15-Aug-1999
|-
| 217
| [[Major (rank)|Major]]
| style="background:#e3d9ff;" |[[Padmapani Acharya]]
| {{army|India}}
| 1999 [[Operation Vijay (1999)|Operation Vijay]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Major Padmapani Acharya {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1503 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 15-Aug-1999
|-
| 218
| [[Major (rank)|Major]]
| style="background:#e3d9ff;" | [[Vivek Gupta (major)|Vivek Gupta]]
| {{army|India}}
| 1999 [[Operation Vijay (1999)|Operation Vijay]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Major Vivek Gupta {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1501 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 15-Aug-1999
|-
| 219
| [[Sepoy]]
| Imliakum Ao
| {{army|India}}
| 1999 [[Operation Vijay (1999)|Operation Vijay]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sepoy Imliakum Ao {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1509 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 26-Jan-2000
|-
| 220
| [[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]]
| style="background:#e3d9ff;" | [[Gurjinder Singh Suri]]
| {{army|India}}
| 1999 [[Operation Vijay (1999)|Operation Vijay]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Captain Gurjinder Singh Suri {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1510 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 01-Jan-2001
|-
| 221
| [[Colonel (India)|Colonel]]
| style="background:#e3d9ff;" |[[B. Santosh Babu]]
| {{army|India}}
| 2020 [[Operation Snow Leopard]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Colonel B. Santosh Babu {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/4950 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
| 26-Jan-2021
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.dsalert.org/gallantry-awards/mahaveer-chakra List of Awardees, Awards given on 26 January 2011, India]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050521122939/http://www.prideofindia.net/tabletry.html Writeups on Maha Vir Chakra winners]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060316192059/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Awards/db/conflictwise.php?qyear=all&qaward=MVC Official Citations, Photos of MVC Awardees of the Indian Air Force]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110225145022/http://indiannavy.nic.in/mahavir.htm Recipients of Mahavir Chakra from Indian Navy]
*[http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=FaUH6rsUr6M=&ParentID=YG/CErIR6dY= Recipients of Mahavir Chakra from Indian Army]

{{Awards and decorations of the Indian Armed Forces}}

[[Category:Military awards and decorations of India]]
[[Category:Courage awards]]

Rama Raghav

2026-01-25T08:43:47Z

BrittScotto5:

{{Short description|2023 Indian Marathi-language TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Rama Raghav.jpg
| image_upright =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| alt_name =
| native_name =
| genre = [[Drama]] [[Soap opera]]
| creator = [[Colors Marathi]]
| based_on =
| inspired_by =
| developer =
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| director =
| creative_director =
| presenter =
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| judges =
| voices =
| narrated =
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 463
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer =
| news_editor =
| location =
| cinematography =
| animator =
| editor =
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = Creative Transmedia
| budget =
| network = [[Colors Marathi]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=y|2023|01|09}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=y|2024|07|27}}
| related = ''[[Ramachaari (TV series)|Ramachaari]]''
}}

'''''Rama Raghav''''' is an Indian [[Marathi language]] television series which is produced under the banner of Creative Transmedia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=सिम्मी काकू आता दुसऱ्याच मालिकेत व्हिलन? तर 'फुलाला सुगंध मातीचा'ची खलनायिका थेट मुख्य भूमिकेत |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/television-news/rama-raghav-new-marathi-serial-promo-out-phulala-sugandh-maticha-fame-aishwarya-shete-will-play-lead-actress/articleshow/96366742.cms |access-date=2023-01-21 |website=[[Maharashtra Times]] |language=mr}}</ref> The show premiered from 9 January 2023 airing on [[Colors Marathi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Almost Sufal Sampoorna fame Nikhil Damle to play the male lead in ‘Rama Raghav’ - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/almost-sufal-sampoorna-fame-nikhil-damle-to-play-the-male-lead-in-rama-raghav/articleshow/96705912.cms |access-date=2023-01-21 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It stars Aishwarya Shete and Nikhil Damle in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title='रमा राघव' नवीन मालिका या दिवशी येणार भेटीला, ही अभिनेत्री दिसणार रमाच्या भूमिकेत |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/television/the-new-serial-rama-raghav-will-be-released-on-this-day-the-actress-will-be-seen-in-the-role-of-rama-a603/ |access-date=2023-01-21 |website=[[Lokmat]] |language=mr}}</ref> It is an official remake of Kannada TV series ''[[Ramachaari (TV series)|Ramachaari]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kannada daily soap 'Ramachari' to be remade into Marathi soon - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/kannada-daily-soap-ramachari-to-be-remade-into-marathi-soon/articleshow/96367309.cms |access-date=2023-01-21 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Summary ==
Raghav, who hails from a family of priests, is embroiled in a clash with Rama, from the prestigious Lavanya Solutions. With her ego hurt, she decides to avenge the insult by ruining his peace. Rama Raghav is the story of complicated, entangled lives.

== Plot ==
Manorama "Rama" Paranjape is the daughter of business tycoon Girish Paranjape and his wife Lavanya. She is spoilt and reckless due to the influence of her elitist mother. In contrast, Raghav Purohit is the middle child of the local priest Gajanan Purohit and is often praised as an exemplary son, which causes envy within his elder brother, Kartikeya. One morning, Raghav is tasked with observing a ritual where he must bear Devi's idol on his shoulders and walk a certain distance without stopping. At the same time, Rama recklessly drives her car into the procession. Raghav steps over Rama's car and continues his ritual, which enrages her. That same day, when Gajanan suddenly becomes unwell, Raghav officiates a ceremony for Girish on his father's behalf. Rama is angered when Raghav orders her to wear a traditional attire. Raghav finds out that Girish has remarried to a different wife called Pavitra, and honours her alongside Lavanya, with whom this incident does not sit well with. At the end of the ceremony, Girish is inspired by Raghav's speech and decides to make Rama his business heir, but only after she completes three months of employment at a software solutions company. Rama reluctantly applies for a job and gets selected, only to find out that Raghav has also joined the same company at the same time. Since then, Rama vows to bully Raghav until he quits the company.

Many incidents take place, but none of Rama's schemes work against Raghav. As time passes, Rama gradually changes her opinion about Raghav and develops feelings for him. Meanwhile, Gajanan becomes increasingly worried after reading Raghav's horoscope and deliberately scolds him to prevent a feud between his two sons. One day, Girish becomes exasperated with Rama's irresponsible behaviour. He blames Lavanya for being such a bad influence to Rama and coerces her to let their daughter stay at the Purohits’ house for a month. He blackmails Lavanya by threatening to show the evidence of her attempt to abort Rama, should she not do so. It is revealed that Lavanya was utterly neglectful towards Rama until the latter was two years old, and the only reason Lavanya pampers Rama is to prevent her from loving her stepmother Pavitra. Initially, Gajanan is not pleased about Rama staying with them, however Raghav and Shalini encourage her to follow his family's conventions. Slowly and gradually, Rama adapts to the Purohits' customs and falls for Raghav. Behind Girish's and Rama's backs, Lavanya arranges Rama's marriage with Manasi and Mandar's son, Varun, who happens to be in love with Rama's stepsister Arushi, who informs Rama about the entire matter, and the two accordingly proceed to stop their parents. Lavanya is enraged when she learns that she can no longer manipulate Rama to her whims and fancies, so she vows to destroy the Purohits in retaliation. She attempts to tarnish the honour of Raghav's younger sister, Shruti, by making her fall in love with a conman hired by her, however Rama inadvertently thwarts it. Later, Lavanya seizes the Purohits' house, forcing them to move elsewhere. Rama and Girish anonymously provide another residence to the Purohits. Afterwards, during a festival, Lavanya hires burglars to steal the sacred jewels from the Purohits, but Rama retrieves them with Raghav's help. Eventually, Rama is horrified to learn of Lavanya's wicked schemes. When Lavanya plans yet another scheme to reduce the Purohits to poverty, Rama and Girish disown her and throw her out of the house. Lavanya vows to take revenge on Girish and the Purohits, while Girish forbids his family from interacting with Lavanya. Later, Girish reluctantly allows Lavanya to return home on Gajanan's insistence. Lavanya pretends to be a good woman in an attempt to manipulate Rama, but this time, she refuses to give in. As time goes along, Lavanya gains the approval of Pavitra and her daughter Arushi as she acts like a responsible and respectful housewife while plotting her revenge against the Purohits. During this time, Arushi reveals her feelings towards Varun and the two decide to get married. Rama also admits her love for Raghav to her friends and Raghav reveals it to Pooja and Narayan. Raghav decides to propose to Rama, but just as he is about to do it he gets a call from Pooja and leaves immediately without saying a word to Rama. Rama becomes extremely concerned and agitated as she tries to get an answer from Raghav, but he does not talk to her due to the insistence of Pooja. Shalini becomes concerned by Rama and Raghav's behaviour and calls both of them to talk. Rama tells her about her feelings for Raghav and she approves of their match, and Rama challenges her that she will get Raghav to admit his feelings for him. However, when she is unsuccessful, she decides to move overseas to the US immediately, as she has no joy living in Nashik. When Raghav learns of this, he is torn between his word to Pooja and his love for Rama. In the end, he decides to catch her at the airport and reveal his feelings to her. He manages to catch her in time and tells her how he feels, and the two are overjoyed.

As days go by, tensions arise, which threaten to impede Rama and Raghav's romance. Rama decides to break up with Raghav, but the couple end up eloping. Over the months, Lavanya makes numerous attempts to break Rama away from the Purohit family. Eventually, Rama tricks Lavanya into confessing her wicked deeds and the latter is arrested. Lavanya makes one last attempt by sending goons to kill Raghav, but it fails. Shalini emphatically tells Lavanya to stay away from Rama and threatens her with dire consequences.

One year later, Rama establishes a Vedic Gurukul with the help of the Purohit family. Rama and Raghav fondly reminisce the events that brought them together and express their gratitude for their marriage.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* Aishwarya Shete as Manorama (Rama) Girish Paranjape<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nikhil Damle Stars As Male Lead In Marathi Serial Rama Raghav; Check Out Its Promo |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/nikhil-damle-stars-as-male-lead-in-marathi-serial-rama-raghav-check-out-its-promo-6743587.html |access-date=2023-01-21 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref>
* Nikhil Damle as Raghav Gajanan Purohit<ref>{{Cite web |title=बोल्ड रमाला टक्कर देणार हुशार राघव; हा अभिनेता दिसणार लीड रोलमध्ये |url=https://lokmat.news18.com/entertainment/rama-raghav-new-serial-nikhil-damale-will-play-role-of-raghav-against-aishwarya-shete-mhnk-808111.html |access-date=2023-01-21 |website=[[News18 Lokmat]] |language=mr}}</ref>

=== Recurring ===
* Gautam Joglekar / Shrirang Deshmukh as Girish Paranjape, Rama's father, Lavanya's ex-husband and Pavitra's husband
* Sheetal Kshirsagar as Lavanya Girish Paranjape, Rama's mother and Girish's ex-wife<ref>{{Cite web |title=नव्या वर्षात प्रेक्षकांना मनोरंजनाची मेजवानी; नव्या मालिका लवकरच होणार सुरू |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/television/marathi-serial-a-feast-of-entertainment-for-the-audience-in-the-new-year-the-new-marathi-serial-will-start-soon-1139022 |access-date=2023-01-21 |website=[[ABP Majha]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* Sai Ranade as Pavitra Girish Paranjape, Rama's stepmother and Girish's wife<ref>{{Cite web |title=‘कलर्स मराठी’वर नव्या मालिका; ‘रमा राघव’ आणि ‘पिरतीचा वनवा उरी पेटला’ |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/new-serial-on-colors-marathi-rama-raghav-and-pirthi-vanava-uri-petla-amy-95-3384328/lite/ |access-date=2023-01-21 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* Smita Haldankar as Arushi Girish Paranjape, Rama's stepsister
* Suhita Thatte as Rukmini Purohit, Raghav’s grandmother
* Prajakta Kelkar as Shalini Gajanan Purohit, Raghav’s mother
* Harshini Bhagwat as Shruti Gajanan Purohit, Raghav's sister
* Archana Nipankar / Shweta Ambikar as Pooja Kartikeya Purohit, Kartikeya's wife
* Chandanraj Jamdade as Kartikeya Gajanan Purohit, Raghav's brother
* Sonal Pawar / Bhagyashri Nhalve as Ashwini
* Shubham Rane as Narayan
* Priyanka Deshmukh as Neha
* Mahesh Joshi as Mama, Shalini's brother

== Adaptations ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;"
|- style="color:white"
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:10%;"| Language
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:25%;"| Title
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:20%;"| Original release
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:10%;"| Network(s)
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:10%;"| Last aired
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:10%;"| Notes
|-
| [[Kannada]]
| ''[[Ramachaari (TV series)|Ramachaari]]'' ರಾಮಾಚಾರಿ
| 31 January 2022
| [[Colors Kannada]]
| 5 September 2025
| Original
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| ''Rama Raghav'' रमा राघव
| 9 January 2023
| [[Colors Marathi]]
| 27 July 2024
| rowspan="2"| Remake
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| ''Ramkrishna'' রামকৃষ্ণ
| 10 April 2023
| [[Colors Bangla]]
| 21 July 2024
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt30698413}}
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/shows/rama-raghav/1971002781 ''Rama Raghav''] at [[Disney+ Hotstar]]

[[Category:2023 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Colors Marathi original programming]]
[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2024 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Remakes of Indian television series]]

Gokuldas Prabhu

2026-01-05T12:21:26Z

BrittScotto5: New.

{{Short description|Indian writer (born 1954)}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Gokuldas Prabhu
| image = Gokuldas Prabhu.png
| birth_name = Krishna Gokuldas Prabhu
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1954|12|28|df=y}}
| birth_place = Cherlai, [[Mattancherry]], [[Cochin]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| education = [[Bachelor of Science|BSc]], [[Master of Arts|MA]]
| alma_mater = [[Sacred Heart College, Thevara]] [[Madurai Kamaraj University]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Author|translator|activist|banker}}
| notable_works = ''Prithivai Namah'' (1986) ''Antraayami'' (1991)
| awards = {{hlist|[[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (1994)|[[Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize]] (2002)}}
}}

'''Krishna Gokuldas Prabhu''' (born 28 December 1954) is an Indian author, translator, and activist from [[Kerala]] who writes in the [[Konkani language]]. He is a recipient of the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] and the [[Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize]]. He has served multiple terms as the president of the [[Akhil Bharatiya Konkani Parishad]] and as a member of the General Council of the [[Sahitya Akademi]].

==Early life and education==
Krishna Gokuldas Prabhu was born on 28 December 1954 in Cherlai, [[Mattancherry]], [[Cochin]], [[Kerala]]. He is a polyglot, fluent in [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Malayalam]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Kannada]], [[Hindi]], and [[English language|English]].<ref name="Vishwakosh1999">{{cite wikisource |editor-first1=Tanaji |editor-last1=Halarnkar |editor-link1=Tanaji Halarnkar |others= |title=Konkani Vishwakosh |trans-title=Konkani Encyclopaedia |wslink=Page:Konkani Viswakosh Vol2.pdf/842 |type= |edition= |series= |pages=842–843 |volume=2 |year=1999 |publisher=[[Goa University]] |location=Goa |language=gom |wslanguage=gom }}</ref>

He received his primary education in the Malayalam medium up to the sixth standard.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=11 February 2014 |title=Mangalore: Gokuldas Prabhu elected president of Akhil Bharatiya Konkani Parishad |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=217578 |access-date=4 April 2025 |work=Daijiworld}}</ref> He completed his Secondary School Leaving Certificate ([[SSLC]]) at the T.D. High School in Mattancherry and went on to obtain a [[Bachelor of Science]] (BSc) degree from [[Sacred Heart College, Thevara|Sacred Heart College]] in [[Thevara]], Kerala.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" /> He holds a post-graduate degree in [[English literature]] from [[Madurai Kamaraj University]] in [[Madurai]], [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="Daijiworld2014">{{Cite web |title=Mangalore: Gokuldas Prabhu elected president of Akhil Bharatiya Konkani Parishad |url=https://daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=217578 |access-date=2025-12-08 |website=Daijiworld |date=2014-02-11}}</ref>

==Career==
In 1979, he began his professional career at the [[Corporation Bank]].<ref name=":16">{{cite book |title=Sahitya Akademi Awards 1994 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |year=1994 |location=New Delhi |page=9 |language=English |type=Brochure}}</ref>

===Literary work===
Prabhu's literary career began in 1981 with the publication of his first Konkani writing in the Kerala-based magazine ''Konkani Janata''. He served as the editor of ''Rutu'', a bimonthly Konkani poetry periodical, for five years.<ref name="Daijiworld2014" /> He has also contributed articles on the Konkani language to newspapers.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

His major creative works include:
* ''Prithivai Namah'' (1986): A novel published in book form.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />
* ''Antraayami'' (1991): A collection of short stories published in the [[Devanagari]] script.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

Prabhu is also a prolific translator, known for translating Malayalam literature into Konkani. His translation of [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]]'s classic novel ''[[Naalukettu]]'', titled ''Chavki'' in Konkani, was well received. He also translated [[K. P. Ramanunni]]'s Malayalam novel into Konkani as ''Soofeen Saangil’li Kaanni''.<ref name="Daijiworld2014" />

Prabhu has presented papers on Konkani language, literature, and folklore at events organised by the Sahitya Akademi, Delhi; the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi|Kerala Sahitya Academy]]; the All India Konkani Parishad; [[Goa University]]; the [[World Konkani Centre]], [[Mangalore|Mangaluru]].<ref name=":14">{{Cite news |date=21 February 2020 |title=Konkani Sahitya Academy to celebrate silver jubilee on February 22, 23 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/konkani-sahitya-academy-to-celebrate-silver-jubilee-on-february-22-23/article30874447.ece |access-date=7 April 2025 |work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=केरळ, कर्नाटकांतल्यान व्हडा संख्येन प्रतिनिधी येतले |trans-title=Delegates to arrive in large numbers from Kerala and Karnataka |work=सुनापरान्त (Sunaparant Daily) |language=Konkani |publication-place=Madgaon, Goa, India |publication-date=20 April 2001}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=17 February 2019 |title=Seminar on Konkani linguistic scenario from Monday |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/amp/story/goa/seminar-on-konkani-linguistic-scenario-from-monday/142771 |access-date=7 April 2025 |work=Herald Goa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=13 March 2025 |title=World Konkani Centre to Celebrate Centenary of Literary Stalwarts Ravindra Kelekar and Manohar Rai Sardesai |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/karnataka/world-konkani-centre-to-celebrate-centenary-of-literary-stalwarts-ravindra-kelekar-and-manohar-rai-sardesai-953643 |access-date=7 April 2025 |work=The Hans India}}</ref> His works have been translated into Kannada, Tamil, English, [[Telugu language|Telugu]], and other languages. Notable translations include: ''Antar Āyāmi'' (अंतरआयामी) into Kannada by Dr Geeta Shenoy,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Prabhu |first=Gokuldas |title=अंतरआयामी |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |year=2018 |location=New Delhi, India |language=kn |translator-last=Shenoy |translator-first=Dr Geetha |trans-title=ಅಂತರ ಆಯಾಮಿ}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=ಕೊಂಕಣಿ ಕಥಾ ಸಂಕಲನ 'ಅಂತರ ಆಯಾಮಿ' ಕನ್ನಡ ಅನುವಾದ ಲೋಕಾರ್ಪಣ |url=https://archive.kittall.com/7189/ |access-date=19 August 2025 |work=Kittall Media Network}}</ref> Tamil (''Ulparimanangal'') by N. Gopinath Hegde,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Prabhu |first=Gokuldas |title=अंतरआयामी |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |year=2022 |isbn=9789355482914 |location=New Delhi, India |language=Ta |translator-last=Hegde |translator-first=Gopinath |trans-title=உள்பரிமாணங்கள்}}</ref> and English (''The Being Within'') by Pratima Asher;<ref name=":19">{{Cite book |last=Prabhu |first=Gokuldas |title=अंतरआयामी |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |year=2025 |isbn=9789361839795 |location=New Delhi, India |publication-date=26 July 2025 |translator-last=Asher |translator-first=Pratima |trans-title=The Being Within}}</ref> ''Rutu Sankramana'' into Kannada by Dr Geeta Shenoy and Telugu (''Rutu Sankramanam'') by Ranganatha Rao;<ref name=":20">{{Cite book |last=Prabhu |first=Gokuldas |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.language.0354/mode/2up |title=Rutu Sankramana |publisher=Konkani Language and Cultural Foundation World Konkani Centre |year=2013 |location=Mangalore, India |page=Back cover |language=kn |translator-last=Shenoy |translator-first=Dr Geetha |trans-title=ಋತು ಸಂಕ್ರಮಣ ಮತ್ತು ಇತರ ಕಥೆಗಳು}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2 April 2013 |title=Bangalore: Two translated short story books released |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=169208 |access-date=4 April 2025 |work=Daijiworld}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=4 December 2017 |title=సమకాలీన కొంకణి కథలు |url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/guest-columns/telugu-translated-book-ruthu-sankramanam-958047 |access-date=19 August 2025 |work=Sakshi}}</ref> ''and Prithivai Namah'' into Kannada (''Prithvige Namana'' ) by Shakuntala Kini.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Prabhu |first=Gokuldas |title=प्रथिवै नम |publisher=Konkani Language and Cultural Foundation World Konkani Centre. |year=2016 |location=Mangalore, India |language=kn |translator-last=Kini |translator-first=Shakuntala R. |trans-title=ಪೃಥ್ವಿಗೆ ನಮನ}}</ref>

===Activism and organizational roles===
Prabhu has held several leadership positions in Konkani literary organizations. He served as the President of the 14th Akhil Bharatiya Konkani Sahitya Sammelan held at [[Porvorim]], [[Goa]], in April 2001, which was inaugurated by [[Gulzar]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=केरळ, कर्नाटकांतल्यान व्हडा संख्येन प्रतिनिधी येतले |trans-title=Delegates to arrive in large numbers from Kerala and Karnataka |work=सुनापरान्त (Sunaparant Daily) |language=Konkani |publication-place=Madgaon, Goa, India |publication-date=20 April 2001}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=कोंकणी ही एक समृद्ध भास तिका कोणेच ल्हान लेखची न्हय |trans-title=Konkani is a rich language. No one shall ignore it. |work=सुनापरान्त |page=1 |language=Konkani |publication-place=Madgaon, Goa, India |publication-date=22 April 2001}}</ref> He has also been a member of the General Council of the [[Sahitya Akademi]] in New Delhi and is associated with the World Konkani Centre in [[Mangalore]].<ref name="Daijiworld2014" />

In 2014, he was elected as the President of the [[Akhil Bharatiya Konkani Parishad]] for the 2014–2016 term, taking charge during the 29th session in [[Belgaum]].<ref name="Daijiworld2014" /> He was subsequently re-elected as president for the 2016–2020 term during an election held at the [[Institute Menezes Braganza]] in [[Panaji]].<ref name="TheGoan2016">{{Cite web |title=Gokuldas elected president of Akhil Bharatiya Konkani Parishad |url=https://www.thegoan.net//gokuldas-elected-president-of-akhil-bharatiya-konkani-parishad/14515.html |access-date=2025-12-08 |website=The Goan |date=2016-04-05}}</ref>

He continues to be active in literary circles, moderating sessions on Konkani language and culture. In 2020, he moderated a national-level virtual symposium for "Konkani Manyatha Dees",<ref name="DH2020">{{Cite news |title=Work begins on two sophisticated Konkani dictionaries |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/work-begins-on-two-sophisticated-konkani-dictionaries-877384.html |access-date=2025-12-08 |work=Deccan Herald |date=2020-08-24}}</ref> and in November 2024, he chaired a session on "Culture and Reading in Konkani" at the World Konkani Literature Festival held in Mangaluru.<ref name="TOI2024">{{Cite news |title=Vishwa Konkani Awards 2024: Celebrating excellence in Konkani culture and literature |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/vishwa-konkani-awards-2024-celebrating-excellence-in-konkani-culture-and-literature/articleshow/114944832.cms |access-date=2025-12-08 |work=The Times of India |date=2024-11-04}}</ref>

== Works ==

=== As writer ===

# ''Prithivai Namah'', published in 1986, is a novelette depicting rural life and nature.<ref name=":202">{{Cite book |last=Prabhu |first=Gokuldas |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.language.0354/mode/2up |title=Rutu Sankramana |publisher=Konkani Language and Cultural Foundation World Konkani Centre |year=2013 |location=Mangalore, India |page=Back cover |language=kn |translator-last=Shenoy |translator-first=Dr Geetha |trans-title=ಋತು ಸಂಕ್ರಮಣ ಮತ್ತು ಇತರ ಕಥೆಗಳು}}</ref>
# ''Antar Āyāmi'' is a collection of short stories published in 1991.<ref name=":202" />

=== As editor ===
Prabhu edited an [[anthology]] of essays, ''Konkani Chaḷvaḷ Āni Mādhav Manjunāth Shānbhāg'', in 2005.<ref name=":202" />

=== As translator ===

# ''Chavki'', published in 1997, is a translation of [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair|M. T. Vasudevan Nair's]] ''[[Naalukettu (novel)|Naalukettu]].<ref name=":15">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/konkanilanguage0000drvn/page/106/mode/2up |title=The Konkani Language: Historical and Linguistic Perspectives |publisher=Sukrtīndra Oriental Research Institute |year=2012 |editor-last=Bhat |editor-first=Dr V. Nithyanantha |edition=2nd |location=Kochi, India |pages=106 |editor-last2=Bai |editor-first2=Dr L. Suneetha}}</ref><ref name=":202" />''
# ''Kaaḷ'', a translation of [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair|M. T. Vasudevan Nair's]] ''[[Kaalam (novel)|Kaalam]],'' was published in 2010''.''<ref name=":202" />
# ''Sūfīn Sāṅgillī Kāṇī'' is a translation of [[K. P. Ramanunni]]'s novel ''[[Sufi Paranja Katha|Soofi Paranja Katha]]'' (2009).<ref name=":202" />

==Awards and accolades==
Prabhu has received numerous awards for his contributions to Konkani literature:
* 1993: Dr. [[T. M. A. Pai]] Foundation Award for his short story collection ''Antraayami''.<ref name="Daijiworld2014" />
* 1994: [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for ''Antraayami''.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />
* 2002: [[Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize]] for ''Chavki'' (translation of ''Naalukettu'').<ref name="Daijiworld2014" />
* 2005: Kullagar Award.<ref name="Daijiworld2014" />
* 2010: Shyam R. S. Kakodkar Translation Award from the Konkani Kala Sahitya Kendra for ''Soofeen Saangil’li Kaanni''.<ref name="Daijiworld2014" />
* 2019: Gaurav Prashasti by [[Karnataka Konkani Sahitya Academy]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=केरळ, कर्नाटकांतल्यान व्हडा संख्येन प्रतिनिधी येतले |trans-title=Delegates to arrive in large numbers from Kerala and Karnataka |work=सुनापरान्त (Sunaparant Daily) |language=Konkani |publication-place=Madgaon, Goa, India |publication-date=20 April 2001}}</ref><ref name=":142">{{Cite news |date=21 February 2020 |title=Konkani Sahitya Academy to celebrate silver jubilee on February 22, 23 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/konkani-sahitya-academy-to-celebrate-silver-jubilee-on-february-22-23/article30874447.ece |access-date=7 April 2025 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

He also served as the reception president for the All India Konkani Writers’ Conference held in [[Kochi]] in 1996.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category inline}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prabhu, Gokuldas}}
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Writers from Kochi]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Konkani]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Prize for Translation into Konkani]]

Maya Mayavan

2026-01-02T01:35:38Z

BrittScotto5: fixed issues

{{short description|1938 film by B. Sampathkumar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Maya Mayavan
| image = Maya Mayavan.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Poster
| director = B. Sampathkumar
| producer = [[T. R. Sundaram]]
| writer = S. Velusami
| starring = T. K. Sampangi J. Susheela Devi K. Kokila G. R. Varadachar
| music = G. Rajagopal Naidu S. Velusami
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = [[Modern Theatres]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1938|10|22}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Maya Mayavan''''' ({{translation|Magical Krishna}}) is a 1938 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action thriller film]] directed by B. Sampathkumar and produced by [[T. R. Sundaram]] of [[Modern Theatres]]. It stars T. K. Sampangi, J. Susheela Devi, K. Kokila and G. R. Varadachar. It was released on 22 October 1938.

== Plot ==
Sabapathy Mudaliar, a [[wolf in sheep's clothing]] and [[Promiscuity#Male promiscuity|womaniser]], lusts for a young woman named Indira, and tries to make her his own by any means possible, despite already having a mistress who is a dancer named Sundari. Jagadish, a detective, decides to save Indira, with whom he becomes hopelessly enamored. The duo faces many obstacles from Sabapathy and his partners in crime. But by utilising his investigative abilities, he succeeds in saving his lover and the two marry.<ref name="RandorGuy" /><ref name="songbook" />

== Cast ==
Cast adapted from the film's songbook:<ref name="songbook" />
{{Col-begin|width=70%}}
{{col-break|width=60%}}
* T. K. Sampangi as Jagadish (Detective Officer)
* Miss K. Kokila as Indira
* Miss J. Susheela Devi as Sundari
* Miss Seetha Bai as Shantha & Female Dancer
* G. R. Varadachari as Sir Sabapathy Mudaliar
* K. Kaveri Chettiar as [[Dewan Bahadur|Diwan Bahadur]] Shivasankara Mudaliar
* Venugopala Sharma as Kittu
* Venu Chetti as Pattu
* Devaraju as Munusami
* V. V. S. Mani as Neliyan
{{col-break|width=60%}}
;Group of Bandits
* Anthonisami
* Deivadhanavel
* Somasundaran
* Lakshminarayanan
* Appavu Pillai
{{col-end}}

== Production ==
''Maya Mayavan'' was produced by [[T. R. Sundaram]] under his Salem-based production company [[Modern Theatres]]. It was directed by B. Sampathkumar and written by S. Velsamy Kavi.<ref name="RandorGuy" /> The length of the film was 15500 feet.<ref name="Anandan" />

== Soundtrack ==
The music of the film was composed by G. Rajagopal Naidu. S. Velusami wrote the lyrics. The singers were Miss K. Kokila, Miss J. Susheela Devi, Venugopala Sharma, Venu Chetti, and T. K. Sampangi. P. G. Venkatesan, popularly known as the "Saigal of South India", worked as a playback singer on two of the songs.<ref name="RandorGuy" /><ref name="songbook" /><ref name="Anandan" />

;Orchestra<ref name="songbook" />
* Rajagopal Naidu – Fiddle
* Ibrahim – Organ & Piano
* K. Rangaiah Naidu – Clarinet
* T. P. Chinaiah – Tabla
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singer/s
|-
| 1 || Thyagabuvani Bharath Devi || P. G. Venkatesan
|-
| 2 || Malai Neram Manoharantharumam Kalam|| Miss K. Kokila
|-
| 3 || Loka Nayaga Mathiya Kanthi || Miss K. Kokila
|-
| 4 || Manilameede Jananamalame || Miss J. Susheela Devi
|-
| 5 || Urargal Thetum Chothu Ellame Namekku {{small|(Lion Dance)}}|| Chorus
|-
| 6 || Kamavathana Radhai Sukuna || Miss J. Susheela Devi
|-
| 7 || Kulavi Guti Maygadal Peruvome || T. K. Sampangi, Miss K. Kokila
|-
| 8 || Vazhvithu Thane Uzhvinai Kane|| P. G. Venkatesan
|-
| 9 || Alankaraganne Kaicharasi...Nay-Lattu Poori || Venugopala Sharma, Venu Chetti
|-
| 10 || Ika Loka Vazhvile || Miss J. Susheela Devi
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Maya Mayavan'' was released on 22 October 1938.<ref name="Anandan" /> According to film historian [[Randor Guy]], the film did "not leave much of an impact on viewers", but he said it would be remembered for "interesting storyline, exciting car chases on lonely highways, kidnappings and thrilling sequences, rarely seen in Tamil Cinema of that era."<ref name="RandorGuy" />

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="Anandan">{{Cite book |last=Film News Anandan |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1938-cinedetails26.asp |title=Sadhanaigal Padaitha Thamizh Thiraipada Varalaru |publisher=Sivagami Publishers |year=2004 |location=Chennai |language=Tamil |trans-title=Tamil film history and its achievements |author-link=Film News Anandan |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170925094535/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1938-cinedetails26.asp |archive-date=25 September 2017 |url-status=usurped}}</ref>
<ref name="RandorGuy">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=26 November 2011 |title=Maya Mayavan (1938) |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/maya-mayavan-1938/article2662633.ece |url-status=live |access-date=26 September 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170926070745/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/maya-mayavan-1938/article2662633.ece |archive-date=26 September 2017}}</ref>
<ref name="songbook">{{Cite book |url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP689-27-1-20 |title=Maya Mayavan |publisher=Modern Theaters |year=1938 |language=ta |type=[[song book]]}}</ref>

</references>

{{Modern Theatres}}

[[Category:1930s action thriller films]]
[[Category:1930s Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1938 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by G. Rajagopal Naidu]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:1930s chase films]]
[[Category:Indian chase films]]

Khuzaima Qutbuddin

2025-12-31T10:27:36Z

BrittScotto5: new new details!

{{Short description|Claimant to the position of 53rd Dai-al-Mutlaq (1940–2016)}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Khuzaima Qutbuddin
| image = Khuzaima_Qutbuddin_leading_prayers_at_Saifee_Masjid,_Mumbai.jpg
| image_caption = Khuzaima Qutbuddin leading prayers at Saifee Masjid, Mumbai on 21 August 2011, corresponding to the night of 23rd Ramadan 1432AH, on [[Laylat al-Qadr]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1940|6|5|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2016|03|30|1940|06|05|df=y}}
| death_place = [[California]], U.S.
| citizenship = Indian
| education =
| alma_mater =
| style =
| organization = Qutbi Bohra
| title =
| term =
| predecessor = N/A
| successor = [[Taher Fakhruddin]]
| boards =
| spouse =
| children =
| parents = [[Taher Saifuddin]] Amena Aaisaheba
| awards =
| module =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| signature_size =
| website = {{URL|fatemidawat.com}}
| footnotes =
}}

{{Ismailism|collapsed=1}}

'''Abu Taher Khuzaima Qutbuddin'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/dawoodi-bohra-succession-case-story-so-far-fakhruddin-claims-historic-precedents-of-private-conferment-of-succession-rights-exist-4248371.html|title=Dawoodi Bohra Succession Case, story so far: Fakhruddin claims historic precedents of private conferment of succession rights exist|website=Firstpost|date=8 December 2017 |access-date=2019-12-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/sydena-post-hc-allows-fakhruddin-s-plea-to-turn-plaintiff-117030800008_1.html|title=Sydena post: HC allows Fakhruddin's plea to turn plaintiff|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2017-03-08|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2019-12-03}}</ref> (5 June 1940 {{endash}} 30 March 2016) was the son of the 51st [[Da'i al-Mutlaq]], half brother of the 52nd Da'i and a Mazoon of the [[Dawoodi Bohras]],<ref>{{cite web|title=A perilous transition|url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/mumbai/cover-story/A-perilous-transition/articleshow/29266169.cms|accessdate=6 April 2014}}</ref><ref name="indianexpress">{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/who-is-new-syedna-trouble-brews-as-half-brother-stakes-claim/|title=Who is new Syedna? Trouble brews as half-brother stakes claim | The Indian Express|date=20 January 2014 |work=The Indian Express|accessdate=2014-02-01}}</ref> a subgroup within the [[Mustaali]], [[Ismaili]] [[Shia Islam|Shia]] branch of Islam. Qutbuddin was appointed as Mazoon by the [[Da'i al-Mutlaq]], [[Muhammad Burhanuddin]] in 1965.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Intricacies of Succession: Two Claimants Emerge for Dawoodi Bohra Leadership|website=[[HuffPost]] |date=30 January 2014 |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/rizwan-mawani/the-intricacies-of-succes_b_4687546.html|accessdate=6 April 2014}}</ref>

Qutbuddin, a half-brother of Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin and a rival claimant to the title of Dai-al-Mutlaq, claimed that his half-brother appointed him heir in 1965 while conferring on him the title of "mazoon".<ref name="MumabiMirror">{{cite news|url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/mumbai/others/Sons-loyalists-knock-doors-at-night-for-support/articleshow/29369431.cms|title=Son's loyalists knock doors at night for support|date=2014-01-25 |accessdate=2014-03-12}}</ref><ref name="dna">{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-succession-war-breaks-out-in-syedna-mohammed-burhanuddin-s-family-1954417 |title=Succession war breaks out in Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin's family|date=2014-01-21 |accessdate=2014-03-23}}</ref> Contrary to the claim, [[Mufaddal Saifuddin]] son of late Burhanuddin claimed that his father had declared "nass" (succession) on him in London on 4 June 2011, and many times before.<ref name="freepressjournal.in">{{cite web|title=Syedna Aali Qadr Mufaddal Saifuddin |url=http://freepressjournal.in/syedna-aali-qadr-mufaddal-saifuddin/ |accessdate=27 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140208175533/http://freepressjournal.in/syedna-aali-qadr-mufaddal-saifuddin/ |archivedate= 8 February 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Last Glimpse|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?289229|accessdate=27 March 2014}}</ref><ref name="maeeshat.in">http://www.maeeshat.in/2014/02/dawoodi-bohras-endorse-solidarity-for-their-spiritual-leader, www.maeeshat.in, dawoodi-bohras-endorse-solidarity-for-their-spiritual-leader, ".. every Dawoodi Bohra around the world as they have witnessed the 52nd Dai al-Mutlaq publicly appoint his second son Syedna Mufaddal Saifudddin TUS as his successor by conferring Nass (investiture) in 2011 in Mumbai and had also explicitly reaffirmed it on many occasions since several years."</ref><ref name="one.in">{{cite web |url=http://www.one.in/dnaindia-mumbai/bohras-make-anti-syedna-faction%E2%80%99s-ex-communication-official-stick-by-mufaddal-saifuddin-1153595.html |title=Bohras make anti-Syedna faction's ex-communication official, stick by Mufaddal Saifuddin |accessdate=2014-05-13 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514115052/http://www.one.in/dnaindia-mumbai/bohras-make-anti-syedna-faction%E2%80%99s-ex-communication-official-stick-by-mufaddal-saifuddin-1153595.html |archivedate=14 May 2014 }}, dnaindia-mumbai, bohras-make-anti-syedna-faction-ex-communication-official-stick-by-mufaddal-saifuddin, Welcoming the crowd, Qaidjoher(First son of late Syedna) said: "...People have tried to break our unity but we should stand united for each other."
He added, ...Nass was performed on Mufaddal not once but a number of times."</ref> On 23 April 2024, the Bombay high court dismissed the suit challenging Mufaddal Saifuddin's position as the 53rd Dai-al-Mutlaq of the Dawoodi Bohra Community. The court dismissed the claim by Taher Fakhruddin (son of Khuzaima Qutbuddin) and upheld Mufaddal as Dai-ul-Mutlaq.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bombay-high-court-rejects-dawoodi-bohra-succession-suit-101713852817458.html | title=Bombay high court rejects Dawoodi Bohra succession suit, upholds Syedna Mufaddal Saifuddin’s claim | date=23 April 2024 }}</ref>

==Personal life==

He is eleventh son of the 51st Da'i al-Mutlaq [[Taher Saifuddin]]. Qutbuddin died on 30 March 2016 in [[California]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fatemidawatlegal.com/uncategorized/bombay-high-court-update-on-6th-april-2016/|title=Bombay High Court Update on 6th April 2016}}</ref>

==Succession controversy==
{{Main|53rd Syedna succession controversy (Dawoodi Bohra)}}

==See also==
* [[Ismailism]]
* [[Fatimid]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.fatemidawat.com}}
{{Dā'ī al-Mutlaq}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Qutbuddin, Khuzaima}}
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Islamic religious leaders]]
[[Category:Dawoodi Bohra people]]
[[Category:Dawoodi Bohra da'is]]

Dalvi

2025-12-26T23:52:00Z

BrittScotto5: general fix details and added references per standard format

{{short description|Family name}}
{{Orphan|date=December 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}

The '''Dalvi''' is an Indian surname derived from the name of a clan found among the [[Saraswat Brahmin]], [[Maratha]], [[Koli people|Koli]] and [[Pathare Prabhu]] communities of [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RFg1AQAAIAAJ&q=dalvi+maratha+history|title=Commercial & general directory of C. P. & Berar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BsBEgVa804IC&q=Dalvi+Koli&pg=PA1098|title=People of India: Maharashtra|last=Bhanu|first=B. V.|date=2004|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=9788179911013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lYSd-3yL9h0C&q=Dalvi+Koli&pg=PA335|title=The Castes and Tribes of H.E.H. the Nizam's Dominions|last=Hassan|first=Syed Siraj ul|date=1989|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=9788120604889}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g9MVAQAAMAAJ&q=Dalvi+Koli|title=India's Communities|date=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195633542}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ILsMAAAAIAAJ&q=Dalvi+Koli&pg=PA389|title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency ...|author=Bombay (India State)|date=1885|publisher=Government Central Press}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924070623685|page=[https://archive.org/details/cu31924070623685/page/n212 197]|quote=Dalvi Koli.|title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Ahmadnagar|date=1884|publisher=Government Central Press}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_L4IAAAAQAAJ&q=Dalvi+Koli&pg=PA169|title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Tha'na (2 pts.)|date=1882|publisher=Government Central Press}}</ref>

==People with the name==
* [[John Dalvi]] (1920–1974), Indian Army officer
* [[Datta Dalvi]], Indian politician
* [[Jaywant Dalvi]] (1925–1994), Indian Marathi-language writer
* Jaswantarao Dalvi, ruler of Palval, a small principality under the [[Deccan sultanates|Sultanates of Deccan]] (1662)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Karandikar |first=Shivaram Laxman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_qI9AAAAMAAJ |title=The Rise and Fall of the Maratha Power |date=1969 |publisher=Sitabai Shivram Karandikar}}</ref>
* [[Madhav Dalvi]] (1925–2012), Indian cricketer
* [[Michael Dalvi]] (born 1945), Indian cricketer, son of [[John Dalvi]]
* [[Shireen Dalvi]], Indian journalist
* [[Sudhir Dalvi]] (born 1939), Indian actor
* [[Tushar Dalvi]], Indian actor

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Surnames]]
[[Category:Maratha clans]]

Kodeesvarar Temple, Kothangudi

2025-12-15T14:14:09Z

BrittScotto5: new a location!

{{short description|Hindu temple in Nagapattinam district}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}

'''Kodeesvarar Temple''' also known as Kothangudi Arumpakkam Sivan Kovil, is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to the deity [[Shiva]], located at village Kothangudi in [[Sembanar Koil block|Sembnarkoil block]], [[Mayiladuthurai district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], India.<ref name="bmj">பு.மா.ஜெயசெந்தில்நாதன், தேவார வைப்புத்தலங்கள், வர்த்தமானன் பதிப்பகம், சென்னை, 2009</ref><ref name="shaivam">[https://shaivam.org/hindu-hub/temples/place/332/Kuthangkudi-kodeeswarar-temple மூவர் தேவார வைப்புத் தலங்கள், Muvar Thevara Vaippu Thalangal, குத்தங்குடி - கொத்தங்குடி Kuthangkudi - Kothangkudi, 2-39-10]</ref><ref name="shiva">[http://www.shivatemples.com/vt/vt_kovil2/vt51.php தேவார வைப்புத் தலங்கள், குத்தங்குடி, 2-39-10]</ref>

==Vaippu Sthalam==
It is one of the shrines of the [[Vaippu Sthalam]]s sung by Tamil Saivite [[Nayanars|Nayanar]] [[Sambandar]].<ref name=shaivam/>

==Presiding deity==
The presiding deity is represented by the ''[[lingam]]'' known as Kodeesvarar. The Goddess is known as Prannayaki.<ref name="bmj"/><ref name=shaivam/>

==Specialities==
As [[Shiva]] is known as Kuthan, who come atop [[Nandi (bull)|nandhi]], this place is also called as Kutthangudi. Earlier this place consisted of many trees. After seeing a Linga, a king set up a temple in this place. Kuthu means stands straight. There is a story stating that as straight this Linga came from [[Nāga]] world.<ref name=shiva/>

==Structure==
The temple does not have [[Gopuram]]. It has one entrance. In the facade of the entrance suthai sculptures of [[Shiva]] and [[Parvati]] are found sitting in [[Kailash]]. They are flanked by [[Ganesha|Vinayaka]] and [[Kartikeya|Subramania]]. On either [[Narada]] and Nandhi are found. The temple has one [[Prakaram]] with the shrines of Vinayaka and Subramania. In the front mandapa, in the right side, facing south shrine of Goddess is found. In the [[garbhagriha]] the presiding deity is found. In the [[Kosta (architectural feature)|kosta]] [[Dakshinamurthy]], [[Lingodbhava]], [[Durga]] and [[Chandeshvara Nayanar|Chandikesvarar]] are found. A shrine with two Vinayakas and [[Navagraha]] shrine are also found.<ref name=shiva/>

==Location==
It is located at a distance of 2 km from Mandhai Pillayar Temple [[Kumbakonam]]-[[Karaikkal]] road.<ref name=shaivam/> This place also can be reached from [[Mayiladuthurai]] to Komal, at a distance of 3 km and 11km from [[Sembanarkoil]] on the Mayiladuthurai to Karikal road. This temple is opened for worship from 8.00 a.m. to 11.00 a.m. and 5.30 p.m. to 6.30 p.m. Festivals such as [[Thiruvathira]] and [[Panguni Uthiram]] are held in this temple.<ref name=shiva/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Vaippu sthalam}}

{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}
[[Category:Hindu temples in Mayiladuthurai district]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Mayiladuthurai district]]

Chander Pahar

2025-12-12T20:55:02Z

BrittScotto5: quick rework content as per guidelines further and fixed typos per sources

{{short description|1937 adventure novel by Bibhutibhushan Bandopadhyay}}
{{redirect|Moon Mountain|the lunar feature|List of mountains on the Moon||Mountains of the Moon (disambiguation)}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}
{{infobox book | 
| name = Chander Pahar
| translators = Santanu Sinha Chaudhuri, Pradeep Kumar Sinha (2002 translation, reprinted 2007)
| image = Cover page of "Chander Pahar", a novel by Bibhutibhusan Banerjee.jpg
| caption = Signet Press edition cover
| author = [[Bibhutibhushan Bandopadhyay]]
| illustrator = Shyamalkrishna Bose
| cover_artist = [[Satyajit Ray]]
| country = India
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| genre = [[Adventure fiction|Adventure]]
| publisher = M. C. Sircar & Sons Limited (Bengali), Orient Blackswan (English translation, 2002)
| release_date = 1937<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bandyopadhyay,_Bibhutibhushan|title=Bandyopadhyay, Bibhutibhushan|work=banglapedia.org}}</ref>
| english_release_date = 1 July 2002
| media_type = Print (hardback & paperback)
| pages = 175 pp (Eng. trans. edition)
| isbn = 978-81-250-3069-0
| preceded_by =
| followed_by = }}

'''''Chander Pahar''''' ({{Translation|''Mountain of the Moon''}}) is a [[Bengali language|Bengali]] [[adventure novel]] written by [[Bibhutibhushan Bandopadhyay]]<ref name="Caṭṭopādhyāẏa1994">{{cite book|author=Sunīlakumāra Caṭṭopādhyāẏa|title=Bibhutibhushan Bandopadhyaya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kp8WZ5a34NQC&pg=PA17|access-date=5 July 2012|date=1 January 1994|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-7201-578-7|pages=17–}}</ref> and published in 1937. The novel follows the adventures of a young [[Bengali people|Bengali]] man in the forests of Africa. The novel is one of the most-loved adventure novels in the Bengali literature and is one of Bibhutibhushan's most popular works. It spawned [[Chander Pahar (franchise)|a media franchise]].

==Plot summary==
[[File:Chander Pahar Page-21.jpg|thumb|[[Shankar Ray Choudhuri|Shankar]] facing a lion.]]

This novel tells the story of an ordinary young Bengali man, [[Shankar Ray Choudhuri]], as he adventures in [[Africa]] in the years 1909 and 1910. After graduating from college at 20-years-old, his family's financial struggles almost force him take a job in a [[jute]] mill in Shyamnagar — a prospect he absolutely loathes.

Shankar loves the subject of geography, he wants to follow the footsteps of renowned explorers like [[David Livingstone|Livingstone]], [[Mungo Park (explorer)|Mungo Park]], and [[Marco Polo]]. He wants to explore the wilderness, passionate for learning about African forests and animals. By a stroke of luck, he gets a job as a clerk at the [[Uganda Railway]] and rushes to Africa without a second thought.

After a few months laying rail tracks, he encounters the first of many dangers in pre-[[World War I]] Africa: a man-eating [[lion]]. Later, he takes up a job as station-master in a desolate station amidst the [[Veldt]]s, where he narrowly escapes a deadly [[black mamba]]. While at this post, Shankar encounters, rescues and nurses [[Diego Alvarez (character)|Diego Alvarez]], a middle-age Portuguese explorer and gold/diamond prospector. Alvarez's arrival becomes a turning point in Shankar's life.

While recovering, Alvarez describes his exploits in Africa with his friend Jim Carter. He explains that, lured by the prospect of a priceless yellow diamond from a Kaafi village chief, Alvarez and Carter searched for these yellow diamond caves, on the Mountain of the Moon (Chander Pahar) in the [[Richtersveld]]. Rumors suggested a mythical monster, the [[Bunyip]], guards the mine. The explorers set off into the dense jungle, much against the villagers' advice, and Carter was gruesomely killed, supposedly by the Bunyip.

Shankar, inspired by Alvarez's exploits, resigns from his job and accompanies Alvarez to venture again for the mines. They meet hardships, like a racist gambler, legends about [[Dingonek]] the monster and later, a raging [[volcano]]. Eventually, they get lost in the forests where Alvarez is killed by the [[Bunyip]]. Demoralised, Shankar tries to return to civilization. He finds the Bunyip's cave and the diamond mines by accident. Almost getting lost, he finds the remains of the Italian explorer, [[Attilio Gatti]], and learns that the cave is in fact the diamond mine.

Leaving, he becomes lost in the deserts of [[Kalahari]] and nearly dies of thirst. Fortunately, he is rescued by a survey team and taken to a hospital in [[Harare|Salisbury]], [[Rhodesia]], from where he sets sail for home. Before going back, he writes his account in a newspaper, earning him money. He names the volcano after Alvarez. He ends the book saying that he will return to the cave one day with a large team, and continue the legacy of Alvarez, Carter, and Gatti.

==Characters==
*[[Shankar Ray Choudhuri]] — The main protagonist, a young man from a village in Bengal. He is a smart, brave person who has a penchant for adventures.
*[[Diego Alvarez (character)|Diego Alvarez]] — A Portuguese explorer. He is a friend and mentor to Shankar, and together they explore the deepest reaches of [[Richtersveld]] for the Mountain of the Moon.
*Jim Carter — A British explorer who was Alvarez's companion in his previous expedition. Alvarez revealed to Shankar that Carter was killed by the [[Bunyip]] while he and Diego were exploring the Mountains of the Moon.
*Attilio Gatti — An Italian explorer. He discovered the diamond mine caves in ''c.'' 1879 but dies in a cave (later discovered by Shankar) on his way back, at the hands of his traitorous followers.
*Prasad Das Bandyopadhyay
*Tirumal Appa
*Shankar's mother
*Shankar's father

==In other media==
{{main|Chander Pahar (franchise)}}

===Films===

* A film based on the novel, named ''[[Chander Pahar (film)|Chander Pahar]]'' directed by [[Kamaleshwar Mukherjee]] was released on 20 December 2013 (27 December 2013 in all over India).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Film-on-Chander-Pahar/etarticleshow/17305162.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004232733/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-21/news-interviews/35256844_1_bengali-film-kamaleswar-mukherjee-hollywood-film |url-status=live |archive-date=4 October 2013 |title=Film on Chander Pahar |date=21 November 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=22 November 2013}}</ref> The film, joyfully received by critics and the Bengali audience,{{Citation needed|date = December 2015}} was produced by [[Shree Venkatesh Films]] and has been shot on locations across Africa. It was reportedly being made with a budget of nearly {{INRConvert|150|m}}, making it one of the most expensive in the Bengali film industry.

Director Kamaleshwar Mukherjee mentioned ''Chander Pahar'' as his "Dream Project". The film has reportedly incorporated CGI and visual effects at par with Hollywood and Bollywood standards. [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]] plays the role of the main protagonist, [[Shankar Roy Chowdhury (character)|Shankar]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130109/jsp/entertainment/story_16416937.jsp#.UPPmJmf6OVA | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216205422/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130109/jsp/entertainment/story_16416937.jsp%23.UPPmJmf6OVA | url-status=dead | archive-date=16 February 2013 | location=Calcutta, India | work=The Telegraph | title=Kamaleshwar Mukherjee's Trip To South Africa For Chander Pahar, Starring Dev | date=9 January 2013}}</ref> Most of the other cast members are from South Africa. According to the crew members, it took a considerable time to decide who would play the role of [[Diego Alvarez (character)|Diego Alvarez]], and South African actor [[Gérard Rudolf]] was selected. The first theatrical trailer of the film was released by [[Shree Venkatesh Films]], at the Kolkata [[Nicco Park]] on 14 November 2013.

Shooting locations include [[Kruger National Park]], the mountains of [[Drakensberg]], and the deserts of [[Kalahari]].<ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Kamaleswars-African-safari/etarticleshow/18852456.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617065639/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-08/news-interviews/37560813_1_black-mamba-dev-shankar | url-status=live | archive-date=2013-06-17 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Kamaleswar's African safari}}</ref>

* A sequel film ''[[Amazon Obhijaan]]'' also directed by [[Kamaleshwar Mukherjee]] and starring Dev, was released in 2017. The film is based on the characters of ''Chander Pahar'' created by Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay.

===Graphic novels===
{{Infobox graphic novel
|title = Moon Mountain
|image =
|caption = Cover page of the Graphic novel
|alt =
|publisher = [[Penguin India]]
|date = 15 Feb 2014
|origpublication =
|origissues =
|transisbn = 9780143332589
|origlanguage = English
|writers = [[Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay]]
|artist = [[Sayan Mukherjee]]
|creator = Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay
|pages = 160
}}
* ''Moon Mountain'' is a 2014 [[Graphic novel]] adapted from [[Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay]]'s classic ''Chander Pahar''. The graphic novel is published by [[Penguin India|Penguin Books India]], has its script written by [[Saurav Mohapatra]] with illustrations by [[Sayan Mukherjee]]<ref>{{cite news | url=http://eprahaar.in/bibhutibhushan-classic-chander-pahar-now-as-graphic-novel/ | work=eprahaar.in | title=Bibhutibhushan classic 'Chander Pahar' now as graphic novel | access-date=28 October 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008231656/http://eprahaar.in/bibhutibhushan-classic-chander-pahar-now-as-graphic-novel/ | archive-date=8 October 2017 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/hrk1YtnUwhBQRPkkM3duYK/Book-Review--Moon-Mountain.html | work=livemint.com | title=Book Review - Moon Mountain}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.penguinbooksindia.com/en/content/moon-mountain|title=Moon Mountain - Penguin Books India|work=penguinbooksindia.com}}</ref>
*Another graphic novel named ''Amazon Obhijaan'' released as a promotional activity of the film of same name, written by film director [[Kamaleshwar Mukherjee]].

==Legacy==
Inspired by Shankar's character in ''Chander Pahar'' [[Bengali people|Bengali]] adventurer Anindya Mukhopadhyay took an expedition to explore the "Chander Pahar" or "Mountain of the Moon" in [[Africa]], which inspired [[Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay]] to write the novel, and he finds the real "[[Mountains of the Moon (Africa)|Mountain of the Moon]]" is [[Rwenzori Mountains]]. Anindya Mukhopadhyay travelled the mountain and have written a book called ''Abar Chander Pahar'', where he explained about his journey to Rwenzori Mountains.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/cinema/articel-on-first-indian-mountain-climber-anindya-mukherjee-and-his-campaign-mountain-of-the-moon-in-africa-by-suman-roy/articleshow/49022541.cms|title = গল্প নয়, সিনেমা নয়, সত্যি চাঁদের পাহাড়ে}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/kolkata/explorer-anindya-mukherjee-the-living-shankar-talks-to-24-ghanta-dot-com-about-his-experiences-in-life_174624.html/amp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922172553/http://zeenews.india.com/bengali/kolkata/explorer-anindya-mukherjee-the-living-shankar-talks-to-24-ghanta-dot-com-about-his-experiences-in-life_174624.html/amp |archive-date=22 September 2017 |title=আদর্শ শঙ্কর, দুর্গমকে সুগম করাই প্যাশন অভিযাত্রী অনিন্দ্যর {{!}} Zee News}}</ref>

==Sequels by other writers==
*Writer Partha De has written two of the novels featuring Shankar as the protagonist. Name of those novels are - ''Chander Upatyaka'' and ''Rajhangsir Sarobar''. In both novel another character Prasad Das Bandyopadhyay from the original novel also featured along with Shankar Roy Chowdhury. Later in 2017, two of the novels were published in a collection book named ''Chander Upatyaka'' by Prativas Prakashan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/34094372|title = চাঁদের উপত্যকা}}</ref>
**'''''Chander Upatyaka''''' - Prasad Das Bandyopadhyay is now at [[Brazil]] and doing [[Natural rubber|rubber]] business. Where Shankar was called by him to take a part in that business. Soon Shankar finds that he has been called here for a different reason. He learns, the treasure of last [[Inca]] king [[Atahualpa]] was hidden somewhere in [[Amazon rainforest|Amazon]]. He tries to explore the place.
**'''''Rajhangsir Sarobar''''' - Prasad Das Bandyopadhyay is now at [[Russia]]n jail. A mysterious lady invites Shankar to Russia to help Prasad Das. After arriving Russia Shankar gets involved into a conspiracy, which might lead to worldwide devastation.

==See also==
*[[Shankar Ray Choudhuri]]
*[[Diego Alvarez (character)|Diego Alvarez]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Chander Pahar}}
{{wikisourcelang|bn|চাঁদের পাহাড়}}
*[http://www.penguinbooksindia.com/en/content/moon-mountain English Translation]
*[https://www.sahityavimarsh.in/chand-ka-pahad/ Hindi Translation]

{{Chander_Pahar}}
{{Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:1937 novels]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novels]]
[[Category:Adventure novels]]
[[Category:Indian children's novels]]
[[Category:Indian Bengali-language novels]]
[[Category:Novels set in Africa]]
[[Category:Children's books set in Africa]]
[[Category:Novels set in 1909]]
[[Category:Novels set in 1910]]
[[Category:Indian novels adapted into films]]
[[Category:Adventure novels adapted into films]]
[[Category:Children's books adapted into films]]
[[Category:Novels by Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay]]

Kalakka Povathu Yaaru?

2025-11-16T11:44:02Z

BrittScotto5: new new details!

{{Short description|Indian comedy reality television show}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox television
| native_name = {{Infobox name module|கலக்க போவது யாரு?}}
| image =
| genre = {{Plainlist|
* [[Stand-up comedy]]
}}
| starring =
| presenter = {{Plainlist|
* '''season 1'''
* [[Uma Riyaz Khan]]
* '''season 2'''
* [[Swarnamalya]]
* '''season 3'''
* [[Mimicry Sethu]]
* [[Dhivyadharshini]]
* '''season 4'''
* Sethu
* [[Ramya Subramanian]]
* '''season 5-7'''
* [[Rakshan]]
* [[Jacquline Lydia]]
* '''season 8'''
* Thadi Balaji
* [[Erode Mahesh]]
* '''season 9'''
* [[Azhar (actor)|Azhar]]
* Naveen
* '''season 10'''
* [[Aranthangi Nisha]]
* Vinoth Babu
}}
| judges = {{plainlist|
* '''season 1'''
* [[Madhan Bob]]
* [[Chinni Jayanth]]
* '''season 2'''
* [[Pandiarajan]]
* [[Sadagoppan Ramesh]]
* '''season 3'''
* [[Uma Riyaz Khan]]
* [[V. Sekhar]]
* '''season 4'''
* [[Uma Riyaz Khan]]
* [[Pandiarajan]]
* '''season 5'''
* [[Erode Mahesh]]
* Thadi Balaji
* [[Mimicry Sethu]]
* [[Priyanka Deshpande]]
* [[Aarthi (actress)|Aarthi]]
* [[Madhumitha]]
* [[Myna Nandhini]]
* '''season 6-7'''
* Thadi Balaji
* [[Erode Mahesh]]
* [[Mimicry Sethu]]
* [[Priyanka Deshpande]]
* [[Aarthi (actress)|Aarthi]]
* '''season 8'''
* [[Kovai Sarala]]
* [[Radha (actress)|Radha]]
* '''season 9'''
* [[Ramya Pandian]]
* [[Vanitha Vijayakumar]]
* [[Erode Mahesh]]
* [[Madurai Muthu]]
* [[Aadhavan (anchor)|Aadhavan]]
* '''season 10'''
* [[Pugazh (actor)|Pugazh]]
* [[Madurai Muthu]]
* Ramar
* Amudhavanan
}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 9
| num_episodes =
| location = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| runtime = approx.42–50 minutes per episode
| company =
| network = [[Star Vijay]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2005||}}
| last_aired = present
| voices =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| related = [[Kalakka Povathu Yaaru? Champions]]
}}

'''''Kalakka Povathu Yaaru?''''' ({{translation|Who's going to participate?}}) is a 2005 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language reality [[stand-up comedy]] television show that airs on [[Star Vijay]] and streams on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]. Over twenty years, ''Kalakka Povathu Yaaru?'' has had ten seasons. The winners of the show are awarded the title of Comedy King and cash prizes. The first season premiered in 2005.

==Overview==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="padding: 0 8px" colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Season
! style="padding: 0 8px" rowspan="2" | Episodes
! colspan="2" | Original Broadcast
! rowspan="2" |Winner
|-
! style="padding: 0 8px" | First Aired
! style="padding: 0 8px" | Last Aired
|-
|style="background:Orange"|
|align="center"| '''[[Kalakka Povathu Yaaru?#Season 1|1]]'''
|
|align="center"| 2005
|
|style="background:cyan;" | [[Kovai Guna]]
|-
|style="background:Red"|
|align="center"| '''[[Kalakka Povathu Yaaru?#Season 2|2]]'''
|
|align="center"| 2006
|
|style="background:cyan;" | [[Sivakarthikeyan]]
|-
|style="background:Pink"|
|align="center"| '''[[Kalakka Povathu Yaaru?#Season 3|3]]'''
|
|align="center"| 2007
|
|style="background:cyan;" | [[Aadhavan (anchor)|Aadhavan]]
|-
|style="background:#7600EC"|
|align="center"| '''[[Kalakka Povathu Yaaru?#Season 4|4]]'''
|
|align="center"| 2008
|
|style="background:cyan;" | Arjun
|-
|style="background:#2F4F4F"|
|align="center"| '''[[Kalakka Povathu Yaaru?#Season 5|5]]'''
| 54
|align="center"| 26 July 2015
| 14 August 2016
|style="background:cyan;" | Mohamed Kuraishi
|-
|style="background:Blue"|
|align="center"| '''[[Kalakka Povathu Yaaru?#Season 6|6]]'''
| 41
|align="center"| 21 August 2016
| 11 June 2017
|style="background:cyan;" | Vinoth & [[KPY Bala|Bala]]
|-
|style="background:light blue"|
|align="center"| '''[[Kalakka Povathu Yaaru?#Season 7|7]]'''
| 51
|align="center"| 1 October 2017
| 1 April 2018
|style="background:cyan;" | Azhar & TSK
|-
|style="background:black"|
|align="center"| '''[[Kalakka Povathu Yaaru?#Season 8|8]]'''
| 41
|align="center"| 19 January 2019
| 15 June 2019
|style="background:cyan;" | Niranjana
|-
|style="background:green"|
|align="center"| '''[[Kalakka Povathu Yaaru?#Season 9|9]]'''
| 28
|align="center"| 9 February 2020
| 27 December 2020
|style="background:cyan;" | Jayachandran
|-
|style="background:Maroon"|
|align="center"| '''[[Kalakka Povathu Yaaru?#Season 10|10]]'''
| 19
|align="center"| 1 December 2024
| 30 April 2025
|style="background:cyan;" | Nathiya & Saravanan
|-
|}

==Season 1==
The first season of Kalakka Povathu Yaaru? was aired in 2005. [[Madhan Bob]] and [[Chinni Jayanth]] as the judges, [[Uma Riyaz Khan]] as the host. [[Kovai Guna]] was announced the Winner of the Kalakka Povathu Yaaru? season 1.

'''''Prize Winners:'''''
* '''Winner''': [[Kovai Guna|'Kovai' Guna]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/kovai-guna-passed-away-asathapovadhu-yaaru-kpy-madurai-muthu-tamil-news-334510|title=Kovai Guna the first title winner of 'Kalakka Povathu Yaaru' passed away|date=21 March 2023|work=www.indiaglitz.com}}</ref>

==Season 2==
The second season of Kalakka Povathu Yaaru? 2 was aired in 2006. [[Pandiarajan]] and [[Sadagoppan Ramesh]] as the judges, [[Swarnamalya]] as the host. [[Sivakarthikeyan]] was the Winner of the Kalakka Povathu Yaaru? season 2.

'''''Prize Winners:'''''
* '''Winner''': [[Sivakarthikeyan]]

==Season 3==
The third season of Kalakka Povathu Yaaru? 3 was aired in 2007. [[Uma Riyaz Khan]] and [[V. Sekhar]] as the judges. [[Mimicry Sethu]] and [[Dhivyadharshini]] as the hosts. [[Aadhavan (anchor)|Aadhavan]] was the Winner of this season.

'''''Prize Winners:'''''
* '''Winner''': [[Aadhavan (anchor)|Aadhavan]]

==Season 4==
The fourth season of Kalakka Povathu Yaaru? 4 was aired in 2008. [[Uma Riyaz Khan]] and [[Pandiarajan]] has officially once again been appointed as the judges for the second time. [[Mimicry Sethu]] and [[Ramya Subramanian]] as the hosts. Arjun was the Winner of this season, and the runner up is [[K. Manikandan]].

'''''Prize Winners:'''''
* '''Winner''': Arjun
* '''First Runner-Up:''' [[K. Manikandan]]

==Season 5==
Kalakka Povathu Yaaru? returned with its 5th season after 7 years. It began broadcasting on 26 July 2015 and finished on 14 August 2016 with 54 Episodes.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/Kalaka-Povathu-Yaru-5-set-to-start-soon/articleshow/47971569.cms|title=Kalaka Povathu Yaru 5 set to start soon|newspaper=The Times of India |date=7 July 2015 |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref> The Judges are Thadi Balaji, [[Erode Mahesh]], [[Mimicry Sethu]], [[Aarthi (actress)|Aarthi]], [[Madhumitha]] and Vijay TV anchor [[Priyanka Deshpande]]. [[Rakshan]] and [[Jacquline Lydia]] as the hosts. The title winner of Season 5 is Mohammed Kureshi and the runner up is [[Aranthangi Nisha]].

'''''Prize Winners:'''''
* '''Winner''': Mohamed Kuraishi
* '''First Runner-Up''': [[Aranthangi Nisha]]

===Competitors===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:100%; line-height:29px; width:auto;"
! scope="col" |Contestants
!Result
!Ref.
|-
|Mohammed Kuraishi
|rowspan=1 style="background:#73FB76;"|'''Winner'''
| rowspan="2"|<ref name="F">{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.filmibeat.com/television/kalakka-povathu-yaaru-winner-kuraishi-runner-aranthangi-nisha-040533.html|title=விஜய் டிவி கலக்கப்போவது யாரு... வின்னர் குரைஷி... ரன்னரான அறந்தாங்கி நிஷா|work=[[Oneindia|Filmibeat]]|first=Mayura|last=Akhilan|date=13 June 2016|language=ta}}</ref>
|-
|[[Aranthangi Nisha]]
|rowspan=1 style="background:#D1E8EF;"|'''Runner-Up'''
|-
|Anand Pandi
|rowspan=1 style="background:#FA8072;"|'''Eliminated'''
|
|-
|Mullai
|rowspan=1 style="background:#FA8072;"|'''Eliminated'''
| rowspan="4"|<ref name="F"/>
|-
|Kothandam
|rowspan=1 style="background:#FA8072;"|'''Eliminated'''
|-
|Sathish
|rowspan=1 style="background:#FA8072;"|'''Eliminated'''
|-
|Naveen
|rowspan=1 style="background:#FA8072;"|'''Eliminated'''
|-
|Sarath
|rowspan=1 style="background:#FA8072;"|'''Eliminated'''
|
|-
|[[Dheena (actor)|Dheena]]
|rowspan=1 style="background:#FA8072;"|'''Eliminated'''
| rowspan="2"|<ref name="F"/>
|-
|Palani
|rowspan=1 style="background:#FA8072;"|'''Eliminated'''
|-
|Sujith
|rowspan=1 style="background:#FA8072;"|'''Eliminated'''
|
|-
|Gabriella Sellus
|rowspan=1 style="background:#FA8072;"|'''Eliminated'''
|<ref name="T2">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/Kalakka-Povathu-Yaaru-5-Episode-2/photostory/48423269.cms?picid=48423336|title=Kalakka Povathu Yaaru 5: Episode 2|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 August 2015 }}</ref>
|-
|Ashraf
|rowspan=1 style="background:#FA8072;"|'''Eliminated'''
| <ref name="T1">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/Kalakka-Povathu-Yaaru-5-Episode-1/photostory/48306836.cms?picid=48306838|title=Kalakka Povathu Yaaru 5: Episode 1|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=August 2015 }}</ref>
|-
|}

==Season 6==
Kalakka Povathu Yaaru? returned with its 6th season. It began broadcasting on 21 August 2016<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/kalakka-povadhu-yaaru-season-6-on-august-21/articleshow/53781963.cms|title=Kalakka Povadhu Yaaru season 6 on August 21|newspaper=The Times of India |date=20 August 2016 |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|access-date=|language=}}</ref> with Thadi Balaji, [[Erode Mahesh]], [[Mimicry Sethu]], [[Priyanka Deshpande]] and [[Aarthi (actress)|Aarthi]] as the judges with [[Rakshan]] and [[Jacquline Lydia]] has officially once again been appointed as the hosts for the second time. The title winners of Season 6 is Vinoth and Bala.

'''''Prize Winners:'''''
* '''Winner''': Vinoth & [[KPY Bala|Bala]]

===Guest===
* [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]]

==Season 7==
The 7th season started on 1 October 2017. [[Erode Mahesh]], Thadi Balaji, [[Mimicry Sethu]], [[Priyanka Deshpande]] and [[Aarthi (actress)|Aarthi]] as the judges, with [[Rakshan]] and [[Jacquline Lydia]] as the hosts. The final episode was aired on 1 April 2018 and ended with 51 episodes. The winner of the season was [[Azhar (actor)|Azhar]] and TSK.

Several guests that included in the grand finale are actor [[Silambarasan]] and [[Oviya]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/kalakka-povadhu-yaaru-season-7-grand-finale-on-1-april/articleshow/63514892.cms|title=Kalakka Povadhu Yaaru Season 7 Grand Finale on 1 April|newspaper=The Times of India |date=28 March 2018 |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|access-date=|language=}}</ref>

'''''Prize Winners:'''''
* '''Winner''': Azhar & TSK

==Season 8==
Kalakka Povathu Yaaru? 8 started on 19 January 2019 and finished on 15 June 2019 with 41 episodes on [[Star Vijay]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://4tamilcinema.com/vijay-tv-kalakka-povathu-yaaru-season-8/|title=விஜய் டிவியில் 'கலக்கப் போவது யாரு சீசன் 8' |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121181601/http://4tamilcinema.com/vijay-tv-kalakka-povathu-yaaru-season-8/ |access-date=|archive-date=21 January 2019 |language=ta}}</ref> and was telecast on every Saturday and Sunday at 21:30 onwards.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/kalakkapovathu-yaaru-season-8-kick-starts-from-today/articleshow/67599782.cms|title='Kalakkapovathu Yaaru' season 8 kick starts from today|newspaper=The Times of India |date=19 January 2019 |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|access-date=19 Jan 2019|language=en}}</ref> The Grand final episode was aired on 15 June 2019 on Saturday at 20:00. Thadi Balaji and [[Erode Mahesh]] as the hosts with Actress [[Kovai Sarala]] and [[Radha (actress)|Radha]] as the judges for this season. The title winner of Season 8 is Niranjana and the runner up is Mukesh and [[Monisha Blessy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://totalreporter.com/kalakkapovadhu-yaaru-season-6-winners/|title=Kalakka Povadhu Yaaru Season 8 Grand Finale Winners|date=11 October 2024 |publisher=totalreporter.com|access-date=|language=en}}</ref>

'''''Prize Winners:'''''
* '''Winner''': Niranjana
* '''First Runners-Up''': Mukesh & [[Monisha Blessy]]
* '''Best Entertainer''': Ilayaraja and Madhubala

==Season 9==
The 9th season of the Kalakka Povathu Yaaru? show, premiered on 9 February 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/industry-briefing-news/tamil-comedy-show-kalaka-povathu-yaaru-9-to-be-back-on-vijay-tv-102525.html|title=Tamil comedy show Kalaka Povathu Yaaru 9 to be back on VIJAY TV |date=6 February 2020 |publisher=www.exchange4media.com|access-date= 6 February 2020|language=}}</ref> The Judges are [[Ramya Pandian]], [[Vanitha Vijayakumar]], [[Erode Mahesh]], [[Madurai Muthu]] and [[Aadhavan (anchor)|Aadhava]] (winner of KPY4).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/comedy-show-kalakka-povadhu-yaaru-season-9-to-premiere-on-february-9/articleshow/73982397.cms|title=Comedy show Kalakka Povadhu Yaaru Season 9 to premiere on February 9|newspaper=The Times of India |date=6 February 2020 |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|access-date= 6 Feb 2020|language=ta}}</ref> Azhar and Naveen as the hosts. The title winner of Season 9 is Jayachandran and the runner up is Giri and Shiva.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thenewscrunch.com/kalakka-povathu-yaaru-season-9-winner-runner-up-and-grand-finale-special-guests-revealed/29537/|title=Kalakka Povathu Yaaru Season 9 Winner, Runner Up and Grand Finale Special Guests Revealed!|publisher=thenewscrunch.com|access-date= 25 Dec 2020|language=}}</ref>

Several guests that included in the grand finale are actor [[Aranthangi Nisha]], [[Robo Shankar]], [[Yogi Babu]] and ‘[[Cooku with Comali]]’ star [[Pugazh (actor)|Pugazh]] as the special guests.

'''''Prize Winners:'''''
* '''Winner''': Jayachandran
* '''First Runners-Up''': Giri & Shiva
* '''Second Runners-Up''': Micheal Augustine

==Season 10==
{{Infobox television season
| bg_colour = maroon
| season_name = Kalakka Povathu Yaaru?
| season_number = 10
| image = Kalakka Povathu Yaaru Season 10.webp
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season
| judges = [[Pugazh (actor)|Pugazh]] [[Madurai Muthu]] Ramar Amudhavanan
| host = [[Aranthangi Nisha]] Vinoth Babu
| winner = Nathiya & Saravanan
| num_contestants = 10
}}
| num_episodes = 19
| network = [[Star Vijay]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2024|12|1}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=y|2025|4|30}}
| prev_season =
| next_season =
}}

'''Kalakka Povathu Yaaru? Season 10''', the tenth season of the Editing Kalakka Povathu Yaaru? show. It premiered on 1 December 2024 on every Sunday at 15:00 and ended on 30 April 2025 with 19 episodes. [[Aranthangi Nisha]] and Vinoth Babu are hosting the show for the first time.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cineulagam.com/article/kalakkapovadhu-yaaru-season-10-coming-soon-1732161579|title=இதோ வந்ததே எல்லோரும் எதிர்ப்பார்த்த விஜய் டிவியின் பேவரெட் ஷோ.. புரொமோ இதோ |publisher=cineulagam.com|access-date=21 November 2024|language=ta}}</ref> [[Pugazh (actor)|Pugazh]], [[Madurai Muthu]], Ramar and Amudhavanan as the judges for this season.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tamilspark.com/cinema/kpy-season-10-starts-soon-promo-viral|title=இனி சிரிப்புக்கு பஞ்சமில்லை.. விஜய் டிவியில் வருகிறது ரசிகர்களின் பேவரைட் ஷோ.! வைரல் வீடியோ!! |date=21 November 2024 |publisher=www.tamilspark.com|access-date=21 November 2024|language=ta}}</ref> The show is director and producer by D. Thomson under the produced by Dream Big Production. The season had Total 20 Contestants Participated.

The title winner of Season 10 is Nathiya and Saravanan and the runner up is Niranjan and Kapil.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/news/2025/kalakka-povathu-yaaru-10-winner-name-photo-who-will-win-kalakka-povathu-yaaru-season-10-finale-457139.html|title=Kalakka Povathu Yaaru 10 Winner Name: Who Will Win Kalakka Povathu Yaaru Season 10 Finale?|website=www.filmibeat.com|date=27 April 2025 |access-date= 27 April 2025|language=en}}</ref>

'''''Prize Winners:'''''
* '''Winner''': Nathiya and Saravanan; Rs 300,000
* '''First Runners-Up''': Niranjan and Kapil; Rs 200,000

===Contestants===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:100%; line-height:29px; width:auto;"
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: maroon ;color:white"|#
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: maroon ;color:white"|Contestants
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: maroon ;color:white"|Result
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: maroon ;color:white"|Ref.
|-
| 1
| Nathiya & Saravanan
| style="background:#73FB76";|'''Winner'''
| rowspan="10"| <ref>{{cite AV media|people=Kalakkapovadhu Yaaru? Season 10|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hRr_xwapdak|title=Kalakkapovadhu Yaaru Season 10, KPY, GRAND LAUNCH, 1st December 2024{{!}} Star Vijay}}</ref>
|-
| 2
| Niranjan & Kapil
|style="background:#D1E8EF;" |'''Runner-Up'''
|-
| 3
| Vikcy & Lokesh
|Style="background:#FF69B4;"|'''Finalist'''
|-
| 4
| Praveen & Moses
|Style="background:#FF69B4;"|'''Finalist'''
|-
| 5
| Rajesh & Atchaya
| Eliminated
|-
| 6
| Sathiyaraj & Abinesh
| Eliminated
|-
| 7
| Roshini & Karthik
| Eliminated
|-
| 8
| Sathiyaraj & Abinash
| Eliminated
|-
| 9
| Murali & Kalaiyarasan
| Eliminated
|-
| 10
| Sibi & Rajkumar
| Eliminated
|-
|}

===Episodes===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:100%; line-height:29px; width:auto;"
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: maroon ;color:white"|Epi
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: maroon ;color:white"|Airing
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: maroon ;color:white"|Guest
!scope="col" style ="background: #4da6ff;"style="background: maroon ;color:white"|Ref
|-
| 1
| {{Start date|2024|12|1|df=yes}}
| [[M. Sasikumar]]
|
|-
| 2
| {{Start date|2024|12|8|df=yes}}
| [[Ashwin Kumar Lakshmikanthan]]
|
|-
| 3
| {{Start date|2024|12|15|df=yes}}
| [[Attakathi Dinesh]]
|
|-
| 4
| {{Start date|2024|12|23|df=yes}}
| [[Vemal]]
|
|-
| 5
| {{Start date|2024|12|29|df=yes}}
| [[Shakeela]]
|
|-
|6
| {{Start date|2025|1|05|df=yes}}
| [[S. Ve. Shekher]]
|
|-
|7
| {{Start date|2025|1|12|df=yes}}
| [[Rio Raj]]
|
|-
|8
| {{Start date|2025|2|2|df=yes}}
| [[Namitha]]
|
|-
|9
| {{Start date|2025|2|9|df=yes}}
| [[Ganja Karuppu]]
|
|-
|10
| {{Start date|2025|2|16|df=yes}}
| [[Sathish]]
|
|-
|11
| {{Start date|2025|2|23|df=yes}}
| Rayan & [[Soundariya Nanjundan]]
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/kalakka-povathu-yaaru-bigg-boss-tamil-8-fame-soundariya-and-raayan-to-grace-the-show/articleshow/118301937.cms|title=Kalakka Povathu Yaaru: Bigg Boss Tamil 8 fame Soundariya and Raayan to grace the show|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=16 February 2025 |access-date= 16 February 2025|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|12
| {{Start date|2025|3|2|df=yes}}
| [[Natty Subramaniam]] & Kavya
|
|-
|13
| {{Start date|2025|3|9|df=yes}}
| [[VJ Vishal]] & Muthukumaran Jegatheesan
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/kalakka-povathu-yaaru-bigg-boss-tamil-8-winner-muthukumaran-and-vj-vishal-to-grace-the-show/articleshow/118704017.cms|title=Kalakka Povathu Yaaru: Bigg Boss Tamil 8 winner Muthukumaran and Vj Vishal to grace the show|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date= 3 March 2025|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|14
| {{Start date|2025|3|16|df=yes}}
| [[Robo Shankar]]
|
|-
|15
| {{Start date|2025|3|23|df=yes}}
| [[Radha Ravi]]
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actor-radha-ravi-to-grace-kalakka-povathu-yaaru-season-10/articleshow/119378855.cms|title=Actor Radha Ravi to grace Kalakka Povathu Yaaru season 10|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=23 March 2025 |access-date= 23 March 2025|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|16
| {{Start date|2025|3|30|df=yes}}
| [[Bharathiraja]]
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bharathiraja-to-grace-kalakka-povathu-yaaru-season-10/articleshow/119800386.cms|title=Bharathiraja to grace Kalakka Povathu Yaaru season 10|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=31 March 2025 |access-date= 31 March 2025|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|17
| {{Start date|2025|4|6|df=yes}}
| [[Balaji Venugopal]]
|
|-
|18
| {{Start date|2025|4|20|df=yes}}
| [[Rakshan]]
|
|-
|19
| {{Start date|2025|4|27|df=yes}}
| [[Seeman]]
|
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title |tt10195632}}
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/kalakka-povadhu/4883 Kalakka Povathu Yaaru?] at [[Hotstar]]

{{STAR Vijay TV shows}}
{{Tamil television shows}}

[[Category:Star Vijay original programming]]
[[Category:2005 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil-language stand-up comedy television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language reality television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language television seasons]]

Naihati

2025-10-30T11:11:21Z

BrittScotto5: put up new details

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Naihati
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Sampreeti Bridge 02.jpg
| photo2a = Naihati Junction Station Board.jpg
| photo2b = Naihati Boro Maa.jpg
| photo3a = Naihati Junction Railway Station - Rishi Bankim Chandra Road - Naihati - North 24 Parganas 20180617145025.jpg
| position = centre
| size = 270
| color = #FFFFF
| border = 3
| color_border =
| text = {{small|Clockwise from top: 
[[Sampreeti Bridge]] and [[Jubilee Bridge (India)|Jubilee Bridge]] 
[[Boro Maa Kali Temple, Naihati|Boro Maa, Naihati]] 
[[Naihati Junction railway station]] 
Naihati Station Board
}}
}}
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.89|N|88.42|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of West Bengal|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Presidency division|Presidency]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipality]]
| governing_body = Naihati Municipality
| leader_title = Chairman
| leader_name = Ashok Kumar Chatterjee<ref>[http://www.barrackpore.gov.in/HTM/sdobkp_Naihati%20Municipality.htm Naihati Municipality]</ref>
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 11.55
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 15
| population_total = 217,900
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 743165
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91 33
| registration_plate = WB
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Barrackpore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barrackpore]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Naihati (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Naihati]]
| website = {{URL|north24parganas.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Naihati''' is a city and a municipality of [[North 24 Parganas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is a part of the area covered by [[Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority]] (KMDA).<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.cmdaonline.com/kma.html| title =Base Map of Kolkata Metropolitan area| access-date =2007-09-03| publisher =Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070928000049/http://www.cmdaonline.com/kma.html| archive-date =2007-09-28}}</ref>

Naihati Municipality is one of the oldest municipalities in North 24 Parganas district and was established in 1869. It is the birthplace of [[Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay]], the author of India's national song [[Vande Mataram]], among other luminaries.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/bankim-chandra-chattopadhyay-house-bears-cracker-brunt/cid/1734742|title=Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay House bears cracker brunt|website=The Telegraph}}</ref>

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=300| height=350| zoom=11
| coord={{coord|22|50|45|N|88|25|12|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in the northern portion of Barrackpore subdivision in North 24 Parganas district''' M: municipal city/ town, CT: census town, N: neighbourhood, OG: outgrowth Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
| minimap = file| mini-file = India West Bengal adm location map.svg
| mini-width = 103 | mini-height = 158
| minipog-x = 67 | minipog-y = 120
| scalemark = 110 | minimap-boxwidth=12| nolabels=1
|mark-coord1={{coord|22|57|5|N|88|25|16|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1=Halisahar | numbered1=M| mark-title1=[[Halisahar]] (M)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#800000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|56|34|N|88|25|59|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2=Kanchrapara| numbered2=M| mark-title2=[[Kanchrapara]] (M)
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|55|19|N|88|26|36|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3=Jetia | numbered3=CT| mark-title3=[[Jetia]] (CT)|shape-color3=#A40000
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|54|4|N|88|25|19|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4=Balibhara| numbered4=CT| mark-title4=[[Balibhara]] (CT)| shape-color4=#A40000
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|53|24|N|88|25|12|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5=Naihati | numbered5=M| mark-title5=Naihati (M)|shape-color5=black| label-size5=13|label-color5=black 
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|51|50|N|88|24|21|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6=Bhatpara | numbered6=M| mark-title6=[[Bhatpara]] (M)|
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|56|37|N|88|26|48|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7=Bijpur | numbered7=N| mark-title7= [[Bijpur, North 24 Parganas|Bijpur]] (N)|shape-color7=#C42222
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|51|20|N|88|23|10|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8=Jagatdal | numbered8=N| mark-title8=[[Jagatdal]] (N)|shape-color8=#C42222
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|48|20|N|88|23|15|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9=Kaugachhi | numbered9=CT| mark-title9=[[Kaugachhi]] (CT)|shape-color9=#A40000
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|47|55|N|88|23|40|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10=Paltapara | numbered10=CT| mark-title10=[[Paltapara]] (CT)|shape-color10=#A40000
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|49|5|N|88|23|0|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11=Garshyamnagar | numbered11=CT| mark-title11=[[Garshyamnagar]] (CT)|shape-color11=#A40000
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|48|20|N|88|22|10|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12=Ichapore | numbered12=N| mark-title12=[[Ichapore]] (N)|shape-color12=#C42222
|mark-coord13={{coord|22|49|30|N|88|22|50|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13=Noapara | numbered13=CT| mark-title13=[[Noapara, India|Noapara]] (CT)|shape-color13=#A40000
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|52|36|N|88|25|20|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14=Dogachhia | numbered14=CT| mark-title14= [[Dogachhia, West Bengal|Dogachhia]] (CT)|shape-color14=#A40000
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|52|20|N|88|25|44|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15=Panpur | numbered15=OG| mark-title15=[[Panpur]] (OG)|shape-color15=#C40000
|mark-coord16={{coord|22|56|10|N|88|27|30|E}} | label-pos16=left|label16=Palladaha | numbered16=CT| mark-title16=[[Palladaha]] (CT)|shape-color16=#A40000
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|55|40|N|88|27|55|E}} | label-pos17=left|label17=Nagdaha | numbered17=CT| mark-title17= [[Nagdaha, India|Nagdaha]] (CT)|shape-color17=#A40000
|mark-coord18={{coord|22|55|50|N|88|28|25|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18=Palashi | numbered18=CT| mark-title18=[[Palashi, North 24 Parganas|Palashi]] (CT)|shape-color18=#A40000
|mark-coord19={{coord|22|49|25|N|88|22|12|E}} | label-pos19=left|label19=Garulia | numbered19=M| mark-title19=[[Garulia]] (M)|
|mark-coord20={{coord|22|48|40|N|88|21|55|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20=Ichapore Defence Estate| numbered20=0| mark-title20=[[Ichhapur Defence Estate|Ichapore Defence Estate]]|shape-color20=#AA6666
|mark-coord21={{coord|22|45|35|N|88|21|30|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21=Barrackpore|labela21=Cantonment| numbered21=0| mark-title21=[[Barrackpur Cantonment|Barrackpore Cantonment]]|shape-color21=#AA6666
|mark-coord22={{coord|22|46|34|N|88|23|29|E}} | label-pos22=left|label22=Barrackpore | numbered22=M | mark-title22=[[Barrackpore]] (M)|
|mark-coord23={{coord|22|46|25|N|88|24|10|E}} | label-pos23=right|label23=Jafarpur | numbered23=CT| mark-title23=[[Jafarpur]] (CT)|shape-color23=#A40000
|mark-coord24={{coord|22|47|5|N|88|23|17|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24=Babanpur | numbered24=CT | mark-title24=[[Babanpur]] (CT)|shape-color24=#A40000
|mark-coord25={{coord|22|47|5|N|88|23|58|E}} | label-pos25=right|label25=Telenipara | numbered25=CT | mark-title25=[[Telenipara]] (CT)||shape-color25=#A40000
|mark-coord26={{coord|22|45|58|N|88|24|5|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26=Mohanpur | numbered26=CT | mark-title26=[[Mohanpur, North 24 Parganas|Mohanpur]] (CT)||shape-color26=#A40000
|mark-coord27={{coord|22|47|30|N|88|22|1|E}} | label-pos27=right|label27= North Barrackpur | numbered27=M| mark-title27=[[North Barrackpur]] (M)|
|mark-coord28={{coord|22|50|11|N|88|23|44|E}} | label-pos28=right|label28=Shyamnagar | numbered28=N| mark-title28=[[Shyamnagar, West Bengal|Shyamnagar]] (N)|shape-color28=#C42222
|mark-coord29={{coord|22.7629|88.3376}}| label29=Hooghly| label-color29 = #77A1CB| label-angle29=44| label-pos29=top| label-size29=10| mark-size29=0| mark-title29 =none
|mark-coord30={{coord|22.7442|88.3558}}| label30=River| label-color30 = #77A1CB| label-angle30=71| label-pos30=top| label-size30=10| mark-size30=0| mark-title30 =none}}

===Location===
Naihati is located at {{Coord|22.9|N|88.42|E|}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/28/Naihati.html|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Naihati, India|website=www.fallingrain.com|access-date=1 April 2018}}</ref> It has an average elevation of 15 metres (49 feet).

Naihati is bounded by Garifa, [[Halisahar]] and [[Balibhara]] on the north, Ramghat, Indira Nagar, Saheb Colony, Rajendrapur, Mamudpur and [[Dogachhia, West Bengal|Dogachhia]] on the east, [[Bhatpara]] and Madral on the south, and the [[Hooghly River|Hooghly]] on the west. Although not specifically spelled out, it is evident that localities such as Garifa, Kultala, Bibeksarani, Bijaynagar, Nimbagan and Fingapara are neighbourhoods in Naihati, though some consider them to a part of Naihati.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Map of Barrackpore I CD Block on Page 365 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 21 June 2018}}</ref>

96.02% of the population of [[Barrackpore subdivision]] (partly presented in the map alongside) live in urban areas. In 2011, it had a density of population of 10,967 per km2 The subdivision has 16 municipalities and 24 census towns.<ref name=handbook2013>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook |work = North 24 Parganas 2013, Tables 2.1, 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 2 May 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |url-status = dead }}</ref>

For most of the cities/ towns information regarding density of population is available in the Infobox. Population data is not available for neighbourhoods. It is available for the entire municipal area and thereafter ward-wise.

All places marked on the map are linked in the full-screen map.

===Police station===
Naihati police station under [[Barrackpore Police Commissionerate]] has jurisdiction over Naihati Municipal area and [[Barrackpore I]] CD Block, including [[Barrackpur Cantonment|Barrackpur Cantonment Board]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook |work = North 24 Parganas 2013, Tables 2.1, 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 11 June 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://policewb.gov.in/wbp/bkp_commissionerate.php | title = Barrackpore Police Commissionerate | work = List of Police Stations with telephone numbers | publisher = West Bengal Police | access-date = 11 June 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143852/http://policewb.gov.in/wbp/bkp_commissionerate.php | archive-date = 12 June 2018 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===Post Office===
Naihati has a delivery sub post office, with [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] 743165 in the North Presidency Division of North 24 Parganas district in Calcutta region. Other post offices with the same PIN are Naihati Anandabazar and Puranandapally. Some regions of Garifa post office (743166) also is inside Naihati.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://pincodezip.in/pincode/west-bengal/north-24-parganas/north-presidency/dogachia | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180711094806/http://pincodezip.in/pincode/west-bengal/north-24-parganas/north-presidency/dogachia | url-status = usurped | archive-date = 11 July 2018 | title = Dogachia PIN Code | publisher = pincodezip.in |access-date = 11 July 2018}}</ref>

===Climate===
Being situated in the tropics, the climate of Naihati comprises primarily of hot and humid summers, and cool and dry winters. The rain-bearing clouds from the Bay of Bengal bring torrential rain in the monsoon. In the summer, the temperature may reach as high as 45°C and in the winter, it may drop to 5°C.

==Demographics==
===Population===
{{Historical population
| source = [[Census of India]]<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/222-naihati.html#:~:text=The%20current%20estimate%20population%20of,based%20on%20past%20growth%20rate. | title = District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2021, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Pages 781-783 Statement I: Growth History, Pages 799-803 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations V, West Bengal |access-date = 8 May 2022}}</ref>
| 1901 | 23753
| 1911 | 18219
| 1921 | 23286
| 1931 | 30908
| 1941 | 42200
| 1951 | 55313
| 1961 | 76254
| 1971 | 108525
| 1981 | 147753
| 1991 | 172647
| 2001 | 215303
| 2011 | 217900}}

As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Naihati had a total population of 217,900, of which 109,849 (50%) were males and 108,051 (50%) were females. Population below 6 years was 19,761. The total number of literates in Naihati was 173,397 (87.51% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 7 June 2018 }}</ref>

As of 2001 India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=16 June 2004|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=1 November 2008|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Naihati had a population of 215,432. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Naihati has an average literacy rate of 74%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 79%, and female literacy is 70%. In Naihati, 9% of the population is under 6 years of age.
===Languages===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages spoken in Naihati city (2011)<ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16T/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-2000.XLSX 2011 census data] censusindia.gov.in</ref>
|label1= [[bengali language|Bengali]]
|value1= 70.6
|color1 = orange
|label2= [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|value2 = 24.3
|color2 = green
|label3 = [[Urdu language |Urdu ]]
|value3 = 3.6
|color3 = brown
|label4 = [[Odia language|Odia ]]
|value4 = 0.34
|color4 = red
|label5 = [[ Telugu language|Telugu]]
|value5 =0.17
|color5 = teal
|label6 = Others
|value6 = 0.16
|color6 = yellow
}}

===Migrants===
According to a study carried out by Vidyasagar University, "Most of these industrial units were located in riverine towns. A few of these were old towns inhabited previously by middle class Bengali 'babus' while others were new towns grown out of agricultural lands... Agriculture in Bengal was more remunerative than work in the jute mills but what the jute mills paid was enough to attract labour from Bihar, Orissa, U.P. first and then from C.P. or even Madras...The industrial 'mohallas' remained as '[[ghetto]]s'. There was little or no interconnection or social and cultural contact between local Bengali population and the mill hands. Both lived in their own worlds."<ref>{{cite web | url = http://inet.vidyasagar.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1245/2/2.pdf | title = Industrialisation and Emergence of Labour Force in Bengal during The Colonial Period: Its Socio-Economic Impact | first = Nirban | last = Basu | publisher = Vidyasagar University Journal of History, Vol 1, 2012-13 | access-date = 16 July 2018 | archive-date = 17 July 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180717070651/http://inet.vidyasagar.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1245/2/2.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===Kolkata Urban Agglomeration===
The following Municipalities, Census Towns and other locations in Barrackpore subdivision were part of Kolkata Urban Agglomeration in the 2011 census: [[Kanchrapara]] (M), [[Jetia]] (CT), [[Halisahar]] (M), [[Balibhara]] (CT), Naihati (M), [[Bhatpara]] (M), [[Kaugachhi]] (CT), [[Garshyamnagar]] (CT), [[Garulia]] (M), [[Ichhapur Defence Estate]] (CT), [[North Barrackpur]] (M), [[Barrackpur Cantonment]] (CB), [[Barrackpore]] (M), [[Jafarpur]] (CT), [[Ruiya]] (CT), [[Titagarh]] (M), [[Khardaha]] (M), [[Bandipur, North 24 Parganas|Bandipur]] (CT), [[Panihati]] (M), [[Muragachha]] (CT) [[New Barrackpore]] (M), [[Chandpur, Ghola|Chandpur]] (CT), [[Talbandha]] (CT), [[Patulia]] (CT), [[Kamarhati]] (M), [[Baranagar]] (M), [[South Dumdum]] (M), [[North Dumdum]] (M), [[Dum Dum]] (M), [[Noapara, India|Noapara]] (CT), [[Babanpur]] (CT), [[Teghari]] (CT), [[Nanna, North 24 Parganas|Nanna]] (OG), Chakla (OG), Srotribati (OG) and [[Panpur]] (OG).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_4_PR_UAs_1Lakh_and_Above_Appendix.pdf | title= Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011 | work= Constituents of Urban Agglomeration Having Population Above 1 Lakh |publisher= Census of India 2011 | access-date = 7 June 2018}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
{{See also|Barrackpore subdivision#Municipal towns/ cities{{!}}Cities and towns in Barrackpore subdivision}}
As per the District Census Handbook 2011, Naihati Municipal city covered an area of 11.55 km2. Amongst the civic amenities it had 237.81 km of roads and open drains. Amongst the social, recreational and cultural facilities it had 1 stadium, 2 cinema/theatres and 5 public libraries. Amongst the commodities manufactured was bori. It had 8 bank branches.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Pages 781-783 Statement I: Growth History, Pages 799-803; Statement II: Physical Aspects and Location of Towns, Pages 791-794; Statement III: Civic and other Amenities, Pages 795-796; Statement IV: Medical Facilities 2009, Pages 803-805 Section: Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations V, West Bengal |access-date = 31 May 2018}}</ref>

According to the Barrackpore administration, amongst the educational facilities at Naihati are 3 colleges and 10 high schools. Amongst the other facilities are 9 markets, 1 post office, 4 sub post offices, 2 ferry ghats, one municipal park, municipal lodges, 3 cinema halls (Naihati cinema hall-closed and under litigation, Kalyani cinema hall and newly opens RK Multiplex), 3 public halls (Oikatan auditorium, Railway hall and Railway Banquet Hall), 14 play grounds and 1 burning ghat (Ramghat: electric and conventional burning ghat).<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.barrackpore.gov.in/HTM/sdobkp_Naihati%20Municipality.htm | title = Naihati Municipality | publisher = Barrackpore administration| access-date = 24 June 2018}}</ref>

==Economy==
===Industry===
Naihati has a vibrant industrial area. "Once upon a time, mill sirens would keep the time in Naihati. Sirens at six o'clock, at nine o'clock, at eleven o'clock… Pulse of the factories would impart a collective sense of time, a sense of discipline, a united communal life. Even before the break of dawn tea shops in factory premises and even in far off places, would open shutters. Lines of pedestrians and cyclists would be seen going to work. Night shift workers would come out in hordes to make way for the morning shift." Most of the factories in Naihati-Garifa area have closed down. Workers and employees are in an unbearable state, and the socio-cultural environment of a much larger area has been vitiated.<ref name=sanhati>{{cite web | url = http://sanhati.com/excerpted/1235/ | title = Save Naihati Industrial Area Forum | publisher = Sanhati | access-date = 13 July 2018}}</ref> A brief about the past industries follows.

* Jenson & Nicholson was established in India in 1922 by its parent company Berger-Jenson & Nicholson, UK. The first factory of Jenson & Nicholson at Naihati went into production in 1925. The company produces paints, pigments, varnishes and allied products. The foreign holdings in the company were bought over by S.P.Sinha in 1964. The Naihati paint factory was modernised in the late 1980s. Bijay Chandra Srivastava has been managing director from 2014.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.scribd.com/document/57456189/Jenson-Company-Profile-Abhi | title = Jenson & Nicholson (India) Ltd.| work = Company Profile | publisher = Scribd | access-date = 12 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.goodreturns.in/company/jenson-nicholson-india/history.html | title = Jenson & Nicholson (India) Ltd. | work = Company history and Growth Details | publisher = Good Returns | access-date = 7 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.zaubacorp.com/company/JENSON-NICHOLSON-INDIA-LTD/L51597WB1922PLC004603 | title = Jenson & Nicholson (India) Ltd. | publisher = Zauba Corp | access-date = 7 July 2018}}</ref>
* Gouripore Jute Mill at Naihati was once upon a time considered by many as the best jute mill in the World. The fairy-tale jute mill environment of the colonial era has been succinctly described by Soumitra Das in ''The Telegraph'', "The mill had its own train and its engine was a museum piece. It carried coal to the power house. The Gouripur mill had its own water filter plant and captive electricity and water supply system...The mill opened in 1862...Gouripore Jute Mills originally belonged to the Inchcape Group under Barry & Co. Later, in 1948, following amalgamation in 1948, MacNeill & Barry owned three jute mills — Gouripore, Nuddea and Ganges Manufacturing at Bansberia. Naihati bustled with activity owing to the presence of Jenson Nicholson, Gouripur Electric Supply and Containers and Closures alongside what was the largest and best jute mill of those times." The Scottish owners left, Gouripore Jute Mill changed hands and was closed in 1998.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.telegraphindia.com/1080111/jsp/frontpage/story_8769612.jsp | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180630011955/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1080111/jsp/frontpage/story_8769612.jsp | url-status = dead | archive-date = 30 June 2018 | title = Golden fibre days |first= Soumitra | last=Das| publisher = The Telegraph, 11 January 2008 | access-date = 12 July 2018}}</ref><ref name=telegraph>{{cite web | url = https://www.telegraphindia.com/1100801/jsp/calcutta/story_12752048.jsp | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100927205357/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100801/jsp/calcutta/story_12752048.jsp | url-status = dead | archive-date = 27 September 2010 | title = A little bit of Scotland | first=Soumitra| last= Das | publisher = The Telegraph, 1 August 2010| access-date = 7 July 2018}}</ref><ref name=jutecomm>{{cite web | url = http://jutecomm.gov.in/closure.htm | title = Mills under suspension of work as on 26 June 2009 | publisher = Jute Commissioner, Government of India | access-date = 12 July 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180717002218/http://jutecomm.gov.in/closure.htm | archive-date = 17 July 2018 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
* Nuddea Jute Mills at Naihati became a part of the MacNeill & Barry group in 1948.<ref name=telegraph/> It has been going through a lot of turmoil from the 1980s and was also referred to [[Bureau of Industrial and Financial Restructuring|BIFR]].<ref name=sanhati/><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jutecomm.gov.in/bifr.htm | title = BIFR referred sick jute mills | publisher = Jute Commissioners, Ministry of Textiles | access-date = 13 July 2018}}</ref> The mill seems to be out of operation, but the picture is hazy.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/over-21k-workers-affected-in-jute-and-tea-mills-closure-112062700389_1.html | title = Over 21k workers affected in jute and tea mill closure | publisher = Business Standard, 24 January 2014 | access-date = 13 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/Another-jute-mill-in-West-Bengal-bites-the-dust-post-demonetisation/article16920140.ece | title = Another jute mill bites the dust post demonetisation | newspaper = The Hindu | date = 21 December 2016 | publisher = The Hindu 2016 | access-date = 13 July 2018}}</ref>

For Naihati Jute Mill at Hazinagar see [[Halisahar#Industry|Halisahar]]

Amongst the other closed factories are Gouripore Thermal Power Station, Containers and Closures Limited and Indian Paper Pulp (IPP or more popular as ''kagaj kal'').<ref name=sanhati/> Recently an industrial hub has come up beside the Kalyani highway as Rishi Bankim industrial hub where new small scale industries are coming up very fast.

===Fish culture===
Naihati, Jora Battala[Rajendrapur] area is also notable for fish farming, rearing of sweet water fish seeds of various genus like Rohu, Katla, Koi, Magur, Pabda, Silver Carp, Common Carp and many more. It was started under a training programme by Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (CIFRI), now known as Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture (CIFA), located at Kalyani. It is an initiative of the Indian Government, handled by Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR).

This initiative by the then Indian government, and numerous renowned scientists and under their supervision, it was possible to bring a control over the production and preservation of various breeds of sweet water fishes.

The season starts from end of April and continues till the monsoon lasts.

===KMDA===
Naihati Municipality is included in the [[Kolkata Metropolitan Area]] for which the [[Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority|KMDA]] is the statutory planning and development authority.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://kmdaonline.org/home/download/QVRNUU5QNW5kK1dCRDQ3V0pmRXBqQitJRU9kS1k1WEhRblBLdmc1ZVZNMW5WZlZRTHRLd0hxUHc4dlk2VWQ4WmhueGdBSURnc0w2OUZqZzl4WXFTRVE9PQ== | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190501182418/https://kmdaonline.org/home/download/QVRNUU5QNW5kK1dCRDQ3V0pmRXBqQitJRU9kS1k1WEhRblBLdmc1ZVZNMW5WZlZRTHRLd0hxUHc4dlk2VWQ4WmhueGdBSURnc0w2OUZqZzl4WXFTRVE9PQ== | url-status = usurped | archive-date = 1 May 2019 | title = Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority, Annual Report 2010-11 | work = 1/1 Kolkata Metropolitan Area Map | publisher = KMDA | access-date = 7 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://kmdaonline.org/home/download/MTFVek5Lc3UrYmJ4R0xLM3ZqRTdKQWJlK2tJV3BicHZGNjB1Uldpa0JLTXM0RHd6Q29vWXViQlBLSmNPQkZsZW5hcDFwM1VaUTQwaHJlVDQ5NG5FeWc9PQ== | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190501182413/https://kmdaonline.org/home/download/MTFVek5Lc3UrYmJ4R0xLM3ZqRTdKQWJlK2tJV3BicHZGNjB1Uldpa0JLTXM0RHd6Q29vWXViQlBLSmNPQkZsZW5hcDFwM1VaUTQwaHJlVDQ5NG5FeWc9PQ== | url-status = usurped | archive-date = 1 May 2019 | title = Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority, Annual Report 2010-11 | work = 1 / 2 Role of KMDA | publisher = KMDA | access-date = 7 June 2018}}</ref>

[[File:Naihati Rail Station by Piyal Kundu2.jpg|thumb|200px|left|[[Naihati railway station]]]]

==Transport==
===Railway service===
[[Naihati Junction railway station]] is 38 km from Sealdah on the [[Sealdah-Ranaghat Line|Sealdah - Naihati Jn Line]] and 16 km from [[Barrackpore]]. It is part of the [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]] system. It is connected to [[Bandel Junction]] on the Howrah-Bardhaman main line. The journey takes about 20 minutes. [[Garifa railway station]] is nearby also.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/sealdah-kalyani-simanta-local-31311/16438/325/958#st | title = 31311 Sealdah-Kalyani Simanta Local | work = Time Table | publisher = indiarailinfo | access-date = 21 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/naihati-bandel-local-37521/14808/958/581#st | title = 37521 Naihati-Bandel Local | work = Time Table | publisher = indiarailinfo | access-date = 21 June 2018}}</ref><ref name=google>Google maps</ref>
[[File:Jubilee Bridge (Naihati-Bandel) by Piyal Kundu.jpg|thumb|200px|right|[[Jubilee Bridge (India)|Jubilee Bridge]]]]
In 1857, the [[Eastern Bengal Railway]] (EBR) was formed to lay the tracks along the east bank of the [[Hooghly River]] to [[Kushtia District|Kushtia]] and then extended to [[Goalundo Ghat]]. The [[Jubilee Bridge (India)|Jubilee Bridge]] linking Bandel and Naihati was opened on 21 February 1887, so that up country freight traffic could run up to [[Kolkata Port]].<ref>[[Sukanta Chaudhuri|Chaudhuri, Sukanta]], ''The Railway Comes to Calcutta'', in ''Calcutta, the Living City'', Vol. I, edited by Sukanta Chaudhuri, p. 239, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-19-563696-3}}.</ref> Finally, [[Sampreeti Bridge]] replaced [[Jubilee Bridge (India)|Jubilee Bridge]] in 2017.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://structurae.net/structures/sampreeti-bridge | title = Sampreeti Bridge | publisher = Structureae | access-date = 13 July 2018}}</ref>

===Commuters===
About 32 [[lakh]] people from all around Naihati commute to [[Kolkata]] daily for work. In the Sealdah-Krishnanagar section there are 34 trains that carry commuters from 30 railway stations. In the Sealdah-Shantipur section 32 trains carry commuters from 29 stations.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.indiansss.org/pdf/pdfset-8/issueset-9/Art_017.pdf| title = The Suburban Railway Network of Kolkata: A Geographical Apprisal| first = Teesta| last = Dey| publisher = eTraverse, the Indian journal of spatial science, 2012| access-date = 12 June 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171118122331/http://indiansss.org/pdf/pdfset-8/issueset-9/Art_017.pdf| archive-date = 18 November 2017| url-status = dead}}</ref>

===Ferry service===
[[File:Naihati Boro Maa Ferry Ghat.jpg|thumb|Naihati Boro Maa Ferry Ghat]]

Naihati Ferry Service Jetty Ghat links to Mechuabazar Ferry Service Jetty Ghat across the [[Hooghly River|Hooghly]] at [[Chinsurah]] and the Hooghly Garifa Boat Service links Ram Ghat to Hooghly Ghat at [[Hugli-Chinsurah|Hooghly]].<ref name=google/>

===Public bus service===
While [[State Highway 1 (West Bengal)|State Highway 1]] passes through the heart of the city, [[Kalyani Expressway]] touches the outskirts. The Naihati-Habra Road is an important local road.<ref name=google/>

The road transport is chiefly via the well known 85 no route (name of the bus route) which operates between [[Kanchrapara]] and [[Barrackpore]]. There are some other bus routes also like Naihati to Habra (73), Naihati to Barasat (87A and DN5), etc. A new state and also a private bus has started from Naihati to Digha, from Kanthalpara railway bridge and Saheb Colony More.

;West Bengal Transport Corporation Bus (CTC)
*'''D2 [[Habra]] — Naihati''' [Frequent] via Ashoknagar, Chowrangee, Awalsiddhi, Saheb Colony, Mamudpur
*'''E59 Naihati - [[Digha]]'''
;Private Buses
*'''73 [[Habra]] - Naihati'''
*'''85 [[Barrackpore]] Court – [[Kanchrapara]]'''
*'''87A [[Barasat]] – Naihati'''
*'''DN5 [[Barasat]] - Naihati'''
*'''[[Egra]] – Naihati'''

==Education==
*[[Rishi Bankim Chandra Colleges|Rishi Bankim Chandra College]] was established at Naihati in 1947.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.rbccollege.ac.in/ | title = Rishi Bankim Chandra College | publisher = RBCC |access-date = 13 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.collegeadmission.in/RishiBankimChandraCollege/Rishi_Bankim_Chandra_College.shtml | title = Rishi Bankim Chandra College | publisher = College Admission |access-date = 13 July 2018}}</ref>
*[[Rishi Bankim Chandra Colleges|Rishi Bankim Chandra College for Women]] was initially started as the morning section for women in Rishi Bankim Chandra College. The college was rechristened in 1984 as Rishi Bankim Chandra College for Women.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://rbccwomen.org/About.html | title = Rishi Bankim Chandra College for Women | publisher = RBCCW | access-date = 13 July 2018 | archive-date = 10 May 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180510184135/http://rbccwomen.org/About.html | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.collegeadmission.in/RishiBankimChandraCollegeforWomen/Rishi_Bankim_Chandra_College_for_Women.shtml | title = Rishi Bankim Chandra College for Women | publisher = College Admission |access-date = 13 July 2018}}</ref>
*[[Rishi Bankim Chandra Colleges|Rishi Bankim Chandra Evening College]] was set up initially as the evening section of Rishi Bankim Chandra College and was rechristened as Rishi Bankim Chandra Evening College in 1984.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.rbcec.in/ | title = Rishi Bankim Chandra Evening College | publisher = RBCEC |access-date = 13 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.collegeadmission.in/RishiBankimChandraEveningCollege/Rishi_Bankim_Chandra_Evening_College.shtml | title = Rishi Bankim Chandra Evening College | publisher = College Admission |access-date = 13 July 2018}}</ref>

[[File:Totakahini 01.JPG|left|thumb|150px|A dramatic moment from ''Totakahini''.]]

== Kali Temple ==
There are several famous Kali Pujas and Pandals in Naihati. The most famous one is the [[Boro Maa Kali Temple, Naihati|Boro Maa Kali Temple]] which is around 101 years old.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/naihatis-boro-maa-kali-where-grandeur-meets-devotion/cid/1837252|title=Naihati's Boro Maa Kali where grandeur meets devotion|website=The Telegraph}}</ref> There are many more important Kali Temples and Pujas which are much older.

[[File:Boro Maa Naihati 2022.jpg|thumb|Idol of Boro Maa, Naihati]]

==Sports==
The 25,000-capacity [[Naihati Stadium|Naihati Bamkimanjali Stadium]] which is used mostly for [[association football]], is the largest sports venue by capacity in Naihati.<ref>[https://m.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=1182956865226605&id=148418022013833&set=a.1169897486532543&source=57&__tn__=%2B%3D East Bengal Ultras official] ''Facebook''. Retrieved 22 September 2021</ref> Opened in 2019, the stadium hosts games of [[Calcutta Football League]], [[Naihati Gold Cup]] and [[I-League]].<ref>{{cite news |title=I-League Champions To Play In ISL From 2022-23 Season 'On Sporting Merit: AIFF |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/sports-news-i-league-champions-to-play-in-isl-from-2022-23-season-on-sporting-merit-aiff/406036 |access-date=19 February 2022 |work=Outlook |date=20 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

==Notable people==
[[File:Bankim chandra chatterjee.jpg|thumb|right|120px|Bankim Chandra Chatterjee]]
*[[Bankim Chandra Chatterjee]], novelist
*[[Chittaprosad Bhattacharya]], artist
*[[Debashis Mukherjee]], quantum chemist and the developer of multireference coupled cluster theory
*[[Haraprasad Shastri]], historian and linguist
*[[Keshab Chandra Sen]], social reformer
*[[Panchanan Ghoshal]], criminologist, writer
*[[Pramathanath Mitra]], barrister and founder of the [[Anushilan Samiti]].
*[[Sanjib Chandra Chattopadhyay]] a Bengali writer, poet and journalist.
*[[Samaresh Bose]], writer
*[[Krishna Kumari (actress)|Krishna Kumari]], Telugu and Kannada actress
*[[Shyamal Mitra]], singer
*[[Vidyadhar Bhattacharya]], chief architect and city planner of Jaipur, Rajasthan
*[[Raghab Chatterjee]], singer
*[[Sutirtha Mukherjee]], table tennis player
*[[Ayhika Mukherjee]], table tennis player

==See also==
{{Commons category|Naihati}}
* [[List of railway stations in India]]
* [[Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130514191506/http://www.satyajitchaudhury.org/bankim-bhavan-gaveshana-kendra-naihati-west-bengal/ Bankim Bhavan Gaveshana Kendra]

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

==External links==
{{Wikivoyage inline|Kolkata/Northern fringes}}

{{North 24 Parganas District}}
{{North 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Kolkata neighbourhoods}}
{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Kolkata Metropolitan Area]]
[[Category:Cities in West Bengal]]

Battle of Kudal-Sangamam

2025-09-19T09:36:41Z

BrittScotto5: small changes

{{Short description|Battle in India in 1062}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = First Battle of Kudal-Sangamam
| partof = [[Chalukya–Chola wars]]
| image =
| caption =
| date = 1062
| place = [[Kudal-Sangamam]]
| result = Chola victory
| combatant1 = [[Western Chalukyas]]
| combatant2 = [[Chola Empire]]
| commander1 = [[Someshvara I]]
| commander2 = [[Rajendra Chola II]]
| strength1 = Unknown
| strength2 = Unknown
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
}}
The '''First Battle of Kudal-Sangamam''' was fought in 1062 by the forces of the Chola king [[Rajendra Chola II]] and the [[Western Chalukya]] king [[Someshvara I]] at [[Kudal-Sangamam]], where the Krishna and the [[Tungabhadra]] meet.<ref name="sastrip265">[[#Sastri|Sastri]], p 265</ref>

== Causes ==
To avenge the [[Battle of Koppam]], the [[Western Chalukya]] king [[Someshvara I]] set out with a large force led by his army commander or dandanatha, Valadeva.<ref name="sastrip262">[[#Sastri|Sastri]], p 262</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/CholasI |title=Cholas I}}</ref> The forces met with the Chola army led by Rajendra Chola II at Mudukkaru or Kudal-Sangamam at the junction of the rivers [[Krishna River|Krishna]] and Tungabhadra.<ref name="sastrip262" />

== Events ==

Rajendra Chola was supported by the heir apparent Rajamahendra and the king's brother, Virarajendra. Someshvara's sons Vikkalan and Singanan were defeated and forced to flee. The battle ended with a total victory for the Chola army.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/historicalinscri035270mbp |title=Historical Inscriptions Of Southern INida |publisher=Kitabistam,Allahabad |others=BRAOU, Digital Library Of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sastri |first=K. A. Nilakanta |url=http://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.16035 |title=History of South India |date=1958 |language=English}}</ref>

A detailed description of the battle is given in the early inscriptions of Virarajendra's reign

{{quote|(He) drove from the battlefield in Gangapāḍi into the Tungabhadrā the Mahāsāmantas, whose strong hands (wielded) cruel bows, along with Vikkalan who fought under (his) banner at the head of the battle. (He) attacked and destroyed the irresistible, great and powerful army which he (viz. Vikkalan) had again despatched into Vēngai-nāḍu;.. The enemy, full of hatred, met and fought against (him) yet a third time, hoping that (his former) defeats would be revenged. (The king) defeated countless ''sāmantas'', together with these (two) sons of Āhavamalla, who were called Vikkalan and Śiṇganan, at Kudal-Śangamam on the turbid river. Having sent the brave van-guard in advance, and having himself remained close behind with the kings allied to him, he agitated by means of a single ''mast'' elephant that army (of the enemy), which was arrayed (for battle), (and which) resembled the norther ocean. In front of the banner troop, (he) cut to pieces Śingan, (the king) of warlike Kōsalai; along with the furious elephants of his van-guard. While Kēśava-daṇḍanāyaka, Kēttaraśan, Mārayan of great strength, the strong Pōttarayan and (Irēccayan) were fighting, he shouted "(Follow) Mūvēndi, (who wears) a garland of gold!" and cut to pieces many ''sāmantas'', who were deprived of weapons of war. Then Maduvaṇan, who was in command, fled; Vikkalan fled with dishevelled hair; Śiṇgaṇan fled, (his) pride (and) courage forsaking (him); Aṇṇalan and all others descended from the male elephant on which they were fighting in battle, and fled; Āhavamalla, too, to whom (they were) allied, fled before them. (The king) stopped his fast furious elephant, put on the garland of victory, (seized) his (viz. Āhavamalla's) wives, his family treasures, conches, parasols, trumpets, drums, canopies, white ''cāmaras'', the boar-banner, the ornamental arch (''makara-tōraṇa''), the female elephant (called) Puspaka, and a herd of war-elephants, along with a troop of prancing horses, and, amidst (general) applause, put on the crown of victory, (set with) jewels of red splendour<ref name="aiyangar">[[#Aiyangar|Aiyangar]], pp 123-124</ref><ref name="sastri">[[#Sastri|Sastri]], pp 263-264</ref>}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book | first= K. A. Nilakanta| last=Sastri| author-link=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri | orig-year= 1935| year= 2000| title= The Cōlas| publisher= [[University of Madras]] | location= Madras|ref=Sastri}}
* {{cite book|title=Ancient India|first=S. Krishnaswamy|last=Aiyangar|author-link=S. Krishnaswamy Aiyangar|year=1911|publisher=Luzac & Co.|ref=Aiyangar}}
{{refend}}

[[Category:11th century in India]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1062|Kudal-Sangamam]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Chola Empire|Kudal-Sangamam]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Western Chalukya Empire]]
[[Category:1062 in Asia]]

Saharanpur Nagar Assembly constituency

2025-09-09T07:59:17Z

BrittScotto5: added info

{{Short description|Vidhan Sabha constituency in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Saharanpur Nagar
| constituency_no = 3
| map_image = 3-Saharanpur Nagar.svg
| mla = [[Rajiv Gumber]]
| party = [[BJP]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Saharanpur district|Saharanpur]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 349,364 (2012)
| type= SLA
}}

'''Saharanpur Nagar Assembly constituency''' is one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is a part of the [[Saharanpur district]] and one of the five assembly constituencies in the [[Saharanpur Lok Sabha constituency]]. First assembly election in this assembly constituency was conducted in 2012 after the constituency came into existence in the year 2008 as a result of the "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008".<ref name="Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008">{{cite news|title= Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008|publisher= [[Chief Electoral Officer of Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date= 10 June 2015|url= http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|url-status= dead|archive-url= http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20111113000000/http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-date= 13 November 2011|df= dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=" Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 ">{{cite news|title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=10 June 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref> [[Voter-verified paper audit trail|VVPAT]] facility with EVMs will be here in [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bareilly/Machines-to-rule-out-fraud-confusion-at-upcoming-UP-polls/articleshow/55946986.cms|title=Machines to rule out fraud, confusion at upcoming UP polls}}</ref>

==Wards / Areas==
Extent of Saharanpur Nagar Assembly is [[Saharanpur]] [[Nagar Palika (Municipality)|Nagar Palika]] in [[Saharanpur district]].<ref name=" Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 "/>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Name<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |title=Saharanpur Nagar Assembly Constituency Election Result 2022 - Candidates, MLAs, Live Updates & News |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/saharanpur-nagar.html |access-date= |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''Till 2012 : Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
| [[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| [[Raghav Lakhanpal]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" | [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 2014^
| [[Rajiv Gumber]]
|-
| [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[Sanjay Garg]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
| [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[Rajiv Gumber]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|}

==Election results ==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Saharanpur|Saharanpur Nagar]]<ref name="election2022"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Rajiv Gumber]]
|votes = {{formatnum:143195}}
|percentage = 48.85
|change = +3.87
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Sanjay Garg]]
|votes = {{formatnum:135761}}
|percentage = 46.32
|change = -0.36
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Manish Arora
|votes = {{formatnum:8776}}
|percentage = 2.99
|change = -3.38
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:753}}
|percentage = 0.26
|change = +0.01
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:7434}}
|percentage = 2.53
|change = +0.83
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:293112}}
|percentage = 66.08
|change = -3.16
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Saharanpur|Saharanpur Nagar]]<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |date=2018-08-16 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Sanjay Garg]]
|votes = {{formatnum:127210}}
|percentage = 46.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Rajiv Gumber]]
|votes = {{formatnum:122574}}
|percentage = 44.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mukesh Dixit
|votes = {{formatnum:17350}}
|percentage = 6.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:675}}
|percentage = 0.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:4636}}
|percentage = 1.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:272509}}
|percentage = 69.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = -2.19
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title= By-Election, 2014: Saharanpur Nagar}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Rajiv Gumber]]
|votes = 1,08,306
|percentage = 48.87
|change = +10.07
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Sanjay Garg]]
|votes = 81,639
|percentage = 36.84
|change = +27.84
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Mukesh Kumar
|votes = 28,553
|percentage = 12.88
|change = -20.17
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Mukti Party
|candidate = Intakab Ahamad
|votes = 603
|percentage = 0.27
|change = +0.27
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Ambedkar Samaj Party
|candidate = Bablu
|votes = 384
|percentage = 0.17
|change = +0.17
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the Above
|votes = 911
|percentage = 0.41
|change = +0.41
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 26,667
|percentage = 12.03
|change = +6.28
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 2,21,580
|percentage = 56.99
|change = -5.84
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = +10.07
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Saharanpur|Saharanpur Nagar]] }}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Raghav Lakhanpal
|votes = 85,170
|percentage = 38.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Saleem Ahmed
|votes = 72,544
|percentage = 33.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Sanjay Garg
|votes = 36,140
|percentage = 16.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Mazahir Hasan
|votes = 19,755
|percentage = 9.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Sikander
|votes = 1,055
|percentage = 0.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 12,626
|percentage = 5.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 2,19,492
|percentage = 62.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Politics}}
*[[Saharanpur district]]
*[[Saharanpur Lok Sabha constituency]]
*[[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[List of Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=40em}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}
{{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Saharanpur]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Saharanpur district]]

Ballia Nagar Assembly constituency

2025-08-08T04:12:43Z

BrittScotto5: added new info - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}

{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Ballia Nagar
| constituency_no = 361
| map_image = 361-Ballia Nagar.svg
| mla = [[Daya Shankar Singh]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance |NDA]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| preceded_by = [[Anand Swarup Shukla]], {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Ballia district|Ballia]]
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = BJP's UP Vice - President.jpg
| type = SLA
}}
'''Ballia Nagar''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of Ballia Nagar in the [[Ballia district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India. It is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Ballia Lok Sabha constituency]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency has been numbered 361 out of 403 constituencies.

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Ballia Nagar Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/Ballia-Nagar.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Center|''Till 2012 : Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|Narad Rai
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|[[Anand Swarup Shukla]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Daya Shankar Singh]]
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Ballia Nagar<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Daya Shankar Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:103873}}
|percentage = 51.22
|change = {{increase}}1.26
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Narad Rai]]
|votes = {{formatnum:77634}}
|percentage = 38.28
|change = {{increase}}9.84
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Shivdas Prasad Verma
|votes = {{formatnum:10023}}
|percentage = 4.94
|change = {{decrease}}12.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Vikassheel Insaan Party
|candidate = Jitendra Tiwari
|votes = {{formatnum:3872}}
|percentage = 1.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Omprakash
|votes = {{formatnum:2166}}
|percentage = 1.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1054}}
|percentage = 0.52
|change = {{decrease}}0.41
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:26239}}
|percentage = 12.94
|change = {{decrease}}8.58
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:202812}}
|percentage = 54.04
|change = {{increase}}2.12
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = -
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
[[Bharatiya Janta Party]] member [[Anand Swarup Shukla|Anand Swaroop Shukla]] was the [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]], who won in the [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Elections]], defeating [[Samajwadi Party]] candidate Laxman by a margin of 40,011 votes.<ref name="election2017">{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/ballia-nagar.html|title=Assembly result 2017|website=Elections.in|access-date=25 August 2017}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Ballia Nagar<ref name="election2017"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Anand Swarup Shukla]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:92889}}
|percentage = 49.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Laxman
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:52878}}
|percentage = 28.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Narad Rai]]
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:31515}}
|percentage = 16.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1716}}
|percentage = 0.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:40011}}
|percentage = 21.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:185942}}
|percentage = 51.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Election results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}
{{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|25.76|84.14|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Ballia]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Ballia district]]

Guruprasad Mohapatra

2025-07-06T22:02:09Z

BrittScotto5: new new stub!

{{Short description|Indian civil servant (1962–2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
[[File:Guruprasad_Mohapatra.jpg|thumb|Guruprasad Mohapatra]]
'''Guruprasad Mohapatra''' (22 April 1962 – 19 June 2021) was an officer of the [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS) who had held several important positions in the [[Gujarat]] State Govt and also in the [[Govt of India|Central Govt of India]]. At the time of his demise in June 2021 due to [[COVID-19]] he was holding the position of the Secretary of Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT) in Govt of India.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/dpiit-secretary-guruprasad-mohapatra-dies-of-covid-related-complications/articleshow/83659045.cms?from=mdr | title=DPIIT Secretary Guruprasad Mohapatra dies of COVID-related complications | newspaper=The Economic Times }}</ref>

In April 2021, in spite of the fact that he himself was suffering from Covid, he worked day and night to ensure availability of oxygen when the Covid pandemic was at its most dreadful and deaths from the disease were at their peak in the country.<ref name="Hindu">{{cite news |last1=Jagriti Chandra |title=Celebrated IAS officer Guruprasad Mohapatra, who succumbed to COVID-19, conferred with Padma Shri |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/celebrated-ias-officer-guruprasad-mohapatra-who-succumbed-to-covid-19-conferred-with-padma-shri/article38332923.ece |website=The Hindu |date=27 January 2022 |access-date=22 March 2022}}</ref> In the year 2022, Govt of India posthumously conferred the [[Padma Shri]] award on Mahapatra specifically for his immense contribution for the alleviation of the sufferings of Covid patients.<ref name="PadmaShri2022"/>

==Early life and education==

Guruprasad Mohapatra was born on 22 April 1962 to [[Odisha Sahitya Akademi]] Award winner [[Mohapatra Nilamani Sahu]] and Prasanna Kumari Devi. He secured [[Bachelor of Arts|BA]] degree in history from [[Buxi Jagabandhu Bidyadhar College]], [[Bhubaneswar]] and a master's degree in [[political science]] from [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] (JNU). He also secured the M Phil degree in diplomacy from the School of International Studies at JNU. Later he also obtained an [[Master of Business Administration|MBA]] degree from the Faculty of Economics, [[University of Ljubljana]] in [[Slovenia]]. The [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]] awarded him the PhD degree for his thesis on "Management of Change : A Critical Evaluation of Power Sector Reforms and Restructuring of Gujarat Electricity Board".<ref name="Mahapatra">{{cite web |title=Dr Gurupradas Mahapatra |url=http://www.guruprasadmohapatra.in/ |website=Dr Gurupradas Mahapatra |access-date=22 March 2022}}</ref>

==Career==
Guruprasad Mohapatra joined the IAS in 1986 as an officer in the Gujarat cadre. His first appointment was as a sub-divisional magistrate in Gujarat’s [[Limbdi]] [[taluka]] in [[Surendranagar district]]. After his tenure as sub-divisional magistrate he was appointed as the District Development Officer of [[Surendranagar district]]. It was during his tenure the district became the first district of Gujarat to implement Integrated Wasteland Development Project of Government of India. He was later appointed as Collector of [[Junagadh district]] and [[Rajkot district]].

After his service as Collector, Mohapatra served as Joint Managing Director of [[Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation]] and as Additional Sales Tax Commissioner. Then he took over as the Commissioner of [[Surat]]. While in this position he oversaw the implementation of many mega-projects including the constructions of the state’s then longest flyover, the state’s biggest auditorium Sardar Patel Auditorium, a new medical college and an ultra modern hospital. He had also worked as the Municipal Commissioner of [[Ahmedabad]] during which period the [[Kankaria]] Lakefront Project and the [[Sabarmati]] Riverfront Project took shape. The dossiers prepared under his supervision for submission to [[UNESCO]] played a key role in declaring Ahmedabad as the first [[World Heritage City]] of India in 2017.

Mohapatra had also held key administrative positions in several [[public sector undertaking]]s in Gujarat like Member Administration of Gujarat Electricity Board, Chairman of Uttar Gujarat Vij Company Ltd, and Managing Director of Gujarat Alkalies and Chemicals Ltd.

At the all India level, he served as Joint Secretary in Department of Commerce, Chairman of Airport Authority of India and Secretary in Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade, the position he held at the time of his death.

==Recognition: Padma Shri==

*In the year 2022, Govt of India conferred the [[Padma Shri]] award, the third highest award in the Padma series of awards, posthumously on Guruprasad Mohapatra for his distinguished service in the field of civil service.<ref name="PadmaShri2022">{{cite web |title=Padma Awards 2022 |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/padmaawardees2022.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125143803/https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/padmaawardees2022.pdf |archive-date=2022-01-25 |url-status=live|website=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt of India |access-date=11 February 2022}}</ref> The award is in recognition of his service as a "Senior Officer worked on oxygen availability during [[COVID-19]] even from his hospital bed finally succumbing to the virus."<ref name="PadmaShri2022Images">{{cite web |title=Padma Awards 2022 |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/AwardeeTickets2022.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129172910/https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/AwardeeTickets2022.aspx |archive-date=2022-01-29 |url-status=live|website=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt of India |access-date=11 February 2022}}</ref>

==Other prizes and recognitions==
*Best DDO award of Gujarat State (1993)
*Second best collector award of Gujarat state (1996)
*Was felicitated as "Empathy Champion" in parliament by Lok Sabha Speaker in 2019 on the occasion of World Hepatitis Day
*Was awarded as "Unsung Hero" posthumously in the Healthgiri awards of India Today Group (2021)<ref>{{cite web |title=India Today Healthgiri Awards 2021 announced: Full list of winners |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-today-healthgiri-awards-2021-announced-full-list-of-winners-1860109-2021-10-03 |website=India Today |access-date=23 March 2022}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of Padma Shri award recipients (2020–2029)#Padma Shri Award recipients in the year 2022|Padma Shri Award recipients in the year 2022]]

==References==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.guruprasadmohapatra.in/ Dr. Guruprasad Mohapatra]

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Civil Service}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohapatra, Guruprasad}}
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in civil service]]
[[Category:Jawaharlal Nehru University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Surendranagar district]]
[[Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in India]]

Muhammad Ashfaq

2025-06-25T02:03:41Z

BrittScotto5: Started A Stub W/ Refs

{{Short description|Pakistani field hockey player (1946–2005)}}
{{Infobox field hockey player
| name = Muhammad Ashfaq
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1946|11|11|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Rawalpindi]], [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]], British India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2005|07|03|1946|11|11|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Rawalpindi]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], Pakistan
| height = {{Convert|162|cm|ftin|frac=2|abbr=on}}
| weight = 62 kgs
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport | Men's [[field hockey]] }}
{{MedalCountry | {{PAK}} }}
{{MedalCompetition | [[Olympic Games]] }}
{{MedalGold | [[1968 Summer Olympics|1968 Mexico City]] | [[Field hockey at the 1968 Summer Olympics|Team competition]] }}
{{MedalCompetition | [[Asian Games]] }}
{{MedalGold | [[1970 Asian Games|1970 Bangkok]] | [[Field hockey at the 1970 Asian Games|Team competition]] }}
| updated =
}}

'''Muhammad Ashfaq''' (November 11, 1946 – July 3, 2005) was a [[Pakistani]] [[field hockey]] player. He won a gold medal at the [[1968 Summer Olympics]] in [[Mexico City]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ah/ashfaq-ahmed-1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418090745/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ah/ashfaq-ahmed-1.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2020-04-18|title=Ashfaq Ahmed Bio, Stats, and Results|website=Olympics at Sports-Reference.com}}</ref>

==Death==
He died on 3 July 2005 in [[Rawalpindi]], Pakistan, and was buried in local Alif Shah graveyard.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{sports links}}

{{Pakistan FH Squad 1968 Summer Olympics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ashfaq, Muhammad}}
[[Category:Olympic field hockey players for Pakistan]]
[[Category:Olympic gold medalists for Pakistan]]
[[Category:Olympic medalists in field hockey]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1968 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 1968 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 1970 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for Pakistan]]
[[Category:Asian Games field hockey players for Pakistan]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1970 Asian Games]]
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:2005 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Pakistani sportsmen]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists in field hockey]]

{{Pakistan-Olympic-medalist-stub}}
{{Pakistan-fieldhockey-bio-stub}}

Jagtar Singh Hawara

2025-06-22T00:44:20Z

BrittScotto5: corrected citations and improved wording after review

{{short description|Jailed Jathedar of Akal Takht}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox criminal
| name = Jagtar Singh Hawara
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = pa
| image =
| image_upright =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Jagtar Singh
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1970|05|17}}
| birth_place = Hawara, [[Fatehgarh Sahib]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| spouse = {{marriage|Balwinder Kaur|2005|2006|reason=ann.}}
| relations =
| alma_mater =
| other_names =
| citizenship = Indian
| education =
| years_active =
| employer =
| organization = [[Babbar Khalsa]]
| agent =
| known_for = Assassination of [[Beant Singh (chief minister)|Beant Singh]], [[List of Chief Ministers of Punjab (India)|12th Chief Minister of Punjab]] 2004 Burail jailbreak<ref>{{cite news|title=Court convicts Hawara, Bheora in Burail jail-break case|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/court-convicts-hawara-bheora-in-burail-jailbreak-case/article7527903.ece|accessdate=17 October 2016|newspaper=The Hindu|date=12 August 2015}}</ref> 
Being declared [[Jathedar of the Akal Takht]] by a [[Sarbat Khalsa#Sarbat Khalsa 2015|Sarbat Khalsa]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gopal|first1=Navjeevan|last2=Brar|first2=Kamaldeep Singh|title=Radicals 'appoint' Beant killer Jagtar Singh Hawara as Akal Takht chief|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/radicals-appoint-beant-killer-jagtar-singh-hawara-as-akal-takht-chief/|accessdate=21 October 2016|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=11 November 2015}}</ref>
| notable_works =
| style =
| home_town =
| height = 5ft 11in
| party =
| movement = [[Khalistan movement]] [[Dharam Yudh Morcha]]
| criminal_charge = Assassination (murder)
| conviction_penalty = Life imprisonment
| conviction_status = Imprisoned
| relatives =
| callsign =
| awards =
| website =
| allegiance =
| motive =
| conviction = Assassination (2007)
| capture_status = Arrested
| partners = [[Balwant Singh Rajoana]] [[Dilawar Singh Babbar]]
| wanted_since =
| time_at_large =
| escaped = 2004
| escape_end = 2005
| comments = Recaptured in Delhi
| victims = [[Beant Singh (chief minister)|Beant Singh]] and 16 others<ref name="Ropar court" />
| date =
| time =
| beginyear =
| endyear =
| country =
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| locations =
| targets =
| fatalities =
| injuries =
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| apprehended =
| imprisoned = [[Tihar Jail]], [[New Delhi]], [[India]]<ref name="Hindustan 2019" />
| title = [[Jathedar]]
}}

'''Jagtar Singh Hawara''' is a high level member of [[Babbar Khalsa]] who is currently serving life imprisonment at [[Tihar Jail]]. He was convicted as a conspirator in the assassination of [[List of Chief Ministers of Punjab (India)|12th Chief Minister of Punjab]], [[Beant Singh (chief minister)|Beant Singh]].

Hawara was declared as the [[Jathedar of the Akal Takht]] by a [[Sarbat Khalsa#Sarbat Khalsa 2015|Sarbat Khalsa]] organised at village of Chabba on the outskirts of [[Amritsar]], however this declaration is disputed and unrecognised by the [[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee]] (SGPC).

==Early life==
Jagtar Singh Hawara was born in Hawara, a small village in [[Fatehgarh Sahib]], [[Punjab (region)|Punjab]]. His mother's name is Narinder Kaur.{{cn|date=August 2024}} He is believed to have become an active militant sometime during 1990-1991 and operated primarily in the [[Rupnagar district|Ropar]] area.{{cn|date=August 2024}}

==Criminal record==
===Murder accusations===
In 1988 Hawara was accused murdering the [[granthi]] of a [[Gurdwara]] in [[Chamkaur|Chamkaur Sahib]]. He would be acquitted on the charge.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-04-18 |title=Jagtar Hawara acquitted in 1991 attempt-to-murder case |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/babbar-khalsa-militant-jagtar-hawara-acquitted-in-1991-attempt-to-murder-case/story-GuHkaBlCRaABTMaw76pfPK.html |access-date=2023-06-04 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

He also was accused of killing special police officer Sunil Kumar at [[Shaheedi Jor Mela]] at [[Chamkaur Sahib]] on 21 December 1992. However he was acquitted of the charge in February 2017.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/hawara-acquitted-in-1992-murder-case/articleshow/57154720.cms|title=Jagtar Singh Hawara acquitted in 1992 murder case|newspaper=Times of India|date=15 February 2017 |accessdate=6 March 2017}}</ref><ref>[http://www.punjabnewsline.com/content/view/5104/38/ Punjab News Line] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070807163523/http://www.punjabnewsline.com/content/view/5104/38/ |date=7 August 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sepiamutiny.com/sepia/archives/001893.html|title=Babbar Khalsa International "Roundup"|date=26 July 2005 |publisher=|accessdate=1 April 2015}}</ref>

===Assassination of 12th Chief Minister of Punjab===
Hawara was charged in the assassination of [[List of Chief Ministers of Punjab (India)|12th Chief Minister of Punjab]], [[Beant Singh (chief minister)|Beant Singh]].<ref name=ti>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040123/main2.htm|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Main News|publisher=|accessdate=1 April 2015}}</ref> On 31 August 1995, [[Dilawar Singh Babbar]], a human bomb assassinated [[Beant Singh (chief minister)|Beant Singh]] by blowing up his bullet-proof car at the Punjab and Haryana Civil Secretariat, Chandigarh.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/punjab/terrorist_outfits/BKI.htm|title=Babbar Khalsa International|publisher=|accessdate=1 April 2015}}</ref> Seventeen people were killed and fifteen others injured.<ref name="Ropar court" />

In 2007, he was convicted was given death penalty after a trial in Chandigarh court.<ref name="Hindustan 2019">{{cite news |title=Hawara acquitted in 95' RDX recovery case |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/hawara-acquitted-in-95-rdx-recovery-case/story-btoxhTjaqpn0w4ceTYYPLL.html |accessdate=2 May 2020 |work=Hindustan Times |date=23 November 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Hawara appealed to the Punjab and Haryana High Court, which in October 2010 converted his death penalty to life imprisonment. Hawara further appealed the case in the Supreme Court of India, where it is currently pending.<ref name="The Week">{{cite news |title=How Beant Singh's assassin got 'life' on Guru Nanak's birth anniversary |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2019/11/12/how-beant-singhs-assassin-got-life-on-guru-nanaks-birth-anniversary.html |accessdate=2 May 2020 |work=The Week |date=12 November 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

===2004 Burail jailbreak===
In 2004, Hawara came back into the limelight when he escaped from maximum security jail at Burail, along with two other Sikh prisoners by digging a 90 feet tunnel with his bare hands.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.punjabnewsline.com/content/view/5102/38/ |title=Jagtar Singh Hawara masterminded Beant Singh's killing |website=www.punjabnewsline.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513071931/http://www.punjabnewsline.com/content/view/5102/38/ |archive-date=13 May 2008}}</ref><ref name=ti2004>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040222/cth1.htm|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Chandigarh Stories|publisher=|accessdate=1 April 2015}}</ref> He was recaptured in 2005 from Delhi.<ref name="Ropar court">{{cite news |title=Babbar Khalsa militant Jagtar Singh Hawara produced in Ropar court |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/babbar-khalsa-militant-jagtar-singh-hawara-produced-in-ropar-court/articleshow/48332985.cms |accessdate=2 May 2020 |work=The Economic Times |date=3 August 2015}}</ref> He is imprisoned at [[Tihar Jail]], [[New Delhi]].<ref name="Hindustan 2019" />

==Declared Jathedar by 2015 Sarbat Khalsa==
On 10 November 2015, Jagtar Singh Hawara was declared to be replacing [[Giani Gurbachan Singh|Gurbachan Singh]] as the interim [[Jathedar of Akal Takht]] by a [[Sarbat Khalsa#Sarbat Khalsa 2015|Sarbat Khalsa]] organised at Chabba village on the outskirts of [[Amritsar]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] by Sikh organisations.<ref name="hindustantimes.com">{{cite news|title=Sarbat Khalsa appoints Jagtar Singh Hawara as Akal Takht jathedar|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/sarbat-khalsa-bhog-ceremony-of-akhand-path-performed-people-start-reaching-the-venue/story-4a7kGuwRRCaP8pPa6zugSL.html|accessdate=10 November 2015|agency=Hindustan Times|issue=10 November 2015|quote="A congregation organised by Sikh organisations at Amritsar on Tuesday ‘removed’ five Sikh head priests and appointed Jagtar Singh Hawara, a convict in the Beant Singh assassination case, as jathedar"}}</ref> It also declared Dhian Singh Mand as an interim Jathedar of Akal Takht. It demanded all the current Jathedars including Gurbachan Singh be removed.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/tension-at-golden-temple-jathedar-shown-black-flags/story-a54lfTJCX3iiEZSnZjZjAO.html|title=Interim Akal Takht Jathedar Giani Dhian Singh Mand detained|newspaper=Hindustan Times|author1=Harkirat Singh|author2= Aseem Bassi|date=12 November 2015|accessdate=6 March 2017}}</ref> The [[SGPC]] president at that time, Avtar Singh Makkar, however condemned the convening as against the principles of Sikhism and its decisions were null and void. He added that the removal of Jathedar came under [[Sikh Gurdwaras Act, 1925]] and no one could challenge the SGPC's authority.<ref name="tribuneindia">{{Cite web |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/community/at-sarbat-khalsa-hardliners-appoint-hawara-akal-takht-jathedar/156857.html |title=At Sarbat Khalsa, hardliners appoint Hawara Akal Takht Jathedar |access-date=7 August 2018 |archive-date=7 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807095825/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/community/at-sarbat-khalsa-hardliners-appoint-hawara-akal-takht-jathedar/156857.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Personal life==
In 2005, Hawara married Balwinder Kaur, daughter of Dara Singh at a Gurdwara in village Dohla. On 3 March 2006, Balwinder Kaur's petition for annulment of marriage was an adjourned. Kaur claimed to had stayed with Sahib Singh (alias of Hawara) for just 11 days, after which she was dropped off at her parents’ house where Hawara stayed for a day.<ref name="SCAMJSH">{{cite web|title=Sangrur court annuls marriage Jagtar Singh Hawara|url=http://zeenews.india.com/home/sangrur-court-annuls-marriage-jagtar-singh-hawara_281200.html|website=Zee News|date=11 March 2006 |accessdate=22 October 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hawara, Jagtar Singh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Khalistan movement people]]
[[Category:People acquitted of murder]]
[[Category:Escapees from Indian detention]]
[[Category:People from Fatehgarh Sahib]]
[[Category:Indian escapees]]
[[Category:Jathedars of Akal Takht]]
[[Category:Inmates of Tihar Jail]]