Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

G. Balamurugan

2026-05-06T19:09:25Z

BrigitteHosking:

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1982)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = G. Balamurugan
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 7 May 2026
| term_end =
| party = [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[C. Joseph Vijay]]
| constituency = [[Ambattur Assembly constituency|Ambattur]]
| predecessor = [[Joseph Samuel (politician)|Joseph Samuel]]
| father = Ganesan
| education = Velammal Matriculation Higher Secondary School, Mogappair
| spouse =
}}

'''G. Balamurugan''' (born 1982) is an Indian politician from [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Balamurugan.G, AMBATTUR constituency, TVK, Tamilnadu Assembly Election 2026: Profile & Affidavit |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/candidates/Tamilnadu2026/balamurugan-g-253/ |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] from [[Ambattur Assembly constituency]] in [[Chennai district]], representing [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-05-04 |title=Tamil Nadu election results 2026: Full list of winners |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/tamil-nadu-assembly/tamil-nadu-assembly-election-2026-results-full-list-of-winners/article70908112.ece |access-date=2026-05-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Balamurugan is from Chennai, Tamil Nadu. He is the son of Ganesan. He studied at Velammal Matriculation Higher Secondary School, Mogappair, and passed Class 10 in 1998. Later, he did a course in computer education in 2001.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Balamurugan.G(Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam):Constituency- AMBATTUR(THIRUVALLUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/TamilNadu2026/candidate.php?candidate_id=253 |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Balamurugan became an MLA for the first time winning the [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Ambattur Assembly constituency]] representing Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam. He polled 1,33,339 votes and defeated his nearest opponent, A. P. Poornima of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]], by a margin of 58,781 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2026 |title=Ambattur election result LIVE: Balamurugan G of TVK wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/ambattur-tamil-nadu-assembly-2026-winner-live-updates-highlights-exaxt-en-liveblog-10072026.html |access-date=6 May 2026 |website=News18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-04 |title=Ambattur Election Result 2026 Highlights: TVK's Balamurugan G. wins Ambattur with 133339 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/ambattur-assembly-election-results-2026-live-updates-tamil-nadu-vote-counting-seat-constituency-candidates-leading-trailing-tnaelb-2905717-2026-05-04 |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-05-04 |title=Ambattur election results 2026: TVK’s Balamurugan wins by 58,781 votes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/news/ambattur-election-results-2026/articleshow/130576628.cms |access-date=2026-05-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== Electoral performance ===
{{transcluded section|source=Ambattur Assembly constituency}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Ambattur Assembly constituency|2026}}}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Balamurugan, G.}}
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:People from Chennai district]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2026–2031]]

Timeline of Kerala

2026-05-03T12:41:55Z

BrigitteHosking: Made Info - done

{{Short description|Major historical events in Kerala, India}}
This is a timeline of [[History of Kerala|Kerala History]] comprising important events which took place in the geographical area that falls within present day [[Kerala]]. It overlaps with the history of [[Indian subcontinent]]. To read background of these events, read [[History of Kerala]].

Also see [[List of years in Kerala]], [[List of governors of Kerala]] and [[List of chief ministers of Kerala]].

== Ancient and prehistoric times ==

=== Before Common Era ===

* [[File:Kudakkallu Parambu DSC 0638.JPG|thumb|Kudakallu near Thrissur]]2000 BC – [[Megalith]] Burial sites such as [[Kudakkallu Parambu]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-11 |title=Kerala's megalithic past demands awareness at local level |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/features/specials/kerala-s-megalithic-past-experts-call-for-ways-to-save-historic-monuments-16bdcab9 |access-date=2026-01-21 |website=@mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>
* 1500 BC – 500 BC – [[Dolmen|Dolmen (Muniyara)]] burial sites at [[Marayur]] and Dolmenoid cist in places like [[Palakkad]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-06-07 |title=Megalithic burial chambers found in village near Palakkad |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Megalithic-burial-chambers-found-in-village-near-Palakkad/article16242013.ece |access-date=2026-01-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* 100 BC – 300 AD – Peak phase of [[Pattanam]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=P |first=P. J. Cherian & Deepak |date=2023-04-01 |title=No idols, no arms: the Pattanam mystery |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/at-the-heart-of-pattanams-excavations-lies-a-secular-plural-life/article66688099.ece |access-date=2026-01-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Common Era (CE or AD) ===

* 52 – [[Thomas the Apostle]] reaches [[Kerala]] to spread Christianity.
* 1st century (50–70 AD) – [[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]] mentions about [[Chera dynasty|Cheras]] and ports of that time like [[Nelcynda]], [[Limyrike]], [[Muziris]] etc.
* 77 – [[Pliny the Elder]] mentions maritime trade with Kerala in his work.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poduval |first=Jayaram |date=2021-07-27 |title=A country of many Gods: Visitor's book |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/opinion/columns/2021/Jul/27/a-country-of-many-gods-visitors-book-2335792.html |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Perur |first=Srinath |date=2016-08-10 |title=Lost cities #3 – Muziris: did black pepper cause the demise of India's ancient port? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/aug/10/lost-cities-3-muziris-india-kerala-ancient-port-black-pepper |access-date=2026-01-22 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
* 190 - [[Confederacy]] of 11 rulers including [[Chera dynasty]] lost [[Battle of Venni]].
* [[3rd century]] – [[Keralaputra]] finds mention in [[Ashoka inscriptions]].
* 624 – [[Cheraman Juma Mosque]], the first Mosque in India established.

== Medieval times ==

=== 8th century ===

* Birth and life time of [[Adi Shankara]]
* 748 – [[Malik Dinar]] passes away at [[Thalangara]].

=== 9th century ===

* 825 – [[Malayalam calendar]] started following establishment of [[Venadu kingdom]] by [[Chera dynasty|Cheras]] after defeating [[Pandya dynasty|Pandyas]].
* 832 - [[Vazhappally copper plate]]
* 849-50 – [[Quilon Syrian copper plates|Tarisappalli Shasanam]]
* 869 - Huzur Plates of Kollam mentions about [[Ay dynasty]] and [[Parthasarathy temple, Parthivapuram]].
* 871 - [[Kurumathur inscription]]
* 898 – [[Sri Mulavasam|Sri Mulavasam chepped/Paliyam copper plates]]

=== 10th century ===

* 903 - [[Pandalam dynasty]] established at [[Konni, Kerala|Konni]].
* 923 – Chokur inscriptions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=M |first=Manasi |date=2025-04-30 |title=Multiculturalism and Religious Syncretism in Kerala through Trade : A Historical Analysis |url=https://journal.jnids.com/index.php/home/article/view/22 |journal=Journal of Native India & Diversity Studies |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=90–98 |issn=3048-8710}}</ref>
* 929 - [[Ramanthali inscriptions]]
* 974 - [[Mampalli copper plate]]
* 988 - [[Battle of Kandalur Salai]] between [[Chera dynasty]] and [[Rajaraja I]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=The war in which Cholas ravaged a Chera town in Kanniyakumari|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/the-war-in-which-cholas-ravaged-a-chera-town-in-kanniyakumari/article67257391.ece|work=The Hindu|date=2023-08-31|access-date=2026-01-30|issn=0971-751X|language=en-IN|first=B.|last=Kolappan}}</ref>
* [[Thiruvalla copper plates]]
* [[Moozhikulam Kacham]] the first unified devaswom regulation comes into effect.
* [[Aditya I]] improves [[Rajakesari Peruvazhi]] through [[Palakkad Gap]] connecting [[Chera Empire]] with [[Tamilakam]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Hindu : Tamil Nadu / Coimbatore News : Tale of an ancient road |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/06/30/stories/2007063054660500.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110161009/http://www.hindu.com/2007/06/30/stories/2007063054660500.htm |archive-date=2012-11-10 |access-date=2026-03-31 |website=www.hindu.com}}</ref>

=== 11th century ===

* 1000 - [[Jewish copper plates of Cochin]]
* 1020 -
** [[Eramam|Eramam – Chalappuram]] inscriptions mentioning [[Mushika dynasty]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Current Issue |url=https://www.heritageuniversityofkerala.com/CurrentIssue.aspx?VID=9 |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=www.heritageuniversityofkerala.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ |title=Perumāḷs of Kerala: Brahmin Oligarchy and Ritual Monarchy : Political and Social Conditions of Kerala Under the Cēra Perumāḷs of Makōtai (c. AD 800-AD 1124) |date=2013 |publisher=CosmoBooks |isbn=978-81-88765-07-2 |language=en}}</ref>
** [[Pullur Kodavalam inscription]]
*1028 - [[Thirumittacode inscription]]
*[[Trichambaram inscription]]
*1083 - [[Kinalur inscription]]

=== 12th century ===

* Fragmentation of [[Chera dynasty]] and rise of regional powers such as [[Kolathunadu]], [[Nediyiruppu Swaroopam]], [[Venadu kingdom]] etc. as regional powers.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kozhikode: A city that 'lost' its history |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/kozhikode-a-city-that-lost-its-history/article29267307.ece |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20221005201018/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/kozhikode-a-city-that-lost-its-history/article29267307.ece |archive-date=2022-10-05 |access-date=2026-02-25 |language=en}}</ref>
* 1145 – ''Perinchellur Chepped (Copper Inscriptions of Perinchellur)'' that mentions [[Kolathunadu]] king Karumpattu Iraman Iravi Varman transacting with [[Brahmin]] settlements independently without tutelage of [[Chera dynasty|Cheras]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2013-11-11 |title=Kerala's missing copper plate found in British Library in London |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2013/Nov/11/keralas-missing-copper-plate-found-in-british-library-in-london-536243.html |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

=== 13th century ===

* 1225 – [[Viraraghava copper plate]]
* 1292 – 94 – [[Marco Polo]] visits Kerala.

=== 14th century ===

* [[1341 Kerala floods|1341 – Kerala floods]]
* 1343 – 46 – [[Ibn Battuta]] visits [[Malabar Coast]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=S |first=Priyadershini |date=2018-02-24 |title=Ibn Battuta's tryst with Malabar |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/ibn-battutas-tryst-with-malabar/article22843255.ece |access-date=2026-01-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== 15th century ===

* 1498 May 20 - [[Vasco da Gama]] and crew from [[Portugal]] reaches [[Calicut]].

=== 16th century ===

* 1500 September 13 - [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] arrives at [[Calicut]] - [[2nd Portuguese India Armada (Cabral, 1500)]]
* 1500 – [[Treaty of Cochin]]
* 1501 December 31 – The to day long [[First Battle of Cannanore]].
* 1502 October 30 – [[Vasco da Gama]] reaches [[Calicut]] as part of [[4th Portuguese India Armada (Gama, 1502)]]
* 1504 March – July – [[Battle of Cochin]]
* 1505 October 23 – [[Francisco de Almeida]] gets permission from [[Kolathiri]] to construct [[St. Angelo Fort]]
* 1506 March – [[Battle of Cannanore (1506)]]
* 1507 April 27 – August 27 – [[Siege of Cannanore (1507)]]
* 1513 December 24 – The thirteen year long [[First Luso-Malabarese War]] ([[Calicut–Portuguese conflicts]]) comes to an end as a result of treaty between [[Zamorin]] and [[Afonso de Albuquerque]] of [[Portuguese India]] following assassination of former Zamorin.
* 1599 June 20–26 – [[Synod of Diamper]]

=== 17th century ===

* 1653 January 3 – [[Coonan Cross Oath]]
* 1653 May 22 - [[Thoma I]] elected as [[Bishop]] by native priests at [[Alangad]].
* 1661 December – [[Dutch conquest of Malabar|Dutch]] captures [[St Thomas Fort]] [[Quilon]] from [[Portuguese India|Portuguese]].
* 1663 January 7 – [[Dutch conquest of Malabar]] comes to an end with capture of Cochin from [[Portuguese India]] as a result of [[Dutch–Portuguese War]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dutchinkerala.com/1663.php|title=1663|website=dutchinkerala.com|access-date=2026-01-31}}</ref>
* 1665 - [[Gregorios Abdal Jaleel]] recognized and validated the consecration of [[Thoma I]].
* [[File:Hortus Malabaricus Volume 5.pdf|thumb|216x216px|Hortus Malabaricus]]1678 – 1693 – [[Hendrik van Rheede]] compiles [[Itty Achudan]]'s work on [[Botany]] as [[Hortus Malabaricus]] from [[Amsterdam]].

=== 18th century ===

* 1708 – British traders established [[Tellicherry Fort]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kannur Tourism – Places – Thalassery Fort|url=https://www.kannurtourism.com/thalassery_fort.html|website=kannurtourism.com|access-date=2026-01-31}}</ref>
* 1721 April – October – [[Attingal Outbreak|Anjengo Revolt]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-11 |title=Anchuthengu Fort from history's past |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2022/Jun/11/anchuthengu-fort-from-historys-past-2464138.html |access-date=2026-01-21 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* 1724 – [[French Indies Company]] under [[Bertrand-François Mahé de La Bourdonnais|La Bourdonnais]] capture [[Mahé, India|Mayyazhi]] and established a fort.
* 1729 – [[Anchal Post]] established in [[Travancore]].
* 1741 August 10 – [[Battle of Colachel]]
* 1744 July 5 – [[Marthanda Varma]] conducts first ''Murajapam'' took place at [[Padmanabhaswamy Temple]] in [[Travancore]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-11-20 |title=Ananthapuri all set to host Murajapam rituals |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/ananthapuri-all-set-to-host-murajapam-rituals/articleshow/72133184.cms |access-date=2026-01-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* 1746 - [[Battle of Purakkad]]
* 1749 September - [[Battle of Changanassery]] and defeat of [[Thekkumkur]].
* 1750 January 3 - [[Marthanda Varma]] submits the kingdom before [[Padmanabhaswamy Temple|Padmanabhaswamy]] through ''Thrippadi Danam.''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-03-07 |title='Thrippadi danam' popular at the book fest |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/thrippadi-danam-popular-at-the-book-fest/articleshow/12169515.cms |access-date=2026-01-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* 1750 - The first ''Lakshadeepam'' at [[Padmanabhaswamy Temple]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-20 |title=Murajapam ritual begins at Sree Padmanabhaswamy temple |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/murajapam-ritual-begins-at-sree-padmanabhaswamy-temple/article70304687.ece |access-date=2026-01-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-11-20 |title=Ananthapuri all set to host Murajapam rituals |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/ananthapuri-all-set-to-host-murajapam-rituals/articleshow/72133184.cms |access-date=2026-01-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* 1755 - The last [[Mamankam]] at [[Tirunavaya]].
* 1756 - 57 - [[Mysore invasion of Calicut]]
* 1761 - [[Cochin–Travancore Alliance (1761)]] followed by Suchindram Pact next year to combat [[Mysorean invasion of Malabar]].
* 1762 - [[Raja Kesavadas]] develops port and canals of [[Alappuzha]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Alappuzha Heritage Project in limbo|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/alappuzha-heritage-project-in-limbo/article65635597.ece|work=The Hindu|date=2022-07-14|access-date=2026-01-30|issn=0971-751X|language=en-IN|first=Sam Paul|last=A}}</ref>
* 1763 February - [[East India Company]] restores [[Mahé, India|Mahé]] to France following [[Treaty of Paris (1763)]].
* 1766 - [[Ali Raja]] of [[Arakkal kingdom]] develops two and half-mile long Sultan Canal between [[Kuppam River]] and [[Perumba River]] in [[Madayi]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Prevailing currents take a canal to disuse|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/prevailing-currents-take-a-canal-to-disuse/article2574035.ece|work=The Hindu|date=2011-10-27|access-date=2026-01-31|issn=0971-751X|language=en-IN}}</ref>
* 1766 - 1792 - [[Mysorean invasion of Malabar]]
* 1767 - Murdoch Brown of [[East India Company]] established 300 acre Browns Cinnamon Estate at [[Anjarakkandy]].<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Making of a New Form of Slavery: The Case of the Anjarakandy Plantation|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44156271|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|date=2012|issn=2249-1937|pages=756–763|volume=73|first=C H|last=Jayasree |jstor=44156271 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Anjarakandy Integrated Campus|url=https://anjarakandy.in/cinnamon.php#:~:text=Anjarakandy%20Cinnamon%20Estate%20is%20one,the%20oil%20that%20is%20extracted.|website=anjarakandy.in|access-date=2026-01-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=QVR: Anjarakandy estate transactions fraudulent|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/qvr-anjarakandy-estate-transactions-fraudulent/articleshow/52775477.cms|work=The Times of India|date=2016-06-16|access-date=2026-01-31|issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* 1772 -
** [[Samkshepa Vedartham]] printed from [[Rome]] becomes the first book printed in [[Malayalam]].
** [[Abraham Koorilos I]] establishes [[Malabar Independent Syrian Church]] at [[Thozhiyoor]]. It became the first of several groups that split from [[Malankara Church]].
* 1779 December - 1782 January - [[Siege of Tellicherry]].
* 1780 - 90 - [[Thamarassery Churam]] route developed by [[British Raj|British]] with help of [[Karinthandan]] forming an alternative for lengthy Kuttiyadi route.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-07-25 |title=Tribal hero of Thamarassery Ghat road gets a face |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/Tribal-hero-of-Thamarassery-Ghat-road-gets-a-face/articleshow/38987798.cms |access-date=2026-01-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* 1789 - 90 - [[Battle of Nedumkotta]]
* 1790 - [[Varthamanappusthakam]], the firstever [[Travelog]] in an Indian language written by [[Paremmakkal Thoma]].
* 1795 - [[Dutch Malabar]] taken over by [[East India Company]] following [[Napoleon]]'s war on [[Dutch Republic]] and [[Kew Letters]].
* 1797 – Ambush at Manandery
* 1798 – [[Sakthan Thampuran]] started [[Thrissur Pooram]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Find cultural heritage at every turn in Thrissur|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/kerala/2018/10/03/find-cultural-heritage-at-every-turn-in-thrissur.html|website=onmanorama.com|access-date=2026-01-23|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Who was Sakthan Thampuran, whose fallen statue in Thrissur Suresh Gopi wants to reconstruct|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-culture/who-was-sakthan-thampuran-whose-fallen-statue-in-thrissur-suresh-gopi-wants-to-reconstruct-9559218/|website=The Indian Express|date=2024-09-10|access-date=2026-01-23|language=en}}</ref>
* Commencement of [[Pulavanibham]] in [[Kingdom of Cochin]] following a [[Smallpox]] outbreak.<ref>{{Cite news |last=S |first=Priyadershini |date=2020-03-26 |title=How a small pox epidemic launched Kochi's Pulavanibham market |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/centuries-old-pulavanibham-in-kochi-began-because-of-a-small-pox-epidemic/article31170552.ece |access-date=2026-05-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Modern times ==

=== 19th century ===

==== 1800 – 1850 ====
* 1800 July 1 – [[Malabar District|Malabar]] becomes a part of [[Madras Presidency]].
* 1805 November 30 – [[Pazhassi Raja]] killed in battle with [[British Raj|British]].
* 1809 January 11 – [[Velu Thampi Dalawa]] did historic proclamation at [[Kundara]] against [[British Raj]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=archive |first=From our online |date=2012-05-16 |title=Anniversary of Kundara Proclamation |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2010/Jan/11/anniversary-of-kundara-proclamation-159789.html |access-date=2026-01-21 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* 1809 January 15 – [[Battle of Quilon]]
* 1812 March – May – [[Kurichiya]] tribe revolt against [[British Raj]].
* 1812 December 5 – [[Gowri Lakshmi Bayi]] prohibits sale of slaves through proclamation in Travancore.
* 1813 – beginning of [[Channar revolt]] protests by lower castes to gain rights to cover [[breast]]s following [[John Munro, 9th of Teaninich|John Munro]] granting upper cloth rights to women who converted to Christianity.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=N. Vinoth |date=2023-03-04 |title=200 years of Channar Revolt: How Dalit women struggled for right to cover upper body |url=https://thefederal.com/womens-march/200-years-of-channar-revolt-how-dalit-women-struggled-for-right-to-cover-upper-body |access-date=2026-03-10 |website=thefederal.com |language=en}}</ref>
* 1814 August – [[Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814]] brings [[Dutch Malabar]] permanently under [[British Empire|British]].
* 1816 November 15 – [[Zamorin]] formally loses all political powers following treaty with [[East India Company]].<ref>{{Cite journal|title=King court and culture in medieval Kerala – The Zamorins of Calicut A AD 1200 to AD 1767|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/131929|date=2003-03-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913065714/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/131929|archive-date=2021-09-13|language=English|last=V V|first=Haridas |journal=University |hdl=10603/131929 }}</ref>
* 1817 – [[CMS College Kottayam]] established as first western education college in Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Introducing CMS College|url=https://cmscollege.ac.in/introducing-cms-college/|website=CMS College Kottayam|access-date=2026-02-01|language=en-US|last=Softloom}}</ref>
* 1821 – [[Benjamin Bailey (missionary)|Benjamin Bailey]] establishes [[C.M.S. Press]] the first printing press in Kerala.
* 1829 February 3 – [[Gowri Parvati Bayi]] issues a royal proclamation that prohibits [[Nadar (caste)|Nadar]] women converted to Christianity from covering their breast. Some historians argue that this proclamation led to infamous [[Breast tax]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ameerudheen |first=T. A. |date=2019-03-22 |title=NCERT decision to remove chapter on caste struggle in Kerala from history textbook draws criticism |url=https://scroll.in/article/917353/ncert-decision-to-remove-chapter-on-caste-struggle-in-kerala-from-history-textbook-draws-criticism |access-date=2026-03-10 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref>
* 1830 – [[Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma]] permanently shifts Hajoor Kacheri from [[Kollam]] to [[Thiruvananthapuram]]. Prior to this Hajoor kacheri existed at seat of Diwans which were [[Mavelikkara]] and [[Alappuzha]] prior to Kollam.
* 1843 April 7 – Slavery abolished in [[Malabar District]] through [[Indian Slavery Act, 1843]].
* 1846 – Forest Conservator Chathu Menon established Connolly Plot [[Nilambur]] as world's first teak plantation.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Conolly's Plot: India's Oldest Teak Plantation in Nilambur, Kerala|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/kerala-article/2024/conollys-plot-nilambur-oldest-teak-plantation-2024/1445|website=Kerala Tourism|access-date=2026-02-01|language=en}}</ref>
* 1847 March 19 – [[London Missionary Society]] and [[Church Mission Society]] places representation before [[Marthanda Varma II]] to abolish slavery and the same was rejected king.
* 1847 June – [[Hermann Gundert]] published first Malayalam journal [[Rajyasamacharam]] from [[Tellicherri]].

==== 1851 – 1899 ====
* 1855 April – [[Kingdom of Cochin]] abolished slavery.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-08-25 |title=Slave trade |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/letters/slave-trade/article5058904.ece |access-date=2026-01-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* 1855 June 24 - [[Travancore]] abolished slavery.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prashant |first=M. P. |date=2024-10-14 |title=Slavery in Kerala, a bitter truth knowingly forgotten |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2024/Oct/14/slavery-in-kerala-a-bitter-truth-knowingly-forgotten |access-date=2026-01-23 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* 1855 September 11 – [[District magistrate|District Collector]] of [[Malabar District]] [[Henry Valentine Conolly]] assassinated in his official premises in [[Calicut]] by [[Mappila Muslims|Mappilas]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Benign faces of the Raj — the Malabar experience |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-editorialfeatures/Benign-faces-of-the-Raj-%E2%80%94-the-Malabar-experience/article13386509.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120204049/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-editorialfeatures/Benign-faces-of-the-Raj-%E2%80%94-the-Malabar-experience/article13386509.ece |archive-date=2023-11-20 |access-date=2026-02-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref>
* 1859 July 26 – [[Channar revolt]] result in royal decree in [[Travancore]] that gives [[Nadar (caste)]] women the right to wear upper clothes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=archive |first=From our online |date=2012-05-15 |title=All for a decent dress |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2009/Jul/27/all-for-a-decent-dress-71397.html |access-date=2026-03-10 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=1859 Declaration |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/679/14/14_chapter7.pdf}}</ref>
* 1861 March 12 – First railway line in state opened between [[Beypore]] and [[Tirur]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Govind |first=Biju |date=2019-11-24 |title=It's a long way to world-class station |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/its-a-long-way-to-world-class-station/article30071292.ece |access-date=2026-01-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* 1865 - Pandara Patta Vaka Proclamation in [[Travancore]]. It became a significant event that changed land rights in the princely state.
* 1869 July - August - The new [[Kerala Government Secretariat|Hajur Kacheri]] in [[Trivandrum]] completed and offices started functioning.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cris |date=2019-11-05 |title=A short history of the Kerala Secretariat as building celebrates 150 years |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/short-history-kerala-secretariat-building-celebrates-150-years-111767 |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>
* 1877 – [[Punalur Suspension Bridge]] completed.
* 1880 – [[Varkala Tunnel|Varkala twin Tunnel]] in [[TS Canal]] completed facilitating inland navigation between [[Thiruvananthapuram]] Vallakadavu and [[Quilon]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=200-year-old Vallakadavu boat jetty now harbours Kerala's rich biodiversity |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/travel-news/2019/03/16/vallakadavu-boat-jetty-kerala-rich-biodiversity.html |access-date=2026-01-23 |website=200-year-old Vallakadavu boat jetty now harbours Kerala's rich biodiversity |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Efforts to revive grand-old tunnel in Varkala |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/travel-news/2020/02/08/efforts-revive-grand-old-tunnel-varkala.html |access-date=2026-01-23 |website=Efforts to revive grand-old tunnel in Varkala |language=en}}</ref>
* 1880 – 1903 – The first phase of [[Kuttanad]] [[Polder|kayal reclamation]] an area of roughly 1764 hectares reclaimed from [[Vembanad]] for [[Paddy cultivation]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=HISTORY OF RECLAIMED KAYALS IN KUTTANAD WETLAND AND ASSOCIATED SOCIAL DIVIDE IN ALAPPUZHA DISTRICT, KERALA |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326682004 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20220921215745/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326682004_HISTORY_OF_RECLAIMED_KAYALS_IN_KUTTANAD_WETLAND_AND_ASSOCIATED_SOCIAL_DIVIDE_IN_ALAPPUZHA_DISTRICT_KERALA |archive-date=2022-09-21 |access-date=2026-01-23 |website=ResearchGate |language=en}}</ref>
* 1883 – Mambally Bapu bakes the first [[Christmas cake]] in state at [[Tellicherri]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kerala: The sweet story of India's 'first' Christmas cake|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-64062202|date=2022-12-24|access-date=2026-01-31|language=en-GB}}</ref>
* 1886 October 29 – 999-year lease indenture entered over [[Mullaperiyar Dam]] water between [[Moolam Thirunal]] and British Secretary of State for Periyar irrigation Works.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Mullaperiyar dam case: demarcate land covered by 1886 lease, check if mega car parking is in the lease area, says Supreme Court|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/mullaperiyar-dam-case-demarcate-land-covered-by-1886-lease-check-if-mega-car-parking-is-in-the-lease-area-says-sc/article67582317.ece|work=The Hindu|date=2023-11-28|access-date=2026-02-01|issn=0971-751X|language=en-IN}}</ref>
* 1887 - The High Court of Travancore established at Thiruvananthapuram.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pratap |first=Giti |date=2023-03-10 |title=The shifting legacy of the Kerala High Court - Part I |url=https://www.barandbench.com/columns/the-shifting-legacy-of-kerala-high-court-part-i |access-date=2026-02-13 |website=Bar and Bench – Indian Legal news |language=en}}</ref>
* [[File:Aruvipuram temple (70230).jpg|thumb|Aruvipuram Temple]]1888 February – [[Narayana Guru]] establishes temple at [[Aruvippuram]] against caste system.
* 1888 March 30 – An eight member legislative council established in [[Travancore]].
* 1889 January 4 – [[Great fire of Cochin]]
* 1889 December – [[Indulekha (novel)|Indulekha]] by [[Oyyarathu Chandu Menon]] gets published as first novel in Malayalam.
* 1891 January 1 – [[Malayali Memorial]]
* 1893 – Villuvandi (Bullock Cart) Samaram by [[Ayyankali]].
* 1895 March 8 – 17 – The first [[Maramon Convention]] held.
* 1895 October 10 – [[Mullaperiyar Dam]] completes construction and opened.
* 1896 September – [[Ezhava Memorial Petition]]

=== 20th century ===

==== Pre – Independence (1900–1923) ====

* 1900 – Raja's Court of Appeal established as Chief Court of Appeal in [[Kingdom of Cochin]].
* 1900 November 18 – 25 – [[Lord Curzon]] visits [[Kingdom of Cochin]] and [[Travancore]] and he is the first [[Governor-General of India]] to visit these states.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Speeches of Lord Curzon |url=https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/gdc/gdclccn/53/04/92/70/v2/53049270v2/53049270v2.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-01-04 |title=Curzon 'apologised to Maharaja' for irreverent comment |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/Curzon-apologised-to-Maharaja-for-irreverent-comment/article13738357.ece |access-date=2026-03-10 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* 1902 March 27 - [[Mannanar dynasty]] comes to an end following murder of Muthetattarmanakal Kunhikelapan Mannanar.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Neglected and forgotten: Remains of Mannanar dynasty crumbling|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2022/Apr/06/neglected-and-forgotten-remains-of-mannanar-dynasty-crumbling-2438459.html|website=The New Indian Express|date=2022-04-06|access-date=2026-02-02|language=en|first=MA Rajeev|last=Kumar}}</ref>
* 1902 July 16 – The first passenger train service in [[Kingdom of Cochin]] in [[Shoranur–Cochin Harbour section|Shoranur–Cochin]] route.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kuruvilla |first=Anu C. |date=2023-10-11 |title=Honour on track for a forgotten maharaja |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2023/Oct/11/honour-on-track-for-a-forgotten-maharaja-2622679.html |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* 1902 – The first viable commercial rubber plantation in Kerala established near [[Thattekad Bird Sanctuary|Thattekad]] by [[John Joseph Murphy (rubber planter)|John Joseph Murphy]] and Periyar Syndicate.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shah |first=Aditi |date=2020-06-04 |title=J J Murphy: Kerala's Rubber Man |url=https://www.peepultree.world/livehistoryindia/story/people/murphy-rubber |access-date=2026-01-23 |website=PeepulTree |language=en}}</ref>
* 1903 May 15 – [[Padmanabhan Palpu]] formed [[Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam]].
* 1904 July 1 – The first train service in [[Travancore]] between [[Kollam–Sengottai Chord Line|Kollam–Sengottai]] commenced.
* 1904 October 22 – [[Sree Moolam Popular Assembly|Sree Moolam Praja Sabha]] established with 88 members and first meeting held at [[Mahatma Ayyankali Hall|VJT Hall]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of legislative bodies in Kerala-- Sri Moolam Praja Sabha |url=http://www.keralaassembly.org/history/popular.html |access-date=2026-02-06 |website=www.keralaassembly.org}}</ref>
* 1905 July 13 – The verdict pronounced after [[Smarthavicharam]] of [[Kuriyedathu Thatri]].
* [[File:Cochin State Forest Tramway - The logging locomotive, truck, and caboose (Scientific American, 26 February 1910, p. 184-185).jpg|thumb|Cochin State Forest Tramay]]1905 October 3 – [[Cochin State Forest Tramway]] commenced operation.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nagarajan |first=Saraswathy |date=2021-04-29 |title=Reviving memories of Cochin State Forest Tramway in Parambikulam Tiger Reserve |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/on-the-cochin-state-forest-tramway-in-parambikulam-tiger-reserve-an-engineering-marvel-once-used-to-ferry-lumber/article34441143.ece |access-date=2026-01-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* 1906 - The first indigenous [[Plague (disease)|Plague]] outbreak of [[Malabar District|Malabar]] at [[Calicut]]. Around 1026 killed over next four years.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tiasa Basu |first=Roy |date=2021-07-07 |title=Basel Mission and Leprosy in Kerala during the Colonial Period: A Brief Study |url=https://www.heraldopenaccess.us/openaccess/basel-mission-and-leprosy-in-kerala-during-the-colonial-period-a-brief-study |journal=AIDS Clinical Research and STDs |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=1–5 |doi=10.24966/ACRS-7370/100032 |doi-access=free |issn=2572-7370}}</ref>
* 1910 September 26 - [[Swadeshabhimani Ramakrishna Pillai]] arrested and banished from [[Travancore]].
* 1914 October 31 - [[Mannathu Padmanabha Pillai]] founds [[Nair Service Society|Nair Brithya Jana Sangam]].
* 1914 - ''Kandala Agitation'' by peasants from lower castes under [[Ayyankali]] following denial of education rights to lower castes in [[Travancore]] and incident at [[Ooruttambalam]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dev |first=Gouri S. |date=2022-07-30 |title=Tale of a revolt for education |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2022/Jul/30/tale-of-a-revolt-for-education-2482033.html |access-date=2026-02-06 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tale of two girls: How a Kerala school did penance for a century-old crime |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/lifestyle/news/2017/06/01/kerala-girls-school-opening-thiruvananthapuram.html |access-date=2026-02-06 |website=OnManorama}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2022-12-02 |title=Quality universal education schemes will continue in State: Kerala CM |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/quality-universal-education-schemes-will-continue-in-state-kerala-cm/article66216428.ece |access-date=2026-02-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* 1914 December 7 - [[Rama Varma XV]] of [[Kingdom of Cochin]] abdicated throne.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-06-19 |title=The story of a statue |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the-story-of-a-statue/article7333585.ece |access-date=2026-02-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* 1915 October 24 - [[Kallamaala Samaram]]
* 1917 May 30 - [[Sahodaran Ayyappan]] conducted inter-caste feast (Mishrabhojanam) at [[Cherai]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-09-29 |title=Misrabhojanam centenary fete |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/ |access-date=2026-02-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=T. N. M. |date=2017-05-31 |title=100 years after historic anti-caste Panthibhojanam, Kerala leaders come together to recreate event |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/100-years-after-historic-anti-caste-panthibhojanam-kerala-leaders-come-together-recreate |access-date=2026-02-23 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>
* 1920 August 18 – [[Mahatma Gandhi]] visits [[Kerala]] for the first time. He visits [[Calicut]] as part of [[Khilafat Movement]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The five visits Gandhiji made to Kerala |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/kerala/2018/06/30/the-five-visits-gandhiji-made-to-kerala.html |access-date=2026-01-23 |website=The five visits Gandhiji made to Kerala |language=en}}</ref>
* 1920 October - [[Sree Poornathrayeesa Temple]] gutted in fire.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Reporter |first=Staff |date=2017-10-26 |title=A temple festival in memory of a catastrophe |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/a-temple-festival-in-memory-of-a-catastrophe/article19921061.ece |access-date=2026-05-03 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* 1920 – The Cochin Nair Regulation Act passed which legalised [[Sambandam]] banned [[Polygamy]] and streamlined inheritance.<ref>{{Cite news |last=S |first=Priyadershini |date=2022-05-10 |title=A new book throws fresh light on Parukutty Neithyaramma, the queen consort of Cochin State |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/a-book-on-parukutty-neithyaramma-the-queen-consort-of-cochin-state/article65353500.ece |access-date=2026-03-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* 1921-22 - [[Malabar rebellion|Moplah rebellion]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Balakrishnan |first=Pulapre |date=2021-08-27 |title=Remembering the Moplah Rebellion of 1921 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/they-lived-to-tell-the-tale-revisiting-the-moplah-rebellion-of-1921/article36132249.ece |access-date=2026-01-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* 1921 September 16 - Government order 613 (Communal G.O.) passed by [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]] in [[Madras Presidency]] providing rights for education and jobs to non-[[brahmin]] communities.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kolappan |first=B. |date=2021-09-15 |title=The Communal G.O. {{!}} A government order that heralded the social justice movement 100 years ago |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/a-government-order-that-heralded-the-social-justice-movement-100-years-ago/article36486308.ece |access-date=2026-02-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* [[File:Wagon Tragedy Memorial, Tirur.jpg|thumb|Wagon Tragedy memorial at Tirur]]1921 November 19 - [[Wagon tragedy]]
* 1922 November 15 - Meeting between [[Rabindranath Tagore]] and [[Narayana Guru]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lunatic asylum to God's abode: When Tagore met Narayana Guru in Kerala's Sivagiri 100 years ago|url=https://thesouthfirst.com/kerala/lunatic-asylum-to-gods-abode-when-tagore-met-narayana-guru-in-keralas-sivagiri-100-years-ago/|website=The South First {{!}} News, Politics, Sports, Entertainment & Live Updates|date=2022-11-14|access-date=2026-01-30|language=en-IN|first=K. A.|last=Shaji}}</ref>
* 1922 – Under the leadership of [[K. M. Maulavi]], [[K. M. Seethi Sahib]] and [[E. Moidu Moulavi]], ''Kerala Muslim Aikya Sangam'' formed at [[Kodungallur]] to reform [[Islam in Kerala]] and propagate modern education.<ref>{{Cite web|title=മുസ് ലിം െഎക്യ സംഘം സമുദായത്തിനും സമൂഹത്തിനും നൽകിയതെന്ത് ? -ചരിത്രത്തെ മുൻ നിർത്തി ഒരു വിശകലനം {{!}} muslim Aikya Sangam −100th Centennial {{!}} Madhyamam|url=https://www.madhyamam.com/weekly/culture/muslim-aikya-sangam-100th-centennial-878968|website=www.madhyamam.com|date=2021-11-25|access-date=2026-01-30|language=ml|first=ഡോ ജ മീ ൽ|last=അ ഹ് മ ദ്}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Kerala muslim aikya Sanghom|url=https://www.academia.edu/6684725|first=Shajeer|last=Sharafudeen}}</ref>

==== Pre – Independence (1924–1935) ====
* 1924 January 16 – [[Kumaran Asan]] and 23 others killed in a boat accident in [[Pallana]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Paul |first=Biju E. |date=2023-01-15 |title=Judicial commission that probed boat tragedy of Kerala's Mahakavi Kumaran Asan nears centenary |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2023/Jan/15/judicial-commission-that-probed-boat-tragedy-ofmahakavi-kumaran-asannears-centenary-2538000.html |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* 1924 March – 1925 November – [[Vaikom Satyagraha]]
* 1924 May 19 – [[C. Sankaran Nair]] lost [[O'Dwyer v. Nair Libel Case|defamation case]] case filed by [[Michael O'Dwyer]].
* 1924 July – [[Great flood of 99]]
* 1924 September 25 - [[Madras Presidency]] passes G.O. 2660 which grants rights to depressed class to access to public roads right to travel and access to public wells through out the presidency.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=K |first=Anish K. |date=2022-05-06 |title=Conceptions of Community, Nation and Politics: The Ezhavas of South Malabar, India and their Quest for Equality |url=https://journals.library.brandeis.edu/index.php/caste/article/view/357 |journal=CASTE / A Global Journal on Social Exclusion |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=69–88 |doi=10.26812/caste.v3i1.357 |issn=2639-4928|doi-access=free }}</ref>
* 1924 November 13 - [[Kerala Iyer|Palakkad Iyers]] of [[Kalpathy]] attacked [[Ezhava|Ezhavas]] who attempted to enter the public roads near ''agraharam'' to witness annual car festival.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shaji |first=K. A. |date=2023-11-29 |title=Why the century-old Ezhava rebellion in Kalpathy remains a forgotten footnote in Kerala history |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/kerala/ezhava-rebellion-in-kalpathy-a-forgotten-footnote-in-kerala-history/ |access-date=2026-04-01 |website=The South First {{!}} News, Politics, Sports, Entertainment & Live Updates |language=en-IN}}</ref>
* 1926 June 26 – Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama formed at [[Calicut]] under leadership of [[Varakkal Mullakoya Thangal]] to counter reformist organisations among [[Muslims]] in Kerala.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Divided they celebrate Samastha centenary|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/divided-they-celebrate-samastha-centenary/article69212228.ece|work=The Hindu|date=2025-02-12|access-date=2026-01-30|issn=0971-751X|language=en-IN|first=Abdul Latheef|last=Naha}}</ref>
* 1926 - [[Suchindram Satyagraha]]
* 1927 June 14 - [[Narayana Guru]] does mirror consecration at Kalavamkodam Temple [[Cherthala]].
* 1927 October 26 - [[Nilambur–Shoranur line|Nilambur–Shoranur railway line]] opened by [[South Indian Railway Company]].
* 1927 - The first indigenous [[Plague (disease)|Plague outbreak]] in [[Travancore]] at [[Devikulam taluk]].
* 1928 May 26 – The first ship arrives at modern [[Cochin Port]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cochin Port marks 94th year of first ship's arrival|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2022/May/27/cochin-port-marks-94th-year-of-first-ships-arrival-2458383.html|website=The New Indian Express|date=2022-05-27|access-date=2026-01-22|language=en|first=Express News|last=Service}}</ref>
* 1930 April 21 – [[K. Kelappan]] led satyagrahis manufacture salt at [[Payyanur]] beach breaking the [[Salt laws]] as part of [[Salt satyagrah]]a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=K Kelappan and the freedom movement |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/kerala/2018/06/30/k-kelappan-and-the-freedom-movement.html |access-date=2026-01-29 |website=K Kelappan and the freedom movement |language=en}}</ref>
* 1930 October 23 – The first [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam film]] [[Vigathakumaran]] released.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-11 |title=Back then, the boy had no idea he was burning a piece of Malayalam cinema's history-- Vigathakumaran |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/harris-daniel-jc-daniel-son-malayalam-cinema-091f9ba6 |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=@mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>
* 1930 November – [[Kerala Kalamandalam]] established at [[Kunnamkulam]] subsequently it got transferred to present location.
* 1931–32 – [[Guruvayur Satyagraha]]
* 1932 April 1 – [[Palakkad–Pollachi line|Palakkad–Pollachi]] railway line completed.
* 1932 October 28 – The Travancore Legislative Reforms Act promulgated establishing [[Bicameralism]] and bringing in property qualifications for franchise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Business |url=https://www.niyamasabha.nic.in/index.php/business/index/land_legislation |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260103081518/https://www.niyamasabha.nic.in/index.php/business/index/land_legislation |archive-date=2026-01-03 |access-date=2026-02-06 |website=niyamasabha.nic.in}}</ref>
* 1932 – [[Thiruvananthapuram International Airport|Thiruvananthapuram Airport]] established.
* 1933 January 25 – Christians, [[Muslims]] and [[Ezhava]]s of [[Travancore]] starts [[Abstention]] movement (Nivarthana Agitation) followed by a Samyuktha Rashtriya Samiti meeting chaired by [[A. J. John]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2018-08-20 |title=NIVARTHANA AGITATION IN TRAVANCORE {{!}} rjisacjournal.com |url=https://www.rjisacjournal.com/nivarthana-agitation-in-travancore/ |access-date=2026-02-06 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2016-10-05 |title=Lost in the annals of history |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/kochi/2016/Oct/04/lost-in-the-annals-of-history-1525085.html |access-date=2026-02-06 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* 1935 February 11 - [[Plague (disease)]] declared at [[Kunnamkulam]] nearly 21 killed in next five months.<ref>{{Cite web |title=85 വർഷം മുൻപ് – നമ്മൾ പ്ലേഗിനെ തോൽപിച്ച ചരിത്രം; ഒരു എലിക്ക് 3 പൈ ! |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/thrissur/2020/03/27/thrissur-plague-history-of-thrissur.html |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=85 വർഷം മുൻപ് – നമ്മൾ പ്ലേഗിനെ തോൽപിച്ച ചരിത്രം; ഒരു എലിക്ക് 3 പൈ ! |language=ml}}</ref>
* 1935 May 13 – [[C. Kesavan]] made historic [[Kozhencherry|Kozhencherry speech]] supporting [[Abstentionism]] against [[Travancore]] and got arrested for [[Sedition]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=സി.കേശവന്റെ കോഴഞ്ചേരി പ്രസംഗത്തിന് 85 വയസ്സ് |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/kerala/2020/05/12/C-Kesavans-Speech.html |access-date=2026-02-06 |website=സി.കേശവന്റെ കോഴഞ്ചേരി പ്രസംഗത്തിന് 85 വയസ്സ് |language=ml}}</ref>

==== Pre – Independence (1936–1947) ====
* 1936 July 1 – Starvation March (''Pattini Jaatha'') led by [[A. K. Gopalan]] from [[Cannanore]] to [[Madras]] began.
* 1936 November 12 – [[Temple Entry Proclamation]]
* 1938 February 20 – Travancore State Transport Department inaugurated and bus service commenced between [[Thiruvananthapuram]] and [[Kanyakumari]].
* 1938 June 17 – The court of appeal in [[Kingdom of Cochin]] reconstituted as High Court of Cochin with VD Ouseph Vellanikkaran as the Chief Justice.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-02-19 |title=The High Court in Cochin and Bank of Cochin |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/the-high-court-in-cochin-and-bank-of-cochin/article8257552.ece |access-date=2026-02-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* 1938 August 31 - Police firing by [[British Raj|British]] forces kills seven at [[Neyyattinkara]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=archive |first=From our online |date=2020-09-02 |title=Memorial of Neyyattinkara firing linked to freedom struggle unveiled |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2020/Sep/02/memorial-of-neyyattinkara-firing-linked-to-freedom-struggle-unveiled-2191337.html |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* 1938 September 26 – October 5 – [[Kadakkal Revolt]]
* 1938 September 22–30 – [[Kallara-Pangode Struggle]]
* 1938 October 23 – [[Accamma Cherian]] leads Rajadhani march from [[Thampanoor]] to [[Kowdiar Palace]] with 20,000 protestors against ban of Travancore State Congress.
* 1940 March - [[C. P. Ramaswami Iyer]] commissions the first [[Hydroelectricity|Hydroelectric]] power station at [[Pallivasal Hydro Electric Project|Pallivasal]].
* 1940 September 15 – Struggle between police forces and protestors at [[Morazha]] and [[K. P. R. Gopalan]] gets life imprisonment.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Radhakrishnan |first=M. G. |date=1996-09-30 |title=K.P.R. Gopalan: Founder member of Kerala's communist movement is still driven by the cause |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/living/story/19960930-kunnath-puthenpurayil-ramapurath-gopalan-still-driven-by-communist-movement-833859-1996-09-29 |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Reporter |first=Staff |date=2022-08-08 |title=Communist ideologue Berlin Kunhananthan Nair dead |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/communist-ideologueberlin-kunhananthan-nair-dead/article65746851.ece |access-date=2026-03-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* 1941 March 28 - [[Kayyur incident]]
* 1942 October - [[Plague (disease)]] breakout in [[Thrissur]] claims 16 lives.
* 1943 March 12 - [[Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma]] inaugurates Travancore State Broadcasting Station.
* 1943 June 22 - [[Naval base]] established in [[Kochi]] by [[Royal Navy]] as [[INS Venduruthy|HMS Chinkara]].
* 1946 January 16 – [[C. P. Ramaswami Iyer]] proposes [[Travancore]] to be an independent state with [[Constitution of the United States|American Model constitution]] with a powerful executive appointed by monarch and universal suffrage.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pillai |first=G. Mohanadasan |date=1988 |title=Punnapra-Vayalar : The National Working Class Revolt |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44148418 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=49 |pages=402–405 |jstor=44148418 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref>
* 1946 June 23 - ''Vazhinadakkal Samaram'' or Kuttamkulam agitation took place in [[Irinjalakuda]] by lower castes to gain rights to use roads near [[Koodalmanikyam Temple]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=കുട്ടംകുളം സമരത്തിന് 79 വയസ്സ് തികയുന്നു; സമരസ്മരണയിൽ നാട് |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/thrissur/2025/06/23/kuttamkulam-fight-against-untouchability.html |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=കുട്ടംകുളം സമരത്തിന് 79 വയസ്സ് തികയുന്നു; സമരസ്മരണയിൽ നാട് |language=ml}}</ref>
* 1946 October – [[Punnapra-Vayalar uprising]]
* 1946 December 20 – Peasant uprising in [[Karivellur]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-12-01 |title=CPM to celebrate 70years of Karivellur struggle |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/cpm-to-celebrate-70yrs-of-karivellur-struggle/articleshow/55710694.cms |access-date=2026-03-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* 1946 December 30 - [[Malabar Special Police|MSP]] firing kills five [[Communism|Communists]] at Kavumbayi, [[Sreekandapuram]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=കാവുമ്പായി സമരത്തിന് 75 വയസ്സ്; കാവുമ്പായിയുടെ ഓർമകളിൽ കനലെരിയുന്നു |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/kannur/2021/12/30/kannur-75-years-of-kavumbayi-strike.html |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=കാവുമ്പായി സമരത്തിന് 75 വയസ്സ്; കാവുമ്പായിയുടെ ഓർമകളിൽ കനലെരിയുന്നു |language=ml}}</ref>
* 1946 – [[Malabar Special Police]] strike and subsequent reduction of companies by British.
* 1947 June 3 – [[British Raj|British]] announces crown paramountcy over princely states including [[Travancore]] and [[Kingdom of Cochin]] would lapse after transfer of powers to [[Dominion of India]] and [[Pakistan]].
* 1947 June 11 – [[C. P. Ramaswami Iyer]] announced in a press meet that [[Travancore]] is not joining [[Dominion of India]] and staying independent.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2003-07-03 |title=C.P. and independent Travancore |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/books/article30217602.ece |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref>
* 1947 June 18 – [[Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma]] announces [[Travancore]] as an independent sovereign nation through Travancore Radio.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How an assassination bid before I-Day dramatically altered Kerala history |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2022/08/13/how-cp-ramaswamy-iyers-assassination-bid-dramatically-altered-kerala-history-live.html |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=How an assassination bid before I-Day dramatically altered Kerala history |language=en}}</ref>
* 1947 July 25 – [[K. C. S. Mani]] attempted assassination of [[C. P. Ramaswami Iyer]] at Trivandrum.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-13 |title=Who was Sir CP, whose 'independent Travancore mission' ended with assassination bid |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/sir-cp-whose-independent-travancore-mission-ended-with-assassination-bid-8265100/ |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* 1947 July 30 – [[Travancore]] signs [[Instrument of Accession]] with India.

==== Post Independence ====

* 1947 August 15 - [[Rama Varma Parikshith Thampuran]] hoists [[Flag of India]] and [[Kingdom of Cochin|Flag of Cochin]] at [[Durbar Hall Ground]] at [[Ernakulam]] and [[Flag of India]] not hoisted at [[Travancore]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Anand |first=Shilpa Nair |date=2025-08-14 |title=How Kochi celebrated Independence Day on August 15, 1947, a day marked by heavy rain |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/how-kochi-celebrated-independence-day-on-august-15-1947-a-day-marked-by-heavy-rain/article69928012.ece |access-date=2026-04-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* 1947 December - Three month long [[Paliyam Satyagraha]] commenced.
* 1948 April 30 – Eight peasants were killed in firing and two through custodial torture of [[Malabar Special Police]] at [[Onchiam]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-30 |title=75 years of Onchiyam firing: Communist parties of Kerala commemorate martyred comrades |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/75-years-of-onchiyam-firing-communist-parties-of-kerala-commemorate-martyred-comrades-845e9196 |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=@mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>
* 1948 – [[Communist Party of India]] banned following [[Calcutta Thesis]]
* 1949 July 1 – [[Travancore–Cochin]] formed as a [[Part B State]].
* 1949 December 31 – [[Sooranad|Sooranad Kalapam]].
* 1950 February 11 – Twenty two [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI]] workers predominantly from [[Malabar District]] killed in police firing at [[Salem Central Prison]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-02-12 |title=Martyrs remembered |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/martyrs-remembered/article8230993.ece |access-date=2026-03-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* 1950 February 28 - [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI]] workers attacked police station at [[Edappally]] and killed two policemen on duty.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2022-03-01 |title=1950 Edappally police station attack a milestone in Communist uprising |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2022/Mar/01/1950-edappally-police-station-attack-a-milestone-in-communist-uprising-2424840.html |access-date=2026-04-02 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* 1950 May 14 - [[All India Radio]] commences broadcasting from [[Kozhikode]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=P. K. Ajith |date=2025-03-18 |title=Celebrations mark 75th year of AIR Kozhikode |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/celebrations-mark-75th-year-of-air-kozhikode/article69344884.ece |access-date=2026-01-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* 1950 May - Arson by unidentifiable miscreants at [[Sabarimala Temple]] severely damaging the idol.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mystery fire at Sabarimala in 1950|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2018/10/30/sabarimala-temple-fire-1950.html|website=Mystery fire at Sabarimala in 1950|access-date=2026-02-02|language=en}}</ref>
* 1953 May 11 – [[INS Garuda]], the naval airport in [[Cochin]] commissioned.
* 1954 July – [[Mahé, India|Mahé]] liberated from France as result of liberation struggle led by [[I. K. Kumaran]].
* 1954 August 11 – Four killed in [[Kanyakumari district|Kanyakumari]] due to police firing following violence by [[Travancore Tamil Nadu Congress]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramakrishnan |first=T. |date=2023-07-20 |title=The transfer of Kanniyakumari to Tamil Nadu amid political struggle and police firing |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/the-transfer-of-kanniyakumari-to-tamil-nadu-amid-political-struggle-and-police-firing/article67103296.ece |access-date=2026-03-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Why did Kerala surrender Kanyakumari to Tamil Nadu without a fight? |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2020/10/31/why-did-kerala-surrender-kanyakumari-to-tamil-nadu.html |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=Why did Kerala surrender Kanyakumari to Tamil Nadu without a fight? |language=en}}</ref>
* 1954 December 5 – [[Thottappally Spillway]] completes construction in three years and commissioned to reduce salt water intrusion and flooding in [[Kuttanad]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Standing guard against floodwaters, for six decades|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/standing-guard-against-floodwaters-for-six-decades/article24910265.ece|work=The Hindu|date=2018-09-09|access-date=2026-02-01|issn=0971-751X|language=en-IN|first=Sam Paul|last=A}}</ref>
* 1954 - [[P. T. Bhaskara Panicker]] won the elections to [[Malabar District|Malabar District Board]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-01-13 |title=A glimpse into mass movements of Kerala |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/a-glimpse-into-mass-movements-of-kerala/article6787171.ece |access-date=2026-03-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* 1955 October 9 - [[K. Kamaraj]] inaugurates the [[Malampuzha Dam]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-10-05 |title=Brimming with pride |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/brimming-with-pride/article7728949.ece |access-date=2026-03-03 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* 1956 March 2 - Maaru Marakkal Samaram by women at Manimalarkavu Temple, [[Velur, Thrissur|Velur]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-03-01 |title=Anniversary of Velur protest to be observed tomorrow |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/anniversary-of-velur-protest-to-be-observed-tomorrow/articleshow/81261207.cms |access-date=2026-03-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cris |date=2021-03-06 |title=These Kerala women changed history by wearing blouses to Velur temple in 1956 |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/these-kerala-women-changed-history-wearing-blouses-velur-temple-1956-144761 |access-date=2026-03-10 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2023-06-12 |title=Tearful adieu to Velur marumarakkal agitation leader Devaki Nambisan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/tearful-adieu-to-velur-marumarakkal-agitation-leader-devaki-nambisan/article66961075.ece |access-date=2026-03-10 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-12 |title=Kerala activist Devaki Nambeesan who fought for right to cover breasts in temple no more |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/kerala-woman-who-fought-for-right-to-cover-breasts-in-temple-no-more-13c5c47d |access-date=2026-03-10 |website=@mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>

==== After formation of Unified Kerala ====

* 1956 November 1 – The state of [[Kerala]] formed on linguistic basis through [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]].
* 1957 March 7 - [[Kerala State Electricity Board]] formed.

* 1957 April 6 – [[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]] gets elected as first [[Chief Minister of Kerala]] and [[First Namboodiripad ministry]] became the orld's first [[Communism|Communist]] government elected through [[Ballot]].
* 1958–59 – [[Liberation Struggle (Kerala)|Liberation Struggle]]
* 1959 June 13 – [[Angamaly police firing]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=archive |first=From our online |date=2012-05-15 |title=Remembering the Angamaly police firing |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2009/Jun/12/remembering-the-angamaly-police-firing-57671.html |access-date=2026-03-24 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* 1959 July 31 – [[First Namboodiripad ministry]] gets dismissed and President Rule came into effect.
* 1963 November 21 – The first [[Rocket]] launch of [[ISRO|Indian Space Program]] happens at [[Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=FRONTLINE |first=TEAM |date=2022-08-12 |title=1963: First rocket launch from Thumba |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/science-and-technology/india-at-75-epochal-moments-1963-first-rocket-launch-from-thumba/article65735513.ece |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref>
* 1964 September 8 – [[Sankar ministry]] loses in [[Motion of no confidence in India|motion of no confidence]] moved by [[P. K. Kunju]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Confidence Motion |url=https://www.niyamasabha.nic.in/index.php/business/confidence_motion/2 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250517091937/https://www.niyamasabha.nic.in/index.php/business/confidence_motion/2 |archive-date=2025-05-17 |access-date=2026-02-06 |website=niyamasabha.nic.in}}</ref>
* 1965 March 15 - [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation]] formed.
* 1967 November 20 – The first indigenously developed rocket [[Rohini (rocket family)|Rohini RH 75]] launched from [[Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station|Thumba]].
* 1968 - [[Kerala State Water Transport Department]] established.<ref>{{Cite web |last=archive |first=From our online |date=2012-05-15 |title=Waterworld |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/travel/2009/Feb/01/waterworld-22328.html |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* 1970 January 1 – [[Land reform in Kerala|Land reform act in Kerala]] comes into effect.
* 1971 December 28 – The first [[Communal riot]] in state took place at [[Thalassery]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2021-03-23 |title=1971 Thalassery riot defines bitter fight between RSS, CPM |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2021/Mar/23/1971-thalassery-riot-defines-bitter-fight-between-rss-cpm-2280189.html |access-date=2026-02-06 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=How Ajit Doval, the Centre's man Friday, suppressed a riot in Kerala in 1972 |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/02/27/how-ajit-doval-the-centres-man-friday-suppressed-a-riot-in-kerala-in-1972.html |access-date=2026-02-06 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref>
* 1973 April 24 – [[Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala]]
* 1973 – [[Save Silent Valley]] movement by [[Kerala Sasthra Sahithya Parishad]].
* 1974 – Completion of [[Thanneermukkom Bund]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Coastal Reservoirs |url=https://henry.baw.de/server/api/core/bitstreams/272c1b16-c28c-4457-b90f-8587b719daaf/content}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Paul |first=Biju E. |date=2018-05-12 |title=Thanneermukkom bund, a farmers' landmark, passes into Kerala's history |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2018/May/12/thanneermukkom-bund-a-farmers-landmark-passes-into-keralas-history-1813503.html |access-date=2026-03-10 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* 1976 February 12 – [[Indira Gandhi]] commissions [[Idukki Dam]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Dileep V. |date=2026-02-11 |title=Idukki Dam turns 50: When Periyar was tamed to change Kerala's energy history |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/?p=374954 |access-date=2026-03-03 |website=The South First {{!}} News, Politics, Sports, Entertainment & Live Updates |language=en-IN}}</ref>
* 1976 March – [[Rajan case]]
* 1976 September 1 – '''Kerala Joint Hindu Family System (Abolition) Act of 1975''' comes into effect abolishing [[Marumakkathayam]].
* 1979 October 2 - [[Thiruvananthapuram railway division]] established.
* 1982 September 1 – [[Vypin alcohol poisonings]]
* 1983 - Thirty six [[Mugger crocodile]] introduced to [[Neyyar Dam]].<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232423632_Review_of_the_reintroduction_programme_of_the_Mugger_crocodile_Crocodylus_palustris_in_Neyyar_Reservoir_India</ref>
* 1984 April 1 - [[Kerala Water Authority]] established.
* 1988 July 8 – [[Peruman railway accident]]
* 1994 November 25 – [[Koothuparamba firing]]

=== 21st century ===

* 2003 February 19 – [[Muthanga incident]]
* 2015 August 3 - [[IIT Palakkad]] started functioning.<ref>{{Cite news |title=IITs in Tirupati, Palakkad now Open for Intake |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/IITs-in-Tirupati-Palakkad-now-Open-for-Intake/2015/06/25/article2885032.ece1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706045243/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/IITs-in-Tirupati-Palakkad-now-Open-for-Intake/2015/06/25/article2885032.ece1 |archive-date=2015-07-06 |access-date=2026-04-23 |work=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* 2018 May 2 – The first [[Nipah virus outbreaks in Kerala|Nipah virus outbreak in Kerala]] at [[Perambra]].
* 2018 August – [[2018 Kerala floods]]
* 2018 September 28 – A bench headed by [[Dipak Misra]] in [[Supreme Court of India]] allowed [[Entry of women to Sabarimala]].

== See also ==

* [[History of Kerala]]
* [[List of years in Kerala]]
*[[Timeline of Indian history]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:History of Kerala| ]]
[[Category:Timelines of Indian states]]

{{Kerala}}
{{Topics related to Kerala}}
{{History of India by State}}
{{Portal bar|India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:History of Kerala}}

2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election

2026-05-02T03:03:25Z

BrigitteHosking: added

{{Short description|Election to the 18th Legislative Assembly of the Indian state of West Bengal}}
{{Current election}}
{{pp-semi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election
| country = India
| type = Legislative
| ongoing = yes
| vote_type = party
| previous_election = 2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = 2021
| next_election =
| registered = 68,251,008 ({{decrease}} 10.94%)<ref name="The Indian Express-2026"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/api/download?url=LMAhAK6sOPBp%2FNFF0iRfXbEB1EVSLT41NNLRjYNJJP1KivrUxbfqkDatmHy12e%2FzBiU51zPFZI5qMtjV1qgjFg193XTtp6Zn6FU9qB%2FYxKh2I6Fg%2BNN0%2Fk6VQmFY0pHFCSv%2B1yJkuMeCkTzY9fhBvw%3D%3D |title=ECI Press Note: 2026 Assembly Elections Schedule |work=Election Commission of India |accessdate=15 March 2026}}</ref>
| next_year = 2031
| election_date = 23 and 29 April 2026
| seats_for_election = All 294 elected seats in the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| majority_seats = 148
| map_image = [[File:Wahlkreise zur Vidhan Sabha von Westbengalen.svg|300px]]
| map_caption = Map of the assembly constituencies in West Bengal
| turnout = 92.93% ({{increase}} 10.63 [[Percentage point|pp]]) (Preliminary)
| outgoing_members = 17th West Bengal Assembly
| elected_members =
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image =Ms. Mamata Banerjee, in Kolkata on July 17, 2018 (cropped) (cropped).JPG|bSize = 135 |cWidth = 110 |cHeight = 140|oTop = 5|oLeft = 10}}
| leader1 = [[Mamata Banerjee]]
| leader_since1 = 1998
| party1 = Trinamool Congress
| alliance1 = [[Trinamool Congress|AITC+]]
| leaders_seat1 = [[Bhabanipur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Bhabanipur]]
| last_election1 = 48.02%, 215 seats
| seats1 =
| seat_change1 =
| popular_vote1 =
| percentage1 =
| swing1 =
| seats_before1 = 223
| seats_needed1 = {{steady}}
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image = Suvendu Adhikari at Esplanade Metro Rail Station, Kolkata, 6 March 2024.jpg|bSize = 125 |cWidth = 110 |cHeight = 140|oTop = 0|oLeft = 6}}
| leader2 = [[Suvendu Adhikari]]
| leader_since2 = 2021
| leaders_seat2 = [[Nandigram Assembly constituency|Nandigram]] [[Bhabanipur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Bhabanipur]]
| last_election2 = 38.15%, 77 seats
| party2 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| seats2 =
| alliance2 = 
| seat_change2 =
| popular_vote2 =
| percentage2 =
| swing2 =
| seats_before2 = 65
| seats_needed2 = {{increase}} 83
| title = [[Chief Minister of West Bengal|Chief Minister]]
| before_election = [[Mamata Banerjee]]
| before_party = Trinamool Congress
| after_election =
| after_party =
}}

Legislative Assembly elections were held in [[West Bengal]] on [[2026 elections in India|23 and 29 April 2026]] to elect all [[List of constituencies of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly|294 members]] of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]. The votes will be counted and the results will be declared on 4 May 2026.

The election recorded a historic voter turnout of 92.93%, the highest ever in the state surpassing the [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011 election]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Priya |first=Priyanshu |date=2026-04-29 |title=Bengal records highest-ever voter turnout since independence, over 92% cast ballot |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/west-bengal-voter-turnout-assembly-election-records-highest-ever-voting-percentage-since-independence-101777472674563.html |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Background ==
The tenure of West Bengal Legislative Assembly is scheduled to end on 7 May 2026.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ghoshal |first=Jayanta |date=7 February 2026 |title=BJP's Advice To Bengal Cadre On Countering Mamata Banerjee's Delhi Play |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bjps-advice-to-bengal-cadre-on-countering-mamata-banerjees-delhi-play-10954395 |work=NDTV}}</ref> The [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|previous assembly elections]] were held in March to April of 2021. After the election, the incumbent [[Trinamool Congress]] (AITC) formed the [[Government of West Bengal|state government]] again after winning 215 out of 294 seats in the assembly, with [[Mamata Banerjee]] sworn in as the [[Chief Minister of West Bengal|Chief Minister]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 May 2021 |title=West Bengal elections: In final tally, TMC bags 213, BJP 77, ISF and Independent 1 each |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/west-bengal-elections-in-final-tally-tmc-bags-213-bjp-77-isf-and-independent-1-each/article34471551.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250915014240/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/west-bengal-elections-in-final-tally-tmc-bags-213-bjp-77-isf-and-independent-1-each/article34471551.ece |archive-date=15 September 2025 |access-date=2 November 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 October 2021 |title=Bhabanipur, Jangipur, Samserganj: TMC adds more to its tally in West Bengal Assembly |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/west-bengal/article/bhabanipur-jangipur-samserganj-rampant-tmc-adds-more-to-its-tally-in-west-bengal-assembly/819802 |access-date=2 November 2025 |website=timesnownews.com |language=en|last=Adil|first=Mohammad}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=5 May 2021 |title=Mamata Banerjee sworn-in as West Bengal chief minister for 3rd time, takes oath in Bengali |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/mamata-banerjee-sworn-in-as-bengal-cm-for-3rd-time-takes-oath-in-bengali/articleshow/82400020.cms |access-date=2 November 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Political issues ==
The campaign was shaped by disputes over electoral rolls and citizenship, border security and undocumented migration, and broader debates over identity, governance, women's safety, employment, development, and anti-incumbency after 15 years of AITC rule.<ref name="HinduContinuity">{{cite news |last=Singh |first=Shiv Sahay |date=20 March 2026 |title=West Bengal's two-cornered contest is one between continuity and change |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/west-bengal-assembly/west-bengals-two-cornered-contest-is-one-between-continuity-and-change/article70764900.ece |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="FederalIssues">{{cite web |date=15 March 2026 |title=SIR, infiltration, women's safety: 10 factors set to dominate Bengal polls |url=https://thefederal.com/elections-2026/10-key-issues-west-bengal-assembly-elections-2026-234359 |website=The Federal |language=en}}</ref><ref name="HinduKeyIssues">{{cite news |date=15 March 2026 |title=West Bengal Assembly election 2026: Bengali 'asmita', Matua factor, urban discontent key issues |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/west-bengal-assembly/west-bengal-assembly-election-2026-bengali-asmita-matua-factor-urban-discontent-key-issues/article70746371.ece |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN|issn=}}</ref>

=== SIR and electoral rolls ===
The [[Special Intensive Revision]] (SIR) of electoral rolls became one of the central controversies of the campaign. The SIR removed around 9 million voters from the rolls in West Bengal, representing about 12% of the electorate. Over six million were categorized as absentee or deceased, while the status of 2.7 million remained pending before tribunals. Observers noted that roughly 65% of the undecided group were Muslims, while [[Dalit]] Hindus, especially from the [[Matua Mahasangha|Matua]] community, were also affected in certain districts.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharya |first=Snigdhendu |date=2026-04-12 |title=SIR in West Bengal: How exclusion of nine million voters could shape state politics |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cy51qg00dezo |access-date=2026-04-19 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref>

The deletion of names from the rolls and the subsequent adjudication process became major political issues during the election period.<ref name="IESIR">{{cite news |date=30 March 2026 |title=Amid steep travel costs, SIR fears, Bengal migrants try to return home for a vote that feels vital |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/amid-steep-travel-costs-sir-fears-bengal-migrants-try-to-return-home-for-a-vote-that-feels-vital-10608576/ |work=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref name="HinduSIR">{{cite news |date=31 March 2026 |title=Election Commission actions under SIR risk disenfranchisement of genuine voters in Bengal: Mamata to CEC |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/west-bengal-assembly/election-commission-actions-under-sir-risk-disenfranchisement-of-genuine-voters-in-bengal-mamata-to-cec/article70807014.ece |work=The Hindu}}</ref> The AITC said that the exercise risked disenfranchising genuine voters, while the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) defended it as a revision of bogus entries and illegal migrants. The issue remains under judicial scrutiny during the campaign.<ref name="HinduSIR" /><ref>{{cite news |date=18 April 2026 |title=What does the Supreme Court's latest order mean for Bengal's deleted voters? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-law/what-does-sc-latest-order-mean-bengal-deleted-voters-10641096/ |work=The Indian Express|last=Nath|first=Damini}}</ref>

=== Citizenship Amendment Act ===

The [[Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019|Citizenship Amendment Act]] (CAA) remained a separate campaign issue, particularly in areas where refugee and Matua politics were significant. The Union government published details of the act's implementation in the [[Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019#Citizenship (Amendment) Act Rules, 2024|Citizenship (Amendment) Rules, 2024]], in March 2024, and BJP leaders said that a BJP government in West Bengal would speed up citizenship processing under the Act.<ref name="CAAOfficial">{{cite web |date=11 March 2024 |title=The Gazette of India: Citizenship (Amendment) Rules, 2024 |url=https://indiancitizenshiponline.nic.in/UserGuide/E_gazette_11032024.pdf |work=The Gazette of India |publisher=Government of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=3 March 2026 |title=Post-SIR, Centre forms two more panels to fast-track CAA applications in West Bengal |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/west-bengal/post-sir-centre-forms-two-more-panels-to-fast-track-caa-applications-in-west-bengal/article70696163.ece |work=The Hindu|last=Singh|first=Vijaita}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=12 April 2026 |title=PM Modi vows to fast-track CAA implementation in West Bengal if BJP comes to power |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-vows-to-fast-track-caa-implementation-in-west-bengal-if-bjp-comes-to-power-101775955590381.html |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> The AITC argued that the issue was being used to polarise the electorate and that the overlap between CAA, SIR and citizenship rhetoric had increased anxiety among minorities and some migrant communities.<ref>{{cite news |title=In battleground Bengal, how TMC bets on SIR deletions, voter backlash to corner BJP |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/in-battleground-bengal-how-tmc-bets-on-sir-deletions-voter-backlash-to-corner-bjp-10637925/ |work=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=25 March 2026 |title=Polarisation still an issue in 2026 Bengal polls, but TMC slightly better placed than BJP |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/bengal-assembly-2026-tmc-bjp-polarisation-minority-vote-share-data-analysis-10600577/ |work=The Indian Express}}</ref>

=== Border security and migration ===
Border security and undocumented migration were also major issues in the campaign. BJP leaders framed cross-border movement, border fencing and the [[Siliguri Corridor]] as matters of national security and linked them to their wider argument on infiltration.<ref>{{cite news |date=29 March 2026 |title='Bengal last remaining route for infiltration': Amit Shah says Assembly polls crucial for national security |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/bengal-last-remaining-route-for-infiltration-amit-shah-says-assembly-polls-crucial-for-national-security-10607005/ |work=The Indian Express|last=Bose|first=Tanusree}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=18 January 2026 |title=Infiltration changing West Bengal's demography: PM |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/west-bengal/infiltration-changing-west-bengals-demography-pm/article70519322.ece |work=The Hindu|last=Singh|first=Shiv Sahay}}</ref> The AITC rejected these claims as politically motivated and linked them to communal polarisation.<ref name="FederalIssues" /><ref>{{cite news |date=28 March 2026 |title=Amit Shah releases 'charge sheet' against TMC government, says Bengal polls key to nation's security |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/elections/2026/Mar/28/amit-shah-releases-charge-sheet-against-tmc-government-says-bengal-polls-key-to-nations-security |work=The New Indian Express|last=Maiti|first=Subhendu}}</ref>

=== Identity politics ===
Identity politics remained significant in the campaign. Bengali ''asmita'' (identity), the Matua vote, and questions of language, belonging and representation were prominent themes in several regions of the state.<ref name="HinduKeyIssues" /><ref name="FederalIssues" /> The AITC sought to present itself as the defender of Bengali identity and state autonomy, while the BJP tied identity questions to citizenship, migration and Hindu consolidation in selected constituencies.<ref name="HinduKeyIssues" /><ref>{{cite news |date=25 March 2026 |title=Polarisation still an issue in 2026 Bengal polls, but TMC slightly better placed than BJP |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/bengal-assembly-2026-tmc-bjp-polarisation-minority-vote-share-data-analysis-10600577/ |work=The Indian Express|last=Tiwary|first=Deeptiman}}</ref>

=== Corruption ===
Corruption and governance remained important opposition themes, especially because of the [[2022 West Bengal School Service Commission recruitment scam|school recruitment scam]] and other ongoing investigations by central agencies. These allegations formed a major opposition line of attack on the AITC government's record in administration, public recruitment and institutional credibility.<ref>{{cite web |date=15 April 2022 |title=Explained: What is the West Bengal School Service Commission recruitment scam? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-west-bengal-school-service-commission-recruitment-scam-7869437/ |work=The Indian Express|last=Chowdhury|first=Santanu}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=27 March 2026 |title='Chargesheet' first, manifesto next: Amit Shah to release document listing failures of TMC government |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/chargesheet-first-manifesto-next-amit-shah-to-release-document-listing-failures-of-tmc-government-10604448/ |work=The Indian Express|last=Bose|first=Tanusree}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=17 March 2026 |title=TMC under pressure as welfare politics meets voter frustration in Bengal |url=https://thefederal.com/elections-2026/tmc-under-pressure-as-welfare-politics-meets-voter-frustration-in-bengal-232281 |website=The Federal |language=en}}</ref> The AITC, by contrast, emphasised welfare delivery, continuity and its development record.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |date=20 March 2026 |title=Mamata woos voters with 10 commitments, says Bengal will be destination for industry |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/west-bengal-assembly/mamata-woos-voters-with-10-commitments-says-bengal-will-be-destination-for-industry/article70765593.ece |work=The Hindu|last=Chatterjee|first=Shrabana|last2=Singh|first2=Shiv Sahay}}</ref><ref name="HinduContinuity" />

=== Women's safety ===
Women's safety was a recurring issue in the campaign, especially after the [[2024 Kolkata rape and murder|2024 R. G. Kar Medical College and Hospital rape and murder]] case, which drew national attention and remained part of the wider law and order debate.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Roy |first1=Suryagni |last2=Roy |first2=Anirban Sinha |date=15 August 2024 |title=Woman trainee doctor found dead in seminar hall of Kolkata hospital |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/cities/kolkata/story/west-bengal-trainee-doctor-dead-rg-kar-medical-college-hospital-2579796-2024-08-09 |website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=16 August 2024 |title=Kolkata doctor rape-murder case: All you need to know |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/west-bengal/kolkata-doctor-rape-murder-case-all-you-need-to-know-3148176#6 |website=Deccan Herald}}</ref><ref name="FederalIssues" /> The AITC cited [[National Crime Records Bureau|NCRB]] data showing Kolkata's comparatively low reported crime rate among large cities, while the BJP argued that such data did not capture under-reporting or failures to register cases.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.ncrb.gov.in/uploads/files/1CrimeinIndia2023PartI.pdf |title=Crime in India 2023 - Statistics - Volume I |author= |date=26 September 2025 |publisher=National Crime Records Bureau |location= |place=New Delhi |pages=211-266 |docket= |access-date= |format=PDF |work=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=5 October 2025 |title=Kolkata again tops NCRB 2023 safety list: TMC lauds data, BJP raises questions over its accuracy |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/kolkata-again-tops-ncrb-2023-safety-list-tmc-lauds-data-bjp-raises-questions-over-its-accuracy-10288288/ |work=The Indian Express|last=Bose|first=Tanusree}}</ref>

=== Economy and employment ===

Employment, industrial development and public recruitment were also prominent issues, particularly among younger and urban voters. Concerns about job creation, delayed recruitment examinations, the effects of the recruitment scandal, and competing claims over investment and industrial growth featured prominently in the campaign.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 September 2024 |title=West Bengal economy performs poorly over several decades: EAC-PM paper |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/west-bengal-economy-performs-poorly-over-several-decades-eac-pm-paper/article68654721.ece |work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=6 October 2023 |title=WBCS Prelims postponed, fresh schedule expected soon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/wbcs-prelims-postponed-fresh-schedule-expected-soon-check-more-details-here/articleshow/104210072.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web |date=17 March 2026 |title=TMC under pressure as welfare politics meets voter frustration in Bengal |url=https://thefederal.com/elections-2026/tmc-under-pressure-as-welfare-politics-meets-voter-frustration-in-bengal-234705 |website=The Federal |language=en|last=Purkayastha|first=Samir K}}</ref> The BJP foregrounded jobs and industrial revival in its criticism of the state government, while the AITC campaigned on welfare schemes and promised continued investment and infrastructure expansion.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web |date=10 April 2026 |title=Rs 3,000 monthly assistance for women; new AIIMS, IIT for North Bengal: Amit Shah releases BJP Sankalpa Patra for Bengal polls |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/rs-3000-monthly-assistance-for-women-new-aiims-iit-for-north-bengal-amit-shah-releases-bjp-sankalpa-patra-for-bengal-polls-10629715/ |work=The Indian Express|last=Bose|first=Tanusree}}</ref>

=== Anti-incumbency ===
Anti-incumbency after 15 years of AITC rule was also noted as a factor in the contest, although it overlapped with disputes over SIR, identity and citizenship.<ref name="HinduContinuity" /><ref name="HinduKeyIssues" /><ref name=":1" /> Dissatisfaction over jobs, corruption, governance and law and order was often discussed alongside these issues rather than separately.<ref name="FederalIssues" /><ref name="IESIR" />

== Schedule ==

The [[Election Commission of India]] announced the schedule for the West Bengal Legislative Assembly election on 15 March 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2026 |title=West Bengal assembly elections on April 23 and April 29, results on May 4 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/west-bengal-assembly-election-voting-date-nominations-results-date-time-phases-full-schedule-101773569374988.html |access-date=15 March 2026 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en|last=Chatterjee|first=Tanmay}}</ref>

[[File:2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly Election Phase Wise Schedule.svg|right|thumb|300px|Phases of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]

{| class="wikitable"style="text-align:center;
|+
|-
! rowspan="2" | Poll event
! colspan="2" | Phases
|-
! style="background: #fff28f | I
! style="background: #feb8e3 | II
|-
| Notification date
| 30 March 2026
| 2 April 2026
|-
| Last date for filing nomination
| 6 April 2026
| 9 April 2026
|-
| Scrutiny of nomination
| 7 April 2026
| 10 April 2026
|-
| Last date for withdrawal of nomination
| 9 April 2026
| 13 April 2026
|-
| Date of poll
| 23 April 2026
| 29 April 2026
|-
| Number of constituencies
| 152<ref name="scheduleofgeneral">{{Cite web |title=Schedule of General Election to the West Bengal Legislative Assembly, 2026 – WBXPress |url=https://wbxpress.com/schedule-general-election-west-bengal-legislative-assembly-2026/ |access-date=16 April 2026 |website=wbxpress.com}}</ref>
| 142<ref name="scheduleofgeneral" />
|-
| Assembly Constituency numbers
| AC 1–76 AC 203–258 AC 275–294<ref name="scheduleofgeneral" />
| AC 77–202 AC 259–274<ref name="scheduleofgeneral" />
|-
| Date of counting of votes
| colspan="2" | 4 May 2026
|-
| Date of completion of electoral process
| colspan="2" | 6 May 2026
|}

== Parties and alliances ==
=== All India Trinamool Congress+ ===

{{Hidden
| header = Seat-sharing map of the AITC+ alliance
| content = [[File:2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly Election AITC+ Seat Sharing Map.svg|thumb|right|250px|AITC+ Seat Sharing]]
}}

{| class="wikitable" width="65%" style="text-align:center;
| colspan="6" {{party color cell|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|-
| colspan="6" | '''[[Trinamool Congress|All India Trinamool Congress+]]'''
|-
! colspan="2" | Party
! Flag
! Symbol
! Leader
! Seats<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 March 2026 |title=Mamata Banerjee Predicts Over 226 For TMC In Bengal Polls, Announces Alliance With Anit Thapa's BGPM |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/india/mamata-banerjee-predicts-over-226-for-tmc-in-bengal-polls-announces-alliance-with-anit-thapas-bgpm-10303889 |access-date=18 March 2026 |website=The Daily Jagran |language=en|last=Pandey|first=Akansha}}</ref>
|-
| {{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
| [[File:Flag of the All India Trinamool Congress.png|50px|border]]
| [[File:All India Trinamool Congress symbol 2021.svg|50px|centre]]
| [[Mamata Banerjee]]
| 291<ref name="The Hindu-2026" />
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Gorkha Prajatantrik Morcha}}
| [[File:BGPM Flag.png|50px|border]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Battery-Torch.png|50px|centre]]
| [[Anit Thapa]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2025 |title=Anit Thapa shifts gears, broaches identity: BGPM celebrates fifth foundation day |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/anit-thapa-shifts-gears-broaches-identity-bharatiya-gorkha-prajatantrik-morcha-celebrates-fifth-foundation-day-prnt/cid/2122203 |access-date=22 December 2025 |website=The Telegraph|last=Chhetri|first=Vivek}}</ref>
| 3<ref name="The Times of India-2026b">{{Cite news |date=15 March 2026 |title=TMC ally 1st off block to announce candidates for three Hills seats |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/tmc-ally-1st-off-block-to-announce-candidates-for-three-hills-seats/articleshow/129593653.cms |access-date=16 March 2026 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257|last=Gupta|first=Roshan}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="5" | Total
! 294
|}

=== Bharatiya Janata Party ===


{| class="wikitable" width="65%" style="text-align:center;
| colspan="6" {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
! colspan="2" | Party
! Flag
! Symbol
! Leader
! Seats
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[File:BJP Flag.svg|50px|border]]
| [[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|50px|centre]]
| [[Samik Bhattacharya]]
| 294{{efn|<ref name="The Economic Times-2026a" /><ref name="The Economic Times-2026b" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhat |first=Vinita |date=25 March 2026 |title=West Bengal Elections 2026: BJP Releases Third List, RG Kar Victim's Mother Among 19 Candidates |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/west-bengal-elections-2026-bjp-releases-third-list-rg-kar-victim-s-mother-among-19-candidates-1832951 |access-date=6 April 2026 |website=ABP Live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Jaiswal |first1=Arushi |date=31 March 2026 |title=West Bengal Elections 2026: BJP releases fourth list of 13 candidates, replaces Maynaguri nominee |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/west-bengal/news-west-bengal-elections-2026-bjp-releases-fourth-list-of-13-candidates-replaces-maynaguri-nominee-latest-updates-2026-03-31-1035711 |access-date=6 April 2026 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2026 |title=West Bengal Elections 2026: BJP releases fifth list; 292 candidates declared till now |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/west-bengal/news-west-bengal-elections-2026-bjp-declares-five-more-candidates-check-complete-list-here-2026-04-04-1036327 |access-date=6 April 2026 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref>}}
|-
|}

=== Left Front+ ===

{{Hidden
| header = Seat-sharing map of the Left Front+ alliance
| content = [[File:2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly Election Left Front Seat Sharing Map.svg|thumb|right|250px|Left Front+ Seat Sharing]]
}}

{| class="wikitable" width="65%" style="text-align:center;"
| colspan="7" {{party color cell|Left Front}}
|-
| colspan="7" | '''[[Left Front-led Alliance|Left Front+]]'''
|-
! colspan="2" | Party
! Flag
! Symbol
! Leader
! colspan="2" | Seats
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
| [[File:CPI-M-flag.svg|50px|border]]
| rowspan="3" | [[File:CPI(M) election symbol - Hammer Sickle and Star.svg|50px|center]]
| [[Mohammed Salim (politician)|Mohammed Salim]]
| 195<ref>{{cite web |url=https://theprint.in/india/left-front-to-contest-252-seats-isf-30-cpiml-liberation-eight-in-bengal-assembly-polls/2894367/ |title=Left Front to contest 252 seats, ISF 30, CPI(ML) Liberation eight in Bengal assembly polls |publisher=The Print |date=1 April 2026 |access-date=2 April 2026}}</ref>
| rowspan="3" | 197
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Marxist Forward Bloc}}
|
| Ashish Chakraborty
| 1
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Revolutionary Communist Party of India}}
| [[File:RCPI Flag.jpg|50px|border]]
| Subhas Roy
| 1
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Indian Secular Front}}
| [[File:ISF flag.svg|50px|border]]
| rowspan="2" | [[File:Indian Election Symbol Envelope.jpg|50px|center]]
| [[Naushad Siddiqui|Nawsad Siddiqui]]
| 28
| rowspan="2" | 29
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Social Democratic Party of India}}
| [[File:SDPI Flag.jpg|50px|border]]
| Hakikul Islam
| 1<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/west-bengal-assembly-election/news/west-bengal-assembly-election-cpm-supports-sdpi-candidate-in-sagardighi/pid/1160361/ |title=সাগরদিঘিতে জোটের নামে জটলা! আইএসএফের প্রতীকে লড়তে চলা SDPI প্রার্থীকে সমর্থন সিপিএমের |publisher=Sangbad Pratidin |date=3 April 2026}}</ref>
|-
| {{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}
| [[File:All India Forward Bloc flag.svg|50px|border]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Lion.svg|50px|center]]
| Naren Chatterjee
| colspan="2" | 23
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| [[File:CPI-banner.svg|50px|border]]
| [[File:CPI symbol.svg|50px|center]]
| Swapan Banerjee
| colspan="2" | 17
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
| [[File:RSP-flag.svg|50px|border]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Spade and Stoker.png|50px|center]]
| [[Tapan Hore]]
| colspan="2" | 16
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|dab=yes}}
| [[File:CPIML LIBERATION FLAG.jpg|50px|border]]
| [[File:Flag Logo of CPIML.png|50px|center]]
| Abhijit Majumder
| colspan="2" | 9
|-
| {{Full party name with color|West Bengal Socialist Party}}
|
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Bat.png|50px|centre]]
| Manindra Chandra Paul
| colspan="2" | 1
|-
| {{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
|
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Pen Nib with Seven Rays.jpg|50px|centre]]
| [[Ajoy Edwards]]
| colspan="2" | 1
|-
! colspan="5" | Total
! colspan="2" | 293
|}

=== Indian National Congress ===


{| class="wikitable" width="65%" style="text-align:center;
| colspan="6" {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|-
! Colspan="2" | Party
! Flag
! Symbol
! Leader
! Seats
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|50px|border]]
| [[File:INC Hand.svg|50px|centre]]
| [[Subhankar Sarkar]]
| 292
|}

=== Others ===

{| class="wikitable" width="65%" style="text-align:center;
! colspan="2" | Party
! Flag
! Symbol
! Leader
! Seats
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|dab=yes}}
| [[File:SUCI flag.svg|50px|border]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Battery-Torch.png|50px|centre|Torch Light]]
| Chandidas Bhattacharya<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 October 2025 |title=Will Left Front Be Able To Find Back Winning Ways In 2026 Bengal Assembly Polls? |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/bharat/will-left-front-be-able-to-find-back-winning-ways-in-2026-bengal-assembly-polls-enn25102601978 |access-date=22 December 2025 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref>
| 230<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 March 2026 |title=Bengal polls 2026: SUCI announces first list of 230 candidates |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/suci-names-230-candidates-on-first-list/articleshow/129616407.cms |access-date=18 March 2026 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| [[File:BSP Flag.png|50px|border]]
| [[File:Elephant electoral symbol.svg|50px|centre]]
| Jay Prakash Singh<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 November 2025 |title=Former BSP leader rejoins party, assigned key role |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/former-bsp-leader-rejoins-party-assigned-key-role-1503509302.html |access-date=13 March 2026 |website=The Statesman |language=en|place=Lucknow}}</ref>
| 152
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Aam Janata Unnayan Party|color=#8AB800}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 March 2026 |title=Asaduddin Owaisi: 'মমতার রাজনীতিতে বঞ্চিত সংখ্যালঘুরা', আক্রমণ ওয়েইসির, মিমের সঙ্গে সভা ঘোষণা হুমায়ুনের |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/elections/asaduddin-owaisi-humayun-kabir-rally-at-behrampur-west-bengal-assembly-election-2026-mim-ajup-1170864 |website=ABP Ananda |language=bn}}</ref>
| [[File:Aam_Janata_Unnayan_Party.png|50px|border]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Whistle.png|50px|centre]]
| [[Humayun Kabir (West Bengal politician)|Humayun Kabir]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 March 2026 |title=Election Commission grants registration to Humayun Kabir's Aam Janata Unnayan Party |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/west-bengal/election-commission-grants-registration-to-humayun-kabirs-aam-janata-unnayan-party-3920994 |access-date=13 March 2026 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
| 115
|-
| {{Full party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maiti |first=Subhendu |date=26 March 2026 |title=West Bengal polls: Battle for Muslim vote intensifies |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/west-bengal/2026/Mar/26/west-bengal-polls-battle-for-muslim-vote-intensifies |access-date=29 March 2026 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
| [[File:AIMIM_FLAG.png|50px|border]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Kite.svg|50px|centre]]
| Imran Solanki<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 March 2025 |title=AIMIM to contest 2026 polls in state |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/bengal/aimim-to-contest-2026-polls-in-state-1503407139.html |access-date=11 March 2026 |website=The Statesman |language=en|place=Kolkata}}</ref>
| 12<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/mim-snaps-ties-with-ajup-ahead-of-bengal-polls/articleshow/130178831.cms?utm_source=mobilenative&utm_medium=mWeb_social&utm_campaign=social_share |title=MIM snaps ties with AJUP ahead of Bengal polls |work=The Times of India |date=11 April 2026|last=Ali|first=Roushan}}</ref>
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Mass Line}}
| style="text-align:left" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Mass Line]]
| [[File:CPI(ML) Mass Line logo.png|50px|border]]
| [[File:Saw election symbol.png|50px|centre]]
| Alik Chakraborty
| 2<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/west-bengal/arabul-islam-cpiml-leave-left-front-in-bhangar-places-new-candidate-for-assembly-election-2026-l18t-rc-local18-2610507.html |title=Arabul Islam: আরাবুল ইসলামের উপর ক্ষোভ, ভাঙড়ে পাল্টা আইএসএফ-এর বিরুদ্ধে প্রার্থী ঘোষণা CPI(ML) মাসলাইনের |publisher= |date=30 March 2026 |access-date=5 April 2026|website=News18 Bangla|last=Chakraborty|first=Raima|language=bn}}</ref>
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha}}
|
| [[File:Scissors - Indian Election Symbol.png|50px|center]]
| Motilal Mahato
| 2<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/bengal/jharkhand-loktantrik-krantikari-morcha-to-contest-state-polls-in-wb-1503507141.html |title=Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha to contest state polls in WB |work=The Statesman |date=4 November 2025|place=Kolkata}}</ref>
|}

== Candidates ==

BJP released the first list of 144 candidates on 16 March 2026;<ref name="The Economic Times-2026a">{{Cite news |date=16 March 2026 |title=West Bengal BJP candidate list 2026: First list of 144 candidates out; Suvendhu Adhikari fielded in two seats; Check complete roll |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/west-bengal/west-bengal-assembly-polls-bjp-releases-first-list-of-144-candidates-suvendhu-adhikari-fielded-in-two-seats-check-complete-list/articleshow/129608530.cms |access-date=16 March 2026 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> the second list of 111 candidates (also included replacement of a candidate and support to an independent candidate) on 19 March 2026.<ref name="The Economic Times-2026b">{{Cite news |date=19 March 2026 |title=West Bengal BJP candidate list 2026: Second list of 111 candidates, Nishit Pramanik to contest from Mathabhanga; Check complete roll |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/west-bengal/west-bengal-bjp-candidate-list-2026-second-list-of-111-candidates-nishit-pramanik-to-contest-from-mathabhanga-check-complete-roll/articleshow/129678517.cms |access-date=19 March 2026 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref name="thefederal.com-2026">{{Cite web |date=19 March 2026 |title=Bengal elections: BJP lists 111 faces more, includes star power, former Union minister |url=https://thefederal.com/elections-2026/west-bengal-elections-2026-bj-second-list-111-candidates-actors-former-union-minister-235026 |access-date=19 March 2026 |website=The Federal |language=en|quote=In one seat, it announced to support the candidature of Biswajit Mahato.|last=Purkayastha|first=Samir K}}</ref> The third list of BJP candidates was released on 25 March 2026 wherein 19 candidates were named.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chakraborty |first=Sanjib |date=26 March 2026 |title=West Bengal assembly elections: BJP releases 3rd list, fields RG Kar victim's mother |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/west-bengal-assembly-elections-bjp-releases-3rd-list-fields-rg-kar-victims-mother/articleshow/129814381.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref> BJP released the fourth list of candidates on 31 March 2026 announcing 13 candidates and another 1 previously announced candidate was replaced.{{efn|The initial candidate from BJP in Maynaguri was the incumbent MLA [[Kaushik Roy (politician)|Kaushik Roy]], however his name was replaced with that of Dalim Roy}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 March 2026 |title=BJP releases fourth list for Bengal polls, fields Soma Thakur, Santosh Pathak |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/west-bengal/2026/Mar/31/bjp-releases-fourth-list-for-bengal-polls-fields-soma-thakur-santosh-pathak |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

AITC+ released their first list of 3 candidates on 15 March 2026, including 3 candidates for [[Bharatiya Gorkha Prajatantrik Morcha|BGP]].<ref name="The Times of India-2026b" /> [[Trinamool Congress|AITC]] released their list of 291 candidates on 17 March 2026.<ref name="The Hindu-2026">{{Cite news |date=17 March 2026 |title=West Bengal Assembly elections 2026: Trinamool Congress candidates list |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/west-bengal-assembly/bengal-assembly-elections-2026-full-list-of-tmc-candidates-contesting-in-west-bengal/article70753654.ece |access-date=17 March 2026 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Left Front announced the first list of 192 candidates on 16 March 2026, including 142 seats for [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]], 21 seats for AIFB, 14 seats for [[Communist Party of India|CPI]], 13 seats for RSP, and 1 seat each for RCPI and MFB;<ref name="The Times of India-2026a">{{Cite news |date=16 March 2026 |title=West Bengal polls: Left front announces first list of 192 candidates |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/west-bengal-polls-left-front-announces-first-list-of-192-candidates/articleshow/129611794.cms |access-date=16 March 2026 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 March 2026 |title=Bengal polls: Eyeing its first Assembly seat after 2016, Left unveils 1st list of 192 names |url=https://thefederal.com/elections-2026/west-bengal-assembly-elections-2026-left-front-releases-192-candidates-list-234535 |access-date=16 March 2026 |website=The Federal |language=en}}</ref> the second list of 32 candidates on 19 March 2026, including 28 seats for CPI(M), 3 seats for CPI and 1 seat for RSP;<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 March 2026 |title=West Bengal Polls: Left Front Announces Names Of 32 Candidates In Second List |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/state/west-bengal-polls-left-front-announces-names-of-32-candidates-in-second-list-enn26031906968 |access-date=19 March 2026 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en|last=Purkait|first=Sahajan}}</ref> the third list of 15 candidates including 13 seats for CPI(M) and 2 seats for AIFB and the fourth list containing 7 candidates for CPI(M). CPI(ML)L announced the names of their candidates on 10 seats on 17 March 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CPIML candidates |url=https://www.aaroananda.com/story/latest-news/breaking-news/cpi-ml-liberation-new-electoral-strategy/10992227 |access-date=17 March 2026 |website=aaroananda.com |language=bn}}</ref>

INC released first list of 284 candidates on 29 March 2026; INC released second list of 9 candidates on 1 April 2026.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/west-bengal-assembly/west-bengal-assembly-polls-congress-names-284-candidates-fields-heavyweights/article70800143.ece |title=West Bengal Assembly polls: Congress names 284 candidates, fields heavyweights |work=The Hindu |date=30 March 2026|last=Chatterjee|first=Shrabana|last2=Singh|first2=Shiv Sahay}}</ref>

=== List ===

{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="line-height:20px;text-align:left;font-size:94%;"
! rowspan="2" | Voting date
! rowspan="2" | District
! rowspan="2" | No.
! rowspan="2" | Constituency
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Trinamool Congress}}" |[[Trinamool Congress|AITC+]]
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}" |[[Left Front-led Alliance|LF+]]
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
|-
| rowspan="76" bgcolor="#fff4a5" |'''23 April 2026'''
| rowspan="9" | [[Cooch Behar district|Cooch Behar]]
!1
|[[Mekliganj Assembly constituency|Mekliganj (SC)]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Paresh Chandra Adhikary|Paresh Adhikary]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Dadhiram Roy
|{{Party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}
|Kamal Roy
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Ila Rani Roy
|-
!2
|[[Mathabhanga Assembly constituency|Mathabhanga (SC)]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Sablu Barman
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Nisith Pramanik]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Khagen Barman
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Khitendra Nath Barman
|-
!3
|[[Cooch Behar Uttar Assembly constituency|Cooch Behar Uttar (SC)]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Partha Pratim Roy]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Sukumar Roy (politician)|Sukumar Roy]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Pranay Karji
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Partha Pratim Ishore
|-
!4
|[[Cooch Behar Dakshin Assembly constituency|Cooch Behar Dakshin]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Avijit Dey Bhowmik
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Rathindra Nath Bose
|{{Party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}
|Nazmul Alam Sarkar
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Khokan Mian
|-
!5
|[[Sitalkuchi Assembly constituency|Sitalkuchi (SC)]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Harihar Das
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Savitri Barman
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Nabadipti Adhikari
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Sukamal Barman
|-
!6
|[[Sitai Assembly constituency|Sitai (SC)]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Sangita Roy]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Ashutosh Barma
|{{Party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}
|Arun Kumar Barma
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Rabin Roy
|-
!7
|[[Dinhata Assembly constituency|Dinhata]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Udayan Guha]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Ajay Roy
|{{Party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}
|Bikash Mondal
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Harihar Ray Singha
|-
!8
|[[Natabari Assembly constituency|Natabari]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Sailen Barman
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Girija Shankar Roy
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Akik Hassan
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Biswajit Sarkar
|-
!9
|[[Tufanganj Assembly constituency|Tufanganj]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Shib Paul|Shib Shankar Paul]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Malati Rava Roy]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Dhananjoy Rava
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Debendra Nath Barma
|-
| rowspan="5" | [[Alipurduar district|Alipurduar]]
!10
|[[Kumargram Assembly constituency|Kumargram (ST)]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Rajeev Tirkey
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Manoj Kumar Oraon]]
|{{Party name with color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
|Kishore Minz
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Sudham Lama
|-
!11
|[[Kalchini Assembly constituency|Kalchini (ST)]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Birendra Bara
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bishal Lama]]
|{{Party name with color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
|Passang Sherpa
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Anjan Chik Baraik
|-
!12
|[[Alipurduars Assembly constituency|Alipurduars]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Suman Kanjilal]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Paritosh Das
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Shyamal Roy
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Mrinmoy Sarkar
|-
!13
|[[Falakata Assembly constituency|Falakata (SC)]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Subhas Chandra Roy
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Dipak Barman]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Kamal Kishore Roy
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Akshoy Kumar Barman
|-
!14
|[[Madarihat Assembly constituency|Madarihat (ST)]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Jay Prakash Toppo]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Lakshman Limbu
|{{Party name with color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
|Subhas Lohar
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Joy Prafulla Lakra
|-
| rowspan="7" | [[Jalpaiguri district|Jalpaiguri]]
!15
|[[Dhupguri Assembly constituency|Dhupguri (SC)]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Nirmal Chandra Roy]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Naresh Chandra Roy
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Niranjan Roy
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Harish Chandra Roy
|-
!16
|[[Maynaguri Assembly constituency|Maynaguri (SC)]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Rammohan Roy
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Dalim Chandra Roy
|{{Party name with color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
|Sudeb Roy
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Jogen Sarkar
|-
!17
|[[Jalpaiguri Assembly constituency|Jalpaiguri (SC)]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Krishna Das
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Ananta Deb Adhikary
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Debraj Barman
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Sudipto Mohonto
|-
!18
|[[Rajganj Assembly constituency|Rajganj (SC)]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Swapna Barman]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Dinesh Sarkar
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Kharendranath Roy
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Tushar Kanti Roy
|-
!19
|[[Dabgram-Phulbari Assembly constituency|Dabgram-Phulbari]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Ranjan Shil Sharma
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Sikha Chatterjee|Shikha Chatterjee]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Dilip Singh
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Rohit Singh Sisodia
|-
!20
|[[Mal Assembly constituency|Mal (ST)]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Bulu Chik Baraik]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Sukra Munda]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Manu Oraon
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Rakesh Kujur
|-
!21
|[[Nagrakata Assembly constituency|Nagrakata (ST)]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Sanjay Kujur
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Puna Bhengra]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Dilkumar Oraon
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Shinu Munda
|-
|[[Kalimpong district|Kalimpong]]
!22
|[[Kalimpong Assembly constituency|Kalimpong]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Gorkha Prajatantrik Morcha}}
|[[Ruden Sada Lepcha]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharat Chettri|Bharat Chhetri]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Rita Thapa
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Santa Kumar Pradhan
|-
| rowspan="5" | [[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]]
!23
|[[Darjeeling Assembly constituency|Darjeeling]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Gorkha Prajatantrik Morcha}}
|Bijoy Kumar Rai
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Noman Rai
|Bgcolor={{party color|Independent politician}}|
|align="left"|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|[[Ajoy Edwards]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Madhap Rai
|-
!24
|[[Kurseong Assembly constituency|Kurseong]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Gorkha Prajatantrik Morcha}}
|Amar Lama
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Sonam Lama
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Uttam Sharma
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Saroj Kumar Khatri
|-
!25
|[[Matigara-Naxalbari Assembly constituency|Matigara-Naxalbari (SC)]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Sankar Malakar|Shankar Malakar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Anandamoy Barman]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Jharen Roy
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Amitava Sarkar
|-
!26
|[[Siliguri Assembly constituency|Siliguri]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Goutam Deb]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Shankar Ghosh (politician)|Shankar Ghosh]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Sharadindu Chakraborty
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Aloke Dhara
|-
!27
|[[Phansidewa Assembly constituency|Phansidewa (ST)]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Reena Toppo Ekka
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Durga Murmu]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation}}
|Sumanti Ekka
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Nabanita Tirkey
|-
| rowspan="9" | [[Uttar Dinajpur district|Uttar Dinajpur]]
!28
|[[Chopra Assembly constituency|Chopra]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Hamidul Rahman|Hamidul Rahaman]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Shankar Adhikari
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Makleswar Rahaman
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Zakir Abedin
|-
!29
|[[Islampur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Islampur]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Kanaia Lal Agarwal]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Chitrajit Roy
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Sami Khan
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Guddi Riaz
|-
!30
|[[Goalpokhar Assembly constituency|Goalpokhar]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Md. Ghulam Rabbani]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Sarajit Biswas
|{{Party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}
|Zamaluddin
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Masood Md. Naseem Ahsen
|-
!31
|[[Chakulia Assembly constituency|Chakulia]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Minhajul Arfin Azad]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Manoj Jain
|{{Party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}
|Amjad Ali
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Ali Imran Ramz]]
|-
!32
|[[Karandighi Assembly constituency|Karandighi]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Goutam Paul]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Biraj Biswas
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Md. Sahabuddin
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Murshid Alam
|-
!33
|[[Hemtabad Assembly constituency|Hemtabad (SC)]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Satyajit Barman]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Haripada Barman
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Tanushree Das
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Anamika Roy
|-
!34
|[[Kaliaganj Assembly constituency|Kaliaganj (SC)]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Nitai Baishya
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Utpal Maharaj
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Hirubala Roy
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Girdhari Pramanik
|-
!35
|[[Raiganj Assembly constituency|Raiganj]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Krishna Kalyani]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Kaushik Chowdhury
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Jibananda Singha
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Mohit Sengupta]]
|-
!36
|[[Itahar Assembly constituency|Itahar]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Mosaraf Hussen]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Sabita Barman
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|Utpal Das
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Amal Acharjee]]
|-
| rowspan="6" | [[Dakshin Dinajpur district|Dakshin Dinajpur]]
!37
|[[Kushmandi Assembly constituency|Kushmandi (SC)]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Rekha Roy]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Tapas Chandra Roy
|{{Party name with color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
|Jyotirmoy Roy
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Bablu Sarkar
|-
!38
|[[Kumarganj Assembly constituency|Kumarganj]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Toraf Hossain Mandal]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Suvendu Sarkar
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Mofazzal Hossain
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Gulam Martuja Mandal
|-
!39
|[[Balurghat Assembly constituency|Balurghat]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Arpita Ghosh]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Bidyut Roy
|{{Party name with color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
|Arnab Choudhury
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Pradip Kumar Mitra
|-
!40
|[[Tapan Assembly constituency|Tapan (ST)]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Chintamoni Biha
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Budhrai Tudu]]
|{{Party name with color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
|Bappai Haro
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Bankim Chandra Toppo
|-
!41
|[[Gangarampur Assembly constituency|Gangarampur (SC)]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Goutam Das]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Satyendra Nath Ray]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Biplab Barman
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Jui Barman
|-
!42
|[[Harirampur Assembly constituency|Harirampur]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Biplab Mitra]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Debabrata Majumder
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Gautam Goswami
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Subhasish Pal
|-
| rowspan="12" | [[Malda district|Malda]]
!43
|[[Habibpur Assembly constituency|Habibpur (ST)]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Amal Kisku
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Joyel Murmu]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Basudeb Barman
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Rajen Soren
|-
!44
|[[Gazole Assembly constituency|Gazole (SC)]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Prasenjit Das
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Chinmoy Deb Barman]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Khitish Sarkar
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Prem Chowdhury
|-
!45
|[[Chanchal Assembly constituency|Chanchal]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Prasun Banerjee
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Ratan Das
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Anawarul Haque
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Asif Mehbub]]
|-
!46
|[[Harishchandrapur Assembly constituency|Harishchandrapur]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Md. Matibur Rahaman
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Ratan Das
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Sheikh Khalil
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Mostaque Alam]]
|-
!47
|[[Malatipur Assembly constituency|Malatipur]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Abdur Rahim Boxi]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Ashish Das
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Minarul Hossain
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Mausam Noor]]
|-
!48
|[[Ratua Assembly constituency|Ratua]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Samar Mukherjee (Malda politician)|Samar Mukherjee]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Abhishek Singhania
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Jahur Alam
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Mottakin Alam
|-
!49
|[[Manikchak Assembly constituency|Manikchak]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Kabita Mandal
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Gour Chandra Mondal
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Debojyoti Sinha
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Md. Ansarul Hoque
|-
!50
|[[Maldaha Assembly constituency|Maldaha (SC) ]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Lipika Barman Ghosh
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Gopal Chandra Saha]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|Dipak Barman
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Bhupendra Nath Halder]]
|-
!51
|[[English Bazar Assembly constituency|English Bazar]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Ashish Kundu
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Amlan Bhaduri
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Ambar Mitra
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Masud Alam
|-
!52
|[[Mothabari Assembly constituency|Mothabari]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Md. Najrul Islam
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Nibaran Ghosh
|{{Party name with color|Indian Secular Front}}
|Moulana Shajahan Ali
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Sayem Chowdhury
|-
!53
|[[Sujapur Assembly constituency|Sujapur]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Sabina Yeasmin]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Abhiraj Chowdhury
|{{Party name with color|Indian Secular Front}}
|Md. Karimullah Haque
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Md. Abdul Hannan
|-
!54
|[[Baisnabnagar Assembly constituency|Baisnabnagar]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Chandana Sarkar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Raju Karmakar
|{{Party name with color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
|Dundubhi Saha
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Mamuni Mandal
|-
| rowspan="22" | [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]]
!55
|[[Farakka Assembly constituency|Farakka]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Amirul Islam (politician)|Amirul Islam]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Sunil Chowdhury
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Mojaffar Hossain
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Md. Mahtab Sheikh
|-
!56
|[[Samserganj Assembly constituency|Samserganj]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Nur Alam
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Shashthi Charan Ghosh
|{{Party name with color|Indian Secular Front}}
|{{vacant|Nomination rejected}}
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Nazme Alam
|-
!57
|[[Suti Assembly constituency|Suti]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Emani Biswas]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Mahabir Ghosh
|{{Party name with color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
|A.K.M. Hasanuzzaman
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Alfazuddin Biswas
|-
!58
|[[Jangipur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Jangipur]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Jakir Hossain (politician)|Jakir Hossain]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Chitto Mukherjee
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Alok Kumar Das
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Mohammad Imran Ali
|-
!59
|[[Raghunathganj Assembly constituency|Raghunathganj]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Akhruzzaman]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Surajit Poddar
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Abul Hasnat
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Nasir Sheikh
|-
!60
|[[Sagardighi Assembly constituency|Sagardighi]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Bayron Biswas]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Tapas Chakraborty
|{{Party name with color|Social Democratic Party of India}}
|Masiur Rahaman
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Manoj Chakraborty]]
|-
!61
|[[Lalgola Assembly constituency|Lalgola]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Abdul Aziz
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Amar Kumar Das
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Babluzzaman
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Md. Touhidur Rahaman
|-
!62
|[[Bhagabangola Assembly constituency|Bhagabangola]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Reyat Hossain Sarkar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Bhaskar Sarkar
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Mahmudal Hassan
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Anju Begum
|-
!63
|[[Raninagar Assembly constituency|Raninagar]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Abdul Soumik Hossain]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Rana Pratap Singha Roy
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Jamal Hossain
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Zulfikur Ali
|-
!64
|[[Murshidabad Assembly constituency|Murshidabad]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Shaoni Singha Roy]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Gouri Shankar Ghosh]]
|{{Party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}
|Abdul Mannan
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Siddiqui Ali
|-
!65
|[[Nabagram Assembly constituency|Nabagram (SC)]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Pranab Chandra Das
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Dilip Saha
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Purnima Das
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Hiru Haldar
|-
!66
|[[Khargram Assembly constituency|Khargram (SC)]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Ashis Marjit|Ashish Marjit]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Mitali Mal
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Dhrubajyoti Saha
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Mandar Kanti Mandal
|-
!67
|[[Burwan Assembly constituency|Burwan (SC)]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Protima Rajak]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Sukhen Kumar Bagdi
|{{Party name with color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
|Ananda Das
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Sujit Das
|-
!68
|[[Kandi Assembly constituency|Kandi]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Apurba Sarkar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Gargi Das Ghosh
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|Rejaul Karim
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Dr. Shamim Rana
|-
!69
|[[Bharatpur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Bharatpur]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Mustafizur Rahaman
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Anamika Ghosh
|{{Party name with color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
|Naofel Md Shafiullah
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Md. Azharudddin
|-
!70
|[[Rejinagar Assembly constituency|Rejinagar]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Ataur Rahman
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Bapan Ghosh
|{{Party name with color|West Bengal Socialist Party}}
|Tushar Kanti Chatterjee
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Jillu Sheikh
|-
!71
|[[Beldanga Assembly constituency|Beldanga]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Rabiul Alam Chowdhury]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Bharat Kumar Jhawar
|{{Party name with color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
|Rajesh Ghosh
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Md. Saharuddin Sheikh
|-
!72
|[[Baharampur Assembly constituency|Baharampur]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Naru Gopal Mukherjee
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Subrata Maitra (politician)|Subrata Maitra]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation}}
|Abul Kashem Seikh
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury]]
|-
!73
|[[Hariharpara Assembly constituency|Hariharpara]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Niamot Sheikh]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Tanmoy Biswas
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Zamiruddin Molla
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Mousumi Begum
|-
!74
|[[Naoda Assembly constituency|Naoda]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Sahina Mumtaz Begum]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Rana Mondal
|{{Party name with color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
|Habibur Rahaman Mondal
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Moshiur Rahman
|-
!75
|[[Domkal Assembly constituency|Domkal]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Humayun Kabir (police officer)|Humayun Kabir]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Nanda Dulal Pal
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Mostafizur Rahaman
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Shehnaz Begum
|-
!76
|[[Jalangi Assembly constituency|Jalangi]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Babar Ali
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Naba Kumar Sarkar
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Yunus Ali Sarkar
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Abdul Rezzak Molla
|-
| rowspan="126" bgcolor="#fec6e8" |'''29 April 2026'''
| rowspan="17" | [[Nadia district|Nadia]]
!77
|[[Karimpur Assembly constituency|Karimpur]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Soham Chakraborty]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Samarendranath Ghosh
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Pravas Majumder
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Pooja Roy Chowdhury
|-
!78
|[[Tehatta Assembly constituency|Tehatta]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Dilip Poddar
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Subrata Kabiraj
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Subodh Biswas
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Jyotirmoy Sarkar
|-
!79
|[[Palashipara Assembly constituency|Palashipara]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Rukbanur Rahman]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Anima Dutta
|{{Party name with color|Indian Secular Front}}
|Samshur Ali Mallick
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Hamidul Haque
|-
!80
|[[Kaliganj Assembly constituency|Kaliganj]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Alifa Ahmed]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Bapan Ghosh
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Sabina Yasmin
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Kabil Uddin Shaikh
|-
!81
|[[Nakashipara Assembly constituency|Nakashipara]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Kallol Khan]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Shantanu Dey
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Sukla Saha
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Golam Kibria Mandal
|-
!82
|[[Chapra, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Chapra]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Jeber Sekh
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Saikat Sarkar
|{{Party name with color|Indian Secular Front}}
|Jakir Mondal
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Rahidul Mandal
|-
!83
|[[Krishnanagar Uttar Assembly constituency|Krishnanagar Uttar]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Somnath Dutta
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Taraknath Chatterjee
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Adwaita Biswas
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Arghya Gon
|-
!84
|[[Nabadwip Assembly constituency|Nabadwip]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Pundarikakshya Saha]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Shruti Shekhar Goswami
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Swarnendu Sinha
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Samir Saha
|-
!85
|[[Krishnanagar Dakshin Assembly constituency|Krishnanagar Dakshin]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Ujjal Biswas]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Sadhan Ghosh
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation}}
|Laboni Jangi
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Abdur Rahim Shaikh
|-
!86
|[[Santipur Assembly constituency|Santipur]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Braja Kishore Goswami]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Swapan Das
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Soumen Mahato
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Alok Chatterjee
|-
!87
|[[Ranaghat Uttar Paschim Assembly constituency|Ranaghat Uttar Paschim]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Tapas Ghosh
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Parthasarathi Chatterjee]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Debashis Chakraborty
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Naba Kumar Mondal
|-
!88
|[[Krishnaganj Assembly constituency|Krishnaganj (SC)]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Samir Kumar Poddar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Sukanta Biswas
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Archana Biswas
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Sankar Kumar Sarkar
|-
!89
|[[Ranaghat Uttar Purba Assembly constituency|Ranaghat Uttar Purba (SC)]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Barnali Dey Roy
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Ashim Biswas (politician)|Ashim Biswas]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Mrinal Biswas
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Nitya Gopal Mondal
|-
!90
|[[Ranaghat Dakshin Assembly constituency|Ranaghat Dakshin (SC)]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Sougata Kumar Burman
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Ashim Kumar Biswas
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Arindram Biswas
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Rita Pal Das
|-
!91
|[[Chakdaha Assembly constituency|Chakdaha]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Subhankar Singha
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bankim Chandra Ghosh]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Narayan Dasgupta
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Malay Saha
|-
!92
|[[Kalyani Assembly constituency|Kalyani (SC)]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Atindra Nath Mondal
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Anupam Biswas
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Sabuj Das
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Asimananda Majumder
|-
!93
|[[Haringhata Assembly constituency|Haringhata (SC)]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Rajib Biswas
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Ashim Kumar Sarkar]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Swapan Sarkar
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Himanti Das
|-
| rowspan="33" | [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]]
!94
|[[Bagdah Assembly constituency|Bagdah (SC)]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Madhuparna Thakur]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Soma Thakur
|{{Party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}
|Gour Biswas
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Prabir Kirtania
|-
!95
|[[Bangaon Uttar Assembly constituency|Bangaon Uttar (SC)]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Biswajit Das (politician)|Biswajit Das]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Ashok Kirtania]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Pijush Saha
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Nilanjan Saha
|-
!96
|[[Bangaon Dakshin Assembly constituency|Bangaon Dakshin (SC)]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Rituparna Addhya
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Swapan Majumder]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Asish Sarkar
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Kishor Biswas
|-
!97
|[[Gaighata Assembly constituency|Gaighata (SC)]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Narottam Biswas
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Subrata Thakur]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|Sajal Biswas
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Anil Kumar Pandey
|-
!98
|[[Swarupnagar Assembly constituency|Swarupnagar (SC)]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Bina Mondal]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Tarak Saha
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Biswajit Mondal
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Ritesh Mondal
|-
!99
|[[Baduria Assembly constituency|Baduria]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Burhanul Mokaddin
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Sukriti Sarkar
|{{Party name with color|Indian Secular Front}}
|Md. Qutubuddin Fatehi
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Abdur Rahim Quazi]]
|-
!100
|[[Habra Assembly constituency|Habra]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Jyotipriya Mallick]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Debdas Mondal
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Rijinandan Biswas
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Pronob Bhattacharya
|-
!101
|[[Ashoknagar Assembly constituency|Ashoknagar]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Narayan Goswami]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Somoy Hira
|{{Party name with color|Indian Secular Front}}
|Tapas Banerjee
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Angshuman Roy
|-
!102
|[[Amdanga Assembly constituency|Amdanga]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Pirzada Kasem Siddiqui
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Arindam Dey
|{{Party name with color|Indian Secular Front}}
|Biswajit Maity
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Gopal Ghosh
|-
!103
|[[Bijpur Assembly constituency|Bijpur]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Subodh Adhikary]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Sudipta Das
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Debasish Rakshit
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Sibabrata Guha Roy
|-
!104
|[[Naihati Assembly constituency|Naihati]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Sanat Dey]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Sumitro Chatterjee
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation}}
|Debojyoti Majumder
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Pradip Kumar Kundu
|-
!105
|[[Bhatpara Assembly constituency|Bhatpara]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Amit Gupta
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Pawan Singh (politician)|Pawan Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Aasnarayan Singh
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Dharmendra Shaw
|-
!106
|[[Jagatdal Assembly constituency|Jagatdal]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Somenath Shyam Ichini]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Rajesh Kumar
|{{Party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}
|Parvej Ahmad Khan
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Mandira Chakraborty
|-
!107
|[[Noapara Assembly constituency|Noapara]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Trinankur Bhattacharya
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Arjun Singh (West Bengal politician)|Arjun Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Gargi Chatterjee
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Ashok Bhattacharya
|-
!108
|[[Barrackpore Assembly constituency|Barrackpore]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Raj Chakraborty]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Koustav Bagchi
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Suman Bandyopadhyay
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Sambhu Das
|-
!109
|[[Khardaha Assembly constituency|Khardaha]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Devdeep Purohit
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Kalyan Chakraborty
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Debojyoti Das
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Joydev Ghosh
|-
!110
|[[Dum Dum Uttar Assembly constituency|Dum Dum Uttar]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Chandrima Bhattacharya]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Sourav Sikdar
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Dipsita Dhar]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Dhananjoy Moitra
|-
!111
|[[Panihati Assembly constituency|Panihati]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Tirthankar Ghosh
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Ratna Debnath
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Kalatan Dasgupta
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Subhashis Bhattacharya
|-
!112
|[[Kamarhati Assembly constituency|Kamarhati]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Madan Mitra]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Arup Choudhury
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Manash Mukherjee]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Kallol Mukherjee
|-
!113
|[[Baranagar Assembly constituency|Baranagar]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Sayantika Banerjee]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Sajal Ghosh]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Sayandip Mitra
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Kalyani Chakraborty
|-
!114
|[[Dum Dum Assembly constituency|Dum Dum]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Bratya Basu]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Arijit Bakshi
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Mayukh Biswas
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Susmita Biswas
|-
!115
|[[Rajarhat New Town Assembly constituency|Rajarhat New Town]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Tapash Chatterjee]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Piyush Kanodia
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Saptarshi Deb
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Sheikh Nijamuddin
|-
!116
|[[Bidhannagar Assembly constituency|Bidhannagar]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Sujit Bose (politician)|Sujit Bose]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Sharadwat Mukhopadhyay
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Soumyajit Raha
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Ranajit Mukherjee
|-
!117
|[[Rajarhat Gopalpur Assembly constituency|Rajarhat Gopalpur]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Aditi Munshi]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Tarunjyoti Tiwari
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Subhajit Dasgupta
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Partha Bhaumik
|-
!118
|[[Madhyamgram Assembly constituency|Madhyamgram]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Rathin Ghosh]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Anindya Banerjee
|{{Party name with color|Indian Secular Front}}
|Priyanka Barman
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Ananta Roy
|-
!119
|[[Barasat Assembly constituency|Barasat]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Sabyasachi Dutta]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Shankar Chatterjee
|{{Party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}
|Hemanta Das
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Tarak Mukherjee
|-
!120
|[[Deganga Assembly constituency|Deganga]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Anisur Rahaman Bidesh
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Tarun Kanti Ghosh
|{{Party name with color|Indian Secular Front}}
|Md. Mafidul Haque Sahaji
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Miaraj Baidya
|-
!121
|[[Haroa Assembly constituency|Haroa]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Md. Mufti Abdul Matin
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Bhaskar Mondal
|{{Party name with color|Indian Secular Front}}
|Piyarul Islam
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Md. Rabiul Molla
|-
!122
|[[Minakhan Assembly constituency|Minakhan (SC)]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Usha Rani Mondal]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Rudrendra Patra
|{{Party name with color|Indian Secular Front}}
|Pratik Mondal
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Barnali Naskar
|-
!123
|[[Sandeshkhali Assembly constituency|Sandeshkhali (ST)]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Jharna Sardar
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Sanat Sardar
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Rabindra Nath Mahato
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Judhisthir Bhumiji
|-
!124
|[[Basirhat Dakshin Assembly constituency|Basirhat Dakshin]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Surajit Mitra
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Sourya Banerjee
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Ainul Arefin
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Abu Ishak Gazi
|-
!125
|[[Basirhat Uttar Assembly constituency|Basirhat Uttar]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Md. Tauseffur Rahman
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Kaushik Siddharth
|{{Party name with color|Indian Secular Front}}
|Md. Mucha Karimullah
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Musa Haque Mondal
|-
!126
|[[Hingalganj Assembly constituency|Hingalganj (SC)]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Ananda Sarkar
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Rekha Patra
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|Nirmal Kumar Biswas
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Biswajit Roy
|-
| rowspan="31" |[[South 24 Parganas district|South 24 Parganas]]
!127
|[[Gosaba Assembly constituency|Gosaba (SC)]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Subrata Mondal
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Bikarno Naskar
|{{Party name with color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
|Aditya Jotdar
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Bhupal Chandra Das
|-
!128
|[[Basanti Assembly constituency|Basanti (SC)]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Nilima Bishal Mistry
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Bikash Sardar
|{{Party name with color|Indian Secular Front}}
|Asit Roy
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Gopinath Naiya
|-
!129
|[[Kultali Assembly constituency|Kultali (SC)]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Ganesh Chandra Mondal]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Madhabi Mahalder
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Ram Sankar Halder]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Rupa Halder
|-
!130
|[[Patharpratima Assembly constituency|Patharpratima]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Samir Kumar Jana]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Asit Kumar Halder
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Satya Ranjan Das
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Subhrangshu Nayek
|-
!131
|[[Kakdwip Assembly constituency|Kakdwip]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Manturam Pakhira]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Dipankar Jana
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Narayan Das
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Nasiruddin Ahamed
|-
!132
|[[Sagar, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Sagar]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Bankim Chandra Hazra]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Sumanta Mondal
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Swapan Singha
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Prasanta Khutia
|-
!133
|[[Kulpi Assembly constituency|Kulpi]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Barnali Dhara
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Abni Naskar
|{{Party name with color|Indian Secular Front}}
|Abdul Malek Mollah
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Kutub Uddin Molla
|-
!134
|[[Raidighi Assembly constituency|Raidighi]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Tapasi Mondal|Tapas Mondal]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Palash Rana
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Samya Ganguly
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Ashish Kumar Mandal
|-
!135
|[[Mandirbazar Assembly constituency|Mandirbazar (SC)]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Joydeb Halder]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Mallika Paik
|{{Party name with color|Indian Secular Front}}
|Ashok Kumar Gayen
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Kaushik Baidya
|-
!136
|[[Jaynagar Assembly constituency|Jaynagar (SC)]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Biswanath Das]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Alok Halder
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Apurba Pramanik
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Tapas Baidya
|-
!137
|[[Baruipur Purba Assembly constituency|Baruipur Purba (SC)]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Bivas Sardar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Tumpa Sardar
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Swapan Naskar
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Pratap Chandra Mondal
|-
!138
|[[Canning Paschim Assembly constituency|Canning Paschim (SC)]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Paresh Ram Das]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Prashanta Bayen
|{{Party name with color|Indian Secular Front}}
|Prabir Mondal
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Haran Chandra Mistry
|-
!139
|[[Canning Purba Assembly constituency|Canning Purba]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Md. Baharul Islam
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Ashim Sapui
|{{Party name with color|Indian Secular Front}}
|[[Arabul Islam]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Sabir Ali Sardar
|-
!140
|[[Baruipur Paschim Assembly constituency|Baruipur Paschim]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Biman Banerjee]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Biswajit Paul
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Lahek Ali
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Asitlal Nag
|-
!141
|[[Magrahat Purba Assembly constituency|Magrahat Purba (SC)]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Sharmistha Purkait
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Uttam Kumar Banik
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Chandan Saha
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Atanu Halder
|-
!142
|[[Magrahat Paschim Assembly constituency|Magrahat Paschim]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Shamim Ahmed
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Gour Sundar Ghosh
|{{Party name with color|Indian Secular Front}}
|Abdul Ajij al Hasan
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|{{Vacant}}
|-
!143
|[[Diamond Harbour Assembly constituency|Diamond Harbour]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Pannalal Halder]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Dipak Kumar Halder]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Samarendra Nath Naiya
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Goutam Bhattacharya
|-
!144
|[[Falta Assembly constituency|Falta]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Jahangir Khan
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Debangshu Panda
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Sambhu Kurmi
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Abdur Rajjak Molla
|-
!145
|[[Satgachhia Assembly constituency|Satgachhia]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Somashree Betal
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Agniswar Naskar
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Gautam Pal
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Pravash Ghosh
|-
!146
|[[Bishnupur, South 24 Parganas Assembly constituency|Bishnupur (SC)]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Dilip Mondal]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Abhijit Sardar
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Shyamal Dal
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Arghya Naskar
|-
!147
|[[Sonarpur Dakshin Assembly constituency|Sonarpur Dakshin]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Arundhuti Maitra]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Roopa Ganguly]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|Paramita Dasgupta
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Subrata Datta
|-
!148
|[[Bhangar Assembly constituency|Bhangar]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Saokat Molla]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Jayanta Gayen
|{{Party name with color|Indian Secular Front}}
|[[Naushad Siddiqui]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Mahabubul Islam
|-
!149
|[[Kasba, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Kasba]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Javed Ahmed Khan]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Sandeep Banerjee
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Dipu Das
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Md. Hasim Zeshan Ahmad
|-
!150
|[[Jadavpur Assembly constituency|Jadavpur]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Debabrata Majumdar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Sarbori Mukherjee
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Bikash Ranjan Bhattacharya]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Shyamali Mandal
|-
!151
|[[Sonarpur Uttar Assembly constituency|Sonarpur Uttar]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Firdousi Begum]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Debashish Dhar
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Monalisa Sinha
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Jagannath Kumir
|-
!152
|[[Tollyganj Assembly constituency|Tollygunge]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Aroop Biswas]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Papiya Adhikari]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Partha Pratim Biswas
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Manas Sinha Roy
|-
!153
|[[Behala Purba Assembly constituency|Behala Purba]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Subhasish Chakraborty
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Shankar Sikdar
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Niloy Majumder
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Abhijit Raha
|-
!154
|[[Behala Paschim Assembly constituency|Behala Paschim]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Ratna Chatterjee]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Indranil Khan
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Nihar Bhakta
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Saibal Roy
|-
!155
|[[Maheshtala Assembly constituency|Maheshtala]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Subhasis Das
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Tamanath Bhowmik
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Sayan Banerjee
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Haji Abdul Hannan
|-
!156
|[[Budge Budge Assembly constituency|Budge Budge]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Ashok Kumar Deb]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Tarun Kumar Adak
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation}}
|Kajol Dutta Ghosh
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Mujibar Rahaman Kayal
|-
!157
|[[Metiaburuz Assembly constituency|Metiaburuz]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Abdul Khaleque Molla]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Veer Bahadur Singh
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Monirul Islam
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Md. Mukhtar
|-
| rowspan="11" | [[Kolkata district|Kolkata]]
!158
|[[Kolkata Port Assembly constituency|Kolkata Port]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Firhad Hakim]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Rakesh Singh
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Faiyaz Khan
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Aquib Gulzar
|-
!159
|[[Bhabanipur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Bhabanipur]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Mamata Banerjee]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Suvendu Adhikari]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Shrijeeb Biswas
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Pradip Prasad
|-
!160
|[[Rashbehari Assembly constituency|Rashbehari]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Debasish Kumar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Swapan Dasgupta]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation}}
|Manas Ghosh
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Ashutosh Chatterjee
|-
!161
|[[Ballygunge Assembly constituency|Ballygunge]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Sovandeb Chattopadhyay]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Shatarupa
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Afrin Begum
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Rohan Mitra
|-
!162
|[[Chowrangee Assembly constituency|Chowrangee]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Nayna Bandopadhyay]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Santosh Pathak
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Sanjoy Basu{{efn|RCPI candidate fighting on CPI(M) symbol.}}
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Manash Sarkar
|-
!163
|[[Entally Assembly constituency|Entally]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Sandipan Saha
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Priyanka Tibrewal
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Abdur Rouf
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Kashif Reza
|-
!164
|[[Beleghata Assembly constituency|Beleghata]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Kunal Ghosh]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Partha Choudhary
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Paramita Roy
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Shahina Javed
|-
!165
|[[Jorasanko Assembly constituency|Jorasanko]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Vijay Upadhayay
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Vijay Ojha
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Bharat Ram Tiwari
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Deepak Singh
|-
!166
|[[Shyampukur Assembly constituency|Shyampukur]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Sashi Panja]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Poornima Chakraborty
|{{Party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}
|Jhuma Das
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Purna Ghosh
|-
!167
|[[Maniktala Assembly constituency|Maniktala]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Shreya Pandey
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Tapas Roy]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|Mousumi Ghosh
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Suman Roy Chowdhury
|-
!168
|[[Kashipur-Belgachhia Assembly constituency|Kashipur–Belgachhia]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Atin Ghosh]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Ritesh Tiwari
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Rajinder Gupta
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Tarak Pal
|-
| rowspan="16" | [[Howrah district|Howrah]]
!169
|[[Bally Assembly constituency|Bally]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Kailash Mishra
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Sanjay Singh
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Sankar Moitra
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Priyanka Choudhury
|-
!170
|[[Howrah Uttar Assembly constituency|Howrah Uttar]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Gautam Chowdhuri|Goutam Chowdhuri]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Umesh Rai
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Gautam Roy
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Om Prakash Jaiswal
|-
!171
|[[Howrah Madhya Assembly constituency|Howrah Madhya]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Arup Roy]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Biplab Mondal
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Imteaz Ahmed
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Aparna Bose
|-
!172
|[[Shibpur Assembly constituency|Shibpur]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Rana Chatterjee]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Rudranil Ghosh]]
|{{Party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}
|[[Jagannath Bhattacharya]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Shrabanti Singh
|-
!173
|[[Howrah Dakshin Assembly constituency|Howrah Dakshin]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Nandita Chowdhury]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Shyamal Hati
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Abhijit Bandyopadhyay
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Deepsikha Bhowmick
|-
!174
|[[Sankrail Assembly constituency|Sankrail (SC)]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Priya Paul]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Barnali Dhali
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Samir Malick
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Bechu Ram Malik
|-
!175
|[[Panchla Assembly constituency|Panchla]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Gulsan Mullick]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Ranjan Kumar Paul
|{{Party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}
|Farid Molla
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Rahul Pandey
|-
!176
|[[Uluberia Purba Assembly constituency|Uluberia Purba]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Ritabrata Banerjee]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Rudra Prasad Banerjee
|{{Party name with color|Indian Secular Front}}
|Ansar Ali Sheikh
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Alam Deiyan Sheikh
|-
!177
|[[Uluberia Uttar Assembly constituency|Uluberia Uttar (SC)]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Bimal Kumar Das
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Chiran Bera
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Ashok Dolui
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Kalyani Haldar
|-
!178
|[[Uluberia Dakshin Assembly constituency|Uluberia Dakshin]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Pulak Roy]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Mangalanand Puri Maharaj
|{{Party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}
|Amirul Islam Khan
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Intaz Ali Shah
|-
!179
|[[Shyampur Assembly constituency|Shyampur]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Nadebasi Jana
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Hiran Chatterjee]]
|{{Party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}
|Asit Baran Sau
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Sheikh Manjur Alam
|-
!180
|[[Bagnan Assembly constituency|Bagnan]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Arunava Sen]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Premangshu Rana
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Bhaskar Roy
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Sheikh Hafizur Rahaman
|-
!181
|[[Amta Assembly constituency|Amta]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Sukanta Kumar Paul]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Amit Samanta
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Joshimuddin Mallick
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Tapan Das
|-
!182
|[[Udaynarayanpur Assembly constituency|Udaynarayanpur]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Samir Kumar Panja]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Prabhakar Pandit
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Shasthi Maji
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Asit Bakuly
|-
!183
|[[Jagatballavpur Assembly constituency|Jagatballavpur]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Subir Chatterjee
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Anupam Ghosh
|{{Party name with color|Indian Secular Front}}
|Nazira Khatoon
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Koushik Roy
|-
!184
|[[Domjur Assembly constituency|Domjur]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Tapas Maity
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Gobinda Hazra
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Dulu Das
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Aloke Koley
|-
| rowspan="18" | [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]]
!185
|[[Uttarpara Assembly constituency|Uttarpara]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Sirsanya Banerjee
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Dipanjan Chakraborty
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Minakshi Mukherjee]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Subrata Mukherjee
|-
!186
|[[Sreerampur Assembly constituency|Sreerampur]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Tanmay Ghosh
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Bhaskar Bhattacharya
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Nabanita Chakraborty
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Subhankar Sarkar]]
|-
!187
|[[Champdani Assembly constituency|Champdani]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Arindam Guin]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Dilip Singh
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Chandranath Banerjee
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Pritam Ghosh
|-
!188
|[[Singur Assembly constituency|Singur]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Becharam Manna]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Arup Kumar Das
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Debasish Chatterjee
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Barun Kumar Malik
|-
!189
|[[Chandannagar Assembly constituency|Chandannagar]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Indranil Sen]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Dipanjan Guha
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Manish Panda
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Ratan Kumar Goldar
|-
!190
|[[Chunchura Assembly constituency|Chunchura]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Debangshu Bhattacharya
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Subir Nag
|{{Party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}
|Sunil Saha
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Moinul Haque
|-
!191
|[[Balagarh Assembly constituency|Balagarh (SC)]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Ranjan Dhara
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Sumana Sarkar
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Bikash Goldar
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Ashok Biswas
|-
!192
|[[Pandua Assembly constituency|Pandua]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Samir Chakraborty]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Tushar Kumar Majumdar
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Sheikh Amjad Hossain|Amjad Hossain]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Sanatan Mandi
|-
!193
|[[Saptagram Assembly constituency|Saptagram]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Bidesh Ranjan Bose]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Swaraj Ghosh
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Anirban Sarkar
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Sougata Ghosh
|-
!194
|[[Chanditala Assembly constituency|Chanditala]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Swati Khandoker]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Debasish Mukherjee
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Sheikh Asif Ali
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Sheikh Abu Abbasuddin
|-
!195
|[[Jangipara Assembly constituency|Jangipara]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Snehasish Chakraborty]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Prasenjit Bag
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Sudipto Sarkar
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Subhashis Datta
|-
!196
|[[Haripal Assembly constituency|Haripal]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Karabi Manna]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Madhumita Ghosh
|{{Party name with color|Indian Secular Front}}
|Sheikh Muzaffar Ali
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Saif Azad
|-
!197
|[[Dhanekhali Assembly constituency|Dhanekhali (SC)]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Ashima Patra]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Barnali Das
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation}}
|Ruma Aheri
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Jyoti Kumari Das
|-
!198
|[[Tarakeswar Assembly constituency|Tarakeswar]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Ramendu Sinharay]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Santu Pan
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Abesh Khamrui
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Bhabani Prasad Mondal
|-
!199
|[[Pursurah Assembly constituency|Pursurah]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Partha Hazari
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Biman Ghosh]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Sandip Kumar Samanta
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Sheikh Habibur Rahaman
|-
!200
|[[Arambagh Assembly constituency|Arambagh (SC)]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Mita Bag
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Hemanta Bag
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Bithika Pandit
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Sushil Kumar Santra
|-
!201
|[[Goghat Assembly constituency|Goghat (SC)]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Nirmal Maji]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Prashanta Digar
|{{Party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}
|Muktaram Dhaure
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Haradhan Santra
|-
!202
|[[Khanakul Assembly constituency|Khanakul]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Palash Roy
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Susanta Ghosh (Khanakul politician)|Susanta Ghosh]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian Secular Front}}
|Sheikh Saddam Hossein
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Pradip Kumar Kar
|-
| rowspan="56" bgcolor="#fff4a5" |'''23 April 2026'''
| rowspan="16" | [[Purba Medinipur district|Purba Medinipur]]
!203
|[[Tamluk Assembly constituency|Tamluk]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Dipendra Narayan Roy
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Hari Krishna Bera
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|Nabendu Ghara
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Haradhan Mazumder
|-
!204
|[[Panskura Purba Assembly constituency|Panskura Purba]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Asim Kumar Maji
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Subrata Maity
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Sheikh Ibrahim Ali]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Dipak Patra
|-
!205
|[[Panskura Paschim Assembly constituency|Panskura Paschim]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Siraj Khan
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Sintu Senapati
|{{Party name with color|Indian Secular Front}}
|Afjal Ali Shah
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Kalyan Roy
|-
!206
|[[Moyna Assembly constituency|Moyna]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Chandan Mondal
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Ashok Dinda]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|Swapan Barman
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Nimai Barman
|-
!207
|[[Nandakumar Assembly constituency|Nandakumar]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Sukumar De|Sukumar Dey]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Nirmal Khanra
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Chandan Maity
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Sheikh Matin
|-
!208
|[[Mahisadal Assembly constituency|Mahisadal]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Tilak Kumar Chakraborty|Tilak Chakraborty]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Subhash Panja
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Paritosh Patnayak
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Kajal Nayek Das
|-
!209
|[[Haldia Assembly constituency|Haldia (SC)]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Tapasi Mondal]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Pradip Kumar Bijoli
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Ashok Patra
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Abhimanyu Mandal
|-
!210
|[[Nandigram Assembly constituency|Nandigram]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Pabitra Kar
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Suvendu Adhikari]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|Shanti Giri
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Sheikh Jariatul Hossain
|-
!211
|[[Chandipur Assembly constituency|Chandipur]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Uttam Barik]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Piyush Kanti Das
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Rita Das
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Sheikh Taslim Ahmed
|-
!212
|[[Patashpur Assembly constituency|Patashpur]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Pijush Kanti Panda
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Tapan Maity
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|Saikat Giri
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Pranab Kumar Mahapatra
|-
!213
|[[Kanthi Uttar Assembly constituency|Kanthi Uttar]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Debasis Bhunia
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Sumita Sinha]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Sutanu Maity
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Subrata Mahapatra
|-
!214
|[[Bhagabanpur Assembly constituency|Bhagabanpur]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Manab Kumar Porua
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Santanu Pramanik|Shantanu Pramanik]]
|{{Party name with color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
|Pratibha Rani Kar Sasamal
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Biswajit Panigrahi
|-
!215
|[[Khejuri Assembly constituency|Khejuri (SC)]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Rabin Chandra Mandal
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Subrata Paik
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Himangshu Das
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Asit Pramanik
|-
!216
|[[Kanthi Dakshin Assembly constituency|Kanthi Dakshin]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Tarun Kumar Jana
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Arup Kumar Das]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|Teheran Hossain
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Sheikh Masud Malik
|-
!217
|[[Ramnagar, Purba Medinipur Assembly constituency|Ramnagar]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Akhil Giri]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Chandra Shekhar Mondal
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Ashoke Kumar Maity
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|{{vacant|Nomination rejected}}
|-
!218
|[[Egra Assembly constituency|Egra]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Tarun Maity
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Dibyendu Adhikari]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Subrata Panda
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Anjan Kumar Pattnayak
|-
|[[Paschim Medinipur district|Paschim Medinipur]]
!219
|[[Dantan Assembly constituency|Dantan]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Manik Maity
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Ajit Kumar Jana
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|Shyamalkanti Das Pattanayek
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Utpal Dutta
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Jhargram district|Jhargram]]
!220
|[[Nayagram Assembly constituency|Nayagram (ST)]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Dulal Murmu]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Amiya Kisku
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Pulin Bihari Baske]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Prasanta Murmu
|-
!221
|[[Gopiballavpur Assembly constituency|Gopiballavpur]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Ajit Mahata
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Rajesh Mahato
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|Bikash Sarangi
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Sourav Ghosh
|-
!222
|[[Jhargram Assembly constituency|Jhargram]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Mangal Saren
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Lakshmikant Sahu
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Arjun Mahato
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Prasenjit Dey
|-
| rowspan="14" | [[Paschim Medinipur district|Paschim Medinipur]]
!223
|[[Keshiary Assembly constituency|Keshiary (ST)]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Ramjiban Mandi
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Bhadra Hembram
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Malina Murmu
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Kaluchand Tudu
|-
!224
|[[Kharagpur Sadar Assembly constituency|Kharagpur Sadar]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Pradip Sarkar (West Bengal politician)|Pradip Sarkar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Dilip Ghosh (politician)|Dilip Ghosh]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Madhusudan Roy
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Papiya Chakraborty
|-
!225
|[[Narayangarh Assembly constituency|Narayangarh]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Pratibha Rani Maity
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Rama Prasad Giri
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Tapas Sinha
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Sheikh Alam Hossain
|-
!226
|[[Sabang Assembly constituency|Sabang]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Manas Bhunia]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Amal Panda
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Nakul Chandra Bera
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Aloke Kumar Samui
|-
!227
|[[Pingla Assembly constituency|Pingla]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Ajit Maity
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Swagata Manna
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|Ashoke Sen
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Sushanta Mandal
|-
!228
|[[Kharagpur Assembly constituency|Kharagpur]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Dinen Roy
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Tapan Bhuiya
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Sheikh Shahjahan Ali
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Ujjal Mukherjee
|-
!229
|[[Debra Assembly constituency|Debra]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Rajib Banerjee]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Subhashish Om
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Sumit Adhikary
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Chittaranjan Jana
|-
!230
|[[Daspur Assembly constituency|Daspur]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Ashish Hudait
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Tapan Dutta
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Ranjit Pal
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Kousik Goswami
|-
!231
|[[Ghatal Assembly constituency|Ghatal (SC)]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Shyamali Sardar
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Sital Kapat|Shital Kapat]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Shantinath Satik
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Kaberi Dolui
|-
!232
|[[Chandrakona Assembly constituency|Chandrakona (SC)]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Surjya Kanta Dolui
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Sukanta Dolui
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Suparna Dolui
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Manika Middya
|-
!233
|[[Garbeta Assembly constituency|Garbeta]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Uttara Singha]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Pradeep Lodha
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Tapan Ghosh
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Siddhartha Bishoyee
|-
!234
|[[Salboni Assembly constituency|Salboni]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Srikanta Mahata]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Biman Mahato
|{{Party name with color|Indian Secular Front}}
|Piyush Hansda
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Arup Mukherjee
|-
!235
|[[Keshpur Assembly constituency|Keshpur (SC)]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Seuli Saha]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Suvendu Samanta
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Gurupada Mondal
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Kamal Kishore Khanna
|-
!236
|[[Medinipur Assembly constituency|Medinipur]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Sujoy Hazra]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Shankar Guchhait
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|Monikuntal Khamrui
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Sambhunath Chattopadhyay
|-
|[[Jhargram district|Jhargram]]
!237
|[[Binpur Assembly constituency|Binpur (ST)]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Birbaha Hansda]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Pranat Tudu
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Rabi Sing Sardar
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Golapi Soren
|-
| rowspan="9" | [[Purulia district|Purulia]]
!238
|[[Bandwan Assembly constituency|Bandwan (ST)]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Rajib Lochan Saren
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Labsen Baskey
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Rathu Singh Sardar
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Siten Mandi
|-
!239
|[[Balarampur, Purulia Assembly constituency|Balarampur]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Santiram Mahato|Shantiram Mahato]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Jaladhar Mahato
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Namita Mahato
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Sukanta Mahato
|-
!240
|[[Baghmundi Assembly constituency|Baghmundi]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Sushanta Mahato
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Rahidas Mahato
|{{Party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}
|Parimal Kumar
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Nepal Mahato]]
|-
!241
|[[Joypur, Purulia Assembly constituency|Joypur]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Arjun Mahato
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Biswajit Mahato{{efn|Independent candidate fighting on BJP symbol.}}
|{{Party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}
|Dhirendra Nath Mahato
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Phani Bhushan Kumar
|-
!242
|[[Purulia Assembly constituency|Purulia]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Sujoy Banerjee
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Sudip Kumar Mukherjee]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Sayantan Ghosh
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Dibyajyoti Prasad Singh Deo
|-
!243
|[[Manbazar Assembly constituency|Manbazar (ST)]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Sandhya Rani Tudu]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Moyna Murmu
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Shantimani Murmu
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Sombari Mahali
|-
!244
|[[Kashipur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Kashipur]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Soumen Beltharia
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Kamalakanta Hansda]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Sulekha Bauri
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Subhas Mahato
|-
!245
|[[Para Assembly constituency|Para (SC)]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Manik Bauri
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Nadiar Chand Bouri]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Aloke Bauri
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Phalguni Bauri
|-
!246
|[[Raghunathpur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Raghunathpur (SC)]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Hazari Bauri
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Mamoni Bauri
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Ganesh Bauri
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Sandhya Bauri
|-
| rowspan="12" | [[Bankura district|Bankura]]
!247
|[[Saltora Assembly constituency|Saltora (SC)]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Uttam Bauri
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Chandana Bauri]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Nandalal Bauri
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Amar Kanti Mandal
|-
!248
|[[Chhatna Assembly constituency|Chhatna]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Swapan Kumar Mandal
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Satyanarayan Mukhopadhyay]]
|{{Party name with color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
|Rajib Kar
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Partha Pratim Bose
|-
!249
|[[Ranibandh Assembly constituency|Ranibandh (ST)]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Tanushree Hansda
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Kshudiram Tudu
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Deblina Hembram]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Gurupada Sardar
|-
!250
|[[Raipur, Bankura Assembly constituency|Raipur (ST)]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Thakur Moni Soren
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Kshetra Mohan Hansda
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Ram Mandi
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Subhra Hembram Murmu
|-
!251
|[[Taldangra Assembly constituency|Taldangra]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Falguni Singhababu
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Souvik Patra
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Debkanti Mohanti
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Nayan Das Chakraborty
|-
!252
|[[Bankura Assembly constituency|Bankura]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Anup Mondal
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Niladri Sekhar Dana]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Abhayananda Mukherjee
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Arup Banerjee
|-
!253
|[[Barjora Assembly constituency|Barjora]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Gautam Mishra
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Billeshwar Singha
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Sujit Chakraborty
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Vivekananda Keora
|-
!254
|[[Onda Assembly constituency|Onda]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Subrata Dutta
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Amarnath Shakha]]
|{{Party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}
|Asit Sharma
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Paban Salampuria
|-
!255
|[[Bishnupur, Bankura Assembly constituency|Bishnupur]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Tanmay Ghosh]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Shukla Chatterjee
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation}}
|Titas Gupta
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Ujjal Chandra
|-
!256
|[[Katulpur Assembly constituency|Katulpur (SC)]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Harakali Protiher]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Lakshmikanta Majumdar
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Ramchandra Roy
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Sumitra Mallick Santra
|-
!257
|[[Indas Assembly constituency|Indas (SC)]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Shyamali Roy Bagdi
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Nirmal Kumar Dhara]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Mona Mallick
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Mou Mandal Samanta
|-
!258
|[[Sonamukhi Assembly constituency|Sonamukhi (SC)]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Kallol Saha
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Dibakar Gharami]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Ajit Roy
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Rahul Bauri
|-
| rowspan="16" bgcolor="#fec6e8" |'''29 April 2026'''
| rowspan="16" |[[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]]
!259
|[[Khandaghosh Assembly constituency|Khandaghosh (SC)]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Nabin Chandra Bag]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Gautam Dhara
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Ramjiban Roy
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Arup Kumar Saha
|-
!260
|[[Bardhaman Dakshin Assembly constituency|Bardhaman Dakshin]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Khokan Das]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Moumita Biswas
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Sudipta Gupta
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Gourab Samaddar
|-
!261
|[[Raina Assembly constituency|Raina (SC)]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Madira Dalui
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Subhash Patra
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Somnath Majhi
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Anik Saha
|-
!262
|[[Jamalpur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Jamalpur (SC)]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Bhootnath Mallick
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Arun Halder
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Samar Hazra]]{{efn|MFB candidate fighting on CPI(M) symbol.}}
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Rajib Saha
|-
!263
|[[Monteswar Assembly constituency|Monteswar]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Siddiqullah Chowdhury]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Saikat Panja
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Anupam Ghosh
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Jyotirmoy Mondal
|-
!264
|[[Kalna Assembly constituency|Kalna (SC)]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Deboprasad Bag]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Siddharth Majumdar
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Sarmistha Nag Saha
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Amal Kumar Saha
|-
!265
|[[Memari Assembly constituency|Memari]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Rasbihari Halder
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Manav Guha
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Krishanu Bhadra
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Prabir Ganguly
|-
!266
|[[Bardhaman Uttar Assembly constituency|Bardhaman Uttar (SC)]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Nisith Kumar Malik]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Sanjay Das
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Mamoni Mondal Roy
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Sandip Das
|-
!267
|[[Bhatar Assembly constituency|Bhatar]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Shantanu Koner
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Soumen Karfa
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Hasina Khatoon
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Dhurjati Bijoy Maji
|-
!268
|[[Purbasthali Dakshin Assembly constituency|Purbasthali Dakshin]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Swapan Debnath]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Prankrishna Tapadar
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation}}
|Ziadul Sekh
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Rabindranath Mondal
|-
!269
|[[Purbasthali Uttar Assembly constituency|Purbasthali Uttar]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Vasundhara Goswami
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Gopal Chattopadhyay
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Pradip Saha
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Amitava Bhattacharya
|-
!270
|[[Katwa Assembly constituency|Katwa]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Rabindranath Chatterjee]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Krishna Ghosh
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Sanjib Das
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Ranajit Chatterjee
|-
!271
|[[Ketugram Assembly constituency|Ketugram]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Sekh Sahonawez]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Anadi Ghosh
|{{Party name with color|Indian Secular Front}}
|Qari Jakir Hossain
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Md. Mofirul Kassem
|-
!272
|[[Mangalkot Assembly constituency|Mangalkot]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Apurba Chowdhury]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Shishir Ghosh
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Miraj Alam
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Jagadish Dutta
|-
!273
|[[Ausgram Assembly constituency|Ausgram (SC)]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Shyama Prasanna Lohar
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Kalita Maji
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Chanchal Majhi
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Nisha Boral
|-
!274
|[[Galsi Assembly constituency|Galsi (SC)]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Alok Kumar Majhi]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Raju Patra
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Monimala Das
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Debasish Biswas
|-
| rowspan="20" bgcolor="#fff4a5" |'''23 April 2026'''
| rowspan="9" | [[Paschim Bardhaman district|Paschim Bardhaman]]
!275
|[[Pandabeswar Assembly constituency|Pandabeswar]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Narendranath Chakraborty]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Jitendra Tiwari]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Prabir Mondal
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Uttam Kumar Roy
|-
!276
|[[Durgapur Purba Assembly constituency|Durgapur Purba]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Pradip Mazumdar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Chandra Shekhar Banerjee
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Simanta Chatterjee
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Debesh Chakraborty
|-
!277
|[[Durgapur Paschim Assembly constituency|Durgapur Paschim]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Kavi Dutta
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Lakshman Chandra Ghorui]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Pravas Sain
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Tarun Roy
|-
!278
|[[Raniganj, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Raniganj]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Kalobaran Mondal
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Partho Ghosh
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Naran Bauri
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Faiz Ahmed
|-
!279
|[[Jamuria Assembly constituency|Jamuria]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Hareram Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Bijan Mukherjee
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Md. Sabbir Hussain
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Tarun Kumar Ganguly
|-
!280
|[[Asansol Dakshin Assembly constituency|Asansol Dakshin]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Tapas Banerjee]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Agnimitra Paul]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Shilpi Chakraborty
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Souvik Mukherjee
|-
!281
|[[Asansol Uttar Assembly constituency|Asansol Uttar]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Moloy Ghatak]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Krishnendu Mukherjee
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|Akhilesh Kumar Singh
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Prasenjit Puitandi
|-
!282
|[[Kulti Assembly constituency|Kulti]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Abhijit Ghatak
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Ajay Kumar Poddar]]
|{{Party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}
|Bhabani Acharya
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Rabi Yadav
|-
!283
|[[Barabani Assembly constituency|Barabani]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Bidhan Upadhyay]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Arijit Roy
|{{Party name with color|Indian Secular Front}}
|Biswajit Bauri
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Joydev Roy
|-
| rowspan="11" | [[Birbhum district|Birbhum]]
!284
|[[Dubrajpur Assembly constituency|Dubrajpur (SC)]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Chandra Naresh Bauri]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Anup Kumar Saha]]
|{{Party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}
|Bijoy Bagdi
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Sanjoy Byapari
|-
!285
|[[Suri Assembly constituency|Suri]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Ujjal Chatterjee]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Jagannath Chattopadhyay
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Motiur Rahaman
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Sanjoy Adhikary
|-
!286
|[[Bolpur Assembly constituency|Bolpur]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Chandranath Sinha]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Dilip Kumar Ghosh
|{{Party name with color|Indian Secular Front}}
|Bapi Soren
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Rathin Sen
|-
!287
|[[Nanoor Assembly constituency|Nanoor (SC)]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Bidhan Chandra Majhi]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Khokan Das
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Shyamali Pradhan]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Abhay Das
|-
!288
|[[Labpur Assembly constituency|Labpur]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Abhijit Sinha]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Debasish Ojha
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Mansa Hansda
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Ratna Sen
|-
!289
|[[Sainthia Assembly constituency|Sainthia (SC)]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Nilabati Saha]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Krishna Kant Saha
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Debu Chunari
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Archana Ankur
|-
!290
|[[Mayureswar Assembly constituency|Mayureswar]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Abhijit Roy (politician)|Abhijit Roy]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Dudh Kumar Mondal
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Jayanta Bhalla
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Syed Kasafoddoza
|-
!291
|[[Rampurhat Assembly constituency|Rampurhat]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Asish Banerjee|Ashish Banerjee]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Dhruba Saha
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Sanjib Mallick
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Vivekananda Shaw
|-
!292
|[[Hansan Assembly constituency|Hansan]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|Fayezul Haque
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Nikhil Banerjee
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Kamal Hasan
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Milton Rashid]]
|-
!293
|[[Nalhati Assembly constituency|Nalhati]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Rajendra Prasad Singh (Birbhum politician)|Rajendra Prasad Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Anil Singh
|{{Party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}
|Dipak Chatterjee
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Abdul Karim
|-
!294
|[[Murarai Assembly constituency|Murarai]]
|{{Party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|[[Mosarraf Hossain]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Rinki Ghosh
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Md. Ali Reza Mandal
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Sanjibur Rahaman
|-
|}

== Surveys and polls ==

=== Opinion polls ===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px;"
|+ Seat projections
! rowspan="2" | Polling Agency
! rowspan="2" | Date Published
! rowspan="2" | Sample size
! rowspan="2" | Margin of Error
| bgcolor="{{party color|Trinamool Congress}}"|
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| bgcolor="{{party color|Others}}" |
! rowspan="2" | Lead
|-
! [[Trinamool Congress|AITC+]]
! [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
! Others
|-
|[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]-Matrize<ref name="MatrizeNews-2026" /><ref name="IANS-Matrize-2026" /><ref name="Chanchal-2026" /><ref name="Moneycontrol-2026a" />
|15 March 2026
|22630
|±3%
|style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}; color:white"|'''155-170'''
|100-115
|5-7
|style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}; color:white"|'''40-70'''
|-
|VoteVibe [[CNN-News18]] Opinion Poll-1<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 March 2026 |title=Bengal Election 2026: Opinion Poll Predicts Comfortable Victory For TMC; Mamata Preferred CM Choice |url=https://www.news18.com/india/bengal-election-2026-opinion-poll-predicts-comfortable-victory-for-tmc-mamata-preferred-cm-choice-9993084.html |access-date=24 March 2026 |website=News18}}</ref><ref name="Moneycontrol-2026b" />
|23 March 2026
|128360
|±3%
|style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}; color:white"|'''184-200'''
|98-108
|1-3
|style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}; color:white"|'''76-96'''
|-
|VoteVibe [[News18 Bangla|CNN-News18]] Opinion Poll-2<ref name="Bangla-2026a">{{Cite web |date=30 March 2026 |title=West Bengal Opinion Poll 2: আসন সংখ্যা বাড়ল বিজেপির, তবে বাংলায় বিপুল ভোটে সরকার গড়বে তৃণমূল কংগ্রেস! News18-এর ওপিনিয়ন পোল 2-এ ইঙ্গিত |url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/kolkata/west-bengal-opinion-poll-2-will-mamata-banerjee-return-as-the-cm-or-is-there-a-surprise-know-what-the-opinion-poll-suggests-rc-2610622.html |access-date=30 March 2026 |website=News18 Bangla}}</ref>
|30 March 2026
|128360
|±3%
|style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}; color:white"|'''169-179'''
|113-123
|1-3
|style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}; color:white"|'''46-66'''
|-
|VoteVibe [[CNN-News18|CNN News18]] Opinion Poll-3<ref name="Bangla-2026b">{{Cite web |date=6 April 2026 |title=West Bengal Opinion Poll: বাংলায় এবার হাড্ডাহাড্ডি লড়াই? কত আসন পেতে পারে তৃণমূল-বিজেপি, News 18-এর তৃতীয় জনমত সমীক্ষায় বড় ইঙ্গিত |url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/kolkata/news-18-opinion-poll-3-hints-at-tmc-bjp-close-fight-in-west-bengal-assembly-elections-dmg-2620258.html |access-date=8 April 2026 |website=News18 Bangla}}</ref>
|6 April 2026
|128360
|±3%
|style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}; color:white"|'''159-169'''
|120-130
|3-7
|style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}; color:white"|'''29-49'''
|-
|Matrize-[[ABP News]]<ref name="Bhat-2026">{{Cite web |last=Bhat |first=Vinita |date=30 March 2026 |title=Bengal Assembly Elections Opinion Poll 2026: TMC Slightly Ahead Of BJP in Tight Bengal Race |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/opinion-poll-2026-live-results-west-bengal-who-will-win-election-projections-mamata-banerjee-tmc-bjp-suvendu-adhikari-live-updates-1834932 |access-date=6 January 2026 |website=ABP Live |language=en}}</ref>
|6 April 2026
|–
|–
|style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}; color:white"|'''140-160'''
|130-150
|8-16
|style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|Others}}; color:"Blue"|'''Hung'''
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px;"
|+ Vote share projections
! rowspan="2" | Polling Agency
! rowspan="2" | Date Published
! rowspan="2" | Sample size
! rowspan="2" | Margin of Error
| bgcolor="{{party color|Trinamool Congress}}"|
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| bgcolor="{{party color|Others}}" |
! rowspan="2" | Lead
|-
! [[Trinamool Congress|AITC+]]
! [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
! Others
|-
|[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]-Matrize<ref name="MatrizeNews-2026">{{Cite web |date=15 March 2026 |title=l679Press_Release_+_Opinion_Poll_@_5_STATES |url=https://www.abplive.com/videos/news/opinion-poll-2026-dates-fixed-in-5-states-find-out-who-will-form-the-government-now-tmc-bjp-congress-3101910 |access-date=20 March 2026 |website=MatrizeNews}}</ref><ref name="IANS-Matrize-2026">{{cite web |url=https://matrizenews.com/admin/upl_xls/l679Press_Release_+_Opinion_Poll_@_5_STATES.pdf |title=l679Press_Release_+_Opinion_Poll_@_5_STATES |author=IANS-Matrize |date=15 March 2026 |website=MatrizeNews |access-date=21 March 2026}}
</ref><ref name="Chanchal-2026">{{Cite web |last=Chanchal |date=16 March 2026 |title=BJP surge in West Bengal, neck-and-neck fight for Stalin in Tamil Nadu - What opinion poll predicts |url=https://www.livemint.com/elections/assembly-elections/bjp-surge-in-west-bengal-neck-and-neck-for-stalin-in-tamil-nadu-what-opinion-poll-predicts-11773659721367.html |access-date=21 March 2026 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Moneycontrol-2026a">{{Cite web |date=16 March 2026 |title=West Bengal elections: Opinion poll predicts edge for TMC but big rise in BJP's seat tally |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/west-bengal-elections-opinion-poll-predicts-edge-for-tmc-but-big-rise-in-bjp-s-seat-tally-13861737.html |website=Moneycontrol}}</ref>
|15 March 2026
|22630
|±3%
|style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}; color:white"|'''43-45%'''
|41-43%
|12-16%
|style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}; color:white"|'''0-4%'''
|-
|VoteVibe [[CNN-News18]]Opinion Poll-1<ref name="Moneycontrol-2026b">{{Cite web |date=23 March 2026 |title=West Bengal polls: TMC set for fourth straight win, BJP to make big gains, predicts opinion poll |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/can-bjp-end-mamata-banerjee-s-reign-in-west-bengal-here-s-what-opinion-poll-predicted-13868438.html |access-date=24 March 2026 |website=Moneycontrol}}</ref>
|23 March 2026
|128360
|±3%
|style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}; color:white"|'''41.9%'''
|34.9%
|22%
|style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}; color:white"|'''7%'''
|-
|VoteVibe [[News18 Bangla|CNN-News18]] Opinion Poll-2<ref name="Bangla-2026a" />
|30 March 2026
|128360
|±3%
|style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}; color:white"|'''43.4%'''
|38.1%
|18%
|style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}; color:white"|'''5.3%'''
|-
|VoteVibe [[CNN-News18|CNN News18]] Opinion Poll-3<ref name="Bangla-2026b" />
|6 April 2026
|128360
|±3%
|style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}; color:white"|'''43.7%'''
|39.7%
|16%
|style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}; color:white"|'''4%'''
|-
|Matrize-[[ABP News]]<ref name="Bhat-2026" />
|6 April 2026
|–
|–
|style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}; color:white"|'''43%'''
|41%
|16%
|style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}; color:white"|'''2%'''
|-
|[[CVoter]] Opinion Poll<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 April 2026 |title=West Bengal Elections 2026: C-VOTER Opinion Poll Predicts Close Fight Between TMC And BJP |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/west-bengal-elections-2026-c-voter-opinion-poll-predicts-close-fight-between-tmc-and-bjp-ws-l-10021377.html |access-date=10 April 2026 |website=CNN News 18}}</ref>
|8 April 2026
|–
|–
|style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}; color:white"|'''44%'''
|40%
|16%
|style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}; color:white"|'''4%'''
|-
|Chanakya Strategies [[ABP News]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ananda |first=Abp |date=8 April 2026 |title=West Bengal Assembly Elections 2026: এবার বাংলার মসনদে কে, কড়া টক্কর বিরোধীদের? না কি সবুজ ঝড়ই, কী বলছে ওপিনিয়ন পোল? |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/elections/west-bengal-assembly-elections-2026-opinion-poll-tmc-bjp-congress-cpm-possible-vote-count-of-each-political-party-1172319 |access-date=11 April 2026 |website=Abp Ananda}}</ref>
|8 April 2026
|–
|–
|style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}; color:white"|'''45-47%'''
|40-42%
|12-16%
|style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}; color:white"|'''3-7%'''
|}

=== Exit polls ===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px;"
|+ Seat projections
! rowspan="2" | Polling Agency
! rowspan="2" | Date Published
| bgcolor="{{party color|Trinamool Congress}}"|
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| bgcolor="{{party color|Others}}" |
! rowspan="2" | Lead
|-
! [[Trinamool Congress|AITC+]]
! [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
! Others
|-
|P-MARQ
| rowspan="8" |Apr 29, 2026<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-04-29 |title=Bengal exit polls 2026: Combined projections point to neck-and-neck TMC-BJP race; hung house likely |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bengal-exit-polls-2026-bjp-predicted-to-unseat-mamata-banerjee-tmc-staring-at-setback/articleshow/130609663.cms |access-date=2026-04-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|118-138
|style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white"|'''150-175'''
|2-6
|style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white"|'''12-57'''
|-
|Matrize
|125-140
|style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white"|'''146-161'''
|06-10
|style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white"|'''6-36'''
|-
|Chanakya Strategies
|130-140
|style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white"|'''150-160'''
|6-10
|style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white"|'''10-30'''
|-
|Peoples Pulse
|style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|Trinamool Congress}}; color:white"|'''177-187'''
|95-110
|0-2
|style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|Trinamool Congress}}; color:white"|'''77-82'''
|-
|JVC
|131-152
|'''138-159'''
|0-2
|style="background:gray; color:white" |Hung
|-
|Poll Diary
|99-127
|style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white"|'''142-171'''
|5-9
|style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white"|'''43-44'''
|-
|Praja Poll<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chakraborty |first=Sagarika |date=2026-04-29 |title=Praja Poll Projects BJP Government In West Bengal In 2026 Exit Poll |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/praja-poll-projects-bjp-government-in-west-bengal-in-2026-exit-poll-1839495 |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=ABP Live |language=en}}</ref>
|85-110
|style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white"|'''178-208'''
|0-5
|style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white"|'''93-98'''
|-
|People's Insight<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharatvarsh |first=TV9 |date=2026-04-29 |title=People's Insight Exit Poll Result 2026: असम, तमिलनाडु से लेकर पश्चिम बंगाल तक... 4 राज्यों में किसकी सरकार? |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/india/peoples-insight-exit-poll-results-2026-assam-tamil-nadu-kerala-whose-government-these-4-states-3768920.html |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=TV9 Bharatvarsh |language=hi}}</ref>
|138-150
|'''144-154'''
|0-2
|style="background:gray; color:white" |Hung
|-
|Today's Chanakya<ref>{{Cite news |last=Soni |first=Mallika |date=30 April 2026 |title=Chanakya exit poll West Bengal Election 2026 |url=https://www.news18.com/india/chanakya-exit-poll-west-bengal-election-2026-bjp-vs-tmc-seats-results-prediction-10066210.html |work=[[News18]]}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |Apr 30, 2026
|100 ± 11
|style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white"|'''192 ± 11'''
|2 ± 2
|style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white"|'''92'''
|-
|CNN-News18 - VoteVibe<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-30 |title=West Bengal exit polls: CNN-News18 Vote Vibe predicts BJP ahead with 143–163 seats, TMC at 127–147 - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/politics/west-bengal-exit-polls-cnn-news18-vote-vibe-predicts-bjp-ahead-with-143-163-seats-tmc-at-127-147-ws-l-19896976.htm |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>
|127-147
|style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white"|'''143-163'''
|0-6
|style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white"|'''16'''
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px;"
|+ Vote share projections
! rowspan="2" | Polling Agency
! rowspan="2" | Date Published
| bgcolor="{{party color|Trinamool Congress}}"|
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| bgcolor="{{party color|Others}}" |
! rowspan="2" | Lead
|-
! [[Trinamool Congress|AITC+]]
! [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
! Others
|-
|Peoples Pulse<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=South First |date=2026-04-29 |title=People’s Pulse exit poll: Trinamool Congress set for a comfortable win in West Bengal |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/topright/peoples-pulse-exit-poll-trinamool-congress-set-for-comfortable-win-in-west-bengal/ |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=The South First {{!}} News, Politics, Sports, Entertainment & Live Updates |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|Apr 29, 2026
|style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|Trinamool Congress}}; color:white"|'''47.2%'''
|41.5%
|11.3%
|style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|Trinamool Congress}}; color:white"|'''5.7%'''
|-
|Today's Chanakya<ref>{{Cite web |title=Analysis on West Bengal |url=https://www.todayschanakya.com/west-bengal-assembly-election-analysis-2026.html |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=www.todayschanakya.com}}</ref>
|Apr 30, 2026
|38% ± 3%
|tyle="width:15%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white"|'''48% ± 3%'''
|14% ± 3%
|tyle="width:15%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white"|'''10%'''
|}

==Voting==
===Voter statistics===

According to the [[Election Commission of India]], 70,459,284 voters were eligible to vote in the assembly elections in West Bengal. This includes 36,022,642 male, 34,435,260 female, and 1,382 [[third gender]].<ref name="The Indian Express-2026">{{Cite web |date=28 February 2026 |title=West Bengal Voter List: Over 63 Lakh Names Deleted in Final Roll |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/west-bengal-sir-final-voter-list-names-deleted-10557359/ |access-date=15 March 2026 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |last=Mitra |first=Atri}}</ref>

As per the [[Election Commission of India]], a total of 9,102,577 voters were removed since October 2025 during the entire program of [[Special Intensive Revision]], shrinking total eligible voters by 11.88% to 67,534,952 compared to 76,637,529 in October 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |author1=Shiv Sahay Singh |author2=Shrabana Chatterjee |date=8 April 2026 |title=Electorate shrinks 12% since October, with the fresh exclusion of 27 lakh voters under adjudication |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/west-bengal-assembly/west-bengal-sir-voter-deletions-electoral-rolls-after-judicial-scrutiny/article70833724.ece |access-date=8 April 2026 |work=The Hindu |pages=1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhattacharya |first=Aparna |date=8 April 2026 |title=Nearly 89 Lakh Names Removed: Five Takeaways on the Bengal SIR's Brutal Math |url=https://thewire.in/rights/nearly-89-lakh-names-removed-five-takeaways-on-the-bengal-sirs-brutal-math |access-date=8 April 2026 |work=The Wire}}</ref> After addition through additional supplementary lists, the final voter count stood at 68,251,008.

The second and final phase of voting across 142 constituencies concluded on 29 April 2026, with the Election Commission deploying over 350,000 security personnel statewide — including the [[National Investigation Agency]] for the first time in a state election — amid reports of localised violence in Howrah and Hooghly districts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/west-bengal/news-west-bengal-phase-2-voting-live-polling-across-142-seats-to-begin-shortly-west-bengal-assembly-election-mamata-banerjee-suvendu-adhikari-2026-04-29-1039257|title=West Bengal Phase 2 voting: 91.36% turnout recorded in second phase|first1=India TV News|last1=Desk|first2=India TV|last2=News|date=29 April 2026|website=India TV News}}</ref>

=== Voting turnout by phase ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! Phase
! Gender
! colspan="2"|Turnout
|-
|rowspan="3" bgcolor="#fff4a5"|'''Phase 1'''<ref>https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2255010&reg=3&lang=2</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=26 April 2026 |title=প্রথম দফায় এগিয়ে মহিলা ভোটারেরা |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/elections/west-bengal-assembly-election/in-percentage-terms-the-voting-rate-among-women-is-higher-than-that-of-men-prnt/cid/1683103 |work=Anandabazar Patrika}}</ref>
|Male
|92.33%
|rowspan="3"|93.19%
|-
|Female
|94.09%
|-
|3rd Gender
|54.62%
|-
|rowspan="3" bgcolor="#fec6e8"|'''Phase 2'''<ref>https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2256756&reg=3&lang=2</ref>
|Male
|91.07%
|rowspan="3"|92.67%
|-
|Female
|92.28%
|-
|3rd Gender
|91.28%
|-
!colspan="2"|Total
!colspan="2"|92.93%
|}

===Voting turnout by district===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! Phase
! District
! colspan="2"|Seats
! colspan="2"|Turnout
|-
|rowspan="16" bgcolor="#fff4a5"|'''Phase 1'''
! [[Cooch Behar district|Cooch Behar]]
|9
|rowspan="16"|152
|96.04%
|rowspan="16"|93.19%
|-
! [[Alipurduar district|Alipurduar]]
|5
|93.20%
|-
! [[Jalpaiguri district|Jalpaiguri]]
|7
|94.76%
|-
! [[Kalimpong district|Kalimpong]]
|1
|83.04%
|-
! [[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]]
|5
|88.98%
|-
! [[Uttar Dinajpur district|Uttar Dinajpur]]
|9
|94.16%
|-
! [[Dakshin Dinajpur district|Dakshin Dinajpur]]
|6
|95.44%
|-
! [[Malda district|Malda]]
|12
|94.79%
|-
! [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]]
|22
|93.67%
|-
! [[Purba Medinipur district|Purba Medinipur]]
|16
|92.75%
|-
! [[Paschim Medinipur district|Paschim Medinipur]]
|15
|92.19%
|-
! [[Jhargram district|Jhargram]]
|4
|92.26%
|-
! [[Purulia district|Purulia]]
|9
|91.59%
|-
! [[Bankura district|Bankura]]
|12
|92.55%
|-
! [[Paschim Bardhaman district|Paschim Bardhaman]]
|9
|90.32%
|-
! [[Birbhum district|Birbhum]]
|11
|94.51%
|-
|rowspan="7" bgcolor="#fec6e8"|'''Phase 2'''
![[Nadia district|Nadia]]
|17
|rowspan="7"|142
|92.14%
|rowspan="7"|92.67%
|-
![[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]]
|33
|92.92%
|-
![[South 24 Parganas district|South 24 Parganas]]
|31
|93.48%
|-
![[Kolkata district|Kolkata]]
|11
|88.60%
|-
![[Howrah district|Howrah]]
|16
|92.59%
|-
![[Hooghly district|Hooghly]]
|18
|91.98%
|-
![[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]]
|16
|93.83%
|-
!colspan="2"|Total
!colspan="2"|294
!colspan="2"|92.93%
|}

===Repoll===
After recieving complaints about obstructing EVM buttons of opposition candidates with tapes, bubble gums or inking the opposition candidates' name and symbol by TMC cadre, the ECI took steps to verify these claims.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=ইভিএমে বিজেপির প্রতীকের ওপর টেপ! ফলতায় মারাত্মক জালিয়াতির অভিযোগ, কমিশনের দ্বারস্থ পদ্মশিবির |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/west-bengal/falta-evm-tampering-allegation-debangshu-panda-diamond-harbour-model-11777384 |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=bengali.indianexpress.com |language=bn}}</ref> Such cases were also observed in last [[2024 Indian general election|general election]] in 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 June 2024 |title=ডায়মন্ড হারবারের কিছু বুথে বিরোধীদের ভোট নামমাত্র! |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/elections/lok-sabha-election-2024/bjp-moves-to-election-commission-demanding-re-poll-in-various-booths-of-diamond-harbour-and-mathurapur-lok-sabha-dgtl/cid/1521153 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]}}</ref> After verifying these cases, the ECI decided to do repoll in 15 booths of two assembly constituencies: 11 in [[Magrahat Paschim Assembly constituency|Magrahat Paschim]] and 4 in [[Diamond Harbour Assembly constituency|Diamond Harbour]] on 2 May, 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |last=চক্রবর্তী |first=শুভ্রজিৎ চক্রবর্তী,দেবদীপ |date=2026-05-01 |title=রাজ্যের একাধিক বুথে পুনর্নির্বাচনের ঘোষণা কমিশনের, কোন কোন কেন্দ্রে রিপোল? |url=https://eisamay.com/west-bengal-news/kolkata-news/wb-election-2026-repolling-announced-in-several-booths-ceo-order-magrahat-and-other-sensitive-areas-list/200497512.cms |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=Eisamay Online |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sengupta |first=Buddhadeb |title=দক্ষিণ ২৪ পরগনার ১৫টি বুথে পুনর্নির্বাচন, ফের কবে ভোটাভুটি? |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/west-bengal-assembly-election/news/west-bengal-assembly-election-election-commission-announces-repoll/pid/1185707/ |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=sangbadpratidin |language=bn}}</ref>

=== '''List of affected polling stations''' ===
The following polling stations were identified by the Election Commission of India for repolling based on official orders issued on 1 May 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-01 |title=Repoll on Saturday at 15 booths of West Bengal's South 24 Parganas |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/west-bengal-elections-ec-orders-repoll-in-15-booths-in-magrahat-paschim-diamond-harbour-101777638834758.html |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
!District
!Constituency
!Polling Station No.
!Polling Station Name
|-
| rowspan="15" |[[South 24 Parganas]]
| rowspan="11" |[[Magrahat Paschim Assembly constituency|Magrahat Paschim (142)]]
|46
|Uttar Yearpur F.P. School (Room No. 2)
|-
|126
|Najra F.P. School (Room No. 1)
|-
|127
|Najra F.P. School (Room No. 2)
|-
|128
|Deula F.P. School (Room No. 1)
|-
|142
|Ghola Noyapara Girls' High Madrasha (Room No. 2)
|-
|214
|Ektara Malaya F.P. School (Room No. 1)
|-
|215
|Ektara Malaya F.P. School (Room No. 2)
|-
|216
|Ektara Malaya Dhora F.P. School (Room No. 1)
|-
|230
|Bahirpuya Kurkuriya F.P. School (Room No. 1)
|-
|231
|Bahirpuya Kurkuriya F.P. School (Room No. 2)
|-
|232
|Bahirpuya Kurkuriya F.P. School (Room No. 3)
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Diamond Harbour Assembly constituency|Diamond Harbour (143)]]
|117
|Bagda Junior High School
|-
|179
|Chanda F.P. School (Room No. 2)
|-
|194
|Haridevpur F.P. School
|-
|243
|Roynagar F.P. School (Room No. 2)
|}

== Results ==
The votes will be counted and results will be announced on 4th May, 2026.
=== Results by alliance or party ===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:Left;"
! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | Alliance/ Party
! colspan="3" | Popular vote
! colspan="3" | Seats
|-
! Votes
! %
! ±[[Percentage point|pp]]
! Contested
! Won
! +/−
|-
| rowspan=2 {{Party color cell|All India Trinamool Congress}}
| rowspan=2 | [[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC+]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
| {{formatnum:}}
|
|
| 291
|
|
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Gorkha Prajatantrik Morcha}}
| {{formatnum:}}
|
|
| 3
|
|
|-
| style="background:#d2f3da" colspan=4 | '''Total'''
| style="color:inherit;background:#d2f3da" |
| style="color:inherit;background:#d2f3da" |
| style="color:inherit;background:#d2f3da" |
| style="color:inherit;background:#d2f3da" | {{font color|black|294}}
| style="color:inherit;background:#d2f3da" |
| style="color:inherit;background:#d2f3da" |
|-
| {{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| colspan=3 | [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| {{formatnum:}}
|
|
| 294
|
|
|-
| rowspan="11"{{Party color cell|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
| rowspan="11" | [[Left Front-led Alliance|LF+]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
| {{formatnum:}}
|
|
| 195
|
|
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Indian Secular Front}}
| {{formatnum:}}
|
|
| 29
|
|
|-
| {{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}
| {{formatnum:}}
|
|
| 23
|
|
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| {{formatnum:}}
|
|
| 17
|
|
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
| {{formatnum:}}
|
|
| 16
|
|
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation|dab=yes}}
| {{formatnum:}}
|
|
| 9
|
|
|-
| {{Full party name with color|West Bengal Socialist Party}}
| {{formatnum:}}
|
|
| 1
|
|
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Marxist Forward Bloc}}
| {{formatnum:}}
|
|
| 1
|
|
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Revolutionary Communist Party of India}}
| {{formatnum:}}
|
|
| 1
|
|
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Social Democratic Party of India}}
| {{formatnum:}}
|
|
| 1
|
|
|-
| {{Party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
| {{formatnum:}}
|
|
| 1
|
|
|-
| style="background:#ffcccc" colspan=4 | '''Total'''
| style="color:inherit;background:#ffcccc" |
| style="color:inherit;background:#ffcccc" |
| style="color:inherit;background:#ffcccc" |
| style="color:inherit;background:#ffcccc" | {{font color|black|293}}
| style="color:inherit;background:#ffcccc" |
| style="color:inherit;background:#ffcccc" |
|-
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| colspan=3 | [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{formatnum:}}
|
|
| 292
|
|
|-
| {{Party color cell|Others}}
| colspan="3" align="left" | [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election#Others|Other parties]]
| {{formatnum:}}
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| {{Party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
| colspan="3" align="left" | [[Independent (politician)|Independents]]
| {{formatnum:}}
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| {{Party color cell|None of the above (India)}}
| colspan="3" align="left" | [[None of the above (India)|NOTA]]
| {{formatnum:}}
|
|
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |
!
|
|-
! colspan="4" | Total
!
! 100%
! —
!
! 294
! —
|}

=== Results by phase ===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" | Phase
! rowspan="2" | Seats
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Trinamool Congress}}"|
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Others}}"|
|-
! [[Trinamool Congress|AITC+]]
! [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
! Others
|-
| bgcolor="#fff4a5"|'''Phase 1'''
! 152
|
|
|
|-
| bgcolor="#fec6e8"|'''Phase 2'''
! 142
|
|
|
|-
! Total
! 294
!
!
!
|}

=== Results by division ===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" | Division
! rowspan="2" | Seats
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Trinamool Congress}}"|
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Others}}" |
|-
! [[Trinamool Congress|AITC+]]
! [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
! Others
|-
! [[Jalpaiguri division]]
! 27
|
|
|
|-
! [[Malda division]]
! 49
|
|
|
|-
! [[Burdwan division]]
! 54
|
|
|
|-
! [[Medinipur division]]
! 56
|
|
|
|-
! [[Presidency division]]
! 108
|
|
|
|-
! Total Seats
! 294
!
!
!
|}

===Results by region===
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="60%" style="text-align:center;"
!rowspan="3"|Region
!rowspan="3"|District
!rowspan="3"|Seats
|colspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Trinamool Congress}}"|
|colspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|colspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Others}}"|
|-
!colspan="2" class="wikitable"|[[Trinamool Congress|AITC+]]
!colspan="2" class="wikitable"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
!colspan="2" class="wikitable"|Others
|-
|-
!Won
!+/-
!Won
!+/-
!Won
!+/-
|-
! rowspan=8| North Bengal
! [[Cooch Behar district|Cooch Behar]]
! 9
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! [[Alipurduar district|Alipurduar]]
! 5
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! [[Jalpaiguri district|Jalpaiguri]]
! 7
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! [[Kalimpong district|Kalimpong]]
! 1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! [[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]]
! 5
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! [[Uttar Dinajpur district|Uttar Dinajpur]]
! 9
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! [[Dakshin Dinajpur district|Dakshin Dinajpur]]
! 6
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! [[Malda district|Malda]]
! 12
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan=2|Total || 54 || || || || || ||
|-
! rowspan=10| South Bengal
! [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]]
! 22
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! [[Nadia district|Nadia]]
! 17
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]]
! 33
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! [[South 24 Parganas district|South 24 Parganas]]
! 31
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! [[Kolkata district|Kolkata]]
! 11
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! [[Howrah district|Howrah]]
! 16
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]]
! 18
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! [[Purba Medinipur district|Purba Medinipur]]
! 16
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! [[Paschim Medinipur district|Paschim Medinipur]]
! 15
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! [[Jhargram district|Jhargram]]
! 4
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan=2|Total || 183 || || || || || ||
|-
! rowspan=5| Rarh Banga
! [[Purulia district|Purulia]]
! 9
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! [[Bankura district|Bankura]]
! 12
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]]
! 16
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! [[Paschim Bardhaman district|Paschim Bardhaman]]
! 9
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! [[Birbhum district|Birbhum]]
! 11
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan=2|Total || 57 || || || || || ||
|-
! colspan=2|Total
!294
!
!
!
!
!
!
|}

=== Results by constituency ===

{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" | District
! colspan="2" | Constituency
! colspan="5" | Winner
! colspan="5" | Runner Up
! rowspan="2" | Margin
! rowspan="2" | %
|-
! No.
! Name
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Votes
! %
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Votes
! %
|-
| rowspan="9" | [[Cooch Behar district|Cooch Behar]]
! 1
| [[Mekliganj Assembly constituency|Mekliganj (SC)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 2
| [[Mathabhanga Assembly constituency|Mathabhanga (SC)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 3
| [[Cooch Behar Uttar]] (SC)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 4
| [[Cooch Behar Dakshin]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 5
| [[Sitalkuchi Assembly constituency|Sitalkuchi (SC)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 6
| [[Sitai Assembly constituency|Sitai (SC)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 7
| [[Dinhata Assembly constituency|Dinhata]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 8
| [[Natabari Assembly constituency|Natabari]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 9
| [[Tufanganj Assembly constituency|Tufanganj]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | [[Alipurduar district|Alipurduar]]
! 10
| [[Kumargram Assembly constituency|Kumargram (ST)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 11
| [[Kalchini Assembly constituency|Kalchini (ST)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 12
| [[Alipurduars Assembly constituency|Alipurduars]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 13
| [[Falakata Assembly constituency|Falakata]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 14
| [[Madarihat Assembly constituency|Madarihat]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="7" | [[Jalpaiguri district|Jalpaiguri]]
! 15
| [[Dhupguri Assembly constituency|Dhupguri (SC)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 16
| [[Maynaguri Assembly constituency|Maynaguri (SC)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 17
| [[Jalpaiguri Assembly constituency|Jalpaiguri (SC)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 18
| [[Rajganj Assembly constituency|Rajganj (SC)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 19
| [[Dabgram-Phulbari Assembly constituency|Dabgram-Phulbari]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 20
| [[Mal Assembly constituency|Mal (ST)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 21
| [[Nagrakata Assembly constituency|Nagrakata (ST)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Kalimpong district|Kalimpong]]
! 22
| [[Kalimpong Assembly constituency|Kalimpong]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | [[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]]
! 23
| [[Darjeeling Assembly constituency|Darjeeling]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 24
| [[Kurseong Assembly constituency|Kurseong]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 25
| [[Matigara-Naxalbari]] (SC)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 26
| [[Siliguri Assembly constituency|Siliguri]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 27
| [[Phansidewa Assembly constituency|Phansidewa (ST)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" | [[Uttar Dinajpur district|Uttar Dinajpur]]
! 28
| [[Chopra Assembly constituency|Chopra]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 29
| [[Islampur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Islampur]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 30
| [[Goalpokhar Assembly constituency|Goalpokhar]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 31
| [[Chakulia Assembly constituency|Chakulia]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 32
| [[Karandighi Assembly constituency|Karandighi]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 33
| [[Hemtabad Assembly constituency|Hemtabad (SC)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 34
| [[Kaliaganj Assembly constituency|Kaliaganj (SC)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 35
| [[Raiganj Assembly constituency|Raiganj]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 36
| [[Itahar Assembly constituency|Itahar]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6" | [[Dakshin Dinajpur district|Dakshin Dinajpur]]
! 37
| [[Kushmandi Assembly constituency|Kushmandi (SC)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 38
| [[Kumarganj Assembly constituency|Kumarganj]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 39
| [[Balurghat Assembly constituency|Balurghat]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 40
| [[Tapan Assembly constituency|Tapan (ST)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 41
| [[Gangarampur Assembly constituency|Gangarampur (SC)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 42
| [[Harirampur Assembly constituency|Harirampur]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="12" | [[Malda district|Malda]]
! 43
| [[Habibpur Assembly constituency|Habibpur (ST)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 44
| [[Gazole Assembly constituency|Gazole (SC)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 45
| [[Chanchal Assembly constituency|Chanchal]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 46
| [[Harishchandrapur Assembly constituency|Harishchandrapur]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 47
| [[Malatipur Assembly constituency|Malatipur]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 48
| [[Ratua Assembly constituency|Ratua]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 49
| [[Manikchak Assembly constituency|Manikchak]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 50
| [[Maldaha Assembly constituency|Maldaha]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 51
| [[English Bazar Assembly constituency|English Bazar]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 52
| [[Mothabari Assembly constituency|Mothabari]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 53
| [[Sujapur Assembly constituency|Sujapur]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 54
| [[Baisnabnagar Assembly constituency|Baisnabnagar]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="22" | [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]]
! 55
| [[Farakka Assembly constituency|Farakka]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 56
| [[Samserganj Assembly constituency|Samserganj]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 57
| [[Suti Assembly constituency|Suti]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 58
| [[Jangipur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Jangipur]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 59
| [[Raghunathganj Assembly constituency|Raghunathganj]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 60
| [[Sagardighi Assembly constituency|Sagardighi]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 61
| [[Lalgola Assembly constituency|Lalgola]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 62
| [[Bhagabangola Assembly constituency|Bhagabangola]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 63
| [[Raninagar Assembly constituency|Raninagar]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 64
| [[Murshidabad Assembly constituency|Murshidabad]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 65
| [[Nabagram Assembly constituency|Nabagram (SC)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 66
| [[Khargram Assembly constituency|Khargram (SC)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 67
| [[Burwan Assembly constituency|Burwan (SC)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 68
| [[Kandi Assembly constituency|Kandi]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 69
| [[Bharatpur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Bharatpur]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 70
| [[Rejinagar Assembly constituency|Rejinagar]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 71
| [[Beldanga Assembly constituency|Beldanga]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 72
| [[Baharampur Assembly constituency|Baharampur]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 73
| [[Hariharpara Assembly constituency|Hariharpara]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 74
| [[Naoda Assembly constituency|Naoda]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 75
| [[Domkal Assembly constituency|Domkal]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 76
| [[Jalangi Assembly constituency|Jalangi]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="17" | [[Nadia district|Nadia]]
! 77
| [[Karimpur Assembly constituency|Karimpur]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 78
| [[Tehatta Assembly constituency|Tehatta]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 79
| [[Palashipara Assembly constituency|Palashipara]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 80
| [[Kaliganj Assembly constituency|Kaliganj]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 81
| [[Nakashipara Assembly constituency|Nakashipara]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 82
| [[Chapra, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Chapra]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 83
| [[Krishnanagar Uttar Assembly constituency|Krishnanagar Uttar]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 84
| [[Nabadwip Assembly constituency|Nabadwip]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 85
| [[Krishnanagar Dakshin Assembly constituency|Krishnanagar Dakshin]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 86
| [[Santipur Assembly constituency|Santipur]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 87
| [[Ranaghat Uttar Paschim Assembly constituency|Ranaghat Uttar Paschim]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 88
| [[Krishnaganj Assembly constituency|Krishnaganj (SC)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 89
| [[Ranaghat Uttar Purba Assembly constituency|Ranaghat Uttar Purba (SC)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 90
| [[Ranaghat Dakshin Assembly constituency|Ranaghat Dakshin (SC)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 91
| [[Chakdaha Assembly constituency|Chakdaha]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 92
| [[Kalyani Assembly constituency|Kalyani (SC)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 93
| [[Haringhata Assembly constituency|Haringhata (SC)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="33" | [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]]
! 94
| [[Bagdah Assembly constituency|Bagdah (SC)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 95
| [[Bangaon Uttar Assembly constituency|Bangaon Uttar (SC)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 96
| [[Bangaon Dakshin Assembly constituency|Bangaon Dakshin (SC)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 97
| [[Gaighata Assembly constituency|Gaighata (SC)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 98
| [[Swarupnagar Assembly constituency|Swarupnagar (SC)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 99
| [[Baduria Assembly constituency|Baduria]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 100
| [[Habra Assembly constituency|Habra]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 101
| [[Ashoknagar Assembly constituency|Ashokenagar]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 102
| [[Amdanga Assembly constituency|Amdanga]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 103
| [[Bijpur Assembly constituency|Bijpur]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 104
| [[Naihati Assembly constituency|Naihati]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 105
| [[Bhatpara Assembly constituency|Bhatpara]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 106
| [[Jagatdal Assembly constituency|Jagatdal]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 107
| [[Noapara Assembly constituency|Noapara]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 108
| [[Barrackpur Assembly constituency|Barrackpur]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 109
| [[Khardaha Assembly constituency|Khardaha]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 110
| [[Dum Dum Uttar Assembly constituency|Dum Dum Uttar]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 111
| [[Panihati Assembly constituency|Panihati]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 112
| [[Kamarhati Assembly constituency|Kamarhati]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 113
| [[Baranagar Assembly constituency|Baranagar]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 114
| [[Dum Dum Assembly constituency|Dum Dum]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 115
| [[Rajarhat New Town Assembly constituency|Rajarhat New Town]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 116
| [[Bidhannagar Assembly constituency|Bidhannagar]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 117
| [[Rajarhat Gopalpur Assembly constituency|Rajarhat Gopalpur]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 118
| [[Madhyamgram Assembly constituency|Madhyamgram]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 119
| [[Barasat Assembly constituency|Barasat]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 120
| [[Deganga Assembly constituency|Deganga]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 121
| [[Haroa Assembly constituency|Haroa]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 122
| [[Minakhan Assembly constituency|Minakhan (SC)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 123
| [[Sandeshkhali Assembly constituency|Sandeshkhali (ST)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 124
| [[Basirhat Dakshin Assembly constituency|Basirhat Dakshin]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 125
| [[Basirhat Uttar Assembly constituency|Basirhat Uttar]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 126
| [[Hingalganj Assembly constituency|Hingalganj (SC)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="31" | [[South 24 Parganas district|South 24 Parganas]]
! 127
| [[Gosaba Assembly constituency|Gosaba (SC)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 128
| [[Basanti Assembly constituency|Basanti (SC)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 129
| [[Kultali Assembly constituency|Kultali (SC)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 130
| [[Patharpratima Assembly constituency|Patharpratima]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 131
| [[Kakdwip Assembly constituency|Kakdwip]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 132
| [[Sagar, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Sagar]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 133
| [[Kulpi Assembly constituency|Kulpi]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 134
| [[Raidighi Assembly constituency|Raidighi]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 135
| [[Mandirbazar Assembly constituency|Mandirbazar (SC)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 136
| [[Jaynagar Assembly constituency|Jaynagar (SC)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 137
| [[Baruipur Purba Assembly constituency|Baruipur Purba (SC)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 138
| [[Canning Paschim Assembly constituency|Canning Paschim (SC)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 139
| [[Canning Purba Assembly constituency|Canning Purba]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 140
| [[Baruipur Paschim Assembly constituency|Baruipur Paschim]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 141
| [[Magrahat Purba Assembly constituency|Magrahat Purba (SC)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 142
| [[Magrahat Paschim Assembly constituency|Magrahat Paschim]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 143
| [[Diamond Harbour Assembly constituency|Diamond Harbour]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 144
| [[Falta Assembly constituency|Falta]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 145
| [[Satgachhia Assembly constituency|Satgachia]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 146
| [[Bishnupur, South 24 Parganas Assembly constituency|Bishnupur (SC)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 147
| [[Sonarpur Dakshin Assembly constituency|Sonarpur Dakshin]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 148
| [[Bhangar Assembly constituency|Bhangar]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 149
| [[Kasba, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Kasba]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 150
| [[Jadavpur Assembly constituency|Jadavpur]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 151
| [[Sonarpur Uttar Assembly constituency|Sonarpur Uttar]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 152
| [[Tollyganj Assembly constituency|Tollygunge]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 153
| [[Behala Purba Assembly constituency|Behala Purba]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 154
| [[Behala Paschim]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 155
| [[Maheshtala Assembly constituency|Maheshtala]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 156
| [[Budge Budge Assembly constituency|Budge Budge]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 157
| [[Metiaburuz Assembly constituency|Metiaburuz]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="11" | [[Kolkata district|Kolkata]]
! 158
| [[Kolkata Port Assembly constituency|Kolkata Port]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 159
| [[Bhabanipur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Bhabanipur]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 160
| [[Rashbehari Assembly constituency|Rashbehari]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 161
| [[Ballygunge Assembly constituency|Ballygunge]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 162
| [[Chowrangee Assembly constituency|Chowrangee]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 163
| [[Entally Assembly constituency|Entally]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 164
| [[Beleghata Assembly constituency|Beleghata]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 165
| [[Jorasanko Assembly constituency|Jorasanko]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 166
| [[Shyampukur Assembly constituency|Shyampukur]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 167
| [[Maniktala Assembly constituency|Maniktala]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 168
| [[Kashipur-Belgachhia]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="16" | [[Howrah district|Howrah]]
! 169
| [[Bally Assembly constituency|Bally]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 170
| [[Howrah Uttar]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 171
| [[Howrah Madhya]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 172
| [[Shibpur Assembly constituency|Shibpur]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 173
| [[Howrah Dakshin]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 174
| [[Sankrail Assembly constituency|Sankrail (SC)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 175
| [[Panchla Assembly constituency|Panchla]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 176
| [[Uluberia Purba]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 177
| [[Uluberia Uttar]] (SC)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 178
| [[Uluberia Dakshin]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 179
| [[Shyampur Assembly constituency|Shyampur]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 180
| [[Bagnan Assembly constituency|Bagnan]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 181
| [[Amta Assembly constituency|Amta]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 182
| [[Udaynarayanpur Assembly constituency|Udaynarayanpur]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 183
| [[Jagatballavpur Assembly constituency|Jagatballavpur]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 184
| [[Domjur Assembly constituency|Domjur]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="18" | [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]]
! 185
| [[Uttarpara Assembly constituency|Uttarpara]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 186
| [[Sreerampur Assembly constituency|Sreerampur]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 187
| [[Champdani Assembly constituency|Champdani]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 188
| [[Singur Assembly constituency|Singur]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 189
| [[Chandannagar Assembly constituency|Chandannagar]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 190
| [[Chunchura Assembly constituency|Chunchura]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 191
| [[Balagarh Assembly constituency|Balagarh (SC)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 192
| [[Pandua Assembly constituency|Pandua]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 193
| [[Saptagram Assembly constituency|Saptagram]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 194
| [[Chanditala Assembly constituency|Chanditala]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 195
| [[Jangipara Assembly constituency|Jangipara]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 196
| [[Haripal Assembly constituency|Haripal]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 197
| [[Dhanekhali Assembly constituency|Dhanekhali (SC)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 198
| [[Tarakeswar Assembly constituency|Tarakeswar]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 199
| [[Pursurah Assembly constituency|Pursurah]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 200
| [[Arambag Assembly constituency|Arambagh (SC)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 201
| [[Goghat Assembly constituency|Goghat (SC)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 202
| [[Khanakul Assembly constituency|Khanakul]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="16" | [[Purba Medinipur district|Purba Medinipur]]
! 203
| [[Tamluk Assembly constituency|Tamluk]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 204
| [[Panskura Purba]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 205
| [[Panskura Paschim]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 206
| [[Moyna Assembly constituency|Moyna]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 207
| [[Nandakumar Assembly constituency|Nandakumar]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 208
| [[Mahisadal Assembly constituency|Mahisadal]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 209
| [[Haldia Assembly constituency|Haldia (SC)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 210
| [[Nandigram Assembly constituency|Nandigram]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 211
| [[Chandipur Assembly constituency|Chandipur]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 212
| [[Patashpur Assembly constituency|Patashpur]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 213
| [[Kanthi Uttar Assembly constituency|Kanthi Uttar]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 214
| [[Bhagabanpur Assembly constituency|Bhagabanpur]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 215
| [[Khejuri Assembly constituency|Khejuri (SC)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 216
| [[Kanthi Dakshin Assembly constituency|Kanthi Dakshin]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 217
| [[Ramnagar, Purba Medinipur Assembly constituency|Ramnagar]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 218
| [[Egra Assembly constituency|Egra]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Paschim Medinipur district|Paschim Medinipur]]
! 219
| [[Dantan Assembly constituency|Dantan]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Jhargram district|Jhargram]]
! 220
| [[Nayagram Assembly constituency|Nayagram (ST)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 221
| [[Gopiballavpur Assembly constituency|Gopiballavpur]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 222
| [[Jhargram Assembly constituency|Jhargram]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="14" | [[Paschim Medinipur district|Paschim Medinipur]]
! 223
| [[Keshiary Assembly constituency|Keshiary (ST)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 224
| [[Kharagpur Sadar Assembly constituency|Kharagpur Sadar]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 225
| [[Narayangarh Assembly constituency|Narayangarh]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 226
| [[Sabang Assembly constituency|Sabang]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 227
| [[Pingla Assembly constituency|Pingla]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 228
| [[Kharagpur Assembly constituency|Kharagpur]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 229
| [[Debra Assembly constituency|Debra]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 230
| [[Daspur Assembly constituency|Daspur]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 231
| [[Ghatal Assembly constituency|Ghatal]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 232
| [[Chandrakona Assembly constituency|Chandrakona (SC)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 233
| [[Garbeta Assembly constituency|Garbeta]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 234
| [[Salboni Assembly constituency|Salboni]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 235
| [[Keshpur Assembly constituency|Keshpur]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 236
| [[Medinipur Assembly constituency|Medinipur]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Jhargram district|Jhargram]]
! 237
| [[Binpur Assembly constituency|Binpur (ST)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" | [[Purulia district|Purulia]]
! 238
| [[Bandwan Assembly constituency|Bandwan (ST)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 239
| [[Balarampur, Purulia Assembly constituency|Balarampur]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 240
| [[Baghmundi Assembly constituency|Baghmundi]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 241
| [[Joypur, Purulia Assembly constituency|Joypur]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 242
| [[Purulia Assembly constituency|Purulia]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 243
| [[Manbazar Assembly constituency|Manbazar (ST)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 244
| [[Kashipur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Kashipur]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 245
| [[Para Assembly constituency|Para (SC)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 246
| [[Raghunathpur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Raghunathpur (SC)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="12" | [[Bankura district|Bankura]]
! 247
| [[Saltora Assembly constituency|Saltora (SC)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 248
| [[Chhatna Assembly constituency|Chhatna]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 249
| [[Ranibandh Assembly constituency|Ranibandh (ST)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 250
| [[Raipur, Bankura Assembly constituency|Raipur (ST)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 251
| [[Taldangra Assembly constituency|Taldangra]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 252
| [[Bankura Assembly constituency|Bankura]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 253
| [[Barjora Assembly constituency|Barjora]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 254
| [[Onda Assembly constituency|Onda]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 255
| [[Bishnupur, Bankura Assembly constituency|Bishnupur]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 256
| [[Katulpur]] (SC)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 257
| [[Indas Assembly constituency|Indas (SC)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 258
| [[Sonamukhi Assembly constituency|Sonamukhi (SC)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="16" | [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]]
! 259
| [[Khandaghosh Assembly constituency|Khandaghosh (SC)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 260
| [[Bardhaman Dakshin]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 261
| [[Raina Assembly constituency|Raina (SC)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 262
| [[Jamalpur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Jamalpur (SC)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 263
| [[Monteswar Assembly constituency|Monteswar]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 264
| [[Kalna Assembly constituency|Kalna (SC)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 265
| [[Memari Assembly constituency|Memari]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 266
| [[Bardhaman Uttar]] (SC)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 267
| [[Bhatar Assembly constituency|Bhatar]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 268
| [[Purbasthali Dakshin]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 269
| [[Purbasthali Uttar]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 270
| [[Katwa Assembly constituency|Katwa]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 271
| [[Ketugram Assembly constituency|Ketugram]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 272
| [[Mangalkot Assembly constituency|Mangalkot]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 273
| [[Ausgram Assembly constituency|Ausgram (SC)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 274
| [[Galsi Assembly constituency|Galsi (SC)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" | [[Paschim Bardhaman district|Paschim Bardhaman]]
! 275
| [[Pandabeswar Assembly constituency|Pandabeswar]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 276
| [[Durgapur Purba]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 277
| [[Durgapur Paschim]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 278
| [[Raniganj, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Raniganj]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 279
| [[Jamuria Assembly constituency|Jamuria]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 280
| [[Asansol Dakshin Assembly constituency|Asansol Dakshin]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 281
| [[Asansol Uttar Assembly constituency|Asansol Uttar]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 282
| [[Kulti Assembly constituency|Kulti]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 283
| [[Barabani Assembly constituency|Barabani]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="11" | [[Birbhum district|Birbhum]]
! 284
| [[Dubrajpur Assembly constituency|Dubrajpur (SC)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 285
| [[Suri Assembly constituency|Suri]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 286
| [[Bolpur Assembly constituency|Bolpur]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 287
| [[Nanoor Assembly constituency|Nanoor (SC)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 288
| [[Labpur Assembly constituency|Labpur]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 289
| [[Sainthia Assembly constituency|Sainthia (SC)]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 290
| [[Mayureswar Assembly constituency|Mayureswar]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 291
| [[Rampurhat Assembly constituency|Rampurhat]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 292
| [[Hansan Assembly constituency|Hansan]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 293
| [[Nalhati Assembly constituency|Nalhati]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 294
| [[Murarai Assembly constituency|Murarai]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

== See also ==

* [[2026 elections in India]]
* [[2024 Indian general election in West Bengal]]
* [[2026 Kolkata Municipal Corporation election]]
* [[2026 Rajya Sabha elections]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://ceowestbengal.wb.gov.in/ State Election Commission of West Bengal]

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:State Assembly elections in West Bengal]]
[[Category:2026 State Assembly elections in India|West Bengal]]
[[Category:2020s in West Bengal]]

Oomachikulam

2026-05-01T15:28:03Z

BrigitteHosking: new a article.

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name = Oomachikulam
|native_name =
|native_name_lang = ta
|other_name =
|settlement_type = [[Neighbourhood]]
|image_skyline =
|image_alt =
|image_caption =
|nickname =
|image_map =
|map_alt =
|map_caption =
|pushpin_map = Tamil Nadu
|pushpin_label_position =
|pushpin_map_alt =
|pushpin_map_caption = Oomachikulam, Madurai (Tamil Nadu)
|coordinates = {{coord|9.994200|N|78.145800|E|display=inline,title}}
|subdivision_type = [[Country]]
|subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[States and Territories of India|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[File:TamilNadu Logo.svg|23x16px|border|alt=Tamil Nadu]][[Tamil Nadu]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Madurai district]]
|established_title = <! -- Established -->
|government_type =
|government_body =
|unit_pref = Metric
|area_footnotes =
|area_rank =
|area_total_km2 =
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m = 172
|elevation_ft =
|population_total =
|population_as_of =
|population_rank =
|population_density_km2 =
|demographics_type1 = [[Language]]s
|demographics1_title1 = [[Official]]
|demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[English language|English]]
|timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|utc_offset1 = +5:30
|postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
|postal_code =
|area_code_type = [[Telephone]] Code
|area_code = +91452xxxxxxx
|registration_plate =
|blank1_name_sec1 = Other Neighborhoods
|blank1_info_sec1 = [[Madurai]], [[Sellur (Madurai)|Sellur]], Narimedu, [[Chinna Chokkikulam]], B B Kulam, [[Simmakkal, Madurai|Simmakkal]], [[Tallakulam (Madurai)|Tallakulam]], Goripalayam, Shenoy Nagar, [[Yanaikkal, Madurai|Yanaikkal]], [[Nelpettai]], East Gate, [[Thathaneri]], [[Koodal Nagar, Madurai|Koodal Nagar]], [[K. Pudur]] and [[Arappalayam]]
|blank2_name_sec1 = Municipal body
|blank2_info_sec1 = [[Madurai Municipal Corporation]]
|blank3_name_sec1 =
|blank3_info_sec1 =
|blank4_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha|LS]]
|blank4_info_sec1 = [[Madurai Lok Sabha constituency]]
|blank5_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha|VS]]
|blank5_info_sec1 =
|blank6_name_sec1 = [[Member of Parliament|MP]]
|blank6_info_sec1 = [[S. Venkatesan]]
|blank7_name_sec1 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
|blank7_info_sec1 =
|website = https://madurai.nic.in
|footnotes =
}}

'''Oomachikulam''' is a neighbourhood in [[Madurai district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] state in the peninsular [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |author=Staff Reporter |date=2019-11-11 |title=Oomachikulam residents allege police torture, extortion |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/students-of-maharishi-vidya-mandir-senior-secondary-school-kovilpapakudi-celebrating-jeyavarshini/article29946640.ece |access-date=2023-02-13 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |author=India (Republic) Office of the Registrar General |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sv0cAQAAMAAJ&q=Oomachikulam |title=Census of India, 1961 |date=1969 |publisher=Manager of Publications |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |author=India Office of the Registrar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PmeBWUv8OTIC&q=Oomachikulam |title=Census of India, 1961 |date=1962 |publisher=Manager of Publications |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |author=Tamil Nadu Electricity Board |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RuEYAQAAIAAJ&q=Oomachikulam |title=Administration Report |date=1964 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S3f4sNPHuMgC&dq=Oomachikulam&pg=PA170 |title=Criminal Justice India Series |date=2002 |publisher=Allied Publishers |isbn=978-81-7764-519-4 |language=en}}</ref>

Oomachikulam is located at an altitude of about 172  m above the mean sea level with the geographical coordinates of {{coord|9.994200|N|78.145800|E}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GeoHack - Oomachikulam |url=https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Oomachikulam&params=9.994200_N_78.145800_E_type:city_region:IN |access-date=2023-02-15 |website=geohack.toolforge.org}}</ref>

From Tallakulam area of Madurai district to Natham area of Dindigul district, a four-lane road of 35 km long, is planned to be constructed at a cost of Rs.1,028 crore. As one phase of the project, a bridge of length 7.5 km from Tallakulam to Oomachikulam has been constructed at a cost of ₹612 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |title=மதுரையில் "பிரம்மாண்டம்"- 7.5 கிமீ.. ரூ.612 கோடி! தமிழ்நாட்டின் நீளமான மேம்பாலம் விரைவில் திறப்பு |url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/news/madurai/7-5-km-long-bridge-between-madurai-and-natham-to-be-opened-soon/articlecontent-pf860779-498228.html |access-date=2023-02-13}}</ref> Also, bridges are being constructed to connect Madurai to Thuvarankurichi area of Tiruchirappalli district via Natham. As a part of this, the works of beautifying the banks of Oomachikulam tank is also going on.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Elevated corridor linking Madurai, Tiruchy to be unveiled in January |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2022/nov/17/elevated-corridor-linking-madurai-tiruchy-to-be-unveiled-in-january-2518975.html |access-date=2023-02-13 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> The bridge at Oomachikulam area has an elevated corridor.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Staff Reporter |date=2019-11-11 |title=Oomachikulam residents allege police torture, extortion |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/students-of-maharishi-vidya-mandir-senior-secondary-school-kovilpapakudi-celebrating-jeyavarshini/article29946640.ece |access-date=2023-02-13 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref> Also, as there are many centre medians at short intervals on this highway, it is considered that accidents are likely to occur.<ref>{{Cite web |title=மதுரை புதுநத்தம் சாலையில் 'சென்டர் மீடியம் கேப்'-களை குறைக்க கோரிக்கை - விபத்துகள் அதிகரிப்பதாகப் புகார் |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/tamilnadu/885315-accidents-increase-in-madurai.html |access-date=2023-02-13 |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |language=ta}}</ref> This four-lane road is known to be the longest road in Tamil Nadu and shortens the travel distance considerably.<ref>{{Cite web |title=தமிழகத்திலேயே மிக நீளமான மதுரை - நத்தம் பறக்கும் பால கட்டுமானப் பணி 95% நிறைவு |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/tamilnadu/916900-longest-bridge-of-tn-madurai-natham-flyover-construction-work-95-completion.html |access-date=2023-02-13 |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods and suburbs of Madurai]]

{{Madurai-geo-stub}}

Aircraft maintenance in India

2026-05-01T15:07:54Z

BrigitteHosking: made basic stub w/ sources

{{short description|none}}
{{Multiple issues|{{more citations needed|date=September 2015}}
{{lead rewrite|date=January 2012}}
{{essay-like|date=January 2012}}
{{Orphan|date=February 2021}}}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
The '''aircraft maintenance industry''' '''in India''' was worth {{Currency|800 million|USD|passthrough=yes}} in 2011 and is expected to grow to over {{Currency|1.5 billion|USD|passthrough=yes|linked=no}} by 2020. However, currently India constitutes 1 percent of the global [[maintenance, repair, and operations]] (MRO) market, worth {{Currency|45 billion|USD|passthrough=yes|linked=no}}.

The measured steps that the [[Indian government]] has taken in moving towards the open sky policy, increase in military, civil and business aircraft fleet in the country, the growing preference for air travel by India's largely underserved middle class, and the focus by industry to optimise cost of aircraft operations, provides a strong foundation for the Indian MRO industry to strengthen its capability to meet global standards of excellence.<ref name="MRO ref2">{{cite news |title=A lift for MRO |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/specials/flight-plan/a-lift-for-mro/article34998721.ece |access-date=15 October 2021 |publisher=thehindubusinessline |date=27 June 2021}}</ref>

Setting up an MRO is highly capital intensive with a long break-even time. Operating a credible MRO is highly dependent on investing in the right manpower which is regularly trained and optimally utilised with an emphasis on quality and turnaround time. It also requires continuous investment in tooling, certification from safety regulators such as the [[Federal Aviation Administration]] (FAA) and the [[European Aviation Safety Agency]] (EASA) and global OEMs such as [[Airbus]], [[Bell Helicopter]], [[Boeing]], [[Bombardier Aerospace]], [[Dassault Aviation]], [[Gulfstream Aerospace]], [[Honeywell]] and others, in addition to certification from the local regulator in order to stay relevant in today's competitive global environment.

==Segments==

The four segments are:<ref name="MRO ref8">{{cite news |date=15 October 2021 |title=Will The Indian MRO Industry Finally Take Off? |publisher=businessworld.in |url=http://www.businessworld.in/article/Will-The-Indian-MRO-Industry-Finally-Take-Off-/08-06-2020-194634/ |access-date=15 October 2021}}</ref>

# Airframe maintenance.
# Engine maintenance, constitute 50% to 55% of the work in value . Engine overhauling and component maintenance is considered the high return in income.<ref name="MRO ref9" />
# Components maintenance has second highest share in revenue.
# Weekly checks (termed as line maintenance).

[[Mumbai]], [[Delhi]], [[Nagpur]], [[Kolkata]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]] and [[Hyderabad]] has AIESL Overhaul facilities.<ref>https://www.aiesl.in/Presence_Domestic.aspx</ref>

=== Commercial aviation ===
Airlines in India spend about 13–15 percent of their revenues towards maintenance, the second-highest cost item for airlines after fuel. Generally airlines carry on-tarmac inspections (A and B checks) in-house and work with third-party MROs for engine, heavy maintenance (C and D checks) and modifications.<ref name="MRO ref8" /> Almost all airline MRO infrastructure in India is captive (largely with [[Air India]]) with only one fully operational independent third-party provider MRO, [[Air Works]], with an EASA-certified facility in [[Hosur]], near [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]].<ref name="MRO ref1">{{cite news |date=5 March 2021 |title=A passage to India: Here's how Indian MROs could end up servicing the world's aircraft |publisher=moneycontrol.com |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/a-passage-to-india-heres-how-indian-mros-could-end-up-servicing-the-worlds-aircraft-6607871.html |access-date=15 October 2021}}</ref><ref name="MRO ref12">{{cite news |date=30 May 2020 |title=Sitharaman aims to ensure that the Indian MRO sector flies high |publisher=indiaglobalbusiness.com |url=https://www.indiaglobalbusiness.com/analyses/snap-analysis/sitharaman-aims-to-ensure-that-the-indian-mro-sector-flies-high |access-date=15 October 2021}}</ref> Air Works provides heavy maintenance capability for Airbus A320, ATR 42/72 and Boeing 737/NG family of aircraft. GMR has set up in partnership with MAS an operational facility meeting EASA standards at [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to MAS-GMR Aerotechnic Limited |url=http://www.masgmr-aerotech.in/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217145811/http://masgmr-aerotech.in/ |archive-date=2014-12-17 |access-date=2020-01-22}}</ref>

Until recently,<ref name="MRO ref14">{{cite news |last1=Mitra |first1=Arnab |date=30 May 2020 |title=Sitharaman aims to ensure that the Indian MRO sector flies high |language=en |publisher=India Global Business |url=https://www.indiaglobalbusiness.com/analyses/snap-analysis/sitharaman-aims-to-ensure-that-the-indian-mro-sector-flies-high |access-date=15 October 2021}}</ref>{{When|date=April 2012}} in the absence of quality infrastructure, airlines carried out maintenance outside India<ref name="MRO ref8" /> at the nearest available MRO location ([[Southeast Asia|South East Asia]], [[Middle East]] or [[Europe]])<ref name="MRO ref5">{{cite news |last1=Tejaswi |first1=Mini |date=8 April 2021 |title=MRO growth to help create jobs: skill council |publisher=thehindu.com |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/mro-growth-to-help-create-jobs-skill-council/article34275162.ece |access-date=15 October 2021}}</ref> incurring a ferry flight, logistics costs and engine and component hours. Having the flexibility to get the aircraft serviced in India, at a local MRO with EASA-approved facilities, results in 30–40% saving in aircraft maintenance costs for an airline, despite the tax regime on import of spares into the country making them 30% more expensive as compared to international MROs.
In addition to taxation, the other key impediment to growth of airline MRO capacity in India is the lack of availability of hangar space at key international airports. This limits the ability of MROs to tap into the larger potential market of aircraft operating within 5–6 hours of flying distance from India.

=== Business aviation ===
Private operators and NSOP (non-scheduled operators permit) holders are required by [[Directorate General of Civil Aviation (India)|DGCA]] (Directorate General of Civil Aviation) to set up a CAR 145 approved maintenance shop or work with a DGCA approved third-party MRO. Most private operators and NSOP holders prefer the outsourced model for line maintenance (on-tarmac checks) and use OEM/DGCA approved facilities for engine, heavy maintenance and modifications on their aircraft.

The Indian business aviation market is complex from a maintenance perspective as it has over 60 different aircraft types operating in a total market of about 350 aircraft (business jets, turboprops and helicopters). Each individual type requires trained technical manpower, tooling, and approvals from regulator as well as the OEM to enable an MRO to offer world-class maintenance services. Creation of this infrastructure requires a level of investment (both initial and recurring) which most MROs do not find economically viable to support. Therefore, the industry is highly fragmented, with one of the largest player in the market [[Air Works]] (with approvals on over 50 different types from DGCA at 15 locations in India and OEM certification from Agusta Westland, Bell, Bombardier, Dassault, Embraer, Garmin, Gulfstream, Hawker Beechcraft, Honeywell and Rockwell Collins) commanding a 30% market share and [[Indamer Aviation Pvt. Ltd]], (with approvals on over 28 different aircraft from DGCA at 14 locations across India) commanding 27% of the market share.

A significant percentage of the business aviation fleet in India gets heavy maintenance and modifications done at OEM approved facilities in Europe, [[United Kingdom|UK]] and the [[United States|US]]. This trend though is gradually shifting as established players in India are upgrading their heavy maintenance capability and providing customers with an option to reduce turnaround times as well as costs of aircraft maintenance. A key inflection point for this segment of the industry will be as MRO's in India upgrade their facilities to global certification such as EASA in addition to OEM certification as that will enable customers to access globally certified quality of maintenance services locally at their operating base.

The other key challenge which is faced by the industry is non availability of spare parts in the region which leads to frequent grounding of aircraft for lack of spares. This is driven by a lack of OEM support for the Indian market (which is gradually changing with growth in the market) and the custom duty regime which discourages MROs from stocking parts on behalf of customers. If an NSOP holder imports parts for his aircraft, it is exempt from duty, whereas, if an MRO were to provide him this facility, the customer will be liable to pay customs duty as well as service tax. On the suggestions and white paper published by Ravi Menon, founding family member of Air Works, custom tariff has been amended to exempt custom duty on the Aircraft spare parts imported by Indian MROs for use on aircraft maintained by them.

=== Defence ===
Defence MRO in India is largely captive with the Army, Navy and Air Force supported to an extent by [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited|HAL]] (Hindustan Aeronautics Limited). The Directorate General of Civil Aviation for Dornier 228 & Avro 748 aircraft MRO for civil operators has recently certified Hindustan Aeronautics Limiteds Transport Division in Kanpur (Central India).<ref>{{Cite web |title=India, an Emerging MRO Destination |url=http://www.indiamro.in/About-MRO-Sector.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928050825/http://www.indiamro.in/About-MRO-Sector.php |archive-date=2015-09-28 |access-date=2015-07-31}}</ref>
However, there is growing awareness within the Indian Defence establishment on the value of outsourcing non-core maintenance activities to third party operators.{{citation needed|date=April 2012}}

The revised Defence Procurement Procedure (DPP) outlines key changes which provides establishment of [[Public–private partnership|public private partnerships]]<ref name="MRO ref6">{{cite news |last1=Agarwal |first1=Saurabh |date=7 February 2021 |title=Invest more in MRO |publisher=thehindubusinessline.com |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/specials/flight-plan/invest-more-in-mro/article33773170.ece |access-date=15 October 2021}}</ref> as well as qualification of MRO under offset guidelines which will further the setup of MRO capabilities in country. With an estimated spend of US$20 billion on military aircraft by India over the coming 5–7 years,{{When|date=April 2012}} India will see significant capability being developed in country to support MRO activity for these aircraft.<ref name="MRO ref3">{{cite news |last1=Negi |first1=Manjeet |date=24 September 2021 |title=Govt inks deal with Airbus for 56 military transport aircraft |publisher=indiatoday.in |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/govt-inks-deal-with-airbus-for-56-military-transport-aircraft-1856705-2021-09-24 |access-date=15 October 2021}}</ref>

=== Airport infrastructure ===
With the increase in traffic for both passenger & cargo aviation services in India, the government has put in place a program for directing investments in the Airport infrastructure<ref name="MRO ref7">{{cite news |date=9 September 2021 |title=Govt aims to make India a global MRO hub with new liberalised policy |publisher=thehindubusinessline.com |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/govt-aims-to-make-india-a-global-mro-hub-with-new-liberalised-policy/article36385274.ece |access-date=15 October 2021}}</ref> – through both internal resource mobilization, as well as through private sector participation in modernizing specific airports.<ref name="MRO ref4">{{cite news |last1=Roychowdhury |first1=Indronil |date=4 October 2021 |title=Aviation: Laying runway for sector's take-off |publisher=financialexpress.com |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/airlines-aviation/aviation-laying-runway-for-sectors-take-off/2343066/ |access-date=15 October 2021}}</ref> This growth of recent past was mainly fuelled by a policy of 'open sky' for domestic sector. This is besides the fact that a generally favourable macro-economic situation in the country was, by itself, a big catalyst for the growth. Steps have been taken for upgrading of airports infrastructure to keep pace with the traffic growth. This has led to capacity creation and better service standards at most of the major airports. In the past five years,{{When|date=April 2012}} almost 60 of the 90 odd operational airports are presently undergoing extensive modernization and upgradation work.

The two biggest airports in India, [[Delhi]] and [[Mumbai]], have been upgraded at an estimated investment of about Rs. 10,000 crores each. Two new [[Greenfield project|Greenfield]] airports at [[Hyderabad]] and Bangalore have also been made operational. Airport Council International has adjudged [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport]], [[Shamshabad]] near Hyderabad as the 'World's Best Airport' for the Airport Service Quality amongst the airports handling 5-15 million passengers category for the year 2009. In order to encourage investment in airport infrastructure, Government of India promulgated a new policy for Greenfield airports which envisage that new airports should preferably be constructed through concessions. So far, Government of India has accorded 'in-principle' approval for setting up of 12 Greenfield airports in the country.

However, all these developments in the airport infrastructure have not been able to support the growth of the MRO business as required by the industry. Lease of hangar space in to MROs at various airports in India is a complex issue.<ref name="MRO ref12" /> Where land is available to set up the facility, customs and immigration clearance is not available, and where customs and immigration clearance is available, there is just no space.

==Major players==

The eight major players in the Indian MRO market are:<ref name="MRO ref9">{{cite news |title=India's Aviation MRO Market: 2012-2018 Review & 2019-2023 Forecast |url=https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2019/09/02/1909602/0/en/India-s-Aviation-MRO-Market-2012-2018-Review-2019-2023-Forecast.html |access-date=15 October 2021 |publisher=globenewswire.com |date=2 September 2019}}</ref>

# [[AIESL]] (Air India Engineering Services Ltd).
# [[Air Works]] (Air Works India (Engineering) Pvt. Ltd).
# [[Indamer Private Limited]] (Indamer Aviation Pvt. Ltd).
# [[Deccan Charters|Deccan Charter]] (Deccan Charters Limited).
# [[Taj Air]] (Taj Air).
# [[Bird ExecuJet]] (Bird ExecuJet).
# [[GMR Aero Technic Limited]] (GMR Aero Technic Ltd.).
# [[Max MRO Private Limited]] (Max MRO Pvt Ltd).
# JCETK Pvt Ltd

=== MRO Association of India ===
A professional body was formed on June 8, 2011, to lobby with the concerned departments of the government for a level playing field for the Indian MRO players. This body, MRO Association of India has been able to work with the MoCA to formulate a draft Policy on MRO; and get some long-term reforms enacted such as the exemption of basic [[customs duty]]<ref name="MRO ref11">{{cite news |date=10 February 2020 |title=Govt mulling certain support measures for MRO industry |publisher=www.financialexpress.com |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/govt-mulling-certain-support-measures-for-mro-industry/1863388/ |access-date=15 October 2021}}</ref> on aircraft spares and extending the duty-free period for spares consumption from three months to one year; rolling back Gross Turnover Tax charged by airport to MRO from 36% to 13%; the [[Maharashtra]] State Government exempting [[Value-added tax|VAT]] @ 12.5% on spare parts are some of the positive steps initiated so far among others.

== Industry outlook ==
The third-party MRO industry in India has been in the past dominated by small and medium enterprises with limited participation by global players. This trend is gradually changing as the market size for MRO is becoming significant and is attracting interest from globally established players such as Boeing and EADS. At the same time, established Indian players such as Air Works are taking the necessary steps to acquire or partner with global companies to establish capabilities in specific parts of the MRO value chain.

The industry does have the credibility to attract MRO work not only from India but also South East Asia, Middle East and Eastern Europe.<ref name="MRO ref10">{{cite news |title=Telangana ready for aviation MRO boom |url=https://telanganatoday.com/telangana-ready-for-aviation-mro-boom |access-date=15 October 2021 |publisher=telanganatoday.com |date=14 October 2021}}</ref>{{citation needed|date=April 2012}} The key issue which the government will need to address is ensuring that adequate infrastructure is made available in a timely and easy to access manner for the industry and ensure that it creates a level playing environment for Indian MROs when they compete with their global peers to attract business into the country.<ref name="MRO ref13">{{cite news |last1=Phadnis |first1=Aneesh |title=AAI lines up concessions to attract aircraft repair firms to its airports |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/aai-lines-up-concessions-to-attract-aircraft-repair-firms-to-its-airports-121012001382_1.html |access-date=15 October 2021 |publisher=Business Standard India |date=20 January 2021}}</ref> The government must also push for the domestic MRO companies to work towards achieving globally recognized certifications. The fleet of various airlines includes a mix of directly purchased aircraft and aircraft that are leased. Since most of the leasing companies are either European or American it is imperative for the Indian MRO companies to have either global certifications such as EASA so as to be able to perform MRO activities.

'''Table 1:''' The table below provides a simple comparison of costs of a C1 check on a Boeing 737 NG aircraft between India and other international locations.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Cost Heads !! Middle East/South East Asia !! India
|-
| Labor rate (USD/hr) || 50 || 35
|-
| Labor cost (USD) || 64,000 || 57,000
|-
| Parts (USD) || 15,000|| 20,000
|-
| Ferry time (hrs) || 10 || 2
|-
| Ferry cost (USD)|| 35,000 || 7,000
|-
| Total cost (USD) || 114,000 || 84,007
|-
|}

== See also ==
[[Aviation in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Aviation in India]]

Spark Life

2026-04-30T00:18:44Z

BrigitteHosking: Made New Post - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name =
| image = Spark L.I.F.E.jpg
| caption = Theatrical Release Poster
| director = Vikranth Reddy
| writer = Vikranth Reddy
| screenplay =
| story =
| producer = Leela Reddy
| starring = {{plainlist|
* Vikranth Reddy
* [[Mehreen Pirzada]]
* [[Rukshar Dhillon]]
}}
| cinematography = A. R. Ashok Kumar
| editing = [[Prawin Pudi]]
| music = [[Hesham Abdul Wahab]]
| studio = Deaf Frog Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|11|17}}
| runtime = 170 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Spark Life''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Telugu-language|Telugu]]-language [[action thriller]] film written and directed by Vikranth Reddy.<ref>{{cite web |title=Spark LIFE: ఈ సినిమా చేసే క్ర‌మంలో మంచిని, చెడుని చూశానంటోన్న హీరో! {{!}} Director and Hero Vikranth About Spark Movie KBK |url=https://www.chitrajyothy.com/2023/cinema-news/director-and-hero-vikranth-about-spark-movie-kbk-46547.html |website=Chitrajyothy Telugu News |language=te |date=3 August 2023}}</ref> Produced under Deaf Frog Productions, it stars Reddy in the lead role alongside [[Mehreen Pirzada]] and [[Rukshar Dhillon]].<ref name=":0" /> The music was composed by [[Hesham Abdul Wahab]] with cinematography by A. R. Ashok Kumar and editing by [[Prawin Pudi]]. The film was released on 17 November 2023 and was panned by critics.

== Plot ==
{{Expand section|October 2025|date=October 2025}}

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* Vikranth Reddy as Arya Jayadev
* [[Mehreen Pirzada]] as Lekha
* [[Rukshar Dhillon]] as Ananya
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Major Bharadwaj
* [[Guru Somasundaram]] as Dr. Rudra
* [[Suhasini Maniratnam]] as Dr. Indira
* [[Vennela Kishore]] as Rama Brahmam
* [[Satya (Telugu actor)|Satya]] as Rakesh
* [[Brahmaji]] as Police Officer
* [[Srikanth Iyengar]] as Lekha's father
* [[Anish Kuruvilla]] as Army Chief
* [[Raja Ravindra]] as Ashok Reddy
* Mayank Parak as David
* Lahari Shari as Harshitha
* Ashu Reddy as Aradhana
}}

== Production ==
In May 2022, it was announced that [[Mehreen Pirzada]] would star alongside Vikranth Reddy in ''Spark''.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Mehreen Pirzada teams up with Vikranth for her upcoming thriller Spark |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/mehreen-pirzada-teams-up-with-vikranth-for-her-upcoming-thriller-spark/e40f3bb447954 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> In July 2022, [[Rukshar Dhillon]] joined the cast.<ref>{{cite web |title=Telugu Diva Rukshar Dhillon to Play Female Lead in Her Next Titled Spark |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/telugu-diva-rukshar-dhillon-to-play-female-lead-in-her-next-titled-spark-5584069.html |website=News18 |language=en |date=19 July 2022}}</ref> Filming took place in [[Hyderabad]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Mehreen Crosses Limits these days |url=https://www.indiaherald.com/Breaking/Read/994500272/Mehreen-Crosses-Limits-these-days |website=indiaherald.com |language=en}}</ref> followed by [[Iceland]] before moving on to [[Munnar]] and [[Visakhapatnam]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Desam |first1=A. B. P. |title=మెహరీన్‌తో విక్రాంత్ పాట - ఐస్‌ల్యాండ్‌లో |url=https://telugu.abplive.com/entertainment/mehreen-kaur-pirzada-vikranth-starrer-spark-movie-song-shoot-completed-in-beautiful-locations-of-ice-land-rukshar-dhillon-59365 |website=telugu.abplive.com |language=te |date=27 October 2022}}</ref>

== Music ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Hesham Abdul Wahab]] in his second Telugu film after ''[[Kushi (2023 film)|Kushi]]'' (2023). All lyrics were written by [[Anantha Sriram]].

{{Infobox album
| name = Spark
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Hesham Abdul Wahab]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|2023|11|21}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Spark (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP by Hesham Abdul Wahab & Anantha Sriram on Apple Music |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/spark-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1718574892 |date=21 November 2023}}</ref>
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=17|s=08}}
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| language = Telugu
| prev_title = [[Sesham Mike-il Fathima]]
| prev_year = 2023
| next_title = [[Philip's (film)|Philip's]]
| next_year = 2023
| producer =
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube|-NjgzWsRJ8vM|Spark - Full Album}}
}}
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 17:08
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Yema Andham
| extra1 = [[Sid Sriram]]
| length1 = 02:25
| title2 = Gnapakaalu
| extra2 = Hesham Abdul Wahab, Krishna Lasya
| length2 = 03:51
| title3 = Radhesha
| extra3 = [[Shweta Mohan]]
| length3 = 03:17
| title4 = Lekha Lekha
| extra4 = [[Armaan Malik]]
| length4 = 03:14
| title5 = Idhi Idhi Maaya
| extra5 = Hesham Abdul Wahab, [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length5 = 04:21
}}

== Reception ==
Sunil Boddula of ''[[News18]]'' wrote, "Overall, the film fails to impress, but can be a one-time watch."<ref>{{cite web |title=Spark Life Review: సరికొత్త థ్రిల్లర్ మూవీ స్పార్క్ లైఫ్.. మూవీ ఎలా ఉందంటే..? |url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/spark-life-movie-review-and-rating-slb-2287017.html |website=News18 తెలుగు |language=te |date=17 November 2023}}</ref> Prakash Pecheti of The South First gave 1.5/5 stars and wrote, "Had it been handled by a senior filmmaker, Spark Life could have been a decent psychological crime thriller."<ref>{{cite web |title=Spark Life review: This psychological thriller is marred by outrageous writing and terrible performances|url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/spark-life-movie-review-and-rating-slb-2287017.html |website=The South First |date=18 November 2023}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt28526239}}

{{Portal bar|India|Film}}

[[Category:2023 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]
[[Category:2023 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Iceland]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
{{2020s-Telugu-film-stub}}

Primary Agricultural Credit Society

2026-04-26T03:33:06Z

BrigitteHosking: new a post

{{Short description|PACS primary Agriculture credit society}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Primary Agricultural Credit Society
| native_name =
| former_name =
| image =
| image_border =
| image_size = 
| image_alt = 
| caption =
| map =
| map_size = 
| map_alt = 
| map_caption =
| map2 =
| abbreviation =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| formation = 
| founder = [[Government of India]]
| extinction = 
| merger =
| merged_into =
| type = 
| status = 
| purpose = 
| professional_title = 
| headquarters =
| location = India
| coordinates = 
| region_served =
| services =
| num_members =
| language =
| general_secretary = 
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| leader_title3 =
| leader_name3 =
| leader_title4 =
| leader_name4 =
| board_of_directors =
| key_people =
| main_organ = 
| parent_organization = 
| subsidiaries =
| affiliations = Cooperative Societies India
| budget =
| num_staff =
| num_volunteers =
| slogan =
| website = 
| remarks =
| footnotes =
}}

A '''Primary Agricultural Credit Society''' ('''PACS''') is a basic unit and smallest co-operative credit institutions in India.<ref>[http://bsea.bih.nic.in/Default_files/Menu/About_us.htm Bihar State election authority - bihar government ]</ref> It works on the grassroots level ([[gram panchayat]] and [[village]] level).[[File:PACS structure.jpeg|thumb|right|300px|PACS structure<ref>[http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/images/CH5TP021112L_1.gif rbi] file type: gif image</ref>]]

==State-wise number of PACS==
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="font-weight:light;"
! style="vertical-align:center;" | State
! 2020
! 2022
|-
| style="font-weight:bold;" | Northern region
| 11558
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 16,431
|-
| Chandigarh
| 16
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 117
|-
| Haryana
| 640
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 1213
|-
| Himachal Pradesh
| 2117
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 4,166
|-
| Jammu & Kashmir
| 765
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 620
|-
| Punjab
| 1609
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 3,543
|-
| Rajasthan
| 6411
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 6,472
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | North-Eastern region
| 3500
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 3,396
|-
| Arunachal Pradesh
| 34
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 34
|-
| Assam
| 766
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 766
|-
| Manipur
| 232
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 90
|-
| Meghalaya
| 179
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 179
|-
| Mizoram
| 133
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 164
|-
| Nagaland
| 1719
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 1,719
|-
| Sikkim
| 169
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 176
|-
| Tripura
| 268
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 268
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | Eastern region
| 19,421
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 18,620
|-
| Andaman & Nicobar Islands
| 46
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 51
|-
| Bihar
| 8463
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 8,463
|-
| Jharkhand
| 498
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | n.a.
|-
| Odisha
| 2452
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 2,701
|-
| West Bengal
| 7962
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 7,405
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | Central region
| 15357
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 15,478
|-
| Chhattisgarh
| 1213
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 1,333
|-
| Madhya Pradesh
| 4457
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 4,457
|-
| Uttarakhand
| 759
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 759
|-
| Uttar Pradesh
| 8929
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 8,929
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | Western region
| 29633
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 29,797
|-
| style="text-decoration:underline;" | Goa
| style="text-decoration:underline;" | 77
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 81
|-
| style="text-decoration:underline;" | Gujarat
| style="text-decoration:underline;" | 8154
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 8,535
|-
| style="text-decoration:underline;" | Maharashtra
| style="text-decoration:underline;" | 21402
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 21,181
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | Southern region
| 14525
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 14,516
|-
| style="text-decoration:underline;" | Andhra Pradesh
| style="text-decoration:underline;" | 2058
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 1,818
|-
| style="text-decoration:underline;" | Karnataka
| style="text-decoration:underline;" | 4740
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 4799
|-
| style="text-decoration:underline;" | Kerala
| style="text-decoration:underline;" | 1566
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 5,679
|-
| style="text-decoration:underline;" | Puducherry
| style="text-decoration:underline;" | 53
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 1,647
|-
| style="text-decoration:underline;" | Tamil Nadu
| style="text-decoration:underline;" | 4538
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 4450
|-
| style="text-decoration:underline;" | Telangana
| style="text-decoration:underline;" | 906
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 906
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | All India
| 93995
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | 99,635
|}
<ref>[https://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=19386] RBI</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Agricultural finance in India]]
[[Category:Cooperative banks of India]]
[[Category:Government-owned banks of India]]

Hira Lal Sibal

2026-04-24T18:47:12Z

BrigitteHosking: adding stub

{{short description|Indian lawyer}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Hira Lal Sibal
| office = [[Advocate general (India)|Advocate General]] of [[Haryana]]
| term_start = 24 June 1991
| term_end = 10 May 1996
| term_start1 = 4 February 1985
| term_end1 = 11 July 1986
| office2 = [[Advocate general (India)|Advocate General]] of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| term_start2 = 11 April 1970
| term_end2 = 24 January 1972
| term_start3 = 10 June 1968
| term_end3 = 19 February 1969
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1914|09|24}}
| birth_place = [[Lahore]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date|df=yes|2012|12|29}} (aged 98)
| death_place = [[Chandigarh]], India
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Lawyer
| known for =
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children = [[Kanwal Sibal]] [[Kapil Sibal]]
| parents =
| website =
| signature =
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]] [[Punjab Rattan Award]] Living Legend of Law
| image = The President, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam presenting Padma Bhushan to Shri Hira Lall Sibal for his contribution to the cause of justice, at investiture ceremony in New Delhi on March 29, 2006.jpg
| caption = Hira Lal Sibal receiving Padma Bhushan from president Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam.
}}

'''Hira Lal Sibal''' (24 September 1914 – 29 December 2012) was an Indian lawyer, jurist and two-time Advocate General of Punjab and Haryana, known for his legal defence of cases against the noted Urdu writers, [[Ismat Chugtai]] and [[Saadat Hasan Manto]] in 1945.<ref name="Kapil Sibal bereaved - Hira Lall Sibal dead">{{cite web | url=http://www.yespunjab.com/punjab/news/item/13148-kapil-sibal-bereaved-%E2%80%93-hira-lall-sibal-dead-badal-condoles | title=Kapil Sibal bereaved - Hira Lall Sibal dead | publisher=Yes Punjab | date=29 December 2012 | access-date=13 June 2016 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> He practised at [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]] and the [[Supreme Court of India]].<ref name="Kapil Sibal bereaved">{{cite web | url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/kapil-sibal-bereaved_819584.html | title=Kapil Sibal bereaved | publisher=Zee News | date=29 December 2012 | access-date=13 June 2016}}</ref>

Sibal started his practice in 1937 at [[Lahore]] of [[British India]]<ref name="Hira Lal Sibal Kapil Sibal and his 98 year old father in the difference">{{cite web | url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/CHD-kapil-sibal-and-his-98-year-old-father-hiralal-sibal-in-the-matter-so-much-3536567.html | title=Hira Lal Sibal Kapil Sibal and his 98 year old father in the difference | publisher=Bhaskar | date=18 July 2012 | access-date=13 June 2016}}</ref> and moved to [[Shimla]] in 1948 after the Indian independence but later settled in Chandigarh in 1955 to practise at the [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]].<ref name="Living legend of the law Hira Lal Sibal breathes his last">{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Living-legend-of-the-law-Hira-Lal-Sibal-breathes-his-last/articleshow/17808312.cms | title=Living legend of the law Hira Lal Sibal breathes his last | publisher=Times of India | date=29 December 2012 | access-date=13 June 2016}}</ref> He served as the Advocate General for the States of Punjab and Haryana, for two terms each, respectively<ref name="Kapil Sibal bereaved - Hira Lall Sibal dead" /><ref name="DOE">{{cite web |title=Former AGs of Haryana |url=https://advocategeneralhry.gov.in/advocate-general/former-ags |publisher=[[Government of Haryana]] }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> but was reported to have declined an offer to become a judge of the Punjab and Haryana High Court.<ref name="Kapil Sibal’s lawyer father Hira Lal dies in Chandigarh">{{cite web | url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/kapil-sibal-s-lawyer-father-hira-lal-dies-in-chandigarh/1051995/ | title=Kapil Sibal's lawyer father Hira Lal dies in Chandigarh | publisher=Indian Express | date=30 December 2012 | access-date=13 June 2016}}</ref> During his Lahore days, he successfully defended Malik Ghulam Nabi, who would later become a minister in the [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] government, in a kidnapping case<ref name="Living legend of the law Hira Lal Sibal breathes his last" /> and was the counsel for [[Ismat Chugtai]] and [[Saadat Hasan Manto]] in the cases against them for indecent writing in 1945; the former was fined {{INR|90}} while the latter was acquitted.<ref name="Kapil Sibal bereaved - Hira Lall Sibal dead" />

Sibal was a recipient of the [[Punjab Rattan Award]] of the Government of Punjab<ref name="Another award of honour for legal stalwart Hira Lall Sibal">{{cite web | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/another-award-of-honour-for-legal-stalwart-hira-lall-sibal/story-IzjbjkV0wP6eXgJErdu6eJ.html | title=Another award of honour for legal stalwart Hira Lall Sibal | publisher=Hindustan Times | date=2 June 2012 | access-date=13 June 2016}}</ref> and the [[International Bar Association]] awarded him the ''Living Legend of Law'' honor in 1994.<ref name="Living legend of the law Hira Lal Sibal breathes his last" /> The Government of India awarded him the third highest civilian honour of the [[Padma Bhushan]], in 2006, for his contributions to Law.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2016 |access-date=3 January 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref> He died on 29 December 2012, at the age of 98.<ref name="Kapil Sibal bereaved" /> Virender Sibal and Jitendar Sibal, the elder two of his sons are former [[Indian Administrative Service]] officers while the third son, [[Kanwal Sibal]], is a former [[Foreign Secretary (India)|Foreign Secretary of India]].<ref name="Kapil Sibal's Father Hira Lall Sibal Dead">{{cite web | url=http://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/kapil-sibals-father-hira-lall-sibal-dead/785228 | title=Kapil Sibal's Father Hira Lall Sibal Dead | publisher=Outlook India | date=29 December 2012 | access-date=13 June 2016}}</ref> The youngest of the sons, [[Kapil Sibal]], is a noted senior lawyer, a politician aligned with the [[Indian National Congress]] and a former Union Minister who held various portfolios in the [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]] Government from 2009 to 2014.<ref name="Kapil Sibal's Father Hira Lall Sibal Dead" />

== See also ==
* [[Kanwal Sibal]]
* [[Kapil Sibal]]
{{Portal|India|Law}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sibal, Hira Lall}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in public affairs]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Politicians from Chandigarh]]
[[Category:Lawyers from Lahore]]
[[Category:Advocates general for Indian states]]
[[Category:1914 births]]

International Big Cat Alliance

2026-04-23T21:10:43Z

BrigitteHosking: adding new post.

{{Short description|Global alliance for big cat conservation (2023-present)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
[[File:International Big Cat Alliance logo.png|thumb|right|International Big Cat Alliance logo]]
The '''International Big Cat Alliance''' ('''IBCA''') is a global alliance launched by [[India]] in April 2023 during the 50th anniversary of [[Project Tiger]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-09 |title=PM Modi launches International Big Cats Alliance on Commemoration of 50 years of 'Project Tiger' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-modi-launches-international-big-cats-alliance-on-commemoration-of-50-years-of-project-tiger/articleshow/99355193.cms |access-date=2023-05-09 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The alliance aims at conservation of the world's seven principal [[big cats]], which include the [[tiger]], [[lion]], [[snow leopard]], [[leopard]], [[jaguar]], [[Puma (genus)|puma]], and [[cheetah]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sumeda |date=2023-04-13 |title=Explained {{!}} India's mega global alliance to protect big cats |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/global-alliance-big-cat-ibca-modi-launch/article66728181.ece |access-date=2023-05-09 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The headquarters of the alliance is located in [[New Delhi]].

==Governance==
A general assembly,<ref>[https://mahaofficer.in/international-big-cat-alliance-ibca-all-detail-2024/ general assembly]</ref> will consist of all member countries. A secretariat and a council with a minimum of seven but a maximum of fifteen member nations will be chosen by the general assembly for a five-year term. The IBCA secretary general will be appointed by the general assembly for a defined period on the advice of the council.

Through the alliance, the member countries will exchange experiences, provide faster assistance to their neighbours, and place a strong emphasis on capacity building.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Livemint |date=2023-04-09 |title=PM launches Big Cats Alliance to keep illegal wildlife trade in check |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/pm-launches-big-cats-alliance-to-keep-illegal-wildlife-trade-in-check-11681051683110.html |access-date=2023-05-09 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> Standard operating procedures will be created by the alliance and used by all members as a guide.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Nepal becomes founding member of International Big Cats Alliance |url=http://kathmandupost.com/national/2023/04/13/nepal-becomes-founding-member-of-international-big-cats-alliance |date=2023-04-13 |access-date=2023-05-10 |newspaper=The Kathmandu Post |language=en}}</ref> There will be a list of recommendations that will instruct nations on how to stop illegal wildlife trading and [[poaching]]. The idea holds that once illegal wildlife trade is reduced, poaching will eventually come to an end.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-10 |title=50 years of Project Tiger: What is International Big Cat Alliance? |url=https://epaper.timesgroup.com/timesspecial/news-current-affairs/50-years-of-project-tiger-what-is-international-big-cat-alliance/1681124168275 |access-date=2023-05-09 |website=Times Of India |language=English}}</ref> The IBCA is anticipated to be self-sustaining after the first five years, which will be supported by India's "total grant assistance" of $100 million, through membership fees, contributions from bilateral and multilateral organizations, and the private sector.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-08 |title=PM Modi to launch International Big Cats Alliance tomorrow; release tiger numbers to mark 50 years of Project Tiger |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/pm-modi-to-launch-international-big-cats-alliance-tomorrow-release-tiger-numbers-to-mark-50-years-of-project-tiger-12426142.html/amp |access-date=2023-05-09 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref>

==Membership==
As of August 2025, 13 countries have become IBCA members including [[Armenia]], [[Bhutan]], [[Cambodia]], [[Eswatini]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Guinea]], [[India]], [[Nepal]], [[Liberia]], [[Nicaragua]], [[Russia]], [[Somalia]], [[Suriname]] and [[Angola]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2023-03-07 |title=India to launch global alliance for big cats, invest $100 million |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-to-launch-global-alliance-for-big-cats-invest-100-mn-8482904/ |access-date=2023-05-09 |newspaper=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>[https://www.panorama.am/en/news/2025/06/30/Armenia-IBCA/3135138 Armenia joins International Big Cat Alliance]</ref>

===Partnership organizations===
IBCA cooperates with various organizations including the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]], [[World Wildlife Fund]], [[World Customs Organization]], [[United Nations Development Program]], [[World Tourism Organization]], [[International Snow Leopard Trust]], and the [[Cheetah Conservation Fund]].<ref>[https://ibca.world/partner_organisation Partner Organizations]</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Cats}}
* [[Wildlife conservation]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://ibca.world/ Official website]

{{conservation of species}}

[[Category:Conservation projects]]
[[Category:Cat conservation organizations]]
[[Category:International organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Delhi]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 2023]]

Anini Assembly constituency

2026-04-21T14:37:15Z

BrigitteHosking:

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Arunachal Pradesh State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Anini
| type=SLA
| constituency_no = 41
| state = [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| district = [[Dibang Valley district|Dibang Valley]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Arunachal East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arunachal East]]
| established = 1980
| reservation = ST
| map_image = Anini Assembly constituency map.svg
| mla = [[Mopi Mihu]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| electors = 4,747

}}

'''Anini''' is one of the 60 [[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] state in [[India]].<ref name=ceoarunachal-ACs>{{cite web |url=http://ceoarunachal.nic.in/gismaps.html |title=GIS Maps of State, Districts & ACs|website=ceoarunachal.nic.in |accessdate= 27 June 2020 |archive-date=2020-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627145610/http://ceoarunachal.nic.in/gismaps.html}}</ref>

It comprises the Anini, Etalin, Anelih and Kronli circles, all in [[Dibang Valley district]], and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].<ref name=delimitation1951>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3968-dpaco-1951/ |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1951 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=23 August 1951 |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1980 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Tade Tacho
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1984 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1984]] ||[[Rajesh Tacho]] ||{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=7}}
|-
| [[1990 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || [[Rajesh Tacho]]
|-
| [[1995 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || Tade Tacho
|-
| [[1999 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || rowspan=4 | [[Rajesh Tacho]]
|-
| [[2004 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| [[2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4039-arunachal-pradesh-2009/ |title=Arunachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4040-arunachal-pradesh-2014/ |title=Arunachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || rowspan=2 | [[Mopi Mihu]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref>https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S0241.htm {{Dead link|date=October 2024}} </ref><ref name="Election Results 2024 Arunachal Pradesh: Full list of winners on all 60 Legislative Assembly seats of Arunachal Pradesh">{{cite news |last1=The Indian Express |date=2 June 2024 |title=Election Results 2024 Arunachal Pradesh: Full list of winners on all 60 Legislative Assembly seats of Arunachal Pradesh |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/election-results-2024-arunachal-pradesh-full-list-of-winners-on-all-60-legislative-assembly-seats-of-arunachal-pradesh-9366866/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603080201/https://indianexpress.com/elections/election-results-2024-arunachal-pradesh-full-list-of-winners-on-all-60-legislative-assembly-seats-of-arunachal-pradesh-9366866/ |archive-date=3 June 2024 |access-date=3 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024: Complete list of constituency-wise winners">{{cite news |last1=India TV News |last2= |first2= |date=2 June 2024 |title=Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024: Complete list of constituency-wise winners |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/arunachal-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-list-of-constituency-wise-leading-winning-candidates-parties-bjp-congress-pema-khandu-updates-2024-06-02-934271 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603080244/https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/arunachal-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-list-of-constituency-wise-leading-winning-candidates-parties-bjp-congress-pema-khandu-updates-2024-06-02-934271 |archive-date=3 June 2024 |access-date=3 June 2024 |work= |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== Election results ==
===2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Anini<ref name="Anini (ST) Constituency Election Results 2024">{{cite news |title=Anini (ST) Constituency Election Results 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/constituency-show/anini |access-date=7 June 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250518063444/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/constituency-show/anini |archive-date=18 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 - Anini">{{cite news |title=Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 - Anini |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S0241.htm |access-date=7 June 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250607042501/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S0241.htm |archive-date=7 June 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Anini Assembly Election Result 2024">{{cite news |title=Anini Assembly Election Result 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/itanagar/anini-assembly-election-results-2024-anini-arunachal-pradesh-elections-poll-result-winner/articleshow/110634691.cms |access-date=7 June 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=2 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241006114116/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/itanagar/anini-assembly-election-results-2024-anini-arunachal-pradesh-elections-poll-result-winner/articleshow/110634691.cms |archive-date= 6 October 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mopi Mihu]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,711 |percentage=63.62% |change={{decrease}}0.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Eri Tayu |party=Independent politician |votes=1,538 |percentage=36.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=12 |percentage=0.28% |change={{decrease}}0.95 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,173 |percentage=27.53% |change= {{decrease}}2.76 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,261 |percentage=89.76% |change= {{increase}}2.43 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,747 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.73 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}0.91 }}
{{Election box end}}

===2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Anini}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mopi Mihu]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,416 |percentage=64.53% |change={{increase}}17.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Singe Milli |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,282 |percentage=34.24% |change={{decrease}}18.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=46 |percentage=1.23% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,134 |percentage=30.29% |change= {{increase}}24.80 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,744 |percentage=87.33% |change= {{increase}}1.11 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,287 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.62 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}12.27 }}
{{Election box end}}
===2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Anini<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2014/Stat_Rep_Arunachal_Pradesh_2014.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813080618/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2014/Stat_Rep_Arunachal_Pradesh_2014.pdf|archive-date=13 August 2021|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rajesh Tacho]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,829 |percentage=52.26% |change={{increase}}1.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Eri Tayu |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,637 |percentage=46.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=34 |percentage=0.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=192 |percentage=5.49% |change= {{increase}}3.09 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,500 |percentage=86.23% |change= {{decrease}}4.17 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,059 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.59 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Anini<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/stat_AR_Aug2009.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404184244/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/stat_AR_Aug2009.pdf|archive-date=4 April 2017|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rajesh Tacho]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,730 |percentage=51.20% |change={{increase}}9.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Eri Tayu |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=1,649 |percentage=48.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=81 |percentage=2.40% |change= {{decrease}}6.16 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,379 |percentage=90.40% |change= {{increase}}26.32 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,738 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}21.16 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===2004 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Anini<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AR_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324145008/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AR_2004.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rajesh Tacho]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,263 |percentage=41.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Paro Molo |party=Arunachal Congress |votes=1,003 |percentage=33.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tasku Tayu |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=772 |percentage=25.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=260 |percentage=8.56% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,038 |percentage=64.06% |change= {{increase}}64.08 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,741 |ref = |change= {{increase}}27.79 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===1999 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Anini<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AR99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AR99.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=[[Rajesh Tacho]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,710 |percentage= |change=}}

{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,710 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}0.27 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1995 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1995 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Anini<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-AR95.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144239/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-AR95.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tade Tacho |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,274 |percentage=42.13% |change={{increase}}5.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rajesh Tacho]] |party=Janata Dal |votes=1,215 |percentage=40.18% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Paha Mimi |party=Independent politician |votes=535 |percentage=17.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=59 |percentage=1.95% |change= {{decrease}}3.11 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,024 |percentage=82.34% |change= {{increase}}9.91 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,720 |ref = |change= {{increase}}0.24 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Anini<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statistical%20Report%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statistical%20Report%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rajesh Tacho]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=970 |percentage=36.62% |change={{decrease}}15.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tade Tacho |party=Independent politician |votes=836 |percentage=31.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Maru Mili |party=Independent politician |votes=470 |percentage=17.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Toloka Mihu |party=Independent politician |votes=373 |percentage=14.08% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=134 |percentage=5.06% |change= {{decrease}}16.28 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,649 |percentage=73.08% |change= {{increase}}15.18 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,711 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}16.04 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}15.84 }}
{{Election box end}}
===1984 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Anini<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1984 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReport%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%2084.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820040016/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReport%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%2084.pdf|archive-date=20 August 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tade Tacho |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,303 |percentage=52.46% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Maru Mili |party=Independent politician |votes=773 |percentage=31.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Buli Tacho |party=Independent politician |votes=329 |percentage=13.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dature Miuli |party=Independent politician |votes=79 |percentage=3.18% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=530 |percentage=21.34% |change= {{decrease}}3.48 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,484 |percentage=61.45% |change= {{increase}}11.18 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,420 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.51 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}9.95 }}
{{Election box end}}
===1980 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Anini<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportArunachal%20Pradesh%201980.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106193245/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportArunachal%20Pradesh%201980.pdf|archive-date=6 January 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tade Tacho |party=Independent politician |votes=1,177 |percentage=62.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ita Pulu |party=Independent politician |votes=709 |percentage=37.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=468 |percentage=24.81% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,886 |percentage=47.53% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,189 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Dibang Valley district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh}}

{{coord|28.8|95.9|display=title}}

[[Category:Dibang Valley district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1980]]
[[Category:1980 establishments in Arunachal Pradesh]]

Battle of Ratanpur (1706)

2026-04-13T18:17:28Z

BrigitteHosking: made initial info needs work

{{Short description|Expedition against the Maratha incursions into Gujarat led by Dhanaji Jadhav}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Ratanpur (1706)
| partof = [[Mughal–Maratha Wars]]
| date = 15 March 1706
| place = [[Ratanpur]], [[Gujarat]]
| result = [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] victory
| combatant1 = [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] [[Maratha Empire]]
| combatant2 = [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] [[Mughal Empire]]
| commander1 = [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|22px]] [[Dhanaji Jadhav]]
| commander2 = [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|22px]] [[Bidar Bakht]]{{WIA}} [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|22px]] Safdar Khan{{POW}} [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|22px]] Alim Khan{{POW}}
| notes =
}}
Mughal Prince [[Bidar Bakht]] launched an expedition in March 1706 against the [[Maratha Confederacy|Maratha]] incursions into Gujarat led by [[Dhanaji Jadhav]]. Further moves towards the Ratanpur on the Narmada River pitched him against the [[Maratha Confederacy|Marathas]] near Rajpipla on the eastern bank. The battle was a runaway failure for the Mughals, and Generals Safdar Khan Babi and Nazar Alim Khan were caught, the battle itself was a great loss to [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] authority in [[Deccan|Deccan Plateau]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jaques |first=Tony |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EbLOEAAAQBAJ |title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A Guide to 8,500 Battles from Antiquity through the Twenty-first Century [3 volumes] |date=30 November 2006 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=978-0-313-02799-4 |pages=842 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jaisingrao Pawar |url=https://archive.org/details/chhatrapati-rajaram-and-the-maratha-state |title=Chhatrapati Rajaram And The Maratha State |pages=280}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Commissariat |first=Manekshah Sorabshah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BFZuAAAAMAAJ |title=A History of Gujarat: Mughal period, from 1573 to 1758 |date=1957 |publisher=Longmans, Green & Company, Limited |pages=215 |language=en}}</ref>

==Battle==

In November 1705, Prince Muhammad Aazam, the Subahdar of Gujarat, left Ahmadabad for an audience with Emperor [[Aurangzeb]]. Through Junnar, he reached Ahmadnagar on 25 March 1706. In his absence, Prince [[Bidar Bakht|Bidar bakht]] was now the Subahdar of [[Gujarat]], reaching Ahmadabad on 30 July 1706.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Kulkarni |first=G. T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qA1BAAAAMAAJ |title=The Mughal-Maratha Relations: Twenty Five Fateful Years, 1682-1707 |date=1983 |publisher=Department of History, Deccan College Post-Graduate Research Institute |pages=248–249 |language=en}}</ref>

During these eight months, the [[Maratha Confederacy|Marathas]], under the advantage of the weakened defenses of the province, invaded Gujarat. The [[Maratha Confederacy|Maratha]] army with a size of reportedly 80,000 men, led by [[Dhanaji Jadhav]], swept through Gujarat.<ref name=":0" /> In response, the deputy governor of the province moved troops to challenge the Maratha advance. However, the lack of coordination amid division among the Mughal commanders mitigated their efforts to gather integrated resistance. The [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] forces assembled at Baba Pyara Ford along the banks of the Narmada River and spent more than a month with nothing significant on the war front to justify its presence in that particular region.<ref name=":0" />

In mid-March 1706, Mughal forces moved towards Ratanpur, on the eastern bank of the [[Narmada River]] near Rajpipla, when the Marathas made a frontal attack. An intense battle ensued, which cost Mughal forces very dearly.<ref name=":0" /> Numerous soldiers were either killed or wounded in the battle. The men of the Mughal army fled towards Broach. Two commanders of the Mogul-safdar Khan Babi and Nazar Ali Khan-were captured and later saved for a ransom amounting to eight lakh rupees. The Marathas plundered the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] camp, taking away supplies and baggage and carrying several prisoners with them.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=G. T. Kulkarni |url=https://archive.org/details/maratha-war-of-independence-1680-1707-a-d/page/n17/mode/1up |title=Maratha War Of Independence 1680-1707 AD |date=1 January 1967 |pages=490–493}}</ref>

Abdul Hamid Khan, the Deputy Governor of Gujarat, having received the news of the miserable condition of the Mughal army, immediately marched toward his fellow commanders with a small force for assistance.<ref name=":0" /> Upon reaching the Baba Pyara ford, he was encircled by the Marathas, who were many times their numerical strength and possessed a far superior force. The entire party, along with the Deputy Governor, was captured, and their camp was plundered.<ref name=":1" /> The [[Maratha Confederacy|Marathas]], having won the battlefield, imposed chauth on the surrounding villages and territories and retired. The defeat of the Mughals at Ratnapur was a seriously damaging blow-a raging inferno whose impact significantly reduced the power, glory, and influence of the Mughals in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]].<ref name=":1" />

== See also==
*[[Battle of Sinhagad]]
*[[Deccan wars]]
*[[Dhanaji Jadhav]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Conflicts in 1693]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:1690s in the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Maratha Empire]]

Palayoor Mahadeva Temple

2026-04-07T03:30:07Z

BrigitteHosking: new new place

{{Short description|Hypothetical Shiva temple in Kerala, India}}
{{Disputed|date=September 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Palayoor Mahadeva Temple
| native_name = പാലയൂർ മഹാദേവക്ഷേത്രം
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Kerala
| map_caption = Location within Kerala
| coordinates = {{coord|display=title,inline}}
| proper_name =
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Kerala]]
| district = [[Thrissur District|Thrissur]]{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}
| location =
| elevation_m =
| deity =
*[[Shiva]]
| festivals =
| architecture = [[Kerala Architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator = Built by [[Cheraman Perumal (Nayanar)]]{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}
| website =
}}
'''Palayur Mahadeva Temple''' ({{langx|ml|പാലയൂർ മഹാദേവക്ഷേത്രം}}) was a legendary temple located in [[Palayoor]] near [[Chavakkad]] in the Thrissur district in ancient [[Kerala]].{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=February 2022}}
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vaikhari.org/108shivalaya.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101105152036/http://vaikhari.org/108shivalaya.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=5 November 2010|title=108 Shiva Temples in Kerala created by Lord Parasurama|website=www.vaikhari.org}}</ref> This Shiva temple was later converted into a Christian church with the arrival of St. Thomas in Malabar, Kerala.<ref>{{cite book |author=Benedict Vadakkekara |title=Origin of Christianity in India: A Historiographical Critique |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7f3YAAAAMAAJ |access-date=12 November 2012 |year=2009 |publisher=Media House |isbn=978-8174952585 |pages=392}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ghumakkar.com/palayur-and-the-story-of-syrian-christians/|title=PALAYUR AND THE STORY OF SYRIAN CHRISTIANS|website=www.ghumakkar.com|date=24 July 2019 }}</ref>
Palayoor Mahadeva (Siva) Temple does not exist today.{{Dubious source|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=February 2022}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indictales.com/2017/12/29/palayoor-mahadeva-temple-how-it-became-a-church/|title=Palayoor Mahadeva Temple – How It Became A Church|website=www.indictales.com|date=29 December 2017 }}</ref> The temple is believed to be constructed by the first [[Chera dynasty|Chera]] king of [[Kodungallur]].{{Dubious source|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=February 2022}}<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.vaikhari.org/palayoor.html/|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111019090751/http://www.vaikhari.org/palayoor.html|url-status= usurped|archive-date= 19 October 2011|title=Palayoor Mahadeva Temple|website= www.vaikhari.org}}</ref> This temple is one among the [[List of 108 Siva Temples|108 Shiva temples]] established by Parasurama.{{Page needed|date=February 2022}}<ref name=":2">Book Title: Cultural Heritage of Kerala; Author Name: A. Sreedhara Menon; Publisher Name: D.C. Books, 2008; {{ISBN|8126419032}}, 9788126419036; Length 312 pages</ref> The legends suggest that the installation of the idol of god [[Shiva|Mahadeva (Shiva)]] was performed by [[Parashurama|Parasurama]] himself.

== Legend ==
Palayur was the stronghold of the Brahmins.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reachkerala.com/st-thomas-syro-malabar-catholic-church-palayur/|title=St. Thomas Syro-Malabar Catholic Church, Palayur|website=www.reachkerala.com}}</ref> When St. Thomas arrived from Kodungallur, Jews had a settlement at Palayur, two thousand years ago. Ruins of an ancient Jewish synagogue are still seen outside of a temple about a furlong away from the Church.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.vaikhari.org/palayoor.html/palayur-and-the-story-of-syrian-christians/|title=Palayoor Mahadeva Temple|website= www.vaikhari.org}}{{dead link|date=December 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://brahmakulamchurch.com/about.php/|title=HISTORY - St.Thomas Church Brahmakulam|website=www.brahmakulamchurch.com}}</ref> The origin of Christians in Kerala dates back to AD 52 when St. Thomas landed at the port of Kodungalloor. He visited various parts of Kerala and converted the natives including Namboothiri[''[[Wikipedia:Verifiability#Questionable sources|D]]''''[[Wikipedia:Verifiability#Questionable sources|isputed]]''].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.vaikhari.org/palayoor.html/palayur-and-the-story-of-syrian-christians/|title=Palayoor Mahadeva Temple|website=www.vaikhari.org}}{{dead link|date=December 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:108 Shiva Temples]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Kerala]]

Noyrika Bhateja

2026-04-05T06:57:25Z

BrigitteHosking:

{{notability|1=Biographies|date=September 2025}}
{{Short description|Indian actress and model}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Noyrika Bhateja
| image =
| birth_date = 1990
| birth_place = Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| other_names = Noyrika Bhatheja
| occupation = Actress, model
| years_active = 2018–present
| known_for = ''Hit: The First Case'', ''Jogi'', ''Crew''
}}
'''Noyrika Bhateja''' (also spelled '''Noyrika Bhatheja''') is an Indian–Iranian actress and model who works in Hindi and [[Tamil cinema]], theatre, and web series. She has appeared in films such as ''[[HIT: The First Case (2022 film) |Hit: The First Case]]'' (2022), ''[[Jogi (2022 film)|Jogi]]'' (2022), and ''[[Crew (film)|Crew]]'' (2024).

==Early life and education==
Noyrika Bhateja was born in [[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]] in 1990. She is of both Indian and Iranian descent and is fluent in Farsi, Hindi, and English. She studied at [[Fergusson College]], [[Pune]], earning a Bachelor of Science degree in Microbiology.<ref name="Bookmyshow">{{cite web |title=Noyrika Bhatheja |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/person/noyrika-batheja/1267758 |website=BookMyShow |access-date=23 August 2025}}</ref><ref name="Filmy Focus">{{Cite web |title=Noyrika |url=https://filmyfocus.com/celebs/noyrika |website=Filmy Focus |access-date=23 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|title=The Slambook
|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/the-slambook-9/
|work=The Indian Express
|date=4 September 2012
|access-date=30 August 2025
|author=Express Features Service}}</ref>

==Career==
Bhateja began her theatre career in 2018 with the Asmita Theatre group in Delhi, training under theatre mentor Kulvinder Bakshish.<ref name="Bookmyshow" /><ref name="Filmy Focus"/>
She portrayed Krishna, along with eight other characters, in the national award-winning play ''KARN''.<ref name="Bookmyshow" /><ref name="Filmy Focus"/>

Her film credits include ''[[HIT: The First Case (2022 film) |Hit: The First Case]]'' (2022),<ref name="keith">{{cite web |url=https://keithandthemovies.com/2022/11/16/review-hit-the-first-case-2022/ |title= REVIEW: “Hit: The First Case” (2022) |work=Keith & the Movies |date=16 November 2022 |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref> ''[[Jogi (2022 film)|Jogi]]'' (2022)<ref name = "jogi">{{cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/zoom/movies/jogi-movie-151995523 |title= Jogi |website=Times Now News |publisher=Times Now |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref> ''[[Crew (film)|Crew]]'' (2024)<ref name="Bookmyshow"/> and ''[[Karungaapiyam]]'', a Tamil film.<ref>{{cite news
|title= Shruti Haasan to team up with director Deekay; the untitled project to go on floors in a couple of months
|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/shruti-haasan-to-team-up-with-director-deekay-the-untitled-project-to-go-on-floors-in-a-couple-of-months/6338208071840
|work=OTTplay
|date=28 June 2022
|access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>

Bhateja appeared in the short film ''Infected 2030'', which released on [[Eros Now]] in May 2021.<ref name = "Infected 2030">{{cite news |url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/digital/exclusive-noyrika-bhatheja-roped-altbalaji-series-titled-boys-locker-room-210920 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Noyrika Bhatheja roped in for ALTBalaji series titled ‘Boys Locker Room’ |work=TellyChakkar |date=20 September 2021 |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
* ''[[HIT: The First Case (2022 film) |Hit: The First Case]]'' (2022)<ref name="keith"/>
* ''[[Jogi (2022 film)|Jogi]]'' (2022)<ref name= "jogi"/>
* [[Karungaapiyam]] (2023)
* ''[[Crew (film)|Crew]]'' (2024)<ref name="Bookmyshow"/>

===Short films===
* ''Infected 2030'' (2021)<ref name= "Infected 2030"/>

===Web series===
* ''Minus 1'' (Part 2)<ref name="NETTV4U">{{cite web |url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/hindi/actress/noyrika-bhateja |title=Noyrika Bhateja |website=NETTV4U |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>
* ''Brochara'' (Season 2){{citation needed|date=August 2025}}
* ''Leaked!''<ref name="NETTV4U"/>
* ''[[Shrikant Bashir]]''<ref name="NETTV4U"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|12062297}}
* {{instagram|noyrika}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhateja, Noyrika}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Indian stage actresses]]
[[Category:People from Jaipur]]
[[Category:Fergusson College alumni]]

Chaudhri Muhammad Ali

2026-04-04T16:17:33Z

BrigitteHosking: Starting initial bio w/ infobox

{{short description|Prime Minister of Pakistan from 1955 to 1956}}
{{hatnote group|
{{About-distinguish-text|the fourth prime minister of Pakistan|the third prime minister of Pakistan, [[Mohammad Ali Bogra]]}}
{{Similar names|Mohammad Ali (disambiguation)}}
}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Chaudhri Muhammad Ali
| native_name = چوہدری محمد علی
| native_name_lang = ur
| image = Mohamad Ali, primeiro-ministro do Paquistão, sem data.tif
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| order = 4th
| office = Prime Minister of Pakistan
| term_start = 12 August 1955
| term_end = 12 September 1956
| alongside = 
| monarch = [[Elizabeth II]] (until 1956)
| president = [[Iskander Mirza]] (from 1956)
| governor_general = Iskander Mirza (until 1956)
| taoiseach =
| chancellor =
| governor =
| deputy =
| lieutenant =
| succeeding = 
| constituency =
| majority =
| predecessor = [[Mohammad Ali Bogra]]
| successor = [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]]
| prior_term = 
| order2 = [[Minister of Defence (Pakistan)|Minister of Defence]]
| office2 =
| term_start2 = 12 August 1955
| term_end2 = 12 September 1956
| deputy2 = [[Akhter Husain]] ([[Defence Secretary (Pakistan)|Defence Secretary]])
| lieutenant2 = 
| succeeding2 = 
| predecessor2 = [[General Ayub Khan]]
| successor2 = Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy
| parliamentary_group2 = 
| constituency2 = 
| majority2 = 
| prior_term2 = 

| order3 = 2nd [[Minister of Finance (Pakistan)|Minister of Finance]]
| office3 =
| term_start3 = 24 October 1951
| term_end3 = 11 August 1955
| deputy3 = Mumtaz Hasan ([[Finance Secretary (Pakistan)|Finance Secretary]])
| predecessor3 = [[Ghulam Muhammad (governor-general)|Ghulam Muhammad]]
| successor3 = [[Syed Amjad Ali|Amjad Ali]]

| order4 = [[Federal Secretary]]
| office4 =
| alongside4 =
| term_start4 = 14 August 1947
| term_end4 = 24 October 1955

| order5 = [[Finance Secretary of Pakistan]]
| office5 =
| 1blankname5 = {{nowrap|[[Federal Minister of Pakistan|Minister]]}}
| 1namedata5 = Ghulam Muhammad
| alongside5 = [[Victor Turner (civil servant)|Sir Victor Turner]]
| term_start5 = 14 August 1947
| term_end5 = 12 September 1948

| order6 = 
| office6 =
| term_start6 = 2 September 1946
| term_end6 = 14 August 1947
| 1blankname6 = Minister
| 1namedata6 = [[Liaquat Ali Khan]]
| predecessor6 = Ghulam Muhammad
| successor6 = Sir Victor Turner

| order7 = [[Muslim League (Pakistan)|President of Pakistan Muslim League]]
| office7 =
| term_start7 = 12 August 1955
| term_end7 = 12 September 1956
| predecessor7 = Mohammad Ali Bogra
| successor7 = [[I. I. Chundrigar]]

| pronunciation =
| birth_name = Chaudhry Muhammad Ali
| birth_date = {{birth date|1905|7|15|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Jalandhar]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1982|12|02|1905|07|15}}
| death_place = [[Karachi]], Pakistan
| citizenship = {{ubl|[[British subject]] (until 1947)|[[Pakistani]] (from 1947)}}
| party = [[Nizam-e-Islam Party|Nizam-e-Islam]] (until 1969)
| other_party = [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] (1936–1956)
| height = 
| partner = 
| relations =
| children = 5, including  [[Khalid Anwer|Khalid]]
| parents = 
| mother = 
| father = 
| relatives =
| education =
| alma_mater = [[University of the Punjab|Punjab University]] {{avoid wrap|([[Bachelor of Science|BSc]] and [[Master of Science|MSc]])}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Civil servant|politician}}
| profession =
| known_for =
| salary =
| net_worth = 
| cabinet =
| committees =
| portfolio =
| awards =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
}}

'''Chaudhri Muhammad Ali'''{{efn|[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Urdu]]: {{lang|ur|{{nq|چوہدری محمد علی}}}}}} (15 July 1905 – 2 December 1982) was a Pakistani politician and statesman who served as the fourth [[prime minister of Pakistan]] from 1955 until his resignation in 1956. His government oversaw the promulgation of the [[Constitution of Pakistan of 1956|first Pakistani constitution]], transitioning Pakistan from a [[Dominion of Pakistan|dominion]] to a [[Pakistan|republic]].

He resigned from the position of Prime Minister in 1956, and from the [[Muslim League (Pakistan)|Muslim League]] as well, when he failed at healing rifts with Muslim League, and a new party, named as Republican Party. His credibility is noted for promulgating the [[Constitution of Pakistan of 1956|first set]] of the [[Constitution of Pakistan]] lost political endorsement from his party when failing to investigate the allegations on [[vote rigging]] and the [[Horse trading (political)|secret defections]] in favour of the [[Republican Party (Pakistan)|Republican Party]].<ref name="Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust, et.al, 2003 (Muhammad Ali Becomes Prime Minister)">{{cite web |title=Chaudhry Muhammad Ali Becomes Prime Minister |url=http://storyofpakistan.com/chaudhry-muhammad-ali-becomes-prime-minister |website=storyofpakistan.com |publisher=Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust |access-date=29 January 2018 |location=Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan |language=en-pk |date=1 June 2003}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Muhammad Ali was born in [[Jalandhar district|Jalandhar]], [[Punjab, British India|Punjab]] on 15 July 1905 into an [[Arain]] [[Punjabi Muslims|Punjabi]] family.<ref name="Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust, el.al, 2003 (Bio)">{{cite web |title=Chaudhry Muhammad Ali–Former Prime Minister of Pakistan |url=http://storyofpakistan.com/chaudhry-muhammad-ali |website=storyofpakistan.com |publisher=Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust |access-date=11 April 2016 |location=Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan |language=en-pk |date=1 June 2003}}</ref><ref name="Westview Press, Burki, LePorte, et.al. (1991)">{{cite book |last1=Burki |first1=Shahid Javed |last2=Baxter |first2=Craig |author2-link=Craig Baxter |last3=LaPorte |first3=Robert |last4=Azfar |first4=Kamal |title=Pakistan Under the Military: Eleven Years of Zia Ul-Haq |date=1991 |publisher=Westview Press |location=New York City |isbn=9780813379852 |page=4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UG5uAAAAMAAJ&q=most+civil+servant+ |access-date=29 January 2018 |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Naz |first1=Huma |title=Bureaucratic Elites & Political Developments in Pakistan, 1947-58 |date=1990 |publisher=National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AteNAAAAMAAJ&q=+Mohammad+Ali |page=157 |access-date=29 January 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

After his [[Matriculation in Pakistan|matriculation]], Muhammad Ali showed great aptitude for science, first moving to attend the [[University of the Punjab|Punjab University]] in [[Lahore]] where he read and graduated with [[Bachelor of Science|BSc degree]] in [[chemistry]] in 1925.<ref name="Routledge, Kumarasingham">{{cite book |last1=Kumarasingham |first1=H. |title=Constitution-making in Asia: Decolonisation and State-Building in the Aftermath of the British Empire |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |location=Cambridge, UK |isbn=9781317245100 |page=106 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YQfeCwAAQBAJ&q=muhammad+ali+Prime+Minister+secretary&pg=PA106 |access-date=29 January 2018 |language=en-uk}}</ref> In 1927, Muhammad Ali attained [[Master of Science|MSc]] in chemistry from [[Punjab University, Lahore|Punjab University]], and lectured at the [[Islamia College (Lahore)|Islamia College]] until 1928.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Blattner |first1=Elwyn James |last2=Blattner |first2=James Elwyn |title=Who's who in U.A.R. and the Near East |date=1955 |publisher=Paul Barbey Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DB5XAAAAMAAJ&q=July+16%2C+1905+%3B |page=294 |access-date=29 January 2018 |language=fr}}</ref><ref name="Routledge, Kumarasingham"/><ref name="Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust, et.al, 2003 (Muhammad Ali Becomes Prime Minister)" /><ref name="Encyclopedia Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Chaudhri Mohammad Ali—prime minister of Pakistan |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Chaudhri-Muhammad-Ali |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=29 January 2018 |location=London, Eng. U.K. |language=en-uk}}</ref>

== Civil service career ==

=== British India ===
In 1928, Muhammad Ali went to join the [[Indian Civil Service (British India)|Indian Civil Service]], first working as an [[Chartered accountant|accountant]] at the [[Indian Audits and Accounts Service|Audit and Accounts Service]] and was [[Secondment|deputed]] to audit the [[Bahawalpur (princely state)|Bahawalpur state]].<ref name="Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust, el.al, 2003 (Bio)" /> In 1936, Muhammad Ali was moved as [[Private Secretary]] to [[James Grigg]], the [[Finance Minister of India]], who later appointed him as the First Indian financial adviser when [[P. J. Grigg|Grigg]] was appointed the [[Secretary of State for War|War Secretary]] in 1945.<ref name="Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust, el.al, 2003 (Bio)" /> In 1946–47, Muhammad Ali was selected to serve as one of two [[Secretary (government)|secretaries]] to the [[Partition of India#1946 election|Partition Council]] presided over by [[Lord Mountbatten]], later appointed [[Finance Secretary (India)|Finance Secretary]] at the [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]].<ref name="Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust, el.al, 2003 (Bio)" /> Over this issue of partition, Muhammad Ali worked with [[Hirubhai M. Patel|H.M. Patel]] and [[Walter John Christie|Walter Christir]] to prepare a document titled ''The Administrative Consequences of Partition''.<ref>John Christie ''Morning Drum'' BACSA 1983 {{ISBN|0-907799-04-3}} pp95-102</ref>

=== Pakistan ===
At the time of the [[Partition of India|India's partition]] in 1947, Muhammad Ali opted for [[Pakistan]].<ref name="ABC-CLIO, Lyon, 2008">{{cite book |last1=Lyon |first1=Peter |year=2008 |title=Conflict Between India and Pakistan: An Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vLwOck15eboC&pg=PA9 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |page=9 |isbn=978-1-57607-712-2 |quote=In 1947 he became secretary-general to the government [of Pakistan] ... Mirza did not want Suhrawardy to replace him [Choudhury Muhammad Ali] as prime minister and tried energetically but unsuccessfully to dissuade Choudhury Muhammad Ali from resigning. But Suhrawardy's appointment as prime minister was nonetheless forthcoming ... During the early years of the Mohammed Ayub Khan regime, Ali acted as an adviser to the National Bank of Pakistan. In 1962 he joined the opposition, but soon increasing frailty prevented him from playing an active or formal role.}}</ref>

After the [[Independence of Pakistan|establishment]] of Pakistan in 1947, Muhammad Ali was moved as the [[Finance Secretary of Pakistan|Finance Secretary]] under Finance Minister [[Malik Ghulam Muhammad|Sir Ghulam Muhammad]], along with [[Victor Turner (civil servant)|Victor Turner]], but this appointment lasted until 1948 due a cabinet reshuffle.<ref name="Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust, el.al, 2003 (Bio)" /> He was appointed the [[Federal Secretary]] at the [[Establishment Division]], and aided greatly in setting up the [[Central Superior Services|civil bureaucracy]] and preparing the nation's [[First Five-Year Plans (Pakistan)|first]] [[Five-Year Plans of Pakistan|federal budget]] presented by Finance Minister Sir Ghulam Muhammad in 1951.<ref name="Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust, el.al, 2003 (Bio)" />

== Finance Minister of Pakistan (1951–1955) ==
In 1951, Muhammad Ali was appointed the [[Finance Minister of Pakistan|Finance Minister]] by Prime Minister [[Khawaja Nazimuddin|K. Nazimuddin]] and was announced to be kept in the [[Ministry of Finance (Pakistan)|Finance ministry]] in [[Mohammad Ali Bogra#Talent ministry and foreign policy|Bogra's Talent ministry]] in 1953.<ref name="Ferozsons, Khuhro, 1998">{{cite book |last1=Khuhro |first1=Hamida |title=Mohammed Ayub Khuhro: a life of courage in politics |date=1998 |publisher=Ferozsons |location=Karachi, Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nSluAAAAMAAJ&q=chaudhry+muhammad+ali+Prime+Minister+removed |page=405 |isbn=9789690014245 |access-date=29 January 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

== Premiership (1955–1956) ==
On 11 August 1955, Muhammad Ali was appointed the [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]] by then-[[Governor-General of Pakistan|Governor-General]] [[Iskandar Mirza]], upon the dismissal of the Bogra's Talent administration.<ref name="Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust, et.al, 2003 (Muhammad Ali Becomes Prime Minister)" /> Prime Minister Ali placed a great emphasis on drafting the [[Constitution of Pakistan of 1956|Constitution of Pakistan]], and implemented the [[One Unit]] scheme despite regional opposition.<ref name="Infobase Publishing, Wynbrandt, 2009">{{cite book |last1=Wynbrandt |first1=James |title=A Brief History of Pakistan |date=2009 |publisher=Facts On File |isbn=9780816061846 |page=178 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xQGwgJnCPZgC&q=chaudhry+Muhammad+Ali+appointed++prime+minister&pg=PA178 |access-date=29 January 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

He favored French architect [[Michel Ecochard]] over Greek architect [[Constantinos Apostolou Doxiadis|Constantinos Doxiadis]] for the [[Developments in Islamabad|planning of the new capital]] in 1955, though the project nonetheless went Doxiadis in the 1960s.<ref name="Routledge, Bates and Mio, 2015">{{cite book |last1=Bates |first1=Crispin |last2=Mio |first2=Minoru |title=§Cities in South Asia |date=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317565130 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JU2sCQAAQBAJ&q=chaudhry+Muhammad+Ali+Finance+minister&pg=PA72 |page=72 |language=en-us}}</ref>

It was during his term that the first Constitution of Pakistan was promulgated, on 23 March 1956, where the [[nation-state]] was declared as [[Islamic republic]] with a [[parliamentary form of government]].<ref name="Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust, et.al. (Const, 1956)">{{cite web |title=The Constitution of 1956 |url=http://storyofpakistan.com/the-constitution-of-1956 |website=storyofpakistan.com |publisher=Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust |access-date=29 January 2018 |date=1 June 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125103457/http://storyofpakistan.com/the-constitution-of-1956 |archive-date=25 November 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> His premiership was endorsed by President Iskandar Mirza and the three-party [[coalition government]] composing of [[Awami League]], [[Pakistan Muslim League|Muslim League]] and the [[Republican Party (Pakistan)|Republican Party]] at the [[National Assembly of Pakistan|National Assembly]].<ref name="Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust, et.al, 2003 (Muhammad Ali Becomes Prime Minister)" /> In 1955, Prime Minister Ali took over the [[President of Pakistan Muslim League|party presidency]].<ref name="Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust, et.al, 2003 (Muhammad Ali Becomes Prime Minister)" />

In July 1956, Muhammad Ali met with the Indian Prime Minister Jawahar Lal Nehru of India in an attempt to settle the key issue that was preventing the normalization of relations between Pakistan and India. This was the issue of Kashmir that had been divided between India and Pakistan in 1948. That issue remains unsettled to this day.

Despite his feat, Prime Minister Muhammad Ali proved to be a poor politician who failed to maintain control over his party when he reached a compromise to dismissed the cabinet members of his own party in favor of appointing the cabinet composing of Republican Party and Awami League in 1955–56.<ref name="Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust, et.al, 2003 (Muhammad Ali Becomes Prime Minister)" /> After appointing [[Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan|Abdul Jabbar Khan]] as the [[Chief Minister of Pakistan|Chief minister of West-Pakistan]] who subsequently helped in [[Vote trading|secret trading]] in favor of Republican Party that made the Republicans in [[majority]] in the National Assembly, the Muslim League demanded its president to investigate the matter but Prime Minister Ali refused to support the [[Resolution (law)|parliamentary resolution]] in the National Assembly by believing that "he was responsible only to the [[Cabinet of Pakistan|Cabinet]] and the [[Parliament of Pakistan|Parliament]], not the party."<ref name="Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust, et.al, 2003 (Muhammad Ali Becomes Prime Minister)" />

On 8 September 1956, the parliamentary leaders of the Muslim League under [[Abdul Qayyum Khan|A.Q. Khan]], successfully brought the [[motion of no confidence]] at the National Assembly that effectively removed him from the party's presidency.<ref name="Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust, et.al, 2003 (Muhammad Ali Becomes Prime Minister)" /> Despite support from President Mirza, Prime Minister Ali eventually resigned when [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy|Huseyn S. Suhrawardy]] gained support from the Muslim League for the premiership.<ref name="ABC-CLIO, Lyon, 2008" />

==Post-resignation==
After his resignation, Ali joined the [[National Bank of Pakistan|National Bank]] as an advisor. He tried playing a role in [[Politics of Pakistan|national politics]] in the 1960s,<ref name="ABC-CLIO, Lyon, 2008" /> but was [[Ostracism|ostracized]] by the Muslim League due to his political role played in 1950s.{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}

His son, [[Khalid Anwer]], served as the [[Law Minister of Pakistan|law and justice minister]] in [[Nawaz Sharif]]'s administrations while his younger son, Amjad Ahsan Ali, is a [[physician|medical doctor]]. In 1967, he wrote his memoir, ''[[The Emergence of Pakistan]]''. He died due to a [[cardiac arrest]] on 2 December 1982 in [[estate (land)|estate]] in [[Karachi]] where he [[List of cemeteries in Karachi|was buried]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Asian Recorder |date=1981 |publisher=K. K. Thomas at Recorder Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i5ttAAAAMAAJ&q=chaudhry+mohammad+ali+pm+of+pakistan+died+1982 |access-date=29 January 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

== Books ==

* ''[[The Emergence of Pakistan]],'' Research Society of Pakistan'','' 1967, 418 p.
* ''[[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Ataturk]]'', Ilaqi Saqafati Idarah, 1969, 320 p.

==See also==
* [[Political history of Pakistan|Parliamentary history of Pakistan]]
* [[History of Pakistan|Central coalition government of Pakistan (1954–58)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090402114442/http://therepublicofrumi.com/47.htm Chronicles Of Pakistan]
* {{cite book |last1=Ali |first1=Chaudhri Mohammad |title=The emergence of Pakistan. |date=1967 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York City |isbn=978-0231029339 |pages=427 |language=en}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Malik Ghulam Muhammad]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Finance Minister of Pakistan|Minister of Finance]]|years=1951–1955}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Syed Amjad Ali|Amjad Ali]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Muhammad Ali Bogra]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Prime Minister of Pakistan]]|years=1955–1956}}
{{s-aft|rows=2|after={{nowrap|[[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]]}}}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Ayub Khan (Field Marshal)|Ayub Khan]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Defence Minister of Pakistan|Minister of Defence]]|years=1955–1956}}
{{s-end}}

{{PakistaniPMs}}
{{Finance Minister of Pakistan}}
{{Finance Secretary of Pakistan}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ali, Chaudhry Mohammad}}
[[Category:1905 births]]
[[Category:1982 deaths]]
[[Category:Prime ministers of Pakistan]]
[[Category:British special advisers]]
[[Category:Ministers of finance of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Finance secretaries of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Government Islamia College]]
[[Category:Members of the Pakistan Philosophical Congress]]
[[Category:Pakistan Movement activists from Punjab]]
[[Category:Pakistan Muslim League politicians]]
[[Category:Pakistani civil servants]]
[[Category:Pakistani democracy activists]]
[[Category:Pakistani chemists]]
[[Category:Pakistani economists]]
[[Category:Pakistani financiers]]
[[Category:People from Jalandhar district]]
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]
[[Category:Politicians from Karachi]]
[[Category:Politicians from Lahore]]
[[Category:Politicians from Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Punjabi Muslims]]
[[Category:University of the Punjab alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Pakistani memoirists]]
[[Category:20th-century British businesspeople]]
[[Category:20th-century Pakistani male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century chemists]]

Natwarlal

2026-04-04T16:02:53Z

BrigitteHosking: put up new data first draft

{{Short description|Indian con man and forger (1912–2009)}}
{{distinguish|Mr. Natwarlal}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Natwarlal
| image = Natwarlal.jpeg
| birth_name = Mithilesh Kumar Srivastava
| birth_date = {{birth date text|1912}}
| birth_place = Bangra, [[Siwan district|Siwan]], [[Bihar and Orissa Province]], [[British India]]
| disappeared_date = 24 June 1996
| disappeared_place = [[New Delhi Railway Station]], [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2009|07|25|1912|01|01}} (disputed)
| monuments = Statue in Bangra (Bangar)
| occupation = [[Con man]]
| years_active = 1937–1996
}}

'''Natwarlal''' (born '''Mithilesh Kumar Srivastava'''; 1912 — 25 July 2009) was an Indian fraudster known for his high-profile crimes and [[prison escape]]s, including having supposedly "sold" the [[Taj Mahal]], the [[Red Fort]], the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]], and the [[Old Parliament House, New Delhi|Parliament House of India]] on multiple occasions.<ref name="nan">{{cite news|date=23 April 2011|title=Nuts about Natwarlal|newspaper=The Times of India|url=http://www.timescrest.com/opinion/nuts-about-natwarlal-5243|url-status=dead|access-date=3 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116072947/http://www.timescrest.com/opinion/nuts-about-natwarlal-5243|archive-date=16 November 2016}}</ref><ref name=ht/><ref>{{cite book|title=Applied Psychology: India Specific and Cross-cultural Perspectives By Smarak Swain|pages=22|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VA9TaE2V0eMC&q=natwarlal+shrivastav&pg=PA22}}</ref> If valued today, these properties would be worth approximately ₹129 billion ($1.4 billion) in total.

==Early life==
Natwarlal was born Mithilesh Kumar Srivastava in the village of Bangra in the [[Siwan district]] of [[Bihar]]. He was the older of two brothers. His father was a [[station master]].<ref name="Life">{{cite news |last1=Chengappa |first1=Raj |date=30 November 1987 |title=The life and crimes of a master criminal Natwarlal |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19871130-the-life-and-crimes-of-a-master-criminal-natwarlal-799579-1987-11-30 |work=India Today |access-date=2 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020094835/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19871130-the-life-and-crimes-of-a-master-criminal-natwarlal-799579-1987-11-29 |archive-date=20 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Li |first1=Larry |last2=McMurray |first2=Adela |title=Corporate Fraud Across the Globe |date=20 August 2022 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-981-19-3667-8 |page=182 |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Corporate_Fraud_Across_the_Globe/vHeDEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=&pg=PA182 |language=en}}</ref>

Natwarlal first discovered his ability to forge after a neighbour sent him to deposit his [[Banker's draft|bank drafts]]. Realising he could easily forge his neighbour's signature, he managed to withdraw 1,000 rupees from his neighbour's account before he noticed. Fleeing to [[Calcutta]], Natwarlal enrolled as a student for a [[bachelor of commerce]] degree while working as a casual stock broker. He also tried to set up a cloth business, but failed.<ref name="Life" />

His house in Bangra is said to have been demolished by the [[British Empire|British]], though the land still belongs to his family.<ref name="nan"/>

==Career==
As Natwarlal's father was a station master, he knew information about the railway freight industry in India. Likewise, his bachelor of commerce degree and his stint as a stock broker gave him the knowledge of banking rules. His ability to forge documents and signatures helped him successfully pull off various cons.<ref name="Life" />

After his first arrest in 1937 for stealing nine tonnes of iron, Natwarlal temporarily changed tactics. According to police, he would visit [[prostitutes]] regularly, give them tainted liquor, steal their jewellery and money, and escape. However, Natwarlal soon deemed this tactic too dangerous, and he went back to conning.<ref name="Life" />

Natwarlal is said to have duped hundreds of shop owners, jewellers, bankers, and foreigners of [[lakh]]s of [[Indian rupee|rupees]], using over fifty different aliases to disguise himself. He often used novel ideas to cheat people, such as one instance in the 1950s where he swindled the [[Punjab National Bank]] out of ₹6.5 lakhs in a scam involving rail freight and bags of rice.<ref name="Life" /> He was also proficient in forging signatures of famous personalities.<ref name="nan" /><ref name="ht" /> He is said to have supposedly cheated a number of industrialists including the [[Tata family|Tatas]], the [[Birla family|Birlas]], and [[Dhirubhai Ambani]], taking from them huge sums of money. A legend states that Natwarlal once "sold" the Parliament House to a foreigner; included in the purchase were the [[Member of Parliament (India)|members of parliament]] themselves.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=19 November 2015|title=10 Things You Need To Know About The Man Who Sold The Taj Mahal. Thrice!!!|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/10-things-you-need-to-know-about-the-man-who-sold-the-taj-mahal-thrice-247513.html|access-date=12 November 2020|website=IndiaTimes|language=en-IN}}</ref> He sometimes posed as a social worker or needy people, though he would also pose as a business manager and purchasing officer.<ref name="cl">[[Chitralekha (weekly)|Chitralekha]], Feb 2007</ref> He often paid his victims with fake [[cheque]]s and [[demand draft]]s.<ref name="Life" />

Natwarlal was reportedly a [[Robin Hood]]-like figure in Bangra, his native village. He is said to have given his earnings to the less-fortunate. Tales of his cons, which tended to be non-violent and only targeted the rich and wealthy, made him very popular. According to a resident of Siwan town, Natwartal's presence drew very large crowds whenever he visited.<ref name=":0" /> In one reported instance, Natwarlal went to Bangra to host a large feast for everyone in the village using his spoils. During the feast, he gave ₹100 to each poor villager before vanishing.<ref name="Life" />

Natwarlal's high-profile crimes often got him major sentences, with his jail time reaching increasingly high numbers. In Bihar alone, Natwarlal faced charges of 14 cases of forgery and was sentenced to 113 years in prison. Natwarlal was arrested nine or ten times, but most of these times, he was able to break out and escape. His escapes were often very cunning: for example, in 1957, Natwarlal escaped the [[Kanpur]] jail by donning a smuggled police uniform, bribing his cell guards with a suitcase full of money, then walking out the front gate, passing guards who saluted him. The suitcase actually contained only newspapers.<ref name="Life" /> Due to his repeated escapes, it is believed he only spent 20 years in prison over the course of his life.<ref name=":0" />

The last time Natwarlal was arrested was in 1996 at the age of 84. Despite his old age and his use of a wheelchair, he managed to escape again and was last seen by authorities on 24 June 1996 at the [[New Delhi railway station]], while being transported by police from the Kanpur jail to the [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi]] for treatment, after which he was never seen again.<ref name="nan" /><ref name="ht" />

==Death==
In 2009, Natwarlal's lawyer requested that more than 100 charges pending against him be dropped, claiming that he died on 25 July 2009. However, Natwarlal's brother subsequently claimed to have cremated him in 1996, the year he last escaped, in [[Ranchi]]. For this reason, his precise date of death is uncertain.<ref name="ht">{{cite news|title=Natwarlal leaves 'em guessing even in death|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/natwarlal-leaves-em-guessing-even-in-death/story-mYkqbv8grOOw0oFEsIryrJ.html|access-date=3 August 2012|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=29 July 2009}}</ref>

He had two wives. He was survived by one daughter.<ref name="nan" />

==Legacy==
Natwarlal is considered to be the greatest con man in Indian history. In India, con men who pull off particularly smart cons are often called Natwarlal, and many Indian fraudsters say they were inspired by his career.<ref name="zn">{{cite news|date=6 March 2011|title=Conman inspired by Natwarlal arrested|newspaper=[[Zee News]]|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/delhi/conman-inspired-by-natwarlal-arrested_691648.html|access-date=3 August 2012}}</ref> His exploits have been compared to those of [[Frank Abagnale]]<ref name="toi">{{cite news|date=1 April 2007|title=Gotcha|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/deep-focus/gotcha/articleshow/1839986.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929172052/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-04-01/special-report/27868558_1_max-domarus-hitler-s-speeches-adolf-hitler|url-status=live|archive-date=29 September 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=3 August 2012}}</ref> and [[Victor Lustig]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Who Sold the Eiffel Tower Twice?|url=http://www.pitara.com/discover/5wh/online.asp?story=74|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717023625/http://pitara.com/discover/5wh/online.asp?story=74|archive-date=17 July 2012|access-date=3 August 2012}}</ref>

Many of his purported schemes are believed to be myths and legends, making the act of piecing his actual history together very difficult. In 1987, Arvind Jain, [[Superintendent of police (India)|superintendent of police]] in [[Varanasi]], said of Natwarlal's career:<blockquote>"He is remarkably clever. I don't believe that he was a [[Pauperism|pauper]], as he claims to be. Or the stuff about distributing his money to the poor and having no vices. We need to probe more intensively into his past."<ref name="Life" /></blockquote>The people of Bangra take pride in the fact that he belonged to their village.<ref name="Life" /> In 2011, the village planned to erect a statue of Natwarlal at the site of his former house.<ref name="nan" />

==In popular culture==
His life has been romanticised and adapted into films, namely the 1979 film ''[[Mr. Natwarlal]]'' and the 2014 film ''[[Raja Natwarlal]]''.<ref name="Life" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Batra |first1=Ankur |title=Raja Natwarlal inspired from the life of real life notorious conman Natwarlal|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Kunal-Deshmukh-Upcoming-con-film-Raja-Natwarlal-fuelled-speculation-that-its-inspired-from-the-life-of-real-life-notorious-conman-Natwarlal/articleshow/35163292.cms#:~:text=Taj%20Mahal%3A%20Raja%20Natwarlal%20inspired,real%20life%20notorious%20conman%20Natwarlal. |access-date=5 November 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=15 May 2014 |language=en}}</ref> A crime television programme based on Natwarlal's life, ''Jurm'', was aired in 2004 by [[Aaj Tak]].<ref>{{cite news|date=3 April 2004|title=Aaj Tak bids to unravel mystery of conman Natwarlal|newspaper=Indiantelevision.com|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/tube/y2k4/apr/aprtube10.htm|url-status=dead|access-date=3 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130103032057/http://www.indiantelevision.com/tube/y2k4/apr/aprtube10.htm|archive-date=3 January 2013}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian fraudsters]]
[[Category:Impostors]]
[[Category:Forgers]]
[[Category:Confidence tricksters]]
[[Category:Criminals from Bihar]]
[[Category:People from Siwan district]]
[[Category:1912 births]]
[[Category:2009 deaths]]
[[Category:Crime in Bihar]]
[[Category:Escapees from Indian detention]]

Bad Girlz

2026-03-28T19:04:53Z

BrigitteHosking: made some details w/ sources

{{Short description|2025 film by Munna Dhulipudi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bad Girlz
| image = Bad Girlz poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Phani Pradeep
| producer = Shashidhar Nalla Emmadi Soma Narsaiah Ramisetti Rambabu Ravula Ramesh
| writer = Munna Dhulipudi
| starring = Anchal Gowda Payal Chengappa Roshini Yashna Rohan Surya Moin Renu Desai
| music = Anup Rubens
| cinematography = Arli Ganesh
| editing = B. Nageswara Reddy
| studio = Prashvita Entertainment Neeli Neeli Aakasam Creations NVL Creations
| released = {{Film date|2025|12|25|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Bad Girlz''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Romanticism|romantic]] [[Comedy drama|comedy-drama]] film directed by Phani Pradeep. The film is produced by Shashidhar Nalla, Emmadi Soma Narsaiah, Ramisetti Rambabu, and Ravula Ramesh under the banners Prashvita Entertainment, Neeli Neeli Aakasam Creations, and NVL Creations. <ref name="10TV">{{cite web |title=Munna Dhulipudi's new movie is Bad Girlz |website=10TV |date=24 August 2025 |url=https://10tv.in/telugu-news/movies/munna-dhulipudi-new-movie-is-bad-girlz-vm-976373.html |access-date=25 August 2025}}</ref>

It stars Anchal Gowda, Payal Chengappa, Roshini, and Yashna in the lead roles, with Rohan Surya, Moin, and Renu Desai appearing in supporting roles.<ref name="HansIndia">{{cite web |title=Bad Girlz promises bold, emotional ride with fresh faces |website=The Hans India |date=24 August 2025 |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/bad-girls-promises-bold-emotional-ride-with-fresh-faces-and-strong-message-994497 |access-date=25 August 2025}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film explores the emotional journeys and pre-marital freedoms of modern women, inspired by real-life experiences. It addresses themes of personal choice, empowerment, and societal expectations, focusing on how educated young women navigate relationships and independence in contemporary society.<ref name="TeluguVox">{{cite web |title=Bad Girlz movie title launch event held |website=TeluguVox |date=22 August 2025 |url=https://www.teluguvox.com/movies/movie-news/10859-bad-girls-movie-title-launch-event-held.html |access-date=25 August 2025}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* Anchal Gowda
* Payal Chengappa
* Roshini
* Yashna
* Rohan Surya
* Moin
* [[Renu Desai]]

== Production ==
Following the commercial success of ''30 Rojullo Preminchadam Ela'', director Munna Dhulipudi announced ''Bad Girlz''. Due to initial hesitation from established producers to support a project featuring newcomers, the film was self-financed by the director along with his associates.<ref name="10TV"/>

The motion poster was unveiled at Prasad Labs in Hyderabad during a launch event attended by directors [[Chandoo Mondeti]], [[Shiva Nirvana]], and Krishna Chaitanya.<ref name="TeluguVox"/>

== Music ==
The film's soundtrack is composed by Anup Rubens. The first single, "Ila Chusukuntane", was launched by actor Rana Daggubati on social media.<ref name="DeccanChronicle">{{cite web |title=Rana Daggubati launches Ila Chusukuntane song from Bad Girlz |website=Deccan Chronicle |date=24 August 2025 |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/rana-daggubati-launches-ila-chusukuntane-song-from-bad-girls-1899396 |access-date=25 August 2025}}</ref>

The song is sung by Sid Sriram with lyrics by Chandrabose and was described as a spiritual successor to "Neeli Neeli Aakasam" from ''30 Rojullo Preminchadam Ela''.<ref name="123Telugu">{{cite web |title=Rana Daggubati released Bad Girlz first single |website=123Telugu |date=24 August 2025 |url=https://www.123telugu.com/telugu/news/rana-daggubati-launched-bad-girls-first-single-dbm.html |access-date=25 August 2025}}</ref><ref name="SakshiPost">{{cite web |title=Bad Girlz Movie: Rana Daggubati Launches Ila Chusukuntane Song |website=Sakshi Post |date=24 August 2025 |url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/movies/bad-girlz-movie-rana-daggubati-launches-ila-chusukuntane-song-444208 |access-date=25 August 2025}}</ref><ref name="CineJosh">{{cite web |title=Rana Daggubati Launches Ila Chusukuntane Song from Bad Girlz |website=CineJosh |date=24 August 2025 |url=https://www.cinejosh.com/news/1/121379/rana-daggubati-launches-ila-chusukuntane-song-from-bad-girlz.html |access-date=25 August 2025}}</ref>

Critical responses to the song highlighted Sid Sriram’s vocals and its emotional tone.<ref name="OTTplay">{{cite web |title=Ila Chusukuntane from Bad Girlz: Sid Sriram's soulful voice makes this number an instant hit |website=OTTplay |date=24 August 2025 |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/ila-chusukuntale-from-bad-girlz-sid-srirams-soulful-voice-makes-this-number-an-instant-hit/66a33aa739457 |access-date=25 August 2025}}</ref><ref name="TelanganaToday">{{cite web |title=Bad Girlz to feature sequel song to Neeli Neeli Aakasam |website=Telangana Today |date=20 August 2025 |url=https://telanganatoday.com/bad-girlz-to-feature-sequel-song-to-neeli-neeli-aakasam |access-date=25 August 2025}}</ref>

== Release ==
The film was released in theatres on 25 December 2025.<ref name="HansIndia"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Telugu-language romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian independent films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]

Kusum Devi

2026-03-27T21:42:29Z

BrigitteHosking: adding new bio.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kusum Devi
| office = [[Bihar Legislative Assembly|Member Of Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 3 November 2022
| predecessor = [[Subhash Singh]]
| constituency = [[Gopalganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gopalganj]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| term_end = 2025
}}

'''Kusum Devi''' is an Indian politician and widow of [[Subhash Singh (Bihar politician)|Subhash Singh]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pandey |first=Akshay |title=जानें कौन हैं सोनम और कुसुम जिनपर भाजपा ने जताया है भरोसा, उप चुनाव में सवर्णों पर लगाया दांव |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/patna-city-know-who-are-sonam-devi-and-kusum-devi-on-whom-bjp-has-expressed-trust-bets-on-upper-castes-in-the-by-election-23129084.html |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=[[Dainik Jagran]] |language=hi}}</ref> who is serving in the [[17th Bihar Assembly]] from [[Gopalganj Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Rakesh |date=2022-11-06 |title=कुसुम देवी ने गोपालगंज सीट पर बीजेपी को दिलाई जीत, पति रह चुके थे 4 बार MLA |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/bihar/bihar-by-elections-2022-know-who-is-kusum-devi-who-won-gopalganj-seat-husband-had-been-mla-4-times-bjp-rks-4851511.html |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=[[News18 India]] |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Manish |title=बिहार की गोपालगंज सीट BJP ने बरकरार रखी, कुसुम देवी ने RJD के मोहन प्रसाद को हराया |url=https://ndtv.in/india/gopalganj-election-2022-result-bjp-candidate-kusum-devi-wins-3494813 |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Rohit Kumar |title=BJP wins Bihar's Gopalganj bypolls |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bjp-wins-bihars-gopalganj-bypolls-asaduddin-owasi-may-have-role-to-play-2294043-2022-11-06 |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=[[India Today]] |date=6 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Amjad |first=Mohammed |date=2022-11-06 |title=BJP wins Gopalganj Assembly seat in Bihar |url=https://munsifdaily.com/news/india-news/north-india-news/bjp-wins-gopalganj-assembly-seat-in-bihar/ |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=[[The Munsif Daily]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="One-all in Bihar; RJD retains Mokama, BJP keeps Gopalganj">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=One-all in Bihar; RJD retains Mokama, BJP keeps Gopalganj |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/bihar-bypoll-rjd-retains-mokama-seat-bjp-retains-gopalganj/article66103522.ece |access-date=23 August 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |date=6 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250823095001/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/bihar-bypoll-rjd-retains-mokama-seat-bjp-retains-gopalganj/article66103522.ece |archive-date=23 August 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Devi, Kusum}}
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2020–2025]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{Bihar-politician-stub}}

Mohammad Mohsin

2026-03-22T16:34:22Z

BrigitteHosking: updated page

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{other people}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mohammed Mohsin
| birth_date = 14 September 1942
| birth_place = [[Cuttack]], [[Orissa Province|Orissa]], [[British India]]
| death_date = 3 January 2003 (aged 60)
| death_place = [[Cuttack]], [[Odisha]], India
|alma_mater = [[Sayeed Seminary|Sayeed Seminary High School]], [[Cuttack]]
| occupation = Director, Producer and actor
| spouse = Kausra Khatun
| resting place = [[Qadam e Rasool, Cuttack]]
| parents = Mohammad Ayub (Father), Amina Bibi (Mother)
}}

'''Mohammad Mohsin''' called popularly as ''Mohsin'' was an Indian actor, director and producer. In his movie career spanning more than 30 years across [[Bollywood]], [[Odisha]] and [[West Bengal]], he has acted and directed in many commercially successful movies. Mohsin started a revolution in commercial Odia movies and connected with the pulse of his audience. His movies ranged from social drama to action packed crime thrillers. Mohsin made his first [[Bollywood]] debut in the movie ''[[Naiyya]]'', in which he played the character of Karim. ''Naiyya'' was produced and distributed by [[Rajshri Productions]], which was a remake of Odia movie ''[[Shesha Shrabana]]'', in which Mohsin played the character of a boat maker.

After working for a couple of years in [[Bollywood]], Mohsin stepped in the acting scene of Odia film industry. In his initial days as an actor some of the characters which made Mohsin a favourite amongst movie goers were Bagha in ''[[Hisab Nikas]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0246767/fullcredits|title=Maa-o-Mamata (1980)|accessdate=14 December 2017|website=IMDb.com}}</ref> Raka in ''Maa-o-Mamata'' (1980), Mohsin played a school teacher who turns into a social reformist in the movie ''Balidan'' (1978). Mohsin's first directorial debut was with Odia movie, ''Phula Chandana'' (1982). Mohsin won [[Odisha State Film Awards]] for Best Director [[Odisha State Film Award for Best Director|Best Director]] in the year 1982 for ''Phula Chandana''.

==Early life and background==
Mohammad Mohsin was born in [[Cuttack]], his schooling was in [[Sayeed Seminary|Sayeed Seminary High School]], Cuttack, and completed his Bachelor in Arts from [[Ravenshaw College]], Cuttack. Mohsin's passion for arts and drama caught him early from college and he contested and was elected as secretary of the Dramatic Society of [[Ravenshaw College]]. He continued his passion towards drama and theatre by performing in [[Annapurna Theatre]], Cuttack. Mohsin continued his contribution to the Odia film industry by joining hands with [[Prashanta Nanda]] as an associate director. From there, Mohsin in the Odia film industry was marked in the field of acting, direction, story, screenplay, dialogue and as a producer. Mohsin has acted in more than 14 movies, and directed in 16 movies. Mohsin's most notable movies<ref>{{cite web |url=http://oriya.incredibleorissa.com/topic/mohammed-mohsin/ |title=Mohammed Mohsin Oriya Movies List |accessdate=2017-10-19 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425025215/http://oriya.incredibleorissa.com/topic/mohammed-mohsin/ |archivedate=2013-04-25 }}</ref> were ''Phoola Chandana'' (1982), ''Danda Balunga'' (1980), ''Jaga Hatare Pagha'' (1985), ''Sahari Bagha'' (1985), ''Laxman Rekha'' (1996), and ''Santana'' (1998).

[[File:Mohsin as Anthony in Mamata ra Dori.jpg|thumb|Mohsin as Anthony in Mamata ra Dori]]
[[File:Mohammad Mohsin as Nitei in Bidhir Bidhan.jpg|thumb|Mohammad Mohsin as Nitei in Bidhir Bidhan]]
[[File:Mohammad Mohsin on the sets of Sahari Bagha.jpg|thumb|Mohammad Mohsin on the sets of Sahari Bagha]]
[[File:Mohammad Mohsin with Anuradha Paudwal.jpg|thumb|Mohammad Mohsin with Anuradha Paudwal]]

==Filmography==

===Actor===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Movie !! Character
|-
| 1976 || ''[[Shesha Shrabana]]'' || Kashi
|-
| 1977 || ''[[Naga Phasa]]'' || Sangram
|-
| 1978 || ''Balidaan'' || School Teacher
|-
| 1979 || ''[[Naiyya]]'' || Kassim
|-
| 1980 || ''Maa o Mamata'' || Raka
|-
| 1981 || ''Pooja'' ||
|-
| 1982 || ''[[Hisab Nikas]]'' || Bagha
|-
| 1982 || ''Danda Balunga'' || Lawyer
|-
| 1983 || ''Janani'' ||
|-
| 1985 || ''Sahari Bagha'' || Raja
|-
| 1987 || ''Eai Ta Dunia'' || Example
|-
| 1989 || ''Mamata Ra Dori'' || Anthony
|-
| 1989 || ''Bidhira Bidhan'' || Nitei
|-
| 2000 || ''Laxmi Pratima'' || Lawyer
|}

===Director===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Extra Credits !! Award
|-
| 1982 || ''Phula Chandana'' || Director, Screenplay & Dialogue || Odisha State Film Award for Best Director
|-
| 1982 || ''Danda Balunga'' || Director, Screenplay ||
|-
| 1983 || ''Janani'' || Director, Dialogue ||
|-
| 1984 || ''Jaga Hatare Pagha'' || Producer, director, Story & Screenplay ||
|-
| 1985 || ''Sahari Bagha'' || Actor, Director ||
|-
| 1986|| ''Chaka Bhaunri'' || Director, Story & Screenplay ||
|-
| 1987 || ''Eai Ta Dunia'' || Actor, director, Story & Screenplay ||
|-
| 1988 || ''Mamata Ra Dori'' || Actor, director, Story & Screenplay ||
|-
| 1989 || ''Bidhira Bidhan'' || Director, Story & Screenplay ||
|-
| 1990 || ''To Binu Anya Gati Nahin'' || Director, Screenplay ||
|-
| 1992 || ''Lakhe Siba Puji Paichi Pua'' || Director, Screenplay ||
|-
| 1993 || ''Laxman Rekha'' || Director, Screenplay ||
|-
| 1995 || ''Dharma Sahile Hela'' || Director, Screenplay ||
|-
| 1998 || ''Lakhmi Pratima'' || Director, Story & Screenplay ||
|-
| 2001 || ''Mana Rahigala Tumari Thare'' || Director, Screenplay ||
|-
| 2002 || ''Santana'' || Director, Screenplay ||
|}

==External links==
* [[Cinema of Odisha]]
* [[List of Odia-language films]]
* https://www.moviebuff.com/mohammad-mohsin
* https://odishanewsinsight.com/events/10-things-to-know-about-olden-days-of-odia-film-industry/
* https://www.gktoday.in/question/who-is-the-director-of-the-odia-movie-phula-chanda
* [https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2015/jan/16/void-in-villainy-hara-patnaik-705753.html]
* http://www.odishahistory.com/odia_film.html
* http://jajabara.com/odia-cast-Mohammad-Mohsin-Odisha274Cshwn99bs1s
* http://www.orissacinema.com/history/list_of_oriya_films.html
* https://www.mycitylinks.in/lord-jagannath-s-unwavering-influence-on-ollywood
* http://www.parouse.com/php/SummaryGet.php?FindGo=Oriya_film_industry
* https://www.odishanewstimes.com/2020/08/24/monsoon-sonata-odia-film-sesa-srabana-the-last-monsoon-1976/

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Commons category}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohsin, Mohammed}}
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]
[[Category:Male actors from Odisha]]
[[Category:Film directors from Odisha]]
[[Category:Film producers from Odisha]]

Pandya dynasty

2026-03-22T12:41:30Z

BrigitteHosking: Updated formatting and improved readability

{{Short description|Ancient Tamil dynasty of South India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{other uses|Pandiyan (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox Former Country
| conventional_long_name = Pandyan dynasty
| common_name = Pandya Nadu
| native_name = 
| image_flag =
| flag_border = no
| flag_caption =
| era = [[Post-classical history|Medieval era]]
| year_start = 400 BCE
| year_end = 1618 CE
| flag_p1 =
| border_p1 = no
| p2 =
| s1 = Tenkasi Pandyas
| s2 = Madurai Nayak dynasty
| flag_s1 =
| flag_s2 =
| s3 = Vijayanagara Empire
| flag_s3 =
| border_s3 = no
| flag_s4 =
| s4 =
| border_s4 = No
| flag_s5 =
| s5 = Jaffna kingdom
| image_s6 = Sambuvaraya
| image_map = File:Map of Pandya dynasty at its apex.png
| map_width = 350
| image_map_caption = Pandyan Empire at greatest extent<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical Atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=146, map XIV.2 (b) |isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=183 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |access-date=18 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224144259/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=183 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| official_languages = {{ubl|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Upinder Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA46 |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |publisher=Pearson Education India |year=2008 |isbn=978-81-317-1120-0 |page=46 |quote=Kings of the Chola and Pandya dynasties also issued Tamil and bilingual Tamil inscriptions.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=C. Sivaramamurti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WKgQAQAAMAAJ |title=L'Art en Inde |publisher=H. N. Abrams |year=1977 |isbn=978-0-8109-0630-3 |page=60 |quote=Thus the state language was whether the inscriptions were from the north or the south and whether the dynasty was Gupta, Vakatak[a], Vardhana, Maukhari, Pratihara, Paramara, Chandella, Pala, Sena, Gahadavala, Haihaya, Ganga, Pallava, Chola, Pandya, Chalukya, Rashtrakuta, or Vijayanagar[a]. Inscriptions were sometimes written in regional languages, but they invariably had a preface in Sanskrit.}}</ref>}}
| capital = *[[Korkai]] (port, early historic)<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2015-06-05 |title=Classical Indo-Roman Trade |url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2013/26-27/special-articles/classical-indo-roman-trade.html |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |language=en |volume=48 |issue=26–27}}</ref>
* [[Madurai]] (till 1335 CE)<ref name="Fall"/>
* [[Tenkasi]] (1422–1618 CE)<ref name="Fall"/>
| religion = {{ublist
|[[Jainism]] [[Hinduism]]<ref name="Thapar" />
|[[Buddhism]]
}}
| government_type = [[Monarchy]]
| leader1 = [[Nedunjeliyan I]] (first documented)
| year_leader1 = Around 270 BCE
| leader2 = [[Kadungon]] (Pandya revival)
| year_leader3 = 1613–1618 CE
| leader3 = [[Tenkasi Pandyas|Varagunarama]]
| year_leader2 = 560–590 CE
| today = [[India]] [[Sri Lanka]]
| demonym = Pandiyar
| flag_width =
| map_caption = Greatest extent of the Pandya Empire, 13th Century<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=38, map V.2(d)|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=075}}</ref>
}}
{{TNhistory}}
{{HistoryOfSouthAsia}}

The '''Pandya dynasty''' ({{IPA|ta|paːɳɖijɐr|lang}}), also referred to as the '''Pandyas of Madurai''', was an [[Tamil Dynasties|ancient Tamil dynasty of South India]], and among the four great kingdoms of [[Tamilakam]], the other three being the [[Pallavas]], the [[Chola dynasty|Cholas]] and the [[Chera dynasty|Cheras]].<ref name=":4">{{cite book |last=Subbarayalu |first=Y. |year=2014 |chapter=Early Tamil Polity |title=A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations |editor-first=Noburu |editor-last=Karashima |pages=53–54 |location=New Delhi |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> Existing since at least the 4th to 3rd centuries BCE, the dynasty passed through two periods of imperial dominance, the 6th to 10th centuries CE, and under the 'Later Pandyas' (13th to 14th centuries CE). In the second half of the 13th century under [[Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan I]] and [[Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I]], the Pandyas ruled extensive territories including regions of present-day [[South India]] and northern [[Sri Lanka]] through vassal states subject to [[Madurai]].<ref name=":302">{{cite book |last=Karashima |first=Noburu |year=2014 |chapter=The Fall of the Old States |title=A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations |editor-first=Noburu |editor-last=Karashima |pages=172–73 |location=New Delhi |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> The Pandya dynasty is considered to be one of the longest ruling dynasties in the world, in power continuously from roughly 400 BCE to 1618 CE, although its territorial and administrative extent varied significantly.<ref name="Harman">{{cite book |last=Harman |first=William. P |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F_siW9T3ev4C&pg=PA36 |title=The sacred marriage of a Hindu goddess |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1992 |isbn=978-81-208-0810-2 |pages=30–6}}</ref><ref name="NayaksBook">{{cite book |author=Sathayanatha Iyer |title=History of the Nayaks of Madura |year=1924 |page=58}}</ref>

The rulers of the three Tamil dynasties were referred to as the "[[Three Crowned Kings|three crowned rulers]] (the mu-ventar) of [[Tamilakam|the Tamil Region]]"<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BbqbAAAAQBAJ&q=pandya+dynasty+tamilakam&pg=PA57|title=Britannica Guide to India|date=2009-03-01|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.|isbn=978-1-59339-847-7|pages=57|language=en}}</ref> in the southern part of [[India]]. The origin and the timeline of the Pandya dynasty are difficult to establish.<ref name=":3">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Pandya dynasty {{!}} Indian dynasty |language=en |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pandya-dynasty |access-date=2017-09-21}}</ref> The [[Early Pandyan Kingdom|early Pandya]] chieftains ruled their country ([[Pandya Nadu]]) from the ancient period, which included the inland city of [[Madurai]] and the southern port of [[Korkai]].<ref name=":26">{{Cite journal |date=2015-06-05 |title=Classical Indo-Roman Trade |url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2013/26-27/special-articles/classical-indo-roman-trade.html?0=ip_login_no_cache=3b49b785309ca821ff5e0a285f43e078 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |language=en |volume=48 |issue=26–27}}</ref><ref name=":162">{{Cite journal|date=2015-06-05|title=Classical Indo-Roman Trade|url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2013/26-27/special-articles/classical-indo-roman-trade.html|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|language=en|volume=48|issue=26–27|pages=7–8}}</ref> The Pandyas are celebrated in the earliest available Tamil poetry ([[Sangam literature]]).<ref name=":3" /> [[Classical antiquity|Graeco-Roman]] accounts (as early as the 4th century BCE<ref name=":3" />), the edicts of [[Maurya dynasty|Maurya]] emperor [[Ashoka]], coins with legends in [[Tamil-Brahmi]] script, and Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions suggest the continuity of the Pandya dynasty from the 3rd century BCE to the early centuries CE.<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last=Vincent|first=William|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lldBAAAAcAAJ&q=Ptolemy+pandion&pg=PA401|title=The Periplus of the Erythrean Sea|date=1805|publisher=Cadell and Davies|pages=403|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":26" /> The early historic Pandyas faded into obscurity upon the rise of the [[Kalabhras|Kalabhra dynasty]] in south India.{{sfn|Romila Thapar|2003|p=327}}

From the 6th century to the 9th century CE, the [[Chalukyas of Badami]] or [[Rashtrakuta dynasty|Rashtrakutas]] of the Deccan, the [[Pallavas of Kanchi]], and Pandyas of Madurai dominated the politics of south India. The Pandyas often ruled or invaded the fertile estuary of [[Kaveri]] (the Chola country), the ancient [[Chera dynasty|Chera country]] (Kongu and central [[Kerala]]) and [[Venad]]u (southern Kerala), the [[Pallava dynasty|Pallava country]], and [[Sri Lanka]].{{sfn|Noboru Karashima|2014|pp=85–87}} The Pandyas fell into decline with the rise of the [[Cholas]] of Thanjavur in the 9th century and were in constant conflict with the latter. The Pandyas allied themselves with the [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]] and the [[Chera Perumals of Makotai|Cheras]] against the [[Chola Empire]] until it found an opportunity to revive its frontiers during the late 13th century.<ref name=":252">{{cite book |last=Sastri |first=K. A. Nilakanta |year=1958 |edition=2nd |title=A History of South India from Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar |location=Madras |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=170–172}}</ref>

The Pandyas entered their golden age under [[Maravarman Sundara Pandyan|Maravarman I]] and [[Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan|Jatavarman Sundara Pandya I]] (13th century).<ref name=":302" /><ref name=":3" /> Some early efforts by [[Maravarman Sundara Pandyan|Maravarman I]] to expand into the [[Chola dynasty|Chola country]] were effectively checked by the [[Hoysalas]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sastri|first=K. A. Nilakanta|title=A History of South India: From Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar|publisher=Oxford University Press|edition=1958|pages=203–205|chapter=The Age of the Four Kingdoms}}</ref> [[Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan|Jatavarman I]] ({{circa|1251}}) successfully expanded the kingdom into the Telugu country (as far north as [[Nellore]]), south Kerala, and conquered northern [[Sri Lanka]].<ref name=":302" /><ref name=":3" /> The city of [[Kanchipuram|Kanchi]] became a secondary capital of the Pandyas. The Hoysalas, in general, were confined to the Mysore Plateau and even king [[Vira Someshwara|Somesvara]] was killed in a battle with Pandyas.<ref name=":25">{{Cite book|last=Sastri|first=K. A. Nilakanta|title=A History of South India: From Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1958|isbn=|edition=2nd|location=|pages=207–08|chapter=The Age of the Four Kingdoms}}</ref> [[Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I|Maravarman Kulasekhara I]] (1268) defeated an alliance of the Hoysalas and the Cholas (1279) and invaded [[Sri Lanka]]. The venerable [[Relic of the tooth of the Buddha|Tooth Relic of the Buddha]] was carried away by the Pandyas. During this period, the rule of the kingdom was shared among several royals, one of them enjoying primacy over the rest.<ref name=":25"/> An internal crisis in the Pandya kingdom coincided with the [[Khalji dynasty|Khalji]] [[Malik Kafur's invasion of the Pandya kingdom|invasion]] of south India in 1310–11.<ref name=":3" /> The ensuing political crisis saw more sultanate raids and plunder, the loss of south Kerala (1312), and north Sri Lanka (1323) and the establishment of the [[Madurai Sultanate]] (1334<ref name="Fall">{{cite book |last=Karashima |first=Noburu |year=2014 |chapter=The Fall of the Old States |title=A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations |editor-first=Noburu |editor-last=Karashima |pages=173–74 |location=New Delhi |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref>).<ref name=":10">{{cite book |title=Sri Lanka and South-East Asia: Political, Religious and Cultural Relations from A.D. c. 1000 to c. 1500 |year=1978 |first=W. M. |last=Sirisena |page=57}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{cite book |title=Politics of Tamil Nationalism in Sri Lanka |publisher=South Asian Publishers |year=1996 |first=Ambalavanar |last=Sivarajah |page=22}}</ref> The Pandyas of Ucchangi (9th–13th century) in the [[Tungabhadra]] valley were related to the Pandyas of Madurai.<ref name=":3" />

According to tradition, the legendary [[Tamil Sangams|Sangams]] ("the Academies") were held in [[Madurai]] under the patronage of the Pandyas, and some of the Pandyan rulers claimed to be poets themselves. Pandya Nadu was home to several renowned temples, including the [[Meenakshi Temple]] in [[Madurai]]. It is known that the early Pandya rulers originally followed [[Jainism]], while at some point they converted to Hinduism.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{cite book |first1=M. S. Ramaswami |last1=Ayyangar |first2=B. Seshagiri |last2=Rao | title=Studies in South Indian Jainism | year=1922 | location=Madras |publisher=Premier Press | url=https://archive.org/details/studiesinsouthin00ramarich/page/n74/mode/1up |quote=That after the fifth century A.D. Jainism became so very influential and powerful as to even become the state-creed of some of the Pandyan kings.}}</ref> The revival of the Pandya power by [[Kadungon]] (late 6th century CE) coincided with the prominence of the Shaivite [[Nayanars]] and the Vaishnavite [[Alvars]].<ref name=":15">{{Cite book |last=A. Soundaram |title=History of People and Their Environs |publisher=Bharathi Puthakalayam |year=2011 |isbn=978-93-80325-91-0 |editor-last=Ganeshram |editor-first=S. |pages=68–69 |chapter=The Characteristic Features of Early Medieval Tamil Society |editor-last2=Bhavani |editor-first2=C. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=crxUQR_qBXYC&pg=PA68}}</ref>

==Etymology and origin legends==
The etymology of Pandya is still a matter of considerable speculation among scholars. One theory is that the word ''pandya'' is derived from the ancient Tamil word "pandu" meaning "old".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Avari |first=Burjor |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WTaTDAAAQBAJ |title=India: The Ancient Past: A History of the Indian Subcontinent from {{circa|7000 BCE}} to CE 1200 |date=2016-07-01 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317236733 |pages=249 |language=en}}</ref> The theory suggests that in [[Sangam period|early historic]] Tamil lexicon the word pandya means ''old country'' in contrast with [[Chola]] meaning ''new country'', [[Chera Dynasty|Chera]] meaning ''hill country'' and [[Pallava]] meaning ''branch'' in [[Sanskrit]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Madras |first=University of |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G-87AQAAIAAJ&q=pandyan+longest+rule |title=Journal: Humanities |date=1973 |language=en}}</ref> Another theory is that the word Pandya is derived from the [[Sanskrit]] word [[Pandu]] to mean white or pale, in reference to king [[Pandu]] and the [[Pandava]]s.<ref>MALONEY, Clarence Thomas, THE EFFECT OF EARLY COASTAL SEA TRAFFIC ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF CIVILIZATION IN SOUTH INDIA. University of Pennsylvania, period, 1968 Anthropology, p.35</ref> Apart from these derivations mentioned, several other theories do appear in historical studies.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Oppert |first=Gustav saloman |title=On the Original Inhabitants of Bharatavarsa or India |year=1888 |isbn=9925082196 |pages=104|publisher=BoD – Books on Demand }}</ref>

[[Tamil mythology|Tamil legends]] narrate an [[origin myth]] for the three crowned kings, described by [[K. A. Nilakanta Sastri]] as a legend similar to that of [[Romulus and Remus]]. According to the myth, the three brothers ''Cheran'', ''Cholan'' and ''Pandyan'' ruled in common at the southern city of [[Korkai]]. While Pandya remained at home, his two brothers Cheran and Cholan after a separation founded their own kingdoms in north and west.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Caldwell |first=Bishop R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zjTneAGmatsC |title=History of Tinnevelly |date=1989 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=9788120601611 |pages=12 |language=en}}</ref> The epic poem ''[[Silappatikaram]]'' mentions that the emblem of the Pandyas was that of a ''fish''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nākacāmi |first=Irāmaccantiran̲ |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wtYBAAAAMAAJ |title=Studies in Ancient Tamil Law and Society |date=1978 |publisher=Institute of Epigraphy, State Department of Archaeology, Government of Tamilnadu |pages=52 |language=en}}</ref>
Indian traditions such as the Great Epics and the Puranas often associate southern India with Sage Agastya (who had his ashrama in the south). Agastya appears prominently in medieval Tamil literature also.<ref>Karashima, Noburu. 2014. 'Beginnings of South Indian History', in ''A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations'', ed. Noburu Karashima, pp. 25–26. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.</ref>

Ceylonese folklores attribute [[Alli Raani|Alli Rani]] (meaning "the queen Alli") as one of the [[Sangam period|early historic]] rulers of the Pandyas. She is attributed as an [[Amazons|"amazonian]] queen" whose servants were men and administrative officials and army were women.<ref>{{Cite book |first=Vijaya |last=Ramaswamy |title=Historical Dictionary of the Tamils |date=2017-08-25 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9781538106860 |pages=50 |language=en}}</ref> She is thought of ruling the whole western and northern coast of [[Sri Lanka]] from her capital [[Kudiramalai]], where remains of what is thought of as [[Arippu fort|her fort]] are found.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Raghavan |first=M. D. |title=Tamil culture in Ceylon: a general introduction |date=1971 |publisher=Kalai Nilayam |pages=59–60 |language=en}}</ref> She is sometimes seen as an incarnation of the Pandya associated gods, [[Meenakshi]] and [[Kannaki Amman|Kannagi]].<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last=Shulman |first=David Dean |title=Tamil Temple Myths: Sacrifice and Divine Marriage in the South Indian Saiva Tradition |date=2014-07-14 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9781400856923 |pages=124 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Chandravamsha ===
The medieval Pandya kings claimed to belong to the Chandravamsha or the [[Lunar dynasty|Lunar Race]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=James Henry Nelson |title=The Madura Country: A Manual |publisher=Asian Educational Services, 1989 |page=44}}</ref> They claimed [[Pururavas]] and [[Nahusha]] as their ancestors.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Irā Nākacāmi, Irāmaccantiran̲ Nākacāmi |title=Art and Culture of Tamil Nadu |publisher=Sundeep Prakashan, 1980 |page=2}}</ref> Pururavas is listed as one of their ancestors in the [[Velvikudi inscription|Velvikudi Inscription]] of Nedunjadaiyan Varaguna-varman I (Jatila Parantaka Nedunjadaiyan).<ref>{{Cite book |last=H. K. Sastri |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0VwmsGA7ZuoC |title=Epigraphia Indica |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |year=1983 |volume=17 |page=305 |chapter=Velvikudi Grant of Nedunjadaiyan |author-link=H. Krishna Sastri}}</ref>

==Sources of Pandya history==
The Greek ambassador to [[Chandragupta Maurya]], [[Megasthenes]] mentions the Queen of the Pandyas as 'Pandaia' and locates them in the south of India extending into the ocean. It consisted of 365 villages which met the needs of the royal palace each day of the year. He described the queen [[Pandaie]] as daughter of [[Heracles]] (by some authors as [[Shiva]] or [[Krishna]]).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-28|title=Three Crowned Kings of Tamilakam|url=http://www.nationalgeographic.org/article/three-crowned-kings-tamilakam/|access-date=2021-04-10|website=National Geographic Society|language=en}}</ref> [[Madurai]], capital of Pandyas is mentioned in Kautilya's [[Arthashastra]] (4th century BCE) as '[[Mathura]] of the south'.<ref name="Harman"/>

=== Archaeological sources ===
[[File:Mangulam inscription (south India).jpg|thumb|Mangulam inscription (3rd and 2nd centuries BCE)|alt=]]

Pandyas are also mentioned in the inscriptions of [[Maurya dynasty|Maurya]] emperor [[Ashoka|Asoka]] (3rd century BCE). In his inscriptions (2nd and 13th Major Rock Edict<ref name=":21">Karashima, Noburu. 2014. 'Beginnings of South Indian History', in ''A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations'', ed. Noburu Karashima, pp. 26–27. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.</ref>), [[Ashoka|Asoka]] refers to the peoples of south India – the [[Cholas]], the [[Chera]]s, [[Pandyas]] and [[Satiyaputras]].<ref>Kulke and Rothermund, p104</ref><ref name="Keay, p119">Keay, p119</ref> These polities, possibly not part of the Maurya empire, were on friendly terms with Asoka:

{{cquote|The conquest by [[dharma]] has been won here, on the borders, and even six hundred [[yojana]]s (5,400–9,600 km) away, where the Greek king [[Antiochus II Theos|Antiochos]] rules, beyond there where the four kings named [[Ptolemy II Philadelphus|Ptolemy]], [[Antigonus II Gonatas|Antigonos]], [[Magas of Cyrene|Magas]] and [[Alexander II of Epirus|Alexander]] rule, likewise in the south among the [[Cholas]], the '''Pandyas''', and as far as [[Tamraparni]] river. (Major Rock Edict No.13), Ven. S. Dhammika translation<ref>[http://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/ashoka.html S. Dhammika, ''The Edicts of King Ashoka: An English Rendering''] Buddhist Publication Society, Kandy (1994) {{ISBN|955-24-0104-6}}</ref>
}}
{{blockquote| Everywhere within the conquered province of King [[Priyadasi|Piyadasi]] (Ashoka), the beloved of the gods, as well as in the parts occupied by the faithful, such as [[Chola dynasty|Chola]], '''Pandya''', [[Satiyaputra]], and [[Keralaputra]], even as far as [[Tambapanni]] (Ceylon) and within the dominions the [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] (of which [[Antiochus II Theos|Antiochus]] generals are the rulers ) everywhere the heaven-beloved Raja Piyadasi’s double system of medical aid is established- both medical aid for men and medical aid for animals. (Major Rock Edict No.2), [[James Prinsep]] translation<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.25520/page/117/mode/1up|title=Complete Works of Alexander Cunningham: Inscriptions of Asoka Vol I|last=Cunningham|page=117|first=Alexander|date=1969|publisher=Indological Book House, Varanasi}}</ref>}}
The earliest Pandya to be found in [[Epigraphy|epigraph]] is [[Nedunjeliyan I|Nedunjeliyan]], figuring in the [[Tamil-Brahmi]] [[Mangulam]] inscription (near Madurai) assigned to 3rd and 2nd centuries BCE.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Umamaheshwari |first=R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TRxJDwAAQBAJ&q=Mangulam+inscription+jain&pg=PA43 |title=Reading History with the Tamil Jainas: A Study on Identity, Memory and Marginalisation |date=2018-01-25 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-81-322-3756-3 |language=en}}</ref> The record documents a gift of rock-cut beds, to a [[Jain]] ascetic. It is assumed that the people found in the Mangulam inscription, Nedunjeliyan, Kadalan, and Izhanchadikan predate rulers such as [[Nedunjeliyan II|Talaiyanganam Nedunjelyan]] and Palyaga-salai Mudukudimi Peruvaludi.<ref name=":18">Subbarayalu, Y. 2014. 'Early Tamil Polity', in ''A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations'', ed. Noburu Karashima, pp. 48–49. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.</ref><ref name=":21" />

[[Kharavela]], the [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]] king who ruled during c. 1st century BCE, in his [[Hathigumpha inscription]], claims to have destroyed an old confederacy of Tamil countries ("the tamira–desa–sanghata") which had lasted 132 years, and to have acquired a large number of pearls from the Pandyas.<ref name="Keay, p119" />

Silver [[punch-marked coins]] with the fish symbol of the Pandyas dating from around the same time have also been found.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Champakalakshmi |first=Radha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IGTaAAAAMAAJ&q=silver+pandya |title=Trade, ideology, and urbanization: South India 300 BC to AD 1300 |date=1996 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=123 |isbn=978-0-19-563870-7 |language=en}}</ref>

Archaeological excavations at Korkai and other coastal sites in the Pandya region have yielded Roman coins, pottery, and port remains, which support literary references to long-distance trade, including pearls.

=== Early Tamil literature ===
The early historic Pandyas are celebrated in the earliest available [[Sangam literature|Tamil poetry]].<ref name=":3" /> The poems refers to about twelve Pandya rulers.<ref name=":17">Subbarayalu, Y. 2014. 'Early Tamil Polity', in ''A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations'', ed. Noburu Karashima, pp. 47–48. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.</ref> According to tradition, the legendary [[Tamil Sangams|Sangams ("the Academies")]] were held in [[Madurai]] under the patronage of the Pandyas. Several Tamil literary works, such as Iraiyanar Agapporul, mention the legend of three separate Sangams and ascribe their patronage to the Pandyas.<ref name="husaini_agapporul">{{Cite book |last=Husaini |first=Abdul Qadir |title=The History of the Pandya Country |page=5}}</ref>

[[File:Andal Temple.jpg|thumb|[[Srivilliputhur Andal temple]] built by Pandyas primarily, is the official [[emblem of Tamil Nadu]].<ref>Rao, A.V.Shankaranarayana (2012). Temples of Tamil Nadu. Vasan Publications. pp. 195–99. ISBN 978-81-8468-112-3.</ref>]]

Pandya rulers from early historic south India<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjxuAAAAMAAJ&q=A+History+of+South+India+from+the+Early+Times+to+the+Fall+of+Vijayanagar+nilakanta+sastri|title=A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar|last=Sastri|first=Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta|date=1976|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=22–25|isbn=978-0-19-560686-7|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":17" />
* Mudattirumaran
* [[Koon Pandya]]
* [[Nedunjeliyan I]] ("Aariyap Padai Kadantha")
* Puda-Pandya
* Palyagasalai Mudukudumi Peruvaludi<ref name=":18" />
* [[Nedunjeliyan II]]("Talaiyaalanganathu Seruvendra")<ref name=":18" />
* Nan Maran
* Nedunj Cheliyan III
* Maran Valudi
* Kadalan Valuthi
* Musiri Mutriya Cheliyan
* Ukkirap Peruvaludi
* Bootha Pāndiyan
* Arivudainampi

Pandya rulers – such as [[Nedunjeliyan II|Nedunjeliyan]], the Victor of Talaiyalanganam, and Mudukudimi Peruvaludi, the Patron of several [[Yajna|sacrificial fires]] ("the Palyaga-salai") – find mention in several poems (such as ''[[Mathuraikkanci]]'').<ref name=":18" /><ref name=":20">Subbarayalu, Y. 2014. 'Early Tamil Polity', in ''A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations'', ed. Noburu Karashima, pp. 52–53. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.</ref>

Besides several short poems found in the ''[[Akananuru]]'' and the ''[[Purananuru]]'' collections, there are two major works – ''[[Mathuraikkanci]]'' and ''[[Netunalvatai]]'' – which give a glimpse into the society and commercial activities in the Pandya country during the early historic period.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Venkataramaiah |first1=K. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2pAMAQAAMAAJ&q=Maduraikkanci |title=A handbook of Tamil Nadu |last2=Linguistics |first2=International School of Dravidian |date=1996 |publisher=International School of Dravidian Linguistics |isbn=9788185692203 |pages=548 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Karuṇāniti |first1=Kalaiñar Mu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5b94AAAAIAAJ&q=Netunalvatai+pandya |title=Gleanings from Sangam verses: English version of Sangat Thamizh |last2=Araṅkacāmi |first2=Pal̲ani |last3=Kal̲akam |first3=Tañcai Tamil̲p Palkalaik |date=1997 |publisher=Tamil University |pages=245 |isbn=9788170902485 |language=en}}</ref> The ''[[Purananuru]]'' and ''[[Agananuru]]'' collections contain poems sung in praise of various Pandya rulers and also poems that were claimed to be composed by the rulers themselves.<ref name=":8" />

Besides the poems, king Peruvaludi is also mentioned in later copper-plate grant (8th–9th century CE).<ref name=":20" /> In the work ''[[Mathuraikkanci]]'', the author Mankudi Maruthanar, refers to his patron, [[Nedunjeliyan II|Talaihalanganum Nedunjeliyan]], as the Lord of [[Korkai]] and the Warlord of the Southern [[Parathavar|Parathavar People]].<ref name=":20" /> It contains a full-length description of [[Madurai]] and the Pandya country under the rule of Nedunjeliyan. In the famous battle of Talaiyalanganam (in east Tanjore), the Pandya is said to have defeated his enemies (which included the Chera and the Chola).<ref name=":20" /> He is also praised for his victory of Mizhalai and Mutturu, two "vel" centres along the ocean (in Pudukkottai).<ref name=":20" /> The ''[[Nedunalvadai|Netunalvatai]]'' (in the collection of ''[[Pattupattu]]'') by Nakkirar contains a description of king Nedunjeliyan's palace.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xx7ICQAAQBAJ&q=pandyan+purananuru+poem&pg=PA55|title=Warfare in Pre-British India – 1500BCE to 1740CE|last=Roy|first=Kaushik|date=2015-06-03|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317586920|pages=55|language=en}}</ref>

=== Foreign sources ===
{{South Asia in 150 BCE}}
The Buddhist text [[Mahāvaṃsa|Mahavamsa]] (composed in the 5th century CE) mentions a Pandya king in the context of [[Prince Vijaya]]'s (543–505 BCE) arrival in Sri Lanka with his 700 followers.
* According to the Mahavamsa, emissaries laden with precious gifts were sent from Sri Lanka to the city of Madhura in southern India. Their mission was to secure a bride for Prince Vijaya. The Pandya King of Madurai agreed to the proposal. He not only sent his own daughter to marry Prince Vijaya but also requested other families to offer their daughters to marry the prince's ministers and retainers. So, along with the Princess and hundreds of [[Maiden|maidens]], craftsmen and a thousand families from the eighteen [[guilds in India|guilds]] were also sent to Sri Lanka.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Geiger |first=Wilhelm |url=http://archive.org/details/mahavamsagreatch00geigrich |title=Mahavamsa : the great chronicle of Ceylon |last2=Bode |first2=Mabel Haynes |date=1912 |location=London |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref>
*Greek and Latin sources (early centuries CE) refer to the ancient Tamil country, same as the Tamilakam, as "Lymyrike" or "Damirice" (or Dymirice/Dimirixe or Damirice) and its ruling families.<ref name=":17" />
* Pandyas are also mentioned by Greek author [[Megasthenes]] (4th century BCE) where he writes about the south Indian kingdom being ruled by women.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zjTneAGmatsC&q=t&pg=PA12|title=History of Tinnevelly|last=Caldwell|first=Bishop R.|date=2004|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=9788120601611|pages=16|language=en}}</ref> He described the Pandya country in ''[[Indica (Megasthenes)|Indika]]'' as "occupying the portion of India which lies southward and extends to the sea". According to his account, the kingdom had 365 villages, each of which was expected to meet the needs of the royal household for one day in the year. He described the Pandya queen at the time, ''Pandaia'' as the daughter of [[Heracles|Herakles]].<ref name="India By John Keay">India By John Keay</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zjTneAGmatsC&q=megasthenes&pg=PA12|title=History of Tinnevelly|last=Caldwell|first=Bishop R.|date=2004|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=9788120601611|pages=15|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Pliny the Elder]] refers to the Pandya ruler of Madurai in general terms (first century CE).<ref name=":17" />
* The author of the ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]'' (first century CE) describes the riches of a "Pandian kingdom"<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":6" />{{quote|...Nelcynda is distant from Muziris by river and sea about five hundred stadia, and is of another kingdom, the Pandian. This place [Nelcynda] also is situated on a river, about one hundred and twenty stadia from the [Arabian] sea....<ref>''Periplus'' 54. {{langx|el|"Ἡ δὲ Νέλκυνδα σταδίους μὲν ἀπὸ Μουζιρέως ἀπέχει σχεδὸν πεντακοσίους, ὁμοίως διά τε ποταμοῦ (καὶ πεζῇ) καὶ διὰ θαλάσσης, βασιλείας δέ ἐστιν ἑτέρας, τῆς Πανδίονος· κεῖται δὲ καὶ αὐτὴ παρὰ ποταμὸν, ὡσεὶ ἀπὸ σταδίων ἑκατὸν εἴκοσι τῆς θαλάσσης."}}</ref>}}
* The country of the Pandyas was described as ''Pandya Mediterranea'' and ''Modura Regia Pandionis'' by [[Ptolemy]] ({{circa|140 CE}}<ref name=":17" />).<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rj5WAAAAYAAJ&q=Ptolemy+pandi+mandala|title=The Cyclopaedia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia|last=Balfur|first=Edward|date=1968|publisher=Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt|pages=105|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Strabo]] states that an Indian king called Pandion sent [[Augustus Caesar]] "presents and gifts of honour".<ref name=":7">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=te1sqTzTxD8C&pg=PA72 |title=The First Spring: The Golden Age of India |first=Abraham |last=Eraly |publisher=Penguin |year=2011 |isbn=9780670084784 |access-date=12 July 2013}}</ref><ref name=":162" /> The 1st-century [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] historian [[Nicolaus of Damascus]] met, at [[Antioch]], the ambassador sent by a king from India "named Pandion or, according to others, Porus" to [[Caesar Augustus]] {{circa|13 CE}} (Strabo XV.4 and 73).<ref>Strabo, ''Geography'', [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239%3Abook%3D15%3Achapter%3D1%3Asection%3D73 Book XV, Chapter I, section 73]. Perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 12 July 2013.</ref><ref>Keay, p121</ref>
* The [[Roman emperor]] [[Julian the Apostate|Julian]] received an embassy from a Pandya about 361 CE.<ref name=":3" />
* Chinese historian [[Yu Huan]] in his 3rd-century CE text, the ''Weilüe'', mentions the Panyue kingdom:{{quote|...the kingdom of Panyue is also called ''Hanyuewang''. It is several thousand li to the southeast of [[Tianzhu (India)|Tianzhu]] (northern India) ...The inhabitants are small; they are the same height as the Chinese ...}}
*Scholar John E. Hill identified Panyue as the Pandya kingdom.<ref name="weilue">Hill, John</ref>{{cn|date=July 2024}} However, others have identified it with an ancient state located in modern [[Burma]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CZQMAQAAMAAJ|title=Between winds and clouds: the making of Yunnan (second century BCE to twentieth century CE)|first=Bin |last=Yang|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-231-14254-0}}</ref> or [[Assam]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dbjLO5l1PCkC&pg=PA12|title=A History of Sino-Indian Relations|first=Yukteshwar |last=Kumar|publisher=APH|year=2005|isbn=978-81-7648-798-6|page=12}}</ref>
* The Chinese traveler [[Xuanzang]] mentions a kingdom further south from [[Kanchipuram]], a kingdom named ''Malakutta'', identified with [[Madurai]] described by his Buddhist friends at [[Kanchipuram]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8XXGhAL1WKcC&q=Hiuen+Tsang+malakotta&pg=PA453|title=The Early History of India|last=Smith|first=Vincent A.|date=1999|publisher=Atlantic |isbn=9788171566181|pages=453|language=en}}</ref>
* In the later part of the 13th century (in 1288 and 1293 CE) [[Venetian Republic|Venetian]] traveller [[Marco Polo]] visited the Pandya kingdom and left a vivid description of the land and its people.<ref>Rubiés, Joan-Pau. [https://books.google.com/books?id=adpkHQ9SCq0C&pg=PA5 ''Travel and ethnology in the Renaissance: South India through European eyes'']</ref><ref>More, J. B. Prashant. [https://books.google.com/books?id=11FYACaVySoC&pg=PA9 ''Muslim identity, print culture, and the Dravidian factor in Tamil Nadu''].</ref>{{quote|The darkest man is here the most highly esteemed and [considered] better than the others who are not so dark. Let me add that in very truth these people portray and depict their gods and their idols as black and their devils white as snow. For they say that god and all the saints are black and the devils are all white. That is why they portray them as I have described.<ref>Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta Sastri (1972). [https://books.google.com/books?id=O8jnnQEACAAJ ''The Pāṇḍyan Kingdom From the Earliest Times to the Sixteenth Century'']</ref>}}

== History ==

=== Early historic Pandyas ===
{{Main|Early Pandyan Kingdom}}

[[File:A_sunrise_over_Vaigai_River_in_Madurai_Tamil_Nadu_India.jpg|alt=|thumb|221x221px|[[Vaigai River]] in Madurai]]

[[Maurya Empire|Maurya]]n emperor [[Ashoka|Asoka]] (3rd century BCE) seems to have been on friendly terms with the people of south India and Sri Lanka (the [[Chola dynasty|Cholas]], the Pandyas, the [[Satiyaputras|Satiya Putras]], the [[Chera dynasty|Kerala Putras]] and the [[Tamraparni]]s). There are no indications that Asoka tried to conquer the extreme south India (the Tamilakam – the Abode of the Tamils).{{sfn|Romila Thapar|2003|p=184}}

The three chiefly lines of early historic south India – the Cheras, Pandyas and Cholas – were known as the mu-vendar ("the three vendars"). They were traditionally based at their original headquarters in the interior [[Tamil Nadu]] ([[Karur]], [[Madurai]] and [[Uraiyur]] respectively).<ref name=":162" /> The powerful chiefdoms of the three ventar dominated the political and economic life of early historic south India.{{sfn|Romila Thapar|2003|p=231}} The frequent conflicts between the Chera, the Chola and the Pandya are well documented in ancient (the [[Sangam literature|Sangam]]) Tamil poetry.{{sfn|Romila Thapar|2003|p=242}} The Cheras, Cholas and Pandyas also controlled the ports of [[Muziris|Muziris (Muchiri)]], [[Korkai]] and Kaveri respectively (for the trade with the [[Classical antiquity|Graeco-Roman]] world).<ref name=":162" /> The gradual shift from chiefdoms to kingdoms seems to have occurred in the following period.{{sfn|Romila Thapar|2003|p=231}}[[File:Temple between hill symbols and elephant coin of the Pandyas Sri Lanka 1st century CE.jpg|thumb|Pandya coin with temple between hills and elephant (Sri Lanka ca. 1st century CE) ([[British Museum]])|223x223px]]The famous inscription of king [[Kharavela]] at [[Hathigumpha inscription|Hathigumpha]] (mid-first century BCE<ref name=":162" />) mentions the defeat of a confederacy of the "Tramira" countries which had been a threat to Kalinga. It also remembers the precious pearls brought to the capital as booty from the "Pandya" realm.{{sfn|Romila Thapar|2003|p=211-212}} The Pandya chiefdom was famous for its [[Industry in ancient Tamil country|pearl fisheries and silk industry]].<ref name=":162" /> [[Korkai]] and [[Alagankulam]] are believed to have been the exchange centres of the Pandyas. Korkai, a port at the mouth of the river [[Thamirabarani River|Tambraparni]], was linked to the famous pearl fisheries and Alagankulam was also developed as a port.{{sfn|Romila Thapar|2003|p=229}}

Several coins attributed to the early historic Pandyas are found in the region.{{sfn|Romila Thapar|2003|p=242}} Inscriptions, datable to c. 2nd century BCE, recording royal grants – both from royals and wealthy commoners – were also discovered from the Pandya country.<ref name=":19">Thapar, Romila. ''Southern Indian kingdoms'' "India". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. https://www.britannica.com/place/India/The-Shunga-kingdom#ref46870</ref>

The Pandyas seem to be the most prominent of the three "ventar" rulers. There are even references to a Pandya queen from 3rd century BCE representing a confederacy of the Tamil countries.<ref name=":162" /> [[Madurai]], in south Tamil Nadu, was the most important cultural centre in south India as the core of the Tamil speakers.<ref name=":19" /> Megalithic relics such as menhirs, dolmens, urn burials, stone circles and rock-cut chambers/passages can be found in south India. Burial goods include iron objects, ivory ornaments, Black-and-Red Ware and even some [[Roman Empire|Roman Imperial]] coins.{{sfn|Romila Thapar|2003|p=230}} The so-called "velir" hill chieftains are assumed to be associated with these megalithic burials.{{sfn|Romila Thapar|2003|p=231}}

Greek and Latin accounts (early centuries CE), coins with legends in Tamil-Brahmi script, and Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions suggest the continuity of the Pandya dynasty from the 3rd century BCE to early centuries CE.<ref name=":17" /> The early Pandyas, along with the Cheras and the Cholas, were eventually displaced by the [[Kalabhra dynasty]].{{sfn|Romila Thapar|2003|p=327}}

=== Medieval Pandyas ===
==== Pandya revival (7th–10th centuries CE) ====
[[File:S-TN-71 Vettuvan Koil Tuticorin.jpg|thumb|221x221px|[[Vettuvan Koil]], Kalugumalai, Tuticorin. Pandya kingdom, 8th century CE|alt=]]
[[File:FourArmedVishnuPandyaDynasty8-9thCentury.jpg|thumb|Enthroned god [[Vishnu]], Pandya dynasty, second half of the 8th–early 9th century CE ([[Metropolitan Museum of Art]], New York City)|298x298px]]
[[File:The Hindu Saint Manikkavacakar LACMA AC1997.16.1 (1 of 12).jpg|thumb|[[Manikkavacakar|Manikkavachakar]], Shaiva poet-saint and minister of Pandya king [[Varagunavarman II|Varaguna II]] (dated to early 12th century) Los Angeles County Museum of Art|374x374px]]
The Pandya kingdom was revived by king Kadungon c. 560–590 CE{{sfn|Noburu Karashima|2014|pp=370}} towards the end of the 6th-century CE.<ref name=":3" />{{sfn|Romila Thapar|2003|p=331}} In the [[Velvikudi inscription]], a later copper-plate, Kadungon appears as the "destroyer" of the "anti-Brahmanical" [[Kalabhra dynasty|Kalabhra]] kings.{{sfn|Noboru Karashima|2014|p=85-87}} [[Simhavishnu]] – the [[Pallava dynasty|Pallava]] king and Pandya [[Kadungon]] had united the Tamil regions, removed Kalabhras and others. Simhavishnu consolidated his kingdom from south of the [[Krishna River|Krishna]] river and up to the Kaveri river by c. 575 CE. To the south of Kaveri, the Pandyas came to power. Cholas became subordinates of Pallavas and they were already ruling Telugu region of [[Rayalaseema]]. The Kalabhra rule which had dominated the political scene of the Tamil country for few centuries was defeated and ended by the [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukyas]], Pandyas, and [[Pallava dynasty|Pallavas]].<ref name="Singh2008p485" /> This is attested by the numerous inscriptions dated from the 6th century and thereafter, as well as the [[Chinese language|Chinese]] language memoirs of the [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] pilgrim [[Xuanzang]] who visited the Tamil region about 640 CE along with other parts of the Indian subcontinent.<ref>{{cite book|first=Kenneth|last=Pletcher|title=The History of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VsujRFvaHI8C&pg=PA97|year=2010|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-61530-122-5|page=97}}</ref> Xuanzang describes a peaceful cosmopolitan region where some 100 monasteries with 10,000 monks were studying [[Mahayana]] Buddhism, [[Kanchipuram]] was hosting learned debates with hundreds of heretic Deva (Hindu) temples but no Buddhist institutions. Xuangzang makes no mention of the Kalabhras.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Hermann|last1=Kulke|first2=Dietmar|last2=Rothermund|title=A History of India|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=V0GEtXp-GsUC |year=1998|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-15482-6|pages=114–115}}</ref><ref name="SchalkVeluppillai2002">{{cite book|first1=Peter|last1=Schalk|first2=A.|last2=Veluppillai|first3=Irāmaccantiran̲|last3=Nākacāmi|title=Buddhism among Tamils in pre-colonial Tamilakam and Īlam: Prologue. The Pre-Pallava and the Pallava period|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q2QEAAAAYAAJ|year=2002|publisher=Almqvist & Wiksell|isbn=978-91-554-5357-2|pages=287–290, 400–403}}</ref> Historian [[Noboru Karashima]] states that Kadunkon was a contemporary of Pallava Simhavishnu, who drove out the Kalabhras in the Tamil region and dated Kadunkon's reign to 560 - 590 CE.{{sfn|Noburu Karashima|2014|pp=370}} With the decline of the Kalabhra dynasty, the Pandyas grew steadily in power and territory. With the [[Cholas]] in obscurity in [[Uraiyur]], the Tamil country was divided between the [[Pallavas|Pallavas of Kanchi]] and the Pandyas of Madurai.

From the 6th century to the 9th century CE, the [[Chalukyas of Badami]], the [[Pallavas of Kanchi]], and the Pandyas of Madurai dominated the politics of south India. The Badami Chalukyas were eventually replaced by the [[Rashtrakuta dynasty|Rashtrakutas]] in the Deccan.{{sfn|Noboru Karashima|2014|p=84-85}} The Pandyas took on the growing Pallava ambitions in south India, and from time to time they also joined in alliances with the kingdoms of the Deccan Plateau (such as with the [[Western Ganga dynasty|Gangas of Talakad]] in late 8th century CE).<ref name=":19" /> In the middle of the 9th century, the Pandyas had managed to advance as far as [[Kumbakonam]] (north-east of Tanjore on the Kollidam river).<ref name=":19" />

Kandunkon was succeeded by his son [[Maravarman Avanisulamani]]. His son, [[Jayantavarman|Sendan]], c. 620–650 CE{{sfn|Noburu Karashima|2014|pp=370}} the third king of the Pandyas of Madurai, is known for expanding his kingdom to the [[Chera dynasty|Chera country]] (western Tamil Nadu and central [[Kerala]]). [[Arikesari Maravarman]], c. 640–670 CE{{sfn|N. Subrahmanian|1962|pp=116-117}} the fourth Pandya ruler, is known for his battles against the [[Pallava dynasty|Pallavas of Kanchi]]. Pallava king Narasimhavarman I (r. 630–668 CE), the famous conqueror of [[Badami]], claimed to have defeated the Pandyas. [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukya]] King Paramesvaravarman I "Vikramaditya" (r. 670–700 CE) is known to have fought battles with the Pallavas, the Gangas, and probably with the Pandyas too, on the Kaveri basin.{{sfn|Noboru Karashima|2014|p=85-87}}

[[Kirtivarman II]] (r. 744/5–55 CE), the last Chalukya king, managed to lose to his southern countries as a result of his battles with the Pandyas. Pandya kings [[Maravarman Rajasimha I|Maravarman Rajasimha]] I (r. 710–65 CE)<ref name="tamilvu">{{cite web |url=http://www.tamilvu.org/courses/degree/a031/a0312/html/a0312442.htm |title=4.2.4 கோச்சடையன் ரணதீரனும், அவரது மகனும் (கி.பி. 670–765) |publisher=தமிழ் இணையப் பல்கலைக்கழகம் |access-date=July 16, 2025 |language=ta}}</ref> and Nedunjadaiyan/Varagunavarman I (r. 765–815 CE) threatened Pallava king [[Nandivarman II]] Pallavamalla (r. 731–96 CE) who had managed to defeat the Gangas in {{circa|760 CE}}. Varagunavarman I invaded the Pallava country and conquered the Kongu country (western Tamil Nadu) and [[Venad]]u (south Kerala). King [[Srimara Srivallabha]] (r. 815–62 CE) sailed to Sri Lanka, subjugated and overpowered King Sena I, and sacked his capital [[Anuradhapura]] (the Panya invasion of Sri Lanka followed a period of vassalage).{{sfn|Noboru Karashima|2014|p=85-87}} However, Srimara Srivallabha was soon overpowered by Pallava king [[Nriputungavarman|Nripatunga]] (r. 859–99 CE). Sena II, the king of Sri Lanka, [[Anuradhapura invasion of Pandya|invaded the Pandya country, sacked Madurai]] and chose [[Varagunavarman II]] (r. c. 862–880 CE<ref name=":2322">Sastri, K. A. Nilakanta. (1958, second ed.) ''A History of South India from Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar.'' Madras, Oxford University Press. 165.</ref>) as the new king soon after.{{sfn|Noboru Karashima|2014|p=85-87}} It is proposed that the start of the [[Malayalam calendar|Kollam Era]], the Kerala calendar, in 825 CE marked the liberation of Venadu from Pandya control.{{sfn|Noboru Karashima|2014|p=89}}

During the rule of [[Dantivarman]] (r. 796–847 CE), the Pallava territory was reduced by the encroachment from the Pandyas from the south (and Rashtrakutas and the [[Telugu Cholas|Telugu-Cholas]] from north). Pallava king [[Nandivarman III]] (r. 846–69 CE) was able to defeat the Pandyas and Telugu-Cholas (and even the Rashtrakutas) with the help of the Gangas and the emerging Cholas.{{sfn|Noboru Karashima|2014|p=85-87}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Pandya kings (6th–10th century CE)
!Pandya ruler
!Reign
!Ref.
|-
|[[Kadungon]]
|c. 560–590 CE
|{{sfn|Noburu Karashima|2014|pp=370}}
|-
|Maravarman [[Avani Sulamani|Avanisulamani]]
|c. 590–620 CE
|{{sfn|Noburu Karashima|2014|pp=370}}
|-
|[[Jayantavarman|Seliyan Sendan (Jayantavarman)]]
|c. 620–650 CE
|{{sfn|Noburu Karashima|2014|pp=370}}
|-
|[[Arikesari Maravarman|Arikesari Maravarman (Parankusan)]]
|c. 640–670 CE
|{{sfn|N. Subrahmanian|1962|pp=116-117}}
|-
|[[Kochadaiyan Ranadhiran|Ko Chadaiyan Ranadhira]]
|c. 670–710 CE
|<ref name="tamilvu"/>
|-
|[[Maravarman Rajasimha I]]
|c. 710–765 CE
|<ref name="tamilvu"/>
|-
|Jatila Parantaka Nedunjadaiyan
(Varaguna-varman I)
|c. 765–815 CE
|{{sfn|Noboru Karashima|2014|p=85-87}}<ref name=":2322"/>
|-
|[[Srimara Srivallabha|Maravarman Srimara Srivallabha]]
|c. 815–862 CE
|{{sfn|Noboru Karashima|2014|p=85-87}}
|-
|[[Varagunavarman II|Varaguna-varman II]]
|c. 862–880 CE
|<ref name=":2322"/>
|-
|Parantaka Viranarayana
|c. 880–900/905 CE
|<ref name=":2322"/>
|-
|[[Maravarman Rajasimha II]]
|c. 900–920 CE
|<ref name=":2322"/>
|}
[[File:Jaina_abode_Kalugumalai.JPG|thumb|871x871px|[[Kalugumalai Jain Beds|Kalugumalai Jain beds]], Pandya kingdom, king Jatila Parantaka Nedunjadaiyan (8th century CE)|alt=|center]]

====Under Chola influence (10th–13th centuries)====
{{see also|Pandyan Civil War (1169-1177)}}
[[File:South_India_in_12th_century_AD.jpg|thumb|271x271px|Pandya country in the [[Chola dynasty|Chola Empire]] (12th century)]]
While the Pandyas and the Rashtrakutas were busy engaging the Pallavas, with the Gangas and the Simhalas (Sri Lanka) also in the mix, the Cholas emerged from the Kaveri delta and took on the chieftains of [[Thanjavur]]{{sfn|Noboru Karashima|2014|p=121-123}} (the [[Muthuraja|Mutharaiyar]] chieftain had transferred their loyalty from the Pallava to the Pandya<ref name=":24">Sastri, K. A. Nilakanta. (1958, second ed.) ''A History of South India from Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar.'' Madras, Oxford University Press. 167–68.</ref>). The [[Chola dynasty|Chola]] king [[Vijayalaya Chola|Vijayalaya]] conquered [[Thanjavur]] by defeating the [[Muthuraja|Mutharaiyar]] chieftain around {{circa|850 CE}}.<ref name=":24" /> The Pandya control north of the Kaveri river was severely weakened by this move (and straightened the position of the Pallava ruler Nripatunga).<ref name=":24" /> Pandya ruler [[Varagunavarman II|Varaguna-varman II]] (r. c. 862–880 CE<ref name=":2322"/>) responded by marching into the Chola country and facing a formidable alliance of Pallava prince Aparajita, the Chola king Aditya I and the Ganga king Prithvipati I. The Pandya king suffered a crushing defeat ({{circa|880 CE}}) in a battle fought near Kumbakonam.<ref name=":24" />

By {{circa|897 CE}}, Chola king [[Aditya I]] was the master of the old Pallava, Ganga and Kongu countries. It is a possibility that Aditya I conquered the Kongu country from the Pandya king Parantaka Viranarayana (r. 880–900 CE).<ref name=":24" /> [[Parantaka I]], successor to Aditya, invaded the Pandya territories in 910 CE and captured Madurai from king Maravarman Rajasimha II (hence the title "Madurai Konda").<ref name=":24" /> Rajasimha II received help from the Sri Lankan king Kassapa V, still got defeated by [[Parantaka I]] in the battle of Vellur, and fled to Sri Lanka. Rajasimha then found refuge in the Chera country, leaving even his royal insignia in Sri Lanka, the home of his mother.<ref name=":24" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Wijetunga Mudalige Karunaratna Wijetunga|title=Sri Lanka and the Choḷas|publisher=Sarvodaya Vishva Lekha Publishers, 2003|page=82}}</ref>

The Cholas were defeated by a Rashtrakuta-lead confederacy in the [[battle of Takkolam]] in 949 CE.<ref name=":252" /> By mid-950s, the Chola kingdom had shrunk to the size of a small principality (its vassals in the extreme south had proclaimed their independence).<ref name=":252" /> It is a possibility that Pandya ruler Vira Pandya defeated Chola king Gandaraditya and claimed independence.<ref name=":252" /> Chola ruler [[Parantaka Chola II|Sundara Parantaka II]] (r. 957–73) responded by defeating Vira Pandya I in two battles (and Chola prince [[Aditya II]] killed Vira Pandya on the second occasion). The Pandyas were assisted by the Sri Lanka forces of King Mahinda IV.<ref name=":252" />

Chola emperor [[Rajaraja I]] (r. 985–1014 CE) is known to have attacked the Pandyas.<ref name=":19" /> He fought against an alliance of the Pandya, [[Chera dynasty|Chera]] and Sri Lankan kings, and defeated the Cheras and "deprived" the Pandyas of their ancient capital Madurai.{{sfn|Noboru Karashima|2014|p=122-124}} Emperor [[Rajendra Chola I|Rajendra I]] continued to occupy the Pandya kingdom, and even appointed a series of Chola viceroys with the title "Chola Pandya" to rule from Madurai (over Pandya and Western Chera/Kerala countries). The very beginning of Chola emperor [[Kulottunga I|Kulottunga]]'s rule (r. from 1070 CE) was marked by the loss of Sri Lanka and a rebellion in the Pandya country.{{sfn|Noboru Karashima|2014|p=122-124}}

The second half of the 12th century witnessed a major internal crisis in the Pandya country (between princes Parakrama Pandya and Kulasekhara Pandya). The neighbouring kingdoms of Sri Lanka, under [[Parakramabahu I]], [[Venad|Venadu Chera/Kerala]], under the Kulasekharas,{{sfn|Noboru Karashima|2014|p=122-124}} and the Cholas, under [[Rajadhiraja Chola II|Rajadhiraja II]] and [[Kulothunga Chola III|Kulottunga III]], joined in and took sides with any of the two princes or their kins.<ref>Sastri, K. A. Nilakanta. (1958, second ed.) ''A History of South India from Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar.'' Madras, Oxford University Press. 187-90.</ref>{{sfn|Noboru Karashima|2014|p=122-124}}

Pandya kings (10th century–first half of 11th century CE):
* Sundara Pandya I
* Vira Pandya I (Veerapandyan)
* Vira Pandya II
* Amarabhujanga Tivrakopa
* Srivallabha Manakulachala (1101–1124 CE)
* Maravarman Srivallabha (1132–1161 CE)
* [[Parakrama Pandyan I|Parakrama I]] (1161–1162 CE)
* Kulasekara III
* Vira Pandya III
* Jatavarman Srivallabha (1175–1180 CE)
* [[Jatavarman Kulasekaran I|Jatavarman Kulasekara I]] (1190–1216 CE)<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book|title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History|last=Sen|first=Sailendra|publisher=Primus Books|year=2013|isbn=978-9-38060-734-4|pages=45–46}}</ref>

=== Imperial Pandyas (13th–14th centuries) ===
The Pandya empire included extensive territories, at times including large portions of south India and [[Sri Lanka]]. The rule of the empire was shared among several royals, one of them enjoying primacy over the rest. The Pandya king at Madurai thus controlled these vast regions through the collateral family branches subject to [[Madurai]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2">Sastri, K. A. Nilakanta. (1958, second ed.) ''A History of South India from Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar.'' Madras, Oxford University Press. 208-11.</ref>

{{Blockquote|text=You must know that in this province there are five kings, who are own brothers. [...] At this end of [Ma'abar] reigns one of those five Royal brothers, who is a crowned king, and his name is [Sundara Pandi Devar]. In his kingdom they find very fine and great pearls ...|author=Marco Polo, translated by Sir Henry Yule|title=The Travels of Marco Polo - Volume 2|source=chapter XVI}}

<ref>{{Cite web |last=Polo |first=Marco |last2=Rusticiano |first2=da Pisa |title=The Travels of Marco Polo — Volume 2 |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/12410/pg12410-images.html |access-date=2026-01-25 |website=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/12410/12410-h/12410-h.htm |language=en}}</ref> [[File:An aerial view of Madurai city from atop of Meenakshi Amman temple.jpg|thumb|800px|center|An aerial view of [[Madurai]] city from [[Meenakshi Temple]] |alt=aerial image of a temple campus]]

{| class="wikitable"
|+Pandya kings (13th–14th centuries CE)
!Pandya ruler
!Reign
|-
|[[Maravarman Sundara Pandyan|Maravarman Sundara I]]
|1216–1238 CE
|-
|[[Sadayavarman Kulasekaran II]]
|1238–1240 CE
|-
|[[Maravarman Sundara Pandyan II|Maravarman Sundara II]]
|1238–1251 CE
|-
|[[Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan|Jatavarman Sundara I]]
|1251–1268 CE
|-
|[[Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I|Maravarman Kulasekara I]]
|1268–1310 CE
|-
|Sundara Pandya IV
|1309–1327 CE
|-
|Vira Pandya IV
|1309–1345 CE
|}

==== Maravarman Sundara I ====
The foundation for the Pandya supremacy in south India was laid by [[Maravarman Sundara Pandyan|Maravarman Sundara I]] early in the 13th century.<ref name=":27">{{Cite book|last=Sen|first=Sailendra Nath|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&q=maravarman&pg=PA459|title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization|date=1999|publisher=New Age International|isbn=9788122411980|pages=458|language=en}}</ref> He succeeded his older brother Jatavarman Kulasekhara in 1216.<ref name=":9">Sastri, K. A. Nilakanta. (1958, second ed.) ''A History of South India from Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar.'' Madras, Oxford University Press. 203-07.</ref> He invaded the Chola country, sacked [[Uraiyur]] and [[Thanjavur]], and drove the Chola king [[Kulothunga Chola III|Kulothunga III]] into exile.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNxiN5tzKOgC&q=kulottunga+hoysala+pandya&pg=PA411|title=Ancient India|last=Majumdar|first=Ramesh Chandra|author-link=R. C. Majumdar|date=1977|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=9788120804364|pages=411|language=en}}</ref> The Chola king subsequently made a formal submission to Maravarman Sundara I and acknowledged his overlordship.<ref name=":9" /> Attempts by the next Chola king [[Rajaraja Chola III|Rajaraja III]] (1216 – 46 CE<ref name=":302" />) for self-rule (to stop the Pandya invasion into the Chola country<ref name=":302" />), with the help of the [[Hoysala Empire|Hoysalas]] king Narasimha II (r. 1220 – 1238 CE), resulted in a battle between the Pandya and Hoysala forces at Mahendramangalam on the [[Kaveri|Kaveri Valley]]. Maravarman Sundara I was defeated and Rajaraja III was restored in the Chola country.<ref name=":9" /> Sometime later Chola prince [[Rajendra Chola III|Rajendra III]] attacked the Pandyas and defeated two Pandya royals including [[Maravarman Sundara Pandyan II|Maravarman Sundara II]].<ref name=":9" /> Hoysala king [[Vira Someshwara|Somesvara]] (r. 1233 – 1267 CE<ref name=":302" />) then came to the aid of the Pandyas, defeated Rajendra III and then made peace with the Cholas.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":0" />

==== Jatavarman Sundara I ====
[[File:Double fish Pandyan relief, Koneswaram.jpg|thumb|221x221px|[[Jatavarman Vira Pandyan II|Jatavarman Vira II]]'s fish insignia at [[Koneswaram temple]] in [[Trincomalee]] (Eastern Province)<ref name="Indrapala 2007 324">{{cite book|last=Indrapala|first=Karthigesu|title=The evolution of an ethnic identity: The Tamils in Sri Lanka C. 300 BCE to C. 1200 CE|publisher=Vijitha Yapa|year=2007|isbn=978-955-1266-72-1|location=Colombo|page=324}}</ref> ]] [[Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan I|Jatavarman Sundara I]] ascended the Pandya throne in 1251 CE.<ref name=":302" /> He led his army to the Chola country (even as far as [[Nellore]]), to [[Sri Lanka]] and to south [[Kerala]].<ref name=":302" /> He was also successful in confining the Hoysala control to the Mysore Plateau (the ancient Chola country was now overrun by the Pandyas<ref name=":302" />).<ref name=":9" /> [[Kanchipuram|Kanchi]] functioned as the second major city in the kingdom.<ref name=":9" /> In his conquests, Jatavarman Sundara I assisted joined number of Pandya royals such as Jatavarman Vira Pandya.<ref name=":9" />

Jatavarman Sundara I subdued Rajendra II around 1258–1260 CE and made him pay tribute.<ref name=":0" /> The rule of the Cholas ended {{circa|1279}} with Rajendra III.<ref name=":302" /> The Pandya attacked the Hoysalas in the Kaveri and captured the fort of Kannanur Koppam.<ref name=":9" /> Hoysala king [[Vira Someshwara|Somesvara]] was forced to fall back into the Mysore Plateau.<ref name=":9" /> The Hoysala king, pressed by enemies from north and south, "assigned" the southern half of his kingdom to his younger son Ramanatha (r. 1254–1292<ref name=":302" />). [[Vira Someshwara|Somesvara]] was eventually killed by the Pandya in 1262 CE.<ref name=":9" /> Ramanatha managed to recover Kannanur and hold against the Pandya power.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&q=maravarman&pg=PA459|title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization|last=Sen|first=Sailendra Nath|date=1999|publisher=New Age International|isbn=9788122411980|pages=439|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rB7jAAAAMAAJ&q=Jatavarman+sundara+pandyan+%22rajendra+III%22|title=Proceedings – Indian History Congress|last=Congress|first=Indian History|date=1957|pages=186|language=en}}</ref> Jatavarman Sundara I also came into conflict with the [[Kadava dynasty|Kadava]] ruler [[Kopperunchinga II|Kopperunjinga II]].<ref name=":9" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/delhisultanate00bhar|quote=jatavarman kadava.|title=The History and Culture of the Indian People: The Struggle for Empire |last1=Majumdar|first1=Ramesh Chandra|last2=Bhavan|first2=Bharatiya Vidya|date=1966|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan|pages=[https://archive.org/details/delhisultanate00bhar/page/257 257]|language=en}}</ref> It seems that Bana (Magadai) and Kongu countries came under the Pandya rule during the wars against the Hoysalas and the Kadavas.<ref name=":9" /> Jatavarman Sundara I also fought the Kakatiya ruler Ganapati (1199–1262<ref name=":302" />).<ref name=":2" /> [[Sri Lanka]] was invaded by Jatavarman Sundara I in 1258<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HBQ1AQAAIAAJ&q=Jatavarman+sundara+pandyan+|title=The collapse of the Rajarata civilization in Ceylon and the drift to the south-west: a symposium|last=Intirapālā|first=Kārttikēcu|date=1971|publisher=Ceylon Studies Seminar, University of Ceylon|pages=96|language=en}}</ref> and on his behalf by his younger brother [[Jatavarman Vira Pandyan II|Jatavarman Vira II]] between 1262 and 1264 CE.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7yULAQAAIAAJ&q=pandya+power+telugu|title=Andhra Pradesh District Gazetteers: Prakasam|last=(India)|first=Andhra Pradesh|date=2000|publisher=Director of Print. and Stationery at the Government Secretariat Press; [copies can be from: Government Publication Bureau, Andhra Pradesh]|language=en}}</ref> The island was again invaded and defeated by Jatavarman Vira II in 1270 CE.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aLYoDAAAQBAJ&q=chandrabhanu|title=The Hutchinson Dictionary of Ancient and Medieval Warfare|last1=Connolly|first1=Peter|last2=Gillingham|first2=John|last3=Lazenby|first3=John|date=2016-05-13|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781135936747|pages=100|language=en}}</ref>

==== Maravarman Kulasekara I ====
Sundara Pandya I (died in 1268) was succeeded by [[Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I|Maravarman Kulasekara I]].<ref name=":2" /> Around 1279 the combined force of Hoysala king Ramanatha and [[Rajendra Chola III|Rajendra III]] was defeated by Maravarman Kulasekara I.<ref name=":2" /> Maravarman Kulasekara I, now virtually unchallenged, ruled over the Chola country and southern Tamil speaking portions of Hoysala kingdom. He also invaded Sri Lanka, ruled by Bhuvanaikabahu I, who "carried away to the Pandya country the venerable Tooth Relic", and the wealth of the island.<ref name=":2" /> Sri Lanka remained under Pandya control until c. 1308–1309 CE.<ref name=":2" />

====Decline of Pandyas====
After the death of [[Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I|Maravarman Kulasekhara I]] (1310), his sons Vira Pandya IV and Sundara Pandya IV fought a war of succession for control of the empire. It seems that Maravarman Kulasekhara wanted Vira Pandya to succeed him (who in turn was defeated by Sundara Pandya after a short period).<ref>{{cite book|title=Muslim Identity, Print Culture, and the Dravidian Factor in Tamil Nadu|author=J. B. Prashant More|publisher=Orient Blackswan, 2004|page=10}}</ref> Unfortunately, the Pandya civil war coincided with the [[Khalji dynasty|Khalji]] [[Malik Kafur's invasion of the Pandya kingdom|raids]] in south India.<ref>{{cite book|title=Sri Varadarajaswami Temple, Kanchi: A Study of Its History, Art and Architecture|author=K.V. Raman|publisher=Abhinav Publications, 2003|page=24}}</ref> Taking advantage of the political situation, the neighbouring [[Hoysala]] king [[Veera Ballala III|Ballala III]] invaded the Pandya territory. However, Ballala had to retreat to his capital, when Alauddin Khalji's general [[Malik Kafur]] [[Siege of Dwarasamudra|invaded his kingdom]] at the same time.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=412}} After subjugating Ballala III, the Khalji forces marched to the Pandya territory in March 1311.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=414}} The Pandya brothers fled their headquarters, and the Khaljis pursued them unsuccessfully.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|pp=416–417}}{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|pp=208–213}} By late April 1311, the Khaljis gave up their plans to pursue the Pandya princes, and returned to Delhi with the plunder.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=212}}{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=207}} By 1312 the Pandya control over south [[Kerala]] was also lost.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{cite book|title=History of the Punjab: A.D. 1000-1526. Editor: Fauja Singh|author=Fauja Singh|publisher=Abhinav Publications |date=1972|page=152|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5U1XAAAAMAAJ&q=Balban+.+This+may+or+may+not+be+true+,+but+it+is+a+fact+that+it+was+in+the+Punjab+that}}</ref>

After the departure of the Khaljis, Vira and Sundara Pandya resumed their conflict. Sundara Pandya was defeated and sought help from the Khaljis. With their help, he regained control of the [[South Arcot]] region by 1314.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=207}} Subsequently, there were two more expeditions from the sultanate in 1314 led by [[Khusro Khan]] and in 1323 by [[Muhammad bin Tughluq|Jauna Khan]] under the Punjab-born sultan [[Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq]].{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=207}}

The family quarrels and the sultanate invasions shattered the Pandya empire beyond revival<ref name=":3" /> and coinage discoveries made imply that the Pandyas were left with the old South Arcot region.<ref name=":12" /> In 1323, the [[Jaffna Kingdom|Jaffna kingdom]] declared its independence from the crumbling Pandya influence.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" />

=== Tenkasi Pandyas (14th–16th centuries) ===
{{Main|Tenkasi Pandyas}}
The Pandya kings from Sadaavarman Parakrama Pandya to his successors who ruled with [[Tenkasi]] as their [[Capital city|capital]].<ref name="tamilvu2">{{cite web|title=4.5 பிற்காலப் பாண்டியர் (கி.பி. 1371 - 1650.)|url=http://www.tamilvu.org/courses/diploma/a031/a0314/html/a0314445.htm|access-date=27 November 2012|publisher=தமிழ் இணையப் பல்கலைக்கழகம்}}</ref> With the invasion of the [[Sultan]]ates, [[Vijayanagara]]s, and [[Madurai Nayak dynasty|Nayakars]] from the fourteenth century onwards, the Pandyas lost their traditional capital of [[Madurai]] and shifted to cities like Tenkasi and [[Tirunelveli]].<ref name="Fall" /> Tenkasi was the last capital of the Pandyas.<ref name="tamilvu.org2">{{Cite web|title=:: TVU ::|url=http://www.tamilvu.org/slet/lA100/lA100pd1.jsp?bookid=222&pno=323|access-date=2020-04-09|website=www.tamilvu.org}}</ref> All the Pandyas from Sadaavarman Parakrama Pandya and his next generations were crowned in the Adheenam Mutt<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Vanamamalai|first1=N.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sDnaAAAAMAAJ&q=tenkasi+capital|title=Interpretation of Tamil Folk Creations|last2=Vān̲amāmalai|first2=Nā|date=1981|publisher=Dravidian Linguistics Association|language=en|access-date=2020-04-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310194052/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=sDnaAAAAMAAJ&q=tenkasi+capital&dq=tenkasi+capital&hl=en&ei=Ph68TtCqNoLZrQfHo-zUAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result|archive-date=2016-03-10|url-status=live}}</ref> in [[Kasi Viswanathar temple, Tenkasi|Kasi Viswanathar temple]].<ref>{{citation|year=1964|title=தென்காசி காசிவிசுவநாதசுவாமி கோயில் வரலாறு கோயில் வெளியீடு}}</ref> During the same period, some Pandyas ruled with Tirunelveli as their capital. [[Kayatharu]], [[Vadakkuvalliyur]], and Ukkirankottai are some of their major cities. Inscriptions on them are found in Tenkasi's Kasi Viswanathar temple, [[Brahmadesam, Tindivanam taluk|Brahmadesam]], [[Tirunelveli]], [[Cheranmadevi]], [[Ambasamudram]], [[Kalakkad]] and [[Pudukkottai]]. The last Pandyan king known was Kollankonda, who was of the Tenkasi Pandya line.

Although the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] and the [[Madurai Nayak dynasty|Nayaks]] ruled Madurai after the 14th century, they were occasionally opposed by the Pandyas. Sometimes, these Pandyas ruled Madurai. Prominent among them were Sadaavarman Vikrama Pandya (1401–1422 AD) and his son, Arikesari Parakrama Pandya.<ref name="NayaksBook" /> They had built 32 forts around Madurai. Later, when [[Viswanatha Nayak|Vishwanatha Nayakkar]] became the Madurai ''Mandalasuvaran'' (Governor of Madurai), he feared a Pandya resurgence in Madurai. To prevent this, he divided Madurai into 72 districts (''palayams,'' each with a separate chief - a [[Polygar]]) including 16 districts of those closest to the Pandyas.<ref name="தமிழ்வாணன்2">{{cite book|author=தமிழ்வாணன்|title=கட்டபொம்மன் கொள்ளைக்காரன்|publisher=மணிமேகலை பிரசுரம்|year=1983|location=சென்னை|pages=18–19}}</ref> He assigned separate battalions to these Polygars, allowing them to repel the Pandyas. This secured Madurai from the Pandyas forever, allowing the Nayaks to gain supremacy.<ref name="NayaksBook" />
{| class="wikitable"
!King
!Period
|-
|Sadaavarman Parakrama Pandya
|1422–1463 AD
|-
|Kulasekara Pandiyan III
|1429–1473 AD
|-
|Aksharan Perumal Parakrama Pandya
|1473–1506 AD
|-
|Kulasekara Pandya
|1479–1499 AD
|-
|Sadaverman Sewallapa Pandya
|1534–1543 AD
|-
|Parakrama Kulasekaran
|1543–1552 AD
|-
|Nelveli Maran
|1552–1564 AD
|-
|Sadaavarman Adeevirama Pandya
|1564–1604 AD
|-
|Varathuranga Pandya
|1588–1612 AD
|-
|Varagunarama Pandya
|1613–1618 AD
|-
|Kollankondan
|(N.A.)
|}

==== Legacy ====
While the previous sultanate raids were content with plunder, the [[Tughlaq dynasty|Tughluqs]] under Ulugh Khan (later [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]]<ref name="Fall"/>) annexed the former Pandya dominions to the sultanate as the province of Ma'bar. Most of south India came under the sultanate rule and was divided into five provinces – Devagiri, Tiling, [[Kampili]], [[Halebidu|Dorasamudra]] and Ma'bar.<ref name=":12">Nilakanta Sastri, p. 213</ref> [[Jalaluddin Ahsan Khan|Jalal ud-Din Hasan Khan]] was appointed governor of the newly created southernmost Ma'bar province.<ref name=":13">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uCYdAAAAMAAJ&q=Vira+Someshwara+pandya|title=Karnataka, History, Administration & Culture|last=Muthanna|first=I. M.|date=1962|pages=89|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w6zkx_Ck3FwC&pg=PA171|title=South India and Her Muhammadan Invaders|last=Aiyangar|first=Krishnaswami S.|publisher=Asian Educational Services, 1991 – India, South|year=1991|isbn=9788120605367|pages=67–68,110–111,167,171–174}}</ref> In {{circa|1334}}, Jalal ud-Din Hasan Khan declared his independence and created [[Madurai Sultanate|Madurai sultanate]].<ref name="Fall"/> The Pandyas shifted their capital to Tenkasi and continued to rule a small area until the end of the 16th century as [[Tenkasi Pandyas]].<ref name="Fall"/>

[[Bukka Raya I]] of [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara empire]] conquered the city of Madurai in {{circa|1370}},<ref name="Fall"/> imprisoned the sultan, released and restored Arcot's prince Sambuva Raya to the throne. Bukka Raya I appointed his son Veera Kumara Kampana as the viceroy of the Tamil region. Meanwhile, the Madurai sultanate was replaced by the Nayak governors of [[Vijayanagara]] in 1378.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A Comprehensive History of India: Comprehensive history of medieval India|last1=Puri|first1=B. N.|last2=Das|first2=M. N.|date=2003-12-01|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|isbn=9788120725089|pages=90–91|language=en}}</ref> In 1529 the Nayak governors declared independence and established [[Madurai Nayak dynasty]].<ref name=":3" />

==Economy==
=== Early history ===
[[File:Silk route.jpg|thumb|221x221px|Ancient [[Silk Road]] trade routes]]
[[File:Tirunelveli Nellaiappar Temple 1.jpg|221x221px|thumb| The [[Gopuram|gopura]] of [[Nellaiappar Temple]] ]]
The Pandya country, located at the extreme southwestern tip of [[South Asia]], served as an important meeting point throughout the history of India. The location was economically and geopolitically significant as a key point connecting the shipping between [[Southeast Asia]] and the [[Middle East]]. [[Classical antiquity|Graeco-Roman]] merchants frequented the [[ancient Tamil country]], present day [[Southern India|south India]] and [[Sri Lanka]], securing contacts with the [[Tamil people|Tamil]] chiefdoms of the Pandya, [[Chola Empire|Chola]] and [[Chera Empire|Chera]] families.<ref name=":26" /> The western sailors also established several trading settlements on the harbours of the ancient Tamil region.<ref name=":26" /> The trade with South Asia by the [[Greco-Roman world]] flourished since the time of the [[Ptolemaic dynasty]]<ref name="Lindsay1">Lindsay (2006) p. 101</ref> a few decades before the start of the [[Common Era]] and remained long after the fall of the [[Western Roman Empire]].<ref name="Curtin1">Curtin 1984: 100</ref><ref name="The cyclopædia of India and Eastern and Southern Asia">The cyclopædia of India and Eastern and Southern Asia By Edward Balfour</ref> The contacts between south India and the Middle East continued even after the [[Byzantium]]'s loss of the ports of [[Egypt]] and the [[Red Sea]]<ref name="Holl1">Holl 2003: 9</ref> in the 7th century CE.

The early historic Pandya country was famous for its supply of pearls. The ancient port of [[Korkai]], in present-day [[Thoothukudi district|Thoothukudi]], was the centre of the pearl trade. Written records from [[Classical antiquity|Graeco-Roman]] and Egyptian voyagers give details about the pearl fisheries off the [[Gulf of Mannar]]. Greek historian [[Megasthenes]] reported about the pearl fisheries, indicating that the Pandyas derived great wealth from the pearl trade.<ref>Kulke and Rothermund, p99, p107</ref> Convicts were according to the ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]'' used as pearl divers in [[Korkai]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Subrahmanian|first1=N.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PXXsAAAAIAAJ&q=korkai+convicts|title=Tamil social history|last2=Hikosaka|first2=Shu|last3=Samuel|first3=G. John|last4=Thiagarajan|first4=P.|location= Madras|date=1997|publisher=Institute of Asian Studies|isbn=9788187892069|language=en}}</ref> The ''Periplus'' even mentions that "pearls inferior to the Indian sort are exported in great quantity from the marts of Apologas and Omana".{{sfn|Venkata Subramanian|1988|p=55}} The pearls from the Pandya country were also in demand in the kingdoms of north India.<ref>{{cite book|last=Iyengar|first=P.T. Srinivasa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ERq-OCn2cloC&q=musiri+pandyas&pg=PA189|title=History of the Tamils: From the Earliest Times to 600 AD|publisher=Asian Educational Services|year=2001|page=22|isbn=9788120601451|access-date=2007-07-15}}</ref> Literary references of the pearl fishing mention how the fishermen, who dive into the sea, avoid attacks from sharks, bring up the right-whorled chank and blow on the sounding shell.<ref>{{cite book|last=Caldwell|first=Robert|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ERq-OCn2cloC&q=musiri+pandyas&pg=PA189|title=A Political and General History of the District of Tinnevelly|year=1881|page=20|publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=9788120601451|access-date=2005-07-15}}</ref>

=== Pandya coinage ===
{{See also|Pandya coinage}}
[[File:Pandya coin, South Asia - Rev pair of fish, Obv bull.jpg|thumb|upright|left|One of the early coins of the Pandyas showing their emblem of the Two Fishes]]
The early coins of [[Tamilakam]] bore the symbols of the [[Three Crowned Kings]], the tiger, the fish and the bow, representing the symbols of the Cholas, Pandyas and Cheras.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PMVWAAAAMAAJ&q=pandya+fish+coin|title=Early Indian indigenous coins|last=Sircar|first=Dineshchandra|date=1970|publisher=University of Calcutta|pages=98|language=en}}</ref> Coins of Pandyas bear the legend of different Pandya ruler in different times. The Pandyas had issued silver [[Punch-marked coins|punch-marked]] and die-struck copper coins in the early period.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9VFmAAAAMAAJ&q=pandya+silver+coin|title=The Journal of the Numismatic Society of India|date=2005|publisher=Numismatic Society of India|pages=67|language=en}}</ref> A few gold coins were attributed to the Pandya rulers of this period. These coins bore the image of fish, singly or in pairs, which were their emblem.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PMVWAAAAMAAJ&q=pandya+gold+coin|title=Early Indian indigenous coins|last=Sircar|first=Dineshchandra|date=1970|publisher=University of Calcutta|pages=96|language=en}}</ref>

Some of the coins had the names Sundara, Sundara Pandya or merely the letter 'Su' were etched. Some of the coins bore a boar with the legend of 'Vira-Pandya.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yyix9TSozmAC&q=pandya+coin+sundara&pg=PA49|title=Dravidian kingdoms and list of Pandiyan coins|last=Savariroyan|first=Pandit D.|date=2004|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=9788120617520|pages=48–49|language=en}}</ref> It had been said that those coins were issued by the Pandyas and the feudatories of the Cholas but could not be attributed to any particular king. The coins of Pandyas were square. Those coins were etched with an elephant on one side and the other side remained blank. The inscription on the silver and gold coins during the Pandyas were in [[Tamil-Brahmi]] and the copper coins bore the Tamil legends.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JFAaAAAAYAAJ&q=pandya+coin+script|title=Numismatic Studies, Vol|last1=Shastri|first1=Ajay Mitra|last2=Kumar|first2=Manmohan S.|date=1996-01-01|publisher=Harman Publishing House|isbn=9788185151922|pages=46|language=en}}</ref> The coins of the Pandyas, which bore the fish symbols, were termed as 'Kodandaraman' and 'Kanchi' Valangum Perumal'.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VjsfAAAAMAAJ&q=Kodandaraman|title=Tamil Coins: A Study|last1=Nākacāmi|first1=Irāmaccantiran̲|last2=Nagaswamy|first2=R.|date=1981|publisher=Institute of Epigraphy, Tamilnadu State Department of Archaeology|pages=102|language=en}}</ref> Apart from these, 'Ellamthalaiyanam' was seen on coins which had the standing king on one side and the fish on the other. 'Samarakolahalam' and 'Bhuvanekaviram' were found on the coins having a [[Garuda]], 'Konerirayan' on coins having a bull and 'Kaliyugaraman' on coins that depict a pair of feet.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lNx31XT747wC&q=pandya+Konerirayan&pg=PA164|title=South Indian Coins|last=Desikachari|first=T.|date=1991|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=9788120601550|pages=164|language=en}}</ref>

== Religion ==
[[File:Kazhugumalai_Jain_beds_(8).jpg|right|thumb|226x226px|Kazhugumalai Jain beds]]
[[File:Mariage_of_Shiva_and_Parvati_(Meenakshi)_witnessed_by_Vishnu,_Meenakshi_Temple,_Madurai_(2)_(36857653813).jpg|alt=Vishnu gives away his sister, the bride Parvati during her wedding to Shiva|right|thumb|226x226px|Depiction of [[Vishnu]], [[Meenakshi]], and [[Shiva]] ([[Meenakshi Amman Temple|Meenakshi Temple]], Madurai)]]

Early Pandya rulers are traditionally associated with patronage of [[Jainism]].<ref>K.A. Nilakanta Sastri, A History of South India (1955), p. 115.</ref><ref name="MarcoHenry1875">{{cite book | author1=Marco Polo | author2=Sir Henry Yule | title=The Book of Sir Marco Polo, the Venetian, Concerning the Kingdoms and Marvels of the East: Newly Tr. and Ed., with Notes, Maps, and Other Illustrations | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rRsRAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA317 | access-date=16 August 2013 | year=1875 | publisher=J. Murray | pages=317–| isbn=9780404115425 }}</ref> In literary and inscriptional records, several Pandya kings are described as having supported Jain monks and institutions.<ref>R. Sathianathaier, History of the Pandya Country (1929), pp. 54–56.</ref> According to tradition, a Pandya ruler known as [[Koon Pandiyan|Koon Pandya]] was later converted to Shaivism. Based on such accounts, historians believe that the early Pandyas were originally adherents of Jainism and only later converted to Saivism and lending royal support to the Bhakti movement.<ref>A.L. Basham, The Wonder That Was India, Vol. II (1989), p. 312.</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Jainism - Its relevance to psychiatric practice; with special reference to the practice of Sallekhana |pmc=5270277 | pmid=28197009 | doi=10.4103/0019-5545.196702 |volume=58 |year=2016 |journal=Indian J Psychiatry |pages=471–474 |author=Somasundaram O, Tejus Murthy AG, Raghavan DV|issue=4 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":32">{{Cite news|title=Pandya dynasty|language=en|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pandya-dynasty|access-date=2017-09-21}}</ref><ref name="James2003">{{cite book | author=James Hastings | title=Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics Part 9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jIPS0d7UTT8C&pg=PA23 | access-date=2013-02-25 | year=2003 | publisher=Kessinger Publishing | isbn=978-0-7661-3680-9 | page=23}}</ref>

The Pandya period (c. 13th century CE) was characterised by several elite forms of [[Hinduism]], a popular bhakti religion and an even more widespread local form of Hinduism. The distinctions between the three were not differentiated. The worship of the gods [[Vishnu]] and [[Shiva]] was generally supported by the elite and [[Shiva]] was generally later supported by the elite.<ref name="Thapar">{{Cite encyclopedia|last=Thapar|first=Romila|title=India – Society and Culture (8th–13th century)|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/India|access-date=2021-01-22|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> The bhakti movement emphasized the mutual intense emotional attachment between the god and the devotee.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bhakti {{!}} Hinduism|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/bhakti|access-date=2021-01-22|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref>

The Pandya country was home to several renowned temples including the [[Meenakshi Temple]] in [[Madurai]].<ref name=":152">{{cite book|author=A. Soundaram|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=crxUQR_qBXYC&pg=PA68|title=History of People and Their Environs|publisher=Bharathi Puthakalayam|year=2011|isbn=978-93-80325-91-0|editor1=S. Ganeshram|pages=68–69|chapter=The Characteristic Features of Early Medieval Tamil Society|editor2=C. Bhavani}}</ref> As some of the largest employers and landowners of the Pandya country, the temples played an important part in the Tamil economy and society.<ref name=":23">{{Cite web|title=Hinduism - Hinduism under Islam (11th–19th century)|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hinduism|access-date=2021-01-22|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> They generally also served as banks, schools, dispensaries, and poorhouses (thus performing valuable social functions). The large walled temple complexes of the Pandya country also contained several administrative offices and bazaars.<ref name=":23" />

==Architecture==
{{further|Pandyan art and architecture}}{{Wide image|File:Kallazhagar (23).jpg|340px|[[Alagar Koyil]], [[Tamil Nadu]]|5=right|dir=right}}[[File:Meenakshi_Amman_West_Tower.jpg|thumb|335x335px|[[Meenakshi Amman Temple|Meenakshi Temple]], Madurai]]
The early temple architecture phase in Tamil Nadu opens with the rock-cut cave temples.<ref name=":16">{{Cite web|title=South Asian arts|url=https://www.britannica.com/art/South-Asian-arts|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Desai|first=Pandurang Bhimarao|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H821AAAAIAAJ&q=vimana|title=Studies in Indian history and culture: volume presented to Dr P. B. Desai ... on the occasion of his completing sixty years|date=1971|publisher=Prof. P. B. Desai Felicitation Committee, Karnatak University; [for copies write to the printer: K. E. B's Print. Press]|pages=125|language=en}}</ref>

The Tamil country is home to the 'South Indian' or 'Dravidian' style of medieval temple architecture.<ref name=":16" />
* Typical temple consists of a hall and a square sanctum (the gabhagrha)
* The foundation block, or socle, is known as the adhisthana.
* Walls of the sanctum are generally divided by pilasters.
* Superstructure: 'kutina' type (stepped stories in pyramidal form with decorative bands/parapets or the hdras)
* The parapet is composed of miniature shrines (called the kutas and salas) connected by wall elements (the harantaras).
* On top, a necking that supports a solid dome, or cupola (crowned by a pot and finial)—the sikhara.
* [[gopuram|Gopura]]: the great entrance buildings<ref>{{Cite book|last=Allen|first=Margaret Prosser|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vyXxEX5PQH8C&q=gopuram+pandya+temple&pg=PA337|title=Ornament in Indian Architecture|date=1991|publisher=University of Delaware Press|isbn=9780874133998|pages=350|language=en}}</ref>

The major Pandya contributions to Dravidian architecture come after the [[Pallava dynasty|Pallava]] (7th–9th centuries) and the [[Chola dynasty|Chola]] periods (9th–12th centuries).<ref name=":16" />
* Gopuras are extremely large and elaborately decorated (capped by a barrel vault).<ref name=":16" />
* Successively built walls and gopuras.<ref name=":16" />

Finest Pandyan architectures:

* [[Jambukeswarar Temple, Thiruvanaikaval|Jambukeswarar Temple]], [[Tiruchirapalli]]<ref name=":16" />

* [[Kallalagar temple]], [[Alagar Koyil]]<ref name=":16" />
* [[Meenakshi Amman Temple|Meenakshi Temple]], [[Madurai]]<ref name=":16" />
* [[Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram]]<ref name=":16" />

== In popular culture ==
The Pandyas are a secondary subject of the Tamil films [[Aayirathil Oruvan (2010 film)|''Aayirathil Oruvan'']] (2010), ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: I]]'' (2022), ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: II]]'' (2023), and ''[[Yaathisai]]'' (2023).

==See also==
{{cmn|
* [[Tamilakam]]
* [[Economy of ancient Tamil country]]
* [[History of Kerala]]
* [[History of Tamil Nadu]]
* [[Indian maritime history]]
* [[Indo-Roman relations]]
* [[Indo-Roman trade relations]]
* [[Industry in ancient Tamil country]]
* [[Karungalakudi]]
* [[List of Tamil monarchs]]
* [[Pandyan Civil War (1169–1177)]]
* [[Tammuzh]]
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book|last=Balambal|first=V.|title=Studies in the History of the Sangam Age|date=1998|publisher=Kalinga Publications|isbn=978-81-85163-87-1}}
* Carswell, John. 1991. "The Port of Mantai, Sri Lanka." ''RAI'', pp. 197–203.
* {{cite book|last=Curtin|first=Philip D.|title=Cross-Cultural Trade in World History|year=1984|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-26931-5}}
* Hill, John E. 2004. ''The Peoples of the West from the Weilüe'' 魏略 ''by Yu Huan'' 魚豢'': A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265 CE.'' [http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/weilue/weilue.html Draft annotated English translation.]
* {{cite book|last=Holl|first=Augustin|title=Ethnoarchaeology of Shuwa-Arab Settlements|year=2003|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-0-7391-0407-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Husaini|first=A.Q.|title=History of The Pandya Country|year=1972}}
* {{cite book|first=John|last=Keay|orig-year=2001|year=2000|title=India: A history|publisher=Grove Press|location=India|isbn=0-8021-3797-0}}
* {{cite book|last1=Kulke|first1=Hermann|author2=Dietmar Rothermund|title=A History of India|edition=4|year=2004}}
* {{cite book|last=Lindsay|first=W S|title=History of Merchant Shipping and Ancient Commerce|publisher=Adamant Media Corporation|year=2006|isbn=0-543-94253-8}}
* {{cite book|first=R|last=Nagasamy|year=1981|title=Tamil Coins – A study|publisher=Institute of Epigraphy, Tamil Nadu State Dept. of Archaeology}}
* {{cite book|last=Purushottam|first=Vi. Pi.|title=Cankakala Mannar Kalanilai Varalaru|year=1989}}
* Ray, Himanshu Prabha, ed. 1996. ''Tradition and Archaeology: Early Maritime Contacts in the Indian Ocean''. Proceedings of the International Seminar Techno-Archaeological Perspectives of Seafaring in the Indian Ocean 4th cent. BC – 15th cent. AD New Delhi, 28 February – 4 March 1994. New Delhi, and Jean-François SALLES, Lyon. First published 1996. Reprinted 1998. Manohar Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi.
* Reddy, P. Krishna Mohan. 2001. "Maritime Trade of Early South India: New Archaeological Evidences from Motupalli, Andhra Pradesh." ''East and West'' Vol. 51 – Nos. 1–2 (June 2001), pp. 143–156.
* {{cite book|first=Rama Sankar|last=Tripathi|year=1967|title=History of Ancient India|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publications|location=India|isbn=81-208-0018-4}}
* {{cite book|first=K. A. Nilakanta|last=Sastri|title=The Pandyan Kingdom: From the Earliest Times to the Sixteenth Century}}
* {{cite book|author=N. Subrahmanian|title=History of Tamilnad (To A. D. 1336)|url=http://www.dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/462306|year=1962|publisher=Koodal|location=Madurai|oclc=43502446|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20161123181101/http://www.dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/462306|archive-date=23 November 2016}}
* {{cite book|last=Venkata Subramanian|first=T. K.|title=Environment and Urbanisation in Early Tamilakam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NN4fAAAAIAAJ|page=55|date=1988|publisher=Tamil University|isbn=978-81-7090-110-5}} Issue 92 of Tamil_p Palkalaik Kal_aka ve?iyi?u
* {{cite book|author=Banarsi Prasad Saksena|author-link=Banarsi Prasad Saksena|chapter=The Khaljis: Alauddin Khalji|editor=Mohammad Habib and Khaliq Ahmad Nizami|title=A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanate (A.D. 1206–1526)|volume=5|edition=Second|year=1992|publisher=The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_9cmAQAAMAAJ|oclc=31870180}}
* {{cite journal|author=K.K.R. Nair|title=Venad: Its Early History|journal=Journal of Kerala Studies|volume=14|issue=1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EgSSAAAAIAAJ|year=1987|publisher=University of Kerala|issn=0377-0443|pages=1–34}}
* {{cite book|author=Kishori Saran Lal|author-link=K. S. Lal|title=History of the Khaljis (1290–1320)|year=1950|publisher=The Indian Press|location=Allahabad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2XXqAQAACAAJ|oclc=685167335}}
* {{cite book|editor=Noboru Karashima|title=A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fpdVoAEACAAJ|year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-809977-2}}
* {{cite book|author=Romila Thapar|title=The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gyiqZKDlSBMC|year=2003|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-302989-2}}
* {{cite book|author=Peter Jackson|author-link=Peter Jackson (historian)|title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&pg=PA174|year=2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-54329-3}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* {{commons category-inline|Pandyan Dynasty}}

{{Pandya dynasty}}
{{Tribes and kingdoms of the Mahabharata}}
{{Middle kingdoms of India}}
{{Jaffna kingdom}}

[[Category:Pandyan dynasty| ]]
[[Category:1st-millennium BC establishments in India]]
[[Category:Former monarchies of India]]
[[Category:History of Tiruchirappalli]]
[[Category:Pandyan Empire]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1345]]
[[Category:States and territories established in the 4th century BC]]
[[Category:Tirunelveli]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 1610s]]
[[Category:Dynasties of India]]

Delhi Republic Day parade

2026-03-20T15:51:25Z

BrigitteHosking: quick rework references to improve readability further and updated info

{{short description|Parade marking the Republic Day celebrations in India}}
{{use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox recurring event
| image = File:Republic day parade (India) montage.jpg
| image_size = 350px
| caption = '''Clockwise from top left:''' [[Central Industrial Security Force|CISF]] marching contingent (2017); tableau of [[Karnataka]] (2010); a [[Boeing C-17 Globemaster III|C-17 Globemaster]] flanked by two [[Su-30 MKI]]s (2018); [[T-90]] tanks (2016); daredevil riders of [[Border Security Force|BSF]] (2014); bird’s eye view of [[Rajpath|Kartavya Path]] (2013).
| begins = 26 January
| ends = 29 January by Retreat Ceremony
| first = 26 January 1950
| last = 26 January 2026
| next = 26 January 2027
| frequency = Annual
| location = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| genre = National Military And Cultural patriotic parade
| organised = [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mod.gov.in/dod/ceremonials|title=Ceremonials | Department Of Defence|website=mod.gov.in|access-date=21 December 2019}}</ref>
[[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of culture]]
| website = {{URL|https://indianrdc.mod.gov.in/}}
}}

The '''Delhi Republic Day parade''' is the largest and most important of the [[parade]]s marking the [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]] celebrations in [[India]]. The parade takes place every year on 26 January at [[Rajpath|Kartavya Path]], [[New Delhi]]. It is the main attraction of India's Republic Day celebrations, which last for three days. The first parade was held in 1950, and it has been held every year since. The cultural pageant is a symbol of a diverse but united India.<ref name="Republic parade spectacle">{{cite news |title=Republic Day: How India's military parade became a spectacle |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-60111564 |access-date=5 February 2022 |work=BBC News |date=26 January 2022}}</ref>

The parade marches from the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]] on the Kartavya Path to [[India Gate]] and from there to [[Red Fort]]. It opens with the unfurling of the [[Flag of India|national flag]] by the [[President of India]]. This is followed by marching from several regiments of the [[Indian Army|Army]], [[Indian Navy|Navy]], and [[Indian Air Force|Air Force]], along with their bands, and [[Float (parade)|tableaux]] from various states signifying their cultures are displayed. A [[beating retreat]] ceremony signifies the end of the parade.

==History==
[[File:Rajendra Prasad readies to take part in the first Republic Day parade.jpg|thumb|President [[Rajendra Prasad]] ''(in the horse-drawn carriage)'' during the first parade in 1950.]]

The first Republic Day Parade was held on 26 January 1950, led by then Brigadier Moti Sagar of the [[Gorkha regiments (India)|Gorkha Regiment]], during which the [[President of Indonesia]] [[Sukarno]] was the chief guest. The flypast of that parade included aircraft such as [[North American T-6 Texan|Harvards]], [[Consolidated B-24 Liberator]]s, [[Douglas DC-3|Dakotas]], [[Hawker Tempest]], [[Spitfires]] and jet planes comprising a total of more than a hundred aircraft.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/republic-day-10-things-you-did-not-know-barack-obama-narendra-modi-237416-2015-01-26|title=10 things you did not know about Republic Day|date=26 January 2015|website=[[India Today]]|access-date=16 January 2020}}</ref> The venue was Irwin Amphitheater, now known as Major Dhyan Chand National Stadium. The parades are the legacy of the British Raj, as a showcase of power to the rival States. Since time immemorial the parades have been a show of strength, mystical prowess of the empires and nation-state, legacy of triumph, and inspiring loyalty to the State. The Prussian State was the pioneer of modern military parades. Indian leaders attached military parades to the Republic Day to commemorate the triumph of a new sovereign strong republic against the colonial power. Consequently, among many other innovations, the unique and grand cultural tableaux were included as an integral part of the parade symbolising a strong and diverse republic, replete with symbols of a larger nationalism incorporating massive regional diversity. With time the colonial symbols have been systematically pushed away, and an [[indianisation]] has happened.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-26 |title=Why does India celebrate Republic Day with a military parade? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/india-republic-day-military-parade-significance-8405248/ |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The 75th Delhi Republic Day parade]in 2024 was celebrated as a Golden Jubilee milestone, marking a significant occasion in the history of the event.

==Parade==
[[Image:BSF-Republic day.jpeg|thumb|The [[Border Security Force Camel Band|BSF Camel Contingent]] during the 2015 parade.]]
To mark the Republic Day, an annual parade is held in New Delhi, starting at the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]] (the President's residence), and proceeding along the Kartavya Path, past the [[India Gate]].<ref>{{cite news|agency=Eastern Fare |url=http://www.efi-news.com/2012/01/india-celebrates-63rd-republic-day.html |title=India Celebrates 63rd Republic Day |publisher=Efi-news.com |date=26 January 2012 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515083307/http://www.efi-news.com/2012/01/india-celebrates-63rd-republic-day.html |archive-date=15 May 2012 }}</ref> Prior to its commencement, the Prime Minister lays a floral wreath at the [[National War Memorial (India)|National War Memorial]] (previously at the [[Amar Jawan Jyoti]] memorial) at one end of Kartavya Path, which is followed by two minutes silence in the memory of fallen soldiers. Thereafter he/she reaches the main dais at Kartavya Path to join other dignitaries. Subsequently, the President arrives along with the chief guest of the occasion. They are escorted on horseback by the [[President's Bodyguard]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}

First, the president unfurls the [[National flag]], as the National Anthem [[Jana Gana Mana]] is played, and a 21-gun salute is fired by the Indian Army Regiment of Artillery as the PBG renders the National Salute and its standard is dipped. Next, as the PBG trots off the dais, important awards like the [[Ashoka Chakra (military decoration)|Ashok Chakra]] and [[Param Vir Chakra]] are given away by the President. The President comes forward to award the medals of bravery to the people from the armed forces for their exceptional courage in the field and also the civilians, who have distinguished themselves by their different acts of valour in different situations, either in military, civilian or disaster scenarios. This is followed by the regiments of Armed Forces starting their march past, led by the parade commander and their second in command, followed by living recipients of gallantry medals of the Republic. Following the march past of the armed forces follows the march of personnel belonging to the federal security organizations and the Delhi Police, which marches also on behalf of all territorial, state, city and municipal police forces. Children who are recipients of the [[National Bravery Award]] ride past the spectators on colourfully decorated elephants(in the past) or vehicles.<ref name="pib-2005">[http://india.gov.in/outerwin.htm?id=http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=15034&kwd=national+bravery National Bravery Awards-2005] Press Release, [[Govt. of India]].</ref>

[[File:A spectacular overview of the 55th Republic Day Parade-2004 from India Gate in New Delhi on January 26, 2004.jpg|thumb|left|The 2004 parade from [[India Gate]].]]

18 to 24 different regiments of the Indian Army in addition to the Navy, and Air Force (total nearly 55)) with their bands march past in all their finery and official decorations. The [[President of India]] who is the [[Commander-in-Chief]] of the [[Indian Armed Forces]], takes the salute. Twelve contingents of various para-military forces of India and other civil forces also take part in this parade.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mod.nic.in/samachar/feb15-04/html/ch1.htm |title=Chap |publisher=Mod.nic.in |access-date=22 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110307214958/http://mod.nic.in/samachar/feb15-04/html/ch1.htm |archive-date=7 March 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> One of the unique sights of the parade is the camel mounted [[Border Security Force]] contingent, which is the only camel mounted military force in the world.{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}} The best [[National Cadet Corps (India)|NCC]] cadets, selected from all over the country consider it an honour to participate in this event, as do the school children from various schools in the capital. They spend many days preparing for the event and no expense is spared to see that every detail is taken care of, from their practice for the drills, the essential props and their uniforms. 22 to 30 floats exhibiting the cultures of the various states and union territories of India, including floats of union ministries and state enterprises are in the grand parade, which is broadcast nationwide on television and radio. These moving exhibits depict scenes of activities of people in those states and the music and songs of that particular state accompany each display. Each display brings out the diversity and richness of the culture of India and the whole show lends a festive air to the occasion.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://mod.nic.in/samachar/feb01-05/body.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=20 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214034734/http://mod.nic.in/samachar/feb01-05/body.html |archive-date=14 February 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> People from different parts of the country enjoy watching the representation of their state rolling along in the parade.<ref name="Republic parade spectacle" /> Around 1200 schoolchildren present cultural dances as part of the parade.<ref>{{cite news |location=New Delhi |url=http://www.asianage.com/delhi/1200-schoolkids-take-part-r-day-parade-612 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108120353/http://www.asianage.com/delhi/1200-schoolkids-take-part-r-day-parade-612 |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 January 2018 |title=1,200 schoolkids to take part in R-Day parade |newspaper=The Asian Age |date=15 January 2012 |access-date=22 July 2012 }}</ref> The 2016 Republic Day marked the return of K-9 Dog Squad to the parade after 26 years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/army-dogs-march-down-rajpath-on-republic-day-after-26-years/|title=Army dogs march down Rajpath on Republic Day after 26 years|date=26 January 2016|access-date=21 December 2019}}</ref>

The parade traditionally ends with dare devil motor cycle riding display by motorcycle units of the Armed Forces and civil security services and a [[flypast]] by the [[Indian Air Force]] jets and helicopters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://knowindia.gov.in/republic-day-celebration/celebrations.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118233857/http://knowindia.gov.in/republic-day-celebration/celebrations.php|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 January 2018|title=Republic Day Celebration - Celebrations - Know India: National Portal of India|website=knowindia.gov.in|access-date=11 January 2020}}</ref> In 2019, the flypast included aircraft such as [[Su 30 MKI]], [[SEPECAT Jaguar|Jaguar]], [[Mig 29]], [[C-17 Globemaster]] and [[HAL Rudra]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1561491|title=Curtain Raiser – Republic Day Celebrations 2019|date=25 January 2019|website=[[Press Information Bureau]]|access-date=11 January 2020}}</ref>

A full dress rehearsal parade is organised on 23 January every year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/photos/business-gallery/1027180/republic-day-full-dress-rehearsal-check-out-grand-display-of-indian-military-contingents-array-of-tanks-fighter-planes/|title=Republic Day full dress rehearsal: Check out grand display of Indian military contingents, array of tanks, fighter planes|date=23 January 2018|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US|access-date=11 January 2020|quote=Every year on January 23, Republic Day full dress rehearsal happens.}}</ref>

To promote gender equality and women empowerment, in 2024, most of the contingents, including the motorcycle acrobat teams were composed entirely of women.<ref>{{cite news |title=India celebrates Republic Day with women-led parade |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-68091821 |access-date=26 January 2024 |date=26 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=75th Republic Day parade women-centric, 100 women play musical instruments |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/75th-republic-day-parade-to-be-women-centric-100-women-to-play-musical-instruments-101706235008416.html |access-date=26 January 2024 |work=Hindustan Times |date=26 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

===Tableaux===
[[File:The tableau of Tamil Nadu passes through the Rajpath, on the occasion of the 68th Republic Day Parade 2017, in New Delhi on January 26, 2017.jpg|thumb|The tableau of [[Tamil Nadu]] passes through the Kartavya Path during the 2017 parade.]]
The selection process of the tableaux is conducted by the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]], which involves a number of guidelines. The ministry recommends that tableaux represent a historical event, heritage, culture, development programmes and environment. The tableaux must not carry any logos and should carry some animation and sound.<ref name="tableau" />

Proposals are invited from [[Union government ministries of India|union ministries]] and [[List of agencies of the government of India|departments]] of the [[Government of India|union government of India]], and from [[states and union territories of India]] within a fixed deadline. The proposals are examined by a committee of experts from [[The arts|arts]] fields. The examination process involves 2 rounds. The first round provides suggestions for modifications, after evaluating the sketches and designs. The second round evaluates [[Three-dimensional space|three-dimensional]] models, after which a final judgement is passed by the committee.<ref name="tableau">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/why-only-some-states-get-to-have-republic-day-tableau/articleshow/73137057.cms|title=Why only some states get to have Republic Day tableau|last=Das|first=Anjishnu|date=8 January 2020|website=The Times of India|access-date=11 January 2020}}</ref> A system was introduced in 2024, which gives every state and union territory a chance to showcase their tableau during the Republic Day parade once every three years.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Peri |first1=Dinakar |title=Republic Day 2024 parade {{!}} Under new deal, each State can field tableau once in three years |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/all-states-union-territories-may-get-to-showcase-tableau-once-in-three-years/article67727789.ece |access-date=26 January 2024 |work=The Hindu |date=10 January 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=All states, UTs to get equal chance to display tableaux during Republic Day parade: Govt |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/all-states-uts-to-get-equal-chance-to-display-tableaux-during-republic-day-parade-govt-officials-9104143/ |access-date=26 January 2024 |work=The Indian Express |date=11 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

===Beating Retreat===
{{see also | Military Music Wing | Indian military bands | Indian Army Chief's Band | Deshon Ka Sartaj Bharat | Samman Guard }}
[[File:The Band performing at the ‘Beating Retreat’ ceremony, at Vijay Chowk, in New Delhi on January 29, 2018 (5).jpg|thumb|left|The [[Beating Retreat#India|Beating Retreat ceremony]] at [[Vijay Chowk]] on 29 January 2018.]]

The [[Beating Retreat#India|Indian Beating Retreat]] ceremony officially denotes the end of Republic Day festivities. It is conducted on the evening of 29 January, the third day after the Republic Day. It is performed by the [[Tri-Services Band|bands of the three wings of the military]], the [[Indian Army]], [[Indian Navy]] and [[Indian Air Force]]. The venue is [[Raisina Hill]] and an adjacent square, [[Vijay Chowk]], flanked by the [[Secretariat Building, New Delhi|north and south block]] of the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]] (President's Palace) towards the end of Kartavya Path.{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}

[[File:Narendra and other dignitaries at the ‘Beating Retreat’ ceremony 2022.jpg|thumb|PM Modi and other dignitaries at the Beating Retreat ceremony in 2022.]]
The Chief Guest of the function is the [[President of India]] who arrives escorted by the Presidential Body Guard (PBG), a cavalry unit. When the President arrives, the PBG commander asks the unit to give the National Salute, which is followed by playing of the Indian National Anthem, [[Jana Gana Mana]], by the Army developed the ceremony of display by the massed bands in which Military Bands, Pipe and Drum Bands, Buglers and Trumpeters from various Army Regiments besides bands from the Navy and Air Force take part which play popular tunes like the National Song of India ''[[Vande Mataram]]'', [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s favourite hymn ''[[Vaishnava Jana To]]'', ''[[Saare Jahan Se Achcha]]'', ''[[Abide With Me (hymn)|Abide With Me]]'' and ''[[Aye Mere Watan Ke Logo]]'' at the end.<ref name="pib-2011">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=69432|title=Curtain Raiser – Beating Retreat Ceremony 2011|date=28 January 2011|publisher=Ministry of Defence}}</ref><ref name="tt">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Beating-Retreat-weaves-soul-stirring-musical-evening/articleshow/7386283.cms|title=Beating Retreat weaves soul-stirring musical evening|date=29 January 2011|work=The Times of India }}</ref><ref name="toi">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Martial-music-rings-down-the-curtain/articleshow/7386605.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104134834/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-30/delhi/28374820_1_republic-day-celebrations-bands-ceremony|url-status=live|archive-date=4 November 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Martial music rings down the curtain|date=30 January 2011}}</ref>

Mostly, after Republic Day Celebrations Schools and Colleges Observe Holiday on 27 January.{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}

==Guest contingents==
In 2016, [[French Army]] soldiers and a [[Musique de l’Artillerie|French Army Band]] took part in the 67th Republic Day parade. This marked the first time since the beginning of the parade in 1950, that a foreign army contingent marched down the Rajpath during the Republic Day parade.{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}
{| class="wikitable"
!scope="col"|Year
!scope="col"|Country
!scope="col"|Unit
!scope="col"|Contingent Details
!scope="col"|Photo
|-
|2016<ref>{{cite news |date=25 January 2016 |title=Republic Day 2016: A look at what is special this time |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/republic-day-2016-a-look-at-what-is-special-this-time/ |access-date=25 January 2016}}</ref>
|{{flag|France}}
!scope="row"|[[File:Insigne35RI.jpg|frameless|34x34px]] [[35th Infantry Regiment (France)|35th Infantry Regiment]]
|76 soldiers
48-member [[Musique de l’Artillerie|band]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Republic Day parade: French soldiers create history by marching down Rajpath |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/republic-day-parade-french-soldiers-create-history-by-marching-down-rajpath/articleshow/50728279.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-01-26}}</ref>
|[[File:The_French_Army_marching_contingents_passes_through_the_Rajpath,_on_the_occasion_of_the_67th_Republic_Day_Parade_2016,_in_New_Delhi_on_January_26,_2016.jpg|200x200px]]
|-
|2017<ref>{{Cite web |title=Republic Day 2017: UAE Soldiers Lead March At Parade On Rajpath |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/republic-day-2017-uae-soldiers-lead-march-at-parade-on-rajpath-1652862 |access-date=21 December 2019 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>
|{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}
!scope="row"|[[File:UAE Presidential Guard.svg|frameless|38x38px]] [[United Arab Emirates Presidential Guard]]
|149 soldiers
35-member [[United Arab Emirates Armed Forces Band|band]]
|[[File:The_UAE_contingent_passes_through_the_Rajpath,_on_the_occasion_of_the_68th_Republic_Day_Parade_2017,_in_New_Delhi_on_January_26,_2017.jpg|200x200px]]
|-
|2021<ref>{{cite news |date=24 January 2021 |title=122 Bangladesh Armed Forces personnel to participate in India's Republic Day parade |language=en |work=The Daily Star |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/india/news/122-bangladesh-armed-forces-personnel-participate-indias-republic-day-parade-2033005?amp |access-date=26 January 2021}}</ref>
|{{flag|Bangladesh}}
!scope="row"|[[File:বাংলাদেশ সশস্ত্র বাহিনীর প্রতীক.svg|frameless|30px]] [[Bangladesh Armed Forces]]
|90 soldiers
32-member band<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Neeta |last2=Som |first2=Vishnu |last3=Pullanoor |first3=Harish |last4=ANI |date=23 January 2021 |title=Bangladesh Contingent To Lead Republic Day Parade Marking 50 Years Of Liberation |work=NDTV.com |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bangladesh-contingent-to-lead-republic-day-parade-marking-50-years-of-liberation-2357043?amp=1&akamai-rum=off |access-date=25 January 2021}}</ref>
|
|-
|2023<ref>{{Cite web |title=Republic Day 2023 parade: Egyptian contingent marches on Kartavya Path. Watch |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/republic-day-2023-parade-egyptian-contingent-marches-on-kartavya-path-9942191.html |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=Moneycontrol |date=26 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|{{flag|Egypt}}
!scope="row"|[[File:Seal of the Egyptian Armed Forces.svg|38x38px]] [[Egyptian Armed Forces]]
|144 soldiers
12-member band
||[[File:Marching Egyptian Contigent participating in the full dress rehearsal of Republic day Parade 2023 in India.jpg|200x200px]]
|-
|2024<ref>{{cite news |title=Republic Day 2024: 6 Indians among French contingent in parade; 5 points |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/republic-day-2024-6-indians-among-french-contingent-in-parade-5-points-124012600285_1.html |access-date=26 January 2024}}</ref>
|{{Flagicon|France}}[[France]]
!scope="row"|[[File:Insigne du 2e Régiment Etranger d'Infanterie.jpg|34x34px]]
[[2nd Foreign Infantry Regiment (France)|2nd Foreign Infantry Regiment]]
|95 soldiers
33-member band
|[[File:French Armed Forces - Republic day parade 2024.jpg|200x200px]]
|-
|2025<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/international/members-of-indonesias-marching-contingent-excited-over-visit-to-india-participation-in-r-day-parade/|title=Insignia of the Indonesian National Armed Forces |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=www.lokmattimes.com}}</ref>
|{{flag|Indonesia}}
!scope="row"|[[File:Insignia of the Indonesian National Armed Forces.svg|38x38px]] [[Indonesian National Armed Forces]]
|152 soldiers
190-member band
||[[File:Indonesian marchig contingent - Indian Republic day Parade Rehearsal 2025.jpg|200x200px]]
|-
|2026<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-26 |title=Republic Day 2026: European Union contingent displays institutional unity, support for international maritime security - Public TV English |url=https://english.publictv.in/republic-day-2026-european-union-contingent-displays-institutional-unity-support-for-international-maritime-security/ |access-date=2026-01-26 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|{{flag|European Union}}
!scope="row"|[[File:Coat of arms of the European Union Military Staff.svg|38x38px]] [[Defence forces of the European Union]]
|5 soldiers
||
|}

==Awards==
{{more citations needed section|date=August 2019}}

===Best marching contingents===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!scope="col"| Year
!scope="col" width="350px" | Best Marching Contingent among Services
!scope="col" width="350px" | Best Marching Contingent among CAPFs/other auxiliary forces
|-
| 1983
|[[National Cadet Corps (India)|National Cadet Corps]] (Senior Under Officer Ubhay Bharti Trikha)
| {{abbr|NA|Not applicable}}
|-
| 1991
|[[Madras Engineer Group]] (Second Lieutenant Vivek Jaswal)
| {{abbr|NA|Not applicable}}
|-
|1994
|[[Gorkha regiments (India)|Gorkha Regiment]] (Major J. S. Tanwar)
| {{abbr|NA|Not applicable}}
|-
| 1995
|[[Gorkha regiments (India)|Gorkha Regiment]]
| {{abbr|NA|Not applicable}}
|-
| 1996
|[[Brigade of the Guards]] (Captain Arun Malik)
| {{abbr|NA|Not applicable}}
|-
| 1997
|[[Madras Engineer Group]] (Lieutenant Pranay Dangwal)
|[[Border Security Force]]
|-
| 1998
|[[Bombay Engineer Group]] (Captain Atul Suryavanshi)
|[[Indo-Tibetan Border Police]]
|-
| 1999
|[[Bihar Regiment]]
|[[Indo-Tibetan Border Police]]
|-
| 2000
| [[Indian Air Force]]
|[[Indo-Tibetan Border Police]]
|-
| 2001
|[[Madras Regiment]]
|[[Delhi Police]]
|-
| 2002
|[[Indian Navy]]
|[[Delhi Police]]
|-
| 2003
|[[Madras Engineer Group]]
|[[Delhi Police]]
|-
| 2004
|[[Indian Navy]]
|[[Indo-Tibetan Border Police]]
|-
| 2005<ref name="2005 awards">{{cite web|title=Prizes for Republic Day Parade 2005 Participating Contingents|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=6824|publisher=pib.nic.in|access-date=29 January 2017|date=1 February 2005}}</ref>
|[[Sikh Regiment]]
|[[Delhi Police]]
|-
| 2006
|[[Bihar Regiment]]
|[[Delhi Police]]
|-
| 2007
|[[Jat Regiment]]
|[[Central Industrial Security Force]]
|-
| 2008
|[[Rajputana Rifles]]
|[[Central Industrial Security Force]]
|-
| 2009<ref name="2009 awards">{{cite web|title=Republic Day Parade Awards Announced|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=47180|publisher=pib.nic.in|access-date=29 January 2017|date=2 February 2009}}</ref>
|[[Territorial Army (India)|Territorial Army]]
|[[Central Reserve Police Force]]
|-
| 2010<ref name="2010 awards">{{cite web|title=Dogra, CRPF Best in R-Day Parade, Sangeet Natak Akademibags Tableau Award|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=57462|publisher=pib.nic.in|access-date=29 January 2017|date=30 January 2010}}</ref>
|[[Dogra Regiment]]
|[[Central Reserve Police Force]]
|-
| 2011
|[[Indian Air Force]]
|[[Indo-Tibetan Border Police]]
|-
| 2012<ref name="2012 awards">{{cite web|title=Republic Day – 2012 Awards|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=79939|publisher=pib.nic.in|access-date=29 January 2017|date=28 January 2017}}</ref>
|[[Indian Air Force]]
|[[Border Security Force]]
|-
| 2013<ref name="2013_award">{{cite news| url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/iaf-navy-adjudged-best-marching-contingents-among-services/articleshow/18258000.cms | work=The Times of India | title=IAF, Navy adjudged best marching contingents among Services | date=30 January 2013}}</ref>
|[[Indian Air Force]] and [[Indian Navy]]
|[[Central Industrial Security Force]]
|-
| 2014<ref name="2014_award">{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/army-s-sikh-light-infantry-wins-best-marching-contingent-award-114012801070_1.html|title=Army's Sikh Light Infantry wins best marching contingent award|agency=Press Trust of India|date=28 January 2014|access-date=21 December 2019|via=Business Standard|newspaper=Business Standard India}}</ref>
|[[Sikh Light Infantry]]
|[[Central Reserve Police Force]]
|-
| 2015<ref name="2015_awards" />
|[[Brigade of the Guards]] and [[Sikh Regiment]]
|[[Central Industrial Security Force]]
|-
| 2016<ref name="2016_award" />
|[[Assam Regiment]]
|[[Border Security Force]]
|-
| 2017<ref name="2017 awards">{{cite web|title=Republic Day Parade – 2017 Awards announced|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=157736|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=29 January 2017|date=28 January 2017}}</ref>
|[[Madras Engineer Group]]
|[[Central Industrial Security Force]]
|-
| 2018<ref name="2018_awards" />
|[[Punjab Regiment (India)|Punjab Regiment]]
|[[Indo-Tibetan Border Police]]
|-
| 2019<ref name="2019_awards">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/r-day-parade-gorkha-brigade-wins-best-marching-contingent-award-721299|title=R-Day Parade: Gorkha Brigade wins best marching contingent award|first=Tribune News|last=Service|website=Tribuneindia News Service|access-date=21 December 2019}}</ref>
|[[Gorkha regiments (India)|Gorkha Regiment]]
|[[Central Reserve Police Force]]
|-
| 2020<ref>{{cite news |last1=ANI |title=IAF adjudged best marching contingent among 3 services at R-Day parade {{!}} India News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/iaf-adjudged-best-marching-contingent-among-3-services-at-r-day-parade/articleshow/73672612.cms |access-date=1 February 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=27 January 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Republic Day 2020: CISF wins best marching contingent award |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/republic-day-2020-cisf-wins-best-marching-contingent-award-799051.html |access-date=1 February 2020 |work=Deccan Herald |date=28 January 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Indian Air Force]]
|[[Central Industrial Security Force]]
|-
| 2021<ref>{{cite news |title=Jat Regimental Centre, Delhi Police best marching contingents at Republic Day Parade |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jat-regimental-centre-delhi-police-best-marching-contingents-at-republic-day-parade/article33696696.ece |access-date=30 January 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=29 January 2021 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|[[Jat Regiment]]
|[[Delhi Police]]
|-
| 2022<ref name="2022 awards">{{cite news |last1=DelhiFebruary 4 |first1=Manjeet Negi Shilpi Sen New |title=Republic Day parade: UP wins best tableau award, Indian Navy chosen best marching contingent |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rday-parade-up-best-tableau-indian-navy-best-marching-contingent-among-services-1908877-2022-02-04 |access-date=5 February 2022 |work=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Indian Navy]]
|[[Central Industrial Security Force]]
|-
|2023<ref name=":2023 awards" />
|[[Punjab Regiment (India)|Punjab Regiment]]
|[[Central Reserve Police Force]]
|-
|2024<ref name=":2024 awards" />
|[[Sikh Regiment]]
|[[Delhi Police]]
|-
|2025<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=30 January 2025 |title=Raksha Rajya Mantri presents awards to best Marching Contingents and Tableaux of Republic Day Parade 2025 |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2097650 |access-date=30 January 2025 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref>
|[[Jammu and Kashmir Rifles]]
|[[Delhi Police]]
|-
|2026<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 January 2026 |title=Republic Day Parade 2026: Best Marching Contingents and Tableaux announced|url= https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2219846&reg=3&lang=2#:~:text=The%20three%20panels%20of%20judges,other%20auxiliary%20Forces%20%E2%80%93%20Delhi%20Police |access-date=29 January 2026 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref>
|[[Indian Navy]]
|[[Delhi Police]]
|}

===Best three tableaux===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!scope="col"| Year
!scope="col"| First
!scope="col"| Second
!scope="col"| Third
|-
| 1981 || [[Goa]]<ref name=Francisco_Martins>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050206/spectrum/main7.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=21 December 2019}}</ref> || ||
|-
| 1988 || [[Goa]]<ref name=Francisco_Martins /> || ||
|-
| 1989 || || [[Goa]]<ref name=Francisco_Martins /> ||
|-
| 1990 || || [[Goa]]<ref name=Francisco_Martins /> ||
|-
| 1991 || [[Goa]]<ref name=Francisco_Martins /> || ||
|-
| 1995 || || [[Goa]]<ref name="Francisco_Martins" />||
|-
| 2000 || [[Goa]]<ref name=Francisco_Martins /> || ||
|-
| 2001 || [[Rajasthan]] || [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]] || [[Gujarat]] and [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|-
| 2002 || [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] || ||
|-
| 2003 || [[Goa]] || [[Assam]] || [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
| 2005<ref name="2005 awards"/> || [[Karnataka]] || [[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Ministry of Law and Justice]] || [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[Ministry of Railways]]
|-
| 2007<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/Orissa-bags-Best-Tableau-award/article14712910.ece|title=Orissa bags Best Tableau award|date=29 January 2007|access-date=21 December 2019|via=www.thehindu.com|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> || [[Odisha]] || [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]] || [[Maharashtra]]
|-
| 2008 || [[Kerala]] || [[Karnataka]] || [[Ministry of Human Resource Development (India)|Ministry of Human Resource Development]]
|-
| 2009<ref name="2009 awards"/> || [[Kerala]] || [[Maharashtra]] || [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|-
| 2010<ref name="2010 awards"/> || [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]] || [[Goa]] || [[Chhattisgarh]]
|-
| 2011 || [[Delhi]] || [[Karnataka]] || [[Rajasthan]]
|-
| 2012<ref name="2012 awards"/> || [[Ministry of Human Resource Development (India)|Ministry of Human Resource Development]] || [[Goa]] || [[Karnataka]]
|-
| 2013<ref name=2013_award /> || [[Kerala]] || [[Rajasthan]] || [[Chhattisgarh]]
|-
| 2014<ref name=2014_award />|| [[West Bengal]] || [[Tamil Nadu]] || [[Assam]]
|-
| 2015<ref name=2015_awards>{{cite web|title=Republic Day Parade – 2015 Awards Announced|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=115053|website=pib.nic.in|publisher=Government of India|access-date=2 February 2015|date=29 January 2015}}</ref> || [[Maharashtra]] || [[Jharkhand]] || [[Karnataka]]
|-
| 2016<ref name=2016_award>{{cite web|title=Republic Day Parade – 2016 Awards Announced|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=135858|website=pib.nic.in|publisher=Government of India|date=28 January 2016}}</ref>|| [[West Bengal]] || [[Tripura]] || [[Assam]]
|-
|2017<ref name="2017 awards"/> || [[Arunachal Pradesh]] || [[Tripura]] || [[Maharashtra]] and [[Tamil Nadu]]
|-
|2018<ref name=2018_awards>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/maharashtra-wins-best-tableau-prize-in-republic-day-parade/article22544907.ece|title=Maharashtra wins best tableau prize in Republic Day parade|date=28 January 2018|work=The Hindu|access-date=28 January 2018|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|[[Maharashtra]]
|[[Assam]]
|[[Chhattisgarh]]
|-
| 2019<ref name=2019_awards /> || [[Tripura]]|| [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] || [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|-
|2020<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newsonair.com/Main-News-Details.aspx?id=379449|title=Assam tableau wins first prize at 71st Republic Day parade|website=www.newsonair.com|access-date=29 January 2020}}</ref>
|[[Assam]]
|[[Odisha]]
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
|2021<ref name="2021 awards">{{cite news |last1=Peri |first1=Dinakar |title=Republic Day parade: Uttar Pradesh wins best tableau award |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/republic-day-parade-uttar-pradesh-wins-best-tableau-award/article33685483.ece |access-date=30 January 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=28 January 2021 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|[[Tripura]]
|[[Uttarakhand]]
|-
|2022<ref name="2022 awards" />
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|[[Karnataka]]
|[[Meghalaya]]
|-
|2023<ref name=":2023 awards">{{Cite web |title=Best marching contingents & tableaux of Republic Day Parade 2023 announced |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1894768 |access-date=2023-01-30 |website=pib.gov.in |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Uttarakhand]]
|[[Maharashtra]]
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
|2024<ref name=":2024 awards">{{Cite web |title=Best marching contingents & tableaux of Republic Day Parade 2024 announced |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2000684 |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=pib.gov.in |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Odisha]]
|[[Gujarat]]
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|-
|2025<ref name=":0" />
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|[[Tripura]]
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
|2026<ref name=":Rishiraj Mahajan" />
|[[Maharashtra]]
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|[[Kerala]]
|}

===Best tableaux among the Ministries/Departments===
{| class="wikitable"
!scope="col"| Year
!scope="col"| Ministry/Department
|-
|2020<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cityspidey.com/news/11162/republic-day-tableaux-of-ministry-of-jal-shakti-ndrf-named-best|title=Republic Day: Tableaux of Ministry of Jal Shakti, NDRF named best|website=www.cityspidey.com|language=en-GB|access-date=29 January 2020}}</ref>
|[[National Disaster Response Force]] and [[Ministry of Jal Shakti]]
|-
|2021<ref name="2021 awards" />
|[[Department of Biotechnology]]
|-
|2022<ref name="2022 awards" />
|[[Ministry of Education]] and [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Ministry of Civil Aviation]]
|-
|2023<ref name=":2023 awards" />
|[[Ministry of Tribal Affairs]]
|-
|2024<ref name=":2024 awards" />
|[[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]]
|-
|2025<ref name=":0" />
|[[Ministry of Tribal Affairs]]
|-
|2026<ref name=":Rishiraj Mahajan" />
|[[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]]
|}

===Popular Choice Awards===
In 2022, for the first time, the public were allowed to vote for their favourite floats and marching contingents using the [[MyGov.in|MyGov]] app.<ref name="2022 awards" /> The floats with the most votes are declared the winners.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mygov.in/group-poll/vote-your-favorite-tableau-republic-day-2022/ | title=Vote for your favorite Tableau at Republic Day 2022 | date=23 January 2022 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |'''Year'''
! colspan="3" |Best State / Union Territory tableaux !! rowspan="2"| Best Marching Contingent among Services!! rowspan="2" | Best Marching Contingent among CAPFs/other auxiliary forces!! rowspan="2" | Best tableaux among the Ministries/Departments
|-
!First
!Second
!Third
|-
|2022<ref name="2022 awards" />
|[[Maharashtra]]
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|[[Indian Air Force]]
|[[Central Reserve Police Force]]
|[[Ministry of Communications (India)|Ministry of Communications]]
|-
|2023<ref name=":2023 awards" />
|[[Gujarat]]
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|[[Maharashtra]]
|[[Indian Air Force]]
|[[Central Reserve Police Force]]
|[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]]
|-
|2024<ref name=":2024 awards" />
|[[Gujarat]]
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|[[Rajputana Rifles]]
|[[Central Reserve Police Force|CRPF Woman]]
|[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]]
|-
|2025<ref name=":0" />
|[[Gujarat]]
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|[[Uttarakhand]]
|[[Indian Army Corps of Signals]]
|[[Central Reserve Police Force]]
|[[Ministry of Women and Child Development]]
|-
|2026<ref name=":Rishiraj Mahajan" />
|[[Gujarat]]
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|[[Rajasthan]]
|[[Assam Regiment]]
|[[Central Reserve Police Force]]
|[[Ministry of Education|Deptt. of School Education & Literacy]]
|}

==See also==
{{Commons category|Republic Day Parade (India)}}
* [[Military parade]]
* [[List of diplomatic visits to India]]
* [[List of chief guests at Delhi Republic Day parade]]
* [[2021 Indian farmers' Republic Day protest]]

==Notes==
:1.{{note|em}}On each of these occasions, [[Edwina Mountbatten, Countess Mountbatten of Burma|Lady Edwina Mountbatten]] from United Kingdom was also the official guest for the parade.<ref name=ProQuest501661043>{{cite news |id={{ProQuest|501661043}} |title=REPUBLIC DAY IN DELHI: Parade In Heart Of City |work=The Times of India |date=22 January 1956 |page=4 }}</ref><ref name="british1964">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BskeHou0GEE|title=Republic Celebration (1964)|last=British Pathé|date=13 April 2014|via=YouTube}}</ref>
:2.{{note|61}} [[Duke of Edinburgh]] [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|Prince Philip]] also accompanied [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II]] during the parade.<ref name="timescontent1961">{{cite web|url=http://www.timescontent.com/tss/showcase/preview-buy/123836/News/Pandit-Jawaharlal-Nehru-Queen-Eliza.html |title=Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, News Photo, Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth be |publisher=Timescontent.com |date=26 January 1961 |access-date=24 January 2014}}</ref>
:3.{{note|62a}}Danish Prime Minister attended Republic Day in Madras ([[Chennai]]).<ref name=ProQuest365725781>{{cite news |id={{ProQuest|365725781}} |title=DANISH PREMIER TO VISIT INDIA |work=The Times of India |date=4 January 1962 |page=7 }}</ref>
:4.{{note|66}}No invitations were sent out possibly due to the demise of [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]] on 11 January 1966 in [[Tashkent]]. The new government headed by [[Indira Gandhi]] was sworn on 24 January 1966 (only two days before the Republic Day).<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OOmK1lPWq80C&q=indira+gandhi+1966+republic+day&pg=PA277 |title=Mother India: A Political Biography of Indira Gandhi |author= Pranay Gupte |date=15 February 2012 |publisher=Penguin Books India |access-date=1 August 2018|isbn=9780143068266 }}</ref>
:5.{{note|67a}}For the first time, the President of India ([[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]]) could not take the salute at the Republic Day parade due to ill-health.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QQAuAQAAIAAJ&q=For+the+first+time+in+18+years,+the+President+of+India+could+not+take+the+salute+at+the+Republic+Day+parade+in+New+Delhi|title=Asian Recorder|date=25 July 1967|via=Google Books}}</ref> Zahir Shah arrived on 28 January.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eMttAAAAMAAJ&q=zahir+shah+afghanistan+1967+india+visit|title=Asian Almanac|date=25 July 1967|publisher=V.T. Sambandan.|via=Google Books}}</ref>
:6.{{note|70}}Attended only the [[Beating Retreat#India|Beating Retreat]]<ref name="mealib1">{{Cite web |url=http://mealib.nic.in/?pdf2558%3F000 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503123711/http://mealib.nic.in/?pdf2558%3F000 |archive-date=3 May 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="google1970">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4eoxAQAAIAAJ&q=1970+Baudouin+india+republic+day|title=Link: Indian Newsmagazine|date=25 July 1970}}</ref>
:7.{{note|72}}This marked the first time [[India]] invited the EU's top leadership jointly for this honour, signalling a major boost to the [[India-EU Strategic Partnership]].<ref name="Rishiraj Mahajan">{{Cite web |title='We all benefit': EU chief says 'successful India makes world more stable', after attending Republic Day parade |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/we-all-benefit-eu-chief-says-successful-india-makes-world-more-stable-after-attending-republic-day-parade/articleshow/127539257.cms|access-date=29 January 2026}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:History of the Republic of India]]
[[Category:Parades in India]]
[[Category:Culture of Delhi]]
[[Category:Military parades]]
[[Category:Recurring events established in 1950]]
[[Category:1950 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Annual events in India]]
[[Category:Organised events in New Delhi]]

Abdullah Azam Khan

2026-03-15T23:19:34Z

BrigitteHosking: minor edit

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1990)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Abdullah Azam Khan
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Abdullah Azam khan (cropped).jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| constituency = [[Swar Assembly constituency|Swar]]
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the]] [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 11 March 2017
| term_end = 13 February 2023
| predecessor = [[Muhammad Kazim Ali Khan]]
| successor = [[Shafeek Ahmed Ansari]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1990|09|30}}
| birth_place = [[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh]], India
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| residence =
| alma_mater = [[Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University|Uttar Pradesh Technical University]] [[Galgotias University]]
| education =
| website =
| profession = Politician
| mother = [[Tazeen Fatma]]
| father = [[Azam Khan (politician)|Azam Khan]]
}}
''' Mohammad Abdullah Azam Khan'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mohammad Abdullah Azam Khan(Samajwadi Party(SP)):Constituency- SUAR(RAMPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/uttarpradesh2017/candidate.php?candidate_id=1412 |access-date=2022-05-20 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician and was a member of the [[17th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/allahabad/allahabad-high-court-canceled-the-election-of-abdullah-azam|title=हाईकोर्ट से आजम खान को बड़ा झटका, रद्द की बेटे अब्दुल्ला की विधायकी|website=Amar Ujala|access-date=2019-12-16}}</ref> He represented the [[Suar (Assembly constituency)|Suar]] constituency of [[Uttar Pradesh]]'s [[Rampur district]] before being disqualified by the high court. He is a member of the [[Samajwadi Party]]. He is the son of senior [[Samajwadi Party]] leader [[Azam Khan (politician)|Azam Khan]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/uttar-pradesh/news/father-azam-beats-rumours-son-abdullah-royals-for-twin-wins/articleshow/57596614.cms|title=Father Azam beats rumors, son Abdullah royals for twin wins|last=Agarwal|first=Priyangi|date=11 March 2017|work=The Times of India|access-date=3 July 2019|agency=The News Network}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Abdullah Azam was born to [[Azam Khan (politician)|Azam Khan]] and [[Tazeen Fatma]]. He completed his [[Bachelor of Technology]] from [[Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University|Uttar Pradesh Technical University]] and [[Master of Technology]] from [[Galgotias University]] in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://myneta.info/uttarpradesh2017/candidate.php?candidate_id=1412|title=Mohammad Abdullah Azam Khan (Samajwadi Party(SP)): Constituency- SUAR (RAMPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|website=myneta.info}}</ref>

==Political career==
He became an [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] in 2017. He represented [[Rampur district]]'s [[Suar (Assembly constituency)|Suar]] constituency and is a member of the [[Samajwadi Party]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.india.com/news/agencies/azam-khan-retains-rampur-son-abdullah-wins-swar-tanda-seat-1917890/|title=Azam Khan retains Rampur, son Abdullah wins Swar Tanda seat|date=11 March 2017|website=India.com}}</ref> He was disqualified as MLA due to a discrepancy in the Election affidavit by [[Allahabad High Court]] on 16 December 2019.<ref name=":0" /> Again he has been suspended effective from 13 February 2023 and now the Suar seat of Rampur is vacant till the next by-election.

== Controversies and legal issues ==

=== Birth certificate controversy ===
A local RSS leader Aakash Saxena filed a complaint alleging Abdullah had obtained multiple birth certificates to increase his age to the eligibility limit for contesting state assembly elections. On basis of this complaint, upon investigation by the Rampur district magistrate found Abdullah guilty of faking his date of birth to contest polls. The report was sent to the [[Election Commission of India|election commission]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-sp-leader-azam-khan-s-son-abdulllah-found-guilty-of-faking-date-of-birth-in-election-nomination-paper-2525779|title=SP leader Azam Khan's son Abdullah found guilty of faking date of birth in election nomination paper|date=10 August 2017|website=DNA India|language=en|access-date=2019-04-16}}</ref> In January 2019, Saxena further lodged a case of forgery in the birth certificate case at a local police station. In March 2019, the UP high court stayed the arrest of Abdullah and his father [[Azam Khan (politician)|Azam Khan]] and mother [[Tazeen Fatma]] until the probe was completed by the police.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-allahabad-hc-stays-arrest-of-sp-s-azam-khan-his-wife-and-son-in-forgery-case-2734020|title=Allahabad HC stays arrest of SP's Azam Khan, his wife, and son in forgery case|date=28 March 2019|website=DNA India|language=en|access-date=2019-04-16}}</ref>

On 15 January 2022, Abdullah came out of jail over anticipatory bail.<ref>{{Cite web|title=SP leader Azam Khan's son Abdullah Azam released from jail|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/sp-leader-azam-khan-son-abdullah-azam-released-jail-1900540-2022-01-16|access-date=2022-01-16|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=आजम खां के बेटे अब्दुल्लाह आजम जेल से रिहा, कहा- परिवार के साथ जो हो रहा है...|url=https://ndtv.in/india-news/azam-khans-son-abdullah-azam-released-from-sitapur-jail-in-up-said-whatever-is-happening-with-the-family-2710424|access-date=2022-01-16|website=NDTVIndia}}</ref>

=== Land grabbing ===
On 9 September 2019, Abdullah along with his mother [[Tazeen Fatma]] got a notice for allegedly grabbing land of farmers to build [[Mohammad Ali Jauhar University]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/azam-khan-sons-wife-notice-land-grabbing-case-1597229-2019-09-09|title=Azam Khan's sons, wife get a notice in land grabbing case|date=September 9, 2019|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2019-10-01}}</ref> Abdullah was also booked under section 447 and 184 for allegedly encroaching on the government land for his Humasafar Resort.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/case-registered-against-wife-sons-azam-khan-lok-sabha-mp-1598588-2019-09-13|title=UP: Case registered against wife, sons of Azam Khan|date=September 13, 2019|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2019-10-01}}</ref>

'''<big>Dual PAN Card case conviction</big>'''

On November 17 2025, He and his father [[Azam Khan (politician)|Azam Khan]] were convicted and sentenced to jail terms of up to seven years by a special MP/MLA court in a 2019 case related to obtaining two PAN cards using different dates of birth, a prosecution officer said.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Azam |first=Sikander |last2=Goumri-Said |first2=Souraya |last3=Khan |first3=Saleem Ayaz |last4=Ozisik |first4=H. |last5=Deligoz |first5=E. |last6=Kanoun |first6=Mohammed Benali |last7=Khan |first7=Wilayat |date=May 2020 |title=Electronic structure and related optical, thermoelectric and dynamical properties of Lilianite-type Pb7Bi4Se13: Ab-initio and Boltzmann transport theory |journal=Materialia |volume=10 |article-number=100658 |doi=10.1016/j.mtla.2020.100658 |issn=2589-1529}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Abdullah Azam}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Indian politicians disqualified from office]]
[[Category:Indian politicians convicted of crimes]]

Kaffu Chauhan

2026-03-15T20:17:48Z

BrigitteHosking: adding data.

{{Short description|Medieval Garhwal chieftain and folk hero}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kaffu Chauhan
| image =
| caption = Folk illustration of Kaffu Chauhan (artist’s impression)
| other_names = Kuffu Chauhan
| birth_date = 
| death_date = 
| occupation = Chieftain, folk hero
| known_for = Last independent chieftain of Uppu Garh; resistance to Panwar expansion
| era = Medieval Garhwal (16th century)
}}

'''Kaffu Chauhan''' was a 16th-century chieftain of Uppu Garh in the [[Garhwal division|Garhwal]] region of present-day [[Uttarakhand]], India. He is remembered in folklore and regional history as the last independent Garhpati (chieftain) of Uppu Garh who resisted the consolidation of Garhwal under the [[Garhwal kingdom|Panwar dynasty]].<ref name=\"dabral1\">{{cite book |last=Dabral |first=Shiv Prasad |title=Uttarakhand ka Itihaas, Vol. 3 |publisher=Veer Gatha Prakashan |year=1990 |language=hi}}</ref>

== Historical background ==
Uppu Garh was one of the small principalities in the Western Alaknanda Valley, ruled by Chauhan Rajputs. Kaffu Chauhan is considered the last prominent ruler of this stronghold.<ref name=\"raturi\">{{cite book |last=Raturi |first=Harikrishna |title=Garhwal: Itihas aur Sanskriti |publisher=Himalayan Studies |year=1985 |language=hi}}</ref> Regional historians such as Shiv Prasad Dabral and Harikrishna Raturi situate Kaffu in the period of Panwar expansion under King Ajaypal, who sought to unify Garhwal during the 16th century.<ref name=\"dabral2\">{{cite book |last=Dabral |first=Shiv Prasad |title=Uttarakhand ka Itihaas, Vol. 4 |publisher=Veer Gatha Prakashan |year=1992 |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=\"patiram\">{{cite book |last=Patiram |first=Dr. |title=Uttarakhand: Lok Kathayen aur Itihaas |publisher=Himalayan Publishers |year=1999 |language=hi}}</ref>

== Conflict with the Panwars ==
According to historical summaries and oral tradition, Ajaypal demanded the submission of Uppu Garh. Kaffu Chauhan refused and declared his independence. In one of the most famous episodes preserved in [[folk memory]], he destroyed a hanging bridge over the [[Alaknanda River]] to prevent Ajaypal's army from advancing.<ref name=\"emag2013\">{{cite web |title=Kaffu Chauhan Jagar Gatha |url=https://e-magazineofuttarakhand.blogspot.com/2013/05/kaffu-chauhan-jagar-gatha-great.html |website=E-Magazine of Uttarakhand |access-date=2025-08-14}}</ref><ref name=\"kafaltree\">{{cite web |title=उत्तराखंड के वीर कफ्फू चौहान की गाथा |url=https://kafaltree.com/kaffu-chauhan-great-warrior-uttarakhand |website=Kafal Tree |access-date=2025-08-14}}</ref>

Despite this resistance, Kaffu Chauhan was eventually defeated, and Uppu Garh was annexed by the Panwar kingdom.<ref name=\"gazetteer\">{{cite book |last=Government of India |title=Gazetteer of Garhwal Districts |publisher=Government Press |year=1907}}</ref>

== Folklore and oral traditions ==
Kaffu Chauhan's defiance and final battle became a subject of Garhwali folk songs and jagar performances. Folklore depicts him as a tragic hero who chose death over subjugation.<ref name=\"sankrityayan\">{{cite book |last=Sankrityayan |first=Rahul |title=Folk Traditions of the Himalaya |publisher=Scholarly House |year=1978}}</ref><ref name=\"folk-music\">{{cite book |title=Folk Music of the Himalayas |publisher=Regional Press |year=2001 |url=https://books.google.com/ |access-date=2025-08-14}}</ref> Studies of Himalayan folk culture note his story alongside other legendary figures celebrated in oral narratives.<ref name=\"multi-rain\">{{cite book |title=Multi Colored Rain |publisher=Poetry House |year=1995 |url=https://books.google.com/ |access-date=2025-08-14}}</ref>

== Literary and cultural references ==
Kaffu Chauhan appears in regional literature, including poems and folk plays. He is mentioned in compilations such as ''Uttaranchal: Historical and Cultural Perspectives'' and ''Him-Kanti: Archaeology, Art, and History'' as an example of a regional [[folk hero]].<ref name=\"uttaranchal\">{{cite book |title=Uttaranchal: Historical and Cultural Perspectives |publisher=EastWest Books |year=2007 |url=https://books.google.com/ |access-date=2025-08-14}}</ref><ref name=\"himkanti\">{{cite book |title=Him-Kanti: Archaeology, Art, and History |publisher=Heritage Press |year=2010 |url=https://books.google.com/ |access-date=2025-08-14}}</ref>

Plays and radio adaptations such as those in the ''Akashvani'' Hindi series have dramatized his refusal to submit and his heroic fall.<ref name=\"akashvani\">{{cite book |title=AKASHVANI: Plays in Hindi |publisher=National Broadcasting Archives |year=1988 |url=https://books.google.com/ |access-date=2025-08-14}}</ref> Folklore compilations like ''Folk Songs and Ballads of Garhwal'' also preserve songs dedicated to him.<ref name=\"folk-ballads\">{{cite book |title=Folk Songs and Ballads of Garhwal |publisher=Himalayan Folklore Press |year=1977}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
Kaffu Chauhan is remembered in Garhwal as a symbol of pride and resistance. Oral tradition continues to celebrate his deeds, and local historians highlight him as an example of the small Garhpatis who resisted central authority before the unification of Garhwal.<ref name=\"dabral1\"/><ref name=\"raturi\"/><ref name=\"patiram\"/><ref name=\"sankrityayan\"/><ref name=\"uttaranchal\"/><ref name=\"himkanti\"/>

==See also==
*[[Garhwali people]]
*[[Medieval India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chauhan, Kaffu}}
[[Category:Chieftainships]]
[[Category:Garhwali people]]
[[Category:History of Garhwal]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]

Rajesh Sharma (actor)

2026-03-13T18:34:08Z

BrigitteHosking: quick update

{{short description|Indian film industry actor}}
{{about|a Hindi actor|the Malayalam actor with similar name|Rajesh Sharma (Malayalam actor)}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rajesh Sharma
| image = Prem Modi with Rajesh Sharma.jpg
| caption = Rajesh Sharma (center) at an event
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1970|10|8|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Ludhiana]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India
| occupation = [[Actor]]
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|[[Sudipta Chakraborty]]|2000|2009}}
* {{marriage|Sangeeta Sharma |2011}}
}}
| partner =
| children =
| yearsactive = 1990–present
}}

'''Rajesh Sharma''' is an Indian actor who acts in [[Hindi]] and [[Bengali (language)|Bengali]] films.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Actor Rajesh Sharma opens up on playing Delhi Capitals fan in 'DC PG by Gulati', favourite IPL team - The Tribune | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sports/actor-rajesh-sharma-opens-up-on-playing-delhi-capitals-fan-in-dc-pg-by-gulati-favourite-ipl-team/amp | access-date=22 August 2025 | website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref>

==Early life==
He was born in [[Ludhiana]], [[India]] and worked in [[Kolkata]]. There, he started acting in a theatre group named 'Rangakarmi' in [[Kolkata]]. He is an alumnus of the [[National School of Drama]], [[New Delhi]].{{cn|date=November 2024}} Rajesh Sharma married [[Sudipta Chakraborty]], a Bengali actress, and they later got divorced; he has been married to Sangeeta Sharma since 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Man for all reasons|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/man-for-all-reasons/cid/426153|website=www.telegraphindia.com|language=en|access-date=24 May 2020}}</ref>

==Career==
Rajesh Sharma made his Bollywood debut with the 1996 Hindi movie ''[[Maachis]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ace actor Rajesh Sharma to host ‘Bengal Crime’ - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/ace-actor-rajesh-sharma-to-host-bengal-crime/articleshow/74096709.cms|access-date=5 May 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> After this, he started acting in Bengali films from the early 2000s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rajesh Sharma - Movies, Biography, News, Age & Photos |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/person/rajesh-sharma/7925 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref> In ''Maachis'', Rajesh Sharma co-starred with [[Chandrachur Singh]], [[Jimmy Sheirgill|Jimmy Shergill]], [[Rajendranath Zutshi|Raj Zutshi]], [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] and Om Puri. In 2000, he made a comeback in [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-film titled ''[[Paromitar Ek Din]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rajesh Sharma To Debut As Television Show Host|url=https://www.spotboye.com/bengali/bengali-news/rajesh-sharma-to-debut-as-television-show-host/5e440a0ce60f875fafb51abe|access-date=5 May 2021|website=www.spotboye.com|language=en}}</ref> It was written and directed by Aparna Sen. After acting in a few more Bengali films, he came back to Bollywood in 2005 with the film [[Parineeta (2005 film)|''Parineeta'']]. It was [[Vidya Balan]]'s debut movie, where she acted against [[Saif Ali Khan]].

Rajesh Sharma<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rajesh Sharma - Movies, Biography, News, Age & Photos|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/person/rajesh-sharma/7925|access-date=2 May 2021|website=BookMyShow}}</ref> works mainly in the Bollywood and Bengali film industries. Sharma has appeared in [[Bollywood|Hindi]] films such as ''[[Khosla Ka Ghosla]]'', ''[[Ishqiya]]'', ''[[No One Killed Jessica]]'', ''[[Chillar Party]]'', ''[[The Dirty Picture]]'', ''[[Luv Shuv Tey Chicken Khurana]]'', ''[[Special 26]]'', ''[[B.A. Pass]]'', ''[[Tanu Weds Manu Returns]]'', ''[[Bajrangi Bhaijaan]]'', ''[[Toilet: Ek Prem Katha]]'' ''[[M. S. Dhoni: The Untold Story]]'' and ''[[India's Most Wanted (film)|India's Most Wanted]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rajesh Sharma|url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0788903/|access-date=2 May 2021|website=IMDb}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{Pending films key}}

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Character
! Language
! Ref.
|-
| rowspan="1" |1996
| ''[[Maachis]]''
|
| [[Hindi]]
|
|-
| rowspan="1" |2000
| ''[[Paromitar Ek Din]]''
|Rajeev Shrivastav
| rowspan="11" | [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2001
| ''[[Dada Thakur (2001 film)|Dada Thakur]]''
| Jyotin Roy
|
|-
| ''[[Pratibad]]''
| Tinu
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2002
| ''Sonar Sansar''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Sathi (2002 film)|Sathi]]''
|
|
|-
| ''Desh''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Shubho Mahurat]]''
| Sunil
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2003
| ''[[Champion (2003 film)|Champion]]''
|Sports Coach
|
|-
| ''[[Bombaiyer Bombete (film)|Bombaiyer Bombete]]''
| Victor Perumal
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2004
| ''[[Badsha The King]]''
| Shaktinath
|
|-
| ''[[Gyarakal]]''
| Chanu
|
|-
| rowspan="1" |2005
| ''[[Parineeta (2005 film)|Parineeta]]''
|Ratan
| Hindi
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2006
|''Agnishapath''
|
|Bengali
|
|-
| ''[[Khosla Ka Ghosla]]''
| Munjal
| Hindi
|
|-
| ''[[Shikar (2006 film)|Shikar]]''
| Police Officer Rajesh Yadav
| rowspan="4" | Bengali
|
|-
| ''[[Kranti (2006 film)|Kranti]]''
|Inspector Ranajoy
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2007
|''[[Pagal Premi]]''
|Sibu
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pagal Premi (2007) |url=https://m.imdb.com/title/tt30988720/mediaviewer/rm4013900545/?ref_=ttmi_mi_11 |access-date=11 April 2025 |website=IMDb |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|''Dus Din Pore''
|Deva
|
|-
|''Sakhi Rahila ae Singha Duara''
|
| [[Odia language|Odia]]
|
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Neel Rajar Deshe]]''
| Kidnapper
| rowspan="2" | Bengali
|
|-
| rowspan="1" |2009
| ''Chha-e Chhuti''
| Rajesh Sharma (himself)
|
|-
| rowspan="1" |2010
| ''[[Ishqiya]]''
| Kamalkant Kakkad aka KK
| rowspan="2" | Hindi
|
|-
| rowspan="11" |2011
| ''[[No One Killed Jessica]]''
| N.K. (Cop)
|
|-
| ''[[Bedeni (film)|Bedeni]]''
|
| rowspan="6" | Bengali
|
|-
| ''[[Bye Bye Bangkok]]''
|Hotel Receptionist
|
|-
| ''Oh My Love''
|
|
|-
| ''Paapi''
|
|
|-
| ''Punorutthan''
|
|
|-
| ''Bindas Prem''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Chillar Party]]''
| L. N. Tondon
| Hindi
|
|-
| ''System''
|
| rowspan="2" | Bengali
|
|-
| ''[[Baishe Srabon]]''
| Amit Srivastav
|
|-
| ''[[The Dirty Picture]]''
| Selva Ganesh
| rowspan="2" | Hindi
|
|-
| rowspan="12" |2012
| ''[[Chaalis Chauraasi]]''
| Mahesh Naik
|
|-
| ''Goraay Gondogol''
|
| rowspan="9" | Bengali
|
|-
| ''[[Laptop (2012 film)|Laptop]]''
|Rakesh
|
|-
| ''[[8:08 Er Bongaon Local]]''
| Shishir (Cop)
|
|-
| ''[[Teen Yaari Katha]]''
| Sentu da
|
|-
| ''Om Shanti''
| Manjil
|
|-
| ''[[Life in Park Street]]''
|
|
|-
| ''Darling''
| Payel's Father
|
|-
| ''Passport''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Astra (2012 film)|Astra]]''
| Inspector Sanyal
|
|-
| ''[[Luv Shuv Tey Chicken Khurana]]''
| Tito Mama
| rowspan="3" | Hindi
|
|-
| ''Strings Of Passion''
| Shekhar Banerjee
|
|-
| rowspan="8" |2013
| ''[[Special 26]]''
| Joginder Khurana
|
|-
| ''[[Kagojer Nouka]]''
| Arvind Singh
| Bengali
|
|-
| ''[[Ghanchakkar (film)|Ghanchakkar]]''
| Panditt
| Hindi
|
|-
| ''[[Ganesh Talkies (2013)|Ganesh Talkies]]''
|
| Bengali
|<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130826092223/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-20/previews/40092224_1_arjun-saban-blood-groups] Times of India</ref>
|-
| ''[[B.A. Pass]]''
| Khanna
| rowspan="2" | Hindi
|
|-
| ''[[Shuddh Desi Romance]]''
| Mausa Ji
|
|-
| ''[[Mishawr Rawhoshyo]]''
| Narendra Verma
| rowspan="2" | Bengali
|
|-
| ''[[Nirbhoya]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2014
| ''Pizza''
|
| Hindi
|
|-
| ''[[Strings of Passion]]''
|
| Hindi, Bengali
|
|-
| ''[[Pendulum (2014 film)|Pendulum]]''
|Builder
| Bengali
|
|-
|''[[The Xposé]]'' || Inspector Raj Grover || Hindi ||
|-
| ''[[Taan (2014 film)|Taan]]''
|Jahangir Sardar
| Bengali
|
|-
| ''[[Ekkees Toppon Ki Salaami]]''
|Daya Shankar Pandey
| rowspan="5" |Hindi
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2015
| ''[[Tevar]]''
| Mahendar Singh
|
|-
| ''[[Dolly Ki Doli]]''
|Ramesh Sherawat
|
|-
|''[[Tanu Weds Manu Returns]]''
|Om Prakash Saangwaan
|
|-
|''[[Bajrangi Bhaijaan]]''
|Hamid Khan
|
|-
| ''[[Amanush 2]]''
|Inspector Tarafdar
| Bengali
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2016
| ''Palki''
|Wakil
| rowspan="4" |Hindi
|{{cn|date=November 2024}}
|-
|''[[Azhar (film)|Azhar]]''
|M. K. Sharma
|
|-
|''[[M. S. Dhoni: The Untold Story]]''
|Keshav Banerjee (Dhoni's first coach)
|
|-
| ''Bhawani Mandi''
|Virendar Singh Naruka
|
|-
| ''[[Romantic Noy]]''
|Shekar's Boss
| rowspan="2" |Bengali
|
|-
|''[[Double Feluda]]''
|Mr. Sukhwani
|
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2017
|''[[Begum Jaan (2017 film)|Begum Jaan]]''
|Shyam
| rowspan="9" |Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Hindi Medium]]''
|MLA
|
|-
|''[[Toilet: Ek Prem Katha]]''
|Mathur
|
|-
|''[[Lucknow Central]]''
|Pandit
|
|-
|''[[Panchlait]]''
|Mulgain
|
|-
|''Game Over''
|Rangeen Awasthi
|{{cn|date=November 2024}}
|-
| rowspan="11" | 2018
|''[[Nanu Ki Jaanu]]''
|Bhali
|
|-
|''[[Race 3]]''
|Brij Mohan (Brijesh)
|
|-
|''[[Yamla Pagla Deewana: Phir Se]]''
|Advocate Bhatia
|
|-
|''[[Tuski]]''
|Tuski's father
| rowspan="2" |Bengali
|
|-
|''Kelo''
|Dr Sen
|
|-
|''[[Golak Bugni Bank Te Batua]]''
|Money Exchanger
|[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
|
|-
|''[[Kishore Kumar Junior]]''
|Firoz
| rowspan="2" |Bengali
|
|-
|''[[Dotara (film)|Dotara]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Vada Chennai]]''
|Chanchal
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
|-
|''[[FryDay]]''
|Inspector
| rowspan="11" |Hindi
|
|-
|''[[The Past (2018 film)|The Past]]''
|Guruji
|
|-
| rowspan="14" |2019
|''[[22 Yards]]''
|Ravi Khanna
|
|-
|''[[The Tashkent Files]]''
|Omkar Kashyap
|
|-
|''[[India's Most Wanted (film)|India's Most Wanted]]'' || Rajesh Singh ||
|-
|''[[Nakkash]]''
|Senior Inspector
|
|-
|''[[One Day: Justice Delivered]]''
|Pankaj Singh
|
|-
|''[[Super 30 (film)|Super 30]]''
|Bachchi
|
|-
|''[[Kissebaaz]]''
|D. D. Shukla
|
|-
|''[[Batla House]]''
|Shailesh Arya
|
|-
|''[[Mardaani 2]]''
|Amit Sharma
|
|-
|''[[Purba Paschim Dakshin]]''
|Panditji
|Bengali
|
|-
|''[[Jhootha Kahin Ka]]''
|Goga (Varun's maternal uncle)
| rowspan="9" |Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Dream Girl (2019 film)|Dream Girl]]''
|Mauji (W Ji)
|
|-
|''[[Dabangg 3]]''
|Minister S. S. Sharma
|
|-
|''[[Pati Patni Aur Woh (2019 film)|Pati Patni Aur Woh]]''
|Prem Tripathi
|
|-
|2020
|''[[Laxmii]]''
|Sachin Rajput
|[[Disney Plus Hotstar]] film
|-
| rowspan="3" |2021
|''[[Kya Meri Sonam Gupta Bewafa Hai?]]''
|Travel Agent
|[[Zee5]] film
|-
|''[[Bhavai (film)|Bhavai]]''
|Bajrangi
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/scam-1992-star-pratik-gandhi-upcoming-raavan-leela-to-release-in-cinemas-on-oct-1-728690|title='Scam 1992' star Pratik Gandhi's upcoming 'Raavan Leela' to release in cinemas on Oct 1|date=24 August 2021 |work= India TV News |access-date=14 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[Dybbuk (film)|''Dybbuk'']]
|Ezra's Dad
|[[Amazon Prime Video]] film
|-
|rowspan=5|2022
| ''[[Mere Desh Ki Dharti (film)|Mere Desh Ki Dharti]]''
| Kishanlal
|
|-
| ''[[Bhool Bhulaiyaa 2]]''
| Kulwant Thakur: Reet's uncle
| rowspan="9" | Hindi
|
|-
| ''[[Ramrajya (2022 film)|Ramrajya]]''
| M. P. Shukla
|
|-
| ''[[Tadka (film)|Tadka]]''
| Bavarchi (cook)
| [[ZEE5]] film
|-
| ''[[Darlings (film)|Darlings]]''
|Kaseem
|[[Netflix]] film
|-
| rowspan="5" |2023
|''[[Mrs Undercover]]''
|Chief Rangeela
| rowspan="2" |[[Zee5]] film
|-
| ''[[U-Turn (2023 film)|U-Turn]]''{{cn|date=November 2024}}
|HSP Saxena
|-
|''[[Chatrapathi (2023 film)|Chatrapathi]]''
|Kanthilal
|
|-
|''[[Minus 31: The Nagpur Files]]''
| Anupam Sharma
|
|-
|''[[Mission Raniganj]]''
| Govardhan Roy (MLA)
|
|-
| rowspan="10" |2024
|''[[Dard (2024 film)|Dard]]''
|Film Producer Shawkat
|Bengali, Hindi
| Multilingual film; [[Indo-Bangladesh joint production|India Bangladesh joint venture]]; [[Pan-Indian film]]
|-
|''[[Tauba Tera Jalwa]]''
|Professor
| rowspan="12" |Hindi
|{{cn|date=November 2024}}
|-
|''[[Aakhir Palaayan Kab Tak]]''
|Sunil
|
|-
|''IRah''
|Dhananjay
|
|-
|''[[Crew (film)|Crew]]''
|Prithviraj Mittal
|
|-
|''[[Wild Wild Punjab]]''
|SHO Avtar Singh
|
|-
|''[[Pad Gaye Pange]]''
|Shastri
|
|-
|''[[Navras Katha Collage]]''
|superstar
|
|-
|''[[Kahan Shuru Kahan Khatam]]''
|Sumer Singh Chaudhary
|
|-
|''[[Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3]]''
|Meera's uncle
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2025 || ''[[Mission Grey House]]'' ||Yashpal Singh ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ianslive |url=https://ianslive.in/mission-grey-house-first-look-promises-a-gripping-thriller--20241202145411 |access-date=8 December 2024 |website=ianslive.in |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Badass Ravi Kumar]]'' || Jagarwar Choudhary ||
|-
| rowspan="1" | 2026 || {{Pending film|[[Bhooth Bangla]]}} || {{TableTBA}} ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 March 2025 |last=Arya |first=Bhawna |title=Bhooth Bangla Star Rajesh Sharma Breaks Silence Over Ongoing Bollywood vs South Row: It’s All About Money - EXCLUSIVE |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/bhooth-bangla-star-rajesh-sharma-breaks-silence-over-ongoing-bollywood-vs-south-row-its-all-about-money-exclusive-article-119350600 |work=[[Zoom (Indian TV channel)|Zoom]] |access-date=31 January 2026}}</ref>
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Language
!Platform
!Notes
|-
|2018
|''[[Life Sahi Hai]]''
| Maid agency owner
|Hindi
|rowspan=2|[[ZEE5]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 June 2016|title=Watch: Luv Ranjan's web series Life Sahi Hai's first episode hits the internet waves|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/100616/watch-luv-ranjan-s-web-series-life-sahi-hai-s-hits-the-internet-waves.html|access-date=1 December 2020|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=3|2020
|''Kark Rogue''
|Ravikant Agarwal
|Bengali, Hindi
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kark Rogue: Zee5's new medical thriller|url=https://theenvoyweb.com/news/kark-rogue-zee5s-new-medical-thriller/|access-date=9 July 2021|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Paatal Lok]]''
| Tycoon Gwala Gurjer
|Hindi
|[[Amazon Prime Video]]
|
|-
|''[[JL50]]''
|Gaurango
|Hindi
|[[Sony LIV]]
|
|-
|rowspan=2|2021
|''[[Matsya Kaand]]''
|Soori
|Hindi
|[[MX Player]]
|
|-
|[[Ray (series)|''Ray'']]
|Suresh Sharma
|Hindi
|[[Netflix]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|Online 24x7 Web Series|''Online 24x7''
|Mr. Patel
|Hindi
|
|
|-
|''Amit Bhadana LL.B''
|Advocate Mehta
|Hindi
|[[YouTube]]
|
|-
|2023
|''[[NH6 (web series)|NH6]]''
| Inspector
|Bengali
|[[Klikk]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Jon Halder's new web series 'NH6' features Rajesh Sharma |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/entertainment/jon-halders-new-web-series-nh6-features-rajesh-sharma |website=BruTimes |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|0788903}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Rajesh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Bengali cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:National School of Drama alumni]]
[[Category:Male actors from Ludhiana]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:1950 births]]

Lal Salam (1990 film)

2026-03-13T14:37:20Z

BrigitteHosking: minor cleanup

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Lal Salam
| image = Lal Salam.jpg
| alt =
| caption = VCD cover poster
| director = [[Venu Nagavalli]]
| producer = K. R. G.
| story = cheriyan kalpakavadi| screenplay = Venu Nagavalli
| narrator =
| starring = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Mohanlal]]|[[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]]|[[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]]|[[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]]|[[Jagathy Srikumar]]|[[Nedumudi Venu]]|[[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]]|[[Zainuddin (actor)|Zainuddin]]|[[Lalu Alex]]|[[Sukumari]]|[[Vineeth]]|[[Ashokan (actor)|Ashokan]]|[[Vijayaraghavan]]}}
| music = '''Score:''' C.Rajamani '''Songs''' [[Raveendran]]
| cinematography = [[K. P. Nambiathiri]]
| editing = N. Gopalakrishnan
| studio =
| distributor = [[K. R. Gangadharan|K. R. G. Release]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1990|12|21}}
| runtime = 147 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Lal Salam''''' is a 1990 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[political drama]] film directed by [[Venu Nagavalli]] and produced under the banner [[K. R. Gangadharan|K. R. G. Release]]. It stars [[Mohanlal]], [[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]], [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]], and [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]]. This movie was a blockbuster, running in seven centres for more than 150 days.<ref>{{cite news |author=Staff Reporter |last2=Reporter? |first2=Staff |title=Thomas Kuruvila takes a cue from reel life |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/taking-a-cue-from-reel-life/article33207359.ece |access-date=27 January 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=29 November 2020 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Comrades in Malayalam cinema |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/comrades-in-malayalam-cinema-imagegallery-malayalam-rdwmAefegjefa.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322204211/http://www.sify.com/movies/comrades-in-malayalam-cinema-imagegallery-malayalam-rdwmAefegjefa.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 March 2017 |access-date=27 January 2021 |work=Sify |language=en}}</ref>

The story revolves around two phases of the lives of three comrades - before and after the imprisonment of Sakhavu Stephen Nettooran (Mohanlal- inspired from [[P. V. Varghese Vaidyar|Varghese Vaidyan]]), Sakhavu D.K. Antony (Murali- inspired from [[T. V. Thomas]]) and Sakhavu Sethulakshmi (Geetha- inspired from [[K. R. Gowri Amma]]) - members of the [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI).

== Plot ==

The plot revolves around the early days of the Communist Party in Kerala. Three Comrades, Stephen Nettoor, D.K. Antony and Sethulakshmi work tirelessly to empower the daily wage labourers and other proletarians of their village, to end the reign of feudal landlords, in the days when Communism was illegal to practice. Sethu and Antony are in love with each other, as are Nettooran and Annamma, the daughter of Medayil Ittichan, the landlord whose press Nettooran runs, as his day job.

During a farmers' uprising, a landlord is killed and the blame is assigned on the three leaders of the party. The three go into hiding, while various atrocities are committed by the State Police under the pretence of trying to find them. Sethulakshmi is arrested. Grieved by these events, Nettooran and D.K. surrender. The three are convicted and sent to jail.

Upon their release, Sethu, D.K. and Nettooran are welcomed as heroes by the Party cadre. During their imprisonment, the Party has grown popular and has become a substantial political power. With the election for the State Legislative Assembly looming, Sethu and D.K are unanimously chosen as Party candidates, supported by Nettooran and other Party members. The party wins the State elections through a landslide victory and Sethu is chosen Home minister and D.K. finance minister.

Meanwhile, a pregnant Annamma is hospitalized with a pregnancy related complication. Nettooran, having devoted his time and energy for the party, is unable to purchase medication for Annamma. A desperate Nettooran goes to Father Felix, a central figure in the community. Father Felix lends him {{INR|50}} and Nettooran pays for Annamma's medication. Shaken by the realization that he is financially incapable of leading his family, Nettooran goes to his friend Unnithan for advice. Unnithan advises him to set up a business. Fazed by the conflict of his principle ideology, and his living situation, Nettooran goes to Potty, who advises him to take a sabbatical from the party for a few years, in order to set up his business.
After taking a leave for five years and resigning from the present state committee membership from the party, Nettooran starts contract works business. Through his tireless work and dedication he becomes a wealthy businessman.

Meanwhile, D.K. and Sethulakshmi who are still ministers have a conflict in their family life. The illicit relationship that D.K. had with Stella is exposed to Sethulakshmi and she protests. The film ends with D.K.'s death, and Nettooran saluting his grave.

== Cast ==
* [[Mohanlal]] as [[P. V. Varghese Vaidyar|Nettoor Stephen]] (Nettooran): Mohanlal plays the title character of Nettooran, a Communist Party activist turned wealthy industrialist. Nettooran marries Annakkutti, who is the only daughter Medayil Ittichan, an elite Christian landlord.
* [[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]] as [[T. V. Thomas|D.K. Antony]]: Murali portrays Sakhavu (Comrade) D.K. Antony, Nettooran's close friend and confidante, who is the son of a lawyer, but becomes a Communist Party activist alongside Nettooran and Sethulakshmi. He later becomes the industries minister in the state legislative assembly, in the first elected Communist government. He is married to Sethulakshmi, but has a child in his one-night relationship with Stella.
* [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]] as [[K. R. Gowri Amma|Sethulakshmi]]: Geetha plays Sakhavu Sethulakshmi, an early day party activist, who, along with Nettooran and D.K, formed the most powerful trinity among party activists. She falls in love with and marries D.K., and later becomes the Home Minister of the State.
* [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] as Annakkutty: Annakkutty is Nettooran's wife. She elopes with Nettooran from her well off family against their wish.
* [[Rekha (Tamil actress)|Rekha]] as Stella: Stella is tragic character, who has an illegitimate child from her brief relationship with Sakhavu D.K.
* [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]] as Medayil Ittichan: Veteran actor Madhu portrays Ittichan, a rich landlord, under whom Nettooran was employed, running his press. Ittichan disowns his daughter Annakkutty, evidently not wholeheartedly, when she elopes with Nettooran.
* [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as Unnithan: Unnithan is a trusty assistant to Nettooran, and was a Party activist along with Nettooran and D.K. in the early days.
* [[Nedumudi Venu]] as Father Felix: Father Felix is the priest in charge of the congregation to which the Medayil family belongs to. He marries Annakkutty and Nettooran, ignoring protests from his flock.
* [[Karamana Janardanan Nair]] as [[E. M. S. Namboodiripad|Janardanan Potty]]: Potty is a senior Party leader, who goes on to become the Chief Minister of the first Communist government of Kerala.
* [[Lalu Alex]] as Medayil Avaran Kutty: Avaran Kutty is Annakkutty's short tempered older brother, who despises Nettooran, whose relationship with his sister he opposed vehemently.
* [[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]] as Kannan Muthalali: Kannan Muthalali is a shrewd businessman who pretends to be a well-wisher of the Party, expecting business returns.
* [[Vineeth]] as Medayil Josekutty
* [[Vijayaraghavan (actor)|Vijayaraghavan]] as Medayil Kariyakutty
* [[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]] as Thirumulpad
* [[Zainuddin (actor)|Zainuddin]] as Ayyappan Thampi
* [[Ashokan (actor)|Ashokan]] as Madhavan, a minor antagonist who dislikes Nettooran
* [[K. P. A. C. Sunny]]
* [[Sukumari]] as Chettathi
* [[Kuthiravattam Pappu]] as Noor
* [[Rajan P. Dev]] as Idiyan Karthavu
* Nimmi Paul

== Music ==
The film's score was composed by C. Rajamani while the 4 songs featured in the film were composed by [[Raveendran]] with Lyrics by [[O. N. V. Kurup]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1
| "Aadi Druthapada Thaalam"
| [[K. J. Yesudas]]
|-
| 2
| "Aaro Porunnen Koode"
| [[M. G. Sreekumar]], [[Sujatha Mohan]], [[Raveendran]]
|-
| 3
| "Lalsalam"
| [[K. J. Yesudas]]
|-
| 4
| "Saandramaam Mounathin"
| [[K. J. Yesudas]]
|}

==Prequel==
''[[Rakthasakshikal Sindabad]]'' (1998) is a prequel to this film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/film/malayalam-lal-salam-thomas-gowri|title=Rewinding to the Times When Malayalam Cult Film 'Lal Salam' Swayed the Masses|work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]|first=Anand|last=Kochukudy|date=23 December 2020}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=0275465|title=Lal Salam}}
* https://web.archive.org/web/20120609121453/http://popcorn.oneindia.in/title/6210/lal-salam.html
* [http://movieraga.indulekha.com/2012/08/03/lal-salam/ ReLook: Lal Salam] at Movieraga.com

[[Category:1990 films]]
[[Category:1990 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian political films]]
[[Category:Films about communism]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kollam]]
[[Category:Films shot in Alappuzha]]
[[Category:Films directed by Venu Nagavally]]

Meena Ganesh

2026-03-13T05:30:01Z

BrigitteHosking: put up first entry basic info

{{Short description|Indian film actress (1942–2024)}}
{{more citations needed|date=November 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Meena Ganesh
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1942|07|15}}
| birth_place = [[Palakkad]], [[Madras Presidency|Madras Province]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2024|12|19|1942|07|15}}
| death_place = [[Shoranur]], [[Palakkad district]], [[Kerala]], India
| occupation = Actress
}}

'''Meena Ganesh''' (15 July 1942 – 19 December 2024) was an Indian theatre artist and actress who acted mostly in Malayalam film.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thirtysixmm.com/36mm/celebrity/meena-ganesh | title=大象香煮伊在人线国产75（中国）有限公司 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/malayalam-actor-meena-ganesh-dies-at-81-in-kerala-stmp-2652100-2024-12-19 |title=Malayalam actor Meena Ganesh dies at 81 in Kerala|publisher=India Today}}</ref> As a theatre artist, she has won many awards, including the Guru Pooja Award from the [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Academy]].

== Biography ==
Born in Kallekulangara, Palakkad, in 1942, Meena is the second of three daughters of Pallath Lakshmi Amma and Pullanikattu Kesavan Nair, who was a Tamil actor.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-12-19 |title=Veteran Malayalam actor Meena Ganesh dies |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/veteran-malayalam-actor-meena-ganesh-dies/article69003594.ece |access-date=2024-12-20 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Later she moved to Chuduvalathur, Shoranur, Maithrinagar.<ref name=":1" />

Meena died from a stroke in [[Shoranur]], [[Palakkad district]], [[Kerala]], on 19 December 2024, at the age of 82.<ref>{{cite news |title=Renowned Malayalam actress Meena Ganesh passes away |url=https://madhyamamonline.com/entertainment/renowned-malayalam-actress-meena-ganesh-passes-away-1361658 |access-date=19 December 2024 |publisher=Madhyamam Online |date=19 December 2024}}</ref>

===Personal life===
Her husband was the late A.N. Ganesh, a playwright, actor and director.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-12-19 |title=Malayalam actress Meena Ganesh passes away at 82 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/malayalam-actress-meena-ganesh-passes-away-at-82/articleshow/116456734.cms |access-date=2024-12-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> Her acquaintance with the theater industry led to her marriage to Ganesh.<ref name=":0" /> They had two children, including television serial director Manoj.<ref name=":1" />

== Career ==
Meena Ganesh entered the acting field at the age of nineteen through theatre.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=vipinvk |title=സിനിമ,സീരിയൽതാരം മീനഗണേഷ് അന്തരിച്ചു |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/actress-meena-ganesh-passed-away-sopyxt |access-date=2024-12-20 |website=Asianet News Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref> In the theatre field, she had worked in plays of various theatre companies in Kerala including SL Puram Surya Soma, Kayamkulam Kerala Theatres, and Thrissur Chinmayi.<ref name=":0" /> Meena had appeared on stage in over three hundred different roles in different professional and amateur plays and had also acted in around two hundred films and 25 television serials.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-12-19 |title=നടി മീന ഗണേഷ് അന്തരിച്ചു |url=https://newspaper.mathrubhumi.com/palakkad/news/palakkad-1.10180558 |access-date=2024-12-20 |website=[[Mathrubhumi]] |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Veteran Malayalam film actress Meena Ganesh no more |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/kerala/veteran-malayalam-film-actress-meena-ganesh-no-more-3324558 |access-date=2024-12-20 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> She also given voice for many radio dramas broadcast by [[All India Radio]]'s Kozhikode and Thrissur stations.<ref name=":1" />

Meena Ganesh made her film debut with a small role in the 1976 film ''Manimuzhakam''.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=ആദ്യം ശ്രദ്ധിക്കപ്പെട്ടതു പാത്തുമ്മ, പിന്നെ നിഷ്കളങ്കരായ അമ്മമാർ; മീനാ ഗണേഷ് അനശ്വരമാക്കിയ അമ്മവേഷങ്ങൾ ഒട്ടേറെ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/palakkad/2024/12/20/meena-ganesh-malayalam-actress-film-career.html |access-date=2024-12-20 |website=Manorama online | publisher=[[Malayala Manorama]] |language=ml}}</ref> She became active in the Malayalam film industry after she played the role of Pathumma in the 1991 film ''Mukhachitram''.<ref name=":2" />

Meena Ganesh, who moved to Shoranur after her marriage, had started a drama society in Shoranur called Pournami Kalamandir.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ചിരിപ്പിക്കുകയും കരയിപ്പിക്കുകയും ചെയ്ത പ്രിയതാരം; മീന ഗണേഷ് അന്തരിച്ചു |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/celebrity-news/life-story-of-actress-meena-ganesh-who-passed-away/articleshow/116455668.cms |access-date=2024-12-20 |website=Samayam Malayalam |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |language=ml}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

===Malayalam===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role
|-
| 1976 || ''[[Manimuzhakkam]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1983 || ''[[Mandanmmar Londanil]]'' ||
|-
| ''Prasnam Gurutharam'' || Astrologer
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1986 || ''[[Bhagavan]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Nakhakshathangal]]'' ||
|-
| 1991 || ''[[Mukha Chithram]]'' || Seller
|-
| rowspan="6" | 1992 || ''[[Thalayanamanthram]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Utsavamelam]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Valayam]]'' || Ravi's mother
|-
| ''[[Ponnaramthoottathe Raajaavu]]'' || Maluvamma
|-
| ''[[Snehasagaram]]'' || Kunjammuma
|-
| ''[[Mukha Chithram]]'' || Pathumma
|-
| rowspan="6" | 1993 || ''[[Golantharavartha]]'' || Sharadha
|-
| ''[[Bhoomigeetham]]'' || Student's mother
|-
| ''[[Saakshaal Sreemaan Chaathunni]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Venkalam]]'' ||
|-
| ''Manichithrathazhu'' ||
|-
| ''[[Pidakkozhi Koovunna Noottandu]]''||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1994 || ''[[Pingami]]''|| Kuttyhasan's mother
|-
| ''[[Santhanagopalam]]'' || Adiyodi's wife
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1995 || ''[[Achan Kombathu Amma Varampathu]]'' || Maya's mother
|-
| ''[[Avittam Thirunaal Aarogya Sriman]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Kakkakum Poochakkum Kalyanam]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Sindoora Rekha]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="7" | 1996 || ''[[Harbour]]'' ||Kaalithalla
|-
| ''[[Kudumbakodathi]]'' ||Guntur Parvathy's mother
|-
| ''[[Kazhakam]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Ee Puzhayum Kadannu]]'' || Devaki
|-
| ''[[Udhyanapalakan]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Kanakkinavu]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Kalyana Sougandhikam (1996 film)|Kalyana Sougandhikam]]'' || Murukeshan's wife
|-
| rowspan="8" | 1997 || ''[[Kaliyoonjal]]'' || Vellachi
|-
| ''[[Asuravamsam]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Manasam]]'' ||
|-
| ''Siamese Irattakal'' || Preman - Dasan's mother
|-
| ''Ikkareyanente Manasam'' ||
|-
| ''[[Rishyasringan]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Kudamattam|Kudamttam]]'' ||
|-
| ''Shobhanam'' || Siddique's umma
|-
| rowspan="7" | 1998 || ''[[Panchaloham]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Sreekrishnapurathe Nakshathrathilakkam]]'' || Kausalya's mother
|-
| ''[[Meenathil Thalikettu]]'' || Janu
|-
| ''[[Rakthasakshikal Sindabad]]'' || Kuttathi's mother
|-
| ''[[Daya (film)|Daya]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Thirakalkkappuram]]'' || Pottiyamma
|-
| ''[[Manjukalavum Kazhinju]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1999 || ''[[Vasanthiyum Lakshmiyum Pinne Njaanum]]'' || Ramu's mother
|-
| ''[[My Dear Karadi]]'' || Manikuttan's mother
|-
| ''[[Sparsham]]'' || Bhargaviyamma
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2000|| ''Valliettan'' || Chathunni's wife
|-
| ''Shayanam'' ||
|-
| ''Dada Sahib'' ||
|-
| ''Aanamuttathe Aangalamar'' ||
|-
| ''Kannadikadavathu'' || Katha
|-
| ''Punaradhivasam'' ||
|-
| rowspan="8" | 2001 || ''Bhadra'' || Jayadevan's grandmother
|-
| ''[[Mazhamegha Pravukal]]'' || Bhairavi
|-
| ''[[Chithrathoonukal]]'' ||
|-
| ''Aaram Jaalakam'' ||
|-
| ''Vezhambal'' ||
|-
| ''House Owner '' ||
|-
| ''[[Ee Nadu Innale Vare]]'' || Nabeesumma
|-
| ''[[Karumadikuttan]]'' || Maathu Ettathi
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2002|| ''Meesa Madhavan'' || Village lady/Umma
|-
| ''Nandanam'' || Karthyayani Amma
|-
| ''[[Uthara]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Valkannadi]]'' || Padmini
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2003 || ''[[Mizhi Randilum]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[War and Love (2003 film)|War and Love]]'' || Basheer's mother
|-
| ''[[Sadanandante Samayam]]'' || Naniyamma
|-
| ''[[Kaliyodam (2003 film)|Kaliyodam]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[CI Mahadevan 5 Adi 4 Inchu]]'' || Mahadevan's mother
|-
| ''[[Ammakkilikoodu]]'' || Inmate
|-
| 2004 || ''Freedom'' || Umma
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2005 || ''[[OK Chacko Cochin Mumbai]]'' || Karthayani
|-
| ''[[Hai (2005 film)|Hai]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Naran (film)|Naran]]'' || Umma
|-
| ''[[Nomparam]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Manikyan]]'' || Manikyan's mother
|-
| ''[[Chandrolsavam]]'' || Madhavi
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Jayam (2006 film)|Jayam]]'' ||
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Sooryakireedam]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2008 || ''[[Mulla (film)|Mulla]]'' || Pilgrim
|-
| ''Thavalam'' || Nabeesumma
|-
| ''Mohitham'' ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2009 || ''[[Samastha Keralam PO]]'' || Narayani
|-
| ''[[Black Dhaliya]]'' || Servant
|-
| ''[[Swantham Bharya Zindabadh]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Ividam Swargamanu]]'' ||Tea Shopper
|-
| ''[[Sanmanassullavan Appukuttan]]'' || Gopalan's mother
|-
| 2010 || ''Nandhuni'' || Naniyamma
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Manushyamrugam]]'' ||Vasu's mother
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2012 || ''[[Orange (2012 film)|Orange]]'' || Saritha's step mother
|-
| ''[[Doctor Innocent Aanu]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Ezham Suryan]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Nuzrat]]'' ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Celluloid (film)|Celluloid]]'' || Actress
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Onnum Mindathe]]'' || Jose's mother
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2015 || ''[[Ithinumappuram]]'' || Thanka
|-
| ''[[Mariyam Mukku]]'' || Mariyamma
|-
| ''[[The Reporter (film)|The Reporter]]'' || Tea Stall owner
|-
| ''[[Saigal Padukayanu]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Nee-Na]]'' || Thresiakutty
|-
| ''Kotharan Oru Malayala Cinema'' ||
|-
| 2016 || ''Pathirakkattu'' ||
|-2024 || ''kishkinda kandam'' ||
|}

== TV serials==
* Geethanjali
* Devaragam
* Snehatheeram
* Velankani Mathavu
* Ramayanam
* Calcutta Hospital
* Ettu Sundarikalum Njanum
* Mangalyam
* AL THWALAQ
* Kalyanaveeran
* Karunyam
* Vayalkilikal
* Sthree
*''[[Minnukettu]]''
* Aa Amma

== Television shows==
* Sreekandan Nair Show

==Awards and honors==
She has won many awards, including the Guru Pooja Award from the [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Academy]].<ref name=":1" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0304267}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ganesh, Meena}}
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:People from Palakkad]]

Gajapati Empire

2026-03-11T21:40:25Z

BrigitteHosking: small edit

{{Short description|Medieval Indian empire (1434–1541)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox country
| native_name = 
| conventional_long_name = Gajapati Empire
| common_name = Gajapatis
| era = [[Medieval India]]
| status = Empire
| event_start =
| year_start = 1434
| event1 = [[Battle of Devarakonda]]
| date_event1 = 1458
| event2 = [[Gajapati invasion of Bidar]]
| date_event2 = 1461
| event_end =
| year_end = 1541
| p1 = Eastern Ganga dynasty
| s1 = Bhoi dynasty
| s2 = Golconda Sultanate
| s3 = Bengal Sultanate
| today = [[India]]
| image_flag =
| flag_type =
| image_coat =
| image_map = Map of Gajapatis (1).png
| image_map_alt = Map of Gajapatis (1).png
| image_map_caption = Greatest extent of the Gajapati Empire.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=148, map XIV.4 (c) |isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=186 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |access-date=25 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225003445/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=186 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| map_width =
| capital = [[Cuttack|Kataka]]
| common_languages = {{plainlist|
*[[Odia language|Odia]] (court language, literature)<ref>{{cite book |last=Tripathī |first=Kunjabihari |title=The Evolution of Oriya Language and Script |publisher=Utkal University |year=1962 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b8MKAQAAIAAJ |page=19 |access-date=21 March 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Mansinha |first=Mayadhar |title=History of Oriya Literature |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |year=1962 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gwFIAAAAMAAJ&q=mayadhar%20mansingh%20history%20of%20odia%20literature |page=50 |access-date=21 March 2021 }}</ref>
*[[Sanskrit]] (religious)<ref>{{cite web | url=http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2011/Feb-Mar/engpdf/55-59.pdf | title=Classicism of Odia Language | work=Orissa Review | first=G. K. | last=Srichandan | page=54 | date=February–March 2011 | access-date=28 June 2019 | archive-date=11 December 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211054116/http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2011/Feb-Mar/engpdf/55-59.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>
*[[Languages of South Asia|Other Indian languages]]}}
| religion = [[Hinduism]] [[Vaishnavism]]
| government_type = Monarchy
| area_km2 =
| leader1 = [[Kapilendra Deva]]
| year_leader1 = 1434–67
| leader2 = [[Purushottama Deva]]
| year_leader2 = 1467–97
| leader3 = [[Hamvira Deva]]
| year_leader3 = 1472–76
| leader4 = [[Prataprudra Deva]]
| year_leader4 = 1497–1540
| leader5 = Kalua Deva
| year_leader6 = 1541
| leader6 = Kakharua Deva
| year_leader5 = 1540–1541
| title_leader = [[Gajapati (title)|Gajapati]]
}}
The '''Gajapati Empire'''<ref name=":4">{{Citation |last=Mishra |first=Patit Paban |title=Eastern Ganga and Gajapati empires |date=2016 |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Empire |pages=1–4 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe402 |access-date=2025-02-21 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |language=en |doi=10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe402 |isbn=978-1-118-45507-4|url-access=subscription }}</ref> was a [[Medieval India|medieval]] powerful [[Hindu]] monarchy in the [[Indian subcontinent|Indian]] subcontinent, originally from the region of [[Odisha]] that reigned from c.1434 to 1541. At its peak, it ruled parts of modern-day [[West Bengal]] to [[Tiruchirappalli]] (modern-day [[Tamil Nadu]]).<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=R.C.Majumdar, A.D.Pusalker, A.K.Majumdar |url=https://archive.org/details/delhisultanate00bhar/page/366/mode/2up |title=The History and Culture of the Indian People, The Delhi Sultanate, Volume:-6 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |year=1967 |pages=366}}</ref>
It succeeded the [[Eastern Ganga dynasty|Eastern Gangas]] as the [[Gajapati (title)|Gajapati]] monarchs and was founded by [[Kapilendra Deva]] of [[Suryavamsa]] lineage after the death of the last ruler of [[Eastern Ganga]] king Bhanu Deva IV. Gajapatis were great patrons of art, architecture and literature which during their time flourished and witnessed tremendous growth, they ruled over a vast stretch of land and had continuous rivalry with the [[Vijayanagara Empire]].<ref name=":4" /> Their capital was [[Cuttack|Kataka]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=bhuyan |first=annapurna |date=1999 |title=Kapilendra Deva and his times |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/jspui/bitstream/10603/227677/9/09_chapter%203.pdf |access-date=30 June 2021 |website=www.shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in |publisher=Utkal University |pages=31}}</ref>

The '''Gajapati kings''' patronized [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavite Hinduism]] and were ardent devotees of the [[Vishnu|God Vishnu]]. They also commissioned many temples dedicated to the [[Vishnu|God Vishnu]].<ref name=":3">{{cite book|title=Life in Medieval Northern Andhra: Based on the Inscriptions from the Temples of Mukhalingam, Srikurmam, and Simhachalam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cdq1AAAAIAAJ|page=81|author=B. Hemalatha|year=1991|publisher=Navrang Publishing|isbn = 9788170130864|quote=The study of Gajapati temples reveals that they patronized Vaishnavism . Purushottama Gajapati called himself Parama - Vaishnava in an undated inscription found at Draksharama.}}</ref> They established the Jagannath cult over kalinga.
{{HistoryOfSouthAsia}}

== Etymology ==
In [[Odia language|Odia]], "Gaja" means elephant and "Pati" means ''master'' or ''husband''. As such, [[Gajapati (title)|Gajapati]] etymologically means ''a king with an army of elephants'' or ''master of elephants''. Gajapati was one of the four titles adopted by kings who ruled in pre-colonial era India, the others being Narapati (e.g. [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara emperors]]), Aswapati (e.g. the [[Bahmani Kingdom|Bahmani sultans]]), and [[Chhatrapati]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bal |first1=Ashok Kumar |title=Gajapati: a king without a kingdom |last2=Singh |first2=Karan |date=2022 |publisher=Konark Publishers Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-81-949286-2-1 |location=New Delhi}}</ref>

[[File:Konark Sun Temple - IRCTC 2017 (11).jpg|thumb|centre|350px|[[Narasingha Deva I]] was the first king of Kalinga to use the title of [[Gajapati (title)|Gajapati]] (''Lord of the elephants'') which would become the imperial title of the ruling monarchs of Trikalinga and its later manifestation as the region of Odradesha. The title was first used in the 1246 CE inscription at [[Kapilash Temple]].]]

==History==
The region known as Kalinga (present-day Odisha) was ruled by the [[Eastern Ganga Dynasty|Eastern Gangas]].The early Eastern Gangas ruled from Kalinga-nagara (currently Mukhalingam near [[Srikakulam]], Andhra Pradesh). They shifted their capital to Cuttack in the 13th century. The Hindu philosopher [[Ramanujacharya]] had a great influence on the Raja Choda Ganga Deva, who renovated the temple at [[Puri]]. [[Narasingha Deva I]] built the [[Konark Sun Temple|Sun Temple]] at [[Konark]] and [[Varaha Lakshmi Narasimha temple, Simhachalam]] at [[Visakhapatnam]]. The Gangas were succeeded by the Gajapati monarchs. Two copper plates of the early Pallava dynasty have been found in the Kolleru Lake, traced to Gajapati Langula Narasimha Deva, an Oriya ruler (Odia Raja). According to legend, the Gajapati fort was located at Kolleti Kota on one of the eastern islands of the lake, which protected the [[Odia people|Odia]] forces. The enemy general encamped at Chiguru Kota located on the shores and tried to excavate a channel in the modern-day Upputeru, so that the water of the lake would empty into the sea and allow an attack on the Gajapati fort.<ref name=":2" />

The Gajapatis at the height of their power in the 15th century, ruled over an empire extending from the [[Ganges]] in the north near [[Hooghly district|Hoogly]] to the [[Kaveri]] in the south under Emperor [[Kapilendra Deva]].<ref name=":0">{{cite book |editor1-last=Majumdar |editor1-first=Ramesh Chandra |editor1-link=R. C. Majumdar |editor2-last=Pusalker |editor2-first=A. D. |editor3-last=Majumdar |editor3-first=A. K. |date=1960 |url=https://archive.org/details/delhisultanate00bhar/page/364/mode/2up |title=The History and Culture of the Indian People Volume=VI: The Delhi Sultanate |location=Bombay |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |page=365|access-date=11 March 2021}}</ref> But by the early 16th century, the Gajapatis lost great portions of their southern dominion to the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] and the [[Qutb Shahi Dynasty|Golconda Sultanate]].<ref name="Sastri 1976 p.">{{cite book | last=Sastri | first=K.A.N. | title=A History of South India from Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar | publisher=Oxford University Press | series=Oxford India paperbacks | year=1976 | isbn=978-0-19-560686-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjxuAAAAMAAJ | access-date=2021-09-24 | page=255}}</ref>

This period was marked by the influence of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] and by the expansion of [[Jagannath temple]] across the length and breadth of the empire. One of the causes of the reduction in militarism among the population has been attested to the Bhakti movement initiated by Sri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, who arrived in the empire during the reign of [[Prataparudra Deva|Emperor Prataparudra]] and stayed for 18 long years at [[Puri]].<ref name=":1">{{citation |title=Kshatriyaization and social change: A Study in Orissa setting |publisher=Popular Prakashan |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/83630303.pdf |author=Hermann Kulke |page=402 |quote="Suryavamsa...kings of the Suryavamsa(1435-1540)" |date=1976 |access-date=2 July 2021 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203426/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/83630303.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Emperor Prataparudra was highly influenced by the works of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu and gave up the military tradition of the Kalinga emperors.<ref name="Das 1989 p.">{{cite book | last=Das | first=H.C. | title=Sri Chaitanya in the Religious Life of India | publisher=Punthi Pustak | year=1989 | isbn=978-81-85094-22-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bLMcAAAAMAAJ | access-date=2021-09-24 | page=145}}</ref> He retired to the life of an ascetic leaving the future of the empire uncertain. [[Govinda Vidyadhara]] took the opportunity to assassinate the sons of the emperor and usurped the throne for himself.<ref name="Sastri 1976 p." />

==Gajapati military==
[[File:Gajapati Empire of Kapliendra Deva Routaray.jpg|thumb|Extent of Odisha under Kapilendra Deva{{sfn|Subrahmanyam|1957|pp=56-58}}]]
The records of the Suryavamsi Gajapatis gives a picture of their military administration which they had inherited from the Eastern Gangas rulers. The Gangas had a vast and well-organised military which was improved upon by [[Kapilendra Deva]]. The empire was built on the lines of a military state, with the protection of the state and its expansion being the responsibilities of the state and population. Militarism had penetrated into different ranks of the society and the Emperor had a large standing army which included a large number of soldiers and local-militants in the standing army. Besides the feudal tributary states of the Gajapatis also provided a stipulated number of soldiers at the time of war and had to fight for the Gajapati in the battle field.<ref name="military" >{{Cite web|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/191019/10/10_chapter%205.pdf|title=MILITARY SYSTEM UNDER THE SURYAVAMSI GAJAPATIS|website=www.shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in|access-date=10 October 2018}}</ref>

===Military titles===
Some of the military titles include:<ref name="military1" />

*Senapati, Champati, Routray, Sundaray, Paikaray (commander of the cavalry), Sahani (commander of elephant force), Dandapata, Dandasena, Paschimakavata, Uttarakavata (guardian of the marches), Samantray, Bidyadhara, Bhramarabara, Harichandana, Jagadeva, Mardaraja, Samantasimhara, Raya, Singha, Mansingha, Baliarsingha, Pahadasingha, Nayaka, Pattanayaka, Dandanayaka, Gadanayaka, Patra, Mohapatra, Behera, Dalabehera, Jena, Badajena, Pradhana, Samala, Routa, Khuntia, Parichha, Parija, Padhihari, Padhy, Dandapani

===Gajapati military divisions===
The Odia poet [[Sarala Das]] who lived during the reign of [[Kapilendra Deva]], has given descriptions about the military divisions in his Odia Mahabharata.<ref name="military1" >{{Cite web|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/191019/10/10_chapter%205.pdf|title=MILITARY SYSTEM UNDER THE SURYAVAMSI GAJAPATIS|website=www.shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in|pages=153, 154|access-date=10 October 2018}}</ref> The divisions mentioned are:

* '''Hantakaru Dala''': The first division of the army. It was in the forefront of the marching army and was responsible forward scouting, clearing jungles and marking roads for the army. It was equivalent to the engineering division of the modern armies of the world.
* '''Aguani Thata''': The advance units or the first in line to march or charge in the battle formations. The division marched ahead of the main army.
** ''Dhenkiya'': The attack groups
** ''Banua/Dhanuki'': The archers
** ''Cavalry''
* '''Pradhana Vala''': The main division of the army with maximum concentration of the soldiers.
** ''Dhenkiya'': Warriors wielding Sword and Shield. Forming the frontline of battalion.
** ''Banua'': Marksmen with poisoned arrow and composite bows with formidably accurate shots.
** ''Phadikara'': The fighters bearing mostly close combat weapons. They wore leather armor.
** ''Cavalry''
** ''Elephant Corps''
** ''Itakara'': Mainly used for motivating the army with war time music and dance with Ghumura. Carried with them various musical instruments and reported to the officer with the rank of Bahubalendra, in charge of non-combatants.
* '''Pachhiani Thata''': The fourth and the rear division guarding the flanks.
* '''Angavala''': The groups with the main bodyguards of the monarchs, other royalties, commander, military generals and officers.
* '''Paridhana''': The detachments with commanding officers and fort duty officers left in charge of the captured territory and forts. The rank of the officer involved in this division is Nayak or Gadanayak.
** ''Dhenkiya''
** ''Banua''
** ''Phadikara''
** ''Prahari'': The guards on duty and also serve as military police at home.

===Gajapati Infantry units===
The infantry units of the Gajapati military are as follows:<ref name="military1" />

* '''Dala''': Band of 27 [[Paika (community)|Paika]]s, mostly from the same locality and commanded by an officer with the rank of Dalabehera.
* '''Bhuiyan''': A platoon of 70 Paikas and commanded by an officer with the rank of Paikaray.
* '''Vahini''': A brigade consisting of multiple Bhuiyan platoons and commanded by an officer with the rank of Vahinipati.
* '''Chamu''': An entire regiment of the army consisting multiple Vahinis and commanded by an officer with the rank of Chamupati or Champati.

===Military instruments and weapons===
Musical instruments used to motivate soldiers during march and warfare. The names of musical instruments include ''Damalu, Damame, Tamaka, Bizighosa, Daundi, Ghumura, Bheri, Turi, Ranasingha'' etc. The names of weapons used by the Gajapati army are also mentioned like ''Dhanu, Trona, Sara, Asi, Parigha, Pattisa, Kunta, Jathi, Buruja, Saveli'' etc. Information with regards to breaking of gateways and walls of forts with the help of horses, elephants and iron instruments are also found in the same text.<ref name="military1" />

===Contemporary sources===
[[File:Udayagiri Fort (40).jpg|thumb|Udaygiri fort built during Kapilendradeva Reign.]]
Other contemporary sources also reveal details on characteristics of the Gajapati military. Muslim texts like ''Buhan-m-Mansir'' give accounts of the [[Kapilendra Deva|Emperor Kapilendra Deva]] having an [[elephantry]] numbering two hundred thousand. Such a large number of [[war elephants]] is highly unusual even when compared with any contemporary military of the existing kingdoms during the times of Kapilendra Deva himself, in India.<ref name="military" /> Nizzamuddin writes that the Gajapati encamped on the banks of the river [[Godavari]] with an infantry of seven hundred thousand. [[Fernão Nunes]], the Portuguese-Jewish traveler who spent three years at [[Vijayanagara]], the capital of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] estimates size of the army of [[Prataparudra Deva|Emperor Prataparudra]] to the extent of 13,000 elephants, 20,000 horses, while fighting against the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] and also notes that the Odia soldiers were excellent fighters. ''Rayavachakamu'' also gives interesting accounts about the feats and exercises practised by the Gajapati soldiers at their capital Cuttack.<ref name="military2" >{{Cite web|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/191019/10/10_chapter%205.pdf|title=MILITARY SYSTEM UNDER THE SURYAVAMSI GAJAPATIS|website=www.shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in|pages=155|access-date=10 October 2018}}</ref>

== List of rulers ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+List of Gajapati rulers<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=121–122}}</ref>
!Image
!Ruler
!Reign (CE)
!Notes
|-
|[[File:Gajapati Kapilendradeva.jpg|100px]]
|[[Kapilendra Deva]]
|1434–1467
|Founder and first ruler of dynasty
|-
|[[File:Purushottam Deva Return from Kanchi Expedition.jpg|100px]]
|[[Purushottama Deva]]
|1467–1497
|Second ruler of dynasty
|-
|[[File:Gajapati Prataprudra Deva.png|100px]]
|[[Prataparudra Deva]]
|1497–1540
|Third ruler of dynasty
|-
|
|Kalua Deva
|1540–1541
|Fourth ruler of dynasty
|-
|
|Kakharua Deva
|1541
|Fifth and last ruler of dynasty
|-
|}

== Family Tree ==
{{Chart top|width=100%|collapsed=yes|Suryavamsa dynasty}}

{{Tree chart/start|align=center|style=font-size:90%}}

{{Tree chart|border=1|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|A01='''[[Kapilendra Deva]]''' (1) r. {{circa}} 1434–1467|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700
}}

{{Tree chart|border=1|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
}}

{{Tree chart|border=1|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01| | | | | |A02| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|A01='''[[Purushottama Deva]]''' (2) r. {{circa}} 1467–1497|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700
|A02='''[[Hamvira Deva]]''' (2) r. {{circa}} 1472–1476
}}

{{Tree chart|border=1|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
}}

{{Tree chart|border=1|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01| | | | | |A02| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|A01='''[[Prataprudra Deva]]''' (3) r. {{circa}} 1497–1540|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700
|A02='''Kumara Kapileshwara Mahapatra''' (3)
}}

{{Tree chart|border=1|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
}}

{{Tree chart|border=1|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|A01='''Kalua Deva''' (3) r. {{circa}} 1540–1541|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700
}}

{{Tree chart|border=1|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
}}

{{Tree chart|border=1|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|A01='''Khakharua Deva''' (3) r. {{circa}} 1541|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700
}}

{{Tree chart/end}}

{{Chart bottom}}

== Culture ==
The Gajapatis are devout worshipper of [[Vishnu|Lord vishnu]] patronized [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavite Hinduism]] and expanded the [[Jagannath temple]] at [[Puri]]. The Jagannath temple became the center for an efflorescence of drama and dance ([[Odissi]]) and other forms of art during Gajapati rule.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sanskrit Poets and Scholars of Orissa |url=http://www.indiadivine.org/articles/232-sanskrit-poets-scholars-orissa.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120804040129/http://www.indiadivine.org/articles/232-sanskrit-poets-scholars-orissa.html |archive-date=2012-08-04 |access-date=2011-03-21}}</ref> During the rule of Kapilendra Deva construction of the [[Shaivite|Shaivite Hindu]] [[Kapilesvara Siva Temple|Kapilesvara Temple]] in [[Bhubaneswar]] is done. The Narendra tank in the [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Puri Jagannath temple]] premises was constructed by Kapilendra Deva where the [[Chandan Yatra]] festival of Lord Jagannath takes place.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />

The Gajapatis believed themselves as the servants of [[Lord Jagannath]] and start their mornings with their worship and blessings.<ref name=":0" />

== Legacy ==
During the reign of the Gajapatis, Odisha saw a great social, cultural, linguistic, religious, and artistic revival. Odia language was given importance. Odisha reached its zenith during the rule of the Gajapatis. The Gajapatis were great patrons of art and literature and built various famous temples.

By 1464, the Gajapati Empire was one of the most powerful empires in medieval India, especially under Kapilendra Deva who was the undisputed master of an empire stretching from the [[Ganges]] in the north to [[Tiruchirappalli]] in the south along the coast.<ref>{{Cite book |title=[[The History and Culture of the Indian People]] |date=1960 |editor-last=Majumdar |editor-first=RC |editor-link=R. C. Majumdar |volume=VI: The Delhi Sultanate |location=Bombay |pages=365–372 |editor-last2=Pusalker |editor-first2=A. D. |editor-last3=Majumdar |editor-first3=A.K.}}</ref>

Gajapatis were devout Vaishnavites and popularised worship of Jagannath throughout their kingdom.

=== Gallery ===
<gallery mode="packed" heights="160">
File:Deities enshrined in the Jagannath Temple.jpg|Deities enshrined in the [[Jagannath Temple]]
File:Meghanad wall.jpeg|Meghanada wall fortifications of the Puri [[Jagannath Temple]]
File:Narendra Tank, Puri, Odisha 1.JPG|Narendra Tank, Puri
File:Kurumbera Fort 2.jpg|Kurumbera Fort
File:Barabati durga Cuttack Barabati Fort Front-2.JPG|[[Barabati Fort]], Cuttack

File:Udayagiri Fort (3).jpg|Udayagiri Fort
File:Kapilesvara temple (6).jpg|Kapilesvara Temple
File:Monuments of ekamrakhetra.JPG|Temples of Ekamra Kshetra (Old Bhubaneswar)
File:Lingaraj Temple Inscription of Kapilendra Deva 1.png|Lingaraj Temple inscription of [[Kapilendra Deva]]
File:Oriya land grant.jpg|15th-century copper-plate grant of [[Purushottama Deva]]
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Eastern Ganga dynasty]]
* [[Pusapati|Poosapati]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Majumdar |editor1-first=Ramesh Chandra |editor1-link=R. C. Majumdar |editor2-last=Pusalker |editor2-first=A. D. |editor3-last=Majumdar |editor3-first=A. K. |date=1960 |title=[[The History and Culture of the Indian People]] |volume=VI: The Delhi Sultanate |location=Bombay |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |pages=365–372}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Subrahmanyam |editor1-first=R |date=1957 |title=The Sūryavaṁśi Gajapatis of Orissa |location=Waltair |publisher= Andhra University |oclc=613268261 }}

{{Odisha}}
{{Andhra Pradesh}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Coord|20|31|25|N|85|47|17|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Gajapati Empire| ]]
[[Category:Dynasties of medieval Andhra]]
[[Category:Dynasties of Odisha]]
[[Category:Hindu dynasties]]
[[Category:Culture of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Solar dynasty]]
[[Category:1434 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:15th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:1541 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1541]]

List of awards and nominations received by Puneeth Rajkumar

2026-03-10T20:26:00Z

BrigitteHosking: small reworked article per sources also and updated info

{{Short description|none}}
{{more citations needed|section|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox actor awards
|name = Puneeth Rajkumar

| caption = Puneeth in 2017
|wins = 21
|nominations = 32
|award4 = [[Filmfare Awards South]]
|award4W = 6
|award4N = 11
|award2 = [[Karnataka State Film Awards]]
|award2W = 4
|award2N = 4
|award1 = [[National Film Awards]]
|award1W = 1
|award1N = 1
|award3 = [[South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA]]
|award3W = 5
|award3N = 8
}}

[[Puneeth Rajkumar]] was an Indian film actor, playback singer and producer who worked in the Kannada film industry. He has been nominated for and won various awards throughout his career. On November 1, 2022, he was awarded [[Karnataka Ratna]] after his death.<ref>{{cite news |title=Puneeth Rajkumar to be honoured with Karnataka Ratna award: CM Bommai |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/puneeth-rajkumar-be-honoured-karnataka-ratna-award-cm-bommai-157679 |work=The News Minute |date=16 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref> On 22 March 2022, he was posthumously awarded an honorary doctorate from the [[University of Mysore]] at its 102nd convocation<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ashwini receives honorary doctorate on behalf of Puneeth Rajkumar from University of Mysore - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/ashwini-receives-honorary-doctorate-on-behalf-of-puneeth-rajkumar-from-university-of-mysore/articleshow/90369732.cms |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+ {{sronly|Awards and nominations received by Puneeth Rajkumar}}
|-
! scope="col" |Award
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Nominated work
! scope="col" |Category
! scope="col" |Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Reference heading}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Cinema Express Awards]]
| 2002
|''[[Appu (2002 film)|Appu]]''
|Best Actor – Kannada
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center" | <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2002/12/22/stories/2002122206330300.htm |title='Kannathil Muthamittal' bags 6 Cinema Express awards |access-date=5 February 2018 |archive-date=7 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607071034/http://www.hindu.com/2002/12/22/stories/2002122206330300.htm |website=[[The Hindu]] |date=22 December 2002 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="11" | [[Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[33rd Filmfare Awards South|1985]]
|''[[Bettada Hoovu]]''
|[[Filmfare Special Award - South|Filmfare Best Child Actor]]
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center" |
|-
|[[54th Filmfare Awards South|2007]]
|''[[Arasu (2007 film)|Arasu]]''
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Kannada|Best Actor]]
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center" |
|-
|[[59th Filmfare Awards South|2011]]
|''[[Hudugaru]]''
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Kannada|Best Actor]]
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center" |
|-
|[[60th Filmfare Awards South|2012]]
|''[[Anna Bond]]''
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Kannada|Best Actor]]
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center" |
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[62nd Filmfare Awards South|2014]]
|''[[Power (2014 Kannada film)|Power]]''
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Kannada|Best Actor]]
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center" |
|-
| "Guruvur Sange" from ''[[Power (2014 Kannada film)|Power***]]''
| Best Male Playback Singer
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center" |
|-
|[[63rd Filmfare Awards South|2015]]
|''[[Rana Vikrama]]''
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Kannada|Best Actor]]
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center" |
|-
|rowspan=2| [[64th Filmfare Awards South|2016]]
|''[[Doddmane Hudga]]''
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Kannada|Best Actor]]
|{{nom}}
|-
| "Jhanak Jhanak" from ''[[Run Antony]]''
| Best Male Playback Singer
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center" |
|-
|[[65th Filmfare Awards South|2017]]
|''[[Raajakumara]]''
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Kannada|Best Actor]]
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center" |
|-
|[[67th Filmfare Awards South|2022]]
|Contribution to Indian Cinema & Especially Kannada Cinema
|[[Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award - South]]
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center" |
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="4" | [[Karnataka State Film Awards]]
|1982-83
|''[[Chalisuva Modagalu]]''
|[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Child Actor (Male)|Best Child Actor]]
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center" | <ref name="The News Minute Everyone">{{cite news |title=Everyone's Appu: Recalling Puneeth Rajkumar's contributions to cinema |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/everyones-appu-recalling-puneeth-rajkumars-contributions-cinema-157077 |access-date=30 October 2021 |work=The News Minute |date=30 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|1983–84
|''[[Eradu Nakshatragalu]]''
|[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Child Actor (Male)|Best Child Actor]]
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center" | <ref name="The News Minute Everyone" />
|-
|2007–08
|''[[Milana (film)|Milana]]''
|[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center" |
|-
|2010–11
|''[[Jackie (2010 film)|Jackie]]''
|[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center" |
|-
! scope="row" | [[Mirchi Music Awards South]]
| 2015
| "Adhyaksha Adhyaksha" from ''[[Adyaksha]]''
| Sensational Singer of The Year
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center" |
|-
! scope="row" | [[National Film Awards]]
| [[33rd National Film Awards|1985]]
| ''[[Bettada Hoovu]]''
| [[National Film Award for Best Child Artist|Best Child Artist]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center" | <ref>{{cite web|title=33rd National Film Awards|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm33NFAAward.aspx|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=30 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505170442/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm33NFAAward.aspx|archive-date=5 May 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="8" | [[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| [[1st South Indian International Movie Awards|2011]]
| ''[[Hudugaru]]''
| [[South Indian International Movie Awards|Best Actor]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center" |
|-
| [[2nd South Indian International Movie Awards|2012]]
| ''[[Anna Bond]]''
| [[South Indian International Movie Awards|Best Actor]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center" |
|-
| [[3rd South Indian International Movie Awards|2013]]
| ''[[Yaare Koogadali]]''
| Youth Icon of South Indian Cinema (male)
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center" | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.siima.in/winners-2013.php|title=SIIMA 2013 Awards|publisher=[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140917171749/http://siima.in/winners-2013.php|archive-date=17 September 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[5th South Indian International Movie Awards|2016]]
| ''[[Rana Vikrama]]''
| [[South Indian International Movie Awards|Best Actor]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center" |
|-
| [[6th South Indian International Movie Awards|2017]]
| ''[[Doddmane Hudga]]''
| [[South Indian International Movie Awards|Best Actor]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center" |
|-
| [[7th South Indian International Movie Awards|2018]]
| ''[[Raajakumara]]''
| [[South Indian International Movie Awards|Best Actor]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center" |
|-
| [[9th South Indian International Movie Awards|2019]]
| ''[[Natasaarvabhowma]]''
| [[South Indian International Movie Awards|Best Actor]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center" |
|-
| [[10th South Indian International Movie Awards|2022]]
| ''[[Yuvarathnaa]]''
| [[South Indian International Movie Awards|Best Actor]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center" | <ref name="SIIMA tweet 2">[https://twitter.com/siima/status/1568709060849184768 #SIIMA is humbled to present him with the Best Actor in a Leading Role (Kannada) award for Yuvarathnaa. We thank the Yuvarathnaa team for accepting it on his behalf.]</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3" | [[Suvarna Film Awards]]
| 2008
| ''[[Milana (film)|Milana]]''
| [[Suvarna Film Awards#Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center" |
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Jackie (2010 film)|Jackie]]''
| [[Suvarna Film Awards#Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center" |
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Anna Bond]]''
| [[Suvarna Film Awards#Favorite Hero|Favorite Hero]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center" |
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" |[[South Scope|South Scope Awards]]
| 2008
| ''[[Vamshi (film)|Vamshi]]''
| [[Southscope#Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center" |
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Raaj - The Showman]]''
| [[Southscope#Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center" | <ref>{{cite web|title=Manasaare sweeps Lux South Scope Awards|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/manasaare-sweeps-lux-south-scope-awards-imagegallery-kannada-kjwpGJihgfgsi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151102192420/http://www.sify.com/movies/manasaare-sweeps-lux-south-scope-awards-imagegallery-kannada-kjwpGJihgfgsi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 2, 2015|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=30 September 2015}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | [[IIFA Utsavam]]
| rowspan="2" | [[2nd IIFA Utsavam|2017]]
| "Maduve Munji" from ''[[Nanna Ninna Prema Kathe]]''
| Best Male Playback Singer
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center" |
|-
| "Jhanak Jhanak" from ''[[Run Anthony]]''
| Best Male Playback Singer
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center" |
|-
|}

== Other honors==
* The State Government announced to mark his birthday as "Inspiration Day".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/puneeth-rajkumars-birth-anniversary-to-be-celebrated-as-inspiration-day-5973781.html | title=Puneeth Rajkumar's Birth Anniversary to be Celebrated as Inspiration Day }}</ref>
* On May 3 2022, he was given the Basavashree Award posthumously for the year 2021.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/2022/Apr/28/puneeth-rajkumarto-get-basavashree-award-on-may-3-2447318.html | title=Puneeth Rajkumar to get Basavashree award on May 3 | date=28 April 2022 }}</ref>
* The 212th edition of Lalbagh flower show was dedicated as a tribute to him and his father matinee idol [[Dr.Rajkumar]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/puneeth-rajkumar-remembered-at-lalbagh-flower-show/articleshow/93502356.cms | title=Puneeth Rajkumar remembered at Lalbagh Flower Show | newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bengaluru-news/puneeth-rajkumar-themed-lal-bagh-flower-show-in-bengaluru-draws-huge-crowd-on-fi-101660564205950-amp.html | title=Puneeth Rajkumar-themed Lal Bagh flower show in Bengaluru draws huge crowd on final day | date=15 August 2022 }}</ref>
* His tableau was made on the occasion of 2022 Mysore Dasara Jamboo Savari procession.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://zeenews.india.com/kannada/photo-gallery/the-tableau-of-puneeth-rajkumar-in-mysuru-dasara-jamboo-savari-96428/amp | title=The tableau of Puneeth Rajkumar in Mysuru Dasara JambuSavari | ಮೈಸೂರು ಜಂಬೂ ಸವಾರಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಪುನೀತ್ ಸ್ತಬ್ಧಚಿತ್ರ News in Kannada }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.vijaykarnataka.com/news/mysuru/dasara-2022-puneeth-rajkumar-statue-in-dasara-tableau/amp_videoshow/94662678.cms | title=Dasara 2022 | ದಸರಾ ಸ್ತಬ್ಧಚಿತ್ರದಲ್ಲಿ ಪುನೀತ್‌ ರಾಜ್‌ಕುಮಾರ್‌ ನೆನಪು: ಚಾಮರಾಜಗರ ಜಿಲ್ಲೆಯಿಂದ ಅಪ್ಪುಗೆ ವಿಶೇಷ ಗೌರವ }}</ref>
* Dolls conceptualized on him were reported to be the highlight of 2022 Dasara doll display.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/dolls-of-breastfeeding-women-vidhana-soudha-actor-puneeth-rajkumar-are-popular-in-dasara-2022/article65938058.ece/ | title=Dolls of breastfeeding women, Vidhana Soudha, actor Puneeth Rajkumar are popular in Dasara 2022 | newspaper=The Hindu | date=30 September 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/puneeth-rajkumar-dolls-on-sale-this-dasara-season-1147463.html | title=Puneeth Rajkumar dolls on sale this Dasara season | date=23 September 2022 }}</ref>
* An entire day was dedicated to screen his movies at the 2022 Dasara Film Festival.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/curtains-go-up-on-dasara-film-festival/article65937824.ece/ | title=Curtains go up on Dasara film festival | newspaper=The Hindu | date=26 September 2022 }}</ref>
* He was posthumously conferred with the Lifetime Achievement Award at the 67th Filmfare Awards.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.oneindia.com/bengaluru/filmfare-awards-appu-honoured-with-lifetime-achievement-award-posthumous-kannada-winners-list-3472248.html | title=Filmfare Awards: Appu honoured with 'Lifetime Achievement Award' (Posthumous); Kannada winners' list | date=10 October 2022 }}</ref>
* On October 22 & 23, 2022 restaurants of Bengaluru hosted a food festival - ''Flavours of Gandhada Gudi'' on the occasion of his last theatrical release ''[[Gandhada Gudi (2022 film) |Gandhada Gudi]]''. <ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/bangalore/bengaluru-restaurants-to-host-a-fitting-tribute-to-foodie-puneeth-rajkumar/articleshow/94900572.cms | title=Bengaluru restaurants to host a fitting tribute to foodie Puneeth Rajkumar | newspaper=The Times of India | last1=S | first1=Sridevi }}</ref>
* All the 200 Kannada movies which released within one year of his demise, paid tribute to him in their opening credits.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/karnataka-200-films-paid-tributes-to-puneeth-rajkumar-in-their-opening-credits/articleshow/94124914.cms | title=Karnataka: 200 films paid tributes to Puneeth Rajkumar in their opening credits | newspaper=The Times of India | date=11 September 2022 }}</ref>
* 75 cutouts with garlands were erected outside his memorial on his first death anniversary.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/puneeths-last-film-gandhada-gudi-hits-screens-today-1157176.html | title=Puneeth's last film 'Gandhada Gudi' hits screens today | date=27 October 2022 }}</ref>
* One of the 75 satellites intended to be launched into orbit during November 15 to December 2022 on the occasion of the 75th year of Indian independence was named after him.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/puneeth-rajkumar-to-have-a-satellite-named-after-him/articleshow/93801239.cms | title=Puneeth Rajkumar to have a satellite named after him | newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref>
* The Bengaluru Outer Ring Road 12-km stretch between Nayandahalli Junction on Mysuru Road and Vega City Mall on Bannerghatta Road was named as Dr. Puneeth Rajkumar Road.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-07 |title=12-km-long Bengaluru Outer Ring Road named after late actor Puneeth Rajkumar |url=https://www.news9live.com/state/karnataka/12-km-long-bengaluru-outer-ring-road-named-after-late-actor-puneeth-rajkumar-au13-2046758 |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=News9live |language=en-US}}</ref>
* 23 Feet height statue of Puneeth was unveiled as part of inauguration of the ''Ballari Utsava'' in [[Bellary]] in 2023.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/puneeth-rajkumars-biggest-statue-unveiled-in-bellary/articleshow/97252051.cms | title=Puneeth Rajkumar's biggest statue unveiled in Bellary - Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=23 January 2023 }}</ref>
* In March 2023, the then Karnataka Chief Minister Bommai inaugurated a multispecialty hospital built in the name of the actor at Nayandahalli in Govindarajanagar constituency.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-23 |title=ಡಾ.ಪುನೀತ್ ರಾಜ್‌ಕುಮಾರ್ ಮಲ್ಟಿಸ್ಪೆಷಾಲಿಟಿ ಆಸ್ಪತ್ರೆ ಉದ್ಘಾಟಿಸಿದ ಸಿಎಂ ಬೊಮ್ಮಾಯಿ |url=https://tv9kannada.com/karnataka/bengaluru/dr-puneeth-rajkumar-multispeciality-hospital-inauguration-cm-bommai-speech-at-bengaluru-news-in-kannada-rks-au56-541731.html |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=TV9 Kannada |language=kn}}</ref>
* The Karnataka Health Department on 31 October 2023 launched ''Dr. Puneeth Rajkumar Hrudaya Jyoti Yojana'' to treat people suffering from sudden heart attacks and cardiac issues.<ref>https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bengaluru-news/karnataka-launches-dr-puneeth-rajkumar-hrudaya-jyoti-yojana-for-cardiac-emergencies-101698813975871.html</ref> The second phase of the scheme was launched in March 2024.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/phase-2-of-puneeth-rajkumar-hrudaya-jyothi-scheme-to-be-launched-today-2937383 | title=Phase 2 of Puneeth Rajkumar Hrudaya Jyothi scheme to be launched today }}</ref> In July 2024, it was reported that as many as 10 patients, who reported with chest pain and related symptoms, got a new lease of life in taluk hospitals in Karnataka over a period of 10 days due to early diagnosis and treatment under this scheme.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/timely-treatment-saves-10-lives-in-10-days-under-puneeth-rajkumar-hrudaya-jyothi-scheme/article68371529.ece | title=Timely treatment saves 10 lives in 10 days under Puneeth Rajkumar Hrudaya Jyothi scheme | work=The Hindu | date=5 July 2024 | last1=Yasmeen | first1=Afshan }}</ref> Based on its success in 86 government hospitals, it was announced on 28 September 2024 on the occasion of "World Heart Day" that the facility would be extended to all the taluks in the State.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/karnataka-to-soon-extend-puneeth-rajkumar-hrudaya-jyothi-yojane-to-all-taluks/article68694929.ece | title=Karnataka to soon extend Puneeth Rajkumar Hrudaya Jyothi Yojane to all taluks | work=The Hindu | date=29 September 2024 }}</ref>
* A few Bengalureans, on 5 December 2023, paid tribute to him by painting a mural in [[Basavanagudi]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/bangalore/bengaluru-mural-pays-tribute-to-power-star-puneeth-rajkumar/articleshow/105724988.cms | title=Bengaluru mural pays tribute to 'power star' Puneeth Rajkumar | work=The Times of India | date=5 December 2023 }}</ref>
* At the 13th State Level Philatelic Exhibition ''KARNAPEX - 2024'' conducted from January 5th to January 8th, "Special Postal Cover" dedicated to Puneeth Rajkumar was released.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/a-festival-of-stamps-to-be-held-from-january-5-in-bengaluru/article67702968.ece/ | title=A Festival of Stamps' to be held from January 5 in Bengaluru | work=The Hindu | date=4 January 2024 }}</ref>
* A free mass marriage event to commemorate the birth anniversary of Puneeth Rajkumar was organised on March 17 2024 at Dasara Exhibition premises in [[Mysuru]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://starofmysore.com/free-mass-marriage-to-mark-puneeth-rajkumars-birth-anniversary/ | title=Free mass marriage to mark Puneeth Rajkumar's birth anniversary | date=7 February 2024 }}</ref>
* In January 2025, it was reported that a playbook on [[Artificial Intelligence|AI]] titled "Breaking into AI: The Ultimate Interview Playbook" by Shubakar Shetty was inspired by the generosity of Puneeth Rajkumar.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/bangalore/puneeth-rajkumars-generosity-inspires-this-playbook-about-ai/articleshow/117477967.cms | title=Puneeth Rajkumar's generosity inspires this playbook about AI | work=The Times of India | date=23 January 2025 }}</ref>
* [[India Post]] announced the release of five special picture postcards on 17th March 2025 featuring Puneeth Rajkumar to commemorate his 50th birthday.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.udayavani.com/english-news/india-post-issues-postcards-of-actor-puneeth-rajkumar-to-celebrate-his-50th-birth-anniversary | title=India Post issues postcards of actor Puneeth Rajkumar to celebrate his 50th birth anniversary }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/commemorative-picture-postcard-on-puneeth-rajkumar-to-be-released-tomorrow/article69307513.ece/ | title=Commemorative picture postcard on Puneeth Rajkumar to be released tomorrow | work=The Hindu | date=8 March 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/civic/celebrating-the-legend/articleshow/118860927.cms | title=Celebrating the legend }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDB name|2500160|Puneeth Rajkumar|section=Awards}}

{{Portal bar|Bollywood|Film|Media|Music|Television}}

[[Category:Lists of awards received by Indian actor|Rajkumar, Puneeth]]
[[Category:Rajkumar family]]

New Jalpaiguri–Amritsar Clone Humsafar Superfast Express

2026-03-08T08:20:34Z

BrigitteHosking:

{{Short description|Train belonging to Indian Railways}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2017}}

{{Use Indian English|date=November 2017}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = New Jalpaiguri–Amritsar Clone Superfast Express
| image = Amritsar newjalpaiguri.jpg
| image_width = 330
| caption = New Jalpaiguri–Amritsar Clone Superfast Express Arrived At [[Ludhiana Junction railway station]]
| type = [[Humsafar Express]]
| locale =
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2021|07|25}}
| last =
| operator = [[Northern Railway zone]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|New Jalpaiguri Junction}} (NJP)
| stops = 08
| end = {{stnlnk|Amritsar Junction }} (ASR)
| distance = {{convert|1825|km|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 33 hours 20 minutes
| frequency = Weekly
| class = 3AC, ME1, SL
| seating = No
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = Yes
| observation = [[LHB coach]]
| entertainment = No
| baggage = Below the seats
| otherfacilities =
| stock = 2
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 04653/04654
| speed = {{cvt|55|km/h}}
| map =
| map_state =
}}

'''New Jalpaiguri–Amritsar Clone Superfast Express''' is an [[Humsafar Express]] train of the Indian Railways connecting the cities of '''[[Amritsar]]''' in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and '''[[Siliguri]]''' in [[West Bengal]]. It originates from {{stnlnk|New Jalpaiguri Junction}} of [[Siliguri]] and terminates in {{stnlnk|Amritsar Junction}} of [[Amritsar]]. It is currently being operated with 04653/04654 train numbers on a weekly basis.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Railways: यूपी-ब‍िहार और वेस्‍ट बंगाल के पैसेंजर्स के ल‍िए चलेगी साप्‍ताह‍िक ट्रेन, चेक करें पूरी ड‍िटेल|url=https://hindi.news18.com/amp/news/business/railways-indian-railways-northern-railway-will-run-weekly-special-train-between-amritsar-and-new-jalpaiguri-4191354.html|website=news18.com|date=13 April 2022 }}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|title=New Jalpaiguri Amritsar Clone Superfast Express|url=http://amp.indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-new-jalpaiguri-amritsar-clone-sf-special-04653/126499/444/344|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Railways to Operate Special Trains Connecting Amritsar, New Jalpaiguri. Details Here|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/railways-to-operate-special-trains-connecting-amritsar-new-jalpaiguri-details-here-2-4980451.html|website=news18.com|date=14 April 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=several-train-services-cancelled-till-january-21-by-nf-railway|url=https://www.guwahatiplus.com/northeast/northeast-several-train-services-cancelled-till-january-21-by-nf-railway|website=guwahatiplus.com}}</ref>

==Coach composition==
New Jalpaiguri–Amritsar Clone Superfast Express consists of Nine Third AC (3AC) coaches, One AC Three Tier Economy (ME1) Coach, six Sleeper (SL) coaches, One Engine cum Generator Coach and One Second Sitting(2S) Coach.

==Timings==
The train departs from Platform Number 02 of {{rws|Amritsar}} at 08:40 on Wednesday and reaches Platform Number 02 of {{rws|New Jalpaiguri}} at 17:45 on Thursday.

Again the train starts from Platform Number 02 of {{rws|New Jalpaiguri}} at 07:00 on Friday and reaches Platform Number 02 of {{rws|Amritsar}} at 16:20 on Saturday.

==Route==
#'''[[New Jalpaiguri Junction railway station|New Jalpaiguri (Siliguri)]]''' (Starts)
#{{rws|Katihar}}
#{{rws|Samastipur}}
#{{rws|Muzaffarpur Junction}}
#{{rws|Chhapra Junction}}
#{{rws|Gorakhpur Junction}}
#{{rws|Sitapur Junction}}
#{{rws|Moradabad}}
#{{rws|Saharanpur}}
#'''{{rws|Amritsar}}''' (Ends)

==Traction==
The train is hauled by [[WAP-5]]/[[WAP-7]] Locomotive of [[Electric Loco Shed, Ghaziabad]] from {{rws|New Jalpaiguri}} to {{rws|Amritsar}}.

==See also==
*[[Dibrugarh–Amritsar Express]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:New Jalpaiguri-Amritsar Clone Superfast Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Siliguri]]
[[Category:Transport in Amritsar]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]
[[Category:Humsafar Express trains]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Haryana]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Punjab, India]]

Scaachi Koul

2026-03-06T02:47:29Z

BrigitteHosking: clean up

{{Short description|Canadian writer (born 1991)}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{BLP sources|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Scaachi Koul
| image = Scaachi Koul at In Conversation at Indigo Chapters - 2017 - IMG 2959.jpg
| caption = Koul at a book reading in [[Toronto]] in 2017
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1991|02|07}}
| birth_place = [[Calgary]], [[Alberta]], Canada
| occupation = Writer
| alma_mater = [[Ryerson University]]
| spouse =
}}
'''Scaachi Koul''' (born February 7, 1991) is a Canadian culture writer who has written for [[BuzzFeed|BuzzFeed Canada]] and ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]''.<ref name="birthlocation">{{cite web|title=Scaachi Koul Biography|url=http://penguinrandomhouse.ca/authors/2086185/scaachi-koul|website=penguinrandomhouse.ca|publisher=Penguin Random House Canada|accessdate=February 7, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Scaachi Koul|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/scaachikoul|website=Buzzfeed.com|publisher=BuzzFeed Canada|accessdate=February 7, 2017}}</ref><ref name=slate>{{Cite magazine |title=Scaachi Koul |url=https://slate.com/author/scaachi-koul |access-date=July 20, 2024 |magazine=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate Magazine]]}}</ref> She is the author of the book of essays ''One Day We'll All Be Dead and None of This Will Matter'' and was one of the reporters in BuzzFeed's [[Netflix]] documentary series ''[[Follow This]]''. Before BuzzFeed, Koul worked at [[Penguin Random House]] Canada, the acquiring publisher of her book.<ref name="acquisition">{{cite web|last1=Robertson|first1=Becky|title=Doubleday Canada acquires essay collection by Scaachi Koul|url=http://www.quillandquire.com/omni/doubleday-canada-acquires-essay-collection-by-scaachi-koul/|website=quillandquire.com/|date=March 12, 2014 |publisher=St. Joseph Media|accessdate=February 7, 2017}}</ref> Her writing has appeared in ''[[Flare (magazine)|Flare]]'',<ref>{{cite web|last=Koul|first=Scaachi|title=Scaachi Koul on the Reality of Dating a Much Older Guy|url=http://www.flare.com/sex-and-relationships/scaachi-koul-on-the-reality-of-dating-a-much-older-guy/|website=flare.com|accessdate=February 7, 2017|archive-date=February 8, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208041407/http://www.flare.com/sex-and-relationships/scaachi-koul-on-the-reality-of-dating-a-much-older-guy/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''[[HuffPost]] Canada'', ''The Thought Catalog'', ''[[The Guardian]]'', ''[[The New Yorker]]'',<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Contributors: Scaachi Koul|url=http://www.newyorker.com/contributors/scaachi-koul|magazine=The New Yorker|accessdate=February 7, 2017}}</ref> ''[[The New York Times]]'',<ref>{{cite news|last1=Koul|first1=Scaachi|title=Meanwhile in Canada … Things Are Just as Bad|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/05/opinion/meanwhile-in-canada-things-are-just-as-bad.html|work=The New York Times|date=February 6, 2017 |accessdate=February 7, 2017}}</ref> ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'',<ref name="Al-Solaylee">{{cite news|last1=Koul|first1=Scaachi|title=Review: Kamal Al-Solaylee's Brown is essential reading for understanding the non-white world|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/books-and-media/book-reviews/review-kamal-al-solaylees-brown-is-essential-reading-for-understanding-the-non-white-world/article29911319/|work=The Globe and Mail|date=May 6, 2016 |accessdate=February 7, 2017}}</ref> and other publications.

== Career ==
Koul [[freelancing|freelanced]] while still at the [[Ryerson University|Ryerson School of Journalism]] where she wrote for ''[[Maclean's]]'' from 2009 up until her graduation at the end of 2012.<ref>{{cite web|title=Contributors: Scaachi Koul|url=http://www.macleans.ca/author/scaachi-koul/|website=Maclean's|accessdate=February 7, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://rsj.journalism.ryerson.ca/team/scaachi-koul/ | title = Scaachi Koul | accessdate = March 30, 2019 |first= Leah |last=Hansen |series=Grads at Work |department=Ryerson School of Journalism |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170523092600/http://rsj.journalism.ryerson.ca/team/scaachi-koul/|archive-date=May 23, 2017}}</ref> From April to November 2014 Koul wrote the "Unf*ck Yourself" column for ''[[Hazlitt (magazine)|Hazlitt]]''.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Koul|first1=Scaachi|title=Unf*ck Yourself|url=http://hazlitt.net/category/unfck-yourself|website=Hazlitt|publisher=Penguin Random House Canada|accessdate=February 7, 2017}}</ref> In 2015, her column was rebranded "Scaach-22" with the new tagline "managing your own privilege without being a dick".<ref>{{cite web|last1=Koul|first1=Scaachi|title=Scaach-22|url=http://hazlitt.net/category/scaach-22|website=Hazlitt|publisher=Penguin Random House Canada|accessdate=February 7, 2017}}</ref>

In March 2015, while Koul was still employed by Penguin Random House Canada, they announced publication of a collection of her essays.<ref name="acquisition" /> Originally the collection was titled ''The Pursuit of Misery''<ref>{{cite web|title=Author Scaachi Koul|url=http://hazlitt.net/authors/scaachi-koul|website=Hazlitt Magazine|publisher=Penguin Random House Canada|accessdate=February 7, 2017}}</ref> then it was changed to ''One Day We'll All Be Dead and None of This Will Matter''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://us.macmillan.com/author/scaachikoul|title=Scaachi Koul {{!}} Authors {{!}} Macmillan|work=US Macmillan|access-date=April 3, 2018}}</ref> The book covers subjects including family, race, feminism, body image, and rape culture from her perspective as an Indian-Canadian woman growing up in the suburbs of Calgary.<ref>{{cite web|last=Donahue|first=Anne|title=12 Days of Feminists: Anne T. Donahue on Fierce Truth-Teller Scaachi Koul|url=https://www.flare.com/news/scaachi-koul-feminist/|publisher=Flare|accessdate=March 30, 2019|archive-date=March 30, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330184654/https://www.flare.com/news/scaachi-koul-feminist/|url-status=dead}}</ref> She also discusses her writing career and [[social media]], including temporarily deactivating her Twitter account as a result of invective and threats following a request for long-form submissions from people who were "not white and not male".<ref>{{cite web|last=Ansari|first=Sadiya|url=https://www.flare.com/tv-movies/scaachi-koul-book/|title=Scaachi Koul on Race, Anxiety and Her Brand-New Book|date=March 9, 2017|accessdate=March 30, 2019|publisher=Flare|archive-date=March 30, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330184653/https://www.flare.com/tv-movies/scaachi-koul-book/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Koul was praised for her wit and humour,<ref>{{cite news|last=Volmers|first=Eric|url=https://calgaryherald.com/entertainment/books/calgarys-scaachi-koul-tackles-twitter-trolls-indian-weddings-and-body-hair-in-new-collection-of-essays|title=Calgary's Scaachi Koul tackles Twitter trolls, Indian weddings and body hair in new collection of essays|date=March 18, 2017|accessdate=March 30, 2019|newspaper=[[Calgary Herald]]}}</ref> ability to mix sarcasm and sentimentality,<ref>{{cite news|last=Arnone|first=Ted|url=https://nationalpost.com/entertainment/books/book-reviews/jagged-utter-pill-scaachi-koul-turns-social-media-rage-and-mockery-into-an-enthralling-essay-collection|title=Jagged utter pill: Scaachi Koul turns social media rage and mockery into an enthralling essay collection|date=March 13, 2017|accessdate=March 30, 2019|newspaper=The [[National Post]]}}</ref> and for her effective use of confessional writing as a complement to analytical rigour.<ref>{{cite news|last=Rosenberg|first=Alyssa|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/act-four/wp/2017/05/02/in-scaachi-kouls-debut-essay-collection-life-is-ridiculous-and-deadly-serious/|title=In Scaachi Koul's debut essay collection, life is ridiculous–and deadly serious|date=May 2, 2017|accessdate=March 30, 2019|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> She received a shortlisted nomination for the 2018 [[Stephen Leacock Award]] for the best book of humour written in English by a Canadian writer.<ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/books/scaachi-koul-laurie-gelman-and-jennifer-craig-shortlisted-for-2018-stephen-leacock-memorial-medal-for-humour-1.4645066 "Scaachi Koul, Laurie Gelman and Jennifer Craig shortlisted for 2018 Stephen Leacock Memorial Medal for Humour"]. [[CBC Books]], May 2, 2018.</ref>

She hosts the ''Scamfluencers'' podcast with Sarah Hagi, which covers scammers who are [[influencer]]s.<ref name="IMDb 2022">{{cite web | title=Scamfluencers (Podcast Series 2022– ) | website=IMDb | date=April 11, 2022 | url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt20833336/ | access-date=December 19, 2022}}</ref> Scamfluencers won the [[Ambies|Ambie award]] in 2023 for best podcast covering the entertainment industry.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Chan |first=J. Clara |date=March 7, 2023 |title=Ambie Awards: 'Chameleon: Wild Boys' Wins Podcast of the Year |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/digital/2023-ambie-awards-winners-list-chameleon-wild-boys-podcast-of-the-year-1235343389/ |access-date=July 20, 2024 |magazine=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>

She also co-hosts a BBC production podcast ''Where to be a woman'' with Sophia Smith Galer.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.com/mediacentre/2024/dear-daughter-where-to-be-a-woman-podcasts | title=Award-winning journalists Sophia Smith Galer and Scaachi Koul launch new podcast | website=BBC | date=February 14, 2024}}</ref>

In March 2024, she appeared in 4 episodes of the Nickelodeon documentary ''[[Quiet on Set: The Dark Side of Kids TV]]'' as a consultant.

{{asof|2024}}, ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]'' lists Koul as a senior writer.<ref name=slate/>

===Girls Gone Wild: The Untold Story===
{{Main article|Girls Gone Wild: The Untold Story}}

In May 2023, Koul revealed in a ''[[Huffington Post]]'' article that she was investigating former pornographic film franchise ''[[Girls Gone Wild (franchise)|Girls Gone Wild]]'' and its founder [[Joe Francis]].<ref name=koulinvestigatesfrancisandfranchise /> She also revealed that she had interviewed Francis for nine hours at [[Casa Aramara|a home]] he had in [[Punta Mita]], [[Mexico]].<ref name=koulinvestigatesfrancisandfranchise>{{cite news|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/girls-gone-wild-joe-francis_n_645ee736e4b005be8ff3951e|title=Inside The Stunning Rise And Fall Of Girls Gone Wild|first=Scaachi|last=Koul|publisher=Huffington Post|date=May 18, 2023|accessdate=December 9, 2024}}</ref> In December 2024, the three episode series ''Girls Gone Wild: The Untold Story'', a documentary detailing Koul's investigation of ''Girls Gone Wild'' and Francis, became available to stream on [[Peacock (streaming service)|Peacock]].<ref name=francisandfranchisedocumentary>{{cite news|url=https://variety.com/2024/tv/news/girls-gone-wild-founder-joe-francis-exposed-peacock-docuseries-1236234040/|title='Girls Gone Wild: The Untold Story' Producer Scaachi Koul on Exposing Joe Francis' Criminal Enterprise: 'He Will Be Relevant Forever'|first=Hunter|last=Ingram|publisher=Variety|date=December 3, 2024|accessdate=December 9, 2024}}</ref><ref name=koulinveisgateggwandfounder>{{cite news|url=https://www.mlive.com/life/2024/12/how-to-watch-girls-gone-wild-the-untold-story-on-peacock.html|title=How to watch 'Girls Gone Wild: The Untold Story' on Peacock|first=Mikhayla|last=Dunaj|publisher=MLive|date=December 3, 2024|accessdate=December 9, 2024}}</ref> The documentary provided insight into Girls Gone Wild's influence and sex abuse allegation against the franchise and its founder.<ref name=francisandfranchisedocumentary /><ref name=koulinveisgateggwandfounder /> Koul's 2022 interview with Francis, who was revealed to now be living outside of the United States in Mexico since 2015 following a criminal conviction for imprisoning three women at his Hollywood home and assaulting one of them, was included in the series as well.<ref name=accusationsandseparations>{{cite news|url=https://people.com/joe-francis-says-having-daughters-hasnt-changed-his-view-girls-gone-wild-8754877|title=Joe Francis Says Having Daughters Hasn't Changed His View on Girls Gone Wild: 'Not at All'|first=Abigail|last=Adams|publisher=People|date=December 4, 2024|accessdate=December 9, 2024}}</ref><ref name=francisandfranchisedocumentary /> In Koul's documentary series, multiple people, including a former Girls Gone Wild cameraman, alleged that Francis engaged in sex with underage minors and that some of his sexual encounters, no matter the age, were nonconsensual.<ref name=accusationsandseparations />

==Personal life==
Koul was born to Indian parents and raised in [[Calgary|Calgary, Alberta]].<ref name="birthlocation" /> She was a member of the [[Girl Guides of Canada]] and participated in their youth programs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/Bt_7GkwhlJB/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/instagram/diamondisinger/1981562297596138049 |archive-date=December 25, 2021 |url-access=registration|title=Diamond Isinger on Instagram: "Created my own Girl Guide role-model edition of "Guess Who?" for @girlguidesofcanada girls to play, featuring lots of accomplished 🇨🇦 women…"|website=Instagram|access-date=March 14, 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref> She currently lives in New York<ref>{{cite tweet| user=Scaachi| number=1108048945614409729| date=March 19, 2019| title=i live in new york now sorry to disappoint| author=Scaachi Koul}}</ref> with her cat, Sylvia Plath.<ref name="book">{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QE5cDAAAQBAJ&dq=scott+deveau+scaachi+koul&pg=PT172| title=One Day We'll All Be Dead and None of This Will Matter: Essays| first=Scaachi| last=Koul |date=2017| publisher=Doubleday Canada| isbn=9780385685368}}</ref> She was formerly married.

Koul is an [[Indian Canadians|Indian-Canadian]] of [[Kashmiris|Kashmiri]] descent, and her writing on race and [[shadism]] draws from her own life.<ref name="Al-Solaylee" /><ref>{{cite web|last1=Koul|first1=Scaachi|title=I Was on a CBC Panel and the Internet Wanted To Guess My Race|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/scaachikoul/why-are-we-tougher-on-women-of-colour|website=buzzfeed.com|date=November 2, 2015 |publisher=Buzzfeed Canada|accessdate=February 7, 2017}}</ref> Of her ethnicity, she has stated although she is of Indian descent herself, her fairer skin has given her a privilege when she goes to India.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Catherine Whelan|title=White privilege in brown Canada |url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2017-05-04/white-privilege-brown-canada|publisher=[[Public Radio International]] |date=May 4, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/books-and-media/book-reviews/scaachi-kouls-one-day-well-all-be-dead-and-none-of-this-will-matter-reviewed-honest-and-humorous/article34199175/|title=Scaachi Koul's One Day We'll All Be Dead and None of This Will Matter, reviewed: Honest and humorous|access-date=October 14, 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{commons}}
* {{Twitter|Scaachi}}

{{BuzzFeed}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Koul, Scaachi}}
[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Canadian people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Canadian people of Kashmiri descent]]
[[Category:Canadian Hindus]]
[[Category:21st-century Canadian women writers]]
[[Category:BuzzFeed people]]
[[Category:Kashmiri Hindu people]]
[[Category:Canadian columnists]]
[[Category:Canadian feminist writers]]
[[Category:Canadian women essayists]]
[[Category:Canadian women columnists]]
[[Category:Writers from Calgary]]
[[Category:21st-century Canadian essayists]]

Nitin Patil

2026-03-04T11:07:00Z

BrigitteHosking:

{{Short description|Indian politicians}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Nitin Jadhav - Patil
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| constituency1 = [[Madha Lok Sabha constituency|Maharashtra]]
| term_start1 = 28 August 2024
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Piyush Goyal]]
| successor1 =
| party = [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| image =
| parents = [[Laxmanrao Pandurang Patil| Laxmanrao Pandurang Jadhav-Patil]]
| relatives = [[Makrand Jadhav| Makrand Jadhav-Patil]] (Brother)
}}
'''Nitin Laxmanrao Jadhav-Patil''' is an Indian [[politician]] currently serving as the [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]] from [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-21 |title=NCP fields Nitin Patil for Rajya Sabha in a bid to wrest Satara |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/ncp-fields-nitin-patil-for-rajya-sabha-in-a-bid-to-wrest-satara-9526282/ |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He affiliated with the [[Nationalist Congress Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=NCP's Nitin Patil, BJP's Dhairyasheel Patil Elected To Rajya Sabha |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ncps-nitin-patil-bjps-dhairyasheel-patil-elected-to-rajya-sabha-6425620 |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref name="NCP's Nitin Patil, BJP's Dhairyasheel Patil Elected To Rajya Sabha">{{cite news |date=27 August 2024 |title=NCP's Nitin Patil, BJP's Dhairyasheel Patil Elected To Rajya Sabha |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ncps-nitin-patil-bjps-dhairyasheel-patil-elected-to-rajya-sabha-6425620 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250101123506/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ncps-nitin-patil-bjps-dhairyasheel-patil-elected-to-rajya-sabha-6425620 |archive-date=1 January 2025 |access-date=1 January 2025 |work= |publisher=NDTV |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==

*[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Maharashtra]]
*[[List of current members of the Rajya Sabha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patil, Dhairyasheel}}
[[Category:Living people|Patil, Nitin]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians|Patil, Nitin]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)|Patil, Nitin]]

{{Maharashtra-politician-stub}}
[[Category:Nationalist Congress Party politicians from Maharashtra|Patil, Nitin]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Maharashtra|Patil, Nitin]]

Oy! (film)

2026-03-03T18:10:25Z

BrigitteHosking: added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Oy!
| image = Oye poster.jpg
| caption = Movie Poster
| director = [[Anand Ranga]]
| producer = [[D. V. V. Danayya]]
| writer = Anand Ranga
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Siddharth Narayan|Siddharth]]
*[[Shamili]]
}}
| narrator =
| music = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| cinematography = [[Vijay C Chakravarthy|Vijay K. Chakravarthy]]
| editing = [[Marthand K. Venkatesh]]
| studio = [[D. V. V. Danayya|Universal Media]]
| distributor = Universal Media
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2009|7|3}}
| runtime = 166 minutes<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/oye-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc00mtk0mdk|title=Oye|website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Oy!''''' is a 2009 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic drama film]] written and directed by debutant [[Anand Ranga]]. The film stars [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]] and [[Shamili]] (in her first leading role),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/41391.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080912173944/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/41391.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 September 2008 |title=Baby Shamili debuts opposite Siddharth |work=indiaglitz.com |access-date=2009-03-09}}</ref> while [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] and [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] play supporting roles. The music of the film was composed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ragalahari.com/news/5740/yuvan-shankar-raja-to-compose-music-for-oye.aspx |title=Yuvan Shankar Raja to compose music for Oye |publisher=ragalahari.com |access-date=2009-03-09}}</ref> The story revolves around Uday (Siddharth) fulfilling the wishes of Sandhya (Shamili) during her last days, as the latter was diagnosed with cancer.

The film was released on 3 July 2009. The film is loosely based on the 2002 film ''[[A Walk to Remember]]''. The film was dubbed in Tamil as ''Kadhal Alai''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kadhal Alai Tamil Movie - Watch Online |url=https://www.sunnxt.com/tamil-movie/detail/8860/ |website=[[Sun NXT]] |access-date=10 January 2023}}</ref>

Although the film was an average grosser in its initial release, it gained a strong [[cult following]] over the years and has remained as a favorite of many. It was eventually [[re-released]] on [[valentines|Valentine's Day]] 2024.<ref>{{Cite web | author=Pramod |date=February 15, 2024 |title=ఓయ్ రీ రిలీజ్ కలెక్షన్స్…ఇది ఊహకందని భీభత్సం!! |url=https://t2blive.com/oyere-release-collections-solid-day1/ |access-date=August 19, 2025 |website=T2BLive}}</ref>

==Plot==
Uday, is a rich kid who becomes the chairman of a company following his father's death. He believes in the adage of life is short and carpe diem. At a New Year's Party 2007, he spies on a girl called Sandhya in a salwar-kameez, writing a diary at the pub.

Through a series of searches with his friend Fatso, he ends up discovering that Sandhya lives alone at a beachside house and runs a nursery. She is very traditional with her own ideals. He enters in her house on a pretense as a paying guest to make her fall in love with him. After a series of attempts to woo Sandhya, Uday eventually succeeds and presents her with 12 gifts on her birthday, the last being Uday himself.

In a subplot, an insurance salesman named Abhishek ends up trying to show his younger and reclusive colleague "how to be a man" in many lessons that often result in the latter's physical pain. Eventually, the duo collides with the story's main plot when they attempt to sell Sandhya life insurance (which she later agrees to buy). When asked who the beneficiary of the policy should be, she writes Uday's name. When Uday hears this, he thinks that he has won Sandhya. However, it is revealed to Uday (through the insurance policy which has now been rejected) that Sandhya is suffering from [[breast cancer]] and has limited time left.

In the ensuing part of the film, Uday takes Sandhya on a cruise to [[Calcutta|Kolkata]] to spread her parents' ashes in the [[Ganges River|Ganga River]]. They run into several comic characters in their journey, including a kidnapped Abhishek who tries unsuccessfully to tell Sandhya that her policy was rejected because of her illness; his attempts are thwarted by Uday. These circumstances help Uday teach Sandhya how to live life, and back from the trip, Sandhya and Uday throw a Christmas party at Sandhya's beach house. However, Sandhya collapses in the aftermath of the party and discovers the truth about her health.

Sandhya eventually falls in love with Uday and says that she wants to spend the last days of her life with him. The ending scene has Uday and Sandhya sitting on a bench in the rain with a "Welcome 2008" sign in the background on New Year's Eve. The scene then fades to Uday sitting alone with a "Welcome 2009" sign in the background one year later waiting for the rain. This infers that Sandhya has died, but Uday still keeps her memories close to heart. The film ends with Uday leaving after the rain.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]] as Uday
* [[Shamili]] as Sandhya Jagarlamudi
* [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] as Abhishek
* [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Layout M. Lingaraju
* [[Napoleon (actor)|Napoleon]] as Dr. Harish Chandra Prasad
* [[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]] as Ras Bihari
* [[Krishnudu]] as Fatso
* [[M. S. Narayana]] as Hotel Manager
* [[Tanikella Bharani]] as Telugu Teacher
* [[Saptagiri (Telugu actor)|Saptagiri]] as Abhishek's assistant
* [[Master Bharath]] as Maruthi
* Surekha Vani as Sandhya's friend
* [[Raavi Kondala Rao]] as Koteswara Rao "Kotigadu"
* [[Radha Kumari]] as Rajyamma
* [[Rallapalli (actor)|Rallapalli]] as Advocate
* Bhanu as Loan Recovery Goon
* Baby Srilekha as Srilakshmi a.k.a. Sri
* Baby Harshitha as Srivijayalakshmi a.k.a. Viji
* Baby Nandini as Bhagyalakshmi
* Gururaj Manepalli as Uday's coworker
}}

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Oy!
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| cover = Siddharths Oy!.JPG
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=y|2009|5|22}}
| recorded = 2008–2009
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 29:18
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = [[Siddharth Narayan|Siddharth]]
| prev_title = [[Muthirai]]
| prev_year = 2009
| next_title = [[Gilli (film)|Gilli]]
| next_year = 2009
}}
The music, including film score and soundtrack was composed by Tamil film composer [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]. The soundtrack, released on 22 May 2009 at Rama Naidu studios,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-oy.html|title=Oy! music launch|publisher=idlebrain.com|access-date=2009-05-23}}</ref> features 6 tracks overall, out of which, Yuvan Shankar Raja himself has sung one song and one song by the film's lead actor [[Siddharth Narayan|Siddharth]].The lyrics were penned by five people, with [[Vanamali]] writing the lyrics for three of the six songs, [[Chandrabose (Lyricist)|Chandrabose]], [[Anantha Sreeram]] for each one song and Surendra Krishna and Krishna Chaitanya together for the last song. The theme is inspired from the Tom Hanks comedy, Forrest Gump.

Yuvan Shankar Raja received positive reviews for his musical score, which was described as a "rhythmic joy",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/audio/areviews/oy.html|title=Oy! audio review|publisher=idlebrain.com|access-date=2009-07-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090605152854/http://www.idlebrain.com/audio/areviews/oy.html|archive-date=5 June 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> "superb",<ref name="i">{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-oy.html|title=Oy! Telugu movie review|publisher=idlebrain.com|access-date=2009-07-04}}</ref> "a blast"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://123telugu.com/reviews/O/Oye/Oye_review.html|title=Oye - A love story that tugs your heart|publisher=123telugu.com|access-date=2009-07-04}}</ref> and "a highlight of the movie".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/reviews/2009/movie-oye-review-040709.html|title=Oye review|date=4 July 2009 |publisher=idlebrain.com|access-date=2009-07-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/47668.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090620105542/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/47668.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 June 2009|title='Oy!' almost complete|work=indiaglitz.com|access-date=2009-07-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.musicindiaonline.com/n/i/telugu/3978/|title='Oye' to can last song in Chennai|publisher=musicindiaonline.com|access-date=2009-07-04}} {{Dead link|date=November 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/47994.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703185813/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/47994.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 July 2009|title=Shamili debuts as heroine|work=indiaglitz.com|access-date=2009-07-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sivajitv.com/news/Andhra_Mesmerized_With_Yuvans_Tune_.htm|title=Andhra Mesmerized With Yuvan's Tune|publisher=sivajitv.com|access-date=2009-07-04}}</ref>

===Track listing===
{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| total_length = 29:18
| title1 = Oy Oy
| note1 =
| lyrics1 = [[Chandrabose (Lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
| extra1 = [[Siddharth Narayan|Siddharth]], [[Prashanthini]]
| length1 = 4:42
| title2 = Saradaga
| note2 =
| lyrics2 = [[Anantha Sreeram]]
| extra2 = [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
| length2 = 4:38
| title3 = Waiting For You
| note3 =
| lyrics3 = [[Vanamali]]
| extra3 = [[Krishnakumar Kunnath|K.K.]]
| length3 = 5:54
| title4 = Anukoledenadu
| note4 =
| lyrics4 = Vanamali
| extra4 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length4 = 4:44
| title5 = Povadhe Prema
| note5 =
| lyrics5 = Vanamali
| extra5 = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| length5 = 4:35
| title6 = Seheri
| note6 =
| lyrics6 = Surendra Krishna, [[Krishna Chaitanya (lyricist)|Kirshna Chaitanya]]
| extra6 = [[Toshi Sabri]], [[Priya Himesh]]
| length6 = 4:45
| title7 = Tholisari Nee Deevene
| lyrics7 = Telugu by Vanamali (Bhojpuri by unknown Kolkata guy)
| extra7 = Hariharan
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote that "All in all, a good film".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2009/jul/06oye-is-a-good-film.htm|title=Oye is a good film|last=Vijayasarathy|first=R. G.|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=6 July 2009}}</ref> Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' wrote that "One should have guts to make such a film in Telugu where heroine dies at the end".<ref name="i"/> The film had an average run at the box office.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sFJFDIs448Y | title=Siddharth Superb Reply to a Memer Question About Oye Movie Re Release | Manastars | website=[[YouTube]] | date=June 2023 }}</ref>

==Awards==
===[[Filmfare Awards South]]===
*[[Filmfare Special Award – South|Filmfare Special Award - South for best Outstanding Score]] – [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
*[[CineMAA Awards#Best Female Debut|CineMAA Award for Best Female Debut]] - [[Shamili]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|1455237|Oy!}}

[[Category:2009 films]]
[[Category:2009 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2009 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films produced by D. V. V. Danayya]]
[[Category:Films set in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Films scored by Yuvan Shankar Raja]]

Unakkum Enakkum

2026-03-03T04:36:23Z

BrigitteHosking: minor changes

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Unakkum Enakkum poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical poster
| director = [[Mohan Raja]]
| producer = [[T. Rama Rao]] M. Raja
| story = [[Veeru Potla]]
| based_on = ''[[Nuvvostanante Nenoddantana]]'' (2005)
| starring = {{ubl|[[Ravi Mohan]]|[[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]]|[[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]]}}
| music = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| cinematography = [[A. Venkatesh (cinematographer)|Venkatesh Anguraj]]
| editing = S. Surajkavee
| studio = Sri Lakshmi Productions Jayam Company
| released = {{Film date|2006|07|28|df=y}}
| country = India
| runtime = 175 minutes
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Unakkum Enakkum''''' (transl. For You and Me)<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2021 |title=15 Years of 'Unakkum Enakkum': Five lovable scenes from Jayam Ravi and Trisha's romantic drama |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/15-years-of-unakkum-enakkum-five-lovable-scenes-from-jayam-ravi-and-trishas-romantic-drama/photostory/84758466.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727043403/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/15-years-of-unakkum-enakkum-five-lovable-scenes-from-jayam-ravi-and-trishas-romantic-drama/photostory/84758466.cms |archive-date=27 July 2021 |access-date=20 January 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> is a 2006 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Romance film|romantic]] [[action drama film]] directed by [[M. Raja]]. A remake of the Telugu film ''[[Nuvvostanante Nenoddantana]]'' (2005), it stars [[Ravi Mohan]] (credited as Jayam Ravi), [[Trisha Krishnan|Trisha]] (who reprises her role in the original), and [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] with an ensemble cast that includes [[Richa Pallod]], [[K. Bhagyaraj]], [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]] and comedians [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] and [[Ganja Karuppu]] in supporting roles. The score and soundtrack was composed by [[Devi Sri Prasad]], who also scored the music in the original version of the film, whilst cinematography was handled by [[A. Venkatesh (cinematographer)|A. Venkatesh]] and editing by S. Suraj Kavee.

== Plot ==
{{Long plot|date=October 2021}}
Santhosh was the only son of a [[London]]-settled [[Tamils|Tamil]] business tycoon named Krishnan and Janaki. He came to [[Chennai]] along with Janaki to attend the wedding of his cousin Lalitha alias Lalli's wedding. Lalli was Kavitha's best friend, and she too came to Chennai a few days before the wedding. Santhosh, a fun-loving person, developed an attraction immediately after seeing Kavitha, but Kavitha didn't reciprocate his feelings, and maintained a distance with Santhosh.

Slowly, Santhosh and Kavitha became good friends, and love later blossomed between them. Shalini alias Shalu was the daughter of Santhosh’s uncle Ravichandran's friend Jagadhalapradhaban alias JP, and she developed an infatuation towards Santhosh. Janaki got furious knowing about Santhosh and Kavitha’s love affair, as she thought that Kavitha was poor and from low societal status. On the day of Lalli’s wedding when they sent Santhosh away to buy some gifts for Lalli, Janaki and JP spoke ill of Kavitha and asked her to leave the place before Santhosh's return. When Kavitha was about to leave the place, Muthupandi suddenly arrived with his friend Karuppayya and was shocked to see her condition. He got angry, scolded everyone there for hurting his sister, and also took her back to Panpoli. Santhosh, who was still upset as Kavitha left him, learnt from Lalli what has happened the previous day. He went to the room where Kavitha stayed and found her horse clay doll, her favourite doll which Muthupandi made for her and modified by Santhosh after Shalu broke it out of anger and jealousy. While waiting for a connecting flight in [[Dubai]], Santhosh escaped from Janaki and went back to Tenkasi instead, with the idea of heading to Kavitha's village. When he arrived in the village, everyone got shocked. Muthupandi didn't like Santhosh because of Janaki’s attitude and thought that he too would ill-treat Kavitha in the future.

Santhosh apologised to Muthupandi for the misunderstandings and requested him to get Kavitha married to him. Hence Muthupandi came with a challenge. He allotted an acre of agricultural land to Santhosh and asked him to do farming there. Santhosh, in order to prove his love for Kavitha, challenged him that he would cultivate one more bundle in the end. When Muthupandi agreed, Santhosh started work, although he didn't know farming. Santhosh tried hard to do farming, and somehow, he managed to learn cultivation. Krishnan came to Tenkasi to confront Kavitha and Muthpandi and bring back Santhosh. He saw Santhosh living a typical farmer's life, and eating plain rice with chilli powder and got triggered emotionally. He tried to convince Santhosh and asked him to come back to London. When Santhosh said that he believed in his love for Kavitha and didn't wish to return, Krishnan went to confront Kavitha, who was the cause for his son's condition.

Krishnan overheard Kavitha's conversation with her servant and realised that she too had been sleeping on the floor despite cold conditions and proper bed and was eating the same food as Santhosh. Krishnan felt overwhelmed thinking about the young lovers and blessed Kavitha. He also told her that their true love would win and asked her to stay strong.

Meanwhile, JP and Shalu wanted Santhosh to lose so that he would return. They sought help from a local goon named "Mark" Mayandi to distract Santhosh. Also, there was a factionist named Sivaji, a local rich man in the village. His son wanted to marry Kavitha at any cost. The cultivation was completed, and rice grains were bundled in both Santhosh and Muthupandi’s farms.

One night, when Sivaji's son tried to burn Santhosh's land, it backfired, and Mayandi intervened the chaos and got burned on his back. He also set the shed on fire where Santhosh was staying. Everyone tried to extinguish the fire and Santhosh rescued Muthupandi from a near accident due to the fire. Also, he saved Kavitha’s horse doll. On the day before the counting, Mayandi took a few bundles from Santhosh and placed it along with Muthupandi’s so that Santhosh would lose the challenge. The next day, Muthupandi revealed to his guardian, a railway manager that he added extra bundles in Santhosh's so that he could win. He also revealed that Santhosh was the right match for his sister. Santhosh won the challenge as he had cultivated more compared to Muthupandi, following which he agreed for their wedding.

Sivaji and his son got angry upon seeing this. His son planned to forcefully marry Kavitha. JP and Mayandi also got angry, and they plotted to murder Muthupandi. They kidnapped Kavitha but were beaten up by Santhosh and Muthupandi. A fight erupted in which Sivaji’s son was killed by Santhosh, who saved Kavitha, while JP and Sivaji were violently defeated by Muthupandi. When police arrived at the spot, Muthupandi took the blame for the murder and requested Santhosh to marry Kavitha and lead a happy life. He got jailed for seven years.

Now Muthupandi completes telling his story and the officer gets surprised for seeing such a golden personality. When he asks him why is he telling the truth a day before completing his sentence, Muthupandi says that he wants his sister to stay happy forever with the man she loves. The officer feels proud of him and blesses him.

When Muthupandi gets released, he gets shocked upon seeing Santhosh and Kavitha still unmarried and waiting for him in wedding attire. Santhosh and Kavitha were waiting to conduct the marriage only after Muthupandi is released. Muthupandi feels proud of them. Also, Janaki realises her mistake and apologises to Muthupandi. In the end, Santhosh and Kavitha are married. Also, it is hinted that Muthupandi and his servant maid Valli finally develop love for each other.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Ravi Mohan]] as Santhosh
* [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]] as Kavitha, Muthupandi's younger sister and Santhosh's love interest, later wife
* [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] as Muthupandi, Kavitha's elder brother
** Walter Philips as young Muthupandi
* [[K. Bhagyaraj]] as Krishnan, Santhosh's father
* [[Richa Pallod]] as Lalitha "Lalli", Kavitha's best friend and Santhosh's cousin
* [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]] as Parvathi, Santhosh's mother
* [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] as Arivu, Santhosh and Lalitha's cousin
* [[Cochin Hanifa]] as Ravichandran, Lalitha's father and Santhosh's maternal uncle
* [[Manivannan]] as Jagadhalapradhaban "JP", Ravichandran's friend
* [[Tejashree]] as Shalini "Shalu", JP's daughter
* [[Kalabhavan Mani]] as "Mark" Mayandi, a local goon
* [[Kadhal Dhandapani]] as Sivaji, a rich man
* [[Mallika (actress)|Mallika]] as Valli, Muthupandi's love interest, later wife
* [[Ganja Karuppu]] as Karuppayya, Muthupandi's friend
* Kadhal Arun Kumar as Kaaka
* [[T. S. B. K. Moulee]] as Krishnayya, railway station master
* [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] as a police officer
* [[J. Livingston|Livingston]] as Lalitha's father-in-law
* [[Aravind Akash]] as Lalli's blackmailer
* [[Sriranjani (Tamil actress)|Sriranjani]] as Santhi, Muthupandi's and Kavitha's mother
* [[Sachu]] as Santhosh and Lalitha's grandmother
* [[Nancy Jennifer]] as Santhosh's and Lalitha's cousin
* [[O. A. K. Sundar]] as Muthupandi and Kavitha's father
* [[Bava Lakshmanan]] as Vellaipani, Mayandi's follower
* [[Kottachi]] as Mayandi's follower
* [[Visweswara Rao]] as Marriage priest
* Japan Kumar as party guest
}}

== Production ==
After two successful remakes, [[Mohan Raja|M. Raja]] opted to remake the Telugu film ''[[Nuvvostanante Nenoddantana]]'' (2005) with his brother [[Jayam Ravi|Ravi]] in lead role alongside [[Trisha Krishnan|Trisha]] reprised her role from original. [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] was signed on to play Trisha's brother after unsuccessful negotiations with several other actors.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Warrier |first=Shobha |author-link=Shobha Warrier |date=31 December 2004 |title=Something..Something: Will it work? |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2006/mar/07look.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304103540/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2006/mar/07look.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=28 December 2015 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=14 April 2006 |title=Will it be a success story in Tamil? |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/will-it-be-a-success-story-in-tamil/article3217785.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231025145601/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/will-it-be-a-success-story-in-tamil/article3217785.ece |archive-date=25 October 2023 |access-date=28 December 2015 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]] was offered the role of Ravi's father, but he declined and the role went to [[K. Bhagyaraj]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2024 |title=சில்க் ஸ்மிதா கிளாமராக நடித்தாலும்... நிஜத்தில் அவர் இப்படிபட்டவர் தான் - நடிகர் மோகன் பகிர்ந்த சீக்ரெட் |url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/gallery/actor-mike-mohan-shares-nostalgic-memories-about-actress-silk-smitha-gan-sehqec |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603061247/https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/gallery/actor-mike-mohan-shares-nostalgic-memories-about-actress-silk-smitha-gan-sehqec |archive-date=3 June 2024 |access-date=29 November 2024 |website=[[Asianet News]] |language=Ta}}</ref>

The film was launched on 31 August 2005 at AVM Studios.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2005 |title=Pooja for Jeyam Ravi-Trisha film 'Something Something'- with pics |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/01092005-6.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060826083526/http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/01092005-6.shtml |archive-date=26 August 2006 |access-date=25 October 2023 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref> The first schedule took place at Chennai while the second schedule took place at Dindigul and the filming was also held at Courtalam, Tenkasi, Palani and Ambasamudram within 70 days.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=15 March 2006 |title=Something Something Unakkum Enakkum |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Onlocation/2006/03ssue.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061207114208/http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Onlocation/2006/03ssue.asp |archive-date=7 December 2006 |access-date=16 April 2024 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> The song "Pooparikka Neeyum", the scenes of Trisha were shot at Kodaikanal, Kutralam, Ambasamudram, Rajapalayam, Tenkasi, Sivagiri and Keezhpuliyur while the scenes of Jayam Ravi was shot at London streets and Dubai airport.<ref name="ss" /> The romantic song "Un Paarvaiyil" on lead pair was picturised at bungalows such as ECR Road bungalow, Eden Garden House, Sneha House and the Gupta House.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=26 July 2006 |title=Something Something Unakkum Enakkum |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Onlocation/2006/07ssue.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070119200726/http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Onlocation/2006/07ssue.asp |archive-date=19 January 2007 |access-date=16 July 2024 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref><ref name="ss">{{Cite web |date=11 July 2006 |title=Songs and locations of ‘Something Something’ – tasty news |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/11072006-5.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061018033601/http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/11072006-5.shtml |archive-date=18 October 2006 |access-date=19 July 2024 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref> The song "Something Something" was shot at a set at Chennai Studios while "Kiliye Kiliye" was shot at Kithanayankottai, Aathur, Salem, Courtallam, Ambasamudram, Sivagiri and Tenkasi with 50 bullock carts and "Aagayam" was shot on sets put up at a 50-acre area in a village Sithayaiyan near Aathur off Dindigul.<ref name="ss" />

The film was initially titled ''Something Something Unakkum Enakkum'', but removed the English prefixes to exploit the Tamil Nadu Government's then rule of entertainment tax exemption for films with Tamil titles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Narayanan |first=Sharadha |date=6 July 2011 |title=No more tax exemptions? |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article415829.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161001195416/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article415829.ece |archive-date=1 October 2016 |access-date=27 September 2016 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Anand |first=S. |date=14 August 2006 |title=Now, The 'T' Certificate |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/now-the-t-certificate/232211 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161001180556/http://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/now-the-t-certificate/232211 |archive-date=1 October 2016 |access-date=27 September 2016 |website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=28 September 2010 |title=Only films with Tamil names get tax waiver, says TN govt |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Only-films-with-Tamil-names-get-tax-waiver-says-TN-govt/articleshow/6639621.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228232426/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Only-films-with-Tamil-names-get-tax-waiver-says-TN-govt/articleshow/6639621.cms |archive-date=28 December 2016 |access-date=4 October 2016 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Music ==
The film has six songs composed by [[Devi Sri Prasad]] who retained and reused all the tunes from the original Telugu film except for "Paripoke Pitta", which was replaced with "Kozhi Veda Kozhi".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karthik |author-link=Karthik Srinivasan |date=17 June 2006 |title=Something Something Unakkum Enakkum |url=https://milliblog.com/2006/06/17/something-something-unakkum-enakkum/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716141925/https://milliblog.com/2006/06/17/something-something-unakkum-enakkum/ |archive-date=16 July 2024 |access-date=21 February 2024 |website=[[Milliblog]] |language=en-US}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics
|-
| "Aagayam" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || [[Na. Muthukumar]]
|-
| "Kozhi Veda Kozhi" || Naveen, [[Priya Himesh]] || [[Viveka (lyricist)|Viveka]]
|-
| "Pooparikka Neeyum" || [[Shankar Mahadevan]] || Na. Muthukumar
|-
| "Kiliye Kiliye" || [[Jassie Gift]] || Na. Muthukumar
|-
| "Something Something" || [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]] || [[P. Vijay]]
|-
| "Un Paarvaiyil" || [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], Sumangali || [[Kabilan (lyricist)|Kabilan]]
|}

== Release and reception ==
The film was released on 28 July 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unakkum Enakkum / உனக்கும் எனக்கும் |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/unakkum-enakkum |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221124248/https://screen4screen.com/movies/unakkum-enakkum |archive-date=21 February 2024 |access-date=21 February 2024 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' said the film was "like a [[saccharin]]e coated [[Cotton candy|candy floss]] champion that is superbly packaged".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Something Something Unakkum Enakkum |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/something-something-unakkum-enakkum-review-tamil-pclwa1debcdfe.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224211206/http://www.sify.com/movies/something-something-unakkum-enakkum-review-tamil-pclwa1debcdfe.html |archive-date=24 December 2015 |access-date=28 December 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> ''[[The Hindu]]'' stated "Raja has a way of making remakes successful".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=28 July 2006 |title=From London with love – Unakkum Enakkum |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/from-london-with-love-unakkum-enakkum/article3218938.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304091539/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/from-london-with-love-unakkum-enakkum/article3218938.ece |archive-date=4 March 2017 |access-date=28 December 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Malini Mannath of ''Chennai Online'' wrote, "A wholesome, clean family entertainer, 'Unakkum Enakkum Something Something' is a feel-good film that keeps one engaged with its judicious blend of sentiment, action, humour and romance".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=1 August 2006 |title=Unakkum Enakkum Something Something |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/2006/07uess.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061101222447/http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/2006/07uess.asp |archive-date=1 November 2006 |access-date=19 April 2022 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> ''Cinesouth'' wrote, "With a whole battalion of stars, director Raja has delivered a nice story narrated intelligently. Hopefully, he will continue his good work in his next project too".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Something Something Unakkum Enakkum |url=http://cinesouth.com/scopes/reviews/new/something.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060830011127/http://cinesouth.com/scopes/reviews/new/something.shtml |archive-date=30 August 2006 |access-date=19 July 2024 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref> However Lajjavathi of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' gave a mixed review, citing Jayam Unit can at least try to meet the fans next time with a new story, new characters and different visual settings.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=லஜ்ஜாவதி |date=13 August 2006 |title=சம்திங் சம்திங் உனக்கும் எனக்கும்! |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2006-08-13/page/60/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240401150155/https://archive.org/details/kalki2006-08-13/page/60/mode/2up |archive-date=1 April 2024 |access-date=1 April 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=60 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> The venture went on to become profitable, and scored the third straight success for the actor-director duo.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 September 2006 |title=Success begins at home |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/success-begins-at-home/article3230588.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128072513/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/success-begins-at-home/article3230588.ece |archive-date=28 November 2020 |access-date=28 December 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Nuvvostanante Nenoddantana and its remakes}}
{{M. Raja}}

[[Category:2006 Indian films]]
[[Category:2006 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2006 films]]
[[Category:2006 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Mohan Raja]]
[[Category:Films scored by Devi Sri Prasad]]
[[Category:Films shot in Dubai]]
[[Category:Films shot in London]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kodaikanal]]
[[Category:Films shot in Dindigul]]
[[Category:Films shot in Palani]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Pandiya Naadu

2026-03-03T03:28:45Z

BrigitteHosking: new new stub.

{{Short description|2013 Indian film by Suseenthiran}}
{{About|Indian tamil movie|region in southern India|Pandya Nadu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pandiya Naadu
| image = Pandianadu.jpeg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical poster
| director = [[Suseenthiran]]
| producer = [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]]
| writer =Suseenthiran Bhaskar Sakthi '''(Dialogue)'''
| screenplay = Suseenthiran
| story = Suseenthiran
| starring = [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]] [[Bharathiraja]] [[Lakshmi Menon (actress)|Lakshmi Menon]] [[Sharath Lohitashwa]]
| music = [[D. Imman]]
| cinematography = [[R. Madhi]]
| editing = [[Anthony (film editor)|Anthony]]
| studio = [[Vishal Film Factory]]
| distributor = [[Vendhar Movies]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2013|11|02}}
| runtime = 137 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross ={{INR}}50 crore<ref name="bhd1" />
}}
'''''Pandiya Naadu''''' ({{Translation|Pandiya's kingdom}}) is a 2013 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action drama film]] directed by [[Suseenthiran]] and produced by [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]], who stars in the lead role alongside [[Lakshmi Menon (actress)|Lakshmi Menon]], [[Bharathiraja]], [[Soori (actor)|Soori]], [[Vikranth]], and [[Sharath Lohitashwa]]. The music was composed by [[D. Imman]] with cinematography by [[R. Madhi]] and editing by [[Anthony (film editor)|Anthony]].

''Pandiya Naadu'' was released on 2 November 2013 during [[Diwali]], where it received positive reviews from critics. It was dubbed in Hindi as ''Shiva Ka Badla'' and remade in Kannada as ''[[Rudra Tandava]]'' with [[Chiranjeevi Sarja]].

== Plot ==
Sivakumar is a meek person who owns a [[cellphone]] sales and service center in [[Madurai]] with his friend and sidekick Ganesan. Siva's father Kalyanasundaram is a retired government employee who shows much care on Siva's elder brother Nagarajan, an honest government officer. Simmakkal Ravi is a notorious gangster who rules Madurai with an iron fist. Sethu is Siva's best friend who helps him woo Malar by beating up men who were harassing her. Later, Sethu learns that Ravi's chief henchman Bharani has been harassing his ex-lover Amudha. Sethu soon stabs Bharani and flees with Amudha from Madurai on Siva's advice.

Meanwhile, Nagaraj confronts Ravi over the deaths of workers at his quarry, which is deeper than the legal limit, and shuts it down. An angered Ravi kills Nagaraj and stages his death as a road accident. At the hospital, a frightened Kalyanasundaram learns that Ravi killed Nagaraj and is threatened by Ravi's men to keep quiet about the incident. They also forge Kalyanasundaram's signature for a document stating that Nagarajan was [[driving under the influence]]. Siva confides to Ganesan that he had discovered the truth about Nagarajan's death and wants to exact vengeance against Ravi. Kalyanasundaram also decide to exact vengeance on Ravi, where he pays ₹3,000,000 ($50,000) to a prisoner for organizing a hit squad to finish Ravi.

Through Ganesan, Siva provides hacked smartphones to Ravi and his assistant in order to track their calls and monitors Ravi's activities, biding his time for the right moment. Siva plans to kill Ravi, who leaves for [[Coonoor]] to meet his minister friend. When Siva prepares to attack, the hit squad attacks Ravi in the same spot. As Ravi fights back, Siva runs in to try and kill Ravi, but is seen masked by Bharani. Ravi kills all of the hit squad members and finds out about the person who hired them. Ravi forces the hit squad organizer to make his client arrive at the bus stand on the pretext of returning the money.

Ravi and his gang wait at the bus stand to capture and kill the person. To retrieve his money, Kalyanasundaram arrives at the bus stand and is chased after by Ravi's gang. Kalyanasundaram falls unconscious due to the health problems until a masked Siva defeats Ravi's men and takes him to the hospital. Siva and Ganesan, who had retrieved the money, learns about Kalyanasundaram lamenting about his foiled plan to finish Ravi. Siva continues to follow Ravi and forms a plan with Ganesan to kill him at a temple festival. Suspecting a member of the general public, Ravi has the [[police commissioner]] round up all male family members of civilians whom he had killed to discover the killer.

Siva learns that Ravi is at a meeting in a theatre, where he goes to the theatre bathroom to kill Ravi despite Ganesan's advice. However, Siva is evicted by one of Ravi's men and leaves his sickle in the stall. Bharani recognises Siva from their past encounters, while Ravi notices the sickle and chases after Siva. Siva escapes and meets Amudha, who tells him that Sethu is also killed by Ravi. After Siva told Sethu to leave, the cops under Ravi's payroll captured Sethu and handed him over to Ravi. Bharani killed Sethu right in front of Amudha. Enraged at Sethu"s death, Siva kills Bharani and Ravi's henchmen, where he finally confronts Ravi.

Siva and Ravi have a tense and fierce combat, where Siva mortally wounds Ravi. Siva takes Ravi into a well and leaves him there to his death, telling him that he represents all the innocent people whom Ravi has killed. The news mentions about Ravi's partially-decomposed body being discovered after Siva gives an anonymous tip to the police. Siva secretly tells Kalyanasundaram about his role in all the events, where Kalyanasundaram embraces his son with joy and takes a walk with his grandson.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]] as Sivakumar Kalyanasundaram
*[[Bharathiraja]] as Kalyanasundaram, Siva's father
*[[Lakshmi Menon (actress)|Lakshmi Menon]] as Malarvizhi Chidambaram
*[[Soori (actor)|Soori]] as Ganesan alias "Doubt", Siva's friend
*[[Vikranth]] as Sethu
*[[Sharath Lohitashwa]] as Simmakkal Ravi
*[[Harish Uthaman]] as Bharani
*[[Guru Somasundaram]] as Nagaraj, Siva's brother
*[[Tulasi (actress)|Tulasi]] as Sivagami Chidambaram
*[[Advaitha (actress)|Advaitha]] as Amudha
*[[V. I. S. Jayapalan]] as Ravi's advisor
*Amudheshwar as Sivappu Raja
*Soumya Satish as Amudha Kalyanasundaram
*Vazhakku En Muthuraman as Raasu
*Baby Rakshana as Pooja
*[[Bava Lakshmanan]]
*Krishna Priya
{{colend}}

== Production ==
In March 2013, [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]] announced that he is going to work with [[Suseenthiran]] in a film tipped to be a commercial action entertainer, and the crew will be more or less the same that worked in Suseenthiran's ''[[Naan Mahaan Alla (2010 film)|Naan Mahaan Alla]]'', which was of the same genre.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vishal to work with Suseenthiran |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/vishal-to-work-with-suseenthiran-actor-vishal-vishal-23-03-13.html |access-date=24 November 2013 |website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref> After that, Suseenthiran confirmed that Vishal will act and also produce this movie under his home banner [[Vishal Krishna|Vishal Film Factory]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vishal turns producer |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130329/entertainment-kollywood/article/vishal-turns-producer |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005074306/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130329/entertainment-kollywood/article/vishal-turns-producer |archive-date=5 October 2013 |access-date=24 November 2013 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> After some days, they announced the title as ''Pandianadu'' and the cast and crew. [[Lakshmi Menon (actress)|Lakshmi Menon]] was selected to play the love interest of Vishal, and [[D. Imman]] was signed to score the music.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vishal's Next is 'Pandianadu' |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/92536.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408084153/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/92536.html |archive-date=8 April 2013 |access-date=13 April 2013 |website=Indiaglitz.com}}</ref> [[Vikranth]] was cast in a pivotal role along with [[Soori (actor)|Soori]] and ''[[Aaranya Kaandam]]'' fame [[Guru Somasundaram]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vikranth in Vishal Pandianadu |url=http://www.kollywoodtoday.net/news/vikranth-in-vishal-pandianadu/ |access-date=13 April 2013 |website=Kollywoodtoday.net}}</ref> [[Bharathiraja]] was signed to play Vishal's father in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pandianadu movie photos |url=http://www.cinespot.net/gallery/v/Movies/Tamil/Pandianadu+Tamil+Movie+Photos/ |access-date=24 November 2013 |website=cinespot.net}}</ref> Shooting started on 15 May 2013 in parts of [[Madurai]], [[Virudhunagar]], [[Coonoor]], [[Pollachi]] and [[Tiruchirappalli]].<ref name="pnbwoods">{{Cite web |title=Vishal's revenge to be stunning ! |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/vishals-revenge-to-be-stunning--actor-vishal-vishal-film-factory-24-04-13.html |access-date=24 November 2013 |website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref><ref name="pntstar">{{Cite web |title=Public in Virudhunagar gather to watch 'Pandiya Nadu' movie shooting |url=http://www.tamilstar.com/news-id-public-in-virudhunagar-gather-to-watch-pandiya-nadu-movie-shooting-pandiya-nadu-movies-05-07-135166.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203034310/http://www.tamilstar.com/news-id-public-in-virudhunagar-gather-to-watch-pandiya-nadu-movie-shooting-pandiya-nadu-movies-05-07-135166.htm |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=24 November 2013 |website=Tamilstar.com}}</ref><ref name="pnpeppy">{{Cite web |title=Pandiya Nadu movie nearing completion and Audio will be launched on October 13 |url=http://peppycinema.com/pandiya-nadu-movie-nearing-completion-and-audio-will-be-launched-on-october-13/ |access-date=24 November 2013 |website=Peppycinema.com}}</ref> The major shooting took place in Virudhunagar for nearly 20 days. Further action plots were taken in the town. It was the third film to be shot in Virudhunagar, after ''[[Veyil (2006 film)|Veyil]]'' and ''[[Renigunta (film)|Renigunta]]''. The film was said to be shot in [[4K resolution]], making it the second Tamil film after ''[[Sivaji (film)|Sivaji]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=S. R. Ashok Kumar |date=28 October 2013 |title=Lights On: Pandiya Nadu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/lights-on/article5281387.ece |access-date=24 November 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Pandiya Naadu
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[D. Imman]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 13 October 2013
| recorded = 2013
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 37:39
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[Think Music]]
| producer = [[D. Imman]]
| prev_title = [[Varuthapadatha Valibar Sangam]]
| prev_year = 2013
| next_title = [[Jilla (soundtrack)|Jilla]]
| next_year = 2014
| misc = {{Singles
| name = Pandiya Naadu
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = Othakada Othakada Machan
| single1date = 22 September 2013
}}
}}

The soundtrack for ''Pandiya Naadu'' was composed by [[D. Imman]] collaborating with [[Suseenthiran]] and [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]], for the first time.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/audio-beat-pandiya-nadu-new-singers-new-film/article5275640.ece Audio Beat: Pandiya Nadu – New singers, new film]. The Hindu (2013-10-26). Retrieved on 2013-12-12.</ref> The audio rights were acquired by [[Think Music]]. A single track "Othakada Othakada Machaan" was released on 22 September 2013, at the cultural event held at [[Loyola College, Chennai|Loyola Engineering College]] in [[Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2013 |title=Pandiya Naadu single on Sunday |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/pandiya-naadu-single-on-sunday-news-tamil-njujEFadhicsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630032328/https://www.sify.com/movies/pandiya-naadu-single-on-sunday-news-tamil-njujEFadhicsi.html |archive-date=30 June 2020 |access-date=28 June 2020 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The audio was launched on 13 October 2013,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pandiya Nadu audio launch date confirmed |url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/3014/pandiya-nadu-audio-launch-date-confirmed |access-date=2020-06-28 |website=www.moviecrow.com}}</ref> at [[Sathyam cinemas|Sathyam Cinemas]] in [[Chennai]], with the presence of the film's cast and crew.<ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/audio-release-of-pandiya-naadu/1183427/ Audio release of Pandiya Naadu]. Indian Express (2013-10-18). Retrieved on 2013-12-12.</ref>

Behindwoods gave 2.75 out of 5 to the album stating "Trademark Imman sounds packed with some amount of punch."<ref>[http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/pandianadu/pandianadu-songs-review.html Pandianadu Songs Review Pandianadu, Vishal, lakshmi menon]. Behindwoods.com (13 October 2013). Retrieved on 12 December 2013.</ref> Indiaglitz gave 3 out of 5 and stated "Imman score again."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pandiya Nadu Music review songs lyrics |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/pandiya-nadu-songs-review-tamil-movie-17563 |access-date=2023-01-19 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 37:39
| title1 = Yaelay Yaelay Marudhu
| extra1 = [[Sooraj Santhosh]]
| length1 = 04:41
| title2 = Fy Fy Fy Kalaachify
| extra2 = [[Remya Nambeesan]]
| length2 = 04:11
| title3 = Othakada Othakada Machan
| extra3 = [[Sooraj Santhosh]], Hariharasudhan
| length3 = 04:52
| title4 = Verikonda Puli Ondru
| extra4 = [[Anand Aravindakshan]]
| length4 = 05:23
| title5 = Daiyare Daiyare
| extra5 = [[Anthony Daasan]], Palaniammal, Natraj, Pavan
| length5 = 04:23
| title10 =
| note7 = Karaoke
| note6 = Karaoke
| all_lyrics = [[Vairamuthu]], except the track "Fy Fy Fy Kalaachify", which was written by [[Madhan Karky]]
| extra8 =
| extra7 =
| extra6 =
| length10 =
| all_writing =
| length9 =
| title9 =
| length8 = 05:20
| title8 = Revenge Mode
| length7 = 04:10
| title7 = Othakada Othakada Machan
| length6 = 04:39
| title6 = Yaelay Yaelay Marudhu
| note8 = Instrumental
}}

== Release ==
The satellite rights of the film were secured by [[Raj TV]] for {{INR}}10 crore, though [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]]'s films were generally brought for {{INR}}6–7 crore as an average.<ref>[http://www.kollyinsider.com/2013/11/pandiya-nadu-satellite-rights-goes-to.html Pandiya Nadu satellite rights goes to Jaya TV for 10 Crores | Tamil Cinema News › KollyInsider]. Kollyinsider.com (13 November 2013). Retrieved on 12 December 2013</ref> The film was initially given a [[U/A certificate]] by the [[Indian Censor Board]], but later it was given a [[U certificate (India)|U certificate]]. ''Pandiya Naadu'' released on 2 November alongside ''[[Aarambam]]'' and ''[[All in All Azhagu Raja]]''. It released in 350+ screens in Tamil Nadu, while overseas it released in 70 screens adding up to 1000+ screens worldwide.<ref>[http://www.ibtimes.co.in/articles/515180/20131020/diwali-release-schedule-arrambam-pandiya-nadu-azhaguraja.htm Diwali Release Schedule: 'Arrambam', 'Pandiya Nadu' and 'All in All Azhaguraja' – International Business Times]. Ibtimes.co.in (2013-10-20). Retrieved on 2013-12-12.</ref><ref>[http://timesofap.com/cinema/pandiya-nadu-movie-public-talk.html Pandiya Nadu Movie Public Talk]. Timesofap (2013-11-02). Retrieved on 2013-12-12.</ref><ref>[http://www.iflickz.com/2013/10/pandiya-nadu-release-gets-bigger.html Pandiya Nadu release gets bigger]. iFlickz. Retrieved on 2013-12-12.</ref> The film was released in 80 screens in Kerala on 8 November 2013.<ref>[http://cinesine.com/kollywood/3333/pandianadu-aka-pandiya-nadu-worldwide-screen-count Pandianadu aka Pandiya Nadu worldwide screen count]. Cinesine. Retrieved on 2013-12-12.</ref>

== Reception ==
''Pandiya Naadu'' received positive reviews from critics.

=== Critical response ===
''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote "Suseenthiran gives us a smartly-written action drama, but the film’s sore point is the romantic track."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Pandiya Naadu Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/pandiya-nadu/movie-review/25313659.cms |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> S. Saraswathi of ''[[Rediff.com|Rediff]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote "What makes ''Pandiya Naadu'' remarkable is the director’s realistic approach and the right amount of commercialism supported by a well-written script, good dialogues, great music and excellent all–round performances."<ref>{{Cite web |title=PANDIANADU MOVIE REVIEW |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-pandianadu-is-impressive-SOUTH/20131105.htm |website=[[Rediff.com|Rediff]]}}</ref>

''Behindwoods'' gave 3.25/5 stars and wrote "Pandiya Naadu is a well written commercial film backed by remarkable performances and lives up to its dark-horse label prior to its release."<ref>{{Cite web |title=PANDIANADU MOVIE REVIEW |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/pandianadu/pandianadu-review.html |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> [[Baradwaj Rangan]] of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "Suseenthiran stages the genre staples well enough — the fight in a bus station; the suspense around an assassination attempt in a theatre — but what he does around these generic scenarios is this movie’s secret strength. That’s what shows that he’s no... ordinary filmmaker."<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 November 2013 |title=Ordinary people |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/ordinary-people/article5321495.ece |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
On first day, the film opened to packed house and grossed {{INR}}7.14 crore in its first day. The film collected ₹38.12 lakh from 156 shows in its opening weekend in Chennai and opened behind the other releases ''[[Arrambam]]'' and ''[[All in All Azhagu Raja]]''.<ref>[http://www.ibtimes.co.in/articles/519554/20131105/pandiya-nadu-box-office-collection-azhaguraja-vishal.htm Box Office: 'Pandiya Nadu', 'All in All Azhaguraja' Collections – International Business Times]. Ibtimes.co.in (2013-11-05). Retrieved on 2014-01-06.</ref><ref>[http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/pandianadu/pandianadu-box-office-nov-03.html Pandianadu box office collection]. Behindwoods.com. Retrieved on 2014-01-06.</ref> After seven weeks, the total collections at the Chennai box office were estimated at ₹3.81 crores and the film was termed a Super hit by Behindwoods.com.<ref>[http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/pandianadu/pandianadu-box-office-dec-15.html Pandianadu box office collection]. Behindwoods.com. Retrieved on 2014-01-06.</ref> The film collected {{INR}}52.35 crore in its full run at the box office. The film grossed {{INR}}50 crore at the box office in its final run.<ref name="bhd1">{{Cite web |title=50 Days, 5O Crore - Jackpot for Vishal - Behind Frames |url=http://www.behindframes.com/50-days-5o-crore-jackpot-for-vishal/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208194303/http://www.behindframes.com/50-days-5o-crore-jackpot-for-vishal/ |archive-date=8 December 2015 |access-date=18 November 2014}}</ref>

== Awards and nominations ==
;[[Vijay Awards]]
* [[Vijay Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] – [[Bharathiraja]], Won
* [[Vijay Award for Best Editor|Best Editor]] – [[Anthony (film editor)|Anthony]], Won
* [[Vijay Award for Best Stunt Director|Best Stunt Director]] – Anal Arasu, Won
* [[Vijay Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] – [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]], Nominated
* [[Vijay Award for Best Director|Best Director]] – [[Suseenthiran]], Nominated
* [[Vijay Award for Best Villain|Best Villain]] – [[Sharath Lohitashwa]], Nominated
* [[Vijay Award for Best Art Director|Best Art Director]] – [[Rajeevan]], Nominated
* Best Dialogue Writer – [[Suseenthiran]] and Baskar Shakthi, Nominated

;[[South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Awards]]
* Best Debutant Producer – [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]], Won
* Best Fight Choreographer – Anal Arasu, Won
* Best Actor – [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]], Nominated
* Best Director – [[Suseenthiran]], Nominated
* Best Supporting Actor – [[Bharathiraja]], Nominated
* Best Actor in a Negative Role – [[Sharath Lohitashwa]], Nominated
* Best Female Playback Singer – [[Remya Nambeesan]] For ''Fy Fy Fy'', Nominated

== References ==
{{Reflist|35em}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=3232156}}

{{Suseenthiran}}
{{Vishal Film Factory}}

[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Tiruchirappalli]]
[[Category:Films shot in Madurai]]
[[Category:Films directed by Suseenthiran]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:2013 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by D. Imman]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:2013 action drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Brahmagiri archaeological site

2026-02-27T13:11:25Z

BrigitteHosking: Improved wording and formatting

{{Short description|Archaeological site in Karnataka, India}}
{{For|other places with the same name|Brahmagiri (disambiguation){{!}}Brahmagiri}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}

'''Brahmagiri''' is an [[archaeological site]] located in the [[Chitradurga district]] of the state of [[Karnataka]], [[India]].<ref name="asi">{{cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_imp_karnataka.asp|work=Archaeological survey of India|title=Excavations - Important - Karnataka|access-date=2008-03-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517075246/http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_imp_karnataka.asp#|archive-date=17 May 2008|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Legend has it that this is the site where sage [[Gautama Maharishi]] (also spelt Gauthama Maharshi) and his wife [[Ahalya]] lived. He was one among seven noted Hindu saints (Saptharshi mandalam). This site was first explored by [[Benjamin L. Rice]] in 1891, who discovered rock [[Edicts of Ashoka|edicts]] of Emperor [[Ashoka]] here. These rock edicts indicated that the locality was termed as ''Isila'' and denoted the southernmost extent of the [[Mauryan empire]].<ref name="asi"/><ref name="ama">Amalananda Ghosh (1990), p82</ref> The Brahmagiri site is a granite outcrop elevated about 180 m. above the surrounding plains and measures around 500 m east-west and 100 m north-south.<ref name="pnp">[[Peter N. Peregrine]], [[Melvin Ember]], Human Relations Area Files Inc. (2001), p367</ref> It is well known for the large number of [[megalithic]] monuments that have been found here.<ref name="gap">Kenneth A. R. Kennedy (2000), p267</ref> The earliest settlement found here has been dated to at least the 2nd millennium BC.<ref name="bc">Barbara Ann Kipfer (2000), p78</ref>

==Excavation history==
In 1947, [[Mortimer Wheeler]] further excavated the site on behalf of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]].<ref name="ama"/> The region was excavated again in 1956 by Seshadri and by Amalananda Ghosh in 1965 and 1978.<ref name="ama"/>

==Architectural significance==
Excavation has revealed medieval stone temples, pottery, [[terracota]] beads and figurines, semiprecious stones and [[megalithic]] structures.<ref name="ama"/> There have been traces of cultures: [[Microlithic culture|Microlithic]], [[Neolithic]], [[Iron Age]], [[Maurya]] and [[Chalukya]]-[[Hoysala]]. Amlanandan Ghosh named the microlithic culture as ''Roppa culture'' after the Roppa village within which the microlithic trench was located.<ref name="ama"/> He also found out that the neoliths found in this region were evidence of the occupation of this region by farming-herding communities in the pre-megalithic period.<ref name="gap"/>

In 1947, Mortimer Wheeler did further excavations at Brahmagiri, found ten domestic structures and classified them as belonging to a sequence of three cultural periods: Period I - Neolithic or Neolithic-[[Chalcolithic]], Period II - [[Megalithic]] and Period III - an early historical culture.<ref name="asi"/><ref name="dic">Ian Shaw, Robert Jameson (1999), p122</ref> Brahmagiri was identified to contain a mortuary of 300 tombs with burials made in rectangular [[cist]]s, ''cist-circles'' (stones surrounding granite cists) and pit-circles. The cists also included artefacts like vessels with graffiti, stone beads and iron and copper tools.<ref name="dic"/>

===Period I (Neolithic)===
Wheeler dated this period to belong within the range 1st millennium B.C. to 2nd century B.C. The objects found in this period included a large number of polished stone axes made of [[dolerite]], microliths like crescents, gravers and blades made of [[jasper]], [[agate]] [[carnelian]] and [[opal]], and ornaments worn by humans like bronze rings and beads of [[magnesite]], [[agate]] and [[exoskeleton|shell]].<ref name="ama"/> Handmade vessels made of coarse grey fabric and with shapes like globular vase, shallow bowl and spouted bowl were also found. The infants who died in this period, had their body folded and were buried in urns while the adults were buried in pits in an extended way.<ref name="ama"/>

===Period II (Megalithic)===
Wheeler dated this period to belong within the range 2nd century B.C. to the middle of 1st century A. D. It was found that the humans who inhabited Brahmagiri during this period used iron for agricultural tools like sickles and for weapons like spears, swords and arrowheads.<ref name="ama"/> Pottery of this period were made in shapes like hemi-spherical deep bowl, funnel shaped lid, shallow dish and three-legged pots among others. The vessels appear in three kinds of fabrics: polished black and red ware, all-black ware, and bright and coarse dull-red ware.<ref name="ama"/> The burials in this period were done in stone cists or excavated pits which were surrounded by boulders arranged in the shape of a circle or concentric circles. The cists also contained funeral pots and objects like iron implements and beads.<ref name="ama"/>

===Period III===
Wheeler dated this period to belong within the range 2nd century B.C. to the middle of 1st century A. D. In this period, sophisticated pottery was made using fast wheels. The vessels were made in shapes like shallow dish, cups and vases, coated in a russet colour and painted with geometrical designs in white colour. Ornaments found included bangles of shell, clay, bones, glass and gold, and beads of magnesite, agate, carnelian and terracotta.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

Recent archaeological studies in Brahmagiri identified multiple natural rock shelter inhabited by the humans and left with rock art panels assigned to the period of Iron Age.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Arjun |first1=R |date=1 September 2018 |title=Archaeological Investigations at the Brahmagiri rock shelter: Prospecting for its context in South India late prehistory and early history |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ara.2016.12.003 |journal=Archaeological Research in Asia |language=en |volume=15 |pages=1–12 |doi=10.1016/j.ara.2016.12.003 |issn=2352-2267|url-access=subscription }}</ref> New archaeological features such as cupules are also discovered on megaliths and granite boulders.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Arjun |first1=R. |title=New approaches towards measuring cupule volume for empirical analysis: an experimental study from Brahmagiri, Southern India |journal=Current Science |date=2017 |volume=113 |issue=12 |pages=2335–2341 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/26493544 |issn=0011-3891}}</ref>

==Other megalithic sites in Karnataka==
* [[Morera Thatte]]
* [[Sidlaphadi]]
* [[Sanganakallu]]
* [[Kupgal petroglyphs]]
* [[Hirebenkal]]
* [[Khyad]]
* [[Kupgal petroglyphs]]
* [[Sodhe#Prehistoric rock art|Sonda]]
* [[Byse, Shimoga#History|Byse]]
* [[Anegundi]]
* [[South Asian Stone Age]]
* [[Archaeology in India]]
* [[Timeline of Indian history]]
* [[List of Indus Valley Civilisation sites]]
* {{section link|List of archaeological sites by country|India}}
* List of archaeological sites by continent and age
* {{section link|World Heritage Sites by country|India}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
{{Portal|India}}

*Arjun. R (1 September 2018. "Archaeological Investigations at the Brhamagiri rock shelter: Prospecting for its context in South India late prehistory and early history". Archaeological Research in Asia. 15: 1-12. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:10.1016/j.ara.2016.12.003. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]] 2352-2267.
*{{cite book |last= Ghosh|first= Amalananda|title= An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology|orig-year=1990|year= 1990|publisher= BRILL|isbn=90-04-09262-5}}
*{{cite book |last= Kennedy|first= Kenneth A. R.|title= God-Apes and Fossil Men: Paleoanthropology of South Asia|orig-year=2000|year= 2000|publisher= University of Michigan Press|isbn=0-472-11013-6}}
*{{cite book |author=Peter N. Peregrine |author-link=Peter N. Peregrine |author2=Melvin Ember |author3=Human Relations Area Files Inc.|title= Encyclopedia of Prehistory|orig-year=2001|year= 2001|publisher= Springer|isbn=0-306-46262-1}}
*{{cite book |last=Kipfer|first=Barbara Ann|title= Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archaeology|orig-year=2000|year= 2000|publisher= Springer|isbn=0-306-46158-7}}
*{{cite book |author1=Ian Shaw |author2=Robert Jameson |title=A Dictionary of Archaeology|orig-year=1999|year= 1999|publisher= Blackwell Publishing|isbn=0-631-23583-3}}

{{Coord|14|48|50|N|76|48|23|E|region:IN_type:city_source:kolossus-eswiki|display=title}}

{{Prehistoric technology}}

[[Category:Archaeological sites in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Megalithic monuments in India]]
[[Category:Neolithic settlements]]
[[Category:Former populated places in India]]

Chandrashekhar Dubey

2026-02-27T07:28:42Z

BrigitteHosking: fix

{{Short description|Indian actor (1924–1993)}}
{{redirect|C. S. Dubey|the Indian hockey player|C. S. Dubey (field hockey)}}
{{distinguish|Chandra Shekhar Dubey}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2024}}

'''Chandrashekhar Dubey''' (4 September 1924 – 28 September 1993) commonly referred to as '''C. S. Dubey''' was an Indian actor and radio personality. He was born in [[Kannod]] and appeared in over 150 Hindi films as a [[character actor]] starting in 1950s, with ''[[Patita (1953 film)|Patita]]'' (1953) and ''[[Mr. & Mrs. '55]]'' (1955). He became famous for his one-liner "Dhakkan khol ke" in the film, ''[[Zinda Dil]]'' (1975), which he later used in his radio programs, as a suffix with almost every sentence.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050717/spectrum/main6.htm |title=Lines that linger |last=Miglani|first=Surendra|date=17 July 2005| access-date=14 December 2010 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]}}</ref>

== Life ==

Dubey was active in the [[Quit India movement]] for which he was imprisoned.{{Citation needed|date=March 2016}} He then moved to [[Bombay]] to work as an actor. He was also known as a social worker who helped poor students pay for their education.{{Citation needed|date=March 2009}}

==Career==
He first worked for producer and director [[Amiya Chakravarty (director)|Amiya Chakravarty]] as an office boy, production manager and assistant director before appearing in his two films ''[[Patita (1953 film)|Patita]]'' and ''[[Seema (1955 film)|Seema]]'' (1955). He went on to appear in almost 200 films, for example ''[[Teesri Kasam]]'', ''[[Roti Kapda Aur Makaan]]'', ''[[Mausam (1975 film)|Mausam]]'', ''[[Angoor (1982 film)|Angoor]]'' and ''[[Ram Teri Ganga Maili]]''. He was known for mostly portraying negative characters, such as money lenders, pimps or rapists.

He worked for the radio and starred in radio programmes like ''[[Hawa Mahal (radio program)|Hawa Mahal]]'', ''Fauji Bhaiyon'' and radio plays.

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 1949 || ''[[Sunehre Din]]'' || || Cameo appearance in the song "Hum Mast Dilon Ko Lekar"
|-
| 1952 || ''[[Daag (1952 film)|Daag]]'' || Hira ||
|-
| 1953 || ''[[Patita (1953 film)|Patita]]'' || Bhiku Chacha ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1955 || ''[[Seema (1955 film)|Seema]]'' || Banke Lal ||
|-
| ''[[Pehli Jhalak]]'' || Paan Shop Owner ||
|-
| ''[[Mr. & Mrs. '55]]'' || Doctor ||
|-
| 1956 || ''[[Jaldeep]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1957 || ''[[Dekh Kabira Roya]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Bhabhi (1957 film)|Bhabhi]]'' || Abdul Majid's Son ||
|-
| ''[[Ab Dilli Dur Nahin (1957 film)|Ab Dilli Dur Nahin]]'' || Ram Bharose ||
|-
| ''[[Kath Putli]]'' || ||
|-
| 1958 || ''[[Haria (1958 film)|Haria]]'' || ||
|-
| 1959 || ''[[Ardhangini (1959 film)|Ardhangini]]'' || Babloo's dad ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1961 || ''[[Hamari Yaad Aayegi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Passport (1961 film)|Passport]]'' || Dubey - Employee at Bhagwandas Jewellers ||
|-
| ''[[Ramu Dada]]'' || ||
|-
| 1962 || ''[[Aarti]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1963 || ''[[Bidesiya (film)|Bidesiya]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Bin Badal Barsaat (1963 film)|Bin Badal Barsaat]]'' || ||
|-
| 1964 || ''[[Goswami Tulsidas]]'' || Man who doubts Tulsidas ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1966 || ''[[Teesri Kasam]]'' || Birju ||
|-
| ''[[Gaban (film)|Gaban]]'' || Bhagat - Paanwala ||
|-
| ''[[Aaye Din Bahar Ke]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1968 || ''[[Jhuk Gaya Aasmaan]]'' || Bengali Babu ||
|-
| ''[[Sapnon Ka Saudagar]]'' || Ramu (gambler) ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1969 || ''[[Do Bhai (1969 film)|Do Bhai]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Jeene Ki Raah]]'' || Raghunandan's dad ||
|-
| ''[[Prince (1969 film)|Prince]]'' || Dancer who got tied up ||
|-
| ''[[Aradhana (1969 film)|Aradhana]]'' || The Inn keeper ||
|-
| rowspan="7" | 1970 || ''[[Samaj Ko Badal Dalo]]'' || Kalicharan ||
|-
| ''[[Pagla Kahin Ka]]'' || Pinto ||
|-
| ''[[Pehchan (1970 film)|Pehchan]]'' || Sunder ||
|-
| ''[[Humjoli]]'' || Shyama's Uncle ||
|-
| ''[[Yaadgaar (1970 film)|Yaadgaar]]'' || Chand Seth ||
|-
| ''[[Tum Haseen Main Jawan]]'' || Zorawar Singh ||
|-
| ''[[Khilona (1970 film)|Khilona]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1971 || ''[[Lagan (1971 film)|Lagan]]'' || Kalpana's dad ||
|-
| ''[[Main Sunder Hoon]]'' || Chicken Owner ||
|-
| ''[[Bikhare Moti]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="7" | 1972 || ''[[Ek Khiladi Bawan Pattey]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Raja Jani]]'' || Bagla Seth's Servant ||
|-
| ''[[Samadhi]]'' || Jr Artist ||
|-
| ''[[Rakhi Aur Hathkadi]]'' || Pandit ||
|-
| ''[[Shaadi Ke Baad]]'' || Advocate Govind ||
|-
| ''[[Babul Ki Galiyaan]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Apna Desh]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1972 || ''[[Sanjog (1972 film)|Sanjog]]'' || Dubey || Guest Appearance
|-
| ''[[Piya Ka Ghar]]'' || Pandit ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1973 || ''[[Mere Gharib Nawaz]]'' || Akhtar Miyan ||
|-
| ''[[Saudagar (1973 film)|Saudagar]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Banarasi Babu (1973 film)|Banarasi Babu]]'' || Fernandes ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1974 || ''[[The Cheat (1974 film)|The Cheat]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Roti Kapada Aur Makaan]]'' || Lala (grocer) ||
|-
| ''[[Imtihan]]'' || Professor Brij Bhushan Chaturvedi ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1975 || ''[[Ek Gaon Ki Kahani (1957 film)|Ek Gaon Ki Kahani]]'' || Banvarilal ||
|-
| ''[[Zinda Dil]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Sanyasi]]'' || Munimji ||
|-
| ''[[Mausam (1975 film)|Mausam]]'' || Dinu ||
|-
| ''[[Aandhi]]'' || Gurusaran ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1976 || ''[[Lagaam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Tapasya]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Chitchor]]'' || Postman ||
|-
| ''[[Dus Numbri]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Chhoti Si Baat]]'' || Gurnaam (Garage owner) ||
|-
| rowspan="6" | 1977 || ''[[Shirdi Ke Sai Baba]]'' || Groom's dad ||
|-
| ''[[Ananda Ashram]]'' || Mukhiya ||
|-
| ''[[Tinku]]'' || Balloon Seller ||
|-
| ''[[Dream Girl (1977 film)|Dream Girl]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Khel Khilari Ka]]'' || Nandan ||
|-
| ''[[Immaan Dharam]]'' || Lawyer ||
|-
| rowspan="10" | 1978 || ''[[Tyaag Patra]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Chor Ho To Aisa]]'' || Pure Hindi speaking donor ||
|-
| ''[[Damaad]]'' || Pandit Sunder Lal ||
|-
| ''[[Rahu Ketu (1978 film)|Rahu Ketu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ram Kasam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ghar (1978 film)|Ghar]]'' || Banwari Lal ||
|-
| ''[[Kaala Aadmi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Chakravyuha (1978 film)|Chakravyuha]]'' || Ayurvedic Medicine Seller ||
|-
| ''[[Main Tulsi Tere Aangan Ki]]'' || Subramaniam (Accountant) ||
|-
| ''[[Azaad (1978 film)|Azaad]]'' || Mr. Mishra ||
|-
| rowspan="8" | 1979 || ''[[Nagin Aur Suhagan]]'' || Thakur Zoravar Singh ||
|-
| ''[[Meri Biwi Ki Shaadi]]'' || Banwari ||
|-
| ''[[Salaam Memsaab]]'' || Panditji ||
|-
| ''[[Naiyya]]'' || Vaid Makardhwaj ||
|-
| ''[[Ghar Ki Laaj]]'' || Manphool's Uncle ||
|-
| ''[[Saanch Ko Aanch Nahin]]'' || Ganeshi ||
|-
| ''[[Manzil]]'' || Dharam Chand ||
|-
| ''[[Bin Phere Hum Tere]]'' || Mukand Bihari ||
|-
| rowspan="7" | 1980 || ''[[Maan Abhiman]]'' || Munim ||
|-
| ''[[Patita (1980 film)|Patita]]'' || Din Dayal Dubey ||
|-
| ''[[Payal Ki Jhankaar]]'' || Shivram ||
|-
| ''[[Bin Maa Ke Bachche]]'' || Gopal ||
|-
| ''[[Hum Paanch (film)|Hum Paanch]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Be-Reham]]'' || Banke Lal ||
|-
| ''[[Do Premee]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="7" | 1981 || ''[[Sheetla Mata]]'' || Teja Singh ||
|-
| ''[[Fiffty Fiffty]]'' || Bihari's brother ||
|-
| ''[[Shradhanjali]]'' || Cremation In Charge ||
|-
| ''[[Khuda Kasam]]'' || Pandit ||
|-
| ''[[Haqdaar]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Rocky (1981 film)|Rocky]]'' || Man at the courtesan's place ||
|-
| ''[[Krodhi]]'' || Aarti's uncle ||
|-
| rowspan="1" | 1981 || ''[[Bulundi]]'' || College Lecturer ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1982 || ''[[Teri Maang Sitaron Se Bhar Doon]]'' || Popat Lal ||
|-
| ''[[Dharam Kanta]]'' || Merchant weapon ||
|-
| ''[[Teesri Aankh (1982 film)|Teesri Aankh]]'' || Sagar's victim ||
|-
| ''[[Apna Bana Lo]]'' || Drunk ||
|-
| ''[[Angoor (1982 film)|Angoor]]'' || Chhedilal ||
|-
| rowspan="7" | 1983 || ''[[Nishaan (1983 film)|Nishaan]]'' || Lala ||
|-
| ''[[Faraib]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Hum Se Hai Zamana]]'' || Thakur's Munim ||
|-
| ''[[Manju (film)|Manju]]'' || Amar Singh ||
|-
| ''[[Coolie]]'' || Deepa's prospective father-in-law ||
|-
| ''[[Painter Babu]]'' || Nekiram ||
|-
| ''[[Taqdeer (1983 film)|Taqdeer]]'' || Munim Phoolchand ||
|-
| rowspan="1" | 1983 || ''[[Kalka (1983 film)|Kalka]]'' || Sevakram ||
|-
| rowspan="13" | 1984 || ''[[Zindagi Jeene Ke Liye]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ek Naya Itihas]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Yeh Desh]]'' || Minister ||
|-
| ''[[Grahasthi]]'' || Lala ||
|-
| ''[[Kanoon Kya Karega]]'' || Pakdulal Mishra ||
|-
| ''[[Love Marriage (1984 film)|Love Marriage]]'' || Chaubey ||
|-
| ''[[Karishmaa]]'' || Man who got wet ||
|-
| ''[[Ram Ki Ganga]]'' || Madhu's patron ||
|-
| ''[[Gangvaa]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ek Nai Paheli]]'' || Upendranath's friend ||
|-
| ''[[Sharaabi]]'' || Father of prospective bride ||
|-
| ''[[Bhemaa]]'' || Chaubey ||
|-
| ''[[Maqsad]]'' || Sharma ||
|-
| 1984 || ''[[Inquilaab (1984 film)|Inquilaab]]'' || Education Minister ||
|-
| rowspan="7" | 1985 || ''[[Piya Milan]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ek Chitthi Pyar Bhari]]'' || Bhiku ||
|-
| ''[[Haqeeqat (1985 film)|Haqeeqat]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Phaansi Ke Baad]]'' || Loknath, MP ||
|-
| ''[[Ghar Dwaar]]'' || Karodimal ||
|-
| ''[[Mard (1985 film)|Mard]]'' || Lalaji ||
|-
| ''[[Ram Teri Ganga Maili]]'' || Pandit ||
|-
| rowspan="8" | 1986 || ''[[Maa Beti]]'' || Purshotamlal ||
|-
| ''[[Andheri Raat Mein Diya Tere Haath Mein]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Saveray Wali Gaadi]]'' || Pandit ||
|-
| ''[[Ghar Sansar]]'' || Money Lender ||
|-
| ''[[Karma (1986 film)|Karma]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kirayadar]]'' || Advocate Balwant B. Desai ||
|-
| ''[[Kala Dhanda Goray Log]]'' || Money Lender ||
|-
| ''[[Aap Ke Saath]]'' || Stranger #1 ||
|-
| rowspan="9" | 1987 || ''[[Raat Ke Andhere Mein]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Daku Hasina]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Marte Dam Tak]]'' || Tiwarilal ||
|-
| ''[[Besahara]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kudrat Ka Kanoon]]'' || Ramu ||
|-
| ''[[Thikana]]'' || Man who raped maid ||
|-
| ''[[Kalyug Aur Ramayan]]'' || Jagannath ||
|-
| ''[[Nazrana (1987 film)|Nazrana]]'' || Parvati's Husband ||
|-
| ''[[Raaj Dulara]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="8" | 1988 || ''[[Aurat Teri Yehi Kahani]]'' || Poojari ||
|-
| ''[[Jeete Hain Shaan Se]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Zalzala (1988 film)|Zalzala]]'' || Mukhiya ||
|-
| ''[[Ek Naya Rishta]]'' || Rajiv's relative ||
|-
| ''[[Zakhmi Aurat]]'' || Rapist's father ||
|-
| ''[[Soorma Bhopali]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Hum Farishte Nahin]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Aakrant]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="8" | 1989 || ''[[Ustaad (1989 film)|Ustaad]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Dav Pech]]'' || Molester ||
|-
| ''[[Nishane Bazi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Bade Ghar Ki Beti]]'' || Lala (Money-lender) ||
|-
| ''[[Toofan (1989 film)|Toofan]]'' || Bride's Father ||
|-
| ''[[Jaadugar (1989 film)|Jaadugar]]'' || Pujari ||
|-
| ''[[Galiyon Ka Badshah]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Clerk]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="6" | 1990 || ''[[Vidrohi (film)|Vidrohi]]'' || Deshbandhu ||
|-
| ''[[Karishma Kali Kaa]]'' || Parvati's Advocate ||
|-
| ''[[Aag Ka Gola]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ghar Ho To Aisa]]'' || Mahajan ||
|-
| ''[[Sailaab (1990 film)|Sailaab]]'' || Pandit ||
|-
| ''[[Jeevan Ek Sanghursh]]'' || Roop Chand ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1991 || ''[[Narasimha]]'' || Munshi ||
|-
| ''[[Iraada]]'' || ||
|-
| 1992 || ''[[Naseebwaala]]'' || Man who bought the garage ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1993 || ''[[Shuruaat]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Dalaal]]'' || Neta's man ||
|-
| ''[[Dhartiputra]]'' || Secretary To Governor ||
|-
| ''[[Antim Nyay]]'' || Lawyer ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1994 || ''[[Stunttman]]'' || Jeweller ||
|-
| ''[[Eena Meena Deeka]]'' || Eena's Neighbour ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1995 || ''[[Sarhad: The Border of Crime]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Aatank Hi Aatank]]'' || Durga Prasad Tiwari ||
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Share Bazaar (film)|Share Bazaar]]'' || Money lender ||
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Gair (film)|Gair]]'' || Mandir poojary ||
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Hatya: The Murder]]'' || Paid Mourner ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Yaar Meri Zindagi]]'' || ||
|}
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.imdb.com/name/nm1021410/|title = C.S. Dubey}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|1021410}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dubey, Chandrashekar}}
[[Category:1924 births]]
[[Category:1993 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male radio actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]

St. George's Grammar School (Hyderabad)

2026-02-21T09:48:38Z

BrigitteHosking: cleanup

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2015}}
{{Infobox school
| name = St. George's Grammar School
| image = Coat of arms of Moscow.svg
| image_size = 200px
| caption =
| address = Gunfoundry, [[Abids]],
| city = [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]]
| postal_code = 500001
| country = IND
| coordinates =
| district = [[Hyderabad district, India|Hyderabad]]
| religious_affiliation =
| denomination = [[Anglican]]
| oversight = [[Diocese of Medak of the Church of South India|Medak Diocese]], [[Church of South India]]
| affiliation = [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations|CISCE]]
| founder = [[United Kingdom|British]] Officers, [[Nizam of Hyderabad]]
| headmaster =
| staff =
| avg_class_size =
| houses =
| schooltype = [[Christian missions|Christian missionary]]
| enrollment =
| grades =
| language = English
| campus_type = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| motto = Perseverantia Omnia Vincit
| motto_translation = Perseverance Conquers All Things
| accreditation = [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education|ICSE]], [[Indian School Certificate|ISC]]
| system =
| patron = [[St. George]]
| colours = Maroon and Grey
| founded = {{start date and age|1834}}
| website = {{URL|http://stgeorgesgrammar.in}}
}}
[[File:St. George's Grammar School.jpg|thumb|Main building of the boys' school]]
'''St. George's Grammar School''' is a private school located at [[Abids]], [[Hyderabad]]. It is affiliated to the [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations]].

==History==
[[File:Students_of_the_St._George's_Grammar_School.png|thumb|Students of the St. George's Grammar School]]
The school was established in 1834, named ''Hyderabad Residency School'', to cater for the educational needs of the children of the British community serving the government in Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Campbell |first=A. C. |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.venugopal.416 |title=Glimpses of the Nizams Dominions |date=1898 |pages=194–195 |language=English}}</ref> It is the oldest English medium school of the city and one of the oldest in India.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/When-old-memories-came-alive/article15606161.ece|title=When old memories came alive|author=Staff Reporter|date=2010-12-24|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-07-21|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In 1867 the school changed its name to ''The Chudderghat Protestant School'', and in 1891 to ''St.George's Grammar School''. In 1865 a separate girls' school was established, the first in Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://stgeorgesgrammar.in/|title=St.George's Grammar School. About us.|website=stgeorgesgrammar.in|language=en|accessdate=27 December 2021 }}</ref>

In 1918, the management of the school was handed to the Australian Christian Mission Seminary. After Indian independence in 1947, the school was handed to the [[Church of South India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Social and Cultural Geography of Hyderabad City |url=https://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/72997.pdf |website=[[Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts]] |access-date=24 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017065715/https://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/72997.pdf |archive-date=17 October 2022 |page=184 |language=en |date=16 Feb 2004 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Notable alumni==
* [[Ali Nawaz Jung Bahadur]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.siasat.com/news/nawab-ali-nawaz-jang-unsung-great-indian-engineer-607377/|title=Nawab Ali Nawaz Jang: an unsung great Indian engineer {{!}} The Siasat Daily|website=archive.siasat.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-08-19}}</ref><ref name=":1" />
* [[Ausaf Sayeed]], Diplomat<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ausafsayeed.com/bio-profile/|title=Dr. Ausaf Sayeed's Bioprofile}}</ref><ref name=":1"/>
* [[Syed Abid Ali]], cricketer<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Abhijit Sen |date=2021-09-09 |title=Lion-hearted all-rounder Syed Abid Ali turns 80 |url=https://www.siasat.com/lion-hearted-all-rounder-syed-abid-ali-turns-80-2190139/ |access-date=2022-11-11 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en-US}}</ref>
*[[Mirza Hameedullah Beg|Mirza Hameeduallah Beg]]<ref name=":1" />
*[[Parvez Dewan]]<ref name=":1" />
*[[Hasan Gafoor]]<ref name=":1" />
*[[Abid Hasan]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.siasat.com/news/meet-abid-hasan-hyderabadi-who-gave-jai-hind-slogan-1340573/|title=Meet Abid Hasan, Hyderabadi who gave 'Jai Hind' slogan|last=Reddy|first=Captain Pandu Ranga|website=www.siasat.com|language=en-GB|accessdate=2018-08-19}}</ref><ref name=":1" />
* [[Idris Hasan Latif]]<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
* [[Sarojini Naidu]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/Grammar-School-crosses-milestone/article15602891.ece|title=Grammar School crosses milestone|author=Staff Reporter|date=2010-12-22|work=The Hindu|accessdate=2018-07-21|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=http://stgeorgesgrammarschool.in/Personalities.aspx |title=St. George's Grammar School, Personalities. Archived copy |website=stgeorgesgrammarschool.in|accessdate=27 December 2021 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129012921/http://stgeorgesgrammarschool.in/Personalities.aspx |archivedate=29 November 2018}}</ref>
*[[Suresh Oberoi]]<ref name=":1" />
* [[K. T. Rama Rao]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ap7am.com/lv-193883-a-birthday-special-on-ktr.html|title=A birthday special on KTR..|work=ap7am.com|accessdate=2018-08-19|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" />
* [[Rakesh Sharma]]<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
* [[Rasheeduddin Khan]]
*[[Vinai Thummalapally|Vinai Thummalapalli]]

==See also==
* [[Church of South India]]
* [[List of schools in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint George's Grammar School}}
[[Category:Church of South India schools]]
[[Category:Christian schools in Telangana]]
[[Category:Heritage structures in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Private schools in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1834]]
[[Category:1834 establishments in India]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Hyderabad, India]]

Bigha

2026-02-09T14:25:39Z

BrigitteHosking:

{{Short description|Unit of area measurement in South Asia}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=November 2012}}

The '''bigha''' or '''beegah''' ({{langx|ur|بیگھا}}, {{langx|hi|बीघा}}, [[Bengali alphabet|Bengali]]: বিঘা) is a traditional [[unit of measurement]] of [[area]] of a land, commonly used in northern & eastern [[India]], [[Bangladesh]] and [[Nepal]]. There is no "standard" size of bigha and it varies considerably from place to place.<ref name=harunit1>{{cite web
|title=Units of measurements
|url=http://jamabandi.nic.in/Land%20Records/Units.aspx
|website=Jamabandi, Government of Haryana
|publisher=HALRIS
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418162328/http://jamabandi.nic.in/Land%20Records/Units.aspx
|archive-date=2018-04-18
|url-status=dead
|access-date=2025-10-02
}}</ref>

On an average, Bigha ranges from {{convert|6806.25|ft2}} to {{convert|27,225|ft2}}. Its sub-unit is Biswa or [[Katha (unit)|Katha]] in many regions, but it has no "standard" size. A bigha may have 5 to 20 [[Katha (unit)|Katha]]/ biswa in different regions, where 1 Katha is usually {{convert|1361.25|ft2}} or 151.25 square yard.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.kotak.com/hi/stories-in-focus/loans/home-loan/bigha-all-about-land-area-measurement-unit.html |title=बीघा क्या है? वर्ग मीटर, एकड़ और हेक्टेयर में कैसे कन्वर्ट करें ? |work=Kotak Mahindra |access-date=28 July 2025 }}</ref>

==Sub-unit==
A bigha may have 5 to 20 [[Katha (unit)|Katha]] or Biswa in different regions, where 1 Katha usually range between {{convert|1089|ft2}} and {{convert|1361.25|ft2}}. In Assam and [[West Bengal]] Katha is {{convert|2880|ft2}}.

Commonly used size of Bigha in [[Uttar Pradesh]], Bihar and Jharkhand are as follows: (here 1 Katha/ Biswa is 1,361.25 sq feet)

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Type of Bigha !! [[Square feet|Sq feet]] !! [[Square yard|Sq yard]] !! [[Square metre|Sq metre]]
|-
| 5 [[Katha (unit)|Biswa]] || 6,806.25 || 756.25 || 632.32
|-
| 6.6667 Biswa || 9,075 || 1,008.33 || 843.09
|-
| 20 Biswa || 27,225 || 3,025.00 || 2,529.28
|}

Commonly used size of Bigha in [[Haryana]], Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttarakhand and [[Himachal Pradesh]] are as follows: (here, 1 Biswa is 1,089 sq feet)

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Type of Bigha !! [[Square feet|Sq feet]] !! [[Square yard|Sq yard]] !! [[Square metre|Sq metre]]
|-
| 8 [[Katha (unit)|Biswa]] || 8,712 || 968.00 || 809.37
|-
| 16 Biswa || 17,424 || 1,936.00 || 1,618.74
|-
| 20 Biswa || 21,780 || 2,420.00 || 2,023.43
|}

== Uses in India ==
{{Main|List of customary units of measurement in South Asia}}

The Bigha is a traditional unit of land in several parts of North & East [[India]]. Sale and purchase of land (particularly agricultural land) is still done unofficially in this unit. However, the area is recorded mostly in [[hectare]] or [[Acre]] and sometimes in [[square metre]] or [[square yard]] in official land records. Bigha varies in size from one part of India to another. Various states and often regions within the same state have different sizes attributed to the bigha. It is usually less than one [[acre]] or {{convert|43560|ft2}} but can extend up to 3 acres in some areas.

In India, Bigha is commonly used in the states of [[Uttarakhand]], [[Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]], [[West Bengal]], [[Assam]], [[Gujarat]] and [[Rajasthan]]. However, in [[Maharashtra]] and [[Tamil Nadu]], Bigha is not in practical measurement unit.

===Assam (অসম)===
In [[Assam]], a bigha (বিঘা) is {{convert|14400|ft2}} or 1,600 sq yard. One bigha is divided into 5 Katha.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nedfi.com/node/193|title=Land System Conversion Table - North Eastern Development Finance Corporation Ltd.|website=www.nedfi.com|access-date=2019-04-04|archive-date=2019-04-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404190357/https://www.nedfi.com/node/193|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://landrevenue.assam.gov.in/|title=Home - Revenue & Disaster Management - Government Of Assam, India|website=landrevenue.assam.gov.in|access-date=2018-04-15|archive-date=2017-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210224350/http://landrevenue.assam.gov.in/|url-status=live}}</ref> Each [[Katha (unit)|Katha]] (কঠা) consists of 20 Lessa (লেচা). Hence each Katha is {{convert|2880|ft2}} in area, although this may vary within different regions of Assam. 4 bighas together are further termed as a Pura (পূৰা).
* 1 [[Katha (unit)|Katha]] (কঠা) = {{convert|2880|ft2}} or 320 sq yard
* 1 Lessa (লেচা) = {{convert|144|ft2}} or 16 sq yard
* 1 [[Acre]] (একৰ) = 3.025 bigha and 1 [[Hectare]] (হেক্টৰ) = 7.475 bigha (Assam)

===Bihar===
In [[Bihar]], different regions have different sizes of Bigha. Near the capital, [[Patna]], one bigha is equivalent to 20 [[Katha (unit)|Katha]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/election/2005/feb/11spec2.htm|title=A village that symbolises Bihar|access-date=2016-07-18|archive-date=2016-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801113820/http://www.rediff.com/election/2005/feb/11spec2.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> 1 [[Katha (unit)|Katha]] is equals to {{convert|1361.25|ft2}} or 151.25 [[square yard]].

One Katha is further subdivided in 20 dhur. Hence each Dhur is {{convert|68.05|ft2}}. One Dhur is subdivided in 20 dhurki, each Dhurki being {{convert|3.403|ft2}}.
* One [[Decimal (unit)|decimal]] is equal to 435.60 sq feet<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/upper-caste-poor-in-bihar-to-get-land/|title=three decimal land (1,306 square feet)|date=15 December 2015|access-date=22 July 2016|archive-date=29 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160829044930/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/upper-caste-poor-in-bihar-to-get-land/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.isid.ac.in/~epu/acegd2015/papers/HemanshuKumar.pdf|title=sq feet decimal|access-date=2016-07-22|archive-date=2016-10-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004002612/http://www.isid.ac.in/~epu/acegd2015/papers/HemanshuKumar.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/25-679-mahadalit-landless-families-to-get-plots-in-bihar-587232|title=25,679 Mahadalit Landless Families to Get Plots in Bihar|website=NDTV.com|access-date=2019-04-04|archive-date=2019-04-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404190346/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/25-679-mahadalit-landless-families-to-get-plots-in-bihar-587232|url-status=live}}</ref> or 1/100 acre.
* One [[Acre]] = {{convert|43560|ft2}} or 4,840 sq. yard.
* 1 Bigha (बीघा) = 20 Katha (कठ्ठा) = 2,529 m2 or 3,025 sq. yard or 27,225 sq. feet
* 1 [[Katha (unit)|Katha]] (कठ्ठा) = 20 Dhur (धुर) = 126.46 m2 or 151.25 sq. yard or 1,361.25 sq. feet
* 1 [[Acre]] = 1.6 Bigha = 100 decimal; and 1 [[Hectare]] = 3.95 Bigha (Patna)

Note: Katha also varies from place to place. 1 Katha in [[Muzaffarpur]] is {{convert|1901|ft2}}; and in [[West Champaran]] is {{convert|3267|ft2}}.

===Himachal Pradesh===
In [[Himachal Pradesh]], five bigha is equal to one [[Acre]]. Hence, 1 Bigha = {{convert|8712|ft2}} or 968 square yard. One [[Hectare]] is equal to 12.35 bigha.

===Punjab===
{{Main|Measurement of land in Punjab}}
In [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and [[Haryana]], 2 bigha is equal to one acre, each bigha is 4 kanals, each kanal is 20 marlas, each marla is 9 square karam. Each square Karam is 30.25 [[square feet]] (5.5 feet X 5.5 feet), each karam is 5.5 feet.

See [[measurement of land in Punjab]] as below:

* 1 Killa = 1 [[Acre]] (4,046.8 [[square metre]] or 4,840 [[square yard]])
* 1 Killa = 8 Kanal = 2 Bigha = 160 Marla
* 1 Bigha = 4 Kanal = 0.5 Killa = 80 Marla
* 1 Bigha = 2,023.4 [[square metre]] or 2,420 [[square yard]]
* 1 [[Kanal (unit)|Kanal]] = 20 Marla = 0.25 Bigha (605 [[square yard]])
* 1 [[Marla (unit)|Marla]] = 25.2928 [[square metre]] or 30.25 [[square yard]]

===Madhya Pradesh===
In [[Madhya Pradesh]], one Bigha has 20 Katha, where 1 [[Katha (unit)|Katha]] = {{convert|600|ft2}}. Therefore 1 bigha = {{convert|12,000|ft2}}.

===Rajasthan===
In [[Rajasthan]], One Pucca Bigha = {{convert|27225|ft2}} or 3,025 square yard. A plot of land with each side 165 feet is called as Bigha (165 ft × 165 ft).
* One Kaccha Bigha = {{convert|17424|ft2}} or 1,936 square yard.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sizes.com/units/bigha.htm|title=bigha|website=www.sizes.com|access-date=2019-04-04|archive-date=2019-04-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404190349/https://www.sizes.com/units/bigha.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Uttar Pradesh===
In [[Uttar Pradesh]], one bigha can mean different things to people in different districts of the state. One Bigha in UP ranges from 5 biswa to 20 biswa. Here one [[Katha (unit)|Biswa]] is {{convert|1361.25|ft2}} or 151.25 square yard.
* In Western UP, 1 bigha is usually equal to 5 biswa i.e. {{convert|6806.25|ft2}} or 756.25 [[square yard]]. In some districts it can be 6.6667 biswa i.e. {{convert|9075|ft2}} or 1,008.33 [[square yard]].
* In [[Purvanchal|Eastern UP]] and [[Lucknow]], 1 bigha is equal to 20 biswa. Hence 1 Bigha in [[Purvanchal]] is {{convert|27225|ft2}} or 3,025 [[square yard]].

===Uttarakhand===
In [[Uttarakhand]], one bigha is different in plain and hilly areas.

* In Hilly area, 1 Bigha is 6,806.25 [[square feet]] or {{convert|632.32|m2|sqyd}}.
* In Plain area, 1 Bigha is 17,424 square feet or {{convert|1618.74|m2|sqyd}}

Nali is also commonly used in Hilly area. 1 Nali is 2,160 [[square feet]] or {{convert|200.67|m2|sqyd}}. 1 Bigha can vary from 3.151 to 8.06 Nali.

===West Bengal===
In [[West Bengal]], the Bigha was standardized under British colonial rule at {{convert|14400|ft2}} or 1,600 square yard. This is often interpreted as being 1/3 Acre (it is precisely {{frac|40|121}} Acre). Therefore, 1 [[Acre]] = 3.025 bigha and 1 [[Hectare]] = 7.475 bigha in West Bengal.

== Uses in Bangladesh ==
Bigha is a traditional unit of land in entire [[Bangladesh]], with land purchases still being undertaken in this unit. One bigha is equal to 20 Katha (14,400 square feet or 1,600 square yard) as standardized in pre-partition [[Bengal]] during the British rule. In other words, 3 bigha are just 0.5 [[katha (unit)|Katha]] or 360 sq ft short of 1 [[acre]]. (One Acre = 4,840 sq yd or 43,560 sq ft or 4,047 sq m).

===Measurements of area===
* 1 [[Katha (unit)|Katha]] (কাঠা) = 720 sq ft (80 sq yd or 66.89 sq m)
* 1 Bigha = 14,400 sq ft (1,337.8 sq m or 1,600 sq yd)
* 1 [[Acre]] (একর) = 3.025 bigha (বিঘা) = 60.5 Katha (কাঠা)
* 1 [[Hectare]] = 7.475 bigha = 149.5 Katha

== Use in Nepal ==
{{Main|Nepalese customary units of measurement}}
A Bigha is a [[Nepalese customary units of measurement|customary unit of measurement]] in [[Nepal]], equal to about 6,773 square meters. Officially, most measurement of lands use units of either Bigha (in Terai region) or Ropani (Nepali: रोपनी) (in Hilly regions). Metric system ([[International System of Units|SI unit of square metre]]) is very seldom used officially in measuring area of land.

Measurement of area in terms of bigha
:1 Bigha (बिघा)= 20 Katha (कठ्ठा) (about 6,772.63 m2 or 72900 sq.ft.)
:1 [[Katha (unit)|Katha]] (कठ्ठा) = 20 Dhur (धुर) (about 338.63 m2 or 3,645 sq.ft.)
:1 Dhur (धुर) = 16.93 m2 or 182.25 sq.ft.
:1 Kanwa (कनवा) = 1/16 Dhur (धुर)
:1 Kanaee (कनई) = 1/16 Kanwa (कनवा)
[Note: Kanwa is largely obsolete and is used only when tiny lands are very precious].
:1 Bigha = 13.31 Ropani (रोपनी)
:1 Ropani = 16 aana (आना) (about 508.72 m2 or 5476 sq. ft.)
:1 aana = 4 paisa (पैसा) (about 31.80 m2 or 342.25 sq.ft.)
:1 paisa = 4 daam (दाम) (7.95 m2)
;1 Bigha = 6,772.63 m2
:1 Bigha = 0.677263 hectare = 1.6735 acre
:1 Hectare = 19.6565 Ropani

==In popular culture==
The classic Hindi movie ''[[Do Bigha Zamin]]'' ("Two bighas of land", 1953) by [[Bimal Roy]] portrayed the struggle of a poor peasant with very little landholding.

==See also==
* [[Doab]]
* [[Jagir]]
* [[Khadir and Bangar]]
* [[Khadir and Bangar#Bangar areas and subtypes|Barani, Nahri, Chahi, Taal]]
* [[Khadir and Bangar#Related terms|Banjar, Jungle, Abadi, Shamlat, Gair Mumkin]]
* [[Measurement of land in Punjab]]
* [[Patwari]]
* [[Zaildar]]
* [[Zamindar]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060427153814/http://www.royalreality.com/areaconversion.asp Area conversion], royalreality.com (archived 27 April 2006)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110629180401/http://etawah.nic.in/bhulekh/land_glossary.htm Land glossary], Bhulekh – etawah.nic.in (archived 29 June 2011)
* [http://www.landzone.in/land_measurement_in_india.php Land measurement in India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190628104051/http://www.landzone.in/land_measurement_in_india.php |date=2019-06-28 }}, landzone.in
* [http://bhulekh.uk.gov.in/ Bhulekh], uk.gov.in

== External links ==
* [http://www.sizes.com/units/bigha.htm Bigha] at Sizes.com

[[Category:Customary units of area in India]]

Muzaffarpur - Dehradun Express

2026-02-01T10:12:46Z

BrigitteHosking: put up basic entry initial version

{{Short description|Train service in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Muzaffarpur - Dehradun Express
| image = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300
| perrow = 1/
| image1 = Muzaffarpur - Dehradun Express.webp
| caption1 =
| image2 = MFP-DDN Express.jpg
| caption2 =

}}
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale = [[Bihar]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] & [[Uttrakhand]]
| first =
| last =
| operator = [[East Central Railway zone|ECR]]
| ridership =
| start =
| stops =
| end =
| distance =
| journeytime =
| frequency = Weekly
| class = AC 1 Tier, AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper class & General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack4596 =
| catering = Available
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment = No
| baggage = Below the seats
| otherfacilities =
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}}
| el =
| trainnumber =15001 / 15002
| speed = 110 km/h (68 mph) maximum,
50–55 km/h (31–34 mph) average including halts
| map =
| map_state =
}}
'''The Muzaffarpur–Dehradun Express''' (train numbers 15001/15002) is a weekly train service connecting [[Muzaffarpur Junction]] (MFP) in Bihar to [[Dehradun railway station]] (DDN) in Uttarakhand.

The Muzaffarpur–Dehradun Express is a vital train for the people of [[North Bihar]] as it provides a direct and convenient connection to [[Dehradun]] and [[Haridwar]], important centers for education, tourism, and pilgrimage. This is the only train that directly connects North Bihar to Devbhumi [[Uttarakhand]] and has high demand throughout the year due to its importance and convenience.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rapti Ganga Express running between Dehradun and Muzaffarpur cancelled; passengers in trouble |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/bettiah/narkatiaganj/news/rapti-ganga-express-running-between-dehradun-and-muzaffarpur-cancelled-passengers-in-trouble-134488046.html |access-date=5 November 2025 |work=Bhaskar |date= |language=hi}}</ref>

==Coach composition==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;"
|-
! Category !! Coaches !! Total
|-
| Composite First AC + Second AC (HA1) || HA1 || 1
|-
| AC 2 Tier (2A) || A1, A2 || 2
|-
| AC 3 Tier (3A) || B1, B2, B3, B4, B5 || 5
|-
| Sleeper Class (SL) || S1, S2, S3 || 3
|-
| General Unreserved (GEN) || GN, GN, GN, GN || 4
|-
| Seating cum Luggage Rake (SLR) || SLR, SLR || 2
|-
! Total Coaches || || 17
|}

*Primary Maintenance - Muzaffarpur Coaching Depot

==Schedule==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; font-size:90%;"
|-
! colspan="2" | 15001 / 15002 Muzaffarpur–Dehradun Express Schedule
|-
| '''Train Type''' || Express
|-
| '''Distance''' || 1124 km (15001) / 1124 km (15002)
|-
| '''Average Speed''' || ~46 km/h
|-
| '''Journey Time (MFP → DDN)''' || ~24 hrs 15 min
|-
| '''Journey Time (DDN → MFP)''' || ~25 hrs 15 min
|-
| '''Classes Available''' || 1A, 2A, 3A, SL, GN
|-
| '''Operating Days''' || Weekly
|-
| '''Operator''' || [[East Central Railway]]
|}

==Route==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;"
|+'''15001 Muzaffarpur–Dehradun Express''' and '''15002 Dehradun–Muzaffarpur Express''' Schedule
|-
! rowspan="2" | Sr.
! colspan="4" | 15001 MFP–DDN
! colspan="4" | 15002 DDN–MFP
|-
! Station !! Day !! Arr. !! Dep.
! Station !! Day !! Arr. !! Dep.
|-
| 1 || {{rws|Muzaffarpur Junction}} || 1 || — || 14:00 || {{rws|Dehradun}} || 1 || — || 15:15
|-
| 2 || {{rws|Mehsi}} || 1 || 14:40 || 14:42 || {{rws|Haridwar Junction}} || 1 || 16:37 || 16:47
|-
| 3 || {{rws|Chakia}} || 1 || 14:54 || 14:56 || {{rws|Laksar Junction}} || 1 || 17:11 || 17:16
|-
| 4 || Bapudm Motihari || 1 || 15:30 || 15:32 || {{rws|Najibabad Junction}} || 1 || 17:45 || 17:50
|-
| 5 || {{rws|Sagauli Junction}} || 1 || 15:56 || 15:58 || {{rws|Moradabad}} || 1 || 20:05 || 20:15
|-
| 6 || {{rws|Bettiah}} || 1 || 16:20 || 16:22 || {{rws|Rampur}} || 1 || 20:43 || 20:45
|-
| 7 || {{rws|Narkatiaganj Junction}} || 1 || 17:10 || 17:15 || {{rws|Bareilly Junction}} || 1 || 21:40 || 21:42
|-
| 8 || {{rws|Harinagar}} || 1 || 17:28 || 17:30 || {{rws|Shahjahanpur}} || 1 || 23:07 || 23:09
|-
| 9 || {{rws|Bagaha}} || 1 || 18:17 || 18:20 || {{rws|Hardoi}} || 1 || 23:57 || 23:59
|-
| 10 || {{rws|Siswa Bazar}} || 1 || 19:35 || 19:37 || {{rws|Lucknow Junction}} || 2 || 01:55 || 02:05
|-
| 11 || {{rws|Kaptanganj Junction}} || 1 || 19:55 || 19:57 || {{rws|Barabanki Junction}} || 2 || 03:03 || 03:05
|-
| 12 || {{rws|Gorakhpur Junction}} || 1 || 21:05 || 21:15 || {{rws|Gonda Junction}} || 2 || 04:40 || 04:50
|-
| 13 || {{rws|Khalilabad}} || 1 || 21:51 || 21:53 || {{rws|Mankapur Junction}} || 2 || 05:18 || 05:20
|-
| 14 || {{rws|Basti}} || 1 || 22:16 || 22:19 || {{rws|Basti}} || 2 || 06:27 || 06:30
|-
| 15 || {{rws|Mankapur Junction}} || 1 || 23:05 || 23:07 || {{rws|Khalilabad}} || 2 || 06:51 || 06:53
|-
| 16 || {{rws|Gonda Junction}} || 1 || 23:35 || 23:40 || {{rws|Gorakhpur Junction}} || 2 || 07:50 || 08:00
|-
| 17 || {{rws|Barabanki Junction}} || 2 || 01:43 || 01:45 || {{rws|Kaptanganj Junction}} || 2 || 08:50 || 08:55
|-
| 18 || {{rws|Lucknow Junction}} || 2 || 02:45 || 02:55 || {{rws|Siswa Bazar}} || 2 || 09:18 || 09:20
|-
| 19 || {{rws|Hardoi}} || 2 || 04:25 || 04:27 || {{rws|Bagaha}} || 2 || 11:07 || 11:09
|-
| 20 || {{rws|Shahjahanpur}} || 2 || 05:28 || 05:30 || {{rws|Harinagar}} || 2 || 11:32 || 11:34
|-
| 21 || {{rws|Bareilly Junction}} || 2 || 06:45 || 06:50 || {{rws|Narkatiaganj Junction}} || 2 || 12:10 || 12:15
|-
| 22 || {{rws|Rampur}} || 2 || 07:36 || 07:38 || {{rws|Bettiah}} || 2 || 12:48 || 12:50
|-
| 23 || {{rws|Moradabad}} || 2 || 08:30 || 08:40 || {{rws|Sagauli Junction}} || 2 || 13:13 || 13:15
|-
| 24 || {{rws|Najibabad Junction}} || 2 || 10:17 || 10:19 || Bapudm Motihari || 2 || 13:43 || 13:45
|-
| 25 || {{rws|Laksar Junction}} || 2 || 11:00 || 11:05 || {{rws|Chakia}} || 2 || 14:23 || 14:25
|-
| 26 || {{rws|Haridwar Junction}} || 2 || 12:20 || 12:25 || {{rws|Mehsi}} || 2 || 14:34 || 14:36
|-
| 27 || {{rws|Dehradun}} || 2 || 14:15 || — || {{rws|Muzaffarpur Junction}} || 2 || 16:30 || —
|}

==Rake sharing==
15001 /02 Share its Rake with [[Gorakhpur–Dehradun Rapti Ganga Express]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Railways in Bihar}}
{{Railways in Northern India}}
{{Railways in Eastern India}}
{{Indian Railways}}
{{Rapid transit in India}}
{{Transport in India}}
{{Suburban railways in India}}

[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Transport in Muzaffarpur]]
[[Category:Transport in Dehradun]]
[[Category:Transport in Bihar]]

Salim Baig

2026-01-30T15:35:58Z

BrigitteHosking: Made A Biography - done

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Salim Baig
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name = Mohammed Salim Baig
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| othername = Salim Panda
| occupation = Actor
| yearsactive = 2004–present
| spouse =
| website =
}}

'''Salim Baig''' is an Indian actor who has appeared in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] and [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] language films. He is best known for his collaborations with director [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]], having notably appeared as the antagonist in the police dramas ''[[Gharshana]]'' (2004) and ''[[Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu]]'' (2006). The success of the films prompted several filmmakers to cast him in similar negative roles in the late 2000s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/sep/01vv.htm|title = Haasan is brilliant in Vettaiyadu Vilaiyadu}}</ref>

==Career==
Salim Baig was born and brought up in [[Mumbai]] and began his career in the entertainment industry as a model and then as a theatre artiste. Soon after competing in the Mr. Junior Mumbai competition, he received a call from director [[Teja (film director)|Teja]] who subsequently cast him in the Telugu action film, ''[[Jai (2004 Telugu film)|Jai]]'' (2004). The film's cinematographer [[Ravi Varman]] introduced him to director [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]], who gave Salim his acting breakthrough, by casting him as a notorious gangster seeking revenge in the police drama ''[[Gharshana]]'' (2004). The success of the film prompted him to use his character name of "Panda" as a suffix to his stage name. About his performance, a critic from Indiaglitz.com wrote "newcomer Saleem Baig, despite a poor voice (dubbed), as the cold-blooded, revenge-seeking Panda is first rate" and that "he never misses a trick in the book and triumphs in this significant role for him".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-gharshana.html|title = Telugu cinema Review - Gharshana - Venkatesh, Asin - Gowtam Menon - Harris Jayaraj}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/gharshana-malayalam-movie-review-7127.html|title = Gharshana review. Gharshana Malayalam movie review, story, rating}}</ref> The opportunity allowed him to work on more big budget Telugu films such as [[Chiranjeevi]]'s ''[[Andarivaadu]]'' (2005), ''[[Jagapati]]'' (2005) and ''[[Andhrudu]]'' (2005) during the following year. Menon then cast him again in his first Tamil film, the police drama ''[[Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu]]'' (2006) which had [[Kamal Haasan]] in the lead role, Alongside [[Daniel Balaji]], Salim portrayed a homosexual medical student who turns into a psycho killer, and the film opened to critical and commercial acclaim.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/salimpanda.html|title =Interview with Salim Panda|website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" |2004 || ''[[Jai (2004 Telugu film)|Jai]]'' || Shakib || rowspan="5" | [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||
|-
| ''[[Gharshana]]'' || Panda ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2005 || ''[[Andarivaadu]]'' || Pandu ||
|-
| ''[[Jagapati]]'' || MLA Goud's brother ||
|-
| ''[[Andhrudu]]'' || Sinha/Munna ||
|-
|2006 || ''[[Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu]]'' || Ilamaran Anandhan || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||
|-
|2007 || ''[[Don (2007 film)|Don]]'' || Robin || rowspan="2" | Telugu ||
|-
|2008 || ''[[Okka Magaadu]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2009 || ''[[Abhay (2009 film)|Abhay]]'' || Pandu || [[Kannada]] ||
|-
| ''[[Kasko]]'' || Alauddin || rowspan="3" | Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2010 || ''[[Seeta Ramula Kalyanam]]'' || Veera Pratap ||
|-
| ''[[Golimaar (film)|Golimaar]]'' || David ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2011 || ''Inki Toh Aisi Ki Thaisi'' || || [[List of Hyderabadi-language films|Hyderabadi]] ||
|-
|''[[Bodyguard (2011 Hindi film)|Bodyguard]]''|| Mhatre's brother || Hindi ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2014 || ''[[Legend (2014 film)|Legend]]'' || James || rowspan="3" | Telugu ||
|-
| ''Prematho Nuvvu Vastavani'' || ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Vinaya Vidheya Rama]]'' || Ranjit Singh ||
|-
| 2020 ||''[[Guns of Banaras]]'' || Tiwari || rowspan="2" | Hindi ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021 ||''[[Radhe (2021 film)|Radhe]]'' || Nazamuddin ||
|-
| ''[[Aaradugula Bullet]]'' || Shankar's henchmen || Telugu ||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Dhruva Natchathiram (unreleased film)|Dhruva Natchathiram]]'' || || Tamil || Unreleased film
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025 || ''[[Hari Hara Veera Mallu]]'' || Hakim Khan || rowspan="2" |Telugu ||
|-
|''[[They Call Him OG]]'' || Omi's Henchman ||
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|2813929}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baig, Salim}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]

Kalikamora

2026-01-23T01:01:54Z

BrigitteHosking: adding bio

{{Short description|Village in West Bengal}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = Kalikamora
| settlement_type = Village
| population_total = 681
| area_total_ha =
| name =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal # India
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|25|27|46.01|N|88|24|20.33|E|scale:25000}}
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 733121
| population_as_of = 2011
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Dakshin Dinajpur district|Dakshin Dinajpur]]
| other_name =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Balurghat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Balurghat]]
| demographics1_info1 =
| demographics_type1 = Muslims = 100% {{increase}} Hindus = 0% Others (Christian, Sikh, Buddhists) = 0%
| demographics1_title1 =
| website = {{URL|ddinajpur.nic.in/}}
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| area_total_km2 = 0.663
| area_land_ha =
| population_blank1_title = [[Male]]
| population_blank1 = 365
| population_blank2_title = [[Female]]
| population_blank2 = 316
| blank1_name_sec2 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Buniadpur]]
| registration_plate = WB
| blank_info_sec1 = [[Climatic regions of India|Moderate, Comfortable]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| area_code = 03524
| area_code_type = Telephone Code
| demographics2_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| demographics_type2 = Languages
| demographics2_title1 = Official
}}

'''Kalikamora''' is a small [[village]] located in [[Kushmandi]] subdivision of [[Dakshin Dinajpur district]] in [[West Bengal]], India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Dakshin Dinajpur 2011 Census .XLXS file |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-1905-F-Census.xlsx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211020851/https://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-1905-F-Census.xlsx |archive-date=11 February 2020 |access-date=28 April 2022 |website=CensusIndia.gov.in |quote=No: 147 on the XL Sheet}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalikamora BO Pin Code: Find Pin Code of Kalikamora BO locality of West Bengal - NDTV.com |url=https://www.ndtv.com/tools/pincodes/west-bengal/south-dinajpur/kalikamora-bo |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en |archive-date=25 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240425184012/https://www.ndtv.com/tools/pincodes/west-bengal/south-dinajpur/kalikamora-bo |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Location ==
It is situated {{convert|8.2|km|mi|abbr=on}} from sub-district headquarters [[Buniadpur]].<ref>According to [[Google Maps]].</ref> [[Balurghat]] is the district headquarters of this village. Kalikamora gram panchayat is the [[gram panchayat]] of this village.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalikamora Gram Panchayat, Memo No -13/KGP/2023 {{!}} District Dakshin Dinajpur, Government of West Bengal {{!}} India |url=https://ddinajpur.nic.in/notice/kalikamora-gram-panchayat-memo-no-13-kgp-2023/ |access-date=2024-04-25 |language=en-US |archive-date=25 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240425184057/https://ddinajpur.nic.in/notice/kalikamora-gram-panchayat-memo-no-13-kgp-2023/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The total geographical area of the village is {{convert|66.3|hectare|acre km2}}. The village code of this village is 310471.

== Population ==
With about 159 houses, this village has a total population of 681 people amongst them are 365 male and 316 female and a total geographical area of {{convert|66.3|hectare|acre}} or 0.663 km2.<ref name=":0" />

== See also ==

* [[Amlahar]] village in [[Dakshin Dinajpur district|Dakshin Dinajpur]].
* [[Joredighi]] town in [[Dakshin Dinajpur district|Dakshin Dinajpur]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Dakshin Dinajpur district]]

{{DakshinDinajpur-geo-stub}}

Maihar district

2026-01-19T20:50:58Z

BrigitteHosking:

{{Short description|District of Madhya Pradesh in India}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Maihar district
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Madhya Pradesh|District]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| total_type = Total
| native_name =
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 280
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2/2
|image1 = Maa Sharda Temple, Maihar.jpg
|caption1 = [[Maa Sharda Mandir, Maihar|Maa Sharda Temple]]
|image2 = Icchapurati Temple.jpg
|caption2 = KJS Icchapurti Temple
|image3 = Ropeway Post at Maihar, Madhya Pradesh.jpg
|caption3 = Sharda Temple Ropeway
|image4 = Maihar railway station.JPG
|caption4 = [[Maihar railway station]]
|image5 = Ustad Allauddin Khan's residence in Maihar, Madhya Pradesh 05.jpg
|caption5 = Ustad Allauddin Khan's residence (Shanti Kutir)}}
| image_map = MP Maihar district map.svg
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|21|59|N|78|52|E|type:adm3rd_region:IN_dim:50000|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = Division
| subdivision_name2 = [[Rewa Division]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = {{start date|2023|10|05|df=y}}
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Maihar]]
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 = {{olist |[[Maihar]]|[[Amarpatan]]|[[Ramnagar, Madhya Pradesh|Ramnagar]]|[[Amdara]](Praposed)}}
| area_total_km2 = 2722.79
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 856,028
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 =
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 =
| demographics_type2 = Languages
| demographics2_title1 = Official
| demographics2_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]] and [[Bagheli language|Bagheli]]
| leader_title = [[District collector]]
| leader_name = Mrs. Rani Batad ([[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]])
| leader_title1 = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name1 = 1. [[Satna]] (shared with Satna district)
| leader_title2 = [[Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name2 = 2 (Maihar and Amarpatan)
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| registration_plate =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Roads in India|Major highways]]
| blank_info_sec1 =
| blank_name_sec2 =
| blank_info_sec2 =
| website = [https://s33435c378bb76d4357324dd7e69f3cd18.s3waas.gov.in/en/. Maihar.nic.in]
| official_name =
}}
'''Maihar district''' ({{IPA|hi|mɛːɦəɾ}}) is one of the 55 districts in [[Madhya Pradesh]], India. [[Maihar]] city is the administrative headquarter of the Maihar district. The district was carved out from the existing [[Satna district]] on 5 October 2023 and was announced by then Chief Minister [[Shivraj Singh Chouhan]].<ref>https://govtpressmp.nic.in/pdf/extra/2023-10-05-Ex-309.pdf Rajpatra</ref>

Maihar District has three tehsils: [[Maihar]], [[Amarpatan]] and [[Ramnagar, Madhya Pradesh|Ramnagar]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Nitin |date=2023-10-05 |title=Maihar, Pandhurna become 2 new MP districts: How and why new districts are created in India? Explained |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/madhya-pradesh/madhya-pradesh-expands-administrative-landscape-maihar-pandhurna-districts-cm-shivraj-singh-chouhan-sausar-tehsil-chhattisgarh-border-maihar-2023-10-05-896287 |access-date=2023-12-17 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref> This district is famous for its cement factories and Ma Sharda Devi Mandir.<ref>http://maiharcement.co.in maiharcement.co.in</ref>

==History==
{{Main|Maihar State}}
Maihar State was a [[princely state]] in India during the [[British Raj]], located in what is today [[Madhya Pradesh]], central India.
The state had an area of {{convert|407|sqmi|km2|order=flip}}, and a population of 63,702 in 1901. The state, which was watered by the [[Tons River]], consists mainly of alluvial soil covering sandstone, and is fertile except in the hilly district of the south.<ref name=EB1911>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Maihar |volume=17 |page=429}}</ref> A large area was under forest, the produce of which provided a small export trade.<ref name=EB1911/>

==Geographics==
Maihar District belongs to [[Rewa Division]]. It is the sixth district of Rewa Division. It shares its boundaries with Rewa, Katni, Shahdol, Sidhi, Satna, Umaria and Panna districts. It Has a Total geographical area of 2722.79 sq km, [[Tamsa River]](Tons) is a major river of the district.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://s33435c378bb76d4357324dd7e69f3cd18.s3waas.gov.in/en/map-of-district/ | title=Map of District | District Maihar, Government of Madhya Pradesh | India }}</ref>

==Economy==
The economy of the district is mainly dependent on agriculture. Wheat, Gram, Tomato and Bittergourd are mainly produced in the district. There are also three major cement factories namely KJS Cement, Ultratech (Formerly Maihar) Cement and Birala corporation's Perfect Cement, making it a Cement hub of the state. Limestone is also produced largely in the district.<ref>http://www.loyalty.kjscement.com/</ref>

==Government==
Maihar district has two assembly constituencies [[Maihar Assembly constituency|Maihar]] and [[Amarpatan Assembly constituency]]. Both are also a part of [[Satna Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/(S(4ftawu55w1soru45gswzuz55))/DACList.aspx | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201083311/http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/(S(4ftawu55w1soru45gswzuz55))/DACList.aspx | archive-date=2015-12-01 | title=CEO MP :: CEO Office }}</ref>

== Demographics ==

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Maihar district (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion: Madhya Pradesh |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11381/download/14494/DDW23C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|96.87}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|2.65}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.48}}
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, what is currently Maihar district had a population of 742,901, of which 361,152 were females. 59,601 (8.02%) lived in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes made up 114,083 (15.36%) and 141,215 (19.01%) of the population respectively.<ref name="districtcensus">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=District Census Handbook: Satna |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/746/download/2624/DH_2011_2312_PART_A_DCHB_SATNA.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Maihar district (2011)<ref name="language"/>
|label1 = [[Hindi]] |value1 = 66.99 |color1 = orange
|label2 = [[Bagheli language|Bagheli]] |value2 = 32.36 |color2 = indianred
|label3 = Others |value3 = 0.65 |color3 = grey
}}

Bagheli is the local language, but 66.99% of the population recorded their language as [[Hindi]] and 32.36% [[Bagheli language|Bagheli]] as their first language.<ref name="language">{{Cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10211/download/13323/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2300.XLSX |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Madhya Pradesh |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Notable people==
* [[Allauddin Khan]], an Indian sarod player and multi-instrumentalist, composer
* [[Rajendra Kumar Singh]], Indian Politician

==Tourist places==
* Sharda Devi Temple,
* Mukundpur White Tiger Safari & Zoo,
* Alha ka Akhada,
* Alha Dev Temple,
* Art Ichol
* Kjs Temple
* Panni Khoh Waterfall
* Maihar Mandir Ropeway

==Transportation==
* '''By Air'''
There is no airport at Maihar. The nearest airports are Rewa(60 km) Prayagraj (220 km), Varanasi, Khajuraho and Jabalpur(154 km). Rewa(60 km) is the nearest airport, which is connected to most cities in India.

* '''By Rail'''
Maihar district is connected to various cities of the country by rail route.

* '''By Road'''
Maihar Bus Stand is located in the center of the city where there is frequent availability of buses to Prayagraj, Rewa, Panna, Chhatarpur, Katni, Satna and Indore, Bhopal, Nagpur.

==See also==
* [[Maihar]]
* [[Maihar Assembly constituency]]
* [[Maihar railway station]]
* [[Amdara]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Districts of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Rewa Division}}
{{Narmada basin}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Districts of Madhya Pradesh]]

Early Buddhist schools

2026-01-18T22:51:51Z

BrigitteHosking: Starting the details w/ sources!

{{Short description|Early Buddhist monastic schools}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2009}}

[[File:SectarianBuddhistschools.png|260px|thumb|right|upright|Map of the geographical centers of the major Buddhist schools in [[South Asia]], at around the time of [[Xuanzang]]'s visit in the [[7th century|seventh century]]. '''· Gray:''' [[Dharmaguptaka]]s '''· Red:''' [[Sarvāstivāda|Sarvāstivādins]] '''· Yellow:''' [[Mahāsāṃghika]]s '''· Green:''' [[Pudgalavāda|Pudgalavādins]] '''· Orange:''' [[Vibhajyavāda|Vibhajyavādins]]]]

The '''early Buddhist schools''' refers to the [[History of Buddhism in India|Indian Buddhist]] "doctrinal schools" or "schools of thought" ([[Sanskrit]]: {{IAST|vāda}}) which arose out of the early unified [[Buddhist monasticism|Buddhist monastic]] community ([[Sangha|Saṅgha]]) due to various [[schism]]s in the [[history of Buddhism|history of Indian Buddhism]]. The various splits and divisions were caused by differences in interpretations of the [[Monasticism|monastic rule]] ([[Vinaya]]), doctrinal differences and also due to simple geographical separation as Buddhism spread throughout the [[Indian subcontinent]].

The early Buddhist community initially split into two main [[Nikāya]]s (monastic groups, divisions): the [[Sthavira Nikāya|Sthavira]] ("Elders"), and the [[Mahāsāṃghika]] ("Great Community"). This initial split occurred either during the reign of [[Ashoka|Aśoka]] (c. 268-232 BCE) or shortly after (historians disagree on the matter).{{sfn|Cox|1995|p=23}}

Later, these groups became further divided on doctrinal grounds into numerous schools of thought and practice (each with their own monastic rules and doctrinal [[Abhidharma]] texts). Some of the main sects included the [[Sarvastivada|Sarvāstivādin]]s ("[[Eternalism (philosophy of time)|Temporal Eternalists]]"), the [[Dharmaguptaka]]s ("Preservers of [[Dharma]]"), [[Lokottaravāda|Lokottaravādins]] ("Transcendentalists"), the [[Prajñaptivāda|Prajñaptivādins]] ("Conceptualists"), the [[Vibhajyavāda|Vibhajyavādin]]s ("Analysts"), and the [[Pudgalavada|Pudgalavādins]] ("Personalists"). According to traditional accounts these sects eventually proliferated into 18 (or, less-commonly, 20) different schools.{{sfn|Hanh|1999|p=16}}

The textual material shared by the early schools is often termed the [[early Buddhist texts]] and these are an important source for understanding their doctrinal similarities and differences. There were various works of [[Abhidharma]] and other treatises written by these schools that contain more unique doctrines specific to each school.

== Formation and development ==
{{EarlyBuddhism}}

=== The First Council ===
{{Main|First Buddhist Council}}
{{TheravadaBuddhism|History}}
According to the scriptures (''[[Khandhaka|Cullavagga]]'' XI.1 ff), three months after the [[parinirvana|parinirvāṇa]] of [[Gautama Buddha]], some of the [[arhat|arahants]] among his disciples held a council—presided over by [[Mahākāśyapa]], one of the most senior disciples—at Rajagaha ([[Rajgir]]), with the support of king [[Ajatashatru|Ajātasattu]], and there recited the teachings of the Buddha. The scriptures of the various schools differ, in their accounts of the council, as to what was actually recited there.{{fact|date=January 2026}} An elder monk named Purāṇa is recorded as having said: "Your reverences, well-chanted by the elders are the [[Dharma|Dhamma]] and [[Vinaya]], but in that way that I heard it in the Lord's presence, that I received it in his presence, in that same way will I bear it in mind."<ref>''Vinaya Piṭaka'': ''Cullavagga'' XI:1:11</ref>; this is taken by Paul Williams to suggest some disagreement about the accuracy of the canon even at that time.{{sfn|Williams|1989|p=8}} According to [[Theravada|Theravāda]] tradition, the teachings were divided into various parts and each was assigned to an elder and his pupils to commit to memory, and there was no conflict about what the [[Buddha]] taught.{{fact|date=January 2026}}

Some scholars argue that the First Council did not actually take place.{{sfn|Prebish|2010}}{{page needed|date=January 2026}}{{sfn|Williams|1989|p=6}}

=== Divergence between the ''Sthavira'' and the ''Mahāsāṃghika''===
The expansion of orally transmitted texts in early Buddhism, and the growing distances between Buddhist communities, fostered specialisation and sectarian identification.{{sfn|Cox|1995|p=23}} One or several disputes did occur during Aśoka's reign, involving both doctrinal and disciplinary (Vinaya) matters, although these may have been too informal to be called a "council". The Sthavira school had, by the time of [[Ashoka|Aśoka]], divided into three sub-schools, doctrinally speaking, but these did not become separate monastic orders until later.

In Theravādin tradition, the first schism's precipitating dispute is supposed to have occurred during the [[Second Buddhist Council|Second Council]] at [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaishali]], approximately one hundred years after Gautama Buddha's parinirvāṇa; the result of the council was—according to this tradition—the first schism in the Saṅgha, between the [[Sthavira Nikāya|Sthavira]] and the [[Mahāsāṃghika]], though the exact cause of the split is not well agreed-upon.{{sfn|Skilton|2004|p=47}} While the Second Council probably was an historical event,{{sfn|Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica|1998}} details regarding its course and outcome are less certain.

Lamotte and Hirakawa both maintain that the first schism in the Buddhist Saṅgha occurred during the reign of Aśoka;<ref>{{cite book |last=Lamotte |first=Étienne |year=1988 |title=History of Indian Buddhism: From the Origins to the Śaka Era |translator=Sara Boin-Webb |place=Louvain |publisher=Peeters Press}}</ref>{{page needed|date=January 2026}}{{sfn|Hirakawa|1990}}{{page needed|date=January 2026}} Collett Cox places the date slightly later, writing that "most scholars would agree that even though the roots of the earliest recognised groups predate Aśoka, their actual separation did not occur until after his death."{{sfn|Cox|1995|p=23}} Only two ancient sources (the {{IAST|Dīpavaṃsa}} and [[Bhāviveka]]'s third list) place the first schism before Aśoka, and only one (the Mahāsāṃghika {{IAST|Śāriputraparipṛcchā}}) attributes it to a dispute on Vinaya; several (especially Sthaviravādin) sources give the cause as a dispute over doctrine.{{fact|date=January 2026}}

The various splits within the monastic organizations went together with the introduction and emphasis on [[Abhidharma|Abhidharmic literature]] by some schools. This literature was specific to each school, and arguments and disputes between the schools were often based upon these Abhidharmic writings. However, modern scholars generally hold the first schisms to have been based upon disagreements on [[Vinaya]] (monastic discipline), though it is also asserted that—by {{circa|100 CE}} or earlier—they could be based upon doctrinal disagreement.{{sfn|Harvey|1990|p=74}} Pre-sectarian Buddhism, however, did not have Abhidharmic scriptures, except perhaps for a basic framework, and not all of the early schools developed an Abhidharma literature.

=== Third Council under Aśoka ===
{{Main|Third Buddhist Council}}

Theravādin sources state that, in the 3rd century BCE, a council was convened under the patronage of Aśoka.{{sfn|Berkwitz|2009|p=45}} Some scholars argue that there are certain implausible features of the Theravādin account which imply that the Third Council was ahistorical. The remainder consider it a purely Theravāda-[[Vibhajyavāda]] council.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dube |first=S. N. |date=1972 |title=The Date of Kathāvatthu |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29755746 |journal=East and West |volume=22 |issue=1/2 |pages=79–86 |jstor=29755746 |issn=0012-8376}}</ref>

According to the Theravādin account, this council was convened primarily for the purpose of establishing an official orthodoxy. At the council, small groups raised questions about the specifics of the ''Vinaya'' and the interpretation of doctrine. The chairman of the council, [[Moggaliputta Tissa]], compiled a book, the ''[[Kathavatthu|Kathāvatthu]]'', which was meant to refute these arguments. The council sided with Moggaliputta and his version of Buddhism as orthodox; it was then adopted by Emperor Aśoka as his empire's official religion. In Pali, this school of thought was termed ''Vibhajjavāda,'' literally "thesis of [those who make] a distinction".

The distinction involved was as to the existence of dharmas in the past, future, and present. The version of the scriptures that had been established at the Third Council—including the ''[[Vinaya Piṭaka|Vinaya]]'', ''[[Sutta Piṭaka|Sūtra]]'', and ''[[Abhidhamma Piṭaka|Abhidharma Piṭakas]]'' (collectively known as the {{IAST|[[Tripiṭaka]]}})—was taken to [[Sri Lanka]] by Emperor Aśoka's son, the monk [[Mahinda (Buddhist monk)|Mahinda]]. There it was eventually committed to writing in the Pali language. The [[Pali Canon]] remains the most complete set of surviving ''[[Nikāya]]'' scriptures, although the greater part of the Sarvāstivādin canon also survives in [[Taishō Tripiṭaka|Chinese translation]] (along with parts of other—sometimes unidentified—canons); some parts exist in Tibetan translations; and some fragments exist in Sanskrit manuscripts, and in some other Indo-Aryan languages (e.g., [[Gandhāran Buddhist texts|Gāndhārī]]).

=== Further divisions ===
Some time after the reign of Aśoka, further divisions began to occur within the Buddhist movement, and a number of additional schools emerged. [[Étienne Lamotte]] divided the mainstream Buddhist schools into three primary doctrinal types:{{sfn|Huifeng|2013|pp=175 - 228}}
#The "personalists", such as the [[Pudgalavādin]] Vātsīputrīyas and Saṃmittīyas.
#The "[[Philosophical realism|realists]]"; namely, the [[Theravāda]] and [[Sarvāstivāda]] [[Abhidharma|Ābhidharmikas]].
#The "[[nominalism|nominalists]]"; e.g., the [[Mahāsāṃghika]] [[Prajñaptivāda|Prajñaptivādins]], and possibly non-Abhidharma [[Sthavira Nikāya|Sthaviravādins]].

One Sthavira faction—based (in part) in Sri Lanka, and in certain areas of [[South India]] (such as Vanavasi in the southwest and the Kañci region in the southeast)—began to call themselves the ''Vibhajyavādins;'' this group later ceased to refer to themselves specifically as "Vibhajjavādins", but reverted to calling themselves "Theriyas", after the earlier Theras (Sthaviryas). Still later, at some point prior to the ''[[Dīpavaṃsa]]'' (4th century), the Pali name Theravāda was adopted and has remained in use ever since for this group.

Other groups included the [[Sarvāstivāda]], the [[Dharmaguptaka]]s, the [[Saṃmitīya]], and the [[Pudgalavādin]]s. The Pudgalavādins were also known as ''Vātsīputrīyas'', after their putative founder. Later, this group became known as the ''Saṃmitīya'' school, after one of its subdivisions. It died out around the 9th or 10th century. Nevertheless, during most of the early medieval period, the Saṃmitīya school was numerically the largest Buddhist group in India, with more followers than all the other schools combined. The Sarvāstivādin school was most prominent in the [[Northwest India]], and provided some of the doctrines that would later be adopted by the Mahāyāna. A related group was the [[Sautrāntika]] school, which only recognised the authority of the sūtras, and which rejected the Abhidharma transmitted and taught by the [[Vaibhāṣika]] wing of the Sarvāstivāda. Based on textual considerations, it has been suggested that the Sautrāntikas were actually adherents of Mūlasarvāstivāda. The relation between the Sarvāstivāda and the [[Mulasarvastivada|Mūlasarvāstivāda]], however, is unclear.

All of these early schools of [[Nikaya Buddhism|Nikāya Buddhism]] eventually came to be known collectively as "the eighteen schools" in later sources. With the exception of the Theravāda—and, in Tibet alone, the Mūlasarvāstivāda—none of these early schools survived beyond the late medieval period (by which time, several were long-extinct already); however, a considerable amount of the canonical literature of some of these schools has survived, mainly in Chinese translation. Moreover, the origins of specifically [[Mahayana|Mahāyāna]] doctrines may be discerned in the teachings of some of these early schools; in particular, those of the Mahāsāṃghika and the Sarvāstivāda.

The schools sometimes split over differences concerning the "real" meaning of teachings in the ''[[Sutta Piṭaka|Sūtra Piṭaka]]'', and sometimes over disagreement concerning the proper observance of ''[[Vinaya]]''. These differences became embedded in large works such as the [[Abhidharma|''Abhidharmas'']] and commentaries. Comparison of existing versions of the ''Sūtra Piṭakas'' of various sects shows evidence that doctrines from the ''Abhidharmas'' sometimes found their way back into the ''Sūtra Piṭakas'' to support the statements made in those ''Abhidharmas''.{{Citation needed|date=March 2012}}

Some of these developments may be seen as later elaborations on the teachings. According to [[Richard Gombrich|Gombrich]], unintentional literalism was a major force for change in the early doctrinal history of Buddhism; i.e., texts were interpreted according to a strict literal reading of the words used therein, with little consideration paid to other [[hermeneutic]] techniques.{{refn|group=note|{{harvnb|Gombrich|1997|pp=21–22}}: "I would also argue that unintentional literalism has been a major force for change in the early doctrinal history of Buddhism. Texts have been interpreted with too much attention to the precise words used and not enough to the speaker's intention, the spirit of the text. In particular I see in some doctrinal developments what I call scholastic literalism, which is a tendency to take the words and phrases of earlier texts (maybe the Buddha's own words) in such a way as to read in distinctions which it was never intended to make."}}

== The eighteen schools ==
{| class="wikitable floatright mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! The Eighteen Schools
|-
| The ''[[Śāriputraparipṛcchā]]'' ("Questions of Śāriputra") is a [[Mahasamghika|Mahāsāṃghikan]] history, which gives the following list:
{|width="100%"
|-valign="top"
|width="50%"|
*[[Sthaviravāda]]
**[[Sarvāstivāda]]
***[[Mahisasaka|Mahīśāsaka]]
***[[Dharmaguptaka]]
***[[Suvarsa]]
**[[Vatsiputriya|Vātsīputrīya]]
***{{ill|Dharmottarika|lt=Dharmottarīya|zh|法上部}}
***[[Bhadrayaniya]]
***[[Sammatiya]]
***[[Sannagarika]]
**[[Kashyapiya|Kāśyapīya]]
**[[Sautrāntika|Sūtravāda]]
**{{ill|Sankrantika|lt=Samkrantika|zh|說轉部}}
|width="50%"|
*[[Mahāsāṃghika]]
**Vyavahāra
**[[Lokottaravāda]]
**[[Gokulika]]
**[[Bahusrutiya|Bahuśrutīya]]
**[[Prajnaptivada|Prajñaptivāda]]
**[[Mahadeva (Buddhism)|Mahādeva]]
**[[Caitika]]
**Uttarashaila
|}
|-
|The ''Samayabhedo Paracana Ćakra'', composed by the [[Sarvastivada|Sarvāstivādin]] monk [[Vasumitra]] (d. 124 BCE) gives the following list:
{|width="100%"
|-valign="top"
|width="50%"|
*[[Sthaviravāda]]
**{{ill|Haimavata|lt=|zh|雪山部}} – First schism; referred to by Sarvāstivādins as "the original Sthavira School", but this school was only influential in the north of India.
**[[Sarvastivada|Sarvāstivāda]] – First schism
***[[Vatsiputriya|Vātsīputrīya]] – Second schism
****{{ill|Dharmottariya|lt=Dharmottarīya|zh|法上部}} – Third schism
****[[Bhadrayaniya|Bhadrayānīya]] – Third schism
****[[Saṃmitīya]] – Third schism
****[[Sannagaraka|Sannāgarika]] – Third schism
***[[Mahisasaka|Mahīśāsaka]]– Fourth schism
****[[Dharmaguptaka]] – Fifth schism
***[[Kashyapiya|Kāśyapīya]] – Sixth schism
***[[Sautrāntika]] – Seventh schism
|width="50%"|
*[[Mahāsāṃghika]]
**[[Ekavyāvahārika|Ekavyahārika]] – First schism
**[[Lokottaravāda]] – First schism
**[[Gokulika]] – First schism
**[[Bahusrutiya|Bahuśrutīya]] – Second schism
**[[Prajnaptivada|Prajñaptivāda]] – Third schism
**[[Caitika]] – Fourth schism
**[[Apara Shaila|Apara Śaila]] – Fourth schism
**[[Uttara Shaila|Uttara Śaila]] – Fourth schism
|}
|-
|The Sri Lankan chronicles, ''[[Dīpavaṃsa]]'' (3rd–4th century CE) and ''[[Mahāvaṃsa]]'' (5th century CE), discern the following schools:
{|width="100%"
|-valign="top"
|width="50%"|
*[[Sthaviravāda]]/[[Vibhajjavada|Vibhajjavāda]]/[[Theravada|Theravāda]]
**[[Mahisasaka|Mahīśāsaka]] – First schism
***[[Sarvastivada|Sarvāstivāda]] – Third schism
****[[Kashyapiya|Kāśyapīya]] – Fourth schism
*****{{ill|Sankrantika|lt=|zh|說轉部}} – Fifth schism
******[[Sautrāntika]] – Sixth schism
***[[Dharmaguptaka]] – Third schism
**[[Vatsiputriya|Vātsīputrīya]] – First schism
***{{ill|Dharmottariya|lt=Dharmottarīya|zh|法上部}} – Second schism
***[[Bhadrayaniya|Bhadrayānīya]] – Second schism
***[[Sannagaraka|Sannāgarika]] – Second schism
***[[Sammitiya|Saṃmitīya]] – Second schism
|width="50%"|
*[[Mahāsāṃghika]]
**[[Gokulika]] – First schism
***[[Prajnaptivada|Prajñaptivāda]] – Second schism
***[[Bahusrutiya|Bahuśrutīya]] – Second schism
**[[Ekavyaharaka|Ekavyahārika]] – First schism
**[[Caitika]] – Third schism, according to Dīpavaṃsa, but in the Mahāvaṃsa it is said to have arisen from the Pannati and Bahussutaka.
|}
In addition, the ''[[Dīpavaṃsa]]'' lists the following six schools without identifying the schools from which they arose:
* Hemavatika (Sanskrit: Haimavata)
* Rajagiriya
* Siddhatthaka
* Pubbaseliya
* Aparaseliya (Sanskrit: Aparaśaila)
* Apararajagirika
|-
|[[Vinitadeva]] (c. 645–715), a [[Mulasarvastivada|Mūlasarvāstivādin]] monk, gives the following list:
{|width="100%"
|-valign="top"
|width="50%"|
*[[Sthaviravāda]]
**Jetavaniya
**Abhayagirivasa
**Mahaviharavasa
*[[Sammatiya]]
**Kaurukullaka
**Avantaka
**[[Vatsiputriya|Vātsīputrīya]]
*[[Sarvastivada|Sarvāstivādia]]
**[[Mulasarvastivada|Mūlasarvāstivāda]]
**Kasyapiya
**Mahīśāsaka
**Dharmaguptaka
**[[Bahusrutiya|Bahuśrutīya]]
**[[Tamrashatiya|Tāmraśāṭīya]]
**[[Vibhajyavāda]]
|width="50%"|
*[[Mahāsāṃghika]]
**Purvasaila
**Aparasaila
**Haimavata
**Lottaravādin
**[[Prajnaptivada|Prajñaptivāda]]
|}
|-
|Twenty schools according to Mahāyāna scriptures in Chinese:
{|width="100%"
|-valign="top"
|width="50%"|
* [[Sthaviravāda]], later {{ill|Haimavata|lt=|zh|雪山部}}{{refn|group=note|[[Sarvastivada|Sarvāstivāda]] ({{lang-zh|labels=no|c=説一切有部}}), [[Haimavata]] ({{lang-zh|labels=no|c=雪山部}}), [[Vatsiputriya|Vātsīputrīya]] ({{lang-zh|labels=no|c=犢子部}}), [[Dharmottara]] ({{lang-zh|labels=no|c=法上部}}), [[Bhadrayaniya|Bhadrayānīya]] ({{lang-zh|labels=no|c=賢冑部}}), [[Saṃmitīya]] ({{lang-zh|labels=no|c=正量部}}), [[Channagirika]] ({{lang-zh|labels=no|c=密林山部}}), [[Mahīśāsaka]] ({{lang-zh|labels=no|c=化地部}}), [[Dharmaguptaka]] ({{lang-zh|labels=no|c=法蔵部}}), [[Kāśyapīya]] ({{lang-zh|labels=no|c=飲光部}}), [[Sautrāntika]] ({{lang-zh|labels=no|c=経量部}}).}}
**[[Sarvastivada|Sarvāstivāda]]
***[[Vatsiputriya|Vātsīputrīya]]
**** [[Dharmottara]]
****[[Bhadrayaniya|Bhadrayānīya]]
****[[Saṃmitīya]]
****[[Channagirika]] ([[Sannāgarika]])
*** [[Mahisasaka|Mahīśāsaka]]
****[[Dharmaguptaka]]
*** [[Kashyapiya|Kāśyapīya]]
*** [[Sautrāntika]]
|width="50%"|
* [[Mahāsāṃghika]]{{refn|group=note|[[Mahasanghika|Mahāsāṃghika]] ({{lang-zh|labels=no|c=大衆部}}) was split into 9 sects. There were: [[Ekavyaharaka|Ekavyahārika]] ({{lang-zh|labels=no|c=一説部}}), [[Lokottaravāda]] ({{lang-zh|labels=no|c=説出世部}}), [[Gokulika]] ({{lang-zh|labels=no|c=鶏胤部}}), [[Bahusrutiya|Bahuśrutīya]] ({{lang-zh|labels=no|c=多聞部}}), [[Prajnaptivada|Prajñaptivāda]] ({{lang-zh|labels=no|c=説仮部}}), [[Caitika]] ({{lang-zh|labels=no|c=制多山部}}), [[Aparasaila|Aparaśaila]] ({{lang-zh|labels=no|c=西山住部}}), and [[Uttarasaila|Uttaraśaila]] ({{lang-zh|labels=no|c=北山住部}}).}}
** [[Ekavyaharaka|Ekavyahārika]]
** [[Caitika]]
** [[Lokottaravāda]]
** [[Aparasaila|Aparaśaila]]
** [[Gokulika]]
** [[Uttarasaila|Uttaraśaila]]
** [[Bahusrutiya|Bahuśrutīya]]
** [[Prajnaptivada|Prajñaptivāda]]
|}
|-
|}

During the [[1st millennium|first millennium]], monks from China such as [[Faxian]], [[Xuanzang]], and [[Yijing (monk)|Yijing]] made pilgrimages to India and wrote accounts of their travels when they returned home. These Chinese travel records constitute extremely valuable sources of information concerning the state of Buddhism in India during the early medieval period.

By the time the Chinese pilgrims Xuanzang and Yijing visited India, there were five early Buddhist schools that they mentioned far more frequently than others. They commented that the [[Sarvastivada|Sarvāstivāda]]/[[Mulasarvastivada|Mūlasarvāstivāda]], [[Mahāsāṃghika]], and [[Saṃmitīya]] were the principal early Buddhist schools still extant in India, along with the [[Sthavira Nikāya|Sthavira]] school.<ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Buddhism |editor-first=Edward |editor-last=Irons |publisher=Facts on File |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-8160-5459-6 |page=419}}</ref> The [[Dharmaguptaka]]s continued to be found in [[Gandhara|Gandhāra]] and [[Central Asia]], along the Silk Road.

It is commonly said that there were eighteen schools of Buddhism in this period. What this actually means is more subtle. First, although the word "school" is used, there was not yet an institutional split in the Saṅgha. The Chinese traveler [[Xuanzang]] observed even when the Mahāyāna were beginning to emerge from this era that monks of different schools would live side by side in dormitories and attend the same lectures. Only the books that they read were different. Secondly, no historical sources can agree what the names of these "eighteen schools" were. The origin of this saying is therefore unclear.

[[A. K. Warder]] identified the following eighteen early Buddhist schools (in approximate chronological order): [[Sthaviravāda]], [[Mahāsāṃghika]], [[Vatsiputriya|Vātsīputrīya]], [[Ekavyāvahārika]], Gokulika (a.k.a. [[Kukkuṭika]], etc.), [[Sarvāstivāda]], [[Lokottaravāda]], Dharmottariya, Bhadrayaniya, [[Saṃmitīya]], Sannagarika, [[Bahuśrutīya]], [[Prajñaptivāda]], [[Mahīśāsaka]], Haimavata (a.k.a. [[Kāśyapīya]]), [[Dharmaguptaka]], [[Caitika]], and the Apara and Uttara (Purva) Saila. Warder says that these were the early Buddhist schools as of circa 50 BCE, about the same time that the [[Pali Canon]] was first committed to writing and the presumptive origin date of the Theravāda school, though the term 'Theravāda' was not used before the fourth century.{{refn|group=note|See Ajahn Sucitto, [http://ajahnsucitto.org/articles/what-is-theravada-2012/ "What Is Theravada"] (2012); see also A. K. Warder, ''Indian Buddhism,'' 3rd rev. ed. (Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 2000), Chapters 8 and 9.}}

A hypothetical combined list would be as follows:
{|width="100%"
|-valign="top"
|width="50%"|
* [[Sthaviravāda]]
** [[Pudgalavāda]] ('Personalist') (c. 280 BCE)
*** [[Vatsiputriya|Vātsīputrīya]] (during [[Asoka|Aśoka]]) later name: [[Saṃmitīya]]
*** {{ill|Dharmottarīya|lt=Dharmottarīya|zh|法上部}}
*** [[Bhadrayānīya]]
*** [[Sannāgarika]]
** [[Vibhajyavāda]] (prior to 240 BCE; during [[Asoka|Aśoka]])
*** [[Theravada|Theravāda]] (c. 240 BCE)
*** ([[Kāśyapīya]] (after 232 BCE)){{refn|group=note|name="Buswell-Lopez"|According to Buswell and Lopez, the ''Kāśyapīya'' and ''Mahīśāsaka'' were offshoots of the Sarvastivadins, but are grouped under the ''Vibhajjavāda'' as "non-Sarvastivada" groups.{{sfn|Buswell|Lopez|2013|p=859}}}}
*** ([[Mahisasaka|Mahīśāsaka]] (after 232 BCE)){{refn|group=note|name="Buswell-Lopez"}}
**** ([[Dharmaguptaka]] (after 232 BCE)){{refn|group=note|name="Buswell-Lopez"}}
** [[Sarvastivada|Sarvāstivāda]] (c. 237 BCE)
*** ([[Kashyapiya|Kāśyapīya]] (after 232 BCE)){{refn|group=note|name="Buswell-Lopez"}}
*** ([[Mahisasaka|Mahīśāsaka]] (after 232 BCE)){{refn|group=note|name="Buswell-Lopez"}}
**** ([[Dharmaguptaka]] (after 232 BCE)){{refn|group=note|name="Buswell-Lopez"}}
*** [[Sautrāntika]] (between 50 BCE and c. 100 CE)
*** [[Mulasarvastivada|Mūlasarvāstivāda]] (3rd and 4th centuries)
*** [[Vaibhāṣika]]
|width="50%"|
* [[Mahāsāṃghika]]
** [[Ekavyāvahārika|Ekavyāvahārikas]] (during [[Asoka|Aśoka]])
*** [[Lokottaravāda]]
** [[Gokulika]] (during [[Asoka|Aśoka]])
*** [[Bahuśrutīya]] (late third century BCE)
*** [[Prajñaptivāda]] (late third century BCE)
** [[Caitika]] (mid-first century BCE)
*** [[Apara Śaila]]
*** [[Uttara Śaila]]
|}

==Innovations of the sects==
The classic sets of ten, six or four [[Pāramitā|pāramitās]] (perfections) were codified and developed by these various schools in later sources.{{refn|group=note|{{harvnb|Buswell|2003|p=632}}: "Theravada Buddhism, in texts such as [[Cariyapitaka]], [[Buddhavamsa]], and [[Dhammapadatthakatha]], postulates the following ten perfections."}}{{refn|group=note|{{harvnb|Dutt|1978|p=251}}: "It is evident that the Hinayanists, either to popularize their religion or to interest the laity more in it, incorporated in their doctrines the conception of Bodhisattva and the practice of paramitas. This was effected by the production of new literature: the Jatakas and Avadanas."}} Though the actual ideas of these virtues (such as [[Dhyana in Buddhism|dhyāna]], [[Buddhist ethics|śila]], [[Prajñā (Buddhism)|prajñā]], etc.) and the idea of the Buddha's past lives are drawn from early Buddhist sources (such as early [[Jātaka|Jātakas]]), they were developed further into specific doctrines about the [[bodhisattva]] path and how exactly the Buddha undertook it.

The new schools also developed new doctrines about important Buddhist topics. The Sarvāstivādins for example were known for their doctrine of [[Eternalism (philosophy of time)|temporal eternalism]]. Meanwhile, the Mahāsāṃghika school was known for its doctrine of "transcendentalism" ([[Lokottaravāda]]), the view that the Buddha was a fully transcendent being.{{refn|group=note|"Although there was a subschool of the Mahasatghikas known as the Lokottaravada, nevertheless some form of supramundane teaching appears to have been common to all Mahasatghika schools..."{{sfn|Williams|1989|p=20|}}}}

=== Abhidharma ===
As the third major division of the various canons, the [[Abhidharma|Abhidharma collections]] were a major source of dispute among the various schools. Abhidharma texts were not accepted as canonical by the [[Mahāsāṃghika]] school<ref name="Abhidhamma Pitaka 2008">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Abhidhamma Pitaka |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |place=Chicago |year=2008}}</ref>{{sfn|Dutt|1978|p=58}} and several other schools.{{refn|group=note|{{harvnb|Buswell|2003|p=2}}: "...several schools rejected the authority of abhidharma and claimed that abhidharma treatises were composed by fallible, human teachers."}} Another school included most of their version of the [[Khuddaka Nikāya]] within their Abhidharma Piṭaka.<ref name="Abhidhamma Pitaka 2008" /> Also, the Pali version of the Abhidhamma is a strictly [[Theravada|Theravāda]] collection, and has little in common with the Abhidharma works recognised by other Buddhist schools.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Buddhism |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |place=Chicago |year=2008}}</ref> The various Abhidharma philosophies of the various early schools disagree on numerous key points{{sfn|Hazra|1994|p=415}} and belong to the period of sectarian debates among the schools.{{sfn|Hazra|1994|p=415}}

The earliest texts of the [[Pali Canon|Pāli Canon]] (the [[Sutta Nipata|Sutta Nipāta]] and parts of the [[Jātaka]]), together with the first four (and early) [[Nikaya|Nikāya]]s of the [[Sutta Piṭaka]], have no mention of (the texts of) the Abhidhamma Piṭaka.{{sfn|Hazra|1994|p=412}} The Abhidhamma is also not mentioned at the report of the [[First Buddhist Council]], directly after the death of the Buddha. This report of the first council does mention the existence of the [[Vinaya]] and the five [[Nikaya|Nikāya]]s (of the [[Sutta Piṭaka]]).<ref>{{cite book |first=I. B. |last=Horner |title=Book of the Discipline |volume=5 |page=398}}{{full citation needed|date=April 2024}}</ref>

Although the literature of the various Abhidharma Piṭakas began as a kind of commentarial supplement upon the earlier teachings in the Sūtra Piṭaka, it soon led to new doctrinal and textual developments and became the focus of a new form of scholarly monastic life.{{refn|group=note|"Although begun as a pragmatic method of elaborating the received teachings, this scholastic enterprise soon led to new doctrinal and textual developments and became the focus of a new form of scholarly monastic life."}}{{sfn|Buswell|2003|p=1}} The various Abhidharma works were starting to be composed from about 200 years after the passing away of the Buddha.{{refn|group=note|{{harvnb|Buswell|2003|p=2}}: "Independent abhidharma treatises were composed over a period of at least seven hundred years (ca. third or second centuries B.C.E. to fifth century C.E.)."}}

Traditionally, it is believed (in Theravādin culture) that the Abhidhamma was taught by Buddha to his late mother who was living in [[Trāyastriṃśa|Tāvatiṁsa]]. However, this is rejected by scholars, who believe that only small parts of the Abhidharma literature may have been existent in a very early form.{{refn|group=note|{{harvnb|Buswell|2003|p=2}}: "These similarities [between the Abhidharmas of the various schools] suggest either contact among the groups who composed and transmitted these texts, or a common ground of doctrinal exegesis and even textual material predating the emergence of the separate schools."}} The Sarvāstivādins also rejected this idea, and instead held that the Abhidharma was collected, edited, and compiled by the elders (Sthaviras) after the Buddha's death (though they relied on the Buddha's words for this compilation).

Some schools of Buddhism had important disagreements on subjects of Abhidharma, while having a largely similar Sūtra Piṭaka and Vinaya Piṭaka. The arguments and conflicts between them were thus often on matters of philosophical Abhidharmic origin, not on matters concerning the actual words and teachings of Buddha.

One impetus for composing new scriptures like the Adhidharmas of the various schools, according to some scholars, was that Buddha left no clear statement about the [[Ontology|ontological]] status of the world – about what ''really'' exists.{{refn|group=note|{{harvnb|Gombrich|1997|p=34}}: "If I am right in thinking that the Buddha left no clear statement about the ontological status of the world – about what 'really' exists – this would explain how later Buddhists could disagree about this question."}} Subsequently, later Buddhists have themselves defined what exists and what does not (in the Abhidharmic scriptures), leading to disagreements.

=== Late Theravāda texts ===
Oliver Abeynayake has the following to say on the dating of the various books in the ''[[Khuddaka Nikāya]]'':

<blockquote>The Khuddaka Nikaya can easily be divided into two strata, one being early and the other late. The texts [[Sutta Nipata]], [[Itivuttaka]], [[Dhammapada]], [[Therīgāthā|Therigatha]] ([[Theragāthā|Theragatha]]), [[Udāna|Udana]], and [[Jataka tales]] belong to the early stratum. The texts Khuddakapatha, Vimanavatthu, Petavatthu, Niddesa, Patisambhidamagga, Apadana, Buddhavamsa and Cariyapitaka can be categorized in the later stratum.<ref>{{cite book |last=Abeynayake |first=Oliver |title=A Textual and Historical Analysis of the Khuddaka Nikaya |publisher=Karunaratne |year=1984 |place=Colombo |page=113 |oclc=70908931}}</ref></blockquote>

The texts in the early stratum date from before the second council (earlier than 100 years after Buddha's parinirvāṇa), while the later stratum is from after the Second Council, which means they are definitely later additions to the Sūtra Piṭaka, and that they might not have been the original teachings by the Buddha, but later compositions by disciples.
{|width="100%"
|-valign="top"
|width="50%"|
The following books of the Khuddaka Nikāya can thus be regarded as later additions:
*the [[Khuddakapāṭha]]
*the [[Vimānavatthu]]
*the [[Petavatthu]]
*the [[Niddesa]]
*the [[Paṭisambhidāmagga]]
*the [[Apadāna]]
*the [[Buddhavaṃsa]]
*the [[Cariyāpiṭaka]]
|width="50%"|
And the following three which are included in the Burmese Canon:
*the [[Milindapañha]]
*the [[Nettipakaraṇa]]
*the [[Peṭakopadesa]]
|}
The original verses of the [[Jātaka|Jātakas]] are recognised as being amongst the earliest part of the canon,{{sfn|Hazra|1994|p=412}} but the accompanying (and more famous) Jātaka stories are commentaries likely composed at later dates.

===Parivāra===
The [[Parivāra]], the last book of the [[Vinaya Pitaka|Vinaya Piṭaka]], is a later addition.{{refn|group=note|"This work (the Parivara) is in fact a very much later composition, and probably the work of a Ceylonese Thera." from: ''Book of the Discipline'', vol. VI, p. ix (translators' introduction).}}

===Other later writings===
*All literature of the Mahāyāna (the [[Mahayana sutras|Mahāyāna sūtras]]).{{refn|group=note|{{harvnb|Buswell|2003|p=493}}: "...would throw the earliest phase of this literature (the Mahayana Sutras) back to about the beginning of the common era."}}
*All commentarial works ([[Aṭṭhakathā]]) of Theravāda and other early Buddhist schools.

== Hīnayāna and Mahāyāna ==
Early Mahāyāna originated, like Therāvada, from the "early Buddhist schools".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Oliver |first=Joan Duncan |title=Buddhism: An Introduction to the Buddha's Life, Teachings, and Practices |date=April 2019 |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|St. Martin's Essentials]] |isbn=978-1-250-31368-3 |edition=1st |location=New York |pages=xi |language=en-US}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=January 2026}}<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Maritime Buddhism |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=[[Oxford]] |url=https://oxfordre.com/religion/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-638 |access-date=30 May 2021 |date=20 December 2018 |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.638 |isbn=978-0-19-934037-8 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219153342/https://oxfordre.com/religion/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-638 |archive-date=19 February 2019 |author-last=Acri |author-first=Andrea |doi-access= |url-status=live|url-access=subscription }}</ref>{{failed verification|date=January 2026}}

Between the 1st century BCE and the 1st century CE, the terms "Mahāyāna" and "Hīnayāna" were first used in writing, in, for example, the ''[[Lotus Sutra|Lotus Sūtra]]''. Christian Lindtner suggests that the later Mahāyāna schools may have preserved a certain originally [[Brahmanism|Brahmanist]] conception of a permanent "absolute" that was abandoned by the "orthodox" Theravāda in favour of "the law of universal impermanence"; or rather, they described the absolute in paradoxical terms in order to reconcile contradictions found within the existing Buddhist canon between the views of consciousness ([[vijñāna]]) and Nirvana as either permanent or impermanent.{{sfn|Lindtner|1997|p=114, 121, 125, 129-130}}{{refn|group=note|See also [[Aṭṭhakavagga and Pārāyanavagga]].}}

Although the various early schools of Buddhism are sometimes loosely classified as "[[Hinayana|Hīnayāna]]" in modern times, this is not necessarily accurate. According to [[Jan Nattier]], Mahāyāna never referred to a separate sect of Buddhism (Skt. ''Nikāya''), but rather to the set of ideals and doctrines for bodhisattvas.{{sfn|Nattier|2003|p=193–194}} Paul Williams has also noted that the Mahāyāna never had nor ever attempted to have a separate [[Vinaya]] or ordination lineage from the early Buddhist schools, and therefore each [[bhikkhu|bhikṣu]] or [[Bhikkhunī|bhikṣuṇī]] adhering to the Mahāyāna formally belonged to an early school.

Membership in these ''Nikāyas'', or monastic sects, continues today with the [[Dharmaguptaka|Dharmaguptaka Nikāya]] in [[East Asian Buddhism]], and the [[Mulasarvastivada|Mūlasarvāstivāda Nikāya]] in [[Tibetan Buddhism]]. Therefore, Mahāyāna was never a separate rival sect of the early schools.{{sfn|Williams|1989|p=4–5}} Paul Harrison clarifies that while Mahāyāna monastics belonged to a Nikāya, not all members of a Nikāya were Mahāyānists.{{sfn|Xing|2004|p=115}} From Chinese monks visiting India, we now know that both Mahāyāna and non-Mahāyāna monks in India often lived in the same monasteries side by side.{{sfn|Williams|Tribe|2000|p=97}} Additionally, Isabella Onians notes that Mahāyāna works rarely used the term ''Hīnayāna'', typically using the term ''[[Śrāvakayāna]]'' instead.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Onians |first=Isabelle |title=Tantric Buddhist Apologetics, or Antinomianism as a Norm |type=D.Phil. thesis |place=Oxford, Trinity Term |page=72 |year=2001}}</ref>

The Chinese Buddhist monk and pilgrim [[Yijing (monk)|Yijing]] wrote about relationship between the various "vehicles" and the early Buddhist schools in India. He wrote, "There exist in the West numerous subdivisions of the schools which have different origins, but there are only four principal schools of continuous tradition." These schools are namely the Mahāsāṃghika, Sthavira, Mūlasarvāstivāda and Saṃmitīya Nikāyas.{{sfn|Walser|2005|p=41}} Explaining their doctrinal affiliations, he then writes, "Which of the four schools should be grouped with the Mahāyāna or with the Hīnayāna is not determined." That is to say, there was no simple correspondence between a Buddhist monastic sect, and whether its members learn "Hīnayāna" or "Mahāyāna" teachings.{{sfn|Walser|2005|pp=41–42}}

== Timeline ==
{{Buddhist traditions timeline|notes=1}}

== See also ==
* [[Aṭṭhakavagga and Pārāyanavagga]]
* [[Buddhist Councils]]
* [[Early Buddhist Texts]]
* [[History of Buddhism]]
* [[Index of Buddhism-related articles]]
* [[Nikaya Buddhism|Nikāya Buddhism]]
* [[Pyrrhonism]]
* [[Rhinoceros Sutra|Rhinoceros Sūtra]]
* [[Schools of Buddhism]]
* [[Secular Buddhism]]
* [[Timeline of Buddhism]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note|2}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}

* {{Citation |title=Buddhist Council |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Buddhist-council |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |year=1998 |ref={{harvid|Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica|1998}} }}.

* {{Citation |last=Berkwitz |first=Stephen C. |title=South Asian Buddhism: A Survey |year=2009 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-45248-9}}.
* {{citation |editor-last=Buswell |editor-first=Robert E. Jr. |editor-link=Robert Buswell Jr. |year=2003 |title=Encyclopedia of Buddhism |publisher=MacMillan |isbn=0-02-865718-7}}.
* {{Citation |last1=Buswell |first1=Robert E. Jr. |title=The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism |year=2013 |publisher=Princeton University Press |last2=Lopez |first2=Donald S. }}.{{ISBN?}}

* Cousins, L. S. (1996). "The Dating of the Historical Buddha: A Review Article" in ''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society'', Series 3, 6.1 (1996): 57–63. Retrieved 29 November 2008 from "Indology" at https://web.archive.org/web/20210413104729/https://indology.info/papers/cousins.
* {{Citation | last =Cox | first =Collett | year =1995 |title =Disputed Dharmas: Early Buddhist Theories on Existence | publisher =The Institute for Buddhist Studies | place =Tokyo | isbn =4-906267-36-X}}.

* {{citation |last=Dutt |first=Nalinaksha |year=1978 |title=Buddhist Sects in India |place=Delhi |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |edition=2nd |isbn=978-0-89684-043-0}}.

* {{citation |editor-last1=Embree |editor-first1=Ainslie T. |editor-link1=Ainslie Embree |editor-first2=Stephen N. |editor-last2=Hay |editor-first3=Wm. Theodore |editor-last3=de Bary |others=A.L. Bashram, R.N. Dandekar, Peter Hardy, J.B. Harrison, V. Raghavan, Royal Weiler, and Andrew Yarrow |orig-year=1958 |edition=2nd |year=1988 |title=Sources of Indian Tradition: From the Beginning to 1800 |volume=1 |location=New York |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=0-231-06651-1 |ref={{sfnref|Embree|1988}} }}.

* Gombrich, Richard F. (1988; 6th reprint, 2002). ''Theravāda Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo'' (London: Routledge). {{ISBN|0-415-07585-8}}.
* {{Citation | last =Gombrich | first =Richard F. | year =1997 | title =How Buddhism Began | publisher =Munshiram Manoharlal}}.
* {{Citation |last=Harvey |first=Peter |year=1990 |title=An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-31333-3}}.

* {{Citation |last=Hanh |first=Thich Nhat |title=The Heart of Buddha's Teachings |year=1999 |publisher=Harmony |isbn=978-0767903691 |author-link=Thích Nhất Hạnh}}.
* {{citation |first=Kanai Lal |last=Hazra |title=Pali Language and Literature: A Systematic Survey and Historical Survey |year=1994 |volume=1}}.{{full citation needed|date=April 2024}}
* {{Citation |last1=Hoiberg |first1=Dale |title=Students' Britannica India |year=2000 |chapter=Early Buddhist schools |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=0-85229-760-2 |last2=Ramchandani |first2=Indu}}.
* {{Citation |last=Huifeng |first=Shi |title='Dependent Origination = Emptiness' – Nāgārjuna's Innovation? An Examination of the Early and Mainstream Sectarian Textual Sources |url=https://www.academia.edu/8805059 |work=Journal of the Centre for Buddhist Studies, Sri Lanka |volume=11 |pages=175–228 |year=2013 |issn=1391-8443 }}.
* {{Citation |last=Hirakawa |first=Akira |year=1990 |title=History of Indian Buddhism |volume=1: From Sakyamuni to Early Mahāyāna |translator=Paul Groner |publisher=Hawai'i University Press |hdl=10125/23030 |url=https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/23030}}.

* Keown, Damien and Charles S Prebish (eds.) (2004). ''Encyclopedia of Buddhism'' (London: Routledge), {{ISBN|978-0-415-31414-5}}.

* {{Citation | last =Lindtner | first =Christian | year =1997 | title =The Problem of Precanonical Buddhism | journal =Buddhist Studies Review | volume =14 | issue =2 | page =2 | doi =10.1558/bsrv.v14i2.14851 | url =https://journal.equinoxpub.com/BSR/article/view/14851/17059 | access-date =2022-11-05 | archive-date =2022-01-29 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20220129014438/https://journal.equinoxpub.com/BSR/article/view/14851/17059 | url-status =dead | url-access =subscription }}.
* {{Citation | last =Lindtner | first =Christian | year =1999 | title =From Brahmanism to Buddhism | journal =Asian Philosophy |volume=9 |issue=1| pages =5–37 | doi =10.1080/09552369908575487 }}.

* {{Citation |last=Nattier |first=Jan |title=A Few Good Men: The Bodhisattva Path According to the Inquiry of Ugra (Ugraparipṛcchā) |year=2003 |publisher=[[University of Hawai'i Press]] |isbn=978-0824830038 |author-link=Jan Nattier}}.

* {{citation |editor-first=Charles S. |editor-last=Prebish |title=Buddhism: A Modern Perspective |year=2010 |publisher=Pennsylvania State University Press |isbn=978-0-271-03803-2}}.

* [[Richard Robinson (Buddhism scholar)|Robinson, Richard H.]] and Willard L. Johnson (1970; 3rd ed., 1982). ''The Buddhist Religion: A Historical Introduction'' (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing). {{ISBN|0-534-01027-X}}.

* {{Citation |last=Skilton |first=Andrew |title=A Concise History of Buddhism |year=2004 |publisher=Windhorse Publications |isbn=978-0904766929}}.

* {{citation |last=Walser |first=Joseph |year=2005 |title=Nagarjuna in Context: Mahayana Buddhism and Early Indian Culture}}.{{full citation needed|date=April 2024}}
* {{Citation |last=Williams |first=Paul |title=Mahayana Buddhism |year=1989 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-415-35653-4 |author-link=Paul Williams (Buddhist studies scholar)}}.
* {{citation |last1=Williams |first1=Paul |first2=Anthony |last2=Tribe |year=2000 |title=Buddhist Thought: A Complete Introduction to the Indian Tradition |place=London |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0-415-20701-0}}.

* {{Citation |last=Xing |first=Guang |title=The Concept of the Buddha: Its Evolution from Early Buddhism to the Trikaya Theory |series=Routledge Critical Studies in Buddhism |year=2004 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0415333443}}.
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
*{{Citation |title=The Illustrated Guide to World Religions |year=2003 |editor-last=Coogan |editor-first=Michael D. |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=1-84483-125-6 |ref=none}}.
*{{Citation |last=Gethin |first=Rupert |title=Foundations of Buddhism |url=https://archive.org/details/foundationsofbud00rupe |url-access=registration |year=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-289223-1 |ref=none}}.
*{{Citation |last=Gunaratana |first=Bhante Henepola |title=Mindfulness in Plain English |year=2002 |publisher=Wisdom Publications |isbn=0-86171-321-4 |ref=none}}.
* {{Citation | last =Hurvitz | first =Leon | year =1976 | title =Scripture of the Lotus Blossom of the Fine Dharma | publisher =Columbia University Press |ref=none}}.{{ISBN?}}
* {{Citation | last =Jong | first =J. W. de | year =1993 | title =The Beginnings of Buddhism | journal =The Eastern Buddhist |volume=26 |issue=2 |ref=none}}.
* {{Citation | last =Nakamura | year =1989 | title =Indian Buddhism | publisher =Motilal Banarsidas |ref=none}}.{{ISBN?}}
* {{Citation |last=Rahula |first=Walpola |author-link=Walpola Rahula |title=What the Buddha Taught |year=1974 |publisher=Grove Press |isbn=0-8021-3031-3 |ref=none}}.
* {{Citation |last=Shun |first=Yin |title=The Way to Buddhahood: Instructions from a Modern Chinese Master |year=1998 |publisher=Wisdom Publications |translator-last=Wing |translator-first=Yeung H. |isbn=0-86171-133-5 |ref=none}}.
*{{Citation |author=Vimalakirtinirdesa |title=Holy Teaching of Vimalakirti: Mahayana Scripture |url=https://archive.org/details/holyteachingofvi00vima |url-access=registration |year=1976 |publisher=Pennsylvania State University Press |isbn=0-271-00601-3 |translator-last=Thurman |translator-first=Robert A. F. |ref=none}}.
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{commons|Buddhism}}
* [http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-ENG/tw.htm The Sects of the Buddhists]. [[Thomas William Rhys Davids]], [[Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society|The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society]], 1891. pp. 409–422.
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20141129025719/http://www.diri-au.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/references-related-to-early-buddhism.pdf Sources on Early Buddhism]}}

{{Buddhism topics}}

[[Category:Early Buddhist schools| ]]
[[Category:Nikaya schools]]
[[Category:Schools of Buddhism]]
[[Category:Early Buddhism]]

Rishi (Tamil actor)

2026-01-08T05:10:51Z

BrigitteHosking:

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rishi
| image =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1985|05|07|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| othername =
| occupation = Actor, TV Anchor
| yearsactive = 2005–2016 2022–2024
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| website =
}}

'''Rishi Raj''' is an Indian film, theatre and television actor. He is known for his work on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]'s ''Deala No Deala'', the Tamil-language version of ''[[Deal or No Deal]]'' and ''Kaiyil Oru Kodi'', the Tamil version of ''[[Million Dollar Money Drop]]''. Rishi has appeared in Tamil films most notably ''[[Ananda Thandavam (2009 film)|Anandha Thandavam]]'' and ''[[Payanam (2011 film)|Payanam]]''.

He stayed away from the limelight for more than five years from 2017 and made a comeback in 2022 with the Sun TV soap opera ''[[Iniya (2022 TV series)|Iniya]]''.

== Early life and career ==
He was born to Malayali and Gujarati parents with his father being a musician and his mother a poet and was brought up in Chennai. While studying engineering, he decided to switch to visual communications and had an interest in theatre.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/sep/24/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-rishi.htm|title=Meet Tamil TV's hottest host!|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=24 September 2010|first=Pavithra|last=Srinivasan|location=Chennai|access-date=13 May 2025}}</ref>

Rishi appeared in a few fiction and non-fiction shows on [[STAR Vijay]] before appearing on Sun TV with Endemol's ''Deala No Deala'' (Tamil version of ''[[Deal or No Deal]]'').<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/radio-and-tv/New-game-show-on-Sun/article16889390.ece|title=New game show on Sun|date=30 October 2009|work=[[The Hindu]]|url-access=subscription|access-date=13 May 2025}}</ref> In 2012, Endemol South and Sun TV made ''Kaiyil Oru Kodi, Are you ready? (Tamil version of [[Million Dollar Money Drop]])'' with Rishi as the anchor. In 2009-10, Rishi played the lead in the popular Telugu-language soap opera, ''Sundarakanda'' the first Indian TV show to be shot in the USA.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.veethi.com/india-people/rishi-profile-920-17.htm|title=Rishi|website=veethi.com}}</ref> In 2011, he briefly returned to theatre for the play ''Raj And His Red Hot Lovers''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rishi-goes-back-to-theatre/articleshow/9421844.cms|title=Rishi goes back to theatre|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=30 July 2011|access-date=13 May 2025}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Film===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Thodakkam]]'' || Habeeb ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Ananda Thandavam (film)|Ananda Thandavam]]''|| Radhakrishnan
|
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Mandhira Punnagai (2010 film)|Mandhira Punnagai]]'' || Shankar
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2011 ||''[[Gaganam]]'' || rowspan="2" | Vinod
| Telugu film
|-
| ''[[Payanam (2011 film)|Payanam]]''
|
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Mirattal]]'' || Gautham
|Special appearance
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2014 || ''[[Naan Sigappu Manithan (2014 film)|Naan Sigappu Manithan]]'' || Karthik
|
|-
| ''[[Yaan (film)|Yaan]]'' || Ram
|
|-
| 2015 || ''[[JK Enum Nanbanin Vaazhkai]]'' || K. Anand
|
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Sathru (2019 film)|Sathru]]'' || Mahendran ||
|-
|2023||''[[Beauty (2023 film)|Beauty]]'' || ||
|-
|}

===Television===
;Serials
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language !! Channel
!Notes
|-
| 2005–2006 || ''Idhu Oru Kadhal Kathai'' || Ananthu || [[Tamil (language)|Tamil]] || [[Star Vijay|Vijay TV]]
|
|-
| 2009–2010 || ''[[Sundarakanda (TV series)|Sundarakanda]]'' || Ajay || rowspan="2"| [[Telugu (language)|Telugu]] || rowspan="2"| [[Gemini TV]]
|
|-
| 2012–2013 || ''Padamatha Gali'' ||
|
|-
| 2022 || ''Ninaithale Inikkum''|| Sethupathi [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] || rowspan="2" | [[Tamil (language)|Tamil]] || [[Zee Tamil]]
|Special Appearance
|-
| 2022–2024 || ''[[Iniya (2022 TV series)|Iniya]]'' ||Vikraman (Vikram) || [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|
|}

;TV Shows
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language !! Channel
!Notes
|-
|2005
|''Hello Friend''
| rowspan="5" |Anchor
| rowspan="8" |[[Tamil (language)|Tamil]]
|Star Vijay
|
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Deala No Deala]]'' || rowspan="2" | [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Kaiyil Oru Kodi - Are You Ready?]]''
|
|-
| 2014–2015 || ''Vendhar Veetukkalyanam'' || [[Vendhar TV]]
|
|-
| 2015–2016 || ''[[Super Challenge]]'' || rowspan="4"| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Vanakkam Tamizha]]'' || Guest
|
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2023 || ''Iniyavale Iniya'' || Participant
|Guest role
|-
| ''Nattamai Theerpu Mathu''
|Vikraman
|
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rishi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil male television actors]]
[[Category:Tamil television presenters]]
[[Category:Television personalities from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Male actors from Chennai]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:21st-century Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:Tamil Reality dancing competition contestants]]
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Gujarati people]]

Husin Din

2025-12-20T08:36:42Z

BrigitteHosking: improve page per standard format

{{Short description|Malaysian politician (1953–2021)}}
{{Malay name|Husin|Din Adam}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[Haji]]
| image =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = ms
| birth_date = {{birth date|1953|4|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Perak]], [[Federation of Malaya]] (now [[Malaysia]])
| death_date = {{death date and age|2021|6|11|1953|4|10|df=yes}}
| death_place = Taiping, Perak, Malaysia
| citizenship = [[Malaysia]]
| constituency_AM = [[Selinsing (state constituency)|Selinsing]]
| assembly = Perak State Legislative
| term_start = 8 March 2008
| term_end = 9 May 2018
| majority = 547 (2008) 809 (2013)
| predecessor = Zaili Cha
| successor = [[Mohamad Noor Dawoo]]
| party = [[Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party|PAS]]
| otherparty = [[Pakatan Rakyat]] (2013-2015) [[Muafakat Nasional]] (2019-2021) [[Perikatan Nasional]] (2020-2021)
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Politician
| spouse =
| children =
}}

'''Husin bin Din''' (10 April 1953 — 11 June 2021) was a [[Malaysia]]n politician from the [[Malaysian Islamic Party]] (PAS). He served as the [[Perak State Legislative Assembly|Member of the Perak State Legislative Assembly]] for [[Selinsing (state constituency)|Selinsing]] from 2008 to 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://harakahdaily.net/index.php/2021/06/11/bekas-adun-selinsing-dekat-di-hati-rakyat/|title=Bekas ADUN Selinsing dekat di hati rakyat|website=[[Harakah]]|access-date=13 June 2021}}</ref>

Husin died of [[asphyxiation]] on 11 June 2021 at 10.45 am at [[Taiping Hospital]] at the age of 68.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.astroawani.com/berita-malaysia/bekas-adun-selinsing-meninggal-dunia-302725|title=Bekas ADUN Selinsing meninggal dunia|publisher=[[Astro Awani]]|access-date=12 June 2021|date=11 June 2021}}</ref>

== Election results ==
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em ; font-size:95%"
|+ [[Perak State Legislative Assembly]]<ref name="GE14 results">{{cite web|url=https://keputusan.spr.gov.my/|title=SEMAKAN KEPUTUSAN PILIHAN RAYA UMUM KE - 14|publisher=[[Election Commission of Malaysia]]|language=Malay|accessdate=17 May 2018|archive-date=13 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913134822/https://keputusan.spr.gov.my/|url-status=dead}} Percentage figures based on total turnout.</ref><ref name="The Star GE14">{{cite web|url=https://election.thestar.com.my/|title=The Star Online GE14|work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]|accessdate=24 May 2018}} Percentage figures based on total turnout.</ref><ref name="undiinfo">{{cite web | title = Malaysia General Election | work = undiinfo Malaysian Election Data | publisher = [[Malaysiakini]] | url = http://undi.info/# | access-date = 4 February 2017}} Results only available from the [[2004 Malaysian general election|2004 election]].</ref>
!|Year
!|Constituency
!colspan=2|Candidate
!|Votes
!|Pct
!colspan=2|Opponent(s)
!|Votes
!|Pct
!|Ballots cast
!|Majority
!|Turnout
|-
|[[2008 Malaysian general election|2008]]
|rowspan=4|N12 [[Selinsing (state constituency)|Selinsing]]
|{{Party shading/PAS}} |
|'''Husin Din''' ([[Malaysian Islamic Party|'''PAS''']])
|align="right"| '''6,149'''
|'''51.2%'''
|{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
|Zaili Cha ([[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])
|align="right" | 5,602
| 46.6%
|12,314
|547
|75.99%
|-
|[[2013 Malaysian general election|2013]]
|{{Party shading/PAS}} |
|'''Husin Din''' ([[Malaysian Islamic Party|'''PAS''']])
|align="right"| '''8,215'''
|'''51.7%'''
|{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
|Sharudin Ahmad ([[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])
|align="right" | 7,406
| 46.6%
|15,919
|809
|84.50%
|-
|rowspan=2|[[2018 Malaysian general election|2018]]
|rowspan=2 {{Party shading/PAS}} |
|rowspan=2| Husin Din ([[Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party|PAS]])
|rowspan=2 align="right"| 5,070
|rowspan=2| 28.4%
|{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
|'''[[Mohamad Noor Dawoo]]''' ([[United Malays National Organisation|'''UMNO''']])
|align="right" | '''5,167'''
| '''28.9%'''
|rowspan=2| 14,573
|rowspan=2| 97
|rowspan=2| 81.5%
|-
|{{Party shading/Keadilan}} |
|Ahmad Saqif Ansorullah ([[National Trust Party (Malaysia)|AMANAH]])
|align="right" | 4,016
| 22.5%
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Malaysian politicians of Malay descent]]
[[Category:Malaysian Muslims]]
[[Category:Malaysian Islamic Party politicians]]
[[Category:Members of the Perak State Legislative Assembly]]

{{Perak-MLA-stub}}

Saumyakeshava Temple, Nagamangala

2025-12-16T13:51:49Z

BrigitteHosking: added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2013}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
|name = Saumyakeshava
|image = Saumyakeshava temple (rear view of stellate shrine) at Nagamangala.JPG
|image_size =
|alt =
|caption = Saumyakeshava temple (12th century AD) at Nagamangala
|map_type =
|coordinates = {{coord|12|49|10|N|76|45|13|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
|coordinates_footnotes=
|map_caption =

|other_names =

|sanskrit_translit =

|script_name = 
|script = 
|country = India
|state = [[Karnataka]]
|district = [[Mandya district|Mandya]]
|locale = [[Nagamangala]]
|elevation_m =
|elevation_footnotes =
|deity =
|festivals =
|architecture =
|temple_quantity =
|monument_quantity =
|inscriptions =
|established =
|year_completed = 12th century AD
|creator =
|temple_board =
|website =
}}
The '''Saumyakeshava temple''' (also spelt '''Sauymakesava''' or '''Soumyakeshava''') at [[Nagamangala]] was constructed in the 12th century by the rulers of the [[Hoysala empire]]. Nagamangala is a town in the [[Mandya district]] of Karnataka state, [[India]]. It is located 62 km from the historically important town [[Mysore]], on the [[Srirangapatna]]-[[Sira, Karnataka|Sira]] highway.<ref name="rice">B.L. Rice (1887), p.286</ref> Historically, Nagamangala came into prominence during the rule of Hoysala King [[Vishnuvardhana]] when it became an important center of [[Vaishnava]] faith and received patronage from one of his queens, Bommaladevi. During the rule of [[Veera Ballala II]], Nagamangala prospered as an ''[[agrahara]]'' (place of Hindu religious studies) and had the honorific ''Vira Ballala Chaturvedi Bhattaratnakara''.<ref name="bommaladevi2">{{cite web|url=http://asibengalurucircle.org/mandya-8.html|title=Saumyakeshava Temple|work=Archaeological Survey of India, Bengaluru Circle|publisher=ASI Bengaluru Circle|accessdate=3 April 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150522003900/http://asibengalurucircle.org/mandya-8.html|archivedate=22 May 2015}}</ref> The temple is protected as a monument of national importance by the Archaeological Survey of India.<ref name="protected">{{cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_karnataka_bangalore.asp|title=Alphabetical List of Monuments – Karnataka -Bangalore, Bangalore Circle, Karnataka|work=Archaeological Survey of India, Government of India|publisher=Indira Gandhi National Center for the Arts|accessdate=1 April 2013}}</ref>

==Temple plan==
[[File:Gopura (main tower) of Saumyakeshava temple at Nagamangala.jpg|thumb|left|upright|''Gopura'' over main entrance at Saumyakeshava temple, Nagamangala]]
According to art historian Adam Hardy, the basic plan of the shrine (''mulaprasada'') is stellate (star shaped). It stands on a platform called ''[[Jagati (temple)|jagati]]'' and is constructed with [[Soap stone]] material. According to historian Percy Brown this is a Hoysala innovation.<ref name="inno">Brown in Kamath (2001), p.135</ref> Overall, the temple exhibits the ''nagara'' features (northern Indian influence) seen in a few other Hoysala temples such as in the [[Sadasiva Temple, Nuggehalli]].<ref name="nagara">Hardy (1995), p.339</ref> According to art historians Gerard Foekema and Percy Brown, ''nagara'' features are seldom seen in Hoysala temples.<ref name="seldom">Foekema (1996), p.29</ref><ref name="std"/> The temple is a large structure and has received patronage by multiple dynasties and reveals features of the later day [[Vijayanagara Empire]] whose rulers added the entrance and tower over it (''mahadvara'') and bounding walls (''prakara''). Some post-Vijayanagara features are also visible. The tower over the entrance (''[[gopuram]]'') is a 7-story tall lime and brick structure that is adorned by Hindu gods, goddesses and other decorative structures in [[stucco]].<ref name="bommaladevi2"/>
[[File:View of the closed mantapa facing the sanctum of Saumyakeshava temple (12th century A.D.) at Nagamangala Mandya district.JPG|thumb|left|upright|Lathe turned pillars and view of the ''mantapa'' and sanctum at Saumyakeshava temple at Nagamangala]]
The temple is three shrined (''trikutachala''),<ref name="trikuta">Typically ''trikuta'' means three shrines each with a tower, though quiet often only the central shrine has a superstructure, Foekema (1996), p.25</ref> has a ''[[garbhagriha]]'' (sanctum), and a [[Vestibule (architecture)|vestibule]] (''[[antarala]]'') that connects the sanctum to the a closed ''[[mantapa]]'' (inner hall, ''navaranga'') which opens into a large pillared gathering hall (''mahamantapa''). According to Percy Brown and Gerard Foekema, these are standard features in a Hoysala temple.<ref name="std">Brown in Kamath (2001), p.134</ref><ref name="std1">Foekema (1996), pp. 21-25</ref> The closed hall has two lateral shrines, one in the north and the other in the south. To the east, the large hall opens onto the platform that is meant for clockwise [[Circumambulation]] by devotees since the inside of the temple does not provide any such feature.<ref name="inno"/><ref name="pradakshina">Foekema (1996), p.25</ref> On the platform, the base of the temple (called ''[[adhisthana]]'') consists of [[molding (architecture)|moldings]] that take the stellate form of sanctum but become staggered square at the ''mahamantapa''. The outer wall of the shrine and the large hall are single [[pilaster]]ed [[Turret (architecture)|turret]]ed walls. The tower over the shrine (''[[shikhara]]'') is plain without the typical ornamentation giving the temple as a whole an austere look.<ref name="bommaladevi2"/> The temple gets its name from the "serene" (''lit'', "Saumya") six feet tall image of ''Keshava'', a form of the Hindu god [[Vishnu]] that stands on a ''[[garuda]]'' (eagle) pedestal.<ref name="keshav">Foekema (1996), p.20</ref> The roof of the closed ''mantapa'' is supported by lathe turned pillars, a standard feature in Hoysala constructions.<ref name="std2">Kamath (2001), p.135</ref> These pillars divide the ceiling into "bays" (four central pillars create 9 bays in the closed hall) that are exceptionally well treated.<ref name="bommaladevi2"/><ref name="bay">Foekema (1996), p.22</ref>
[[File:A Ceiling inside the shrine in Saumyakeshava Temple at Nagamangala.JPG|thumb|right|upright|Decorative "bay" ceiling in the ''mantapa'' of Saumyakeshava temple, Nagamangala]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
*Gerard Foekema, A Complete Guide to Hoysala Temples, Abhinav, 1996 {{ISBN|81-7017-345-0}}
*{{Cite book |last=Kamath |first=Suryanath U. |title=A concise history of Karnataka: from pre-historic times to the present |orig-date=1980 |year=2001 |publisher=Jupiter books |location=Bangalore |oclc=7796041 |lccn=80905179}}
* {{cite book |last=Rice|first=Benjamin Lewis|title=Mysore, a Gazetteer Complied for Government, Vol II|year=1887|publisher=Asian Educational Services|location=Delhi|isbn=978-81-206-0977-8|chapter=Mysore district}}
*Adam Hardy, Indian Temple Architecture: Form and Transformation : the Karṇāṭa Drāviḍa Tradition, 7th to 13th Centuries, Abhinav, 1995 {{ISBN|81-7017-312-4}}.
*{{cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_karnataka_bangalore.asp|title=Alphabetical List of Monuments – Karnataka -Bangalore, Bangalore Circle, Karnataka|work=Archaeological Survey of India, Government of India|publisher=Indira Gandhi National Center for the Arts|accessdate=12 July 2012}}
*{{cite web|url=http://asibengalurucircle.org/mandya-8.html|title=Saumyakeshava Temple|work=Archaeological Survey of India, Bengaluru Circle|publisher=ASI Bengaluru Circle|accessdate=3 April 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150522003900/http://asibengalurucircle.org/mandya-8.html|archivedate=22 May 2015}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Mandya district]]
[[Category:12th-century Hindu temples]]

K. Kotapadu mandal

2025-11-24T05:32:44Z

BrigitteHosking: adding new article

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kintada Kotapadu mandal
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name = K. Kotapadu mandal
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17.8861163|N|83.0435215|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Anakapalli district|Anakapalli]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 531034
| registration_plate_type = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|Vehicle Registration]]
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India|AP31 (Former)]] AP39 (from 30 January 2019)<ref>{{cite news |title=New ‘AP 39’ code to register vehicles in Andhra Pradesh launched |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203234146/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 February 2019 |accessdate=9 June 2019 |work=The New Indian Express |date=31 January 2019 |location=Vijayawada}}</ref>
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 12
}}
'''Kintada Kotapadu''', commonly known as '''K. Kotapadu mandal''' is a [[mandal]] in [[Anakapalli district]] in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in [[India]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=Mandal wise list of villages in Visakhapatnam district|url=http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/visakhapatnam.pdf|website=Chief Commissioner of Land Administration|publisher=National Informatics Centre|accessdate=6 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319222910/http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/Visakhapatnam.pdf|archivedate=19 March 2015}}</ref>

== Villages ==
Source:<ref name=":0" />
# Varada
# Pothanavalasa
# Ugginavalasa
# Ramayogi Agraharam
# K. Jagannadhapuram
# Gavarapalem
# Koruvada
# Deekshitula Agraharam
# Pindrangi
# Srungavaram
# Gotlam
# Pathavalasa
# Marri Valasa
# Dali Valasa
# Singannaddorapalem
# Sureddipalem
# Alamandakoduru
# Alamanda Bheemavaram
# Medicherla
# Kintada Kotapadu
# Kintada
# Ksanthapalem
# Kavi. Kondala Agraharam
# Sudicalasa
# Chendrayyapeta
# Arle
# Gondupalem
# Paidampeta
# Rongalinaidupalem
# Gullepalle
# Chowduvada
# Garugubilli

== Notable people ==
* [[Tekumalla Achyutarao]] (18 April 1880 – 12 February 1947) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282507097|title=Achyutarao Tekumalla (1880-1947)|website=ResearchGate|language=en|access-date=2017-10-13}}</ref> was one of a major critics in [[Telugu language]] was a famous person in this village.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KnPoYxrRfc0C&q=tekumalla+achyuta+rao&pg=PA4356|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot|last=Lal|first=Mohan|date=1992|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=9788126012213|language=en}}</ref> He is known for his [[English language|English]] work "Pingali Suranarya"([[Pingali Suranna]], his life and works).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sqBjpV9OzcsC&q=tekumalla+achyuta+rao&pg=PA779|title=History of Indian Literature: 1911-1956, struggle for freedom : triumph and tragedy|last=Das|first=Sisir Kumar|date=1991|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=9788172017989|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Anakapalli district}}

[[Category:Villages in Anakapalli district]]

Akanksha Kumari

2025-11-22T13:47:55Z

BrigitteHosking: made basic bio and citations

{{Short description|Indian engineer}}
'''Akanksha Kumari''', from [[Barkagaon]], [[Hazaribagh]], a student of [[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya]] and a graduate of [[Birsa Institute of Technology Sindri]], is the first Indian female engineer to be employed underground in mining in India. In 2021 she was recruited to work for [[Central Coalfields]] at the Churi mines in the [[North Karanpura Area]].<ref name=Dharni20221>{{cite news |last1=Dharni |first1=Aishwarya |title=Meet Akanksha Kumari, India's First Woman Engineer For Underground Mines |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/trending/social-relevance/akanksha-kumari-indias-first-woman-engineer-to-work-in-underground-mines-548546.html |access-date=24 October 2023 |work=IndiaTimes |date=1 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024181540/https://www.indiatimes.com/trending/social-relevance/akanksha-kumari-indias-first-woman-engineer-to-work-in-underground-mines-548546.html |archive-date=24 October 2023 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Jharkhand's Akanksha Kumari is India's First Woman Engineer for Underground Mines |url=https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/jharkhands-akanksha-kumari-is-indias-first-woman-engineer-for-underground-mines-4152812.html |access-date=24 October 2023 |work=News18 |date=1 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024182230/https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/jharkhands-akanksha-kumari-is-indias-first-woman-engineer-for-underground-mines-4152812.html |archive-date=24 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumari, Akanksha}}
[[Category:People from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women engineers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian engineers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-engineer-stub}}

Seetha Raama

2025-11-18T06:06:09Z

BrigitteHosking: Made A Details

{{Short description|Kannada language drama TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Seetharamaa.png
| image_size =
| company =
| last_aired = {{End date|2025|5|30|df=y}}
| first_aired = {{Start date|2023|7|17|df=y}}
| network = [[Zee Kannada]]
| num_episodes = 490
| language = Kannada
| related = ''[[Majhi Tujhi Reshimgath]]''
| num_seasons =
| editor =
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| writer =
| producer =
| country = India
| director = Sapna Krishna
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| genre = [[Drama]]
| caption =
| location = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]], India
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
}}

'''''Seetha Raama''''' is an Indian [[Kannada]] language drama series airing on [[Zee Kannada]] which premiered from 17 July 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title='ಸೀತೆ'ಯಾಗಿ ಬಂದ ಸನ್ನಿಧಿ, ರಾಜೀವ ಇಲ್ಲಿ ರಾಮ! ಬರ್ತಿದೆ ಹೊಸ ಧಾರಾವಾಹಿ |url=https://kannada.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/zee-kannada-new-serial-seetharama-start-soon-heroine-is-vaishnavi-gowda-svl-sng-912117.html |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=[[News18 Kannada]] |language=kn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=New daily soap 'Seetha Rama' to premiere on July 17 - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/new-daily-soap-seetha-rama-to-premiere-on-july-17/articleshow/101269810.cms |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The show is an official remake of [[Zee Marathi]]'s TV series ''[[Majhi Tujhi Reshimgath]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vaishnavi Gowda returns to TV with a realistic love story - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/vaishnavi-gowda-returns-to-tv-with-a-realistic-love-story/articleshow/96320198.cms |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='ನೋಡೋಕೆ ಅಷ್ಟೇ ಪಾಪ, ತುಂಬಾ ಡೇಂಜರ್'; ಗಮನ ಸೆಳೆದ ವೈಷ್ಣವಿ ಹೊಸ ಸೀರಿಯಲ್ ಪ್ರೋಮೋ |url=https://tv9kannada.com/entertainment/television/vaishnavi-gowda-and-gagan-chinnappa-starrer-seetha-raama-serial-new-promo-rmd-au34-539686.html/amp |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=[[TV9 Kannada]] |language=kn}}</ref> It stars Vaishnavi Gowda, Gagan Chinnappa and Rithu Singh in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title='ರಿಲೀಸ್ ಡೇಟ್ ಹೇಳದೇ ನಟಿಸಲ್ಲ' ಎಂದು ಹಠ ಹಿಡಿದ 'ಸೀತಾ ರಾಮ' ರೀತು ಸಿಂಗ್; ವಿಡಿಯೋ ವೈರಲ್ |url=https://tv9kannada.com/entertainment/television/vaishnavi-gowda-gagan-chinnappa-starrer-seetha-raama-kannada-serial-release-date-promo-released-here-is-the-update-rmd-607030.html/amp |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=[[TV9 Kannada]] |language=kn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vaishnavi Gowda shares picture from the sets of her upcoming show 'Seetha Rama'; says, "Coming soon" - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/vaishnavi-gowda-shares-picture-from-the-sets-of-her-upcoming-show-seetha-rama-says-coming-soon/articleshow/97796189.cms |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The show is dubbed into Malayalam as ''Seetha Ramam'' from 27 May 2024 to 9 August 2025 on [[Zee Keralam]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Seetha Ramam TV Serial Online - Watch Tomorrow's Episode Before TV on ZEE5 |url=https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/seetha-ramam/0-6-4z5563978 |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=ZEE5 |language=en-IN}}</ref> dubbed into Telugu as ''Seetha Raama'' from 12 August 2024 to 28 February 2025 on [[Zee Telugu]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Seetha Rama TV Serial Online - Watch Tomorrow's Episode Before TV on ZEE5 |url=https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/seetha-rama/0-6-4z5608485 |website=ZEE5 |language=en-IN}}</ref> and also dubbed into Tamil as ''Raman Thediya Seethai'' from 17 March to 17 May 2025 on [[Zee Tamil]].<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://www.southmoviez.com/tamil/tamil-tv/raman-thediya-seethai-serial-cast/|title='Raman Thediya Seethai' – Brand New Dubbed Serial on Zee Tamil|website=www.southmoviez.com|date=10 March 2025|language=en}}</ref>

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* Vaishnavi Gowda as Seetha<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vaishnavi Gowda bags a lead role in the upcoming daily soap 'Seetha Rama' - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/vaishnavi-gowda-bags-a-lead-role-in-the-upcoming-daily-soap-seetha-rama/articleshow/96273916.cms |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* Gagan Chinnappa as Sriram Desai<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gagan Chinappa lands a lead role in upcoming show 'Seetha Rama' - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/gagan-chinappa-lands-a-lead-role-in-upcoming-show-seetha-rama/articleshow/96247952.cms |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* Rithu Singh as Sihi

=== Recurring ===
* [[Pooja Lokesh]] as Bhargavi Desai
* [[Mukhyamantri Chandru]] as Suryaprakash Desai (Suri)
* Ashok Sharma as Ashok
* Meghana Shankarappa as Priya
* [[P. D. Sathish Chandra]] as Charan D

== Adaptations ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;"
|- style="color:red"
! style="background: orange; width:8%;"| Language
! style="background:orange; width:25%;"| Title
! style="background:orange; width:20%;"| Original release
! style="background:orange; width:10%;"| Network(s)
! style="background:orange; width:10%;"| Last aired
! style="background:orange; width:10%;"| Notes
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| ''[[Majhi Tujhi Reshimgath]]'' माझी तुझी रेशीमगाठ
| 23 August 2021
| [[Zee Marathi]]
| 22 January 2023
| Original
|-
| [[Kannada]]
| ''Seetha Raama'' ಸೀತಾ ರಾಮ
| 17 July 2023
| [[Zee Kannada]]
| 30 May 2025
| rowspan="4"| Remake
|-
| [[Odia language|Odia]]
| ''Shree'' ଶ୍ରୀ
| 22 January 2024
| Zee Sarthak
| 1 June 2024
|-
| [[Hindi]]
| ''Main Hoon Saath Tere'' मैं हूँ साथ तेरे
| 29 April 2024
| [[Zee TV]]
| 18 August 2024
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| ''Ke Prothom Kachhe Eshechi'' কে প্রথম কাছে এসেছি
| 27 May 2024
| [[Zee Bangla]]
| 22 September 2024
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/seetha-rama/0-6-4z5359283 ''Seetha Raama''] at [[ZEE5]]
* {{IMDb title|tt32767336}}

[[Category:Kannada-language television shows]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Zee Kannada original programming]]
[[Category:2025 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Remakes of Indian television series]]

Relics of Sariputta and Moggallana

2025-11-05T12:37:42Z

BrigitteHosking: new a details.

{{Short description|Relics of two main disciples of the Buddha}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
[[File:Stupa 3 - Sanchi Hill 2013-02-21 4270.JPG|thumb|[[Sanchi]] ''stupa'' No 3, where the relics of Sariputta and Moggallana were first discovered]]
The '''relics of Sariputta and Moggallana''' refers to the cremated remains of the Buddhist disciples [[Śāriputra|Sariputta]] ([[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]]: ''Śāriputra''; [[Pali]]: ''Sāriputta;'' [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]]:''Seriyuth සැරියුත්''); and [[Maudgalyayana|Moggallana]] (Sanskrit: ''Maudgalyāyana''; Pali: ''Moggallāna;''Sinhala'': Mugalan'' මුගලන්''). ''Sariputta and Moggallana (also called Maha Moggallana) were the two chief disciples of [[Gautama Buddha|the Buddha]], often stylized as the right hand and left hand disciples of the Buddha respectively. The two disciples were childhood friends who ordained under the Buddha together and are said to have become enlightened as [[arahants]]. The Buddha declared them his two chief disciples, after which they assumed leadership roles in the Buddha's ministry. Both of the chief disciples died a few months before the Buddha near the ancient Indian city of [[Rajagaha|Rājagaha]] in what is now [[Bihar]], and were cremated. According to Buddhist texts, the cremated remains of the disciples were then enshrined in [[stupa]]s at notable monasteries of the time, with Sariputta's remains being enshrined at [[Jetavana|Jetavana monastery]] and Moggallana's remains being enshrined at Veḷuvana monastery. However, as of 1999 no modern archaeological reports have confirmed this, although in 1851 discoveries were made at other sites.

In 1851, British [[archaeologists]] Major [[Alexander Cunningham]] and Lieutenant [[Frederick Charles Maisey]] discovered relics attributed to the chief disciples during excavations of ''stupas'' in the Indian cities of [[Sanchi]] and [[Satdhara]]. Scholars have theorized that the relics were enshrined in ''stupas'' near Rajagaha after the disciples' deaths but were redistributed by later Indian kings such as King [[Ashoka|Asoka]]. Following the discovery, the Satdhara relics were sent to the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]] in London in 1866, while the Sanchi relics are said to have been lost when a ship carrying the remains sank. Following a Buddhist [[History of Buddhism in India#Revival|revival movement]] in South Asia in the late 19th century, Buddhist organizations including the [[Maha Bodhi Society]] began pressuring the British government to return the relics to Asia so they can be properly venerated, with the British government eventually conceding. The relics were sent to [[Sri Lanka]] in 1947, where they were on display at the [[National Museum of Colombo|Colombo Museum]] for nearly two years, and then were put on tour around parts of Asia starting in 1949. The relics were then divided up and permanently relocated in 1952, with portions being enshrined at the [[Kaba Aye Pagoda]] in [[Yangon]], Burma, the Maha Bodhi Society temple in [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka, and the Chethiyagiri Vihara in [[Sanchi Town|Sanchi]], India. [[File:032 Passing of Sariputta (35252914515).jpg|thumb|A Thai painting depicting the death of Sariputta|263x263px]]

== Sariputta and Moggallana ==
[[Image:Moggallana - paranibbana.jpg|thumb|A depiction of Mahamoggallana's death|alt=|184x184px]]{{Main|Śāriputra|Maudgalyayana}}
Sariputta and Moggallana were considered to have been the two chief disciples of the Buddha. Sariputta was considered the disciple who was foremost in [[Prajñā (Buddhism)|wisdom]] and Moggallana was considered the disciple who was foremost in [[Iddhi|psychic powers]].{{sfn|Hecker|Nyanaponika Thera|2003|p=67}} Buddhist texts relate that Sariputta and Moggallana were childhood friends who became spiritual wanderers in their youth.{{sfn|Silk|2019|p=411}} After having searched for spiritual truth under different contemporary masters, they came into contact with the teachings of the Buddha and ordained as monks under him, after which the Buddha declared the friends his two chief disciples, together described in the ''Mahāpadāna Sutta,'' as "the chief pair of disciples, the excellent pair" (Pali: ''sāvakayugaṁ aggaṁ bhaddayugaṁ'').{{sfn|Hecker|Nyanaponika Thera|2003|p=31-32,57,65}}{{sfn|Daulton|1999|p=104}}{{sfn|Buswell|Lopez|2013|p=1903}} Texts describe that the two friends became [[Arhat|''arahants'']] and played a key leadership role in the Buddha's ministry, including being tasked with the training of the Buddha's other disciples.{{sfn|Malalasekera|1937a|p=}}{{sfn|Hecker|Nyanaponika Thera|2003|p=68-69}} Sariputta was considered the Buddha's right hand disciple, while Moggallana was considered his left hand disciple.{{sfn|Hecker|Nyanaponika Thera|2003|p=67}}

According to Buddhist texts, Sariputta and Moggallana both died a few months before the Buddha. Accounts of Sariputta's death state that he died peacefully in his hometown and was cremated in the city of [[Rajagaha|Rājagaha]]. Sariputta's brother, Cunda, then brought his relics to the Buddha in [[Savatthi]], where they were enshrined in a ''stupa'' at [[Jetavana]] monastery.{{sfn|Silk|2019|p=414-415}} Accounts of Moggallana's death state that he died violently, dying after being beaten by a group of bandits in a cave near Rājagaha.{{sfn|Malalasekera|1937b}}{{sfn|Rhys Davids|1908|p=768}} Buddhist texts state that Moggallana's relics were then collected and enshrined in the Veḷuvana monastery near Rājagaha.{{sfn|Malalasekera|1937b}}{{sfn|Brekke|2007|p=275}} Over the succeeding centuries reports from Chinese pilgrims such as [[Xuanzang]] indicated that the relics could be found in the Indian city of [[Mathura]] in stupas built by Emperor [[Asoka]].{{sfn|Higham|2004|p=215}}

==Excavation of the lost relics==
[[File:Sanchi Stupa No 3 relics.jpg|thumb|Sketch made by Cunningham of the relic caskets of Sariputta and Maha Moggallana found at [[Sanchi]], Stupa No 3|alt=]]
As of 1999, no archaeological reports had confirmed findings of the relics of the chief disciples at the sites mentioned by either Chinese pilgrims or Buddhist texts. However, a 19th century British excavation did result in the discovery of relics attributed to the chief disciples in other locations.{{sfn|Daulton|1999|p=104-105}}

===Sanchi relics===
In 1851, British [[archaeologists]] Major Cunningham and Lieutenant Maisey were exploring a site in [[Sanchi Town|Sanchi]], near [[Bhopal]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] in [[India]], which was known for its many [[Sanchi|Buddhist ''stupas'']], also called "Topes", dating back to the 3rd century BCE.{{sfn|Daulton|1999|p=106}}{{sfn|Ainsworth|1854|p=111, 113}} Attempts to excavate the ''stupas'' had been done in the past by Sir [[Thomas Herbert Maddock]], who breached the outside of the ''stupas'' but was unable to reach the center. Cunningham and Maisey instead excavated the sites by going in perpendicular through the middle of the ''stupas'', allowing them to successfully open and explore several ''stupas'' in Sanchi.{{sfn|Ainsworth|1854|p=112}} During the expedition, Cunningham and Maisey excavated ''Stupa'' number 3 of the site and discovered an undisturbed chamber with two sandstone boxes. Each of the boxes contained a [[steatite]] casket containing human bone fragments.{{sfn|Daulton|1999|p=106}} The lids of the boxes bore [[Brāhmī]] script, the southern box bore the inscription ''Sariputasa'', meaning "(relics) of Sariputta", while the lid of the northern box bore the inscription ''Maha Mogalanasa'' meaning "(relics) of Maha Moggallana", identifying the bone fragments as belonging to the two chief disciples.{{sfn|Le|2010|p=148}}{{sfn|Cunningham|1854|p=297}} The relative positioning of the boxes also had religious significance. Cunningham states that
{{blockquote|Sariputra and Mahamoggallana were the principal followers of the Buddha, and were usually styled his right and left hand disciples. Their ashes thus preserved after death the same positions to the right and left of Buddha which they had themselves occupied in life.{{sfn|Cunningham|1854|p=300}}|author=Alexander Cunningham|title=|source= The Bhilsa Topes}}
[[File:Alexander Cunningham of the ASI 02.jpg|left|thumb|203x203px|[[Alexander Cunningham]], one of the archaeologists who made the discovery of the relics of the chief disciples|alt=]]
According to Cunningham, people in ancient India sat facing the east during religious ceremonies and even used the word east (''para'') for "front", as well as the word south (''dakshina'') for "right" and the word north (''vami'') for "left", meaning the positioning of Sariputta's casket toward the south and Moggallana's casket toward the north symbolized each disciple's relative positions as right and left hand disciple respectively.{{sfn|Cunningham|1854|p=299-300}} This positioning has also been explained by the fact that the Buddha traditionally sat facing the east, which would make the south his right hand side, and the north his left hand side.<ref name=":0" />
[[File:Satdhara stupas and relics.jpg|thumb|Sketch made by Cunningham of the [[Satdhara|Satdhara stupas]] and the inscribed caskets of Sariputta and Moggallana|294x294px|alt=]]
The box attributed to Sariputta contained a round white steatite casket, more than six inches in diameter and three inches in height.{{sfn|Daulton|1999|p=106}}{{sfn|Cunningham|1854|p=297}} The surface was polished and hard, and the box is believed to have been turned on a [[lathe]].{{sfn|Cunningham|1854|p=297}} Surrounding the casket were two pieces of [[sandalwood]], which Cunningham believed was from Sariputta's [[funeral pyre]].{{sfn|Cunningham|1854|p=297,305}}{{sfn|Brekke|2007|p=274}} Inside the casket was one single bone fragment nearly one inch long, and seven beads made up of precious stones and metals.{{sfn|Cunningham|1854|p=297-298}} The box attributed to Moggallana contained a slightly smaller steatite casket made up of a slightly softer substance. Inside the casket were two bone fragments, the larger one being nearly half an inch long.{{sfn|Cunningham|1854|p=299}} Each of the caskets had an ink Brāhmī character inscribed on the inner surface of the lid: the Brāhmī character "Sa" (𑀲𑀸) on the casket attributed to Sariputta and the Brāhmī character "Ma" (𑀫) on the casket attributed to Mahamoggallana.{{sfn|Cunningham|1854|p=299}} According to Cunningham, the ink inscriptions were possibly the oldest ink writings in existence.{{sfn|Ainsworth|1854|p=113}}

===Satdhara relics===

Following the discovery in Sanchi, Cunningham and Maisey excavated several nearby sites. During an excavation at the city of [[Satdhara]] a few miles west, the archaeologists found another pair of steatite relic caskets at Satdhara's ''Stupa'' Number 2, one of a group that was locally called the "Buddha Bhita" or "Buddha Monuments".{{sfn|Daulton|1999|p=107}}<ref name=":0" /> The caskets were smaller than the Sanchi ones, about three inches in diameter and two inches in height, and each contained several human bone fragments.{{sfn|Daulton|1999|p=107}} According to Cunningham, there was evidence that the ''stupa'' had been opened before and concluded that villagers had opened it and then closed it up after finding nothing but bone fragments.{{sfn|Cunningham|1854|p=323-324}} Inside the lids of the caskets were inscriptions like those in Sanchi, ''Sariputasa'' meaning "(relics) of Sariputta" and ''Maha Mogalanasa'' meaning "(relics) of Maha Moggallana". The only notable difference between these inscriptions and the ones in Sanchi was the positioning of a Brāhmī vowel, which Cunningham believed was due either to the inscription being done by a different engraver or being done at a different time period.{{sfn|Cunningham|1854|p=324}}

Cunningham theorized that the relics were enshrined in ''stupas'' near Rajagaha after the disciples' deaths until the time of Emperor Asoka, who then redistributed them in ''stupas'' throughout India.{{sfn|Brekke|2007|p=275}} Scholars have also theorized that a [[Shunga Empire|Sunga]] king may have also done a similar redistribution and built ''stupas'' such as the one in Sanchi to enshrine them.{{sfn|Daulton|1999|p=105-106}} Cunningham and Maisey spent several months excavating numerous ''stupas'' in the area, but they didn't make any more finds as significant as the findings in Sanchi and Satdhara.{{sfn|Daulton|1999|p=107}}

==Display in Britain==
[[File:South Kensington Museum; the interior of the architectural c Wellcome V0013595ER.jpg|thumb|Depiction of the [[Victoria and Albert Museum|Victoria & Albert Museum]] in 1873, then called the South Kensington Museum|alt=]]
Cunningham and Maisey later divided their findings among each other, with Maisey bringing the Satdhāra relics to Britain and loaning them to the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]] (then called the South Kensington Museum) in London in 1866 along with several other artifacts from Asia.{{sfn|Daulton|1999|p=108}}{{sfn|Brekke|2007|p=277-278}} The relics were eventually purchased by the Museum in 1921 from Maisley's son, whose ownership devolved.{{sfn|Daulton|1999|p=108}} Cunningham brought his findings to Britain on two ships, one of which sank, thus the Sanchi relics are assumed to have been lost.{{sfn|Daulton|1999|p=108}}{{sfn|Brekke|2007|p=277-278}} Scholar of religion [[Torkel Brekke]], however, argues that Maisey took all the relics with him, and thus the Sanchi relics went to Britain along with the Satdhāra ones.{{sfn|Brekke|2007|p=277}} Archeologist [[Louis Finot (archeologist)|Louis Finot]] notes that Cunningham had no interest in the relics, only in the caskets.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Finot|first=Louis|author-link=Louis Finot (archeologist)|title=Annual Report of the Archaeological Survey of India, Part I, 1915–1916; Archaeological Survey of India, Annual Report, 1913–1914|journal=Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient|volume=17|year=1917|url=http://www.persee.fr/doc/befeo_0336-1519_1917_num_17_1_5332|page=12|access-date=1 May 2020|archive-date=22 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822182416/https://www.persee.fr/doc/befeo_0336-1519_1917_num_17_1_5332|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the late 19th century, a Buddhist [[History of Buddhism in India#Revival of Buddhism in India|revival movement]] led by the [[Maha Bodhi Society]] began taking place in South Asia. The revival efforts led several Buddhist organizations to begin pressuring the British government starting in the 1920s to return the relics of the chief disciples to India, where they can be properly venerated.{{sfn|Daulton|1999|p=109}} The Victoria and Albert Museum rejected the initial requests, which at first came as a series of letters from local English Buddhists.{{sfn|Brekke|2007|p=279-284}} On one occasion, the museum instead offered to allow a small group of local Buddhists to worship the relics at the museum, in response to a request that the relics temporarily be sent to a local Buddhist center for a worship.{{sfn|Brekke|2007|p=281-282}} The museum argued that it also held Christian relics, and that returning the Buddhist relics would result in many museums being forced to return other relics as well.{{sfn|Brekke|2007|p=279-284}}

The situation changed in 1939 however, when the museum was informed that the government of India had forwarded a request for the return of the relics on behalf of Buddhist organizations.{{sfn|Brekke|2007|pp=284–287}} While museum director [[Eric Maclagan]] still argued that doing so would result in being forced to also return their Christian relics, one museum official argued that Britain being a Christian country gives them rights to those relics that they do not have with Buddhist relics.{{sfn|Brekke|2007|pp=285}} The museum was eventually instructed by the British government to return the relics for diplomatic reasons later that year.{{sfn|Brekke|2007|pp=284–287}} However, the transfer was delayed due to the outbreak of [[World War II]], due to fear of the relics being lost in wartime transport.{{sfn|Daulton|1999|p=110}} After the war ended, the transfer was officially made in 1947 with the relics first being transported to predominantly Buddhist [[Sri Lanka]] in accordance with an agreement made with Buddhist organizations.{{sfn|Daulton|1999|p=110-111}}

==Tour of Asia==
[[File:SL Colombo asv2020-01 img10 National Museum.jpg|thumb|The [[National Museum of Colombo]] (then called the Colombo Museum), where the relics resided for nearly two years after being returned by the British]]
Following the transfer of the relics from the British, they were put on display at the [[National Museum of Colombo|Colombo Museum]] (now called the National Museum of Colombo) in Sri Lanka, where they were visited by an estimated two million people across different faiths.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/nyanaponika/wheel090.html#app|title=The Life of Sariputta, compiled and translated from the Pali texts by Nyanaponika Thera.|last=Thera|first=Nyanaponika|website=www.accesstoinsight.org|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622154507/https://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/nyanaponika/wheel090.html#app|archive-date=22 June 2019|access-date=2020-04-26}}</ref> The Victoria and Albert Museum originally transferred the relics in plaster casket copies, but after the High Commissioner of India made a request for the original caskets in 1948 the museum transferred the original caskets to Sri Lanka as well.{{sfn|Brekke|2007|pp=287-290}} The relics remained in Sri Lanka for nearly two years before being transported to Calcutta, India in 1949, where they were formally received by Indian Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and officially handed over to the Maha Bodhi Society of India.{{sfn|Daulton|1999|p=110-111}} They were housed at the Dharmarajika Vihara, the headquarters of the Society, for two weeks where they received a constant stream of visitors, many of which Hindu and Muslim.<ref name=":0" /> The relics were then put on tour around northern India.{{sfn|Daulton|1999|p=110-111}}

In 1950 the relics were sent to Burma for a two month visit.{{sfn|Daulton|1999|p=111-113}} The relics were received in the Burmese city of [[Rangoon]], coinciding with the arrival of other Buddhist relics from Sri Lanka. According to reports of the occasion, most of the city had turned out for the arrival of the relics and the relics received a constant stream of visiting devotees for the month that they were in the city.{{sfn|Daulton|1999|p=111-112}} In the second month of the visit, the relics were put on tour around Burma in a river tour that drew large crowds at the stops, including people from neighboring villages.<ref name=":0" /> One thing that was well reported in Burmese news was the visitation of the relics to areas of ethnic minorities, where they were also enthusiastically received.{{sfn|Daulton|1999|p=112-113}} The relics were also taken for exposition in Nepal, Tibet and Cambodia.{{sfn|Maha Thera Tripitakavagisvaracarya|1892|p=118}}

==Re-enshrinement==

=== Burma ===
Following the tour of the relics in Burma in 1950, Burmese Prime Minister [[U Nu]] asked India for a portion of the relics for Burma to keep permanently. Later that year, Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru agreed to make a "permanent loan" of a portion of the relics to Burma in what was seen as a gesture of goodwill toward its newly independent neighbor.{{sfn|Daulton|1999|p=111-121}} Burma's portion of the relics arrived from Calcutta in 1951, on the same day as some relics from the Buddha himself. Like the first visit, they were received by a large crowd and were put on tour around the Burma. The relics were then housed in a shrine near [[Botataung Pagoda|Botatuang Pagoda]], which was destroyed in World War II and was being reconstructed. Although the Burmese government originally intended to house the relics at the Botatuang Pagoda after reconstruction, following the completion of the [[Kaba Aye Pagoda]] in 1952, Prime Minister U Nu decided to permanently house them at the Kaba Aye Pagoda in [[Yangon]] instead.{{sfn|Daulton|1999|p=111-121}}

=== Sri Lanka ===
Sri Lanka also obtained a portion of the relics, which were brought from Sanchi in 1952 and kept at the temple of the [[Maha Bodhi Society]] in [[Colombo]]. The relics are exhibited annually during the local celebration of the Buddha's birthday, [[Vesak|Vesak Day]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Santiago|first1=Melanie|url=http://newsfirst.lk/english/2015/05/sacred-relics-of-lord-buddha-brought-to-sirasa-vesak-zone-thousands-gather-to-pay-homage/92904|title=Sacred Relics of Lord Buddha brought to Sirasa Vesak Zone; thousands gather to pay homage|date=3 May 2015|work=[[News First]]|access-date=1 May 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930084139/http://newsfirst.lk/english/2015/05/sacred-relics-of-lord-buddha-brought-to-sirasa-vesak-zone-thousands-gather-to-pay-homage/92904|archive-date=30 September 2017}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite news|last1=Akkara|first1=Anto|url=http://catholicphilly.com/2015/01/news/world-news/buddhist-center-breaks-tradition-shows-pope-revered-relic/|title=Buddhist center breaks tradition, shows pope revered relic|date=15 January 2015|work=Catholic Philly|access-date=1 May 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930084024/http://catholicphilly.com/2015/01/news/world-news/buddhist-center-breaks-tradition-shows-pope-revered-relic/|archive-date=30 September 2017|agency=[[Catholic News Service]]}}</ref> In 2015, the Maha Bodhi Society broke with tradition by showing the relics to [[Pope Francis]] outside of the duration of the annual festival. Responding to critics, the head of the society, [[Banagala Upatissa Thero]], stated that no pope had set foot inside a Buddhist temple since 1984, and added that "religious leaders have to play a positive role to unite [their] communities instead of dividing".<ref name=":1" />

=== India ===
The portion of the relics that stayed in India were also enshrined in 1952, at the Chethiyagiri Vihara in Sanchi, which was built by the Maha Bodhi Society specifically to house the relics.{{sfn|Daulton|1999|p=110-111}}{{sfn|Maha Thera Tripitakavagisvaracarya|1892|p=189}} The [[Vihāra|vihara]] was funded in part by a donation from the [[Nawabs of Bhopal|Nawab of Bhopal]] as well as a land grant from the local [[Bhopal]] government.{{sfn|Maha Thera Tripitakavagisvaracarya|1892|p=189}} The relics are shown every year at the annual international Buddhist festival in November.<ref name=":2">{{cite news|last1=Santosh|first1=Neeraj|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bhopal/relics-of-the-buddha-s-chief-disciples-exhibited-in-sanchi/story-sW6fxcZbeejiZj9e0Q0J5L.html|title=Relics of the Buddha's chief disciples exhibited in Sanchi|date=27 November 2016|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=1 May 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506125557/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bhopal/relics-of-the-buddha-s-chief-disciples-exhibited-in-sanchi/story-sW6fxcZbeejiZj9e0Q0J5L.html|archive-date=6 May 2017|location=Bhopal}}</ref> In 2016, the exhibition was visited by Thai princess [[Sirindhorn]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bhopal/thai-princess-visits-sanchi/story-oaut6cRlkr1vQneeQHkKLI.html|title=Thai princess visits Sanchi|date=22 November 2016|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506125602/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bhopal/thai-princess-visits-sanchi/story-oaut6cRlkr1vQneeQHkKLI.html|archive-date=6 May 2017|location=Bhopal}}</ref>

=== United States ===
Another portion of the relics of Sariputta and Maha Moggallana was donated, by the Maha Bodhi Society, to the [[Insight Meditation Society]] in [[Barre, Massachusetts|Barre, MA]], and placed on display there in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 July 2024 |title=The Art of IMS |url=https://www.dharma.org/the-art-of-ims/ |website=Insight Meditation Society}}</ref> A year later, a portion of the relic of Sariputta was moved to the nearby [[Barre Center for Buddhist Studies]], and placed within the newly constructed stone stupa on that campus.
{{center|<gallery widths="220" heights="220" caption="Relic locations">
File:Kaba Aye Paya 2.JPG|The Kaba Aye Pagoda, where Burma's portion of the relics are enshrined.
File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi at the Mahabodhi Society, in Colombo, Sri Lanka on March 13, 2015.jpg|The Mahabodhi Society, in Colombo, where Sri Lanka's portion of the relics are enshrined.
File:Chetiyagiri Vihar 02.jpg|The Chethiyagiri Vihara in Sanchi, where India's portion of the relics are enshrined.
File:Stone Stupa.jpg|Stone Stupa at Barre Center for Buddhist Studies
</gallery>}}

== Legacy ==
[[File:DharmarajikaChetiyaViharaInterior MahabodhiSoc CollegeSq-Calcutta 1926Nov.jpg|thumb|Interior of the Dharmarajika Chetiya Vihara of the Maha Bodhi Society, where the relics were first stored upon their return to India. The return of the relics was considered one of the Society's greatest accomplishments.|alt=]]
Brekke calls the return of the relics of Sariputta and Moggallana to Asia the greatest achievement and "the most significant historical point of reference" of the [[Maha Bodhi Society]] of India, matched only by the role the society played in the return of relics of the Buddha himself.{{sfn|Brekke|2007|pp=271|p=}} The relics were received in India in a massive ceremony and their retrieval was highly celebrated.{{sfn|Brekke|2007|pp=294-295|p=}} According to Brekke, Indian Prime Minister Nehru saw Buddhism as a peaceful and unifying force for India and the relics of the chief disciples were seen as a symbol of the newly independent country's values of religious tolerance and [[Ahiṃsā|non-violence]]. In various speeches made at the receiving ceremony for the relics, speakers made comparisons between Indian independence leader [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and the Buddha.{{sfn|Brekke|2007|pp=295-296|p=}}

According to art historian [[Jack Daulton]], the visit of the relics to Burma played a significant political role in Burma as well. The newly independent Burmese state promoted a revival of Buddhism in the country, which at the time was dealing with widespread civil strife. The relics helped establish the new Burmese government's legitimacy and had a unifying effect on the country.{{sfn|Daulton|1999|p=113-114}} After the relics visited Burma, Burmese Prime Minister [[U Nu]] stated that "at every place where the relics have been exhibited, most of all in the neighborhoods of disturbed areas, public morale greatly improved."{{sfn|Daulton|1999|p=114}}

Daulton describes the story of the relics and their influence on various governments as "amazing" given that they were just tiny bone fragments, stating that: "those tiny pieces of bone moved not only millions of devotees worldwide, but national governments as well".{{sfn|Daulton|1999|pp=122|p=}} Brekke argues that the story of the relics showed a dynamic between archaeology and politics. In the view of curators at the Victoria and Albert Museum, as well as that of Maisey and Cunningham, the relics of Sariputta and Moggallana had only artistic and historical value, and in that world there was "no place for the religious use of relics", states Brekke.{{sfn|Brekke|2007|pp=297-299|p=}} However, in the places where the relics were ultimately enshrined, the significance of the relics was almost entirely religious. In Burma, the enshrinement of the Burmese portion of the relics was met with devotees dropping to their knees in veneration as the relics passed by.{{sfn|Daulton|1999|p=119}} In Sri Lanka, the Sri Lankan portion of the relics are customarily only taken out for public display and veneration on the Buddha's birthday, [[Vesak|Vesak Day]],<ref name=":1" /> while in India, a fair is held annually at the vihara that houses the Sanchi portion of the relics that is attended by Buddhists all over the world.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sinha|first=Shashank Shekhar|date=1 April 2018|title=The Lesser Known Journey of Buddhist Relics - from India to UK and Back|url=https://thewire.in/history/the-lesser-known-journey-of-buddhist-relics-from-india-to-uk-and-back|access-date=2021-05-28|website=The Wire|archive-date=25 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625073902/https://thewire.in/history/the-lesser-known-journey-of-buddhist-relics-from-india-to-uk-and-back|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin |30em}}
* {{Citation |last1=Ainsworth |first1=William Harrison |title=Ainsworth's Magazine: A Miscellany of Romance, General Literature, & Art |date=1854 |publisher=Chapman and Hall |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5j0FAAAAQAAJ |access-date=19 April 2020 |language=en }}
* {{Citation|last=Brekke|first=Torkel|date=2007-01-01|title=Bones of Contention: Buddhist Relics, Nationalism and the Politics of Archaeology|url=https://brill.com/view/journals/nu/54/3/article-p270_2.xml|journal=Numen|language=en|volume=54|issue=3|pages=270–303|doi=10.1163/156852707X211564|issn=1568-5276|access-date=19 April 2020|archive-date=29 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329215128/https://brill.com/view/journals/nu/54/3/article-p270_2.xml|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}
* {{Citation|last1=Buswell|first1=Robert E. Jr.|title=Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism.|date=2013|url=http://www.daophatngaynay.com/vn/files/file-nen/Princeton_Dictionary_of_Buddhism_890707662.pdf|location=Princeton, NJ|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|isbn=978-0-691-15786-3|last2=Lopez|first2=Donald S. Jr.|author2-link=Donald S. Lopez Jr.|access-date=19 April 2020|archive-date=12 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612144307/http://www.daophatngaynay.com/vn/files/file-nen/Princeton_Dictionary_of_Buddhism_890707662.pdf|url-status=live}}
* {{Citation |last1=Cunningham |first1=Alexander |title=The Bhilsa Topes, Or, Buddhist Monuments of Central India: A Brief Historical Sketch of the Rise, Progress, and Decline of Buddhism, Etc... |date=1854 |publisher=Smith |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NuoPqdEvkloC |language=en }}
* {{Citation|last=Daulton|first=J.|title=Sariputta and Moggallana in the Golden Land: The Relics of the Buddha's Chief Disciples at the Kaba Aye Pagoda|url=https://www.niu.edu/burma/publications/jbs/vol4/Abstract4_DaultonOpt.pdf|journal=Journal of Burma Studies|volume=4|issue=1|pages=101–128|year=1999|doi=10.1353/jbs.1999.0002|s2cid=161183926|access-date=19 April 2020|archive-date=29 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229082004/https://www.niu.edu/burma/publications/jbs/vol4/Abstract4_DaultonOpt.pdf|url-status=live}}
* {{Citation |last1=Hecker |first1=Hellmuth |last2=Nyanaponika Thera |title=Great Disciples of the Buddha: Their Lives, Their Works, Their Legacy |date=2003 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-0-86171-381-3 |url=http://promienie.net/images/dharma/books/sutras_great-disciples-of-the-buddha.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105064548/http://promienie.net/images/dharma/books/sutras_great-disciples-of-the-buddha.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2020-11-05 |language=en }}
* {{Citation|last=Higham|first=Charles|url=https://archive.org/details/Encyclopedia-of-ancient-asian-civilzations/page/n239/mode/2up|title=Encyclopedia of ancient Asian civilizations|date=2004|publisher=Facts On File|isbn=0-8160-4640-9|location=New York|oclc=51978070}}
* {{Citation |last1=Le |first1=Huu Phuoc |title=Buddhist Architecture |date=2010 |publisher=Grafikol |isbn=978-0-9844043-0-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9jb364g4BvoC&dq=brahmi+sanchi&pg=PA148 |language=en |access-date=24 April 2020 |archive-date=6 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506230856/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Buddhist_Architecture/9jb364g4BvoC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=brahmi+sanchi&pg=PA148&printsec=frontcover |url-status=live }}
* {{Citation |last1=Maha Thera Tripitakavagisvaracarya |first1=Walpola Sri Rahula |title=The Maha Bodhi |date=1892 |publisher=Maha-Bodhi Society. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H4fXAAAAMAAJ |language=en }}
* {{Citation|last1=Malalasekera|first1=G.P.|title=Dictionary of Pāli proper names (Sariputta)|url=http://www.palikanon.com/english/pali_names/sa/saariputta.htm|volume=2|year=1937a|edition=1st Indian|location=Delhi|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass Publishers]]|isbn=81-208-3022-9|author-link=G P Malalasekera|access-date=21 April 2020|archive-date=5 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130805035357/http://www.palikanon.com/english/pali_names/sa/saariputta.htm|url-status=live}}
* {{Citation|last1=Malalasekera|first1=G.P.|title=Dictionary of Pāli proper names (Maha Moggallana Thera)|url=http://www.palikanon.com/english/pali_names/maha/maha_moggallana_th.htm|volume=2|year=1937b|edition=1st Indian|location=Delhi|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass Publishers]]|isbn=81-208-3022-9|author-link=G P Malalasekera|access-date=28 May 2021|archive-date=6 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506223927/http://www.palikanon.com/english/pali_names/maha/maha_moggallana_th.htm|url-status=live}}
* {{Citation|last1=Rhys Davids|first1=T.W.|author-link=T. W. Rhys Davids|title=Moggallāna|editor1-last=Hastings|editor1-first=James|editor1-link=James Hastings|editor2-last=Selbie|editor2-first=John Alexander|editor3-last=Gray|editor3-first=Louis H.|editor3-link=Louis Herbert Gray|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of religion and ethics|volume=8|date=1908|publisher=[[T. & T. Clark]]|location=Edinburgh|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofr08hastuoft}}
* {{Citation|title=Brill's encyclopedia of Buddhism Vol Two|last=Silk|first=Jonathan A.|others=von Hinüber, Oskar; Eltschinger, Vincent; Bowring, Richard; Radich, Michael|year=2019|isbn=978-90-04-29937-5|location=Leiden|oclc=909251257}}
{{refend}}

[[Category:Ancient Indian people]]
[[Category:Buddhist relics|Sariputra and Mahamoggallana]]
[[Category:Disciples of Gautama Buddha| ]]

Dil Hi Toh Hai

2025-10-23T13:00:15Z

BrigitteHosking: minor improved citations per standard format and fixed typos

{{short description|Indian television series turned web series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Dil Hi Toh Hai Titlecard.png
| caption =
| genre = [[Drama]] [[Romance film|Romantic]]
| creator = [[Ekta Kapoor]]
| developer = [[Balaji Telefilms]]
| writer = '''Dialogues''' Ritu Bhatia
| story = Priya Ramanathan
| screenplay = Mallika Dutt Gharde
| director = Muzammil Desai Rahib Siddiqui
| creative_director = Gargi Malwankar Chloe Ferns Suyash Pachauri
| starring = [[Karan Kundrra]] [[Yogita Bihani]]
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| composer = Pamela Jain
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 3
| num_episodes = 155 (90+34+31)
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = [[Ekta Kapoor]] [[Shobha Kapoor]]
| editor = Vikas Sharma Vishal Sharma
| cinematography = Deepak Malwankar
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| network = [[Sony Entertainment Television]]
| budget =
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2018|06|18}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2020|09|19}}
}}

'''''Dil Hi Toh Hai''''' ({{Translation|''It is the heart after all''}}) is a romantic drama produced by [[Ekta Kapoor]] under [[Balaji Telefilms]].<ref>[https://www.latestly.com/entertainment/tv/ekta-kapoor-on-dil-hi-toh-hai-there-will-be-sex-education-to-the-younger-kids-it-is-a-todays-take-on-a-family-210150.html Ekta Kapoor on Dil Hi Toh Hai, ‘There Will Be Sex Education to the Younger Kids, It Is a Today’s Take on a Family’]</ref> It aired on [[Sony Entertainment Television India|Sony TV]] and streams on [[Alt Balaji]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/ekta-kapoor-s-dil-hi-toh-hai-to-premiere-today-5-reasons-to-watch-the-show-1263193-2018-06-18 | title=Ekta Kapoor's Dil Hi Toh Hai to premiere today; 5 reasons to watch the show | date=18 June 2018 | publisher=India Today | access-date=19 August 2019 }}</ref> It premiered on 18 June 2018 and stars [[Karan Kundra]] and [[Yogita Bihani]] in lead roles.<ref>[https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/karan-kundra-play-the-lead-sony-tv-s-dil-hi-toh-hai-180516 Karan Kundra to play the lead in Sony TV’s Dil Hi Toh Hai]</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/yogita-bihani-will-play-the-lead-in-dil-hi-to-hain/articleshow/64124422.cms|title=Yogita Bihani will play the lead in 'Dil Hi To Hai'}}</ref>

==Series overview==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Season
! No. of episodes
! [[Season premiere]]
! [[Season finale]]
|-
| '''Season 1'''
| 90
| 19 June 2018
| 2 November 2018
|-
| '''Season 2'''
| 34
| 2 February 2019
| 20 April 2019
|-
| '''Season 3'''
| 31
| 27 January 2020
| 19 September 2020
|}

==Plot==
=== Season 1 ===
Vijaypath Noon, the owner of pharmaceutical company ''Noon Biotech'' is a top Indian entrepreneur. A doting son to his mother, he was left by his wife Geeta years ago when their son Ritvik was a child. Vijay is now married to Mamta, a divorcee mother with her son Rishabh. The two also have three children of their own: Reeva and twins, Shanaya and Shivam. A prolific man, Ritvik thinks women are gold diggers as Geeta abandoned Vijaypath in past.

Dr. Palak Sharma, a middle-class girl chose a medical career after losing her brother due to consumption of incorrect medicines given by hospital. Ritvik meets and kisses Palak, mistaking her as his girlfriend. But they eventually become friends. Reeva's fiancé, Samar, elopes with Radhika, an assistant of Palak's mother, Manjeet. Ritvik thinks Palak helped them. Hurt, she quits her job and moves to [[Mumbai]].

====3 months later====

Ritvik's best friend, Rohit, is engaged to Palak's bestfriend, Shweta (Setu). Palak returns to [[Delhi]]. Ritvik is set to marry Ananya, Rohit's sister. After knowing Palak's innocence in their past fight, he confesses his love for her but Manjeet, Vijay and Rishabh disapprove. Misunderstandings created by Vijay between the couple make them break up. Manjeet fixes Palak's wedding to Naman Kapoor. Ritvik realises the truth and wants her back. They get married as Naman steps back.

Palak begins working for Vikrant Raheja, Geeta and her second husband's son. Vijay tells Ritvik that Palak and Vikrant have an affair. Later, he understands he is wrong about Palak. She meets Mamta who asks her to leave Ritvik. Suppressing her desire, Palak performs a false affair with Vikrant, leaving Ritvik heartbroken. Palak faints and turns out pregnant in hospital. Sacrificing her love for Ritvik's family, she lies to be pregnant with Vikrant's child.

=== Season 2 ===
After six years, Shivam and Shanaya return home from London due to their mother's insistence. Mamta reveals to Shivam what she had done and that she will die from cancer in six months and asks him to bring back Palak. Palak live with her six-year-old twins, Gia and Dia, who resemble Ritvik in a number of ways, and is struggling financially and only Setu knows her whereabouts that she is in [[Mussoorie]]. The Noon family is split, Vijaypath is sick and does not know of Mamta's cancer, Rishabh and his wife left to Australia, Reeva has married Aman and has a daughter Samaira from Angad but despises the former and Ritvik focuses only on business and avoids everyone in the family. Shivam manages to get information about Palak from Setu and offers her job as physiotherapist for his father disguising himself as Sahil Gandhi, however she fails to recognize him. She returns to Delhi with her children only to be surprised by the revelation that she works for the Noons. Ritvik, still angry with her, taunts her about her deceit till she breaks down and reveals that the twins are his children and not Vikrant's. Ritvik then emotionally blackmails Palak into giving him custody of the children. Shanaya and Reeva forgive her and asks her forgiveness after she saves them from marrying men who were after them for their money. She also exposes Rishabh and Shanaya's fiancé to Vijaypath by faking Vijaypath's death and presenting herself as greedy to obtain the Noon Mansion. Vijaypath understands that he has misunderstood her for years. Mamta reveals to Ritvik and family that she had asked Palak to fake her relation with Vikrant so Ritvik is not separated from his family. Guilt-ridden Ritvik decides to leave for [[London]] after asking Palak and his children for forgiveness, but Palak and family stops him. While returning, their car meets with an accident.

=== Season 3 ===
Palak escapes unharmed from the accident but Ritvik goes into coma for two years. Palak married Vikrant who had helped the family escape bankruptcy and cared for the twins as a father while everyone was disoriented after the incident. Palak maintains a distance from him as she still loves Ritvik, but Vikrant loves her and promises to wait for her till she can forget Ritvik. The females of the house, Mamta and Vijaypath have accepted Vikrant as a family member for what he did for the Noons, but Shivam and other men of the house are against him. Right before they remove the life support, Ritvik regains consciousness, but has forgotten everything that has happened in the past eight years, including Palak and kids and tries to revert to how he was before he married Palak but can't understand why so much has changed. Setu and Rohit have problems since they have no time for each other except for looking after their three kids. Mamta has survived cancer. Ananya and Shivam are dating. All female members want Palak to remain with Vikrant while the male members try to reunite Ritvik and Palak. Ritvik seems to have feelings for Palak but believes that she is his physiotherapist and is happily married to Vikrant with two twins, while Palak fears that if he is suddenly reminded of his past, he might again become comatose. They avoid each other while Ritvik tries to bring Vikrant and Palak close as asked of him by Mamta. Meanwhile, between all the confusion caused by the two groups supporting different causes, Vikrant asks Vijaypath and prepares to divorce Palak as soon as possible. Shanaya finds herself a prospective groom and the family decides to test him. While preparing for a surprise party to celebrate Setu and Rohit's wedding anniversary in the hope of solving the problems between them, Setu meets with an accident while an angry Rohit gets drunk and sleeps with an unknown girl he met at the bar. The next morning Palak and Ritvik discover what Rohit did and while trying to cover up for him, Vikrant misunderstands that Palak was cheating on him with Ritvik and leaves angrily after giving her the divorce papers despite Ritvik and Palak trying to convince him. Meanwhile Rohit and Setu learn the truth about each other and Setu decides to divorce as well even though others try to cover up Rohit's cheating. Setu tries to commit suicide but is saved by Palak and Vikrant while Ritvik has an attack and remembers some of his past. Vikrant decides not divorce Palak and Ritvik pretends as though he still does not remember Palak as he feels that she and his daughters will be happier with Vikrant and have moved on. Palak understands this and confronts Ritvik but he refuses to accept the truth even though she tells him that she does not love Vikrant. Shivam and Ananya accept their relation in front of the family and their marriage is fixed along with Shanaya's. Vikrant starts to feel insecure about Palak. Reeva, who needs Vikrant’s help in business, advises him to fake having a brain tumor and take Palak along with him to London to separate her from Ritvik but later when she is informed that Ritvik remembers everything and he is sacrificing his love, she feels guilty. Ritvik overhears Reeva telling Vikrant to drop the plan but Vikrant refuses to drop the plan. Ritvik slaps him and goes along with his family to stop Palak at the airport and they reunite.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Karan Kundrra]] as Ritvik "Ricky" Noon: Vijaypath and Geeta's son; Rishabh’s stepbrother; Reeva, Vikrant, Shanaya and Shivam's half-brother; Palak's husband; Gia and Dia's father (2018–2020)
* [[Yogita Bihani]] as Dr. Palak Sharma Noon: Manjeet's daughter; Akshay's sister; Ritvik's wife; Vikrant's former wife; Gia and Dia's mother (2018–2020)

===Recurring===
* [[Paras Arora]] as Vikrant Raheja: Dheeraj and Geeta's son; Ritvik's half-brother; Palak's former husband (2018–2020)
* [[Bijay Anand]] as Vijaypath "Vijay" Noon: Subhadra's son; Geeta's former husband; Mamta's husband; Ritvik, Reeva, Shivam and Shanaya's father; Rishabh's stepfather (2018–2020)
* [[Shahoor Agha]] as Subhadra Ramnath Noon: Vijaypath's mother (2018–2019)
* [[Poonam Dhillon]]/[[Rajeshwari Sachdev]] as Mamta Noon: Balraj's former wife; Vijaypath's wife; Rishabh, Reeva, Shivam and Shanaya's mother; Ritvik's stepmother (2018)/(2018–2019)
* [[Akshay Dogra]]/[[Chaitanya Choudhury]] as Rishabh Noon: Balraj and Mamta's son; Vijaypath’s stepson / adoptive son; Ritvik's stepbrother; Reeva, Shivam and Shanaya's half-brother; Saanchi's husband (2018)/(2018–2019)
* Sudeepa Singh as Saanchi Noon: Rishabh's wife (2018–2019)
* [[Paras Kalnawat]] as Shivam "Shivi" Noon: Vijaypath and Mamta's twin son; Rishabh and Ritvik's half-brother; Reeva's younger and Shanaya's twin brother; Ananya's boyfriend (2019–2020)
** Gautam Ahuja as Young Shivam "Shivi" Noon (2018)
* [[Gurpreet Bedi]] as Reeva Noon Verma: Vijaypath and Mamta's daughter; Rishabh and Ritvik's half-sister; Shivam and Shanaya's sister; Angad's former wife; Aman's wife; Samaira's mother (2018–2019)
* [[Sanaya Pithawalla]] as Shanaya Noon Bose: Vijaypath and Mamta's twin daughter; Kartik's wife; Ritvik and Rishabh's half-sister; Reeva's younger and Shivam's twin sister (2019–2020)
** Pooja Jadhav as Young Shanaya Noon (2018)
*[[Ritu Vij]]/[[Roma Bali]] as Manjeet Sharma: Palak's mother (2018)/(2018–2019)
* [[Sanjay Batra]] as Alok Puri: Meera's husband; Rohit and Ananya's father (2018–2020)
* [[Madhuri Pandey]] as Meera Puri: Alok's wife; Rohit and Ananya's mother (2018–2020)
* [[Aman Chahal]] as Samar Bhalla: Kulbhushan and Maitri's son; Reeva's ex-fiancé; Radhika's husband (2018)
* Afreen Nasir Dastani as Radhika Bhalla: Manjeet's assistant; Samar's wife (2018)
* [[Sandeep Rajora]] as Kulbhushan Bhalla: Maitri's husband; Samar's father (2018)
* [[Aradhna Uppal]] as Maitri Bhalla: Kulbhushan's wife; Samar's mother (2018)
* [[Farida Dadi]] as Tarika “Tadi” Verma: Aman's grandmother (2018-2020)
* [[Tuhina Vohra]] as Geeta Raheja: Vijaypath's former wife; Ritvik and Vikrant's mother (2018–2019)
* [[Abhinav Kapoor]] as Aman Verma: Ritvik's friend; Reeva's husband; Samaira's adoptive and stepfather (2018–2020)
* [[Asmita Sood]] as Shweta "Setu" Puri: Palak's friend; Kabir's former wife; Rohit's wife (2018–2020)
* [[Krishna Shetty]] as Rohit Puri: Alok and Meera's son; Ananya's brother; Ritvik's friend; Shweta's husband (2018–2020)
* [[Poulomi Das]] as Ananya "Ani" Puri: Alok and Meera's daughter; Rohit's sister; Ritvik's ex-fiancé; Shivam's girlfriend (2018–2020)
* [[Aly Goni]] as Naman Kapoor: Sanjeev's brother; Palak's ex-fiancé (2018)
* [[Bhavya Sachdeva]] as Sanjeev Kapoor: Naman's brother (2018)
* [[Pooja Banerjee]] as Aarohi Trivedi: Palak's friend; Ritvik's former girlfriend (2018)
* [[Keith Sequeira]]/Mukul Harish as Vivek: Ritvik's friend; Aarohi's employer and love interest (2018)/(2018)
* [[Bikramjeet Kanwarpal]] as [[surgeon]]
* [[Gaurav Venkatesh]] as Robin Das: Ritvik's secretary (2018)
* [[Manoj Chandila]] as Kabir Agarwal: Ritvik and Rohit's friend; Shweta's former husband (2018)
* [[Shiny Doshi]] (Guest at Reeva's engagement)
* [[Anjum Fakih]] (Performer at Ritvik & Ananya's sangeet)
* [[Karan Thakur (actor)|Karan Thakur]] as Angad Kashyap: Reeva's ex-husband; Samaira's biological father (2018)
* [[Palak Purswani]] as Pragati Dixit: Shweta's assistant; Palak's friend; Shivam's friend and ex-girlfriend (2019)
* Shanaya Vijay as Gia Noon: Ritvik and Palak's twin daughter; Dia's twin sister (2020)
* Samaira Vijay as Dia Noon: Ritvik and Palak's twin daughter; Gia's twin sister (2020)
* [[Sumbul Touqeer Khan]] as Taashu, Shivam and Shanaya's classmate. (2018)
* [[Rachana Mistry]] as Rachna, Ritwik's friend at the gym.

==Production==
The first promo of the show was shot in Lavasa. Also in 2018, the team shot some scenes in Rajasthan.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/television/karan-kundra-gets-mobbed-by-fans-at-dil-hi-toh/article_928a98d2-5cef-11e8-9d33-9b1c2a6ac4ea.html |title=Dil Hi Toh Hai shoots certain scenes in Rajasthan |access-date=24 June 2018 |archive-date=24 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724105925/https://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/television/karan-kundra-gets-mobbed-by-fans-at-dil-hi-toh/article_928a98d2-5cef-11e8-9d33-9b1c2a6ac4ea.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/team-dil-hi-toh-hai-shoots-in-rajasthans-khimsar/articleshow/64843459.cms Dil Hi Toh Hai team shoots in the landscape of Rajasthan]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.altbalaji.com/show/dil-hi-toh-hai-season-1/213 Dil Hi Toh Hai Season 1]
*[https://www.altbalaji.com/show/dil-hi-toh-hai-season-2/256 Dil Hi Toh Hai Season 2]
*[https://www.altbalaji.com/show/dil-hi-toh-hai-season-3/328 Dil Hi Toh Hai Season 3]
* {{IMDb title|id=8523124}}

{{ALT Balaji Shows}}
{{Sony Entertainment Television India Shows}}
{{Balaji Telefilms}}

[[Category:Balaji Telefilms television series]]
[[Category:Sony Entertainment Television original programming]]
[[Category:2018 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Delhi]]
[[Category:ALTBalaji original programming]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]