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Toxic (2026 film)

2026-05-08T13:48:01Z

Brigette59K: New a entry

{{Short description|Upcoming film by Geetu Mohandas}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Toxic- A Fairy Tale for Grown-Ups poster.jpg
| caption = Official poster
| director = [[Geetu Mohandas]]
| writer = [[Yash (actor)|Yash]] Geetu Mohandas
| producer = Venkat K. Narayana Yash
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* Yash
* [[Kiara Advani]]
* [[Nayanthara]]
* [[Huma Qureshi]]
* [[Tara Sutaria]]
* [[Rukmini Vasanth]]
}}
| cinematography = [[Rajeev Ravi]]
| music = {{Plainlist|
* [[Ravi Basrur]]
* [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]]
* [[Tanishk Bagchi]]
* Faheem Abdullah
* Arslan Nizami
* [[Ravi Basrur]]
}}
| editing = Ujwal Kulkarni
| studio = [[KVN Productions]] Monster Mind Creations
| distributor = [[#Distribution|see below]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2026}}
| budget = {{INR|700–800 crore}}<ref name="BudgetSources">
* {{cite web
|last=Govindaraj
|first=S
|date=4 September 2025 |title=ಯಶ್‌ ಜನಪ್ರಿಯತೆಗೆ ಹೊಟ್ಟೆಕಿಚ್ಚು.. 'ಟಾಕ್ಸಿಕ್‌' ನಿರ್ದೇಶಕಿಯನ್ನು ಮೂಲೆಗುಂಪು ಮಾಡಿಲ್ಲ: ನಟ ಸುದೇವ್‌|url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/gallery/cine-world/yash-geetu-toxic-movie-rumors-sudev-nair-clarifies-gvd-p2tkgnq
|website=Asianet News
|language=kn
}}
*{{cite web
|last=Kilari
|first=Subbarao
|date=2 September 2025 |title=YASH : డైరెక్షన్ లో వేలు పెడుతున్న యష్.. టాక్సిక్ షూటింగ్ గందరగోళం |url=https://ntvtelugu.com/movie-news/yash-is-trying-his-hand-at-direction-toxic-shooting-chaos-853625.html
|website=NTV Telugu
|language=te
}}
*{{cite web
|date=20 February 2026 |title=Yash's Toxic vs Ranveer Singh's Dhurandhar 2: Cast, budget and box office predictions, who will win?|url=https://zeenews.india.com/photos/entertainment/yash-s-toxic-vs-ranveer-singh-s-dhurandhar-2-cast-budget-box-office-predictions-who-will-win-this-massive-showdown-3004641/toxic-vs-dhurandhar-budget-3004642
|website=Zee News
}}
*{{cite web
|date=21 February 2026
|title='Dhurandhar 2 vs Toxic': Ranveer Singh or Yash? Check cast, fees, age and star cast|url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/gallery/entertainment/dhurandhar-2-vs-toxic-ranveer-singh-or-yash-check-cast-fees-age-star-cast-know-here-8qg3vs1?photo=1
|website=Asianet News
}}
*{{cite web
|date=19 February 2026 |title=TOXIC Teaser Out: Yash's fierce avatar...|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-movie/toxic-teaser-yash-kiara-advani-nayanthara-huma-qureshi-rukmini-vasanth-film/articleshow/128589626.cms
|website=Navbharat Times
}}
*{{cite web
|title=Inside Yash's Rs 600 cr budget: How Toxic is creating distribution records across South India|url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/yash-toxic-shattered-distribution-records-across-south-india-rs-600-cr-budget-10553577/lite/
|date=27 February 2026
|website=The Indian Express
}}
*{{cite news
|title=What is the plot of Yash's film? Goa's dreaded gangster...|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-movie/toxic-plot-story-revealed-yash-film-is-about-goa-dreaded-gangster-raya-and-his-empire-of-fear-and-crime/articleshow/128541193.cms
|date=21 February 2026
|website=Navbharat Times
}}
*{{cite news |date=2 March 2026 |title=Toxic vs Dhurandhar 2: Epic Runtime, Mega Budgets and Big Clash Details Revealed |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/gallery/entertainment/toxic-vs-dhurandhar-2-epic-runtime-mega-budgets-and-big-clash-details-revealed-pnyv6gr |work=Asianet Newsable |access-date=2 March 2026}}</ref>
| gross = 
| country = India
| language = Kannada English
}}

'''''Toxic''''' (subtitled '''''A Fairy Tale for Grown-Ups''''') is an upcoming Indian [[Period piece|period]] [[gangster film]] directed by [[Geetu Mohandas]]. It stars [[Yash (actor)|Yash]] in a dual role, alongside [[Kiara Advani]], [[Nayanthara]], [[Huma Qureshi]], [[Tara Sutaria]], and [[Rukmini Vasanth]]. The film was jointly produced by Venkat K. Narayana and Yash through [[KVN Productions]] and Monster Mind Creations, respectively. '' Toxic'' is budgeted at ₹700–800 crore and is set to be [[List of most expensive Indian films|the most expensive Indian film ever made]].<ref name="BudgetSources"/>

The film was officially announced in December 2023 under the tentative title ''Yash 19'', as it is the 19th film of Yash as a leading actor, with the official title revealed a few days later. ''Toxic'' is budgeted at ₹600–800 crore and is set to be [[List of most expensive Indian films|the most expensive Indian film ever made]].<ref name="BudgetSources"/> The film was simultaneously shot in [[Kannada]] and English.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=24 February 2025 |title=Yash's 'Toxic' to be shot in English and Kannada; to be dubbed in multiple international languages |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/yash-toxic-shot-in-english-and-kannada-geetu-mohandas/article69257524.ece |website=The Hindu}}</ref> [[Principal photography]] took place from August 2024 to October 2025 across [[Bengaluru]], [[Mumbai]], [[Goa]], [[Thoothukudi]] and [[Jaipur]].

''Toxic'' is scheduled to release in theatres worldwide in 2026.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|

* [[Yash (actor)|Yash]] as
** Raya
** Ticket
* [[Kiara Advani]] as Nadia
* [[Nayanthara]] as Ganga
* [[Huma Qureshi]] as Elizabeth
* [[Tara Sutaria]] as Rebecca
* [[Rukmini Vasanth]] as Mellisa
* [[Akshay Oberoi]] as Tony
* [[Darrell D'Silva]] as Salvador
* [[Sudev Nair]] as Karmadi
* Balaji Manohar as Bheera
* Kyle Paul
* Beatriz Taufenbach
* [[Surjith Gopinath]]
* [[Amit Tiwari]]
* Benedict Garrett
* Tetiana Gaidar
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
In April 2023, it was reported that [[Yash (actor)|Yash]] would collaborate with director [[Geetu Mohandas]] for his next project after the [[KGF (film series)|''KGF'' film franchise]] (2018–present).<ref>{{cite web |access-date=29 April 2023 |title=Yash19: Rocking star Yash's next project sparks excitement with unexpected collaboration rumors |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/yash19-rocking-star-yashs-next-project-sparks-excitement-with-unexpected-collaboration-rumors/articleshow/99868840.cms |website=Times of India}}</ref> Tentatively titled ''Yash 19'', the production was reported to begin after Geetu finalised it as her next directorial venture.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 April 2023 |title=Yash 19 to be navy-based action thriller? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/yash-19-to-be-navy-based-action-thriller/articleshow/99578169.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514135720/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/yash-19-to-be-navy-based-action-thriller/articleshow/99578169.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=14 May 2023 |access-date=9 January 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Sources claimed that Yash and Geetu had signed the project and that production would begin in June 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 April 2023 |title=South Buzz: Rajinikanth completes shooting for 'Jailer'; Yash to start shooting for his next; Saif Ali Khan begins shooting for 'NTR 30' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/south-buzz-rajinikanth-completes-shooting-for-jailer-yash-to-start-shooting-for-his-next-saif-ali-khan-begins-shooting-for-ntr-30/articleshow/99606289.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507164037/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/south-buzz-rajinikanth-completes-shooting-for-jailer-yash-to-start-shooting-for-his-next-saif-ali-khan-begins-shooting-for-ntr-30/articleshow/99606289.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=7 May 2023 |access-date=9 January 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In late September 2023, [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] action choreographer [[J. J. Perry]] posted a photograph on [[Instagram]] with himself and Yash, hinting at a possible collaboration.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=27 September 2023 |title=Yash meets Hollywood director JJ Perry in London ahead of 'Yash 19' announcement |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/yash-meets-hollywood-director-jj-perry-in-london-ahead-of-yash-19-announcement-2441043-2023-09-27 |website=India Today}}</ref> Shortly thereafter, Yash reportedly spent a day at music composer [[Charan Raj (composer)|Charan Raj]]'s studio, further suggesting a potential association with the project.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 September 2023 |title=Yash's next film to include international talent? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/yashs-next-film-to-include-international-talent/articleshow/103989928.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006205023/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/yashs-next-film-to-include-international-talent/articleshow/103989928.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=6 October 2023 |access-date=9 January 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Finally on 9 December 2023, [[KVN Productions]] and Yash's production house, Monster Mind Creations, officially announced the film along with the title.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=9 December 2023 |title=Yash announces release of next film, 3 years after KGF franchise |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/yash-announces-release-of-next-film-3-years-after-kgf-franchise/articleshow/105842532.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216161548/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/yash-announces-release-of-next-film-3-years-after-kgf-franchise/articleshow/105842532.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=16 December 2023 |access-date=9 January 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=8 December 2023 |title=It's official: Yash and Geetu Mohandas team up for 'Toxic' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/its-official-yash-and-geetu-mohandas-team-up-for-toxic/article67617353.ece |website=The Hindu}}</ref>

In January 2024, cinematographer [[Rajeev Ravi]] was announced as part of the film's technical crew.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=8 January 2024 |title=Yash and team usher in Stuntvis Technology for 'Toxic' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/jan/08/yash-and-teamusher-in-stuntvis-technology-for-toxic-2648882.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110024826/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/jan/08/yash-and-teamusher-in-stuntvis-technology-for-toxic-2648882.html |archive-date=10 January 2024 |access-date=9 January 2024 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> In January 2025, Geetu stated that Yash was also part of the film's writing team.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=8 January 2025 |title=Geetu Mohandas: Co-writing Toxic with Yash has been a privilege and a thrill |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2025/Jan/08/geetu-mohandas-co-writing-toxic-with-yash-has-been-a-privilege-and-a-thrill |access-date=8 January 2025 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
{{Multiple image
| image1 = Yash, Vishal, Srinidhi Shetty at the ‘KGF’ Press Meet In Chennai (cropped).jpg
| image2 = Kiara Advani snapped at the screening of Shershaah (cropped).jpg
| image3 = Nayanthara at Filmfare Awards.jpg
| image4 = Huma Qureshi at TIFF 2025 02.jpg
| image5 = Tara Sutaria snapped her their song Pyaar Aata Hai on the sets of Indian Idol (cropped).jpg
| image6 = Rukmini Vasanth1.jpg
| footer = The film's primary cast — [[Yash (actor)|Yash]], [[Kiara Advani]], [[Nayanthara]], [[Huma Qureshi]], [[Tara Sutaria]] and [[Rukmini Vasanth]]
| total_width = 320
| direction = horizontal
| align = right
| perrow = 3
}}
Yash plays as the main lead in a [[dual role]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=21 June 2023 |title=KGF Star Yash Reveals This About His Upcoming Project Yash19 |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/kgf-star-yash-breaks-his-silence-on-his-upcoming-project-yash19-addresses-rumours-of-signing-bollywood-film-stst-6124750/ |website=India.com}}</ref> [[Kiara Advani]] joined the film in April 2024, as the female lead alongside Yash, thus also marking her Kannada debut.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=15 April 2024 |title=Kiara Advani joins Yash in 'Toxic', marking her Kannada debut |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Apr/15/kiara-advani-joins-yash-in-toxic-marking-her-kannada-debut |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> [[Huma Qureshi]] joined the cast in June 2024 for a key negative role.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=26 June 2024 |title=Huma Qureshi the latest addition to the cast of 'Toxic' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Jun/26/huma-qureshi-the-latest-addition-to-the-cast-of-toxic |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> [[Tovino Thomas]] reportedly joined the cast in July 2024, as the main antagonist.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=10 July 2024 |title=Tovino Thomas to play villain in Yash's 'Toxic' |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/mobile/news.php?id=1341620 |website=[[Kerala Kaumudi]]}}</ref> In August 2024, [[Akshay Oberoi]] and [[Tara Sutaria]] joined the cast.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=14 August 2024 |title=Akshay Oberoi joins Yash's 'Toxic', gets warm welcome from the team |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/akshay-oberoi-joins-yashs-toxic-gets-warm-welcome-from-the-team-kannada-debut-2581941-2024-08-14 |website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=17 August 2024 |title=Tara Sutaria Confirmed For Yash's Toxic? Photo From Set Viral After She DENIED Co-starring With Kiara Advani |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/tara-sutaria-confirmed-for-yashs-toxic-photo-from-set-viral-after-she-denied-co-starring-with-kiara-advani-9018613.html |website=News18}}</ref> In January 2025, Oberoi confirmed that [[Nayanthara]] joined the cast for a key role.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=24 January 2025 |title=Akshay Oberoi confirms Nayanthara in Yash's 'Toxic' |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/akshay-oberoi-confirms-nayanthara-in-yashs-toxic-1503390277.html |website=The Statesman}}</ref> [[Sudev Nair]] joined the cast in April 2025<ref>{{cite web |access-date=21 April 2025 |title=Sudev Nair sparks speculation of being part of Yash starrer Toxic |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/sudev-nair-sparks-speculation-part-yash-starrer-toxic |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> while [[Rukmini Vasanth]] joined the cast in August 2025 following the completion of ''[[Kantara: Chapter 1]]''.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=21 August 2025 |title=Rukmini Vasanth to feature in Yash starrer Toxic: A Fairytale for Grown-ups |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/rukmini-vasanth-feature-yash-starrer-toxic-fairytale-grown-ups/ |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>

Various foreign actors like [[Darrell D'Silva]],<ref>{{Cite news |author= |title=Not Natalie! This is 'my cemetery girl': Geetu Mohandas confirms actress in Yash's Toxic teaser |work=[[Mathrubhumi]] |date=9 January 2026 |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/yash-toxic-teaser-beatriz-taufenbach-not-natalie-burn-viral-scene-jn67bryy |access-date=9 January 2026}}</ref> Kyle Paul,<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=American actor Kyle Paul on Yash's 'Toxic': I had the best experience on sets |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=19 March 2025 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/american-actor-kyle-paul-yash-toxic-geetu-mohandas/article69347957.ece |url-access=subscription |access-date=22 March 2025 |language=en-IN |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250319113745/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/american-actor-kyle-paul-yash-toxic-geetu-mohandas/article69347957.ece |archive-date=2025-03-19 |url-status=live}}</ref> and Beatriz Taufenbach<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Simran |title=Fact check: Not Natalie Burn, but this actress played viral 'Toxic' girl, romanced Yash, her name is..., she's from... |website=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |date=2026-01-09 |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-fact-check-not-natalie-burn-but-this-actress-played-viral-toxic-girl-romanced-yash-her-name-is-she-s-from-3196454 |access-date=9 January 2026}}</ref> will feature in the film.

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] commenced in August 2024 in [[Bengaluru]] along with the pooja ceremony.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=8 August 2024 |title=Yash Begins Shooting For His Film Toxic: "The Journey Begins" |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/yash-begins-shooting-for-his-film-toxic-the-journey-begins-6289308 |website=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Chakraborty |first=Urmi |access-date=8 August 2024 |title=Yash begins shooting for Toxic, drops photo from pooja ceremony |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/yash-begins-shooting-for-toxic-drops-photo-from-pooja-ceremony/cid/2039538 |work=The Telegraph Online}}</ref> As part of the production process, the film utilised [[previsualization]] to plan stunt sequences and ensure safety.<ref name=":0" /> A major portion of the shoot began in September 2024 at a large-scale 20-acre set near Bengaluru, recreating the period from the 1940s to the 1970s. The production involved an extensive team of over 1,000 crew members and 450 actors, including foreign extras.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=4 September 2024 |title=Yash starrer Toxic shoot commences in Bengaluru with 1000-member crew; elaborate set recreated to reflect the 1940s-1970s: Report |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/yash-starrer-toxic-shoot-commences-bengaluru-1000-member-crew-elaborate-set-recreated-reflect-1940s-report/ |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Yash's upcoming film Toxic brings the 1940s-70s to life with 1,000 crew and a 20-acre set |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/yashs-toxic-brings-the-1940s-70s-to-life-with-1000-crew-and-a-20-acre-set-article-12814362.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240904195539/https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/yashs-toxic-brings-the-1940s-70s-to-life-with-1000-crew-and-a-20-acre-set-article-12814362.html |archive-date=4 September 2024 |access-date=8 January 2025 |website=MoneyControl}}</ref> In October 2024, some sequences were filmed in the forest areas of [[Peenya]] in Bengaluru.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=30 October 2024 |title=Hundreds of trees on forestland illegally cut for erecting sets for Yash-starrer Toxic: Khandre |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/hundreds-of-trees-on-forestland-illegally-cut-for-erecting-sets-for-toxic-khandre/article68811221.ece |website=The Hindu}}</ref> Later, an [[First Information Report|FIR]] was filed against the producer for allegedly cutting trees in the forest area without permission.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=12 November 2024 |title=Producer Of Yash-Starrer 'Toxic' Charged For Illegal Tree Cutting In Bengaluru |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/producer-of-yash-starrer-toxic-charged-for-illegal-tree-cutting-in-bengaluru-7001789 |website=NDTV}}</ref> In November 2025, sequences featuring Advani were shot in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=6 November 2024 |title=Kiara Advani begins filming for Yash's Toxic in Mumbai |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kiara-advani-begins-filming-for-yashs-toxic-in-mumbai-2629081-2024-11-06 |website=India Today}}</ref> A dance sequence featuring Yash and Advani was choreographed by [[Ganesh Acharya]] in January 2025 in [[Goa]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=24 January 2025 |title=Yash and Kiara Advani groove to Ganesh Acharya's choreography for 'Toxic' in Goa |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/yash-and-kiara-advani-groove-to-ganesh-acharyas-choreography-for-toxic-in-goa/articleshow/117506261.cms |website=Times of India}}</ref> In February 2025, Yash alongside with Advani, Nayanthara, Qureshi and Sutaria shot several sequences in Bengaluru.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=3 February 2025 |title='Toxic' Shooting intensifies as Yash and four female stars unite in Bengaluru |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2025/Feb/03/toxic-shooting-intensifies-as-yash-and-four-female-stars-unite-in-bengaluru |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> In June 2025, the film's remaining shoot was shifted to Mumbai from Bengaluru so as to facilitate Advani's pregnancy.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=18 June 2025 |title=Yash shifts the remaining shoot of Toxic from Bengaluru to Mumbai to facilitate Kiara Advani's pregnancy |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/yash-shifts-remaining-shoot-toxic-bengaluru-mumbai-facilitate-kiara-advanis-pregnancy |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> In September 2025, a massive 45 day shoot featuring many action sequences choreographed by [[J. J. Perry]] was completed in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=19 September 2025 |title=Toxic: Yash wraps 45-day Mumbai schedule, heads to Bengaluru for final leg |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/toxic-yash-wraps-45-day-mumbai-schedule-heads-to-bengaluru-for-final-leg-2789911-2025-09-19 |website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=19 September 2025 |title=Yash wraps Mumbai schedule for Toxic, final leg to be shot in Bengaluru |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/yash-wraps-mumbai-schedule-for-toxic-final-leg-to-be-shot-in-bengaluru-101758253731054.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> In October 2025, the final schedule was filmed in Bengaluru.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=15 October 2025 |title=Yash's Toxic in the last leg of shooting |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2025/Oct/15/kannadanews2025oct14yashs-toxic-in-the-last-leg-of-shooting |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

Additionally shooting also took place in [[Thoothukudi]], where an action sequence was filmed, while a special song sequence was also shot in [[Jaipur]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=10 January 2026 |title=Toxic Shooting Locations: 5 Places Where Yash's New Gangster Film Was Filmed |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/travel/toxic-shooting-locations-5-places-where-yashs-new-gangster-film-was-filmed-article-153419847 |website=Times Now}}</ref>

== Music ==
The film's soundtrack album was composed by [[Ravi Basrur]], [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]], [[Tanishk Bagchi]], Faheem Abdullah, and Arslan Nizami.<ref name="mc">{{cite news |date=23 February 2026 |title=Yash's 'Toxic' locks power-packed music trio: Ravi Basrur, Vishal Mishra and Tanishk Bagchi lead the album |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/yashs-toxic-locks-power-packed-music-trio-ravi-basrur-vishal-mishra-and-tanishk-bagchi-lead-the-album/articleshow/128695152.cms |access-date=23 February 2026 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
Ravi Basrur also composed the [[film score|background score]] of the film.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=2 December 2025 |title=Ravi Basrur to compose for Yash's Toxic? |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2025/Dec/02/kannadanews2025dec01ravi-basrur-to-compose-for-yashs-toxic# |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Earlier, Jeremy Stack was announced as the composer for the film, but opted out of the project.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=10 December 2023 |title=Yash collaborates with international composer Jeremy Stack and Shruti Haasan for 'Toxic: A Fairy Tale For Grown-Ups' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/yash-collaborates-with-international-composer-jeremy-stack-and-shruti-haasan-for-toxic-a-fairy-tale-for-grown-ups/amp_articleshow/105873792.cms |website=Times of India}}</ref> However, Ravi Basrur was confirmed as the new composer, marking his third collaboration with Yash after [[KGF (film series)|''KGF'' film franchise]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ravi Basrur to compose for Yash's Toxic? |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2025/Dec/01/ravi-basrur-to-compose-for-yashs-toxic |access-date=1 December 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Vishal Mishra, Tanishk Bagchi, Faheem Abdullah, and Arslan Nizami was later joined as another music composer. [[Anirudh Ravichander]] was also announced as the composer but due to the date issues, he opted out of the project.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 December 2025 |title=Not Anirudh, but Ravi Basrur to collaborate once again with Yash? |url=https://www.gulte.com/movienews/384521/not-anirudh-but-ravi-basrur-to-take-over-yashs-toxic |website=Gulte.com}}</ref><ref name="mc" /> The music rights were acquired by [[Zee Music Company]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2026 |last=Rao |first=Justin |title=Exclusive 'Toxic': Zee Music Company, KVN Productions and Yash Strike Landmark Music Rights Deal |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/toxic-zee-music-company-kvn-productions-and-yash-strike-landmark-music-rights-deal |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter India]] |access-date=22 February 2026}}</ref>

The first single titled "Tabaahi" was released on 2 March 2026.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=28 February 2026 |title=First single from Yash's Toxic announced; new poster featuring actor, Kiara Advani unveiled |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/amp/story/kannada/news/2026/Feb/27/first-single-from-yashs-toxic-announced-new-poster-featuring-actor-kiara-advani-unveiled |website=Cinema Express}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Tabaahi
| extra1 = [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]]
| lyrics1 = [[Yogaraj Bhat]]
| length1 = 4:18
}}

== Marketing ==
The first look glimpse of the film was unveiled on 8 January 2026, coinciding with Yash's 40th birthday.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=8 February 2026 |title='Toxic' teaser out: Yash as Raya unleashes darker and fiercer gangster avatar on 40th birthday - Watch |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/toxic-teaser-out-yash-as-raya-unleashes-darker-and-fiercer-gangster-avatar-on-40th-birthday-watch/articleshow/126407353.cms |website=Times of India}}</ref> The glimpse generated instant global traction, amassing over 200 million views and 5.5 million likes within 24 hours across platforms.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2026/Jan/09/toxic-teaser-featuring-yash-garners-over-200-million-views|title=Toxic teaser, featuring Yash, garners over 200 million views|work=Cinema Express|date=9 January 2026}}</ref>

== Release ==

=== Theatrical ===
''Toxic'' was originally scheduled for release on 10 April 2025 but was eventually postponed due to delayed shooting and production issues.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=26 July 2024 |title=Yash’s Toxic to not meet its April 10, 2025 release date? |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/yashs-toxic-to-not-meet-its-april-10-2025-release-date/57ece296d7794 |website=OTTPlay}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Yash Confirms 'Toxic' Release Is Delayed: 'There Are So Many Complications...' |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/yash-confirms-toxic-release-is-delayed-there-are-so-many-complications-9095381.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114093158/https://www.news18.com/movies/yash-confirms-toxic-release-is-delayed-there-are-so-many-complications-9095381.html |archive-date=14 January 2025 |access-date=14 January 2025 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> It was later announced that it will release on 19 March 2026, clashing with the Hindi film ''[[Dhurandhar: The Revenge]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 March 2025 |title='KGF' star Yash gives the biggest update on 'Toxic': Release date out |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kgf-star-yash-toxic-release-date-out/article69361497.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250428081747/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kgf-star-yash-toxic-release-date-out/article69361497.ece |archive-date=28 April 2025 |access-date=22 March 2025 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=22 March 2025 |title=Yash FINALLY Announces Toxic Release Date; Burns Down A Town In New Poster |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/yash-finally-announces-toxic-release-date-burns-down-a-town-in-new-poster-9271210.html |website=News18}}</ref> however it was again postponed due to the ongoing [[2026 Iran war|crisis in Middle East Countries]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=4 March 2026 |title=BREAKING: Toxic: A Fairy Tale For Grown-Ups POSTPONED to June 4 due to rising tension in the Middle East; Dhurandhar: The Revenge to arrive SOLO on March 19 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/breaking-toxic-fairy-tale-grown-ups-postponed-june-4-due-rising-tension-middle-east-dhurandhar-revenge-arrive-solo-march-19/ |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> Later, the theatrical release was announced as 4 June 2026<ref>{{cite web |access-date=4 March 2026 |title=Toxic release date postponed: Yash pushes back film by 3 months due to 'current uncertainty in the Middle East' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/toxic-release-date-postponed-yash-pushes-back-film-by-3-months-due-to-uncertainty-in-the-middle-east-geetu-mohandas-101772598920862.html |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>, but was postponed again due to alignments for a better global distribution.<ref>{{cite news |title=Yash’s Toxic postponed again, not to release on June 4: ‘We will release on globally aligned date’ |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/yashs-toxic-postponed-again-not-to-release-on-june-4-we-will-release-on-globally-aligned-date-10661571/ |access-date=29 April 2026 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref> Apart from the original [[Kannada]] and [[English language|English]], the film was also released in [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Malayalam]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=29 April 2026 |title=Why has Yash's Toxic been postponed... again? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/why-has-yashs-toxic-a-fairy-tale-for-grown-ups-been-postponed-again-2903098-2026-04-29 |website=India Today}}</ref>

=== Distribution ===
[[Sri Venkateswara Creations|Sri Venkateswara Film Distributors]] acquired the distribution rights in [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]] for {{INRConvert|120|c}}.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Kulkarni |first=Shubham |date=6 February 2026 |title=Yash Led 'Toxic' Lands Massive ₹120 Crore AP–TG Deal With Dil Raju's SVC (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://varietyindia.com/yash-led-toxic-lands-massive-%e2%82%b9120-crore-ap-tg-deal-with-dil-rajus-svc-exclusive/ |access-date=6 February 2026 |website=Variety India |language=en-US}}</ref> The distribution rights for [[North India]] and [[Nepal]] were acquired by [[AA Films]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=12 February 2026 |title=BREAKING: Anil Thadani's AA Films comes onboard as distribution partner for Yash's Toxic in North India & Nepal |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/breaking-anil-thadanis-aa-films-comes-onboard-distribution-partner-yashs-toxic-north-india-nepal |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> The overseas distribution rights for the Indian-language versions were acquired by Phars Film for {{INRConvert|105|c}}.<ref>{{Cite web |access-date=10 February 2026 |title=Exclusive {{!}} Yash's 'Toxic' Locks Record-Breaking ₹105 Crore Overseas Deal with Phars Film |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/exclusive-yashs-toxic-locks-record-breaking-105-crore-overseas-deal-with-phars-film |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> E4 Entertainment acquired the distribution rights across [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=23 February 2026 |title=Yash's Toxic locks Kerala distributor, eyes KGF 2's box office record in the state |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/yashs-toxic-locks-kerala-distributor-eyes-kgf-2s-box-office-record-in-the-state-10547341/ |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> The distribution rights across [[Tamil Nadu]] were acquired by Think Studios, S Picture, [[Trident Arts]] and 5 Star Senthil for {{INRConvert|63|c}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2026 |title=Yash's Toxic secures ₹63 Crore distribution deal in Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2026/Feb/26/yashs-toxic-secures-63-crore-distribution-deal-in-tamil-nadu |access-date=26 February 2026 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

== Controversy ==
Following the release of teaser, the Women's wing of [[Aam Aadmi Party]] submitted a complaint to the [[Karnataka State Commission for Women]] as they had objections with the obscene visuals featured in the teaser.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=12 February 2026 |title=Yash's Toxic teaser draws complaint from AAP Women's wing to Karnataka commission: Report |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/yashs-toxic-teaser-draws-complaint-aap-womens-wing-karnataka-commission-report |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> In February 2026, another formal complaint was lodged to the [[Central Board of Film Certification|CBFC]] by the National Christian Federation where they alleged that the film's teaser depicts obscene scenes and also hurts religious sentiments by including a statue of [[Michael (archangel)|Archangel Michael]] in the fight sequence inside the [[cemetery]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=12 February 2025 |title=Yash's Toxic faces fresh trouble: Christian group says teaser 'hurts religious sentiments', files complaint with CBFC |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/yash-toxic-faces-fresh-trouble-christian-group-says-teaser-hurts-religious-sentiments-files-complaint-with-cbfc-101770878682088.html |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=12 February 2025 |title=Yash's Toxic faces fresh trouble: Christian group says teaser 'hurts religious sentiments', files complaint with CBFC |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/yashs-toxic-teaser-gets-new-complaint-christian-group-raises-concerns-demands-removal-of-visuals/articleshow/128231206.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt27530512}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama title|toxic}}

[[Category:2026 Indian films]]
[[Category:2026 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Films shot in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]
[[Category:Upcoming Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Upcoming films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Geetu Mohandas]]
[[Category:English-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2026 English-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Jaipur]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thoothukudi]]
[[Category:Upcoming Indian films]]
[[Category:Films about father–son relationships]]
[[Category:Films about revenge]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]

Space Based Surveillance project (India)

2026-05-06T19:15:40Z

Brigette59K: New post

{{Short description|Multi-phased Indian programme to launch spy satellites}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}

The '''Space Based Surveillance project''' is a series of programmes undertaken by the [[Government of India]] to launch a [[Satellite constellation|constellation of satellites]] for [[Earth observation satellite|earth observation]] roles. The satellites are primarily meant to serve the [[Indian Armed Forces]] through the [[Defence Space Agency]].<ref name=":8" /> India plans to deploye about 150 [[Military satellite|satellites for military roles]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Mishra |first=Mihir |last2=Sen |first2=Sudhi Ranjan |date=2026-01-21 |title=India beefing up space-based surveillance after border conflict |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-surveillance-satellites-india-eyes-spies-in-the-skies-after-sindoor-revealed-many-blind-spots/articleshow/126939124.cms |access-date=2026-01-21 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== SBS Phase-I ==
{{Expand section|date=December 2025}}
The Phase-I project was approved by the [[Third Vajpayee ministry|PM Atal Bihari Vajpeyee]] in 2001. The ISRO satellites [[Cartosat-2A]], [[Cartosat-2B]], [[RISAT-1]] and [[RISAT-2]] — were funded launched from India.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2024-10-11 |title=Exclusive: CCS clears launch of 52 surveillance satellites |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/exclusive-ccs-clears-launch-of-52-surveillance-satellites-101728615288379.html |access-date=2024-10-22 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=India's New Space-Based Spy Network |url=https://thediplomat.com/2025/01/indias-new-space-based-spy-network/ |access-date=2025-12-31 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

== SBS Phase-II ==
{{Expand section|date=December 2025}}
The Phase-II project was approved by the government on 2013 as a part of which 6 satellites — [[Cartosat-2C]], [[Cartosat-2D]], [[Cartosat-3A]], [[Cartosat-3B]], [[Microsat-TD]], [[Microsat-R]] and [[RISAT-2A]] — were approved for development and launch.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":0" /> Microsat-R was the [[Target practice|target satellite]] for India's [[Anti-satellite weapon|ASAT]] Test in 2019 — [[Mission Shakti]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pubby |first=Manu |date=2019-03-28 |title=India tests first anti-satellite missile system, codenamed Mission Shakti |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/pm-modis-big-announcement-india-successfully-tests-anti-satellite-weapon/articleshow/68592702.cms |access-date=2025-12-31 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== SBS Phase-III ==
On 12 October 2024, India's [[Cabinet Committee on Security]] approved a proposal for the development, construction and launch of a [[Satellite constellation|constellation]] of 52 [[Reconnaissance satellite|spy satellites]] as a part of the Space Based Surveillance Phase-III project. The project is worth {{INRConvert|26968|c|lk=on|year=2024}} and meant to strengthen the nation’s surveillance capabilities across both terrestrial and maritime domains. This will be supervised by the [[National Security Council (India)|National Security Council Secretariat]] along with the [[Defence Space Agency]], under the [[Integrated Defence Staff]]. The constellation will also enhance the [[Military satellite#Military communication satellites|SATCOM]] capabilities of long range [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|UAV]] fleet of the Armed Forces including the [[General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper|MQ-9B Predator]] drones then expected to enter service in 2028. All the satellites is to be launched within 5 years at [[Geosynchronous equatorial orbit|Geosynchronous Equatorial Orbit]] and [[Low Earth orbit|Low Earth Orbit]]. The satellites will be equipped with [[artificial intelligence]] for inter-satellite communications.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Surendra |date=2024-10-12 |title=CCS 'approves launch of 52 spy satellites for Rs 27,000 crore to boost space surveillance |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ccs-approves-launch-of-52-spy-satellites-for-rs-27000-crore-to-boost-space-surveillance/articleshow/114158442.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250823163409/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ccs-approves-launch-of-52-spy-satellites-for-rs-27000-crore-to-boost-space-surveillance/articleshow/114158442.cms |archive-date=2025-08-23 |access-date=2024-10-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-12 |title=Space spy squad: India greenlights 52 satellites for Rs 27,000 crore sky-high surveillance |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/space-spy-squad-india-greenlights-52-satellites-for-rs-27000-crore-sky-high-surveillance/articleshow/114162342.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-10-20 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-10-12 |title=Modi government approves Rs 27,000 crore worth spy satellites for space surveillance: Report |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/modi-government-approves-rs-27000-crore-worth-spy-satellites-for-space-surveillance-report-3229787 |access-date=2024-10-20 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

As part of the project, 21 satellites will be co-developed by [[ISRO]] and [[France]] (under an [[Letter of intent|LOI]] agreement for “defence space cooperation”) while the rest of 31 satellites are to be developed by three [[private sector]] companies. The role of these satellites would be [[Spy satellite|surveillance]], [[Reconnaissance satellite|reconnaissance]], [[Communications satellite|communication]] and other strategic purposes. The CCS has also, reportedly, approved two agencies to develop multiple types of defensive and offensive capabilities from space. Under the same project, few experiments would be conducted for an integrated [[Low Earth orbit|LEO]] and [[Medium Earth orbit|MEO]] satellite-based communication system which is a requirement for the [[Indian Air Force]] and the [[Indian Navy]]. The first batch of satellites will be launched in 2027–28.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Ray |first=Kalyan |date=2025-02-12 |title=Aero Show 2025: First batch of satellites under new space surveillance programme to be launched by 2027-28 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/aero-show-2025-first-batch-of-satellites-under-new-space-surveillance-programme-to-be-launched-by-2027-28-3402717 |access-date=2025-02-12 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite news |date=2024-12-17 |title=Preparing for future warfare, Indian defence forces looking to expand space assets, manpower |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/preparing-for-future-warfare-indian-defence-forces-looking-to-expand-space-assets-manpower/articleshow/116406579.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-12-26 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

Following the [[2025 India–Pakistan conflict]], the project was expedited, according to reports dated 30 June 2025. The first batch of satellites is now anticipated to launch in April 2026, with the full fleet of satellites to be deployed by the end of 2029. While private companies have been instructed to increase the pace of satellite production, additional efforts are apparently being made "to launch the satellites faster" into space. India intends to shrink its [[OODA loop]] as well.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pandit |first=Rajat |date=2025-06-30 |title=Post Op Sindoor, India to fast-track launch of 52 defence surveillance satellites |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/post-op-sindoor-india-to-fast-track-launch-of-52-defence-surveillance-satellites/articleshow/122149971.cms |access-date=2025-06-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Shivani |last2=Negi |first2=Manjeet |last3=Parashar |first3=Shipra |date=2025-06-30 |title=India fast-tracks launch of 52 military satellites after Operation Sindoor |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-fast-tracks-launch-of-52-military-satellites-after-operation-sindoor-2748170-2025-06-30 |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-06-30 |title=India to fast-track 52 military satellites for better surveillance at borders |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/india-to-fast-track-new-military-satellites-for-better-surveillance-at-borders/article69755996.ece |access-date=2025-06-30 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In order to scan and monitor hostile aircraft, drones, or missiles, as well as to cue weapon systems for interception, SBS Phase-III will be connected to air defense assets and radars under [[Mission Sudarshan Chakra]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dutta |first=Amrita Nayak |date=2025-10-06 |title=Exclusive: Over-the-horizon radars, energy weapons, satellites to be integrated into 'Sudarshan Chakra' air defence shield |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/energy-weapons-satellites-radar-network-key-to-sudarshan-chakra-10289885/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251006101705/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/energy-weapons-satellites-radar-network-key-to-sudarshan-chakra-10289885/ |archive-date=2025-10-06 |access-date=2025-10-06 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In order to scan and monitor hostile aircraft, drones, or missiles, as well as to cue weapon systems for interception, SBS Phase-III will be connected to air defense assets and radars under [[Mission Sudarshan Chakra]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dutta |first=Amrita Nayak |date=2025-10-06 |title=Exclusive: Over-the-horizon radars, energy weapons, satellites to be integrated into ‘Sudarshan Chakra’ air defence shield |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/energy-weapons-satellites-radar-network-key-to-sudarshan-chakra-10289885/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251006101705/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/energy-weapons-satellites-radar-network-key-to-sudarshan-chakra-10289885/ |archive-date=2025-10-06 |access-date=2025-10-06 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

As part of the plan, the project will add night-image capability and will also establish overseas [[ground stations]] with local government approval. The night vision capacity will be added by deploying satellites equipped with [[synthetic-aperture radar]]. Development of [[Satellite-Protection Project|bodyguard satellites]] is also being undertaken to deter any threat to the [[surveillance satellites]]. Technology for inter-satellite data transfer is also being developed.Private players have also been invited to build Technology demonstrators. <ref><nowiki>https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-03-05/india-taps-space-startups-for-launching-bodyguard-satellites</nowiki></ref>Further, the first batch of satellite might be launched by April 2026.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/techandscience/india-plans-to-launch-over-50-spy-satellites-following-operation-sindoor/ar-AA1UESdG?ocid=msedgntp&pc=U531&cvid=a3e8a041123848cf8901f19468c6d479&ei=63 |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[TSAT-1A]]
* [[Mission Shakti]]
* [[Defence Space Agency]]
* [[Defense Support Program|Defence Support Program]]
* [[Satellite-Protection Project]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Satellites]]
[[Category:Military of India]]

Divya Sathyaraj

2026-05-06T14:55:06Z

Brigette59K:

{{short description|IT wing deputy secretary for Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Divya-Sathyaraj.jpg
| caption = Offical portrait
| birth_name = Divya Sathyaraj
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| education = [[Master of Philosophy]]
| spouse =
| alma_mater = [[University of Madras]]
| occupation = [[Politician]] [[Nutritionist]]
| website =
| party = [[File:Flag DMK.svg|20px]] [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| office = Deputy Secretary of IT wing for [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
| term_start = 17 February 2025
| 1blankname = [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata = [[M. K. Stalin]]
}}

'''Divya Sathyaraj''' is an [[Politician|Indian politician]] serving as the IT wing deputy secretary for the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] party since 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/actor-sathyarajs-daughter-divya-appointed-dmks-it-wing-deputy-secretary-823208#google_vignette|title=Actor Sathyaraj’s daughter Divya appointed DMK’s IT wing deputy secretary|date=17 February 2025 |website=www.dtnext.in|access-date=20 April 2026}}</ref>

She is the daughter of actor [[Sathyaraj]] and the sister of [[Sibi Sathyaraj]]. Divya is the [[goodwill ambassador]] of [[Akshaya Patra Foundation|The Akshaya Patra Foundation]] (TAPF), an [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]] implementing the [[Government of India]]’s [[Midday Meal Scheme]] for school children. She has also started a movement in 2020, ''Mahilmadhi Iyakkam'', an initiative to provide healthy and nutritious meals to the [[Malnutrition|malnourished]] and [[Social privilege|under-privileged]] communities. In 2025, Divya joined the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]].

== Personal life ==

Divya is the daughter of actor [[Sathyaraj]] and Maheshwari. Divya's brother is the actor [[Sibi Sathyaraj|Sibi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2013 |title=நடிகர் சத்யராஜ் திருமணம் நடந்தது |trans-title=Actor Sathyaraj was married |url=http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2013/07/23231851/actor-sathyaraj-marriage-cinem.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728051216/http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2013/07/23231851/actor-sathyaraj-marriage-cinem.html |archive-date=28 July 2013 |access-date=26 February 2021 |website=[[Maalai Malar]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cine Biography: Sathyaraj (Part-2) |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/cinebio/16-08-00/sathya2.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001202125400/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/cinebio/16-08-00/sathya2.htm |archive-date=2 December 2000 |access-date=26 February 2021 |website=[[Dinakaran]]}}</ref> Unlike her father and her brother, Divya abstained from acting, instead pursuing a career in nutrition.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 February 2018 |title=Divya Sathyaraj: Not interested in acting in films |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/not-interested-in-acting-in-films-divya-sathyaraj/articleshow/62883465.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310092215/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/not-interested-in-acting-in-films-divya-sathyaraj/articleshow/62883465.cms |archive-date=10 March 2021 |access-date=26 February 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Originally a vegetarian, she became a [[Veganism|vegan]] in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mathew |first=Thushara Ann |date=14 February 2018 |title=Being vegan has given me a burst of energy: Divya Sathyaraj |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/food/2018/feb/14/being-vegan-has-given-me-a-burst-of-energy-divya-sathyaraj-1773414.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217123656/https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/food/2018/feb/14/being-vegan-has-given-me-a-burst-of-energy-divya-sathyaraj-1773414.html |archive-date=17 December 2020 |access-date=9 December 2020 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>
== Career ==
Divya graduated with a [[Master of Philosophy]] in Nutrition from the [[University of Madras]].<ref name="suman" /> She conducts [[Academic conference|workshops]] on health-related issues, [[child labour]] and [[Self-defense#Women's self-defense|self-defence for women]], and [[Mental health counselor|counseling]] sessions for [[Sri Lankans in India#Sri Lankan refugees|Sri Lankan refugees]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=5 September 2013 |title=The healthy plate |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/fitness/the-healthy-plate/article5096572.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217123650/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/fitness/the-healthy-plate/article5096572.ece |archive-date=17 December 2020 |access-date=8 December 2020 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> She had written a letter to the [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Narendra Modi]], pointing out the malpractices and negligence in medical field and questioning the [[National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Undergraduate)|NEET]] exams.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thirumurthy |first=Priyanka |date=17 July 2017 |title=Foreign drug marketers out to cheat Indian customers? Sathyaraj's daughter Divya writes to PM |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/foreign-drug-marketers-out-cheat-indian-customers-sathyaraj-s-daughter-divya-writes-pm-65307 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217123738/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/foreign-drug-marketers-out-cheat-indian-customers-sathyaraj-s-daughter-divya-writes-pm-65307 |archive-date=17 December 2020 |access-date=8 December 2020 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref><ref name="neet" /> She is the goodwill ambassador of [[Akshaya Patra Foundation]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 April 2018 |title=The Akshaya Patra Foundation Appoints Nutritionist Ms. Divya Sathyaraj as its Goodwill Ambassador |url=https://www.pr.com/press-release/749985 |access-date=9 December 2020 |website=PR.com}}</ref> the world's largest midday meal programme.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srividya |first=R. K. |date=5 June 2018 |title=No diet can equate with healthy eating: Chennai based nutritionist Divya Sathyaraj |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/jun/05/no-diet-can-equate-with-healthy-eating-chennai-based-nutritionist-divya-sathyaraj-1823693.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217123657/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/jun/05/no-diet-can-equate-with-healthy-eating-chennai-based-nutritionist-divya-sathyaraj-1823693.html |archive-date=17 December 2020 |access-date=8 December 2020 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Anand |first=Apoorva |date=17 July 2018 |title=IISc Bangalore alumnus-run Akshaya Patra is the world's largest mid-day meal provider, feeds 1.7 million children across India |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/featurephilia/story/iisc-bangalore-alumnus-world-s-largest-mid-day-meal-provider-1287987-2018-07-17 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217123735/https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/featurephilia/story/iisc-bangalore-alumnus-world-s-largest-mid-day-meal-provider-1287987-2018-07-17 |archive-date=17 December 2020 |access-date=8 December 2020 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> She has also partnered with [[World Vision India]], where she has assumed responsibility for four young girls.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=24 August 2019 |title=Divya Sathyaraj bats for basic rights of children |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/viral-and-trending/240819/divya-sathyaraj-bats-for-basic-rights-of-children.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217123733/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/viral-and-trending/240819/divya-sathyaraj-bats-for-basic-rights-of-children.html |archive-date=17 December 2020 |access-date=9 December 2020 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref><ref name="suman" />

Divya started a movement in 2020, ''Mahilmadhi Iyakkam''. About the movement she says, "The purpose of the movement is to identify areas in the city where access to nutritious food and awareness about its benefits are lacking. Once the areas are identified and the community members are assessed, those in the neighbourhood who are in need, will be provided hygienic and healthy food, free of cost, based on the deficiencies."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Balasubramanian |first=Roshne |date=6 August 2020 |title=A diet for the deprived |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2020/aug/06/a-diet-for-the-deprived-2179577.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217123657/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2020/aug/06/a-diet-for-the-deprived-2179577.html |archive-date=17 December 2020 |access-date=8 December 2020 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> In 2019, Divya announced she would get into [[Politics of India|politics]] in 2021.<ref name="neet" /><ref name="toi" />

== Awards ==
In 2019, Divya received the Women Achiever Award for excellence in community service from Raindrops, a youth-based social organisation spreading social awareness through media and entertainment.<ref name="suman" /><ref name="toi" /> In 2020, she was awarded an [[honorary degree|honorary doctorate]] by the [http://tamiluniversityusa.org/ International Tamil University, USA], in recognition for her contributions in the field of Nutritional therapy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2020 |title=Divya Sathyaraj to start a political movement? |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/divya-sathyaraj-to-start-a-political-movement.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217123650/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/divya-sathyaraj-to-start-a-political-movement.html |archive-date=17 December 2020 |access-date=9 December 2020 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref>

==Political career==
Divya joined the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) on 19 January 2025 in the presence of [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]], [[M. K. Stalin]], at the party headquarters Anna Arivalayam in [[Chennai]].<ref name="Actor Sathyaraj's daughter Divya joins DMK">{{cite news |title=Actor Sathyaraj's daughter Divya joins DMK |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/actor-sathyarajs-daughter-divya-joins-dmk/article69116561.ece |access-date=22 January 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |date=19 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250122075235/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/actor-sathyarajs-daughter-divya-joins-dmk/article69116561.ece |archive-date=22 January 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="suman">{{Cite web |date=5 March 2020 |title=Dr. Divya Sathyaraj |url=http://sumanclinic.com/team/dr-divya-sathyaraj/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217123724/http://sumanclinic.com/team/dr-divya-sathyaraj/ |archive-date=17 December 2020 |access-date=9 December 2020 |website=sumanclinic.com}}</ref>
<ref name="neet">{{Cite web |date=25 October 2020 |title=Sathyaraj's daughter divya's press note on her political journey |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/sathyarajs-daughter-divyas-press-note-on-her-political-journey.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217123658/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/sathyarajs-daughter-divyas-press-note-on-her-political-journey.html |archive-date=17 December 2020 |access-date=9 December 2020 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref>
<ref name="toi">{{Cite web |date=26 June 2019 |title=I will get into politic, soon: Divya |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/i-will-get-into-politic-soon-divya/articleshow/69942816.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217123703/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/i-will-get-into-politic-soon-divya/articleshow/69942816.cms |archive-date=17 December 2020 |access-date=9 December 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

</references>
{{Commons category}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sathyaraj, Divya}}
[[Category:Indian nutritionists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Women from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Indian Tamil politicians]]

Shreyanka Patil

2026-05-02T21:32:42Z

Brigette59K: New a entry

{{short description|Indian cricketer (born 2002)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Shreyanka Patil
| female = true
| image =
| caption =
| fullname = Shreyanka Patil
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2002|7|31|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India<ref name="Cricinfo">{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/shreyanka-patil-1289948 |title=Player Profile: Shreyanka Patil |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 December 2023}}</ref>
| nickname =
| heightft =
| heightinch =
| heightm =
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm [[off spin|off break]]
| role = [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowler]]

| international = true
| internationalspan = 2023–present
| country = India

| onetest =
| testdebutdate =
| testdebutyear =
| testdebutagainst =
| testcap =
| lasttestdate =
| lasttestyear =
| lasttestagainst =

| odidebutdate = 30 December
| odidebutyear = 2023
| odidebutagainst = Australia
| odicap = 141
| lastodidate = 2 January
| lastodiyear = 2024
| lastodiagainst = Australia

| T20Idebutdate = 6 December
| T20Idebutyear = 2023
| T20Idebutagainst = England
| T20Icap = 80
| lastT20Idate = 7 July
| lastT20Iyear = 2024
| lastT20Iagainst = South Africa
| T20Ishirt = 31

| club1 = [[Karnataka women's cricket team|Karnataka]]
| year1 = {{nowrap|2019–present}}
| club2 = {{nowrap|[[Royal Challengers Bangalore (WPL)|Royal Challengers Bangalore]]}}
| year2 = {{nowrap|2023–present}}
| club3 = [[Guyana Amazon Warriors (WCPL)|Guyana Amazon Warriors]]
| year3 = 2023

| columns = 3

| column1 = [[Women's Twenty20 International|T20I]]
| matches1 = 2
| runs1 = 4
| bat avg1 = 4.00
| 100s/50s1 = 0/0
| top score1 = 4
| deliveries1 = 26
| wickets1 = 2
| bowl avg1 = 25.00
| fivefor1 = 0
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 2/44
| catches/stumpings1 = 0/–

| column2 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches2 = 18
| runs2 = 170
| bat avg2 = 18.88
| 100s/50s2 = 0/1
| top score2 = 73
| deliveries2 = 848
| wickets2 = 29
| bowl avg2 = 20.27
| fivefor2 = 0
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 3/30
| catches/stumpings2 = 3/–

| column3 = [[Women's Twenty20|T20]]
| matches3 = 42
| runs3 = 222
| bat avg3 = 10.09
| 100s/50s3 = 0/0
| top score3 = 25
| deliveries3 = 769
| wickets3 = 52
| bowl avg3 = 16.19
| fivefor3 = 0
| tenfor3 = 0
| best bowling3 = 4/7
| catches/stumpings3 = 4/–

| date = 20 February 2024
| source = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/1780/1780501/1780501.html CricketArchive
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport|Women's [[cricket]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Women's Asia Cup|Asia Cup]]}}
{{Medal|RU|[[Women's Asia Cup|2024 Sri Lanka]]|Team}}
}}
'''Shreyanka Patil''' (born 31 July 2002) is an Indian [[cricket]]er who currently plays for the national team.<ref name="Cricinfo"/> In domestic cricket, she represents [[Karnataka women's cricket team|Karnataka]] while she plays for the [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru (WPL)|Royal Challengers Bengaluru]] in [[Women's Premier League (cricket)|Women's Premier League]].<ref name="CricketArchive">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/1780/1780501/1780501.html |title=Player Profile: Shreyanka Patil |work=CricketArchive |access-date=10 December 2023}}</ref> She plays as a right-arm [[off spin|off break]] [[Bowling (cricket)|bowler]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Shreyanka Patil to play for Guyana Amazon Warriors in WCPL |url=https://www.cricket.com/news/shreyanka-patil-to-play-for-guyana-amazon-warriors-in-wcpl-6302023-1688142420350 |date=30 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802235832/https://www.cricket.com/news/shreyanka-patil-to-play-for-guyana-amazon-warriors-in-wcpl-6302023-1688142420350 |archive-date=2 August 2023 |access-date=18 December 2024 |website=cricket.com |url-status=live}}</ref> She made her international debut for India in 2023.

==Early life==
Patil was born on 31 July 2002 in [[Bangalore]].<ref name="CricketArchive"/> She picked up cricket when she was ten. Her father, Rajesh, runs a cricket academy. Patil experimented from bowling [[Fast bowling|medium-pace]] to [[leg spin]], before finding comfort as an [[off spin]]ner. She then moved to a rented accommodation to hone her skills at Dev's academy in Huttanahalli in Karnataka.<ref>{{cite web |title=What you need to know about WPL 2024 Purple Cap Shreyanka Patil |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/sports/cricket/ipl/what-you-need-to-know-about-wpl-2024-purple-cap-shreyanka-patil-article-12483001.html |website=Moneycontrol |access-date=16 April 2024 |language=en |date=18 March 2024}}</ref> Patil's career as a professional cricketer began when she made the Karnataka under-16 squad.<ref>{{cite news |title=Shreyanka Patil And Asha Sobhana: The RCB Spin Duo Are Here To Stay |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/lifes/shreyanka-patil-and-asha-sobhana-the-rcb-spin-duo-are-here-to-stay/92071/1 |access-date=16 April 2024 |work=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref>

==Domestic career==
Patil made her debut for [[Karnataka women's cricket team|Karnataka senior team]] in October 2019, in a match against [[Pondicherry women's cricket team|Pondicherry]], in which she took 1/21 from two overs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/1120/1120540.html |title=Karnataka Women v Puducherry Women, 14 October 2019 |work=CricketArchive |access-date=10 December 2023}}</ref> In November 2022, she took 4/7 from four overs for [[South Zone women's cricket team|South Zone]] against [[North East Zone women's cricket team|North East Zone]] in the [[2022–23 Women's Senior Inter Zonal T20|Senior Inter Zonal T20 competition]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/1232/1232124.html |title=North East Zone Women v South Zone Women, 11 November 2023 |work=CricketArchive |access-date=10 December 2023}}</ref> She scored her maiden [[List A cricket|List A]] half-century in January 2023, making 73 against [[Arunachal Pradesh women's cricket team|Arunachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/1241/1241382.html |title=Arunachal Pradesh Women v Karnataka Women, 19 January 2023 |work=CricketArchive |access-date=10 December 2023}}</ref>

In February 2023, Patil was signed by [[Royal Challengers Bangalore (WPL)|Royal Challengers Bangalore]] (RCB) for the [[2023 Women's Premier League (cricket)|inaugural Women's Premier League]] at a fee of ₹10 lakh (approx US$12,100 at the time).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/live-blog/live-blog-2023-wpl-auction-1358703 |title=Bid-by-bid updates - 2023 WPL auction |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=13 February 2023 |access-date=10 December 2023}}</ref> She took six wickets at an average of 32.00 in her seven matches at the tournament.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/averages-batting-bowling-by-team/women-s-premier-league-2022-23-15174?team=7053 |title=Records in Women's Premier League, 2022/23/Averages by Team/Royal Challengers Bangalore Women |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 December 2023}}</ref>

In August 2023, she was signed by [[Guyana Amazon Warriors (WCPL)|Guyana Amazon Warriors]] for the [[2023 Women's Caribbean Premier League]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cplt20.com/drafted-and-overseas-players-announced-massy-wcpl |title=Drafted and Overseas Players Announced for Massy WCPL |publisher=Caribbean Premier League |access-date=10 December 2023}}</ref> She was the leading wicket-taker in the tournament, with 9 wickets at an average of 11.66.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/bowling-most-wickets-career/women-s-caribbean-premier-league-2023-15486 |title=Records in Women's Caribbean Premier League, 2023/Bowling Most Wickets |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/after-wcpl-high-shreyanka-awaits-india-callup-101694225326451.html |title=After WCPL high, Shreyanka awaits India call-up |work=Hindustan Times |date=11 September 2023 |access-date=10 December 2023}}</ref>

In the [[2024 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2024 Women's Premier League]], Patil won the Purple Cap as the highest wicket-taker in the tournament by picking 13 wickets in eight matches.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 March 2024 |title=WPL 2024: Shreyanka Patil wins Purple Cap; Asha Sobhana, Sophie Molineux joint-second on highest wicket-taker list |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/womens-cricket/wpl/womens-premier-league-wpl-2024-purple-cap-table-most-wickets-list-marizanne-kapp-jess-jonassen-stats-record-news/article67961590.ece |access-date=18 December 2024 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |publisher=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> With the figures of 4/12 in the final match against [[Delhi Capitals in 2024 (WPL)|Delhi Capitals]], she made an important contribution in the title win for [[Royal Challengers Bangalore (WPL)|Royal Challengers Bangalore]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kavthale |first=Sumeet |last2= |first2= |date=2024-03-17 |title=Shreyanka Patil produces record-breaking figures with hairline fracture in WPL 2024 final |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/sports/cricket/shreyanka-patil-produces-record-breaking-figures-with-hairline-fracture-in-wpl-2024-final-dc-vs-rcb-royal-challengers-bangalore-orange-cap-2024-03-17-921960 |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref>

Patil was ruled out of the 2025 WPL edition with injuries. She was replaced in the RCB squad by fellow Indian off-spinner [[Sneh Rana (cricketer)|Sneh Rana]]. <ref>{{cite web |title=Sneh Rana replaces injured Shreyanka Patil at RCB |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/wpl-sneh-rana-replaces-injured-shreyanka-patil-at-rcb-1473356 |website=ESPNCricinfo.com |publisher=ESPN |access-date=21 February 2026}}</ref>

Patil was one of four players retained by RCB ahead of the 2026 WPL Mega Auction. She was retained at a fee of ₹60 lakh (approx US$67,000 at the time) <ref>{{cite web |title=WPL: Mandhana, Sciver-Brunt, Gardner retained for INR 3.5 crore; Harmanpreet gets INR 2.5 crore |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/wpl-2026-mandhana-sciver-brunt-gardner-retained-for-inr-3-5-crore-harmanpreet-gets-inr-2-5-crore-1510325 |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=21 February 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Returning from injury during the [[2026 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2026 Women's Premier League]], the [[Royal Challengers Bangalore|Royal Challengers Bengaluru]] off-spinner took 11 wickets across 9 games at an economy of 9.02 as RCB sealed their second WPL title. Patil finished as the 9th highest wicket-taker in the season (3rd highest amongst RCB bowlers)<ref>{{cite web |title=WPL 2026 Most Wickets |url=https://www.wplt20.com/stats/most-wickets-13-13458-statistics |website=Womens Premier League |language=en}}</ref>. This included a maiden five-wicket haul in a match against the [[Gujarat Giants (WPL)|Gujarat Giants]]. Her figures of 5/23 in this game ended up being the best for any bowler in the season.<ref>{{cite web |title=Watch: Shreyanka completes 5-fer to help RCB complete hattrick of wins |url=https://www.khelwire.com/articles/watch-shreyanka-completes-5-fer-to-help-rcb-complete-hattrick-of-wins |website=KhelWire |date=2026 |access-date=January 23, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=WPL 2026 Best figures |url=https://www.wplt20.com/stats/best-bowling-figures-12-13458-statistics |website=Womens Premier League |access-date=21 February 2026 |language=en}}</ref>

==International career==
In June 2023, Patil played for India A at the [[2023 ACC Women's T20 Emerging Teams Asia Cup]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2023/news/55556005/bcci-announces-india-a-emerging-squad-for-acc-emerging-women-s-asia-cup-2023 |title=BCCI announces India 'A' (Emerging) squad for ACC Emerging Women's Asia Cup 2023 |work=Board of Control for Cricket in India |access-date=2 November 2023}}</ref> She was the leading wicket-taker at the tournament, with 9 wickets, including taking 5/2 against [[Hong Kong women's national cricket team|Hong Kong]] and 4/13 in the final against [[Bangladesh women's national cricket team|Bangladesh A]].<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/bowling-most-wickets-career/asian-cricket-council-women-s-emerging-teams-cup-2023-15471 |title=Records in Asian Cricket Council Women's Emerging Teams Cup, 2023/Bowling Most Wickets |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/asian-cricket-council-women-s-emerging-teams-cup-2023-1379666/hong-kong-women-vs-india-a-women-4th-match-group-a-1379693/full-scorecard |title=4th Match, Group A, Mong Kok, June 13 2023, Asian Cricket Council Women's Emerging Teams Cup: Hong Kong Women v India A Women |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/asian-cricket-council-women-s-emerging-teams-cup-2023-1379666/india-a-women-vs-bangladesh-a-women-final-1379704/match-report |title=Ahuja and Patil star as India A win Women's Emerging Teams Asia Cup |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=21 June 2023 |access-date=10 December 2023}}</ref>

In December 2023, Patil earned her first call-up to the [[India women's national cricket team|India]] squad for the side's [[English women's cricket team in India in 2023–24|series against England]].<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/renuka-singh-returns-from-injury-saika-ishaque-and-shreyanka-patil-get-maiden-call-ups-for-england-t20is-1411320 |title=Renuka returns from injury, Ishaque and Patil get maiden call-up for England T20Is |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=1 December 2023 |access-date=10 December 2023}}</ref> She made her international debut in the first match of the [[Women's Twenty20 International|Twenty20 International]] series, taking 2/44 from her four overs.<ref name="t20idebut">{{cite web |title=1st T20I, Wankhede, December 6 2023, England Women tour of India: India Women v England Women |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/england-women-in-india-2023-24-1406061/india-women-vs-england-women-1st-t20i-1406073/full-scorecard |access-date=10 December 2023 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> Later that month, Patil got her maiden ODI call-up in the series [[Australia women's cricket team in India in 2023–24|against Australia]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=25 December 2023 |title=Team India’s ODI & T20I squad against Australia announced |url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2023/news/55556077/team-india-s-odi-t20i-squad-announced?platform=international&type=women |website=Board of Control for Cricket in India}}</ref> She made her [[Women's One Day International]] (WODI) debut for India on 30 December 2023, against Australia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-30 |title=2nd ODI (D/N), Wankhede, December 30, 2023, Australia Women tour of India |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/australia-women-in-india-2023-24-1406065/india-women-vs-australia-women-2nd-odi-1406079/live-cricket-score |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref> She was named in the India squad for the [[2024 ICC Women's T20 World Cup]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bcci.tv/bccilink/articles/jKTSq82Z |title=India’s squad for the ICC Women's T20 World Cup 2024 announced |work=Board of Control for Cricket in India |access-date=3 October 2024}}</ref> and their home [[New Zealand women's cricket team in India in 2024–25|ODI series against New Zealand]] in October 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/bccilink/articles/EEI1QDRi|title=India's Squad for IDFC First Bank ODI Series against New Zealand announced|publisher=BCCI|accessdate=9 November 2024}}</ref>

Patil was among the four player shortlist for the ICC Women’s Emerging Cricketer of the Year 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/sports/shreyanka-among-nominees-for-icc-womens-emerging-cricketer-of-the-year-1503380665.html|title=Shreyanka among nominees for ICC Women’s Emerging Cricketer of the Year|publisher=The Statesman|accessdate=4 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/shortlist-revealed-for-icc-women-s-emerging-cricketer-of-the-year-2024|title=Shortlist revealed for ICC Women’s Emerging Cricketer of the Year 2024|publisher=International Cricket Council|accessdate=4 January 2025}}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Result
!Ref.
|-
|2024
|[[Indian Sports Honours]]
|Breakthrough Performance of the Year Female
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 November 2024 |title=Shreyanka Patil Sizzles With Flamboyant Look At Indian Sports Honours 2024 Awards |url=https://cricket.one/entertainment/shreyanka-patil-sizzles-with-flamboyant-look-at-indian-sports-honours-2024-awards/6730aacc5e0cff579d5f0bd1 |access-date=18 December 2024 |website=cricket.one}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Subject bar
|commons =
|d =
|q =
|portal1 = Biography
|portal2 = Cricket
|portal3 = India
}}
* {{cricinfo|id=1289948}}
* {{cricketarchive|id=1780501}}

{{Navboxes
|title= India squads
|bg= #0077FF
|fg= white
|bordercolor=#FF8800
|list1=
{{India Squad 2024 ICC Women's T20 World Cup}}
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}}
{{Royal Challengers Bangalore WPL squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patil, Shreyanka}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2002 births]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Indian women cricketers]]
[[Category:India women One Day International cricketers]]
[[Category:India women Twenty20 International cricketers]]
[[Category:Karnataka women cricketers]]
[[Category:Royal Challengers Bangalore (WPL) cricketers]]
[[Category:Guyana Amazon Warriors (WCPL) cricketers]]

William Phipps (governor of Bombay)

2026-04-29T12:42:58Z

Brigette59K: New a data

{{Short description|British governor of Bombay (c. 1681–1748)}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
'''William Phipps''' (c. 1681 – 21 August 1748) was the [[Governor of Bombay]] from 9 January 1722 to 10 January 1729.

He was the son of [[Thomas Phipps]], a successful London merchant who acquired an estate at [[Heywood, Wiltshire|Heywood]] near his native town, [[Westbury, Wiltshire]]. Among William's brothers was [[James Phipps of Cape Coast Castle]]. In due course William retired to Heywood, where he died.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/wilts/vol8/pp148-163 |title=A History of the County of Wiltshire, Volume 8 |date=1965 |publisher=University of London |series=[[Victoria County History]] |pages=148–163 |chapter=Westbury: Manors |access-date=16 September 2022 |via=British History Online}}</ref>

A marble bust of Phipps by [[Robert Taylor (architect)|Robert Taylor]] is in the [[All Saints' Church, Westbury|parish church at Westbury]].<ref>{{National Heritage List for England|num=1180510|desc=Parish Church of All Saints|access-date=16 September 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*{{cite web
|url=http://rajbhavan.maharashtra.gov.in/previous/default.htm
|title=Previous Governors List
|accessdate=2008-12-23
|publisher=[[Governor of Maharashtra]]
|archive-date=6 February 2009
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206050259/http://rajbhavan.maharashtra.gov.in/previous/default.htm
|url-status=dead
}}
*{{Cite ODNB |title=Colonial administrators and post-independence leaders in India (1616–2000) |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/theme/93241}}
*{{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3VQTAAAAYAAJ
|author=Great Britain India Office
|title=The India List and India Office List
|volume=I
|year=1819
|publisher=Harrison
|pages=125–7
|accessdate=2008-10-09
|ref=in}}
*{{cite book
|url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/history.html#40
|title=Greater Bombay District Gazetteer
|series=Maharashtra State Gazetteers
|volume=I
|year=1986
|accessdate=2008-08-13
|publisher=[[Government of Maharashtra]]
|ref=bom}}

{{s-start}}
{{S-gov}}
{{succession box| title=[[List of governors of Bombay|Governor of Bombay]] | years= 9 January 1722 - 10 January 1729 | before= [[Charles Boone (governor)|Charles Boone]]| after=[[Robert Cowan (governor)|Robert Cowan]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Phipps, William}}
[[Category:Governors of Bombay]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:1748 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Westbury, Wiltshire]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]

{{UK-politician-stub}}

Allamprabhu Patil

2026-04-25T07:02:23Z

Brigette59K: Put up a info.

{{short description|Indian politician (born 1956)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
'''Allamprabhu Patil''' (born 5 December 1956)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Allamprabhu Patil(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- GULBARGA DAKSHIN(GULBARGA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/karnataka2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=6855&scan=original |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Karnataka]]. He is a member of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] representing the [[Indian National Congress]] from [[Gulbarga Dakshin Assembly constituency]] in [[Kalaburagi district]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Allamprabhu Patil |url=https://prsindia.org/mlatrack/allamprabhu-patil |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=PRS Legislative Research |language=en-US}}</ref> He was elected in the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]].

== Early life ==
Patil hails from [[Kalaburagi]], Kalaburagi district, Karnataka. His father Sharanappa Gouda Patil was a farmer. He completed his graduation in arts at SB College of Arts, Kalaburagi in the year 1979.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Allamprabhu Patil, Karnataka Election (ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ಚುನಾವಣಾ) 2023: Karnataka legislative assembly election (ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ಚುನಾವಣಾ ಫಲಿತಾಂಶ) 2023 News, Videos, Photos Latest Update |url=https://kannada.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/karnataka/allamprabhu-patil-gulbarga-dakshin-candidate-s10a044c014/ |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=News18 Kannada |language=kn}}</ref>

== Career ==
Patil contested the [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election]] and lost to the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] candidate [[Dattatraya C. Patil Revoor]] by a margin of 5,431 votes. After some delay, the Congress announced Patil as its candidate from Gulbarga Dakshin. He faced tough competition from former Minister [[Revu Naik Belamgi|Revu Naik Belamagi]] and Vijaykumar G Ramakrishna, the son of another former Minister [[G. Ramakrishnan|G. Ramakrishna]].<ref name="TheHindu">{{Cite news |date=2023-04-09 |title=Congress fields Allamprabhu Patil in Kalaburagi South |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/karnataka-assembly/congress-fields-allamprabhu-patil-in-kalaburagi-south/article66707303.ece |access-date=2025-05-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He was elected in the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] representing Indian National Congress and defeated his nearest rival and the same candidate, Dattatraya C. Patil Revoor of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 21,048 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-13 |title=Karnataka election 2023 results: List of winners from Gulbarga area constituencies |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/karnataka-poll-live-results-for-afzalpur-jewargi-gurmitkal-chittapur-sedam-gulbarga-rural-gulbarga-uttar-101683894368197.html |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name="TheHindu" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Allamprabhu Patil Profile, News, Photos & Political Career - Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/karnataka-assembly-election-2023/gulbarga/key-candidates-allamprabhu-patil |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref>

In September 2024, he demanded a cabinet meeting in Kalaburagi to discuss the setting up of a Bhima River Tribunal to resolve the water disputes with the neighbouring [[Maharashtra]] which is affecting about 155 villages in his constituency. He alleged Maharashtra has not been fair in releasing water through the [[Ujani dam]] to [[Bhima River|Bhima river]] to serve these areas in the state. He also demanded Rs.100 crore from the government for the development of Kalaburagi.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-10 |title=MLAs state demands ahead of Karnataka Cabinet meeting in Kalaburagi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/kalaburagi-mlas-state-demands-at-preparatory-meeting-ahead-of-karnataka-cabinet-meeting-in-kalaburagi/article68622783.ece |access-date=2025-05-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patil, Allamprabhu}}
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Kalaburagi district]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Kalaburagi]]

History of Advaita Vedanta

2026-04-24T15:45:01Z

Brigette59K: started some pg nd citations

{{Short description|none}}
[[File:Shri Gaudapadacharya Statue.jpg|[[Gaudapada]], one of the most important pre-Śaṅkara philosophers in Advaita tradition|thumb|upright]]

[[Advaita Vedānta]] is the oldest extant tradition of [[Vedanta|Vedānta]], and one of the six [[Āstika and nāstika|orthodox]] (''āstika'') [[Hindu philosophy|Hindu philosophies]] ({{IAST|''darśana''}}). Its history may be traced back to the start of the Common Era, but takes clear shape in the 6th-7th century CE, with the seminal works of [[Gaudapada]], [[Maṇḍana Miśra]], and [[Adi Shankara|Shankara]], who is considered by tradition and [[Orientalism|Orientalist]] Indologists to be the most prominent exponent of the Advaita Vedānta,{{refn|{{harvnb|Olivelle|1992|pp=x–xi, 8–10, 17–18}}; {{harvnb|Phillips|1998|p=332, note 68}}; {{harvnb|Nakamura|1950|pp=221, 680}}; {{harvnb|Madaio|2017}}}} though the historical fame and cultural influence of Shankara grew only centuries later, particularly during the era of the Muslim invasions and consequent reign of the Indian subcontinent.{{refn|{{harvnb|Hacker|1995|pp=29–30}}; {{harvnb|Blake Michael|1992|pp=60–62 with notes 6, 7 and 8}}; {{harvnb|King|2002|p=128}}; {{harvnb|Roodurmum|2002|pp=33–34}}}} The living Advaita Vedānta tradition in medieval times was influenced by, and incorporated elements from, the yogic tradition and texts like the ''[[Yoga Vasistha]]'' and the ''Bhagavata Purana''.{{sfn|Madaio|2017|pp=4–5}} In the 19th century, due to the interplay between western views and Indian nationalism, Advaita came to be regarded as the paradigmatic example of Hindu spirituality, despite the numerical dominance of theistic Bkakti-oriented religiosity.{{sfn|Sharma|2006|p=38–43, 68–75}}{{sfn|King|2013|p=128–132}} In modern times, its views appear in various [[Neo-Vedanta|Neo-Vedānta]] movements.{{sfn|King|2002|pp=119–133}}
{{TOC limit|3}}

==Historiography==
The historiography of Advaita Vedanta is coloured by Orientalist notions,{{sfn|Nicholson|2010|p=24-25}} while [[Neo-Vedanta|modern formulations of Advaita Vedānta]], which developed as a reaction to western [[Orientalism]] and [[Perennial philosophy|Perennialism]]{{sfn|King|2002|pp=136–138, 141–142}} have "become a dominant force in Indian intellectual thought."{{sfn|King|2002|p=135}}

In the Orientalist view, the medieval Muslim period was a time of stagnation and cultural degeneration, in which the original purity of the Upanisadic teachings, systematized by philosophers like Shankara, was lost. In this view, "the genuine achievements of Indian civilization" were recovered during the British colonial rule of India, due to the efforts of western Indologists, who viewed Advaita Vedanta as the authentic philosophy of the Upanishads, and Shankara as its greatest exponent.{{sfn|Nicholson|2010|p=24-25}}<ref group=note>See also Devdutt Pattanaik (August 30, 2020), [https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/others/sunday-read/who-is-a-hindu-what-they-dont-tell-you-about-advaita/articleshow/77829600.cms ''Who is a Hindu? - What they don't tell you about Advaita''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219134850/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/others/sunday-read/who-is-a-hindu-what-they-dont-tell-you-about-advaita/articleshow/77829600.cms |date=2021-12-19 }}, Mumbai Mirror.</ref> While this view has been criticised by postcolonial studies and critiques of Orientalism, "in some corners of the academy, the Orientalists' understanding of premodern Indian history has so far escaped thorough reexamination."{{sfn|Nicholson|2010|p=24}} According to Michael S. Allen and Anand Venkatkrishnan, "scholars have yet to provide even a rudimentary, let alone comprehensive account of the history of Advaita Vedānta in the centuries leading up to the colonial period."{{sfn|Allen|Venkatkrishnan|2017}}

==Early Vedanta==
The [[Upanishads]] form the basic texts, of which Vedānta gives an interpretation.{{sfn|Deutsch|Dalvi|2004|pp=95–96}} The Upanishads do not contain "a rigorous philosophical inquiry identifying the doctrines and formulating the supporting arguments".{{sfn|Balasubramanian|2000|p=xxx}}{{refn|group=note|Nevertheless, Balasubramanian argues that since the basic ideas of the Vedanta systems are derived from the Vedas, the Vedantic philosophy is as old as the Vedas.{{sfn|Balasubramanian|2000|p=xxix}}}} This philosophical inquiry was performed by the [[darsanas]], the various philosophical schools.{{sfn|Balasubramanian|2000|pp=xxx–xxxi}}{{refn|group=note|Deutsch and Dalvi point out that, in the Indian context, texts "are only part of a tradition which is preserved in its purest form in the oral transmission as it has been going on".{{sfn|Deutsch|Dalvi|2004|p=95}}}}

The [[Brahma Sutras]] of Bādarāyana, also called the ''Vedānta Sutra'',{{sfn|Balasubramanian|2000|p=xxxii}} were compiled in its present form around 400–450 AD,{{sfn|Nakamura|1950a|p=436}} but "the great part of the ''Sutra'' must have been in existence much earlier than that".{{sfn|Nakamura|1950a|p=436}} Estimates of the date of Bādarāyana's lifetime differ between 200 BC and 200 AD.{{sfn|Pandey|2000|p=4}} The Brahma Sutra is a critical study of the teachings of the Upanishads, possibly "written from a Bhedābheda Vedāntic viewpoint."<ref group=web name="IEPBheda">{{Cite web |url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/bhed-ved/#H3 |title=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, ''Bhedābheda Vedānta'' |access-date=2022-01-05 |archive-date=2015-02-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218113652/http://www.iep.utm.edu/bhed-ved/#H3 |url-status=live }}</ref> It was and is a guide-book for the great teachers of the Vedantic systems.{{sfn|Balasubramanian|2000|p=xxxii}} Bādarāyana was not the first person to systematise the teachings of the Upanishads.{{sfn|Balasubramanian|2000|p=xxxiii}} He refers to seven Vedantic teachers before him:{{sfn|Balasubramanian|2000|p=xxxiii}}
{{blockquote|From the way in which Bādarāyana cites the views of others it is obvious that the teachings of the Upanishads must have been analyzed and interpreted by quite a few before him and that his systematization of them in 555 sutras arranged in four chapters must have been the last attempt, most probably the best.{{sfn|Balasubramanian|2000|p=xxxiii}}}}

==Early Advaita Vedānta==
Of the Vedānta-school before the composition of the [[Brahma Sutras]] (400–450 CE{{sfn|Nakamura|1950|p=3}}), wrote Nakamura in 1950, almost nothing is known.{{sfn|Nakamura|1950|p=3}} The two Advaita writings predating Maṇḍana Miśra and Shankara that were known to scholars such as Nakamura in the first half of 20th-century, were the ''Vākyapadīya'', written by [[Bhartṛhari]] (second half 5th century,{{sfn|Nakamura|1950|p=426}}) and the ''Māndūkya-kārikā'' written by [[Gaudapada|Gauḍapāda]] (7th century).{{sfn|Nakamura|1950|p=3}} Later scholarship added the [[Sannyasa#Sannyasa Upanishads|Sannyasa Upanishads]] to the earliest known corpus.

According to Nakamura, "there must have been an enormous number of other writings turned out in this period [between the ''Brahma Sutras'' and Shankara], but unfortunately all of them have been scattered or lost and have not come down to us today".{{sfn|Nakamura|1950|p=3}} In his commentaries, Shankara mentions 99 different predecessors of his Sampradaya.{{sfn|Roodurmum|2002}} In the beginning of his commentary on the Brhadaranyaka Upanishad Shankara salutes the teachers of the Brahmavidya Sampradaya.<ref group=web>{{Cite web |url=http://www.advaita-vedanta.org/avhp/pre-sankara.html |title=advaita-deanta.org, ''Advaita Vedanta before Sankaracarya'' |access-date=2019-01-03 |archive-date=2018-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303094318/http://www.advaita-vedanta.org/avhp/pre-sankara.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Pre-Shankara doctrines and sayings can be traced in the works of the later schools, which does give insight into the development of early Vedānta philosophy.{{sfn|Nakamura|1950|p=3}}

The names of various important early Vedānta thinkers have been listed in the ''[[Siddhitraya]]'' by Yamunācārya (c.1050), the ''[[Vedarthasamgraha|Vedārthasamgraha]]'' by Rāmānuja (c.1050–1157), and the ''Yatīndramatadīpikā'' by Śrīnivāsa-dāsa.{{sfn|Nakamura|1950|p=3}} Combined,{{sfn|Nakamura|1950|p=3}} at least fourteen thinkers are known to have existed between the composition of the Brahman Sutras and Shankara's lifetime, namely Bhartŗhari (c.450–500), Upavarsa (c.450–500), Bodhāyana (c.500), Tanka (Brahmānandin) (c.500–550), Dravida (c.550), Bhartŗprapañca (c.550), Śabarasvāmin (c.550), Bhartŗmitra (c.550–600), Śrivatsānka (c.600), Sundarapāndya (c.600), Brahmadatta (c.600–700), Gaudapada (c.640–690), Govinda (c.670–720), Mandanamiśra (c.670–750).{{sfn|Nakamura|1950|p=3}}

===Sannyasa Upanishads===
Scholarship after 1950 suggests that almost all [[Sannyasa#Sannyasa Upanishads|Sannyasa Upanishads]], which belong to the minor Upanishads and are of a later date than the major Upanishads, namely the first centuries CE,{{refn|group=note|According to Sprockhoff, the group of older Sannyasa Upanishads – Aruni, Kundika, Kathashruti, Paramahamsa, Jabala and Brahma – were composed before the 3rd-century CE, likely in the centuries before or after the start of the common era,{{sfn|Olivelle|1992|pp=8–9}} while the Asrama Upanishad is dated to the 3rd-century.{{sfn|Olivelle|1992|p=9}}<ref>{{cite book|first=Joachim F|last=Sprockhoff|year=1976|title=Samnyasa: Quellenstudien zur Askese im Hinduismus|publisher=Wiesbaden: Kommissionsverlag Franz Steiner|language=de| isbn=978-3515019057|pages=277–294, 319–377}}</ref> Olivelle disagrees with Sprockhoff, dating the group of oldest ''Sannyasa Upanishads'' to the first centuries of the common era.{{sfn|Olivelle|1992|p=10}}}} and some of which are of a sectarian nature,{{sfn|Olivelle|1992|pp=3–4}} have a strong Advaita Vedānta outlook.{{sfn|Olivelle|1992|pp=17–18}}<ref>Stephen H Phillips (1995), Classical Indian Metaphysics, Columbia University Press, {{ISBN|978-0812692983}}, p. 332 with note 68</ref><ref>Antonio Rigopoulos (1998), Dattatreya: The Immortal Guru, Yogin, and Avatara, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0791436967}}, pp. 62–63</ref> The Advaita Vedānta views in these ancient texts may be, states [[Patrick Olivelle]], because major Hindu monasteries of this period (early medieval period, starting mid 6th century) belonged to the Advaita Vedānta tradition, preserving only Advaita views, and recasting other texts into Advaita texts.{{sfn|Olivelle|1992|pp=17–18}}

===Bhartṛhari===
Bhartṛhari ([[Devanagari]]: {{lang|sa|भर्तृहरि}}; also romanised as '''Bhartrihari'''; [[floruit|fl]]. c. 5th century CE) is a [[Sanskrit]] writer to whom are normally ascribed two influential [[Sanskrit]] texts:
* the ''[[Vākyapadīya]]'', on [[Sanskrit grammar]] and [[linguistic philosophy]], a foundational text in the Indian grammatical tradition, explaining numerous theories on the word and on the sentence, including theories which came to be known under the name of [[Sphoṭa]]; in this work Bhartrhari also discussed logical problems such as the [[liar paradox]] and a paradox of unnameability or unsignifiability which has become known as [[Bhartrhari's paradox]], and
* the ''[[Śatakatraya]]'', a work of [[Sanskrit poetry]], comprising three collections of about 100 stanzas each; it may or may not be by the same author who composed the two mentioned grammatical works.

=== Gauḍapāda and ''{{IAST|Māṇḍukya Kārikā}}'' ===
{{Main|Gaudapada}}

Gauḍapāda (6th century){{sfn|Raju|1992|p=177}} was the teacher of [[Govinda Bhagavatpada]] and the grandteacher of Shankara. [[Gaudapada|Gauḍapāda]] uses the concepts of [[Ajativada|Ajātivāda]] and [[Maya (illusion)|Maya]]{{sfn|Comans|2000|pp=27–33}} to establish "that from the level of ultimate truth the world is a cosmic illusion,"{{sfn|Comans|2000|p=94}} and "suggests that the whole of our waking experience is exactly the same as an illusory and insubstantial dream."{{sfn|Deutsch|Dalvi|2004|p=157}} In contrast, [[Adi Shankara]] insists upon a distinction between waking experience and dreams.{{sfn|Deutsch|Dalvi|2004|p=157}}

====Mandukya Karika====
Gauḍapāda wrote or compiled{{sfn|Nakamura|1950|p=308}} the ''{{IAST|Māṇḍukya Kārikā}}'', also known as the ''{{IAST|Gauḍapāda Kārikā}}'' or the ''{{IAST|Āgama Śāstra}}''.{{sfn|Nakamura|1950|p=280}} The ''{{IAST|Māṇḍukya Kārikā}}'' is a commentary in verse form on the ''[[Mandukya Upanishad|Māṇḍūkya Upanishad]]'', one of the shortest [[Upanishads]] consisting of just 13 prose sentences. Of the ancient literature related to Advaita Vedānta, the oldest surviving complete text is the ''Māṇḍukya Kārikā''.{{sfn|Sharma|1997|p=239}} Many other texts with the same type of teachings and which were older than ''Māṇḍukya Kārikā'' existed and this is unquestionable because other scholars and their views are cited by Gauḍapāda, Shankara and Anandagiri, according to Hajime Nakamura.{{sfn|Nakamura|1950|pp=211–213}} Gauḍapāda relied particularly on the ''Māṇḍūkya Upanishad'', as well as the ''[[Brihadaranyaka Upanishad|Brihadaranyaka]]'' and ''[[Chandogya Upanishad]]s''.{{sfn|Sharma|1997|p=239}}

Gaudapada took over the Yogachara teaching of ''[[Yogacara#Representation-only|vijñapti-mātra]]'', "representation-only," which states that the empirical reality that we experience is a fabrication of the mind, experienced by consciousness-an-sich,{{sfn|Raju|1971|p=177}}{{refn|group=note|It is often used interchangeably with the term ''citta-mātra'', but they have different meanings. The standard translation of both terms is "consciousness-only" or "mind-only." Several modern researchers object this translation, and the accompanying label of "absolute idealism" or "idealistic monism".{{sfn|Kochumuttom|1999|p=1}} A better translation for ''vijñapti-mātra'' is ''representation-only''.{{sfn|Kochumuttom|1999|p=5}}}} and the four-cornered negation, which negates any positive predicates of 'the Absolute'.{{sfn|Raju|1971|p=177}}{{Sfn|Sarma|2007|pp=126, 143-144}}{{refn|group=note|1. Something is. 2. It is not. 3. It both is and is not. 4. It neither is nor is not.{{sfn|Garfield|Priest|2003}}{{page needed|date=August 2016}} The 'four-cornered negation' is an English gloss of the Sanskrit, [[Catuṣkoṭi|Chatushkoti]].{{citation needed|date=August 2016}}}} Gaudapada "wove [both doctrines] into the philosophy of ''Mandukaya Upanisad'', which was further developed by Shankara".{{sfn|Raju|1971|p=177-178}}{{refn|group=note|The influence of [[Mahayana Buddhism]] on other religions and philosophies was not limited to Vedanta. Kalupahana notes that the [[Visuddhimagga]] – a Theravada Buddhist tradition, contains "some metaphysical speculations, such as those of the Sarvastivadins, the Sautrantikas, and even the [[Yogacara|Yogacarins]]".{{sfn|Kalupahana|1994|p=206}}}} In this view,
{{blockquote|the ultimate ontological reality is the pure consciousness, which is bereft of attributes and intentionality. The world of duality is nothing but a vibration of the mind (manodṛśya or manaspandita). The pluralistic world is imagined by the mind (saṁkalpa) and this false projection is sponsored by the illusory factor called māyā.<ref name=iepgauda/>}} According to Bhattacharya, ''Asparsayoga'' also has Buddhist origins.{{Sfn|Potter|1981|p=105}}

The ''Māṇḍūkya Upanishad'' was considered to be a [[Śruti]] before the era of Adi Shankara, but not treated as particularly important.{{sfn|Nakamura|1950|p=280}} In later post-Shankara period its value became far more important, and regarded as expressing the essence of the Upanishad philosophy. The entire ''Karika'' became a key text for the Advaita school in this later era.{{sfn|Nakamura|1950|pp=280–281}}{{refn|group=note|Nakamura notes that there are contradictions in doctrine between the four chapters.{{sfn|Nakamura|1950|p=308}} According to Murti, the conclusion from ''Mandukya Karika'' is so irresistible that Gaudapada is attempting an advaitic interpretation of Vedanta school of Hinduism in the light of the Madhyamika and Yogcara doctrines of Buddhism.<ref name=trvmurti114>TRV Murti (1955), The central philosophy of Buddhism, Routledge (2008 Reprint), {{ISBN|978-0-415-46118-4}}, pp. 114–115</ref> However, adds Murti, the doctrines are unlike Buddhism. The first three chapters of the ''Karika'' are founded on the Upanishads, with little Buddhist flavor.<ref name=trvmurti114/> Chapter Four is unlike the first three, and shows Buddhist terms and influence.<ref name=iepgauda>[http://www.iep.utm.edu/gauḍapad/ Gaudapada] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615104440/https://www.iep.utm.edu/gau%e1%b8%8dapad/ |date=2020-06-15 }}, Devanathan Jagannathan, University of Toronto, IEP</ref> Further, according to Murti, and Richard King, no Vedanta scholars who followed Gaudapada ever quoted from Chapter Four of ''Karika'', they only quote from the first three.<ref name=trvmurti114/><ref name=iepgauda/>}}

==== Shri Gauḍapādacharya Math ====
{{Main|Shri Gaudapadacharya Math}}

According to tradition, around 740 CE Gauḍapāda founded Shri Gauḍapādacharya Math{{refn|group=note|{{langx|sa|श्री संस्थान गौडपदाचार्य मठ}}, {{IAST|Śrī Sansthāna Gauḍapadācārya Maṭha}}}}, also known as {{IAST|Kavaḷē maṭha}}. It is located in [[Kavale]], [[Ponda taluk|Ponda]], Goa,<ref group=web>{{Cite web |url=http://www.vidya-ashramvidyaorder.org/index.V.html |title=Asram Vidya Order, ''Biographical Notes About Sankara And Gaudapada'' |access-date=2019-01-03 |archive-date=2020-08-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809145405/http://vidya-ashramvidyaorder.org/index.V.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and is the oldest [[matha]] of the [[South India]]n [[Saraswat Brahmin]]s.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite book|title=Shri Gowdapadacharya & Shri Kavale Math (A Commemoration volume)| page=10}}</ref><ref group=web>{{Cite web |url=http://www.shrikavalemath.org.in/ |title=Shri Kavale Math |access-date=25 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225124923/http://shrikavalemath.org.in/ |archive-date=25 December 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Early medieval period - Maṇḍana Miśra and Adi Shankara ==
While today Shankara is regarded as the greatest exponent of Advaita Vedanta, until the 10th century his older contemporary Maṇḍana Miśra was the most prominent Advaitin. Shankara gained more attention in the 10th century, due to the writings of Vachaspati Misra (800–900 CE), a student of Maṇḍana Miśra, but it was not until the 14th century that Shankara was promoted as a folk-hero who disseminated Advaita Vedanta throughout India.

===Historical context===
{{See also|History of India#Late Middle Kingdoms – The Late-Classical Age|l1=Late-Classical Age|History of Hinduism#Middle Ages|l2=Hinduism Middle Ages}}

Maṇḍana Miśra and Shankara lived in the time of the so-called "Late classical Hinduism",{{sfn|Michaels|2004|pp=41–43}} which lasted from 650 to 1100{{nbsp}}.{{sfn|Michaels|2004|pp=41–43}} This era was one of political instability that followed [[Gupta dynasty]] and King Harsha of the 7th{{nbsp}}century{{nbsp}}.<ref name=johnkoller2>John Koller (2012), ''Shankara in Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Religion'' (Editors: Chad Meister, Paul Copan), Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0-415-78294-4}}, pp. 99–108</ref> It was a time of social and cultural change as the ideas of Buddhism, Jainism, and various traditions within Hinduism were competing for members.<ref>TMP Mahadevan (1968), ''Shankaracharya'', National Book Trust, pp. 283–285, {{oclc|254278306}}</ref><ref name=frankwhaling>Frank Whaling (1979), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23440361 Sankara and Buddhism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105073910/https://www.jstor.org/stable/23440361 |date=2022-01-05 }}, Journal of Indian Philosophy, Vol.{{nbsp}}7, No.{{nbsp}}1, pp. 1–42</ref> Buddhism in particular influenced India's spiritual traditions in the first 700 years of the 1st millennium AD.<ref name=johnkoller2/><ref>Karl Potter (1998), ''Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies: Advaita Vedānta up to Śaṃkara and his pupils'', Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-81-208-0310-7}}, pp. 1–21, 103–119</ref> Shankara and his contemporaries made a significant contribution in understanding Buddhism and the ancient Vedic traditions; they then incorporated the extant ideas, particularly reforming the Vedānta tradition of Hinduism, making it India's most important tradition for more than a thousand years.<ref name=johnkoller2/>

===Maṇḍana Miśra ===
{{Main|Maṇḍana Miśra}}

Maṇḍana Miśra was an older contemporary of Shankara.{{sfn|Roodurmum|2002|p=29}} Maṇḍana Miśra was a Mimamsa scholar and a follower of [[Kumarila]], but also wrote a seminal text on Advaita that has survived into the modern era, the ''[[Brahmasiddhi|Brahma-siddhi]]''.{{sfn|Roodurmum|2002|p=31}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Allen Wright Thrasher|title=The Advaita Vedānta of Brahma-siddhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9b2cJ1gLgvgC|year=1993|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0982-6|pages=vii–x|access-date=2022-01-05|archive-date=2022-01-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105073910/https://books.google.com/books?id=9b2cJ1gLgvgC|url-status=live}}</ref> His influence was such that some regard the ''[[Brahmasiddhi|Brahma-siddhi]]'' to have "set forth a non-Shankaran brand of Advaita,"{{sfn|Roodurmum|2002|p=31}} and for a couple of centuries he seems to have been regarded as "the most important representative of the Advaita position."{{sfn|King|2002|p=128}} The "theory of error" set forth in this work became the normative Advaita Vedānta theory of error.{{sfn|Roodurmum|2002|p=32}} According to Maṇḍana Miśra, errors are opportunities because they "lead to truth", and full correct knowledge requires that not only should one understand the truth but also examine and understand errors as well as what is not truth.<ref>{{cite book|author=Allen Wright Thrasher|title=The Advaita Vedānta of Brahma-siddhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9b2cJ1gLgvgC|year=1993|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0982-6|pages=101–109, 51–75|access-date=2022-01-05|archive-date=2022-01-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105073910/https://books.google.com/books?id=9b2cJ1gLgvgC|url-status=live}}</ref>

Maṇḍana Miśra's influence is reflected in a tradition which tells Maṇḍana Miśra and his wife were defeated by Shankara in a debate, after which he became a follower of Shankara.{{sfn|Roodurmum|2002|p=31}} Yet, his attitude toward Shankara was that of a "self-confident rival teacher of Advaita,"{{sfn|Sharma|1997|p=291}} and the legend may have intended to incorporate Maṇḍana Miśra into Shankara's fold.

===Adi Shankara===
{{Quote box |width=25em | bgcolor=#e6f2ff |align=right |salign = right
|quote=20th verse of ''Brahmajnanavalimala'', attributed to Adi Shankara: 
ब्रह्म सत्यं जगन्मिथ्या 
जीवो ब्रह्मैव नापरः

Brahman is real, the world is an illusion 
Brahman and [[Jiva]] are not different.

''Brahmajnanavalimala'' 1.20<ref>Sanskrit:[https://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_z_misc_shankara/brahmajna.html?lang=sa Sanskrit documents] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623112419/https://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_z_misc_shankara/brahmajna.html?lang=sa |date=2021-06-23 }}, Brahmajnanalimala 1.20</ref>}}
{{Main|Adi Shankara}}

Advaita Vedānta existed prior to Adi Shankara (788–820), also known as {{IAST|Śaṅkara Bhagavatpādācārya}} and {{IAST|Ādi Śaṅkarācārya}}, but found in him its most influential expounder.{{sfn|Grimes|1990|p=7}}

====Systematizer of Advaita Vedanta thought====
According to Nakamura, comparison of the known teachings of the early Vedantins and Shankara's thought shows that most of the characteristics of Shankara's thought "were advocated by someone before Śankara".{{sfn|Nakamura|1950|p=678}} Shankara "was the person who synthesized the ''Advaita-vāda'' which had previously existed before him".{{sfn|Nakamura|1950|p=678}} In this synthesis, he was the rejuvenator and defender of ancient learning.{{sfn|Nakamura|1950|p=679}} He was an unequalled commentator,{{sfn|Nakamura|1950|p=679}} due to whose efforts and contributions the Advaita Vedānta assumed a dominant position within Indian philosophy.{{sfn|Nakamura|1950|p=679}}

According to Mayeda, Shankara represents a turning point in the development of Vedānta,{{sfn|Mayeda|2006|p=13}} yet he also notices that it is only since Deussens's praise that Shankara "has usually been regarded as the greatest philosopher of India."{{sfn|Mayeda|1992|p=XV}} Mayeda further notes that Shankara was primarily concerned with ''moksha'', "and not with the establishment of a complete system of philosophy or theology,"{{sfn|Mayeda|1992|p=XV}} following Potter, who qualifies Shankara as a "speculative philosopher."{{sfn|Mayeda|1992|p=XVIII, note 3}} According to Nakamura, after the growing influence of Buddhism on Vedānta, culminating in the works of Gauḍapāda, Adi Shankara gave a Vedantic character to the Buddhistic elements in these works,{{sfn|Mayeda|2006|p=13}} synthesising and rejuvenating the doctrine of Advaita.{{sfn|Nakamura|1950|p=679}} According to Koller, using ideas in ancient Indian texts, Shankara systematized the foundation for Advaita [[Vedanta|Vedānta]] in the 8th century, reforming [[Badarayana]]'s Vedānta tradition.<ref name=johnkoller/>

====Writings====
{{Main|Adi Shankara bibliography}}

Adi Shankara is best known for his reviews and commentaries (''Bhasyas'') on ancient Indian texts. Shankara's masterpiece of commentary is the ''Brahmasutrabhasya'' (literally, commentary on [[Brahma Sutra]]), a fundamental text of the Vedānta school of Hinduism.{{sfn|Mayeda|2006|pp=6–7}} His commentaries on ten [[Mukhya Upanishads|Mukhya]] (principal) Upanishads are also considered authentic by scholars.{{sfn|Mayeda|2006|pp=6–7}}<ref name=paulhacker30>Paul Hacker, Philology and Confrontation: Paul Hacker on Traditional and Modern Vedanta (Editor: Wilhelm Halbfass), State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0-7914-2582-4}}, pp. 30–31</ref> Other authentic works of Shankara include commentaries on the Bhagavad Gitā (part of his [[Prasthana Trayi]] Bhasya).<ref name=rambachanepis>A Rambachan (1991), Accomplishing the Accomplished: Vedas as a Source of Valid Knowledge in Sankara, University of Hawaii Press, {{ISBN|978-0-8248-1358-1}}, pp. xii–xiii</ref>

Shankara's ''Vivarana'' (tertiary notes) on the commentary by Vedavyasa on [[Yoga Sutras of Patanjali|Yogasutras]] as well as those on Apastamba Dharma-sũtras (''Adhyatama-patala-bhasya'') are accepted by scholars as authentic works of Adi Shankara.{{sfn|Isaeva|1993|pp=93–97}}<ref name=halbfassyoga/> Among the ''Stotra'' (poetic works), the [[Dakshinamurti Stotra|Daksinamurti Stotra]], [[Bhaja Govindam|Bhajagovinda Stotra]], Sivanandalahari, Carpata-panjarika, Visnu-satpadi, [[Hari Stuti|Harimide]], Dasa-shloki, and Krishna-staka are likely to be authentic.{{sfn|Isaeva|1993|pp=93–97}}{{sfn|Pande|1994|pp=351–352}} He also authored [[Upadesasahasri]], his most important original philosophical work.<ref name=johnkoller>John Koller (2007), in Chad Meister and Paul Copan (Editors): ''The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Religion'', Routledge, {{ISBN|978-1-134-18001-1}}, pp. 98–106</ref><ref name=halbfassyoga>Wilhelm Halbfass (1990), ''Tradition and Reflection: Explorations in Indian Thought'', State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0-7914-0362-4}}, pp. 205–208</ref> Of other original ''Prakaranas'' (प्रकरण, monographs, treatise), 76 works are attributed to Adi Shankara. Modern era Indian scholars Belvalkar and Upadhyaya accept five and thirty nine works, respectively, as authentic.{{sfn|Pande|1994|pp=113–115}}

Several commentaries on Nrisimha-Purvatatapaniya and Shveshvatara Upanishads have been attributed to Adi Shankara, but their authenticity is highly doubtful.<ref name=paulhacker30/>{{sfn|Pande|1994|pp=105–113}} Similarly, commentaries on several early and later Upanishads attributed to Shankara are rejected by scholars<ref name=paulhackeraupr>Paul Hacker, 'Sankaracarya and Sankarabhagavatpada: Preliminary Remarks Concerning the Authorship Problem', in ''Philology and Confrontation: Paul Hacker on Traditional and Modern Vedanta'' (Editor: Wilhelm Halbfass), State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0-7914-2582-4}}, pp. 41–56</ref> as his works, and are likely works of later Advaita Vedānta scholars; these include the [[Kaushitaki Upanishad]], Maitri Upanishad, [[Kaivalya Upanishad]], Paramahamsa Upanishad, Sakatayana Upanishad, Mandala Brahmana Upanishad, Maha [[Narayana Upanishad]], and Gopalatapaniya Upanishad.{{sfn|Pande|1994|pp=105–113}}

The authenticity of Shankara being the author of {{IAST|[[Viveka Chudamani|Vivekacūḍāmaṇi]]}}<ref>Adi Shankaracharya, [https://archive.org/stream/vivekachudamanio00sankrich#page/n3/mode/2up Vivekacūḍāmaṇi] S Madhavananda (Translator), Advaita Ashrama (1921)</ref> has been questioned, and "modern scholars tend to reject its authenticity as a work by Shankara."<ref>John Grimes (2004), ''The Vivekacudamani of Sankaracarya Bhagavatpada: An Introduction and Translation'', Ashgate, {{ISBN|978-0-7546-3395-2}}, p.23</ref> The authorship of Shankara of his [[Mandukya Upanishad]] ''Bhasya'' and his supplementary commentary on Gaudapada's ''{{IAST|Māṇḍukya Kārikā}}'' has been disputed by Nakamura.{{sfn|Nakamura|1950|pp=262–265}} However, other scholars state that the commentary on Mandukya, which is actually a commentary on Madukya-Karikas by [[Gaudapada]], may be authentic.{{sfn|Isaeva|1993|pp=93–97}}{{sfn|Pande|1994|pp=105–113}}

====Influence of Shankara====
Shankara's status in the tradition of Advaita Vedānta is unparallelled. According to his hagiographies, written in te 14th-17th century and which shaped the popular reception of Shankara, he travelled all over India to help restore the study of the Vedas.<ref>Per Durst-Andersen and Elsebeth F. Lange (2010), ''Mentality and Thought: North, South, East and West'', CBS Press, {{ISBN|978-87-630-0231-8}}, p. 68</ref> His teachings and the [[sampradaya|tradition]] attributed to him form the basis of [[Smartism]] and have influenced [[Sant Mat]] lineages.<ref>{{citation |author=Ron Geaves|date=March 2002|title=From Totapuri to Maharaji: Reflections on a Lineage (Parampara)|publisher=27th Spalding Symposium on Indian Religions, Oxford}}</ref> He's further believed to have introduced the {{IAST|[[panchayatana puja|Pañcāyatana]]}} form of [[Puja (Hinduism)|worship]], the simultaneous worship of five deities{{snd}}Ganesha, Surya, Vishnu, Shiva, and Devi. Shankara explained that all deities were but different forms of the one [[Brahman]], the invisible Supreme Being.<ref>Klaus Klostermaier (2007), ''A Survey of Hinduism'', Third Edition, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0-7914-7082-4}}, p. 40</ref>

Benedict Ashley credits Adi Shankara for unifying two seemingly disparate philosophical doctrines in Hinduism, namely [[Jiva|Atman]] and [[Brahman]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Benedict Ashley, O.P.|title=The Way toward Wisdom|year=2006|isbn=0-268-02028-0|oclc=609421317|page=395|publisher=University of Notre Dame Press |author-link=Benedict Ashley}}</ref> Isaeva states that Shankara's influence extended to reforming Hinduism, founding monasteries, edifying disciples, disputing opponents, and engaging in philosophic activity that, in the eyes of Indian tradition, helped revive "the orthodox idea of the unity of all beings" and Vedānta thought.<ref>{{cite book|title=Shankara and Indian Philosophy|oclc=24953669|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hshaWu0m1D4C&pg=PP1|author=N. V. Isaeva|year=1992|page=2|isbn=978-0-7914-1281-7|publisher=State University of New York Press|access-date=2022-01-05|archive-date=2022-01-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105073913/https://books.google.com/books?id=hshaWu0m1D4C&pg=PP1|url-status=live}}</ref>

Scholars have questioned Shankara's early influence in India.{{sfn|Hacker|1995|p=29–30}} The historical records for this period are unclear, and little reliable information is known about the various contemporaries and disciples of Shankara.<ref name=karlpottermms>Karl Potter (2008), ''Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies: Advaita Vedānta up to Śaṃkara and his pupils'', Vol. 3, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-81-208-0310-7}}, pp. 346–347, 420–423, Quote: "There is little firm historical information about Suresvara; tradition holds Suresvara is same as Mandanamisra."</ref> According to King and Roodurmum, until the 10th century Shankara was overshadowed by his older contemporary [[Maṇḍana Miśra|Mandana-Misra]], who was considered to be the major representative of Advaita.{{sfn|King|2002|p=128}}{{sfn|Roodurmum|2002|pp=33–34}} Some modern Advaitins argue that most of post-Shankara Advaita vedanta actually deviates from Shankara, and that only his student Suresvara, who's had little influence, represents Shankara correctly.{{sfn|Potter|2006|p=6-7}} In this view, Shankara's influential student Padmapada misunderstood Shankara, while his views were maintained by the Suresvara school.{{sfn|Potter|2006|p=6-7}} According to [[Satchidanandendra Sarasvati]], "almost all the later Advaitins were influenced by Mandana Misra and [[Bhāskara (Bhedabheda Vedanta)|Bhaskara]]."{{sfn|Satchidanandendra|1997|p=6}}{{refn|group=note|{{harvtxt|Potter|2006|pp=6–7}}: "...these modern interpreters are implying that most Advaitins after Samkara's time are confused and basically mistaken, and that 99% of the extant classical interpretive literature on Samkara's philosophy is off the mark. This is clearly a remarkably radical conclusion. Yet, there is good reason to think that it may well be true.}}

Until the 11th century, Vedanta itself was a peripheral school of thought;{{sfn|Nicholson|2010|p=157; 229 note 57}} Vedanta became a major influence when Vedanta philosophy was utilized by various sects of Hinduism to ground their doctrines,{{sfn|Nakamura|1950|p=691-693}} such as [[Ramanuja]] (11th c.), who aligned [[bhakti]], "the major force in the religions of Hinduism," with philosophical thought, meanwhile rejecting Shankara's views.<ref group=web name=EB_Ramanuja>Encyclopedia Britannica, [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ramanuja Ramanajua] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621165517/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ramanuja |date=2022-06-21 }}</ref>

Several scholars argue that the historical fame and cultural influence of Shankara grew centuries later, particularly during the era of the Muslim invasions and consequent devastation of India.{{sfn|Hacker|1995|p=29–30}}{{sfn|Blake Michael|1992|p=60–62 with notes 6, 7 and 8}} Many of Shankara's biographies were created and published in and after the 14th century, such as the widely cited Vidyaranya's Śankara-vijaya. [[Vidyaranya]], also known as Madhava, who was the 12th Jagadguru of the Śringeri Śarada Pītham from 1380 to 1386,<ref name="Chisholm, Hugh 1911">Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Mādhava Āchārya". Encyclopædia Britannica.</ref> inspired the re-creation of the Hindu [[Vijayanagara Empire]] of South India in response to the devastation caused by the Islamic [[Delhi Sultanate]].{{sfn|Blake Michael|1992|p=60–62 with notes 6, 7 and 8}}<ref name=talbot>Cynthia Talbot (2001), ''Precolonial India in Practice: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra'', Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-19-513661-6}}, pp. 185–187, 199–201</ref> He and his brothers, suggest Paul Hacker and other scholars,{{sfn|Hacker|1995|p=29–30}}{{sfn|Blake Michael|1992|p=60–62 with notes 6, 7 and 8}} wrote about Śankara as well as extensive Advaitic commentaries on the Vedas and Dharma. Vidyaranya was a minister in the Vijayanagara Empire and enjoyed royal support,<ref name=talbot/> and his sponsorship and methodical efforts helped establish Shankara as a rallying symbol of values, spread historical and cultural influence of Shankara's Vedānta philosophies, and establish monasteries (''mathas'') to expand the cultural influence of Shankara and Advaita Vedānta.{{sfn|Hacker|1995|p=29–30}}

===Advaita Vedānta sub-schools===
After Maṇḍana Miśra and Shankara, several sub-schools developed. Two of them still exist today, the [[Bhāmatī]] and the [[Vivarana]].<ref group=web name=BhamatiVivarana />{{sfn|Roodurmum|2002}} Two defunct schools are the ''Pancapadika'' and ''Istasiddhi'', which were replaced by Prakasatman's Vivarana school.{{sfn|Roodurmum|2002|p=40}} These schools worked out the logical implications of various Advaita doctrines. Two of the problems they encountered were the further interpretations of the concepts of [[Maya (illusion)|māyā]] and [[Avidya (Hinduism)|avidya]].<ref group=web name=BhamatiVivarana />

====Sureśvara ====
[[Sureśvara]] (fl. 800–900 CE){{sfn|Roodurmum|2002|p=30}} was a contemporary of Shankara.{{sfn|Roodurmum|2002|p=29}} Sureśvara has been credited as the founder of a pre-Shankara branch of Advaita Vedānta,{{sfn|Roodurmum|2002|p=30}} and is often (incorrectly) being identified with Maṇḍana Miśra.{{sfn|Roodurmum|2002|p=29}} The identification is unlikely, and may reflect the influence of Mandana Misra. Hiriyanna and Kuppuswami Sastra have pointed out that Sureśvara and Maṇḍana Miśra had different views on various doctrinal points:{{sfn|Sharma|1997|p=290}}
* The locus of ''avidya'':{{sfn|Sharma|1997|p=290}} according to Maṇḍana Miśra, the individual ''jiva'' is the locus of ''avidya'', whereas Suresvara contends that the ''avidya'' regarding Brahman is located in Brahman.{{sfn|Sharma|1997|p=290}} These two different stances are also reflected in the opposing positions of the Bhamati school and the Vivarana school.{{sfn|Sharma|1997|p=290}}
* Liberation: according to Maṇḍana Miśra, the knowledge that arises from the Mahavakya is insufficient for liberation. Only the direct realization of Brahma is liberating, which can only be attained by meditation.{{sfn|Sharma|1997|pp=290–291}} According to Suresvara, this knowledge is directly liberating, while meditation is at best a useful aid.{{sfn|Sharma|1997|p=291}}{{refn|group=note|According to both Roodurum and Isaeva, Sureśvara stated that mere knowledge of the identity of Jiva and Brahman is not enough for liberation, which requires prolonged meditation on this identity.{{sfn|Roodurmum|2002|p=30}}{{sfn|Isaeva|1993|p=241}}}}

====Padmapada – Pancapadika school====
[[Padmapada]] (c. 800 CE){{sfn|Roodurmum|2002|p=38}} was a direct disciple of Shankara who wrote the ''Pancapadika'', a commentary on the ''Sankara-bhaya''.{{sfn|Roodurmum|2002|p=38}} Padmapada diverged from Shankara in his description of ''avidya'', designating ''prakrti'' as ''avidya'' or ''ajnana''.{{sfn|Roodurmum|2002|p=39}}

====Vachaspati Misra – Bhamati school====
{{Main|Bhamati|Vācaspati Miśra}}

Vachaspati Misra (800–900 CE),{{sfn|Roodurmum|2002|p=34}} a student of Maṇḍana Miśra, wrote the ''Brahmatattva-samiksa'', a commentary on Maṇḍana Miśra's ''Brahma-siddhi'', wrote the ''[[Bhamati]]'', a commentary on Shankara's ''Brahma Sutra Bhashya'', and the ''Brahmatattva-samiksa'', a commentary on Mandana Mishra's ''[[Brahmasiddhi|Brahma-siddhi]]''. His thought was mainly inspired by Mandana Miśra, and harmonises Shankara's thought with that of Mandana Miśra.{{sfn|Roodurmum|2002|p=35}}<ref group=web name=BhamatiVivarana>{{Cite web |url=http://www.advaita-vedanta.org/avhp/bhavir.html |title=The Bhamati and Vivarana Schools |access-date=2019-01-03 |archive-date=2018-04-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407053224/http://www.advaita-vedanta.org/avhp/bhavir.html |url-status=live }}</ref> According to Advaita tradition, Shankara reincarnated as Vachaspati Miśra "to popularise the Advaita System through his Bhamati."{{sfn|Roodurmum|2002|p=34}} Only two works are known of Vachaspati Misra, the ''Brahmatattva-samiksa'' on Maṇḍana Miśra's ''Brahma-siddhi'', and his ''Bhamati'' on the ''Sankara-bhasya'', Shankara's commentary on the Brahma-sutras.{{sfn|Roodurmum|2002|p=35}} The name of the Bhamati sub-school is derived from this ''Bhamati''.<ref group=web name=BhamatiVivarana />

The Bhamati school takes an ontological approach. It sees the [[Jiva]] as the source of avidya.<ref group=web name=BhamatiVivarana /> It sees meditation as the main factor in the acquirement of liberation, while the study of the Vedas and reflection are additional factors.{{sfn|Roodurmum|2002|p=37}}

====Vimuktatman – Ista-Siddhi====
Vimuktatman (c. 1200 CE){{sfn|Dasgupta|1955|p=198}} wrote the ''Ista-siddhi''.{{sfn|Dasgupta|1955|p=198}} It is one of the four traditional ''siddhi'', together with Mandana's ''Brahma-siddhi'', Suresvara's ''Naiskarmya-siddhi'', and Madusudana's ''Advaita-siddhi''.{{sfn|Dasgupta|1955|pp=198–199}} According to Vimuktatman, absolute Reality is "pure intuitive consciousness".{{sfn|Dasgupta|1955|p=199}} His school of thought was eventually replaced by Prakasatman's Vivarana school.{{sfn|Roodurmum|2002|p=40}}

====Prakasatman – Vivarana school====
{{Main|Vivarana}}

Prakasatman (c. 1200–1300){{sfn|Roodurmum|2002|p=40}} wrote the ''Pancapadika-Vivarana'', a commentary on the ''Pancapadika'' by [[Padmapadacharya]].{{sfn|Roodurmum|2002|p=40}} The ''Vivarana'' lends its name to the subsequent school. According to Roodurmum, "[H]is line of thought [...] became the leitmotif of all subsequent developments in the evolution of the Advaita tradition."{{sfn|Roodurmum|2002|p=40}}

The Vivarana school takes an epistemological approach. Prakasatman was the first to propound the theory of ''mulavidya'' or ''maya'' as being of "positive beginningless nature",{{sfn|Roodurmum|2002|p=41}} and sees Brahman as the source of avidya. Critics object that Brahman is pure consciousness, so it cannot be the source of avidya. Another problem is that contradictory qualities, namely knowledge and ignorance, are attributed to Brahman.<ref group=web name=BhamatiVivarana />

==Late medieval times – "yogic Advaita" and "Greater Advaita Vedānta"==
Michael S. Allen and Anand Venkatkrishnan note that Shankara is very well-studied, but "scholars have yet to provide even a rudimentary, let alone comprehensive account of the history of Advaita Vedānta in the centuries leading up to the colonial period."{{sfn|Allen|Venkatkrishnan|2017}}

===Prominent teachers===
{{See also|Dashanami Sampradaya|List of teachers of Advaita Vedanta}}

According to Sangeetha Menon, prominent names in the later Advaita tradition are:<ref group=web name="Menon">{{Cite web |url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/adv-veda/ |title=Sangeetha Menon (2007), ''Advaita Vedānta'', Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |access-date=2022-01-05 |archive-date=2015-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626101653/http://www.iep.utm.edu/adv-veda/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Prakāsātman, Vimuktātman, Sarvajñātman (10th century)(see above)
* Śrī Harṣa, Citsukha (12th century)
* ānandagiri, [[Amalananda|Amalānandā]] (13th century)
* Vidyāraņya, Śaṅkarānandā (14th century)
* Sadānandā (15th century)
* [[Prakāśānanda]], Nṛsiṁhāśrama (16th century)
* Madhusūdhana Sarasvati, Dharmarāja Advarindra, Appaya Dīkśita (17th century)

===Vaishnavite Vedanta (10th-14th century)===
[[Hajime Nakamura]] notes that the early Vedanta scholars were from the upper classes of society, well-educated in traditional culture. They formed a social elite, "sharply distinguished from the general practitioners and theologians of Hinduism."{{sfn|Nakamura|1950|p=693}} Their teachings were "transmitted among a small number of selected intellectuals".{{sfn|Nakamura|1950|p=693}} Works of the early Vedanta schools do not contain references to Vishnu or Shiva.{{sfn|Nakamura|1950|p=692}} It was only after Shankara that "the theologians of the various sects of Hinduism utilized Vedanta philosophy to a greater or lesser degree to form the basis of their doctrines,"{{sfn|Nakamura|1950|p=691}} whereby "its theoretical influence upon the whole of Indian society became final and definitive."{{sfn|Nakamura|1950|p=693}}

===Influence of yogic tradition===
While indologists like Paul Hacker and Wilhelm Halbfass took Shankara's system as the measure for an "orthodox" Advaita Vedānta, the living Advaita Vedānta tradition in medieval times was influenced by, and incorporated elements from, the yogic tradition and texts like the ''[[Yoga Vasistha]]'' and the ''Bhagavata Purana''.{{sfn|Madaio|2017|pp=4–5}} The ''Yoga Vasistha'' became an authoritative source text in the Advaita vedānta tradition in the 14th century, while the "yogic Advaita"{{sfn|Fort|1996|p=136}}{{sfn|Fort|1998|p=97}} of Vidyāraņya's ''Jivanmuktiviveka'' (14th century) was influenced by the ''(Laghu-)Yoga-Vasistha'', which in turn was influenced by [[Kashmir Shaivism]].{{sfn|Madaio|2017|p=4}} Vivekananda's 19th century emphasis on ''nirvikalpa samadhi'' was preceded by medieval yogic influences on Advaita Vedānta. In the 16th and 17th centuries, some [[Nath]] and [[hatha yoga]] texts also came within the scope of the developing Advaita Vedānta tradition.{{sfn|Madaio|2017|p=5}}

===Development of central position (14th century)===
{{Main|Neo-Vedanta|Unifying Hinduism}}

In medieval times, Advaita Vedanta position as most influential Hindu ''darsana'' started to take shape, as Advaitins in the Vijayanagara Empire competed for patronage from the royal court, and tried to convert others to their sect.{{sfn|Stoker|2016|p=55-56}} It is only during this period that the historical fame and cultural influence of Shankara and Advaita Vedanta was established.{{sfn|Hacker|1995|p=29–30}}{{sfn|Blake Michael|1992|p=60–62 with notes 6, 7 and 8}}{{sfn|Nicholson|2010|pp=178–183}} Many of Shankara's biographies were created and published in and after the 14th century, such as Vidyaranya's widely cited ''Śankara-vijaya''. [[Vidyaranya]], also known as Madhava, who was the 12th Jagadguru of the Śringeri Śarada Pītham from 1380 to 1386<ref name="Chisholm, Hugh 1911"/> and a minister in the Vijayanagara Empire,<ref name=talbot/> inspired the re-creation of the Hindu [[Vijayanagara Empire]] of South India. This may have been in response to the devastation caused by the Islamic [[Delhi Sultanate]],{{sfn|Hacker|1995|p=29–30}}{{sfn|Blake Michael|1992|p=60–62 with notes 6, 7 and 8}}{{sfn|Nicholson|2010|pp=178–183}} <ref name=talbot/> but his efforts were also targeted at Srivaisnava groups, especially ''Visistadvaita'', which was dominant in territories conquered by the Vijayanagara Empire.{{sfn|Stoker|2016|p=55}} Furthermore, sects competed for patronage from the royal court, and tried to convert others to their own sectarian system.{{sfn|Stoker|2016|p=55-56}} Vidyaranya and his brothers, note Paul Hacker and other scholars,{{sfn|Hacker|1995|p=29–30}}{{sfn|Blake Michael|1992|p=60–62 with notes 6, 7 and 8}} wrote extensive Advaitic commentaries on the Vedas and Dharma to make "the authoritative literature of the Aryan religion" more accessible.{{sfn|Hacker|1995|p=29}} Vidyaranya was an influential Advaitin, and he created legends to turn Shankara, whose elevated philosophy had no appeal to gain widespread popularity, into a "divine folk-hero who spread his teaching through his ''digvijaya'' ("universal conquest") all over India like a victorious conqueror."{{sfn|Hacker|1995|p=29}}{{sfn|Kulke|Rothermund|1998|p=177}} In his [[doxography]] ''Sarvadarśanasaṅgraha'' ("Summary of all views") Vidyaranya presented Shankara's teachings as the summit of all ''darsanas'', presenting the other ''darsanas'' as partial truths which converged in Shankara's teachings, which was regarded to be the most inclusive system.{{sfn|Nicholson|2010|pp=160-162}}{{sfn|Hacker|1995|p=29}} The Vaishanava traditions of Dvaita and Visitadvaita were not classified as Vedanta, and placed just above Buddhism and Jainism, reflecting the threat they posed for Vidyaranya's Advaita allegiance.{{sfn|Nicholson|2010|pp=160}} Bhedabheda wasn't mentioned at all, "literally written out of the history of Indian philosophy."{{sfn|Nicholson|2010|pp=161}} Such was the influence of the ''Sarvadarśanasaṅgraha'', that early Indologists also regarded Advaita Vedanta as the most accurate interpretation of the Upanishads.{{sfn|Nicholson|2010|pp=160}} And Vidyaranya founded a ''matha'', proclaiming that it was established by Shankara himself.{{sfn|Hacker|1995|p=29}}{{sfn|Kulke|Rothermund|1998|p=177}} Vidyaranya enjoyed royal support,<ref name=talbot/> and his sponsorship and methodical efforts helped establish Shankara as a rallying symbol of values, spread historical and cultural influence of Shankara's Vedānta philosophies, and establish monasteries (''mathas'') to expand the cultural influence of Shankara and Advaita Vedānta.{{sfn|Hacker|1995|p=29–30}}

It is with the arrival of Islamic rule, first in the form of Delhi Sultanate and later the [[Mughal Empire]], and the subsequent persecution of [[Indian religions]], that Hindu scholars began a self-conscious attempts to define an identity and unity.{{sfn|Nicholson|2010|pp=190–194, 200–201}}<ref name=gaborieau7>{{cite journal |last=Gaborieau |first=Marc |date=June 1985 |title=From Al-Beruni to Jinnah: Idiom, Ritual and Ideology of the Hindu-Muslim Confrontation in South Asia |journal=Anthropology Today |publisher=Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=7–14 |doi=10.2307/3033123 |jstor=3033123}}</ref> Between the twelfth and the fourteenth century, according to Andrew Nicholson, this effort emerged with a classification of astika and nastika systems of Indian philosophies.{{sfn|Nicholson|2010|pp=190–194, 200–201}} Certain thinkers, according to Nicholson, began to retrospectively classify ancient thought into "six systems" (''saddarsana'') of mainstream Hindu philosophy.{{sfn|Nicholson|2010|pp=1–3}}

Traditional Hindus present an alternate thesis. The scriptures such as the Vedas, Upanishads and Bhagavad Gitā, texts such as [[Dharmasutras]] and [[Puranas]], and various ideas that are considered to be paradigmatic Hinduism are traceable to being thousands of years old. Unlike Christianity and Islam, Hinduism as a religion does not have a single founder, rather it is a fusion of diverse scholarship where a galaxy of thinkers openly challenged each other's teachings and offered their own ideas.{{sfn|Nicholson|2010|pp=1–3}} The term "Hindu," states Arvind Sharma, appears in much older texts such as those in Arabic that record the Islamic invasion or regional rule of the Indian subcontinent. Some of these texts have been dated to between the 8th and the 11th century.<ref name=arvindsharmahhhh2>Arvind Sharma (2002), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3270470 On Hindu, Hindustān, Hinduism and Hindutva] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118045517/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3270470 |date=2017-01-18 }} Numen, Vol. 49, Fasc. 1, pp. 5–9</ref>

==Modern times (colonial rule and independence)==

===Neo-Vedanta===
{{Main|Neo-Vedanta|Hindu nationalism}}

King states that its present position was a response of Hindu intellectuals to centuries of Christian polemic aimed at establishing a "Hindu inferiority complex" during the colonial rule of the Indian subcontinent.{{sfn|King|2002|pp=136–138}} The "humanistic, inclusivist" formulation, now called Neo-Vedānta, attempted to respond to this colonial stereotyping of "Indian culture was backward, superstitious and inferior to the West", states King. Advaita Vedānta was projected as the central philosophy of Hinduism, and Neo-Vedānta subsumed and incorporated Buddhist ideas thereby making the [[Buddha]] a part of the Vedānta tradition, all in an attempt to reposition the history of Indian culture. Thus, states King, neo-Vedānta developed as a reaction to western [[Orientalism]] and [[Perennial philosophy|Perennialism]].{{sfn|King|2002|pp=136–138, 141–142}} With the efforts of [[Swami Vivekananda|Vivekananda]], modern formulations of Advaita Vedānta have "become a dominant force in Indian intellectual thought", though Hindu beliefs and practices are diverse.{{sfn|King|2002|p=135}}

According to King, with the consolidation of the British imperialist rule the new rulers started to view Indians through the "colonially crafted lenses" of [[Orientalism]]. In response Hindu nationalism emerged, striving for socio-political independence and countering the influence of Christian missionaries.{{sfn|King|2002|pp=107–109}} In this colonial era search of identity Vedānta came to be regarded, both by westerners as by Indian nationalists, as the essence of Hinduism, and Advaita Vedānta came to be regarded as "then paradigmatic example of the mystical nature of the Hindu religion" and umbrella of "inclusivism".{{sfn|King|2002|pp=107–109, 128}} This view on Advaita Vedānta, according to King, "provided an opportunity for the construction of a nationalist ideology that could unite Hindus in their struggle against colonial oppression".{{sfn|King|2002|pp=132–133, 172}}

Among the colonial era intelligentsia, according to Anshuman Mondal, a professor of Literature specializing in post-colonial studies, the monistic Advaita Vedānta has been a major ideological force for Hindu nationalism. [[Mahatma Gandhi]] professed monism of Advaita Vedānta, though at times he also spoke with terms from mind-body dualism schools of Hinduism.<ref>{{cite book|author=Anshuman A Mondal|title=Nationalism and Post-Colonial Identity: Culture and Ideology in India and Egypt|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rw2CAgAAQBAJ|year=2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-49417-0|pages=85, 256|access-date=2022-01-05|archive-date=2022-01-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105073918/https://books.google.com/books?id=Rw2CAgAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> Other colonial era Indian thinkers, such as [[Vivekananda]], presented Advaita Vedānta as an inclusive universal religion, a spirituality that in part helped organize a religiously infused identity, and the rise of Hindu nationalism as a counter weight to Islam-infused Muslim communitarian organizations such as the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]], to Christianity-infused colonial orientalism and to religious persecution of those belonging to Indian religions.<ref>{{cite book|author=Brian Morris|title=Religion and Anthropology: A Critical Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PguGB_uEQh4C&pg=PA142|year=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-85241-8|pages=112, 141–144|access-date=2022-01-05|archive-date=2022-01-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105073911/https://books.google.com/books?id=PguGB_uEQh4C&pg=PA142|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=gaborieau7/><ref>{{cite book|author=Thomas Blom Hansen|title=The Saffron Wave: Democracy and Hindu Nationalism in Modern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SAqn3OIGE54C|year=1999|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0691006710|pages=76–77, 91–92, 179–181, 44–47, 69–70|access-date=2022-01-05|archive-date=2020-08-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803090105/https://books.google.com/books?id=SAqn3OIGE54C|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Swami Vivekananda====
{{Main|Swami Vivekananda|Ramakrishna Mission}}

A major proponent in the popularisation of this Universalist and Perennialist interpretation of Advaita Vedānta was [[Swami Vivekananda]],{{sfn|King|2002|pp=135–142}} who played a major role in the [[Hindu nationalism|revival of Hinduism]],{{sfn|Dense|1999|p=191}} and the spread of Advaita Vedānta to the west via the [[Ramakrishna Mission]]. His interpretation of Advaita Vedānta has been called "Neo-Vedānta". Vivekananda discerned a [[Universalism|universal religion]], regarding all the apparent differences between various traditions as various manifestations of one truth.{{sfn|Rambachan|1994|pp=91–92}} He presented karma, bhakti, jnana and raja yoga as equal means to attain moksha,{{sfn|Rambachan|1994|p=91}} to present Vedānta as a liberal and universal religion, in contrast to the exclusivism of other religions.{{sfn|Rambachan|1994|p=91}}

Vivekananda emphasised ''nirvikalpa'' [[samadhi]] as the spiritual goal of Vedānta, he equated it to the liberation in [[Yoga]] and encouraged Yoga practice he called ''Raja yoga''.<ref>{{cite book|author=Rabindra Kumar Dasgupta|title=Swami Vivekananda on Indian philosophy and literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U4LXAAAAMAAJ|year=1996|publisher=Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture|isbn=978-81-85843-81-0|pages=145–146, 284–285|access-date=2022-01-05|archive-date=2022-01-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105073916/https://books.google.com/books?id=U4LXAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> This approach, however, is missing in historic Advaita texts.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Comans | first=Michael | s2cid=170870115 | title=The Question of the Importance of Samadhi in Modern and Classical Advaita Vedanta | journal=Philosophy East and West | publisher=University of Hawai'i Press | volume=43 | issue=1 | year=1993 | pages=19–38 | doi=10.2307/1399467 | jstor=1399467 }}</ref> In 1896, Vivekananda claimed that Advaita appeals to modern scientists:
{{blockquote|I may make bold to say that the only religion which agrees with, and even goes a little further than modern researchers, both on physical and moral lines is the Advaita, and that is why it appeals to modern scientists so much. They find that the old dualistic theories are not enough for them, do not satisfy their necessities. A man must have not only faith, but intellectual faith too".<ref group=web>[[s:The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda/Volume 2/Jnana-Yoga/The Absolute and Manifestation]]</ref>}}

According to [[Anantanand Rambachan|Rambachan]], Vivekananda interprets ''anubhava'' as to mean "personal experience", akin to [[religious experience]], whereas Shankara used the term to denote liberating understanding of the ''sruti''.{{sfn|Rambachan|1984}}{{sfn|Rambachan|1991}}{{sfn|Rambachan|1994}}

Vivekananda's claims about spirituality as "science" and modern, according to David Miller, may be questioned by well informed scientists, but it drew attention for being very different than how Christianity and Islam were being viewed by scientists and sociologists of his era.<ref name="Ishwaran1999">{{cite book|author=David Miller|editor=Karigoudar Ishwaran|title=Ascetic Culture: Renunciation and Worldly Engagement|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gBwJoA1jZVUC&pg=PA115|year=1999|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=90-04-11412-2|pages=115–117|access-date=2022-01-05|archive-date=2022-01-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105073918/https://books.google.com/books?id=gBwJoA1jZVUC&pg=PA115|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan====
{{Main|Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan}}

Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, first a professor at Oxford University and later a President of India, further popularized Advaita Vedānta, presenting it as the essence of Hinduism.<ref group=web name="IEP" /> According to Michael Hawley, a professor of Religious Studies, Radhakrishnan saw other religions, as well as "what Radhakrishnan understands as lower forms of Hinduism," as interpretations of Advaita Vedānta, thereby "in a sense Hindusizing all religions".<ref group=web name="IEP" /> To him, the world faces a religious problem, where there is unreflective dogmatism and exclusivism, creating a need for "experiential religion" and "inclusivism". Advaita Vedānta, claimed Radhakrishnan, best exemplifies a Hindu philosophical, theological, and literary tradition that fulfills this need.<ref group=web name="IEP" /><ref>{{cite book|author=Michael Hawley|editor=Steven Engler and Gregory Price Grieve|title=Historicizing "Tradition" in the Study of Religion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=81AU6gxv7TAC&pg=PA300|year=2005|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-090140-5|pages=300–312|access-date=2022-01-05|archive-date=2022-01-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105073913/https://books.google.com/books?id=81AU6gxv7TAC&pg=PA300|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Minor1987p132">{{cite book|author=Robert Neil Minor|title=Radhakrishnan: A Religious Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2LzRkWABC6sC&pg=PA132|year=1987|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-88706-554-5|pages=18, 25–26, 39–42, 132–134|access-date=2022-01-05|archive-date=2022-01-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105073914/https://books.google.com/books?id=2LzRkWABC6sC&pg=PA132|url-status=live}}</ref> Radhakrishnan did not emphasize the differences between Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism versus Hinduism that he defined in terms of Advaita Vedānta, rather he tended to minimize their differences. This is apparent, for example, in his discussions of Buddhist "Madhyamika and Yogacara" traditions versus the Advaita Vedānta tradition.<ref name="Minor1987p132"/>

Radhakrishnan metaphysics was grounded in Advaita Vedānta, but he reinterpreted Advaita Vedānta for contemporary needs and context.<ref group=web name="IEP">{{Cite web |url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/radhakri/#H2 |title=Michael Hawley, ''Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (1888—1975)'', Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |access-date=2022-01-05 |archive-date=2019-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712171420/https://www.iep.utm.edu/radhakri/#H2 |url-status=live }}</ref> He acknowledged the reality and diversity of the world of experience, which he saw as grounded in and supported by the transcendent metaphysical absolute concept (''nirguna'' Brahman).<ref group=web name="IEP" />{{refn|group=note|Neo-Vedanta seems to be closer to [[Bhedabheda|Bhedabheda-Vedanta]] than to Shankara's Advaita Vedanta, with the acknowledgement of the reality of the world. Nicholas F. Gier: "Ramakrsna, Svami Vivekananda, and Aurobindo (I also include M.K. Gandhi) have been labeled "neo-Vedantists," a philosophy that rejects the Advaitins' claim that the world is illusory. Aurobindo, in his ''The Life Divine'', declares that he has moved from Sankara's "universal illusionism" to his own "universal realism" (2005: 432), defined as metaphysical realism in the European philosophical sense of the term."<ref>{{Cite journal |first =Nicholas F. |last =Gier |year=2012 |title=Overreaching to be different: A critique of Rajiv Malhotra's Being Different |journal=[[International Journal of Hindu Studies]] |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=259–285 | doi =10.1007/s11407-012-9127-x|s2cid =144711827 }}</ref>}} Radhakrishnan also reinterpreted Shankara's notion of ''[[Maya (illusion)|maya]]''. According to Radhakrishnan, ''maya'' is not a strict absolute idealism, but "a subjective misperception of the world as ultimately real."<ref group=web name="IEP" /><ref>Donald Braue (1984), [https://archive.org/stream/MayaInRadhakrishnansThoudhtSixMeaningsOtherThanIllusion/Maya%20In%20Radhakrishnan%27s%20Thoudht%20Six%20Meanings%20Other%20Than%20Illusion#page/n111/mode/2up Maya in Radhakrishnan's Thought], Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|0-8364-1129-3}}, pp. 101–136</ref>

====Mahatama Gandhi====
Gandhi declared his allegiance to Advaita Vedānta, and was another popularizing force for its ideas.<ref name=gier40>{{cite book|author=Nicholas F. Gier|title=The Virtue of Nonviolence: From Gautama to Gandhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tVLt99uleLwC&pg=PA40|year=2004|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-7914-5949-2|pages=40–42|access-date=2022-01-05|archive-date=2022-01-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105073916/https://books.google.com/books?id=tVLt99uleLwC&pg=PA40|url-status=live}}</ref> According to Nicholas Gier, this to Gandhi meant the unity of God and humans, that all beings have the same one Self and therefore equality, that ''atman'' exists and is same as everything in the universe, ahimsa (non-violence) is the very nature of this ''atman''.<ref name=gier40/> Gandhi called himself advaitist many times, including his letters, but he believed that others have a right to a viewpoint different than his own because they come from a different background and perspective.<ref name=jordens116>{{cite book|author=J. Jordens|title=Gandhi's Religion: A Homespun Shawl|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ELODDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA116|year=1998|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-230-37389-1|page=116}}</ref><ref name=long194>{{cite book|author=Jeffrey D. Long|editor=Rita Sherma and Arvind Sharma|title=Hermeneutics and Hindu Thought: Toward a Fusion of Horizons|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x4eXRvwyvtMC&pg=PA194|year=2008|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4020-8192-7|page=194|access-date=2022-01-05|archive-date=2022-01-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105074647/https://books.google.com/books?id=x4eXRvwyvtMC&pg=PA194|url-status=live}}</ref> According to Gier, Gandhi did not interpret ''maya'' as illusion, but accepted that "personal theism" leading to "impersonal monism" as two tiers of religiosity.<ref name=gier40/>

==Contemporary Advaita Vedānta==
Contemporary teachers are the orthodox [[Jagadguru of Sringeri Sharada Peetham]]; the more traditional teachers [[Sivananda Saraswati]] (1887–1963), [[Chinmayananda Saraswati]] (1916-1993),<ref group=web name="AV_Teachers" /> [[Dayananda Saraswati (Arsha Vidya)]] (1930-2015), Swami Paramarthananda, Swami Tattvavidananda Sarasvati, Carol Whitfield (Radha), Sri Vasudevacharya (previously Michael Comans) <ref group="web" name="AV_Teachers" /> and less traditional teachers such as [[Narayana Guru]].<ref group="web" name="AV_Teachers">{{Cite web |url=http://www.advaita.org.uk/teachers/teachers.htm |title=Advaita Vision, ''teachers'' |access-date=2022-01-05 |archive-date=2022-01-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129032833/http://www.advaita.org.uk/teachers/teachers.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> According to Sangeetha Menon, prominent names in 20th century Advaita tradition are [[Chandrashekhara Bharati III|Shri Chandrashekhara Bharati Mahaswami]], [[Chandrashekarendra Saraswati|Chandrasekharendra Saraswati Swamigal]], [[Satchidanandendra Saraswati|Sacchidānandendra Saraswati]].<ref group=web name="Menon"/>

==See also==
* [[Buddhist influences on Advaita Vedanta]]
* [[History of India]]
* [[History of Hinduism]]
* [[History of Buddhism]]
* [[Neo-Advaita]]
* [[Nondualism]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note|2|refs=

}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
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* {{Citation | last =Sankara | chapter =A Thousand teachings | year =2006 | editor-first =Sengaku | editor-last =Mayeda | title =A Thousand Teachings: The Upadesasahasri of Sankara | publisher =Motilal Banarsidass | isbn =978-81-208-2771-4 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=3Jc9RHYN3qsC | access-date =2022-01-05 | archive-date =2022-01-04 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20220104121647/https://books.google.com/books?id=3Jc9RHYN3qsC | url-status =live }}
* {{Citation |last=Sarma |first=Chandradhar |year=2007 |isbn=978-8120813120 |title=The Advaita Tradition in Indian Philosophy |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass}}
* {{Citation | last =Satchidanandendra | first =Sarasvati | year =1997 | title =The Method of the Vedanta. A Critical Account of the Advaita Tradition | publisher =Motilall Banarsidass}}
* {{Citation | last =Scheepers | first =Alfred | year =2010 | title =De wortels van hett Indiase denken | publisher = Olive Press}}
* {{Citation | last=Sharma | first=Arvind | year =1995|title=The Philosophy of Religion and Advaita Vedanta|publisher=Penn State University Press|isbn=978-0271028323}}
* {{cite book|last=Sharma|first=Arvind|year=2006|title=A Guide to Hindu Spirituality|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VYeAIM0d-KYC|publisher=World Wisdom|isbn=978-1-933316-17-8|access-date=2022-01-05|archive-date=2022-01-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104121646/https://books.google.com/books?id=VYeAIM0d-KYC|url-status=live}}
* {{Citation| last =Sharma| first =Arvind| year =2007| title =Advaita Vedānta: An Introduction| publisher =Motilal Banarsidass| isbn =978-8120820272| url =https://archive.org/details/advaitavedanta00arvi}}
* {{cite book|last=Sarma|first=Candradhara|year=1996|title=The Advaita Tradition in Indian Philosophy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uFTukA3cs8kC|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1312-0|access-date=2022-01-05|archive-date=2022-01-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104121641/https://books.google.com/books?id=uFTukA3cs8kC|url-status=live}}
* {{Citation|last=Sharma|first=Chandradhar|year=1997|title=A Critical Survey of Indian Philosophy|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=81-208-0365-5}}
* {{citation|last=Sharma|first=B. N. Krishnamurti|year=2000|title=A History of the Dvaita School of Vedānta and Its Literature, 3rd Edition|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Pvt. Ltd.(2008 Reprint)|isbn=978-8120815759}}
* {{cite book |last=Sheridan |first=Daniel |title=The Advaitic Theism of the Bhāgavata Purāṇa |publisher=South Asia Books |location=Columbia |year=1986 |isbn=81-208-0179-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qrtYYTjYFY8C |access-date=2022-01-05 |archive-date=2017-02-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215105221/https://books.google.com/books?id=qrtYYTjYFY8C |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book|last=Sheridan|first=Daniel|year=1991|title=Texts in Context: Traditional Hermeneutics in South Asia (Editor: Jeffrey Timm)|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0791407967}}
* {{Citation | last =Sinha | first =Jadunath | year =2016 | title =Indian Philosophy Volume 2 | publisher =Motilal Banarsidass}}
* {{Citation|last=Sivananda|year=1977|title=Brahma Sutras|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass}}
* {{Citation | last =Sivananda | first =Swami | year =1993 | title =All About Hinduism | publisher =The Divine Life Society}}
* {{Citation|last=Sivaraman|first=K.|year=1973|title=Śaivism in Philosophical Perspective: A Study of the Formative Concepts, Problems, and Methods of Śaiva Siddhānta|publisher=Motilall Banarsidass}}
* {{citation|last=Smith|first=David|year=2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fTLlcGlkdjkC&pg=PA128|title=The Dance of Siva: Religion, Art and Poetry in South India|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-52865-8|access-date=2022-01-05|archive-date=2022-01-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104121646/https://books.google.com/books?id=fTLlcGlkdjkC&pg=PA128|url-status=live}}
* {{Citation | last =Stoker | first =Valerie | year =2016 | title =Polemics and Patronage in the City of Victory: Vyasatirtha, Hindu Sectarianism, and the Sixteenth-Century Vijayanagara Court | publisher =University of California Press}}

* {{cite book|last=Timalsina|first=Sthaneshwar|year=2008|title=Consciousness in Indian Philosophy: The Advaita Doctrine of 'Awareness Only'|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-97092-5|pages=137–138|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wO2SAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA137|access-date=2022-01-05|archive-date=2022-01-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104121647/https://books.google.com/books?id=wO2SAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA137|url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Timalsina|first1=Sthaneshwar(स्थानेश्वर)|date=November 2017|title=Puruṣavāda: A Pre-Śaṅkara Monistic Philosophy as Critiqued by Mallavādin|journal=Journal of Indian Philosophy|volume=45|issue=5|pages=939–959|url=https://www.academia.edu/34865811|doi=10.1007/s10781-017-9329-z|s2cid=171790006|access-date=2022-01-05|archive-date=2022-01-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104121643/https://www.academia.edu/34865811|url-status=live}}

* {{Citation | last =Vachatimanont | first =Sakkapohl | year =2005 | title =On why the traditional Advaic resolution of jivanmukti is superior to the neo-Vedantic resolution | journal =Macalester Journal of Philosophy |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=47–48}}
* {{Citation|last=Venkatramaiah|first=Munagala|year=2000|title=Talks With Sri Ramana Maharshi: On Realizing Abiding Peace and Happiness|publisher=Inner Directions|isbn=1-878019-00-7}}
* {{Citation | last =Vireshwarananda | first =Swami | year =1936 | title =Adhyasa or Superimposition | url =https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/brahma-sutras/d/doc62758.html | access-date =2022-01-05 | archive-date =2021-12-09 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20211209194655/https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/brahma-sutras/d/doc62758.html | url-status =live }}

* {{Citation|last=Werner|first=Karel|year=1994|title=The Yogi and the Mystic|publisher=Routledge}}
* {{cite journal|last=Whaling|first=Frank|year=1979|title=Shankara and Buddhism|journal=Journal of Indian Philosophy|volume=7 |issue=1|pages=1–42|doi=10.1007/BF02561251|s2cid=170613052}}
* {{Citation|last=Wilber|first=Ken|year=2000|title=Integral Psychology|publisher=Shambhala Publications}}
* {{Citation | last =Wood | first =Thomas E. | year =1992 | title =The Māṇḍūkya Upaniṣad and the Āgama Śāstra: An Investigation Into the Meaning of the Vedānta}}
* {{Citation|last=Yogani|year=2011|title=Advanced Yoga Practices Support Forum Posts of Yogani, 2005–2010|publisher=AYP Publishing}}
{{refend}}

;Web-sources
{{Reflist|group=web}}

==Further reading==
* {{citation|last=Nakamura|first=Hajime|year=1950a|title=A History of Early Vedanta Philosophy. Part One (1990 Reprint)|place=Delhi|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited |ref=none}}
* {{citation|last=Nakamura|first=Hajime|year=1950|title=A History of Early Vedanta Philosophy. Part Two (2004 Reprint)|place=Delhi|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited |ref=none}}
* T. M. P. Mahadevan, [https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/preceptors-of-advaita Preceptors of Advaita], 1968
* {{Citation|last=Potter | first =Karl H.| year =1981 | title =Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, vol. 3: Advaita Vedanta up to Sankara and his Pupils | place =Princeton | publisher = Princeton University Press|ref=none}}
* {{Citation|last=Potter | first =Karl H.| year =2006 | title =Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies vol. 11: Advaita Vedānta from 800 to 1200 | publisher =Motilal Banarsidass Publishers |ref=none}}
* {{Citation|last=Isaeva | first =N.V. | year =1995 | title =From Early Vedanta to Kashmir Shaivism: Gaudapada, Bhartrhari, and Abhinavagupta | publisher =SUNY Press |ref=none}}

==External links==
* [http://www.advaita-vedanta.org/avhp/biblio.html Bibliography of Advaita Vedānta] Ancient to 9th-century literature
* [http://www.advaita-vedanta.org/avhp/biblio2.html Bibliography of Advaita Vedānta] 9th-century to 20th-century literature

[[Category:Advaita Vedanta]]

Rajgir–Mumbai LTT Janta Express

2026-04-23T04:17:06Z

Brigette59K:

{{Short description|Indian Railways passenger express train}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Rajgir–Mumbai LTT Janta Express
| image = Rajgir - Mumbai LTT Janta Express.jpg
| image_width =
| caption = Rajgir–Mumbai LTT Janta Express
| type = Express
| operator = East Central Railway zone
| start = {{stnlnk|Rajgir}} (RGD)
| end = [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]] (LTT)
| distance = {{convert|1690|km|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 38h 05m (13201), 36h 15m (13202)
| frequency = Daily
| class = AC 1st Class, AC 2nd Tier, AC 3rd Tier, Sleeper Class, Unreserved
| seating = No
| sleeping = Yes
| catering = No
| stock = LHB coach
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}}
| speed = {{convert|130|km/h|abbr=on}} (maximum permissible)
| trainnumber = 13201/13202
| map =
}}

'''The 13201/13202 Rajgir – Mumbai Lokmanya Tilak Terminus (LTT) Janta Express''' is a daily express train operated by Indian Railways, connecting Rajgir in Bihar with Lokmanya Tilak Terminus in Mumbai, Maharashtra.

==History==
The train originally operated as the Rajendra Nagar Patna – Mumbai Lokmanya Tilak Terminus (LTT) Janta Express, with Rajendra Nagar Terminal, Patna, serving as its originating station for many years.
*According to railway records, the service commenced operations on 1 January 1998.
*In September 2025, Indian Railways extended the train’s origin from Patna to Rajgir to improve direct daily connectivity between the Nalanda–Rajgir region and Mumbai.
*The extension became operational on 26 September 2025.

==Schedule==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; font-size:90%;"
|-
! colspan="2" | 13201 / 13202 Rajgir–Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Janta Express
|-
| '''Train Type''' || Janta Express / Express
|-
| '''Distance''' || ~1948 km
|-
| '''Average Speed''' || ~52 km/h
|-
| '''Journey Time (RGD → LTT)''' || ~38 hrs 5 min
|-
| '''Journey Time (LTT → RGD)''' || ~36 hrs 15 min
|-
| '''Classes Available''' || Sleeper (SL), AC 3-Tier (3A), General (GS)
|-
| '''Operating Days''' || RGD → LTT: Sunday; LTT → RGD: Tuesday
|-
| '''Operator''' || [[East Central Railway]] (ECR)
|}

==Route and halts==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;"
|+ '''13201 Rajgir–Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Janta Express''' / '''13202 Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Rajgir Janta Express'''
|-
! Sr.
! 13201 RGD–LTT !! Day !! Arr. !! Dep.
! 13202 LTT–RGD !! Day !! Arr. !! Dep.
|-
| 1 || {{stnlnk|Rajgir}} || 1 || — || 20:45 || [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]] || 1 || — || 14:45
|-
| 2 || {{stnlnk|Patna Junction}} || 1 || 23:45 || 23:55 || {{stnlnk|Kalyan Junction}} || 1 || 15:29 || 15:32
|-
| 3 || {{stnlnk|Ara Junction}} || 2 || 00:48 || 00:53 || {{stnlnk|Kasara}} || 1 || 16:42 || 16:44
|-
| 4 || {{stnlnk|Buxar}} || 2 || 01:56 || 02:01 || {{stnlnk|Nasik Road}} || 1 || 18:07 || 18:10
|-
| 5 || {{stnlnk|Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction}} || 2 || 04:05 || 04:15 || {{stnlnk|Manmad Junction}} || 1 || 19:08 || 19:10
|-
| 6 || {{stnlnk|Prayagraj Chheoki}} || 2 || 07:15 || 07:20 || {{stnlnk|Bhusaval Junction}} || 1 || 22:00 || 22:05
|-
| 7 || {{stnlnk|Jabalpur Junction}} || 2 || 14:30 || 14:40 || {{stnlnk|Itarsi Junction}} || 2 || 03:40 || 03:50
|-
| 8 || {{stnlnk|Itarsi Junction}} || 2 || 19:00 || 19:10 || {{stnlnk|Khandwa Junction}} || 2 || 00:22 || 00:25
|-
| 9 || {{stnlnk|Khandwa Junction}} || 3 || 23:10 || 23:10 || {{stnlnk|Bhusaval Junction}} || 2 || 18:40 || 18:45
|-
| 10 || {{stnlnk|Bhusaval Junction}} || 3 || 01:05 || 01:10 || {{stnlnk|Manmad Junction}} || 2 || 21:35 || 21:40
|-
| 11 || {{stnlnk|Manmad Junction}} || 3 || 04:02 || 04:05 || {{stnlnk|Nasik Road}} || 2 || 05:20 || 05:25
|-
| 12 || {{stnlnk|Nasik Road}} || 3 || 05:20 || 05:25 || {{stnlnk|Kalyan Junction}} || 3 || 09:29 || 09:32
|-
| 13 || {{stnlnk|Kalyan Junction}} || 3 || 09:02 || 09:05 || [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]] || 3 || 10:50 || —
|-
| 14 || [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]] || 3 || 10:50 || — || {{stnlnk|Rajgir}} || 3 || 03:00 || —
|}
'''Note:''' Only major stations and junctions are listed here for clarity. In reality, this train halts at a total of 68 stations in both directions.

==Coach composition==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;"
|+ Coach composition of the train
|-
! Category !! Coaches !! Total
|-
| AC First Class (1A) || 1A || 1
|-
| AC 2 Tier (2A) || A1, A2 || 2
|-
| AC 3 Tier (3A) || B1, B2, B3, B4 || 4
|-
| Sleeper Class (SL) || S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9, S10, S11 || 11
|-
| General Unreserved (GS) || G1, G2 || 2
|-
| Luggage/Parcel Van (SLR) || SLR1, SLR2 || 2
|-
| Pantry Car (PC) || PC1 || 1
|-
! Total Coaches || || 23
|}

*Primary Maintenance – Rajgir Coaching Depot

==Traction==

Both trains are hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Mughal Sarai|Mughalsarai Electric Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-4]] or [[WAP-7]] so was [[WCAM-3]] electric locomotive from Patna Jn. to {{stnlnk|Prayagraj Cheoki Junction}}. From Prayagraj Cheoki Junction the train is pulled by [[WDP-4D]] or [[WDM-3A]] or [[WDM-3D]] or [[WDP-4B]] diesel locomotive of [[Diesel Loco Shed, Itarsi|Itarsi Diesel Loco Shed]] until {{stnlnk|Itarsi Junction}}. From Itarsi Junction the train is pulled by [[WAP-4]] electric locomotive of [[Electric Loco Shed, Itarsi|Itarsi Electric Loco Shed]] until [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]].

==Train Accident==
{{Main|Harda twin train derailment}}
On 4 August 2015, two passenger trains – Kamayani Express and Janata Express – derailed near Kurawan and Bhringi railway station, 20 kilometres (12 mi) southwest of Harda, Madhya Pradesh.[1][2] At least 31 people were killed and 100 people were injured.

== See also ==
*[[Pawan Express]]
*[[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Chhapra Express]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/rajendra-nagar-patna-mumbai-ltt-janta-express-13201/1402/332/466 13201/Rajendra Nagar Patna - Mumbai LTT Janta Express] India Rail Info
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/mumbai-ltt-rajendra-nagar-patna-janta-express-13202/1354/466/332 13202/Mumbai LTT - Rajendra Nagar Patna Janta Express] India Rail Info

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patna Jn.-Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Janta Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Transport in Patna]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 1998]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]

Virendra Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)

2026-04-22T02:30:50Z

Brigette59K: New new bio

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Honourable]]
| name = Virendra Singh
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| constituency = [[Bithari Chainpur (Assembly constituency)|Bithari Chainpur]]
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]], [[Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
| term_start = March 2012
| term_end = March 2017
| predecessor = Constituency established
| successor = [[Rajesh Kumar Mishra (born 1967)|Rajesh Kumar Mishra]]
| constituency2 = [[Bareilly Cantt. (Assembly constituency)|Bareilly Cantt.]]
| office2 =
| term_start2 = May 2007
| term_end2 = March 2012
| predecessor2 = '''Shahlin Islam'''
| successor2 = '''[[Rajesh Agarwal]]'''
| constituency3 =
| office3 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| predecessor3 =
| successor3 =
| constituency4 =
| office4 =
| term_start4 =
| term_end4 =
| predecessor4 =
| successor4 =
| constituency5 =
| office5 =
| term_start5 =
| term_end5 =
| predecessor5 =
| successor5 =
| constituency6 =
| office6 =
| term_start6 =
| term_end6 =
| predecessor6 =
| successor6 =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1959|8|8}}<ref name="Member Profile" />
| birth_place = Bareilly district<ref name="Member Profile"/>
| death_date = 30 March 2021
| death_place = [[Bareilly]]
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| birth_name =
| parents = Niranjan Singh (father)<ref name="Member Profile"/>
| citizenship =
| party = [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]<ref name="Member Profile"/>
| other_party =
| spouse = Vinoda Devi (wife)
| partner =
| relations =
| children = 2 sons
| alma_mater = [[Bareilly College]]<ref name="Candidate affidavit" />
| occupation =
| profession = Farmer, businessperson & politician
| cabinet =
| committees =
| portfolio =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
| footnotes =
| blank1 =
| data1 =
}}
'''Virendra Singh''' was an Indian politician, and a member of the [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]. He was a member of the [[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]] (2012-2017) in India.<ref name="Member Profile"/><ref name="Candidate affidavit"/> He represented the [[Bithari Chainpur (Assembly constituency)|Bithari Chainpur]] constituency.<ref name="2012 Election Results" /><ref name="All MLAs from constituency" />

== Early life and education ==
Virendra Singh was born in Bareilly district. He attended the [[Bareilly College]] and attained a Master of Arts degree.<ref name="Member Profile"/><ref name="Candidate affidavit"/>

== Political career ==
In the initial phase, he rose up from grass root level and became Block Pramukh from Bithari Chainpur, popularly called as Pramukh sahab till his landsliding victory in 2007 assembly elections. Virendra Singh has been a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] for two terms. He represented the [[Bithari Chainpur (Assembly constituency)|Bithari Chainpur]] constituency and is a member of the [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] political party.<ref name="Member Profile"/><ref name="Candidate affidavit"/>

He lost his seat in the [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017 Uttar Pradesh Assembly election]] to Rajesh Kumar Mishra "Pappu Bhartoul" of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name=NDTV />

== Posts held ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! From !! To !! Position !! Comments
|-
| 01 || 2012 || 2017 || Member, [[16th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|16th Legislative Assembly]] ||
|-
| 02 || 2007 || 2012 || Member, [[15th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|15th Legislative Assembly]] ||
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[Bareilly Cantt. (Assembly constituency)]]
* [[Bithari Chainpur (Assembly constituency)]]
* [[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
* [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=40em|refs=

<ref name="2012 Election Results">{{cite news |title=2012 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website |accessdate=December 13, 2015 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf}}</ref>

<ref name="All MLAs from constituency">{{cite news |title=All MLAs from constituency |publisher=elections.in|accessdate=December 13, 2015 |url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/bithari-chainpur.html}}</ref>

<ref name="Candidate affidavit">{{cite news |title=Candidate affidavit|publisher=My neta.info |accessdate=December 13, 2015 |url=http://myneta.info/up2012/candidate.php?candidate_id=2098}}</ref>

<ref name="Member Profile">{{cite news |title=Member Profile|publisher=Legislative Assembly official website |accessdate=December 13, 2015 |url=http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/pdfs/members_profile/123.pdf}}</ref>

<ref name=NDTV>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/elections/uttar-pradesh/amanpur-mla-results |title=AMANPUR Election Result 2017, Winner, AMANPUR MLA, Uttar Pradesh}}</ref>

}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Virendra}}
[[Category:Bahujan Samaj Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2007–2012]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2012–2017]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:People from Bareilly district]]
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in India]]

Bigg Boss OTT (Hindi)

2026-04-19T16:09:23Z

Brigette59K: Put up details.

{{Short description|Indian Hindi-language digital reality series}}
{{about|the Hindi digital edition|the Kannada digital edition|Bigg Boss OTT (Kannada)|the Hindi main edition|Bigg Boss Hindi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = BIGG BOSS OTT 3 POSTER.JPG
| image_size = 250
| caption = Title card for the 3rd season with host Anil Kapoor
| based_on = ''[[Big Brother (franchise)|Big Brother]]''
| starring =
| presenter = [[Karan Johar]] (Season 1) [[Salman Khan]] (Season 2) [[Anil Kapoor]] (Season 3)
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 3
| num_episodes = 144
| runtime = {{plainlist|
* 24 hours (Live)
* 70–85 minutes episode
}}
| camera = Multi-camera
| network = [[Voot]]
| network2 = [[JioStar]]
| company = [[Endemol India|Endemol Shine India]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2021|08|08|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2021|09|18|df=y}}
| first_aired2 = {{Start date|2023|06|17|df=y}}
| last_aired2 = {{End date|2024|08|02|df=y}}
| location = [[Film City, Mumbai]]
| voices = [[Atul Kapoor]]
| narrated = [[Vijay Vikram Singh]]
| related = ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series)|Bigg Boss]]''
}}

'''''Bigg Boss: OTT''''' (or '''''Bigg Boss: Over-the-Top''''') is a digital [[Spin-off (media)|spin-off]] of the popular Indian [[Hindi language|Hindi-language]] reality show ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series)|Bigg Boss]]'' franchise, streamed first on Voot for its initial season and later on JioCinema for the second season and JioCinema Premium for the third. Following the format of the Dutch reality game show ''[[Big Brother (franchise)|Big Brother]]'', developed by [[Endemol]], ''Bigg Boss OTT'' has launched three seasons to date. The first season premiered on August 8, 2021, and was hosted by [[Karan Johar]]. The second season saw [[Salman Khan]] take over as the host, while [[Anil Kapoor]] hosted the recently concluded third season. As of now, 45 contestants have participated in ''Bigg Boss OTT'', with 5 of them having also appeared in the main ''Bigg Boss'' seasons.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-10|title=Before Bigg Boss 15, ''Bigg Boss OTT'' to premiere in August|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/before-bigg-boss-15-voot-confirms-launch-of-bigg-boss-ott-in-august-7396239/|access-date=2022-01-18|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Desk|first=India com Entertainment|title=Bigg Boss OTT Release Date Out Kara Hosted Show To Premiere On This Date|url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/tv-news-bigg-boss-ott-release-date-out-karan-johar-hosted-show-to-premiere-on-this-date-4839580/|access-date=2022-01-18|website=www.india.com|language=en}}</ref>

On 20th January 2026, It was officially confirmed that the Bigg Boss OTT series has been cancelled prior the failure of S3 and there will be no OTT edition from now on while the entire show will merged with the TV version of the show. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss OTT Gets Permanently Scrapped After Three Seasons, Makers Confirm Show Will Not Return|url=https://www.idiva.com/entertainment/tv/bigg-boss-ott-permanently-shut-makers-confirm-no-season-4/18095166|access-date=2022-01-18|website=IDiva|language=en}}</ref>

== Concept ==
As with the television series, the group of contestants referred to as Housemates are enclosed in the Bigg Boss House under constant surveillance of cameras and microphones. The winner of ''Bigg Boss OTT'' receives ₹25 lakh and the "OTT edition" trophy.

The show is a 24/7 non-stop show and also it has 1-hour daily episode on [[Voot]] (Season 1) and [[JioCinema]] (Season 2 onwards) like the original edition.

==Development==
The [[Spin-off (media)|spin-off]] edition's [[Bigg Boss OTT (Hindi Digital series) season 1|first season]] was announced on 24 July 2021, Voot unveiled a poster with [[Karan Johar]] as the host of this digital exclusive season.<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 July 2021|title=Bigg Boss OTT Release Date Out: Karan Johar Hosted Show To Premiere On THIS Date|url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/tv-news-bigg-boss-ott-release-date-out-karan-johar-hosted-show-to-premiere-on-this-date-4839580/|url-status=live|website=India.com|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725050742/https://www.india.com/entertainment/tv-news-bigg-boss-ott-release-date-out-karan-johar-hosted-show-to-premiere-on-this-date-4839580/ |archive-date=2021-07-25 }}</ref> On 3 August, Voot unveiled a third promo with Johar revealing the format of the season.<ref>{{cite web|date=3 August 2021|title=Karan Johar all set to host Bigg Boss OTT. Discloses the format in new promo. See Here!|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CSHV8OromZk/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/CSHV8OromZk |archive-date=26 December 2021 |url-access=registration|url-status=live|website=Instagram|language=en}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

JioCinema released a promo announcing the [[Bigg Boss OTT (Hindi Digital series) season 2|second season]] on 26 May 2023 featuring host [[Salman Khan]]. On 13 June, four days before the premiere episode, first look of twelve housemates were revealed.{{Cn|date=July 2024}}

JioCinema released a promo announcing the [[Bigg Boss OTT (Hindi TV series) season 3|third season]] on 22 May 2024 while on 31 May 2024, promo featuring new host [[Anil Kapoor]] was released.{{Cn|date=July 2024}}

===Broadcasts ===
There is no television coverage for this edition; instead, it is completely streamed online at Voot for the first season and JioCinema for the second season onwards for 24×7 coverage.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-23 |title=Bigg Boss OTT season 3: जून में होगा प्रीमियर, दर्शकों को देने होंगे पैसे? - Takatak khabar |url=https://takatakkhabar.com/bigg-boss-ott-season-3-premiere-details/ |access-date=2024-04-24 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

===House===
The location for the house set to remain at [[Film City, Mumbai]] like how it did for the original series. The house contains a living area, one large bedroom, kitchen, garden, bathroom, lounge room, store room, smoking room, activity area, store room, swimming pool and medical room. Jail was there in house for first two seasons. The house also contains a confession room where contestants speak private matters to Bigg Boss.{{Cn|date=July 2024}}

==Series overview==
{{Series overview
| auxA = Host
| auxB = House location
| auxC =
| infoA = Days
| infoB = Housemates
| infoC = Prize money
| infoD = Winner
| infoE = Runner-up
| color1 = #00A6A6
| link1 = Bigg Boss OTT (Hindi season 1)
| auxA1 = {{nowrap|[[Karan Johar]]}}
| auxB1 = [[Film City, Mumbai]]
| infoA1 = 42
| infoB1 = 13
| infoC1 = {{INRConvert|25|l}}
| infoD1 = [[Divya Agarwal]]
| infoE1 = Nishant Bhat
| episodes1 = 42
| start1 = {{start date|2021|08|08|df=y}}
| end1 = {{end date|2021|09|18|df=y}}
| network1 = [[Voot]]
| color2 = #43B3A3
| link2 = Bigg Boss OTT (Hindi season 2)
| auxA2 = {{nowrap|[[Salman Khan]]}}
| auxB2 =
| infoA2 = 59
| infoB2 = 15
| infoC2 = {{INRConvert|25|l}}
| infoD2 = [[Elvish Yadav]]
| infoE2 = Abhishek Malhan
| episodes2 = 59
| start2 = {{start date|2023|06|17|df=y}}
| end2 = {{end date|2023|08|14|df=y}}
| network2 = [[JioCinema]]
| color3 = #dbae0c
| link3 = Bigg Boss OTT (Hindi season 3)
| auxA3 = {{nowrap|[[Anil Kapoor]]}}
| auxB3 =
| infoA3 = 43
| infoB3 = 17
| infoC3 = {{INRConvert|25|l}}
| infoD3 = [[Sana Makbul]]
| infoE3 = [[Naezy | Naved Shaikh]]

| episodes3 = 43
| start3 = 21 June 2024
| end3 = 2 August 2024
| network3 =
}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:20px; width:auto;"
|-
|}

== Housemate pattern ==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:20px; width:auto;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"
! Clique
!{{nowrap|[[Bigg Boss OTT (Hindi Digital series) season 1|S1]]}}
!{{nowrap|[[Bigg Boss OTT (Hindi Digital series) season 2|S2]]}}
!{{nowrap|[[Bigg Boss OTT (Hindi Digital series) season 3|S3]]}}
|-
! Astrologer
| {{n/a}}
|style="background:#EEFBF8;" |Bebika Dhurve
| Munisha Khatwani
|-
! Dancer
| style="background:#F2EEFF;" |Nishant Bhat
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
|-
! LGBT
| Muskan Jattana
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
|-
! rowspan="4" | Film Star
| [[Akshara Singh]]
| Aaliya Siddiqui
| style="background:#EEFBF8;" |[[Ranvir Shorey]]
|-
| [[Karan Nath]]
|Aashika Bhatia
| {{n/a}}
|-
| style="background:#EEFBF8;" |[[Raqesh Bapat]]
| [[Akanksha Puri]]
| {{n/a}}
|-
| style="background:#EEFBF8;" |[[Shamita Shetty]]
| style="background:#EEFBF8;" |[[Pooja Bhatt]]
| {{n/a}}
|-
! International Star
| {{n/a}}
| Jad Hadid
| {{n/a}}
|-
! Seasoned Model
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| Sana Sultaan Khan
|-
! rowspan="3" | Reality Show Alumni
| style="background:#FFEE91;" |[[Divya Agarwal]]
| style="background:#EEFBF8;" | [[Manisha Rani]]
| {{n/a}}
|-
| style="background:#F2EEFF;" |Nishant Bhat
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
|-
| style="background:#EEFBF8;" |Pratik Sehajpal
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | Singer/Rapper
| [[Milind Gaba]]
| {{n/a}}
| style="background:#F2EEFF;" |[[Naezy |Naezy Sheikh]]
|-
| [[Neha Bhasin]]
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
|-
! rowspan="5" | Television Star
| [[Urfi Javed]]
| [[Avinash Sachdev]]
| style="background:#EEFBF8;" | [[Sai Ketan Rao]]
|-
| Zeeshan Khan
| [[Cyrus Broacha]]
| style="background:#FFEE91;" |[[Sana Makbul]]
|-
| [[Ridhima Pandit]]
| [[Falaq Naaz]]
| [[Poulomi Das]]
|-
| {{n/a}}
| [[Jiya Shankar]]
| {{n/a}}
|-
| {{n/a}}
| [[Palak Purswani]]
| {{n/a}}
|-
! rowspan="3" | Social Media Influencers
| {{n/a}}
| Puneet Kumar
| Adnaan Shaikh
|-
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| Vishal Pandey
|-
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| Chandrika Dixit Gera
|-
! Sportsperson
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| [[Neeraj Goyat]]
|-
!TV Presenter
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
|[[Deepak Chaurasia]]
|-
! rowspan="5" | Youtube Sensation
| {{n/a}}
| style="background:#F2EEFF;" |Abhishek Malhan
| Armaan Malik
|-
| {{n/a}}
| style="background:#FFEE91;" |[[Elvish Yadav]]
| style="background:#EEFBF8;" | Kritika Malik
|-
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| Lovekesh Kataria
|-
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| Payal Malik
|-
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| Shivani Kumari
|-
| colspan="4" |''' {{colorbox|#F2EEFF|}}''' '''Runner-up''' ''' {{colorbox|#FFEE91}}''' '''Winner''' '''{{colorbox|#EEFBF8}} Finalist'''
|- style="background:#FFEE91;"
! Winner
! {{Yes|Divya Agarwal}}
! {{Yes|Elvish Yadav}}
! {{Yes|Sana Makbul}}
|- style="background:#F2EEFF;"
! Runner-up
! {{Runner-up|Nishant Bhat}}
! {{Runner-up|Abhishek Malhan}}
! {{Runner-up|Naezy}}
|}

==Controversies==
{{Main article|List of Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) controversies}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.voot.com/shows/bigg-boss-ott/158428 ''Bigg Boss OTT''] on [[Voot]]
* [https://www.jiocinema.com/tv-shows/bigg-boss-ott/3499624 ''Bigg Boss OTT''] on [[JioCinema]]

{{Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series)}}

{{Bigg Boss OTT}}

[[Category:Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series)]]
[[Category:Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:2021 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian television series based on non-Indian television series]]

Bharatbhai Sutariya

2026-04-18T23:48:28Z

Brigette59K: Put up new details

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Bharatbhai Manubhai Sutariya
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1969|7|1|df=y}}
| birth_place = Jarakhiya, [[Amreli]], [[Gujarat]]
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Amreli Lok Sabha constituency|Amreli]]
| term_start = June 2024
| predecessor = [[Naranbhai Kachhadia]]
| successor =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janta Party]]
| spouse = Bhanuben
| parents = Manubhai, Savitaben
| children = 1
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}
'''Bharatbhai Manubhai Sutariya''' is an Indian politician. He is a member of [[Bharatiya Janta Party]] and current MP of Amreli.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Amreli Election Result 2024 Live Updates: BJP's Bharatbhai Manubhai Sutariya Has Won This Lok Sabha Seat |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/amreli-election-result-2024-live-updates-counting-of-votes-gujarat-lok-sabha-seat-latest-news |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Ex-local body heads {{!}} High jumpers">{{cite news|last1=India Today|title=Ex-local body heads {{!}} High jumpers|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-ex-local-body-heads-high-jumpers-2565844-2024-07-13|accessdate=31 July 2024|date=13 July 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731162655/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-ex-local-body-heads-high-jumpers-2565844-2024-07-13|archivedate=31 July 2024|language=en}}</ref>

==Political career==
Sutariya has been elected as a Member of Parliament from [[Amreli Lok Sabha constituency]] in [[2024 Indian general election]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Amreli Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Lok Sabha Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MP, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/amreli-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-lok-sabha-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mp-margin-8917532.html |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He defeated Jenny Thummar of [[Indian National Congress]] by a margin of 321068 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Amreli, Gujarat Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 Highlights: Bharat Sutariya Triumphs by 321068 Votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/story/amreli-gujarat-lok-sabha-election-results-2024-live-updates-clse-2547688-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sutariya, Bharatbhai}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Gujarat]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:1969 births]]

{{Gujarat-BJP-politician-stub}}

AIX Connect

2026-04-16T06:33:48Z

Brigette59K: Put up new data

{{Short description|Defunct low-cost airline of India (2013–2024)}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox airline
| airline = AIX Connect
| logo =
| logo_size =
| alt =
| IATA = I5<ref name="chavprofile">{{cite web | url=http://www.ch-aviation.com/portal/airline/AKI | title=AirAsia India | work=ch-aviation | access-date=24 December 2016 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105047/http://www.ch-aviation.com/portal/airline/AKI | archive-date=30 December 2016 | df=dmy-all}}</ref>
| ICAO = IAD<ref name="chavprofile" />
| callsign = RED KNIGHT<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.faa.gov/documentLibrary/media/Order/7340.2G_Bsc_dtd_1-5-17.pdf | title=JO 7340.2G Contractions | work=[[Federal Aviation Administration]] | date=5 January 2017 | access-date=6 August 2017 | page=3-1-10 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611035243/https://www.faa.gov/documentLibrary/media/Order/7340.2G_Bsc_dtd_1-5-17.pdf | archive-date=11 June 2017 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>
| founded = {{start date|2013|03|28|df=yes}} (as ''AirAsia India'')
| commenced = {{ubl|
| {{start date|2014|06|12|df=yes}} (as ''AirAsia India'')
| {{start date|2022|12||df=yes}} (as ''AIX Connect'')}}
| ceased = {{end date|2024|10|01|df=yes}} (merged into [[Air India Express]])
| aoc =
| bases = {{ubl|class=nowrap
| [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bangalore]]
| [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]]
| [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Kolkata]]
| [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai]]}}
| lounge =
| frequent_flyer = Tata NeuPass
| alliance =
| subsidiaries =
| fleet_size = 23
| destinations = [[List of AirAsia Group destinations|19]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ch-aviation.com/portal/airline/AXK | title=AIX Connect on ch-aviation.com | website=ch-aviation.com | access-date= 21 November 2023}}</ref>
| parent = {{ubl|class=nowrap
| [[AirAsia]] (2013–2022)
| [[Air India Limited]] (2022–2024)}}
| num_employees =
| headquarters = [[Bangalore]], Karnataka, India
| key_people = {{bulleted list|
| [[Campbell Wilson]] ([[Chairman]])
| Aloke Singh ([[Chief executive officer|CEO]])}}
| revenue = {{up}} {{INRConvert|5210|c}} (2024)<ref name=pNl>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tata.com/content/dam/tata/pdf/fy24/Tata-Sons-Annual-Report-FY24.pdf|title=Tata Sons FY 24 Annual Report}}</ref>
| operating_income =
| net_income = {{decrease}} {{INRConvert|-1149|c}} (2024)<ref name=pNl/>
| profit =
| assets =
| equity =
| website = {{URL|www.airasia.com}} (first) {{URL|www.airindiaexpress.com}} (final)
}}

'''AIX Connect''', formerly known as '''AirAsia India''', was an Indian [[low-cost airline]] headquartered in [[Bangalore]] (Bengaluru), Karnataka, and a wholly owned subsidiary of [[Air India Limited]], which in turn is owned by the [[Tata Group]]. The airline was founded as a joint venture between [[Tata Sons]] and [[AirAsia Bhd]] and commenced operations in June 2014 with Bangalore as its primary operating base. From 2020 to 2022, AirAsia Bhd gradually disinvested its shares in the joint venture and sold them to Tata Sons. In December 2022, after the entire shares of AirAsia India was acquired by Tata Sons, the airline was renamed ''AIX Connect'' ahead of its merger with [[Air India Express]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sinha |first1=Saurabh |title=Tatas rename AirAsia India as AIX Connect ahead of merger |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/tatas-rename-airasia-india-as-aix-connect-ahead-of-merger/articleshow/96505060.cms |access-date=28 December 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=26 December 2022}}</ref>

The AirAsia India brand was retired on 31 October 2023,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 November 2023 |title=AirAsia India brand sunsets; stage set for mega AI Express soon |work= [[Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/airasia-india-brand-sunsets-stage-set-for-mega-ai-express-soon/articleshow/104895168.cms |access-date=15 November 2023 }}</ref> and the airline started operating flights for Air India Express.<ref name='MC'/> On 1 October 2024, AIX Connect was merged into Air India Express.<ref name="merger" />

==History==
[[File:AirAsia India VT-APJ at Bengaluru, 2016-02-20.jpg|thumb|AirAsia India [[Airbus A320 family|A320-200]]]]
[[File:AirAsia India A320 Neo Aircraft.png|thumb|AirAsia India [[Airbus A320neo family|A320neo]]]]
In February 2013, with the [[Government of India]] allowing a [[foreign direct investment]] of up to 49% in airlines, [[AirAsia Berhad]] applied to the Indian [[Foreign Investment Promotion Board]] (FIPB) seeking approval to commence its operations in India.<ref>{{cite news|title=AirAsia India to take to the skies in Q4|url=http://www.mysinchew.com/node/83205|work=MCIL Multimedia|access-date=21 February 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224014557/http://www.mysinchew.com/node/83205|archive-date=24 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/23/travel/23prac.html?ref=yourmoney|title=Does Low Cost Mean High Risk?|date=23 December 2007|access-date=28 April 2010|work=[[The New York Times]]|first=Joshua|last=Kurlantzick|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103045403/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/23/travel/23prac.html?ref=yourmoney|archive-date=3 November 2014}}</ref> In March 2013, AirAsia announced that it would establish a [[joint venture]] with [[Tata Sons]] and Telestra Tradeplace with Tata Sons representing the airline with two non-executive directors on the board.<ref>{{cite news|title=AirAsia to tie up with Tata Sons for new airline in India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/AirAsia-to-tie-up-with-Tata-Sons-for-new-airline-in-India/articleshow/18601005.cms|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 February 2013|access-date=25 March 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427180944/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/AirAsia-to-tie-up-with-Tata-Sons-for-new-airline-in-India/articleshow/18601005.cms|archive-date=27 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/airasia-applies-for-indian-airline-jv-with-tata-sons-and-telestra-tradeplace/articleshow/18591201.cms|title=Tata Sons, Telestra Tradeplace and Air Asia to form Air Asia India|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=20 February 2013|access-date=25 March 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107021351/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/airasia-applies-for-indian-airline-jv-with-tata-sons-and-telestra-tradeplace/articleshow/18591201.cms|archive-date=7 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=AirAsia incorporates company for Indian venture|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/AirAsia-incorporates-company-for-Indian-venture/articleshow/19303944.cms|access-date=31 March 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=31 March 2013|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|location=New Delhi|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130331093540/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/AirAsia-incorporates-company-for-Indian-venture/articleshow/19303944.cms|archive-date=31 March 2013}}</ref>

The airline planned to operate with the world's lowest unit cost of {{INRConvert|1.25}} per available seat kilometre and a passenger break-even load factor of 52%. It also planned to [[fuel hedging|hedge]] 100% of its fuel requirements for the first three years and to achieve an aircraft [[Aircraft ground handling|turnaround]] time of 25 minutes.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Passengers' perceptions of low cost airlines and full service carriers|url=http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk:8080/handle/1826/1453|work=Cranfield University|year=2005|access-date=25 March 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313190753/http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk:8080/handle/1826/1453|archive-date=13 March 2017}}</ref>

AirAsia planned to begin operations in various [[Classification of Indian cities|tier 2 and tier 3]] cities with [[Chennai International Airport]] as its main operating base.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tatas plan return flight with AirAsia on board|url=http://profit.ndtv.com/news/corporates/article-tatas-plan-return-flight-with-airasia-on-board-318286|publisher=[[NDTV]]|access-date=21 February 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130221104621/http://profit.ndtv.com/news/corporates/article-tatas-plan-return-flight-with-airasia-on-board-318286|archive-date=21 February 2013}}</ref> According to [[KPMG]], the introduction of AirAsia was expected to cause another [[price war]], ultimately leading to an increase in air traffic and some consolidation in the Indian aviation sector.<ref>{{cite news|title=AirAsia's India foray good news; see more competition: KPMG|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/airasias-india-foray-good-news-see-more-competition-kpmg_828265.html|publisher=CNBC|date=21 February 2013|access-date=25 March 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072548/http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/airasias-india-foray-good-news-see-more-competition-kpmg_828265.html|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> AirAsia initially invested an amount of {{US$}}50 million and in preparation for its operations in India, it struck deals with online and offline travel agents.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/fipb-approves-airasiatata-plan/article4481649.ece|title=FIPB approves AirAsia-Tata plan|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=6 March 2013|access-date=30 April 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528022639/http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/fipb-approves-airasiatata-plan/article4481649.ece|archive-date=28 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Air Asia to make strong sales pitch, ties up with portals, agents|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/air-asia-to-make-strong-sales-pitch-ties-up-with-portals-agents-113022200463_1.html|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]|date=23 February 2013|access-date=25 March 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308213202/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/air-asia-to-make-strong-sales-pitch-ties-up-with-portals-agents-113022200463_1.html|archive-date=8 March 2016}}</ref> On 3 March 2013, the FIPB officially permitted AirAsia to rent or lease aircraft and to carry cargo on its scheduled flights. The airline then applied for permission to schedule aircraft and transport passengers,<ref>{{cite news|title=Air Asia, Tata Group JV seeks permission for aircraft leasing|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/air-asia-tata-group-jv-seeks-permission-for-aircraft-leasing/1082462/|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=3 March 2013|access-date=25 March 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130306002916/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/air-asia-tata-group-jv-seeks-permission-for-aircraft-leasing/1082462|archive-date=6 March 2013}}</ref> which the FIPB accepted on 6 March.<ref>{{cite news|title=AirAsia's India investment plan gets FIPB nod|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/airasia-india-tata-approval-idINDEE92505Y20130306|work=[[Reuters]]|date=6 March 2013|access-date=25 March 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929000059/http://in.reuters.com/article/2013/03/06/airasia-india-tata-approval-idINDEE92505Y20130306|archive-date=29 September 2015}}</ref>

AirAsia India was established on 28 March 2013 and became the first foreign airline to set up a subsidiary in India.<ref>{{cite news|title=AirAsia incorporates Indian venture; files all papers with MCA|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-03-31/news/38163268_1_airasia-india-jet-airways-telestra-tradeplace|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403034639/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-03-31/news/38163268_1_airasia-india-jet-airways-telestra-tradeplace|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 April 2013|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=3 April 2013|access-date=25 March 2016}}</ref><ref name="AA first">{{cite news |title=FIPB to take up AirAsia India entry proposal on March 6|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/policy/fipb-to-take-up-air-asias-proposal-on-march-6/article4442588.ece |newspaper=[[Business Line]] |access-date=25 March 2016 |date=22 February 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105155308/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/policy/fipb-to-take-up-air-asias-proposal-on-march-6/article4442588.ece |archive-date=5 January 2016 }}</ref> In April, the airline started recruiting candidates for pilots and cabin crew.<ref>{{cite news|title=AirAsia recruitment drive for India gets overwhelming response|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-04-13/news/38511400_1_air-asia-airasia-tata-sons|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130416010428/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-04-13/news/38511400_1_air-asia-airasia-tata-sons|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 April 2013|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=14 April 2013|access-date=25 March 2016}}</ref> As the final procedure to obtain Air Operator Permit, a proving flight was conducted on 1 and 2 May 2014 flying from [[Chennai]] to [[Cochin International Airport|Kochi]], [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bangalore]] and [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Kolkata]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://theflyingengineer.com/2014/05/02/airasia-india-proving-flights-day-2/|title=AirAsia India Proving Flights: Day 2|work=The Flying Engineer|date=2 May 2015|access-date=2 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703031134/http://theflyingengineer.com/2014/05/02/airasia-india-proving-flights-day-2/|archive-date=3 July 2015}}</ref> On 7 May 2014, the [[Directorate General of Civil Aviation (India)|DGCA]] issued an Air Operator Permit to the company.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-27321138|title=AirAsia India gets approval to fly|work=[[BBC News]]|date=8 May 2014|access-date=21 May 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521234939/http://www.bbc.com/news/business-27321138|archive-date=21 May 2014}}</ref> On 30 May 2014, the airline announced the shifting of its base to Bangalore and its first flight from there to Goa.<ref>{{cite news|title=AirAsia India launches and shifts base to Bengaluru|url=http://www.anna.aero/2014/06/18/airasia-india-launches-shifts-base-bangalore/|work=anna.aero|date=18 June 2014|access-date=5 September 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626102754/http://www.anna.aero/2014/06/18/airasia-india-launches-shifts-base-bangalore/|archive-date=26 June 2014}}</ref> AirAsia operated its maiden flight on 12 June 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://profit.ndtv.com/news/corporates/article-airasia-india-tickets-on-sale-from-friday-389821?pfrom=home-lateststories|title=AirAsia India Tickets on sale from today|publisher=[[NDTV]]|date=30 May 2014|access-date=30 May 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529155640/http://profit.ndtv.com/news/corporates/article-airasia-india-tickets-on-sale-from-friday-389821?pfrom=home-lateststories|archive-date=29 May 2014}}</ref><ref name="Inag">{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/airasia-india-announces-maiden-flight-from-bangalore-to-goa-for-rs-990/475405-7.html|title=AirAsia India announces maiden flight from Bangalore to Goa for Rs 990|publisher=CNN-IBN|date=30 May 2014|access-date=2 July 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103213917/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/airasia-india-announces-maiden-flight-from-bangalore-to-goa-for-rs-990/475405-7.html|archive-date=3 January 2015}}</ref> In June 2015, the airline made [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Indira Gandhi International Airport, Delhi]] its secondary hub for North Indian operations.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-05-21/news/62459875_1_airasia-india-ceo-mittu-chandilya-hub|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524160226/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-05-21/news/62459875_1_airasia-india-ceo-mittu-chandilya-hub|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 May 2015|title=AirAsia looking for a third hub after Delhi|date=21 May 2015|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=8 March 2016}}</ref> In August 2015, Tata Sons increased its stake to 40.06% from 30% earlier by injecting fresh equity while Telestra's share was reduced to 10% from 20%.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/tata-sons-increase-airasia-india-stake-to-41/articleshow/48474752.cms|title=ATata Sons increase AirAsia India stake to 41%|date=18 August 2015|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=25 March 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827133722/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/tata-sons-increase-airasia-india-stake-to-41/articleshow/48474752.cms|archive-date=27 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ch-aviation.com/portal/news/39578-tata-group-ramps-up-stake-in-airasia-india|title=Tata group ramps up stake in Air Asia|date=18 August 2015|newspaper=Ch-aviation|access-date=8 March 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019035820/http://www.ch-aviation.com/portal/news/39578-tata-group-ramps-up-stake-in-airasia-india|archive-date=19 October 2015}}</ref> As of July 2019, AirAsia India was the fifth largest low-cost carrier in India, behind [[IndiGo]], [[SpiceJet]], [[Star Air (India)]], and [[GoAir]], with a market share of 7.1%.<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://dgca.nic.in/reports/Traffic_reports/Traffic_Rep072019.pdf|title=Traffic Data July 2019|date=19 July 2020|publisher=DGCA}}</ref>

In January 2018, then-managing director and chief executive Amar Abrol announced plans for the company to expect a fleet of 21 aircraft by the year's end, making it eligible to operate overseas flights.<ref name="des">{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/business/airasia-india-says-no-plans-to-look-at-air-india-stake-1633943.html|title=AirAsia India Says No Plans to Look at Air India Stake|work=News18|date=16 January 2018 |access-date=17 January 2018}}</ref>

On 29 December 2020, [[AirAsia Berhad]] announced that it would sell a 32.67% stake in AirAsia India to Tata Sons for $37.7 million, including a provision to sell the remaining 16.33% stake for $18.8 million.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Olsen |first1=Robert |title=Tony Fernandes's AirAsia Cuts Stake In India Joint Venture With $38 Million Sale To Tata Sons |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/robertolsen/2021/12/30/tony-fernandess-airasia-cuts-stake-in-india-joint-venture-with-38-million-sale-to-tata-sons/ |access-date=25 March 2021 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Giriprakash |first1=K. |title=AirAsia India: An airline at crossroads |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/specials/flight-plan/airasia-india-an-airline-at-crossroads/article34122908.ece |access-date=25 March 2021 |website=@businessline |date=21 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Tata Sons acquired [[Air India Limited]] on 8 October 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 October 2021 |title=Air India: Struggling national carrier sold to Tata Sons |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-58778274 |access-date=8 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Air India acquisition: What Tatas will get - Times of India |language=en |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/air-india-acquisition-what-tatas-will-get/articleshow/86871669.cms |access-date=8 October 2021}}</ref> The Tata Group requested approval from the [[Competition Commission of India]] (CCI) to merge AirAsia India with Air India Limited in April 2022,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Phadnis |first=Arindam Maujmder & Aneesh |date=27 April 2022 |title=Tata Group approaches CCI for merger between Air India and AirAsia India |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/tata-group-approaches-cci-for-merger-between-air-india-and-airasia-india-122042700273_1.html |access-date=28 June 2022}}</ref> which was granted on 14 June 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Team |first=BS Web |date=14 June 2022 |title=CCI approves proposed acquisition of AirAsia India by Air India |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/cci-approves-acquisition-of-airasia-india-by-air-india-122061400783_1.html |access-date=28 June 2022}}</ref> On 2 November 2022, AirAsia Berhad sold the remaining 16.33% stake to Tata Sons. However, the AirAsia brand could still be used for twelve months.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Tata Group brings AirAsia India under Air India's wings |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/tata-group-brings-airasia-india-under-air-india-s-wings-11667414412058.html |date=3 November 2022 |work=Mint |access-date=3 November 2022}}</ref>

AirAsia India added the gender-neutral honorific [[Mx (title)|Mx]] as a third option for passengers booking tickets from June 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 June 2022 |title=Vistara, AirAsia add gender-neutral flight booking options |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/vistara-airasia-add-gender-neutral-flight-booking-options/article65507208.ece |access-date=28 June 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

On 19 May 2023, AIX Connect operated India's first commercial flight using indigenously produced [[sustainable aviation fuel]] from [[Pune Airport|Pune]] to [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 May 2023 |title=Pune-New Delhi flight takes off using indigenously produced sustainable aviation fuel |work= [[Hindustan Times]] |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/indias-first-commercial-passenger-flight-with-sustainable-aviation-fuel-blend-takes-off-from-pune-101684520984439.html |access-date=15 November 2023 }}</ref>

===Name change and merger with Air India Express===
In June 2022, the Competition Commission of India approved Air India's proposal to acquire the 16.33% stake of Malaysian partner AirAsia Berhad in AirAsia India. Subsequently, Air India signed agreements in November 2022 to acquire AirAsia India and announced its plans to merge the carrier with [[Air India Express]].
<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 November 2022 |title=Air India signs agreements to acquire AirAsia India; full integration with arm Air India Express expected by end of 2023 |work= ET Infra.com |url=https://infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/aviation/air-india-signs-agreements-to-acquire-airasia-india-full-integration-with-arm-air-india-express-expected-by-end-of-2023/95261323l |access-date=15 November 2023 }}</ref>
By an agreement with AirAsia Bhd, after its sale to the Tatas, the airline had to stop using the AirAsia branding by November 2023.<ref name='MC'>{{Cite news |date=25 September 2023 |title=How Air India is forging an interconnected future with group airlines |work= [[Moneycontrol]] |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/how-air-india-is-forging-an-interconnected-future-with-group-airlines-11426111.html |access-date=15 November 2023 }}</ref> Hence, the airline changed its name to AIX Connect in December 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 December 2022 |title=Tatas rename AirAsia India as AIX Connect ahead of merger |work= [[Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/96505060.cms |access-date=15 November 2023 }}</ref>

On 27 March 2023,<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 March 2023 |title=Air India integrates AirAsia India, Air India Express systems; nears consolidation completion |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/air-india-integrates-airasia-india-air-india-express-systems-nears-consolidation-completion/articleshow/99060368.cms |access-date=29 March 2023 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Air India integrated the reservations system and customer interface of its two low-cost subsidiary airlines - Air India Express and AirAsia India, in a move to consolidate its airline entities. The process largely involved Air India Express migrating to the systems used by AirAsia India. Passengers were able to make and manage bookings, and check-in to AirAsia India and Air India Express domestic and international flights, on an all-new integrated website.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AirAsia India |url=https://www.airindiaexpress.in/home |access-date=12 May 2023 |website=AirAsia India |language=en}}</ref>

In July 2023, AIX Connect received regulatory approvals to operate its flights under the 'Air India Express' branding, effectively allowing the airline to operate, market, and distribute their flights as Air India Express.<ref name='MC'/>
Air India entered into a codeshare pact with AIX Connect in September 2023, covering more than 100 flights a day on 21 routes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 September 2023 |title=Air India enters into codeshare pact with its subsidiary AIX Connect |work= [[Business Standard]] |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/air-india-enters-into-codeshare-pact-with-its-subsidiary-aix-connect-123092500926_1.html |access-date=15 November 2023 }}</ref>

The aircraft of AIX Connect were transferred to Air India Express [[Air Operator Certificate]] (AOC). In October 2023, VT-ATD, an Airbus A320neo became the first to transfer into the Air India Express fleet after completing the [[Directorate General of Civil Aviation (India)|DGCA]]’s CAP3100 process.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 October 2023 |title=Air Asia India completes transfer of A320 VT-ATJ aircraft to Air India Express as part of fleet merger |work= [[Moneycontrol]] |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/air-asia-india-completes-transfer-of-a320-vt-atj-aircraft-to-air-india-express-as-part-of-fleet-merger-11490581.html |access-date=15 November 2023 }}</ref>

On 1 October 2024, the merger of AIX Connect and Air India Express was declared to be complete.<ref name="merger">{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/aviation/air-india-express-aix-connect-vistara-tata-group-dgca-9597815/ |title=Air India Express-AIX Connect merger complete; to serve as benchmark for upcoming Air India-Vistara merger: DGCA |date=1 October 2024 |access-date=1 October 2024 |publisher=The Indian Express}}</ref>

==Corporate affairs==
AirAsia India was headquartered in Bangalore, India.<ref name="Bengaluru">{{cite news|title=AirAsia India shifts base to Bengaluru from Chennai|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/AirAsia-India-to-shift-its-base-from-Chennai-to-Bangalore/articleshow/35777333.cms|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=25 March 2016|date=30 May 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427180938/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/AirAsia-India-to-shift-its-base-from-Chennai-to-Bangalore/articleshow/35777333.cms|archive-date=27 April 2016}}</ref> Prior to the airline's formation, [[Tony Fernandes]], founder of AirAsia group, announced that he would like [[Ratan Tata]] to be the chairman of the airline; however the latter refused, though he later consented to be the chief advisor to the AirAsia India management board.<ref>{{cite news|title=AirAsia wants Ratan Tata to head JV|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-02-22/news/37242259_1_air-asia-joint-venture-low-cost-airline|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225170513/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-02-22/news/37242259_1_air-asia-joint-venture-low-cost-airline|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 February 2013|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=24 February 2013|access-date=25 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-06-17/news/40027877_1_airasia-india-telestra-tradeplace-ratan-tata|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620160429/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-06-17/news/40027877_1_airasia-india-telestra-tradeplace-ratan-tata|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 June 2013|title=Ratan Tata to be the chief advisor to AirAsia India|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=17 June 2013|access-date=2 July 2015}}</ref> On 15 May 2013, AirAsia India appointed management consultant Mittu Chandilya as CEO.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-05-15/news/39282301_1_air-asia-india-airasia-india-telstra-tradeplace|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130608024648/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-05-15/news/39282301_1_air-asia-india-airasia-india-telstra-tradeplace|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 June 2013|title=Singapore based Mittu Chandilya appointed CEO of Air Asia India|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=15 May 2013|access-date=2 July 2015}}</ref> A month later, on 17 June, [[S. Ramadorai]], the non-executive vice-chairman of [[Tata Consultancy Services]], was appointed as the chairman of the airline.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/airasia-india-appoints-tcs-s-ramadorai-as-chairman/articleshow/20631365.cms|title=AirAsia India appoints TCS' S Ramadorai as Chairman|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=17 June 2013|access-date=2 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180128190629/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/airasia-india-appoints-tcs-s-ramadorai-as-chairman/articleshow/20631365.cms|archive-date=28 January 2018}}</ref> In April 2016, Amar Abrol replaced Mittu Chandilya as the CEO of the airline.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/business/meet-amar-abrol-airasia-india-s-new-ceo-who-is-set-to-replace-chandilya/story-LeVWZgWyPP7BMi3VLQPnQO.html|title=Meet Amar Abrol, AirAsia India's new CEO who is set to replace Chandilya|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=18 March 2016|access-date=12 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160522084836/http://www.hindustantimes.com/business/meet-amar-abrol-airasia-india-s-new-ceo-who-is-set-to-replace-chandilya/story-LeVWZgWyPP7BMi3VLQPnQO.html|archive-date=22 May 2016}}</ref> In June 2018, Amar Abrol reportedly quit and in October 2018, AirAsia India announced that [[Sunil Bhaskaran]] had been appointed managing director and CEO of the airline.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/et-exclusive-tata-steel-veteran-sunil-bhaskaran-to-be-new-air-asia-india-boss/articleshow/66146401.cms?from=mdr|title=Tata Steel veteran Sunil Bhaskaran to be new Air Asia India boss|last1=Barman|first1=Arijit|date=11 October 2018|work=The Economic Times|last2=Chowdhury|first2=Anirban}}</ref>

Former chairman of the [[Tata Group]] [[Cyrus Mistry]] alleged that there were corporate governance lapses between the two joint venture partners.
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/airasia-indias-co-owner-may-just-be-running-out-of-patience-cash/article31892620.ece|title=AirAsia India's co-owner may just be running out of patience, cash|first=K.|last=Giriprakash|website=@businessline|date=22 June 2020 }}</ref>

==Former fleet==
AIX Connect (formerly known as ''AirAsia India'') operated the following all-Airbus fleet:{{cn|date=November 2025}}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em auto; text-align:center"
|+ AIX Connect fleet
|-
!Aircraft
!Total
!Introduced
!Retired
!Notes
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Airbus A320-200]]
|7
| rowspan="3" |2014
|2020-2021
|To [[AirAsia]] group
|-
|2
| rowspan="3" |2024
|Back to lessor
|-
|21
| rowspan="2" |To [[Air India Express]]
|-
|[[Airbus A320neo]]
|5
|2020
|}

==See also==
*[[List of defunct airlines of India]]

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== Further reading ==

* {{cite journal |last1=Dixit |first1=M. R. |last2=Jena |first2=Sanjay Kumar |date=26 June 2018 |title=Air Asia India 2017 |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/case.iima.2020.000035/full/html |journal=IIMA Case Centre |publisher=[[Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad]] |doi=10.1108/CASE.IIMA.2020.000035 |access-date=29 June 2025|url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite journal |last=Jayakumar |first=Tulsi |date=16 October 2017 |title=Air Asia India: Competing for Air Space in an Emerging Economy |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/CR-10-2016-0072/full/html |journal=Competitiveness Review |publisher=Emerald Publishing Limited |volume=27 |issue=5 |pages=516–532 |doi=10.1108/CR-10-2016-0072 |issn=1059-5422 |access-date=29 June 2025|url-access=subscription }}

*{{cite report |url=https://www.thecasecentre.org/products/view?id=123837 |title=AirAsia India: Clash for the Indian Skies |author=Jayakumar, Tulsi |date=2014-09-17 |publisher=[[Ivey Publishing]] via [[The Case Centre]] |pages=16 |language=English |id=9B14M111 |access-date=29 June 2025 |format=PDF |type=Case study |contribution=Strategy and General Management}}

==External links==
{{commons category-inline}}
* {{official website|https://www.airindiaexpress.in}}

{{Portalbar|Aviation|Companies|India}}
{{AirAsia}}
{{Airlines of India}}
{{Tata Group}}

[[Category:AirAsia]]
[[Category:Defunct airlines of India]]
[[Category:Airlines established in 2013]]
[[Category:Airlines disestablished in 2024]]
[[Category:Defunct low-cost airlines]]
[[Category:2013 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Tata Sons subsidiaries]]
[[Category:Tata Airlines]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2013]]

Ballistic missile

2026-03-28T14:32:42Z

Brigette59K: expand intro for consistency and cleaned formatting as per guidelines

{{Short description|Missile that follows a sub-orbital ballistic flightpath}}
{{About||self-navigating guided constant-speed missiles|Cruise missile}}
[[File:Minuteman III MIRV path.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|Minuteman-III [[Multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle|MIRV]] launch sequence: {{ubl
|1. The missile launches out of its silo by firing its first-stage boost motor (''A'').
|2. About 60 seconds after launch, the first-stage drops off and the second-stage motor (''B'') ignites. The missile shroud (''E'') is ejected.
|3. About 120 seconds after launch, the third-stage motor (''C'') ignites and separates from the second stage.
|4. About 180 seconds after launch, third-stage thrust terminates and the post-boost vehicle (''D'') separates from the rocket.
|5. The post-boost vehicle maneuvers itself and prepares for re-entry vehicle (RV) deployment.
|6. The RVs, as well as decoys and chaff, are deployed.
|7. The RVs (now armed) and chaff re-enter the atmosphere at high speeds.
|8. The nuclear warheads detonate.}}]]

A '''ballistic missile''' is a type of [[missile]] that follows a [[Projectile motion|ballistic trajectory]] and is powered only during a relatively brief initial period—most of the flight is unpowered. [[Short-range ballistic missiles]] (SRBM) typically stay within the [[Atmosphere of Earth|Earth's atmosphere]], while most larger missiles travel outside the atmosphere. The type of ballistic missile with the greatest range is an [[intercontinental ballistic missile]] (ICBM). The largest ICBMs are capable of full orbital flight.

These missiles are in a distinct category from [[cruise missile]]s, which are [[Aerodynamics|aerodynamically]] guided in powered flight and thus restricted to the atmosphere.

== History ==
{{Further|History of rockets|Ballistics}}{{Expand section|date=June 2025|small=no}}[[File:Fusée V2.jpg|upright|thumb|Replica [[V-2]]]]One modern pioneer ballistic missile was the A-4,<ref>{{cite book | last = Zaloga | first = Steven | title = V-2 Ballistic Missile 1942–52 | publisher = [[Osprey Publishing]] | location = Reading | year = 2003 | page = [https://archive.org/details/newvanguard8200stev/page/3 3] | isbn = 978-1-84176-541-9 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/newvanguard8200stev/page/3 }}</ref> commonly known as the [[V-2 rocket|V-2]], developed by [[Nazi Germany]] in the 1930s and 1940s under the direction of [[Wernher von Braun]]. The first successful launch of a V-2 was on October 3, 1942, and it began operation on September 6, 1944, against [[Paris]], followed by an attack on London two days later. By the end of World War II in Europe in May 1945, more than 3,000 V-2s had been launched.<ref name="num_fired">{{cite book| author=Clayton K. S. Chun| title=Thunder Over the Horizon: From V-2 Rockets to Ballistic Missiles| publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]]|year=2006| page=54}}</ref> In addition to its use as a weapon, a [[MW 18014|vertically launched V-2]] became the first human-made object to reach [[outer space]] on June 20, 1944.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://astronautix.com/chrono/19442.htm|title=Peenemuende|last=Wade|first=Mark|website=[[Astronautix.com]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050425131553/http://astronautix.com/chrono/19442.htm|archivedate=2005-04-25|url-status=dead|accessdate=2019-06-07}}</ref>

The [[R-7 Semyorka]] was the first [[intercontinental ballistic missile]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Launching The Space Age |url=https://airandspace.si.edu/exhibitions/space-race/online/sec200/sec250.htm#:~:text=R-7:%20THE%20WORLD%27S%20FIRST,hurl%20a%20spacecraft%20into%20orbit. |access-date=2023-03-01 |website=airandspace.si.edu}}</ref>

The [[Minuteman III]] was the first ICBM equipped with a [[Multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle|Multiple Independently targetable Reentry Vehicle (MIRV)]] to enter service.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MIRV missiles |url=https://learnfinite.com/ca/mirv-missiles |access-date=2026-01-23 |website=learnfinite.com}}</ref>

The [[October 2024 Iranian strikes against Israel|largest ballistic missile attack in history]] took place on 1 October 2024 when the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps|Iranian Revolutionary Guard]] launched about 200 missiles at [[Israel]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Schneider |first=Tal |date=6 October 2024 |title=How effective was Iran's attack? The Israeli public doesn't have the full picture |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/how-effective-was-irans-attack-the-israeli-public-doesnt-have-the-full-picture/ |access-date=27 October 2024 |work=The Times of Israel}}</ref> a distance of about 1,500 kilometers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-25 |title=What to Know About Iran's Ballistic Missile Attacks and Israel's Efforts to Defend Itself {{!}} AJC |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/what-to-know-about-irans-ballistic-missile-attacks-and-israels-efforts-to-defend-itself |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=www.ajc.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/the-largest-missile-battle-in-history-the-iron-dome-was-not-involved/ar-AA1rxYii |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Distance from Jerusalem, Israel to Tehran, Iran |url=https://www.geodatos.net/en/distances/from-jerusalem-to-tehran |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=www.geodatos.net}}</ref> The missiles arrived about 15 minutes after launch.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What we know about Iran's latest missile attack on Israel |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c70w1j0l488o |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=www.bbc.com |date=3 October 2024 |language=en-GB}}</ref> It is believed that Iran's [[Fattah-1 (missile)|Fattah-1]] and Kheybar Shekan missiles were used, which both have a range of about 1,400 km.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Doyle |first=Gerry |date=2 October 2024 |title=Iranian missile strike on Israel shows capability for greater scale, complexity |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iranian-missile-strike-israel-shows-capability-greater-scale-complexity-2024-10-02/ |access-date=27 October 2024 |work=Reuters}}</ref>

[[File:Minuteman III diagram.png|thumb|Side view of Minuteman-III ICBM]]

== Flight ==

In order to cover large distances, ballistic missiles are usually launched into a high [[sub-orbital spaceflight]]; for intercontinental missiles, the highest altitude ([[apogee]]) reached during free-flight is about {{convert|4500|km|mi|sp=us}}.<ref>{{Cite news |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |last3= |first3= |date=28 November 2017 |title=North Korea launches 'highest ever' ballistic missile |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-42160227 |access-date= |work=[[BBC]]}}</ref> A ballistic missile's [[trajectory]] consists of three parts or [[Ballistic missile flight phases|phases]]: the boost phase, the mid-course phase and the terminal phase. Special systems and capabilities are required to facilitate the successful passage from one phase to the other.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Chun |first=Clayton K. S. |title=Thunder over the horizon: from V-2 rockets to ballistic missiles |date=2006 |publisher=Praeger Security International |isbn=978-0-275-98577-6 |series=War, technology, and history |location=Westport, CN. |page=2}}</ref>

The boost phase is the [[powered flight]] portion, beginning with the ignition of the engines and concluding with the end of powered flight. The powered flight portion can last from a few tenths of seconds to several minutes and can consist of multiple [[rocket]] stages.<ref name=":1" /> Internal computers keep the missile aligned on a preprogrammed trajectory.<ref name=":4" /> On [[Multistage rocket|multi-stage missiles]], stage separation (excluding any post-boost vehicles or [[Multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle|MIRV]] bus) occurs primarily during the boost phase.

The mid-course phase is the longest in the missile's trajectory, beginning with the conclusion of powered flight. When the fuel is exhausted, no more [[thrust]] is provided and the missile enters free flight. During this phase the missile, now largely consisting of a [[warhead]] or payload and possibly defensive countermeasures and small propulsion systems for further alignment toward its target, will reach its [[Apogee|highest altitude]] and may travel in space for thousands of kilometres (or even indefinitely, in the case of some [[Fractional Orbital Bombardment System|fractional-orbital]] capable systems) at speeds of up to {{convert|7.5|to|10|km/s|nmi/s|0|abbr=off}}.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Chun |first=Clayton K. S. |title=Thunder over the horizon: from V-2 rockets to ballistic missiles |date=2006 |publisher=Praeger Security International |isbn=978-0-275-98577-6 |series=War, technology, and history |location=Westport, Conn. |pages=4}}</ref>

The last phase in the missile's trajectory is the terminal or re-entry phase, beginning with the [[Atmospheric reentry|re-entry of the missile into the Earth's atmosphere]] (if [[exoatmospheric]])<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=McFadden |first=Christopher |title=What is an intercontinental ballistic missile and how does it work? |date=4 December 2017 |url=https://interestingengineering.com/what-is-an-intercontinental-ballistic-missile-and-how-does-it-work}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> where atmospheric [[Drag (physics)|drag]] plays a significant part in missile trajectory, and lasts until missile [[Impact force|impact]].<ref name=":1" /> Re-entry vehicles re-enter the Earth's atmosphere at very high velocities, on the order of {{convert|6-8|km/s|km/h mph|sp=us}} at intercontinental ballistic missile ranges.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=June 2017 |title=Ballistic and Cruise Missile Threat |url=https://www.nasic.af.mil/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=F2VLcKSmCTE%3d&portalid=19 |publisher=Defense Intelligence Ballistic Missile Analysis Committee}}</ref> During the beginning of this phase, the missile's trajectory is still relatively well defined, though as the missile reaches the heavier layers of atmosphere it is increasingly influenced by gravity and aerodynamic drag, which can affect its landing.<ref name=":5" />

== Types ==
[[File:Trident II missile image.jpg|thumb|upright|right|[[Trident II]] SLBM launched by [[ballistic missile submarine]]]]

Ballistic missiles can be launched from fixed sites or mobile launchers, including vehicles (e.g., [[transporter erector launcher]]s), [[aircraft]], [[Navy|ships]], and [[submarine]]s. Ballistic missiles vary widely in range and use, and are often divided into categories based on range. Various schemes are used by different countries to categorize the ranges of ballistic missiles:

*[[Tactical ballistic missile]] (TBM): Range less than {{convert|300|km}}
*[[Short-range ballistic missile]] (SRBM): Range from {{convert|300|to|1000|km}}
*[[Medium-range ballistic missile]] (MRBM): Range from {{convert|1000|to|3500|km}}
*[[Intermediate-range ballistic missile]] (IRBM): Range from {{convert|3500|to|5500|km}}
*[[Intercontinental ballistic missile]] (ICBM): Range greater than {{convert|5500|km}}

Long- and medium-range ballistic missiles are generally designed to deliver [[nuclear weapon]]s because their [[payload]] is too limited for conventional explosives to be cost-effective in comparison to conventional [[bomber aircraft]].

== Quasi-ballistic missiles ==

A quasi-ballistic missile is a category of [[SRBM]] that is largely ballistic but is fully guided and can perform maneuvers throughout the entirety of atmospheric flight to make unexpected changes in direction and range.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Delory |first=Stéphane |date=January 2020 |title=Ballistic missiles and conventional strike weapons: Adapting the HCoC to address the dissemination of conventional ballistic missiles |url=https://www.nonproliferation.eu/hcoc/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Ballistic-missiles-and-conventional-strike-weapons.pdf |website=Nonproliferation.eu |publisher=Fondation pour la Recherche Stratégique |quote=Quasi-ballistic flight within the atmosphere requires permanent guidance of the missile during its flight and therefore real-time calculation of the vehicle’s aerodynamic behaviour.}}</ref> Large guided [[MLRS]] rockets with range comparable to an SRBM are sometimes categorized as quasi-ballistic missiles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.spslandforces.com/story/?id=625&h=MLRS-for-Army-and-Indigenous-Capability|website=SPS Land Forces|title=MLRS For Army and Indigenous Capability}}</ref>

=== List of quasi-ballistic missiles ===
{{Incomplete list|date=July 2020}}

;{{flag|India}}

*[[Long Range – Anti Ship Missile (India)|Long Range – Anti Ship Missile]] (under development)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Adithya Krishna |date=2026-01-29 |title=India showcases first Hypersonic Anti-Ship Missile System in national parade |url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2026/01/india-showcases-first-hypersonic-anti-ship-missile-system-in-national-parade/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260129170623/https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2026/01/india-showcases-first-hypersonic-anti-ship-missile-system-in-national-parade/ |archive-date=2026-01-29 |access-date=2026-01-29 |website=Naval News |language=en-US}}</ref>
;{{flag|Israel}}
*[[LORA (missile)|LORA]] (active)
;{{flag|United States}}
*[[MGM-140 ATACMS]] (active)<ref>{{Cite web |title=MGM-140 ATACMS Short-Range Ballistic Missile |url=https://www.militarytoday.com/missiles/atacms.htm |access-date=2023-10-26 |website=www.militarytoday.com |archive-date=2023-10-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027055918/https://www.militarytoday.com/missiles/atacms.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*[[Precision Strike Missile]] (active)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Precision Strike Missile (PrSM) |url=https://www.lockheedmartin.com/en-us/products/precision-strike-missile.html |access-date=2023-10-26 |website=Lockheed Martin |language=en}}</ref>

== Hypersonic ballistic missile ==
{{Main|Hypersonic glide vehicle}}

Many ballistic missiles reach [[hypersonic speed]]s (i.e. [[Mach number|Mach]] 5 and above) when they re-enter the atmosphere from space. However, in common military terminology, the term "hypersonic ballistic missile" is generally only given to those that can be maneuvered before hitting their target and do not follow a simple [[ballistic trajectory]].<ref>{{Cite web |title='National pride is at stake.' Russia, China, United States race to build hypersonic weapons |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/national-pride-stake-russia-china-united-states-race-build-hypersonic-weapons |access-date=2022-11-21 |website=www.science.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gale |first=Alastair |title=What Are Hypersonic Missiles and Who's Developing Them? |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/hypersonic-missiles-11643688227 |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=WSJ.com |date=February 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Throw-weight ==

Throw-weight is a measure of the effective weight of ballistic missile [[payload]]s. It is measured in [[kilogram]]s or [[tonne]]s. Throw-weight equals the total weight of a missile's [[warhead]]s, [[reentry vehicle]]s, self-contained dispensing mechanisms, [[penetration aids]], and any other components that are part of the delivered payload, and not of the rocket itself (such as the launch [[Booster (rocketry)|rocket booster]] and launch fuel).<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 July 1991 |title=What is throw weight? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/07/15/world/what-is-throw-weight.html |access-date=13 April 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]] |page=10, Sec. A}}</ref> Throw-weight may refer to any type of warhead, but in normal modern usage, it refers almost exclusively to [[fission bomb|nuclear]] or [[thermonuclear weapon|thermonuclear]] payloads. It was once also a consideration in the design of naval ships and the number and size of their guns.

Throw-weight was used as a criterion in classifying different types of missiles during [[Strategic Arms Limitation Talks]] between the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]].<ref>James John Tritten, [http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/aureview/1982/nov-dec/tritten.html Throw-Weight and Arms Control] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071123235939/http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/aureview/1982/nov-dec/tritten.html |date=2007-11-23 }}, ''Air University Review'', Nov-Dec 1982.</ref> The term became politically controversial during debates over the arms control accord, as critics of the treaty alleged that Soviet missiles were able to carry larger payloads and so enabled the Soviets to maintain higher throw-weight than an American force with a roughly comparable number of lower-payload missiles.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1991/07/15/world/what-is-throw-weight.html What Is Throw-Weight?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126000600/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/07/15/world/what-is-throw-weight.html |date=2022-11-26 }}, New York Times, July 15, 1991.</ref>

The missiles with the world's heaviest payloads are the Russian [[SS-18]] and Chinese [[DF-5|CSS-4]] and {{as of|2017|lc=y}}, Russia was developing a new heavy-lift, liquid-propellant ICBM called the [[RS-28 Sarmat|Sarmat]].<ref name=":0" />

=== Depressed trajectory ===
[[File:FobsEnglishTrans.svg|thumb|400px|Example of depressed trajectory: [[Fractional Orbital Bombardment System]]]]
Throw-weight is normally calculated using an optimal [[ballistic trajectory]] from one point on the surface of the Earth to another. A "minimum-energy trajectory" maximizes the total payload (throw-weight) using the available [[impulse (physics)|impulse]] of the missile.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Druckmann |first1=Erez |last2=Ben-Asher |first2=Joseph |date=28 Aug 2012 |title=Optimal In-flight Trajectory Modifications for Ballistic Missiles and Rockets |url=https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/abs/10.2514/1.54538?journalCode=jgcd |journal=Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics |volume=35 |issue=2 |page=462 |doi=10.2514/1.54538 |via=Aerospace Research Central|url-access=subscription }}</ref> By reducing the payload weight, different trajectories can be selected, which can either increase the nominal range or decrease the total time in flight.

A depressed trajectory is non-optimal, as a lower and flatter trajectory takes less time between launch and impact but has a lower throw-weight. The primary reasons to choose a depressed trajectory are to evade [[anti-ballistic missile]] systems by reducing the time available to shoot down the attacking vehicle (especially during the vulnerable burn-phase against space-based ABM systems) or a nuclear [[first-strike]] scenario.<ref>Science & Global Security, 1992, Vol. 3, pp.101–159 Depressed Trajectory SLBMs: A Technical Evaluation and Arms Control Possibilities [http://www.princeton.edu/sgs/publications/sgs/pdf/3_1-2gronlund.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130318120315/http://www.princeton.edu/sgs/publications/sgs/pdf/3_1-2gronlund.pdf|date=2013-03-18}}</ref> An alternate, non-military purpose for a depressed trajectory is in conjunction with the [[spaceplane]] concept with use of [[airbreathing jet engine]]s, which requires the ballistic missile to remain low enough inside the atmosphere for air-breathing engines to function.

In contrast, a "lofted" trajectory is frequently used for testing purposes, as it reduces the range of the missile (allowing for a controlled and observed impact), as well as signals a lack of hostile intention with the test.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-16 |title=Why North Korea's missile tests are going higher and further |url=https://www.reuters.com/graphics/NORTHKOREA-MISSILES/TESTING/byvrllmjmve/ |access-date=2024-04-13 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3" />

== Combat use ==
The following ballistic missiles have been used in combat:

* [[Ghadr-110]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.iiss.org/online-analysis/military-balance/2023/10/little-and-large-missile-surprises-in-sanaa-and-tehran/ | title=Little and large missile surprises in Sanaa and Tehran }}</ref>
* [[LORA (missile)|LORA]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/36877/video-points-to-azerbaijans-first-use-of-israeli-made-ballistic-missile-against-armenia|title = Video Points to Azerbaijan's First Use of Israeli-Made Ballistic Missile Against Armenia| date=2 October 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/middle-east/in-a-first-israel-shoots-down-a-ballistic-missile-in-space-20231106-p5ehs1.html |title=In a first, Israel shoots down a ballistic missile in space |date=5 November 2023 }}</ref>
* [[MGM-140 ATACMS]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-26 |title=Key Russian air defence system hit in Ukraine Atacms strike |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cr4ly626evlo |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>
* [[OTR-21 Tochka]]
* [[Qaher-1]]/2M<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2018/03/a-peek-inside-houthi-rebels-recent-missile-strikes-in-saudi-arabia.php|title = A peek inside Houthi Rebel's recent missile strikes in Saudi Arabia | website=FDD's Long War Journal |date = 28 March 2018}}</ref>
* [[Scud missile|Scud]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Weapons - Ss-1 Scud {{!}} The Gulf War {{!}} FRONTLINE |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/gulf/weapons/scud.html |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref>
* [[V-2 rocket|V-2]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-06 |title=V-2 Missile {{!}} National Air and Space Museum |url=https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/missile-surface-surface-v-2-4/nasm_A19600342000 |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=airandspace.si.edu |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Zolfaghar (missile)|Zolfaghar]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iran Hits Syria With Ballistic Missiles {{!}} Arms Control Association |url=https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2017-07/news-briefs/iran-hits-syria-ballistic-missiles |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241211101120/https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2017-07/news-briefs/iran-hits-syria-ballistic-missiles |archive-date=2024-12-11 |access-date=2025-03-11 |website=www.armscontrol.org |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Kh-47M2 Kinzhal]]<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.rand.org/pubs/commentary/2024/01/china-evaluates-russias-use-of-hypersonic-daggers-in.html |title=China Evaluates Russia's Use of Hypersonic 'Daggers' in the Ukraine War |last1=Goldstein |first1=Lyle |last2=Waechter |first2=Nathan |date=2024-01-12 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Oreshnik (missile)|Oreshnik]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-09 |title=Russia has used its hypersonic Oreshnik missile for the first time. What are its capabilities? |url=https://apnews.com/article/russia-oreshnik-hypersonic-missile-putin-ukraine-war-345588a399158b9eb0b56990b8149bd9 |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle|MIRV]]
*[[NATO reporting name]] (has lists of various Soviet missiles)
*[[Surface-to-surface missile]]
*[[Weapons of mass destruction]]
*[[List of currently active missiles of the United States military]]
*[[List of ICBMs]]
*[[List of missiles]]
*[[List of missiles by nation]]
*[[List of NATO reporting names for ballistic missile submarines]]
*[[Missile guidance]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==

*Needham, Joseph (1986). ''Science and Civilization in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 7, Military Technology; the Gunpowder Epic''. Taipei: Caves Books.

== Further reading ==
* Bath, David W. ''Assured Destruction: Building the Ballistic Missile Culture of the U.S. Air Force'' (Naval Institute Press, 2020) [http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=58786 online book review]
*{{cite book| last =Futter| first =Andrew | title =Ballistic Missile Defence and US National Security Policy: Normalisation and Acceptance after the Cold War| publisher =[[Routledge]] | date =2013 | isbn =978-0-415-81732-5}}
*{{cite book| last =Neufeld|first = Jacob| title =The Development of Ballistic Missiles in the United States Air Force, 1945–1960|publisher= Office of Air Force History, U.S. Air Force|date= 1990|isbn=0-912799-62-5 }}
*{{cite book| last1 = Swaine|first1 = Michael D. |first2=Rachel M. |last2=Swanger|first3=Takashi|last3= Kawakami|title= Japan and Ballistic Missile Defense| url = https://archive.org/details/japanballisticmi0000swai| url-access = registration|publisher= Rand|date= 2001|isbn=0-8330-3020-5}}

== External links ==
*[https://missilethreat.csis.org/ Missile Threat]: A Project of the [[Center for Strategic and International Studies]]

{{Missile types}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ballistic missiles| ]]
[[Category:German inventions of the Nazi period]]
[[Category:Wernher von Braun]]

V. S. Malimath

2026-03-25T01:47:37Z

Brigette59K: update article as per guidelines per sources

{{Short description|Indian jurist (1929-2015)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = Hon'ble Chief Justice (Retd.)
| name = Vijaykumar S. Malimath
| image =
| office1 = Chairman, [[Tribunals in India|Central Administrative Tribunal]]
| term_start1 = 12 December 1991
| term_end1 = 11 June 1994
| appointer1 = [[R. Venkataraman]]
| predecessor1 = [[Amitav Banerji]]
| successor1 = S. C. Mathur
| office2 = 12th [[Chief Justice]] of the [[Kerala High Court]]
| term_start2 = 24 October 1985
| term_end2 = 11 June 1991
| nominator2 = [[P. N. Bhagwati]]
| appointer2 = [[Zail Singh]]
| predecessor2 = K. Bhaskaran
| successor2 = [[M. Jagannadha Rao]]
| office3 = 10th [[Chief Justice]] of the [[Karnataka High Court]]
| term_start3 = 6 February 1984
| term_end3 = 24 October 1985
| nominator3 = [[Y. V. Chandrachud]]
| appointer3 = [[Zail Singh]]
| predecessor3 = K. Bhimaiah
| successor3 = Prem Chand Jain
| office4 = Judge of [[Karnataka High Court]]
| term_start4 = 5 March 1970
| term_end4 = 5 February 1984
| nominator4 = [[M. Hidayatullah]]
| appointer4 = [[V. V. Giri]]
| office5 = [[Advocate General]] of [[Karnataka]]
| term_start5 = 23 February 1968
| term_end5 = 4 March 1970
| appointer5 = [[G. S. Pathak]]
| 1blankname5 = [[Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata5 = {{ubl|[[S. Nijalingappa]]|[[Veerendra Patil]]}}
| predecessor5 = T. Krishna Rao
| successor5 = [[E. S. Venkataramiah]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1929|07|12}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2015|12|22|1929|07|12}}
| death_place = Bengaluru, India
| alma_mater = [[University of London]]
| children = [[Ravi Malimath]]
}}

'''Vijaykumar S. Malimath''' (12 June 1929 – 22 December 2015) was an Indian [[jurist]], who served as Chief Justice of the [[Kerala High Court]]<ref>{{Cite web|title = Former Judges of High Court of Kerala|url = http://highcourtofkerala.nic.in/frmrjudges.html|website = highcourtofkerala.nic.in|accessdate = 2015-12-23}}</ref> and [[Karnataka High Court]]. He also was the Chairman of the [[Tribunals in India|Central Administrative Tribunal]], and member of the [[National Human Rights Commission of India]]. He headed the Committee on Reform of Criminal Justice System.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Recommendations of the Malimath Committee on reforms of Criminal Justice System|url = http://www.pucl.org/Topics/Law/2003/malimath-recommendations.htm|website = pucl.org|accessdate = 2015-12-23|archive-date = 1 July 2011|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110701072943/http://pucl.org/Topics/Law/2003/malimath-recommendations.htm|url-status = dead}}</ref>

==Education==
Malimath did his primary education from Karnataka. He then secured First Rank in LL.B. and a post Graduate Diploma in Public International Law from [[University of London]] in 1952.

==Career==
Malimath started his law practice in the High Court of Bombay in 1952. He moved his practice to Bangalore in 1956. The state then appointed him Advocate General in 1968.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Advocate General for Karnataka|url = http://www.advgen.kar.nic.in/previous_ag.asp|website = advgen.kar.nic.in|accessdate = 2015-12-25}}</ref> He rose rapidly through the ranks of the Judiciary. He was appointed a Judge of the Karnataka High Court in 1970 and became Chief Justice of the Karnataka Court in 1984. He was then transferred to [[Kerala]] as its Chief Justice in 1985.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hon'ble Dr. Justice V.S. Malimath|url=http://karnatakajudiciary.kar.nic.in/bio_data/HCKformer_judges/malith.html}}</ref>

He served on the Central Administrative Tribunal as its chair.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://cgatnew.gov.in/writereaddata/Delhi/docs/MEMBER1985.pdf|title = Former Members of Central Administrative Tribunal|accessdate = 25 December 2015}}</ref> He served as a member of the National Human Rights Commission.<ref>{{Cite web|title = National Human Rights Commission, New Delhi, India.|url = http://nhrc.nic.in/|website = nhrc.nic.in|accessdate = 2015-12-25}}</ref> After his retirement from the high court he also headed the [[Indian Penal Code#Criminal justice reforms|Committee on Reform of Criminal Justice System in India.]] He was a U.N. Representative to monitor human rights enforcement in Nigeria<ref>{{Cite book|title = National Human Rights Commission of India: Formation, Functioning, and Future Prospects|publisher = Atlantic Publishers & Dist|date = 2003-01-01|isbn = 9788185495774|first = Arun|last = Ray}}</ref> and Sri Lanka. The [[International Bar Association]] included him in a fact-finding mission to Sri Lanka to assess the circumstances surrounding a call for a constitutional referendum and its effect on the country's judiciary.<ref>{{Cite web|title = IBA - Sri Lanka fact-finding, 2001|url = http://www.ibanet.org/Article/Detail.aspx?ArticleUid=3a1bf39b-3ba9-4f09-9fa4-4449c8152de0|accessdate = 2015-12-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Bar chairman selected for Sri Lankan legal mission|url = https://m.malaysiakini.com/news/4496|website = m.malaysiakini.com|accessdate = 2015-12-23|language = en-MY}}</ref>

He was also the chair of the Karnataka Border Protection Committee.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Border Protection Panel Chief Submits Draft Terms|url = http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/Border-Protection-Panel-Chief-Submits-Draft-Terms/2015/07/20/article2929791.ece|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150720223957/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/Border-Protection-Panel-Chief-Submits-Draft-Terms/2015/07/20/article2929791.ece|url-status = dead|archive-date = 20 July 2015|website = The New Indian Express|accessdate = 2015-12-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Reupped Roundup : Ban on Chinese Lanterns, Salman Khan, Justice Malimath & more – Bar & Bench|url = http://barandbench.com/legal-india-news-salman-khan-gujarat-high-court-german-bakery-malimath/|website = Bar & Bench|accessdate = 2015-12-23|language = en-US}}</ref>
He also headed committee for reforms in Code of Civil Procedure.

==Awards and honors==
He represented India in several international conferences. He was conferred with the National Citizen's Award by the President of India, [[Rajyotsava Prashasti|Rajyotsava Award]] by the Government of Karnataka, and an Honorary Doctorate of Law by Karnataka University.
In 2011, [[Kannada University|Hampi University]] conferred the Nadoja Award upon V.S. Malimath.<ref>{{Cite news|title = 'Nadoja' conferred on Malimath, three others|url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/nadoja-conferred-on-malimath-three-others/article2750712.ece|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 2011-12-27|access-date = 2015-12-29|issn = 0971-751X|language = en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Nadoja for Malimath, S L Bhyrappa|url = http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/article237086.ece|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304222140/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/article237086.ece|url-status = dead|archive-date = 4 March 2016|website = The New Indian Express|accessdate = 2015-12-29}}</ref>

==References==
<references/>

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Malimath, V. S.}}
[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Karnataka High Court]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Kerala High Court]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of London]]

Ananth Technologies

2026-03-24T17:07:23Z

Brigette59K: Put up article

{{Short description|Indian aerospace manufacturer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Ananth Technologies
| logo = Ananth Technologies logo.png
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| type = [[Private company limited by shares|Private]]
| ISIN =
| industry = [[Aerospace engineering|Aerospace]]
| founded = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1992|08|17}} in [[Hyderabad]]
| founder = Subba Rao Pavuluri
| hq_location = 39, Ananth Info Park, Phase-II, [[HITEC City]], [[Madhapur]]
| hq_location_city = Hyderabad, Telangana
| hq_location_country = India<ref>{{cite web |title=About Us |url=https://ananthtech.com/about-us/#introduction |website=Ananth Technologies |access-date=4 November 2021}}</ref>
| num_locations = 3
| num_locations_year = 2021
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = Subba Rao Pavuluri (Chairman and MD)
| products =
| production =
| production_year = 
| services =
| revenue = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|152.71|c}}<ref name="CARE">{{cite web |title=Ananth Technologies Limited |url=https://www.careratings.com/upload/CompanyFiles/PR/05032021065823_Ananth_Technologies_Limited.pdf |website=CARE Ratings |access-date=4 November 2021 |date=5 March 2021}}</ref>
| revenue_year = FY20
| operating_income =
| income_year =
| net_income = 
| net_income_year = 
| assets =
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| equity =
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| owner = 
| num_employees = 1200+<ref name="CARE"/>
| num_employees_year = March 2021
| divisions = {{ubl|Aerospace|Geospatial<ref>{{cite web |title=Products & Services |url=https://ananthtech.com/products-services/#gis |website=Ananth Technologies |access-date=4 November 2021}}</ref>}}
| subsid = SaAn Satellite Networks India
| module = 
| website = {{URL|https://ananthtech.com/}}
}}

'''Ananth Technologies Limited''' is an Indian [[aerospace manufacturer]] that provides hardware and software services. The company manufactures electronics and mechanical subsystems for launch vehicles, satellites, spacecraft payloads, and ground systems.<ref>{{cite web |title=Start-ups demand regulatory clarity, insurance to make India leading space player |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/startups-demand-regulatory-clarity-insurance-to-make-india-leading-space-player-101631648377403.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=4 November 2021 |language=en |date=15 September 2021}}</ref> It also builds satellites and provides launch services through a partnership with [[NewSpace India Limited]]. Ananth Technologies was established in 1992 and is headquartered in [[Hyderabad]], Telangana. The company also has an office in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], Kerala and a satellite manufacturing facility near [[Bangalore]], Karnataka.

== History ==
Ananth Technologies was incorporated on 17 August 1992 in [[Hyderabad]] by Dr.Subba Rao Pavuluri, a former employee of the [[ISRO|Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO). Pavuluri was a division head at ISRO when he left in 1991.<ref>{{cite web |title=A New Crucible of Capitalism |url=http://www.inrimt.com/NewCrucible.htm |website=www.inrimt.com |publisher=Businessworld |access-date=4 November 2021 |date=March 1996}}</ref> He explained, "I left midway because of the encouragement they gave me that things can be done in the private sector to serve ISRO and also grow independently". Ananth Technologies was one of the first [[Private spaceflight|private sector space]] companies in India.<ref name = "print">{{cite web |last1=Chakrabarti |first1=Angana |title=India's private space sector is rising, but wait for Bezos-like 'joy rides' will be longer |url=https://theprint.in/science/indias-private-space-sector-is-rising-but-wait-for-bezos-like-joy-rides-will-be-longer/739619/ |website=ThePrint |access-date=4 November 2021 |date=26 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ananth Technologies Limited Company Profile |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/company/ananth-technologies-limited/U72200TG1992PLC014675 |website=The Economic Times |access-date=4 November 2021}}</ref>

Ananth Technologies opened a new satellite manufacturing facility at Aerospace Park in [[Devanahalli]], near [[Bengaluru]], Karnataka in February 2020. Pavuluri told ''[[The Economic Times]]'' that the company had signed deals to build and launch 6 satellites for customers in France and Sweden. He stated that the satellites would weigh between 50 kg and 250 kg each, but did not disclose the names of the customers citing confidentiality.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pramanik |first1=Ayan |title=In a first, Ananth Tech will build 6 satellites for foreign customers |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/in-a-first-ananth-tech-will-build-6-satellites-for-foreign-customers/articleshow/74073441.cms |website=The Economic Times |date=11 February 2020 |access-date=4 November 2021}}</ref> The deal made Ananth Technologies the first private Indian company to build satellites for a foreign customer following the [[Government of India|Indian government]]'s decision to permit private sector companies to build satellites and rockets, and offer launch services.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ananth Technologies To Build Foreign-Owned Satellites For The First Time Ever |url=https://inc42.com/buzz/ananth-technologies-to-build-foreign-owned-satellites-for-the-first-time-ever/ |website=Inc42 Media |access-date=4 November 2021 |date=11 February 2020}}</ref>

In November 2020, Ananth Technologies established a joint venture named SaAn Satellite Networks India, with United States-based satellite operator Saturn Satellite Networks Inc., to build and launch two NationSat communication satellites. The company will build the two 300–700 kg satellites at its Bangalore facility. Ananth Technologies has an agreement with [[NewSpace India Limited]] to launch satellites on board the ISRO's [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pramanik |first1=Ayan |title=Ananth Technologies signs JV to build, launch satellites from India |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/ananth-technologies-signs-jv-to-build-launch-satellites-from-india/articleshow/79493210.cms |website=The Economic Times |date=30 November 2020 |access-date=4 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Saturn Establishes a JV with Ananth Technologies to build and launch Nationsat satellites for the Indian Market |url=https://www.talksatellite.com/AsiaPac774.html |website=www.talksatellite.com |access-date=4 November 2021}}</ref>

== Projects ==
The company's [[Thiruvananthapuram]] office worked closely with ISRO on [[PSLV-C51]] which successfully launched on 28 February 2021. Ananth Technologies conducted stage integration and checkout on the PSLV mission, marking the first time that ISRO had contracted a private sector company to undertake the task.<ref>{{cite web |title=PSLV launch brings cheer to aerospace firm |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/pslv-launch-brings-cheer-to-aerospace-firm/article33957208.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=4 November 2021 |language=en-IN |date=1 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Hyderabad-based firm helped in ISRO satellite launch |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2021/mar/02/hyderabad-based-firm-helped-in-isro-satellite-launch-2270788.html |website=The New Indian Express |date=2 March 2021 |access-date=4 November 2021}}</ref>

In 2024, Ananth Technologies worked with [[U R Rao Satellite Centre]] to finish the satellite assembly, integration, and testing for [[SPADEX|SpaDeX]] mission.<ref>{{Cite web |last=MP |first=Sidharth |date=2024-10-18 |title=ISRO gears up for 'Space handshake' SPADEX; private firm delivers two satellites |url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/isro-gears-up-for-space-handshake-spadex-private-firm-delivers-two-satellites-768653 |access-date=2024-10-18 |website=WION |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bagla |first=Pallava |date=26 December 2024 |title='SpaDeX' Mission: How ISRO Will Dock Two Satellites In Space |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/spadex-mission-how-isro-will-dock-two-satellites-in-space-7332909 |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref> For the SpaDeX satellites, Ananth Technologies provided Rendezvous Processing Units (RPU) and [[DC-to-DC converter]]s. Additionally, the company provided 29 essential components for the PSLV-C60 launch vehicle, such as data acquisition units, transmitters, power modules, [[Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System|NavIC chip]] and control modules, and it also carried out assembly, integration, and testing of several PSLV-C60 sub-assemblies.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bharadwaj |first=Swati |date=2025-01-17 |title=ISRO's SpaDeX mission success puts spotlight on Hyd spacetech co Ananth Technologies |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/isros-spadex-mission-success-puts-spotlight-on-hyd-spacetech-co-ananth-technologies/articleshow/117310588.cms |access-date=2025-01-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-01-16 |title=ISRO's SpaDex mission advances lunar exploration, sample return missions and other objectives: ATL |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isros-spadex-mission-advances-lunar-exploration-sample-return-missions-and-other-objectives-atl/article69104069.ece |access-date=2025-01-19 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian companies established in 1992]]
[[Category:Aerospace companies of India]]
[[Category:Private spaceflight companies]]
[[Category:Commercial launch service providers]]
[[Category:Spacecraft manufacturers]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Privately held companies of India]]

Detention of Malayali nuns in Chhattisgarh

2026-03-24T15:27:51Z

Brigette59K: added new biography...

{{Short description|Arrest of Malayali Nuns in Chhattisgarh}}
{{use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{use dmy|date=August 2025}}
Two [[Catholic (term)|Catholic]] [[nun]]s from [[Kerala]], Sisters Preeti Mary and Vandana Francis, along with a layperson, Sukaman Mandavi, were arrested at [[Durg Junction railway station]] in [[Chhattisgarh]], India, on 25 July 2025 and subsequently remanded in custody. The arrests were made on allegations of human trafficking and religious conversion, under the [[Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita]] (BNS) and the Chhattisgarh [[Anti-conversion law|Religious Freedom Act, 1968]]. The incident has sparked widespread condemnation and protests, particularly in Kerala, and has drawn significant political attention.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Philip |first=Shaju |date=30 July 2025 |title=Arrested for 'conversion' in Chhattisgarh, how case of Kerala nuns caused ripples in Parliament |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/arrested-for-conversion-in-chhattisgarh-how-case-of-kerala-nuns-caused-ripples-in-parliament-10158231/ |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=CBCI demands quashing of case against two Kerala nuns |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/cbci-demands-quashing-of-case-against-two-kerala-nuns |website=The News Minute |access-date=2 August 2025 |language=en-in |date=2 August 2025}}</ref>

==Description==
On 25 July 2025, Sister Preeti Mary and Sister Vandana Francis, belonging to the Assisi Sisters of Mary Immaculate (ASMI) congregation, were detained at Durg railway station in Chhattisgarh. They were accompanied by Sukaman Mandavi, and three adult tribal women, all above 18 years of age, from [[Narayanpur district]]. According to church representatives, the nuns were accompanying the women to [[Agra]], Uttar Pradesh, where they were to begin work as kitchen helpers in convents, with promised monthly salaries. The nuns stated they possessed all necessary documents, including parental consent forms and identification for the women.<ref>{{Cite web |last=John |first=Haritha |date=29 July 2025 |editor-last=Rajendran |editor-first=Dhanya |title=Chhattisgarh nuns' arrest sparks alarm in Christian community |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/we-live-in-fear-chhattisgarh-nuns-arrest-sparks-alarm-in-christian-community |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

The incident reportedly escalated after a railway ticket examiner questioned the group. Subsequently, members of the [[Bajrang Dal]], a [[Hindu nationalism|Hindu nationalist]] organization, gathered at the station and allegedly pressured railway police to register a [[First information report|First Information Report]] (FIR) against the nuns and Mandavi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 July 2025 |title=Catholic Nuns Arrested at Train Station in Chhattisgarh |url=https://www.persecution.org/2025/07/29/catholic-nuns-arrested-at-train-station-in-chhattisgarh/ |website=persecution.org |publisher=International Christian Concern |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Kaiser |first1=Ejaz |title='Sisters innocent, should be released': Tribal girl alleges coercion in nuns' arrest over conversion case |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Jul/31/sisters-innocent-should-be-released-tribal-girl-alleges-coercion-in-nuns-arrest-over-conversion-case |website=The New Indian Express |access-date=1 August 2025 |language=en-In |date=31 July 2025}}</ref>

On 31 July, a tribal woman came forward to say that she was forced by Bajalagl Dal to lie.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sikdar |first1=Shubhomoy |title=Was coerced by Bajrang Dal members to give false statement, says tribal women in jailed nuns case |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/chhattisgarh/was-coerced-by-bajrang-dal-members-to-give-false-statement-says-tribal-women-in-jailed-nuns-case/article69879157.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=1 August 2025 |language=en-IN |date=31 July 2025}}</ref>

on October 2025, Three Banjdal Dal members faced charges for molested tribal women.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sikdar |first1=Shubhomoy |title=Register FIR against Bajrang Dal members for molesting tribal women: Chhattisgarh women’s panel on nuns’ case |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/chhattisgarh/register-fir-against-bajrang-dal-members-for-molesting-tribal-women-chhattisgarh-womens-panel-on-nuns-case/article70145507.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=3 November 2025 |language=en-IN |date=9 October 2025}}</ref>

==Arrest==
The arrests took place following a complaint filed by a local Bajrang Dal functionary. The nuns, along with Sukaman Mandavi, were booked under Section 143 (trafficking of persons) of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) and Section 4 of the Chhattisgarh Religious Freedom Act (1968). Following their arrest, the two nuns and Sukaman Mandavi were remanded to judicial custody until 8 August 2025, by a Judicial Magistrate First Class (JMFC) court. The three women accompanying the nuns were moved to a government-run shelter home. Church representatives alleged that no church officials were allowed to meet the detained nuns and that the young women might have been coerced into changing their statements to claim they were being taken against their will.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 July 2025 |title=Kerala nuns arrest: Durg court disposes of bail plea citing lack of jurisdiction |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/chhattisgarh/kerala-nuns-arrest-durg-court-disposes-of-bail-application-citing-lack-of-jurisdiction/article69873090.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref>

==Reactions==
The detention has elicited strong reactions from various political parties and religious organizations across India, particularly in Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2025 |title=Kerala nuns' arrest triggers political slugfest; Chhattisgarh CM justifies action |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Jul/28/kerala-nuns-arrest-triggers-political-slugfest-chhattisgarh-cm-justifies-action |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref>

Kerala Chief Minister [[Pinarayi Vijayan]] wrote to the Prime Minister and Union Home Minister, seeking intervention and accusing authorities of harassment and religious bias.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=KG |first1=Shibimol |last2=Rao |first2=Deepthi |date=30 July 2025 |title=Pinarayi Vijayan says nuns arrested in Chattisgarh on Bajrang Dal's false complaint |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/kerala/story/malayali-nuns-arrested-chhattisgarh-kerala-cm-pinarayi-vijayan-sangh-parivar-bajrang-dal-filed-false-complaint-2763340-2025-07-30 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

[[Indian National Congress]] leader [[Rahul Gandhi]] termed the incident "persecution" and "BJP-RSS mob rule," stating that it reflects a dangerous pattern of systematic persecution of minorities under the current regime.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2025 |title=Rahul Gandhi condemns arrest of Catholic nuns in Chhattisgarh, seeks immediate release |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/india/2025/07/28/rahul-gandhi-catholic-nuns-arrest-chhattisgarh.html#google_vignette |website=Onmanorama |language=en}}</ref>

[[All India Congress Committee|AICC]] General Secretary [[K. C. Venugopal]] and other [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|United Democratic Front (UDF)]] MPs from Kerala staged protests outside Parliament, demanding immediate release of the nuns and accountability for the injustice. Venugopal described it as a "clear miscarriage of justice and an attack on the rights of minority communities."{{Citation needed|date=July 2025}}

[[Indian Union Muslim League]] (IUML) state president [[Sayyid Sadiq Ali Shihab Thangal]] strongly condemned the arrests, calling them a "grave violation of the religious freedoms guaranteed by the Constitution." He stated that it was "not just a case of false arrest, it is an assault on the very idea of religious liberty enshrined in our Constitution," and highlighted a "continued pattern of assaults on minorities across various parts of the country," urging all secular-minded citizens to unite and resist these actions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arrest of nuns in Chhattisgarh: Kerala MPs, Muslim League voice protest |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2025/07/27/kerala-leaders-nuns-arrest-chhattisgarh-voice-protest.html |access-date=27 July 2025 |website=Onmanorama |language=en}}</ref>

[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] MP [[John Brittas]] also addressed a letter to the Chhattisgarh CM, calling the arrest a "disgrace" and a "blatant misuse of the law to target minorities." A delegation led by Brinda Karat also visited the nuns and alleged they were being tortured.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2025 |title=Kerala nuns' arrest triggers political slugfest; Chhattisgarh CM justifies action |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Jul/28/kerala-nuns-arrest-triggers-political-slugfest-chhattisgarh-cm-justifies-action |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2025 |title=Malayali nuns' arrest triggers massive protest; Church, Oppn MPs appeal to PM Modi, Amit Shah |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/malayali-nuns-arrest-triggers-massive-protest-church-oppn-mps-appeal-to-pm-modi-amit-shah-u9ssd1no |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>

Kerala Opposition Leader [[V. D. Satheesan]] called it a "police witch-hunt" and a "mob trial," accusing the Sangh Parivar of hypocrisy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2025 |title=Congress slams BJP over arrest of Kerala nuns in Chhattisgarh;calls it 'mob trial'demands release |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/congress-slams-bjp-over-arrest-of-kerala-nuns-in-chhattisgarh-calls-it-mob-trial-demands-release/articleshow/122937774.cms |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Syro-Malabar Church]] and the [[Catholic Bishops' Conference of India]] (CBCI) strongly condemned the arrests, calling it an "attack on minorities" and a "blatant violation of minority rights and religious freedom guaranteed by the Constitution." They stressed that the women were adults, their travel voluntary, and no evidence of conversion existed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2025 |title=Christians, opposition parties slam arrest of Kerala nuns in Chhattisgarh |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/india/christians-opposition-parties-slam-arrest-of-kerala-nuns-in-chhattisgarh-1.500213971 |website=Gulf news |language=en |agency=Indo-Asian News Service}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Freedom of religion]]
[[Category:Christianity in India]]
[[Category:Catholic Church in India]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Roman Catholic nuns|*]]
[[Category:Persecution of Christians by Hindus]]

Nivas Adithan

2026-03-20T20:40:56Z

Brigette59K: creating initial article needs work.

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:Nivas Adithan}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nivas Adithan
| image =
| birth_place = Karaikal, Puducherry, India
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2012-present
| father = Adithan
}}

'''Nivas Adithan''' is an Indian actor who has appeared in [[Tamil language]] films and TV shows. He has played notable roles in ''[[Naanga]]'',<ref name="N">{{Cite web |last=|first=|date=2012-05-16 |title=The 'Naanga' Boys |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2011/May/31/the-naanga-boys-258340.html |access-date=2025-10-19 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Taramani (film)|Taramani]]'', ''[[Kaaka Muttai]]'' and ''[[Radiopetti]]''.

== Early life ==
Nivas Adithan was born in [[Karaikal]], Puducherry, India, into a family with a background in the film industry; his father, Adithan, was an actor in films such as ''[[Thaayum Magalum]]'' (1965) and a producer.<ref name="I">{{Cite web |title=Adithan: A Name from Tamil Cinema's Black-and-White Era |url=http://www.indiaherald.com/Movies/Read/994847182/Adithan-A-Name-from-Tamil-Cinemas-BlackandWhite-Era |access-date=2025-10-26 |website=indiaherald.com |language=en}}</ref> He worked at [[Reliance Industries|Reliance Petrochemicals]] in Jamnagar, Gujarat.<ref name="N"/>

== Career ==
Nivas was recommended into acting roles by choreographer [[Kala Master]] after a performance on the dance show [[Maanada Mayilada|''Maanada Mayilada'']] in 2010.<ref name="I"/> He subsequently made his acting debut in Tamil cinema in Selva's ''[[Naanga]]'', playing one of the lead roles.<ref>https://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/first-look-tamil-director-selvas-25th-film-naanga-815286.html</ref>

In 2015, he appeared in the critically acclaimed ''[[Kaaka Muttai]]'' (''The Crow's Egg'').<ref>{{Cite web |last=Byrnes |first=Paul |date=2015-11-17 |title=The Crow's Egg review: Young stars carry neo-realistic fable full of Tamil flavour |url=https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/movies/the-crows-egg-review-young-stars-carry-neorealistic-fable-full-of-tamil-flavour-20151118-gl1l2e.html |access-date=2025-10-26 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref> He also played a supporting role in ''[[Radiopetti]]''.<ref name=":0" />

== Filmography ==

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes and Ref.
|-
|2012
|''[[Naanga]]''
|Mani
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-03-10 |title=Ups and downs, period |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/ups-and-downs-period/article2981977.ece |access-date=2025-10-19 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|2013
|''[[Thanga Meenkal]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015
|''[[Kaaka Muttai]]''
|The children's father
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Byrnes |first=Paul |date=2015-11-17 |title=The Crow's Egg review: Young stars carry neo-realistic fable full of Tamil flavour |url=https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/movies/the-crows-egg-review-young-stars-carry-neorealistic-fable-full-of-tamil-flavour-20151118-gl1l2e.html |access-date=2025-10-19 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Radiopetti]]''
|Saravanan
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2015-10-28 |title=Radiopetti going places |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/radiopetti-going-places/article7814753.ece |access-date=2025-10-19 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2017
|''[[Paambhu Sattai]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Sangili Bungili Kadhava Thorae]]''
|Sangli's son
|
|-
|[[Taramani (film)|''Taramani'']]
|Jacob
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
|''[[Chithiram Pesuthadi 2]]''
|Mani
|
|-
|''[[Jada (2019 film)|Jada]]''
|Opponent team leader
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020
|''[[Yaadhumagi Nindraai]]''
|Ganesh
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohan |first=Haritha |date=2020-06-19 |title=Yaadhumaagi Nindraai review: Flat narrative weighs down strong message |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/tamil/2020/Jun/19/yaadhumaagi-nindraai-review-flat-narrative-weighs-down-strong-message-18986.html |access-date=2025-10-19 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Ka Pae Ranasingam]]''
|Factory owner
|
|-
|2022
|''[[Thattassery Koottam]]''
|Balasingham
|Malayalam film
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023
|[[Regina (2023 film)|''Regina'']]
|Driver
|
|-
|[[Locker (film)|''Locker'']]
|Chakravarthy
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2025
|''[[Niram Marum Ulagil]]''
|Raayappan's son
|
|-
|''Siragu''
|Father
|
|-
|''Game of Loans''
|Daniel
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=மலர் |first=மாலை |date=2025-10-08 |title=தீபாவளி முன்னிட்டு திரைக்கு வருகிறது "கேம் ஆஃப் லோன்ஸ்" {{!}} "Game of Loan" is coming to screens on the occasion of Diwali. |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/game-of-loan-is-coming-to-screens-on-the-occasion-of-diwali-792000 |access-date=2025-10-19 |website=www.maalaimalar.com |language=ta}}</ref>
|-
|2026
|''[[Vaa Vaathiyaar]]''
|Nivas Adithan
|
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
|2010 || [[Maanada Mayilada|''Maanada Mayilada'']] || Contestant || ||
|-
|2025–present
|[[Dhanam (TV series)|''Dhanam'']]
|Pugazhendhi
|
|
|}

=== Short films ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Directed By
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2" |2010
|''Mudivukku Pin''
| rowspan="2" |[[Nalan Kumarasamy]]
|
|
|-
|''Oru Veetla Pei Erunthucha''
|
|
|-
|2017
|''Irumal Thaththaa''
|Sivaprakasam
|
|
|-
|2020
|''Kamapazhi''
|Malaimannan
|Nominated for [[SIIMA Short Film Awards]] 2020
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|''Neha''
|Praveen Chandran
|
|
|-
|''Kumaresan Collector''
|Nivas Adithan
|Won several awards in short film festivals.
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=PadmaSabari |title=Nivas Adhithan is the ninth son of actor and producer Adhithan. |url=https://www.3rdeyereports.com/2024/07/nivas-adhithan-is-ninth-son-of-actor.html |access-date=2025-10-25 |language=en-GB}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
<references />

== External links==
*{{IMDb name|5605460}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:Tamil male television actors]]
[[Category:Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Singareni Collieries Company

2026-03-15T07:02:24Z

Brigette59K:

{{Short description|Telangana government-owned coal-mining corporation}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Copy edit|for=Written like a brochure|date=April 2025}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2025}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox company
| name = The Singareni Collieries Company Limited
| native_name = Di Siṅgarēṇi Kāliyarīs Kampenī Limiṭeḍ
| native_name_lang = te
| logo = Singareni Logo.gif
| industry = [[Coal mining]]
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| foundation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|paren=yes|br=yes|1920|12|23}}
| area_served =
| key_people = {{bulleted list
| [[Mallu Bhatti Vikramarka]] ([[Department of Energy (Telangana)|Minister of Energy]], [[Government of Telangana]])
| N. Balram, IRS (Chairman and Managing Director)
}}
| owner = {{bulleted list
|[[Government of Telangana]] (51%)
|[[Government of India]] (49%)
}}
| parent = [[Department of Energy (Telangana)|Ministry of Energy]], Government of Telangana
| revenue =
| num_employees = 39,856 (2023)
| products = {{bulleted list
|[[Coal Mining]]
|[[Electricity|Power]]
}}
| hq_location_city = [[Kothagudem]], [[Telangana]]
| hq_location_country = India
| website = {{URL|scclmines.com|SCCL official website}}
}}
'''The Singareni Collieries Company Limited''' ('''SCCL''') is a [[Government-owned corporation|government-owned-coal mining corporation]] in [[India]]. It is under the [[ownership]] of [[Government of Telangana|Department of Energy]], [[Government of Telangana]]. The Union Government's administration of the company is through the 49% [[ownership]] held by [[Ministry of Coal (India)|Ministry of Coal]]. SCCL is currently operating 40 mines with 18 opencast and 22 underground mines in 6 districts of Telangana (while the remaining 4 districts of [[Andhra Pradesh|AP]]) and has a total manpower of around 39,856 as of November 2023. SCCL is contributing 9.2% in the all-India Domestic Production. Since its inception (1889) 1.36 BT of coal has been extracted by SCCL, and it has proved reserves of 10.84 BT.

==History==
{{Unsourced section|date=June 2025}}
In 1871, William King of the Geological Survey of India discovered coal near [[Yellandu]] in Khammam district. The Hyderabad (Deccan) Company Limited, incorporated in England, acquired mining rights in 1886 to exploit coal found in the Yellandu area. The State of Hyderabad purchased the majority of the company's shares in 1945.

==Succession of administrators==
{| class="wikitable" style="border: 5px solid #BBB; margin: .96em 0 0 .9em;"
|- style="font-size: 86%;"
!Sl. No.!!Years!!Name!!Designation!!Highest Degree!!Notes
|-
|1||1921 - 1934||[[Order of the British Empire|Sir]] Gordon Fraser,<ref>''Transactions of the Mining, Geological, and Metallurgical Institute of India'', Volume 17, 1923, p.248.[https://books.google.com/books?id=JXAoAQAAIAAJ&q=Gordon+Fraser+singareni]</ref> [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]]||[[Chairperson]] (CP)||||
|-
|2||1934 - 1942||[[Mr.]] L. C. Croslegh<ref>''The Mining Year Book'', W.R. Skinner and Financial Times, 1936, p.539.[https://books.google.com/books?id=Z1AQAAAAIAAJ&q=L.+C.+Croslegh+singareni]</ref>||CP||||
|-
|3||1942 - 1945||Sir Robert Denniston,<ref>S. Srinath, ''Methods of Recruitment in the Signareni Collieries 1946-56'', ''Proceedings of the Indian History Congress'', Volume 48, 1987, pp. 579-585.[https://www.jstor.org/stable/44141757]</ref> OBE||CP||||
|-
|4||1946||Mr. [[Zahid Hussain (banker)|Zahid Husain]], [[Order of the Indian Empire|C. I. E.]]||CP||||
|-
|5||1947||[[Nawab]] Liakat Jung Bahadur<ref>''The Hyderabad Government Bulletin on Economic Affairs'', Volume 1, Hyderabad, 1948.[https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.85207/2015.85207.The-Hyderabad-Government-Bulletin-On-Economic-Affair-Vol-I_djvu.txt]</ref>||CP||||
|-
|6||1948||[[Moin Nawaz Jung|Nawab Moin Nawaz Jung Bahadur]]||CP||||
|-
|7||1948 - 1949||Mr. D. R. Pradhan,<ref>Lionel Carter (Edited), ''Towards a Ceasefire in Kashmir: British Official Reports from South Asia, 18 September - 31 December 1948'', Routledge, Abingdon, 2018.[https://books.google.com/books?id=p8ZUDwAAQBAJ&dq=D.+R.+Pradhan+singareni&pg=PT78]</ref> [[Indian Civil Service|I. C. S.]]||CP||||
|-
|8||1949 - 1952||Mr. C. V. S. Rao,<ref>''The Hyderabad Government Bulletin on Economic Affairs'', Volume 4, Issues 9-11,
1951, p.631.[https://books.google.com/books?id=EEToAAAAMAAJ&q=C.+V.+S.+Rao+SINGARENI]</ref> C. I. E.||CP||||
|-
|9||1952 - 1956||[[Surgeon|Dr.]] [[G. S. Melkote]]||CP||[[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|M.B.B.S.]]<ref>P. Rajeswar Rao, ''The Great Indian Patriots'', Volume 2, Mittal Publications, New Delhi, 1991, p.118.[https://books.google.com/books?id=04tDyxmNOhsC&dq=Dr.+G.S.MELKOTE%2C+M.B.B.S.&pg=PA118]</ref>||
|-
|10||1956 - 1957||Mr. [[Kala Venkata Rao|K. Venkata Rao]]||CP||[[Pre-university course|PUC]]||
|-
|11||1957 - 1958||Mr. S. J. Tarapore<ref name="MSE">''The Madras Stock Exchange Official Year-book'', Madras Stock Exchange Limited, Madras, 1957, p.751.[https://books.google.com/books?id=9eckAQAAIAAJ&q=S.+J.+Tarapore+SINGARENI]</ref>||CP||||
|-
|12||1959||Mr. P. M. Nayak,<ref name="Kothari">''Kothari's Economic Guide and Investors' Handbook of India,'' Volume 2, 1961, p.194.[https://books.google.com/books?id=3EojAQAAMAAJ&q=P.+M.+Nayak+SINGARENI]</ref> I.C.S.||CP||BSc||
|-
|13||1959||Mr. R. Prasad,<ref name="MSE"/> I.C.S.||CP||||
|-
|14||1960||Mr. R. S. Krishnaswamy,<ref name="Kothari"/> I.C.S.||CP||[[Master of Arts|M. A.]]<ref>''Annual List of Gazetted Officers in the Andhra Pradesh State'', Andhra Pradesh (India) General Administration Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh, 1963, p.xvi.[https://books.google.com/books?id=lrgjAQAAMAAJ&q=r.s.krishnaswami+ICS]</ref>||
|-
|15||1961||Mr. P. M. Nayak,<ref>''Kothari's Economic Guide and Investors' Handbook of India,'' Volume 2, 1961, p.194.[https://books.google.com/books?id=3EojAQAAMAAJ&q=p.m.nayak+singareni]</ref> I.C.S.||CP||BSc<ref>''Annual List of Gazetted Officers in the Andhra Pradesh State'', Andhra Pradesh (India) General Administration Department, Hyderabad, 1963, p.xvi. [https://books.google.com/books?id=lrgjAQAAMAAJ&q=P.M.NAYAK+ICS+B.+Sc.]</ref>||
|-
|16||1962 - 1964||Mr. M. P. Pai,<ref>''Kothari's Economic Guide and Investors' Handbook of India'', 1965, p.198.[https://books.google.com/books?id=13YjAQAAMAAJ&q=M.+P.+Pai+singareni]</ref> I.C.S.||CP||||
|-
|17||1964 - 1972||Mr. V. K. Rao,<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=DIFIAQAAIAAJ&q=V.+K.+Rao+singareni ''Kothari's Economic and Industrial Guide of India'', 1973, p.43]</ref> I.C.S.||CP||||
|-
|18||1972 - 1974||Mr. K. I. Vidyasagar,<ref>''Civil List of the Indian Administrative Service'', Volume 17, 1972, p.2.[https://books.google.com/books?id=5V5vcY_7NokC&q=SINGARENI]</ref> [[Indian Administrative Service|I. A. S.]]||Chairperson-''cum''- Managing Director (CMD)||||
|-
|19||1974 - 1978||Mr. B. N. Raman,<ref name="Ram">E. V. Ram Reddi (Compiled), ''Report of Enquiry into Certain Transactions of the Singareni Collieries Company Limited'', Volume 1,
Government Secretariat Press, Hyderabad, 1983, p.69.[https://books.google.com/books?id=v8Ii7Xehp6sC&q=B.+N.+Raman+singareni]</ref> I. A. S.||CMD||||
|-
|20||1979 - 1981||Mr. C. N. Sastry,<ref name="Link">[https://books.google.com/books?id=5nNDAAAAYAAJ&q=C.+N.+Sastry+singareni ''Link'', Volume 26, Issue 4, 1984, p.32]</ref> I. A. S.||CMD||||
|-
|21||1981 - 1982||Mr. S. Santhanam,<ref name="Link"/> I. A. S.||CMD||M. A.<ref>[https://supremo.nic.in/ERSheetHtml.aspx?OffIDErhtml=2577&PageId= ''ER sheet of S. Santhanam'']</ref>||
|-
|22||1982||Mr. P. K. Doraiswamy,<ref name="Ram"/> I. A. S.||CMD||BSc (Hons., Madras)<ref>[http://www.prpoint.com/bvb/PKDBiodata.pdf Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]</ref>||
|-
|23||1982 - 1983||Mr. A. Valliappan,<ref name="Valliappan">''The Civil List of the Indian Administrative Service,'' Volume 28, 1983, p.5.[https://books.google.com/books?id=P9rstzteqBEC&q=A.+Valliappan+singareni]</ref> I. A. S.||CMD||M. A.<ref>[https://supremo.nic.in/ERSheetHtml.aspx?OffIDErhtml=2581&PageId= ''ER sheet of A. Valliappan'']</ref>||
|-
|24||1983 - 1984||Mr. K. M. Ahmad,<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=QysKAQAAIAAJ&q=k.m.ahmed+singareni ''India Today'', Volume 9, Issues 1-12, 1984, p.67]</ref> I. A. S.||CMD||M. A.<ref>[https://supremo.nic.in/ERSheetHtml.aspx?OffIDErhtml=2579&PageId= ''ER Sheet of K.M.Ahmad'']</ref>||
|-
|25||1984 - 1987||Mr. G. P. Rao,<ref>R. Ram Reddy, ''Industrial Relations in India: A Study of the Singareni Collieries'', Mittal Publications, 1990, p.xi.[https://books.google.com/books?id=Rh4TOzv2toMC&dq=G.+P.+Rao+singareni&pg=PR11]</ref> I. A. S.||CMD||BSc<ref>[https://supremo.nic.in/ERSheetHtml.aspx?OffIDErhtml=9914&PageId= ''ER Sheet of G. P. Rao'']</ref>||
|-
|26||1987 - 1990||Mr. V. Govindarajan,<ref>P. L. Diwakar Rao, ''Public sector in Andhra Pradesh: a handbook & directory : with a special supplement on central sector'', Utility Publications, 1988, p.141.[https://books.google.com/books?id=Hh_tAAAAMAAJ&q=V.+Govindarajan+singareni]</ref> I. A. S.||CMD||B. A. (Hons.)<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=f3cfAQAAMAAJ&q=govindarajan ''All India Civil List'', 1968, p.360]</ref>||
|-
|27||1990 - 1992||Mr. A. Valliappan,<ref name="Valliappan"/> I. A. S.||CMD||M. A.||
|-
|28||1992||Mr. R. V. Krishnan,<ref>''The Civil List of the Indian Administrative Service'', Volume 37, 1992.[https://books.google.com/books?id=4V4CVUxVfy8C&dq=R.+V.+Krishnan+singareni&pg=PA18]</ref> I. A. S.||CMD||M. A.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Q60eAQAAMAAJ&q=R.+V.+Krishnan+ias+M.A. ''The Management Accountant'', Volume 14, p.529]</ref>||
|-
|29||1992 - 1996||Mr. [[P. P. Williams]], I. A. S.||CMD||[[Master of Science|MSc]] ([[Andhra University|Andhra]])||
|-
|30||1996||Mr. M. C. Mahapatra,<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=rvhtAAAAMAAJ&q=M.+C.+Mahapatra+singareni ''Data India'', Press Institute of India, Madras, 1996, p.220]</ref> I. A. S.||CMD||M. A.<ref>[https://supremo.nic.in/ERSheetHtml.aspx?OffIDErhtml=2630&PageId= ''ER sheet of M. C. Mahapatra'']</ref>||
|-
|31||1996||Mr. P. V. Bhide, I. A. S.||CMD||[[Master of Business Administration|M. B. A.]]<ref>[https://www.nseindia.com/corporate/NOCIL_08022019154834_NSEPostalBallot2019_230.pdf NOCIL Limited, ''Notice of AGM'', 2019]</ref>||
|-
|32||1997 - 2001||Mr. A. P. V. N. Sarma,<ref>Dattatreyulu Jammalamadaka, ''Mining Ideas and Coal: Journey with Singareni'', Notion Books, Chennai, 2015.[https://books.google.com/books?id=hI0JCgAAQBAJ&dq=A.+P.+V.+N.+Sarma+SINGARENI&pg=PT87]</ref> I. A. S.||CMD||B. E. ([[Regional Engineering College, Warangal|REC]])<ref>[http://governor.telangana.gov.in/advisors.html ''Advisors to Governor of Andhra Pradesh'']</ref>||
|-
|33||2001 - 2006||Mr. R. H. Khwaja,<ref name="Sage">Moid Siddiqui, R. H. Khwaja, ''The Acrobatics of Change: Concepts, Techniques, Strategies and Execution'', Sage, New Delhi, 2008.[https://books.google.com/books?id=IlglDAAAQBAJ&dq=A.+P.+V.+N.+Sarma+SINGARENI&pg=PT19]</ref> I. A. S.||CMD||[[Master of Arts|M.A.]] ([[Aligarh Muslim University|Aligarh]])<ref>''R.H. Khwaja takes over as Director-General of ASCI'', The Hindu, 3 January 2017.[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/R.H.-Khwaja-takes-over-as-Director-General-of-ASCI/article16983712.ece]</ref>||
|-
|34||2006 - 2012||Mr. S. Narsing Rao,<ref name="Sage"/> I. A. S.||CMD||MSc ([[Osmania University|Osmania]])<ref>[https://www.osmania.ac.in/chemistry/Distinguished%20Alumni.pdf Osmania Universitym ''Distinguished Alumni'']</ref>||
|-
|35||2012 - 2014||Mr. [[Sutirtha Bhattacharya]], I. A. S.||CMD||[[Bachelor of Science|BSc]] ([[Calcutta University|Calcutta]])||
|-
|36||2015 - 2023||Mr. N. Sridhar, I. A. S.<ref>''N. Sridhar the new CMD of SCCL'', The Hindu, Hyderabad, 30 December 2014.[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/n-sridhar-the-new-cmd-of-sccl/article6739074.ece]</ref>||CMD||[[Bachelor of Engineering|B. E.]]||
|-
|37||2023-"present"||Mr. N. Balram, I.R.S||Chairman & Managing Director (CMD)
|}

*"Golden Peacock Innovative Product/ Service Award 2015".<ref>[http://www.telanganastateofficial.com/sccl-bagged-golden-peacock-awards-2015/ SCCL Bagged Golden Peacock Awards 2015.]</ref>

==See also==
* [[Singareni Thermal Power Plant]]
*[[List of trade unions in the Singareni coal fields]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official website|http://www.scclmines.com}}

{{Energy Ministries and Departments of India}}
{{Coalfields}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Coal companies of India]]
[[Category:State agencies of Telangana]]
[[Category:Government-owned companies of India]]
[[Category:Mining in Telangana]]
[[Category:Energy in Telangana]]
[[Category:Ministry of Coal]]
[[Category:Bhadradri Kothagudem district]]
[[Category:Establishments in Hyderabad State]]
[[Category:Government-owned mining companies]]

C.I.D. (1990 film)

2026-03-03T23:28:37Z

Brigette59K: minor cleaned up citations for consistency and improved wording

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = C.I.D.
| image = C.I.D. 1990 poster.jpg
| caption =
| director = Ajay Goel
| producer = [[Kamal Sadanah]]
| writer = Suraj Sanim
| starring = [[Vinod Khanna]] [[Amrita Singh]] [[Juhi Chawla]]
| music = [[Kalyanji-Anandji]]
| cinematography = Chaman K. Bajoo
| editing = Wamanrao
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1990|05|25|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''C.I.D.''''' is a 1990 Indian Hindi [[action film]] directed by Ajay Goel. The film stars [[Vinod Khanna]], [[Amrita Singh]], [[Juhi Chawla]], [[Suresh Oberoi]], [[Shafi Inamdar]], [[Alok Nath|Aloknath]] and [[Kiran Kumar]].

==Plot==
[[Crime Investigation Department (India)|C.I.D.]] Inspector Veer Sehgal ([[Vinod Khanna]]) wages war against organized crime. His enemy is Roshan Lala ([[Kiran Kumar]]), the overlord of the drug and gold smuggling racket in India. So dangerous a man is Roshan Lala that no witness has ever dared to come forward to give evidence against him in court. Frustrated by the lack of evidence and witnesses needed to convict Roshan Lala, Inspector Veer manages to have a young undercover officer, Raksha Mehra ([[Juhi Chawla]]), infiltrate Roshan Lala's organization. However, she is soon discovered to be a police officer and ruthlessly shot down by Roshan in a deserted street. Fatefully, this murder is witnessed by Mr. and Mrs. Saxena, a respectable middle-aged couple whose only daughter, Meghna Saxena ([[Amrita Singh]]), is engaged to be married to Inspector Veer. Will Roshan Lala be successful in his design? Does Inspector Veer convict Roshan Lala, or does he lose his beloved forever?

==Cast==
*[[Vinod Khanna]] as CID Inspector Veer Sehgal
*[[Amrita Singh]] as Meghna Saxena
*[[Juhi Chawla]] as CID Inspector Raksha Mehra
*[[Suresh Oberoi]] as Major Brijmohan Verma
*[[Kiran Kumar]] as Roshan Lala
*[[Alok Nath|Aloknath]] as IGP Kumar
*[[Shafi Inamdar]] as Inspector Faizan
*[[Aftab Shivdasani]] as Sunny
*[[Bharat Kapoor]] as Sunil Saxena
*[[Aparajita]] as Sudha Saxena
*[[Sudhir (Hindi actor)|Sudhir]] as Micheal

==Soundtrack==
The Music was scored by [[Kalyanji-Anandji]]. Lyrics were penned by [[Anjaan (lyricist)|Anjaan]] and Ramesh Pant. The playback singers were [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Amit Kumar (singer)|Amit Kumar]], [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Alka Yagnik]], [[Alisha Chinai]] and [[Jolly Mukherjee]].

{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Sapna Kahoon"
| [[Kishore Kumar]]
|-
| "Jeena Padega"
| [[Amit Kumar (singer)|Amit Kumar]], [[Alka Yagnik]]
|-
| "Teri Na Na Na"
| [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Alka Yagnik]]
|-
| "Jadu Mere Husn Ka"
| [[Jolly Mukherjee]], [[Alka Yagnik]]
|-
| "Pyas Dil Ki Bujha Do"
| [[Alisha Chinai]]
|-
|}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=0404843|title=C.I.D.}}

[[Category:1990 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1990 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Kalyanji Anandji]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of police departments in India]]

{{1990s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Kaadu Pookkunna Neram

2026-03-03T20:36:24Z

Brigette59K: corrected formatting and corrected details after review

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{COI|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kaadu Pookkunna Neram
| image = Kaadu Pookkunna Neram.jpg
| caption = Official poster
| director = [[Dr. Biju]]
| producer = Sophia Paul
| writer = Dr. Biju
| starring = [[Indrajith Sukumaran]] [[Rima Kallingal]] [[Prakash Bare]] [[Indrans]] [[Irshad (actor)|Irshad]] Krishnan Balakrishnan Gopan karunagapally Jayachandran kadambanad
| cinematography = [[M. J. Radhakrishnan]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2016|09||Montreal Film Festival|2016|11|25}}
| distributor =
| studio = [[Weekend Blockbusters]]
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Kaadu Pookkunna Neram''''' (English: ''When the Forest Bloom'') is a 2016 Indian [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam film]] written and directed by [[Dr. Biju]]. The film is produced by Sophia Paul under the film production house, [[Weekend Blockbusters]]. It stars [[Indrajith Sukumaran]] as a policeman, who is sent into deep jungles to capture the chief of a radical organization, played by [[Rima Kallingal]], but instead finds himself trapped in it.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/d-bijukumars-movie-kaadu-pookkunna-neram-focusses-on-those-oppressed-by-law/article9031594.ece|title=The law of the jungle|date=25 August 2016|publisher=|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>

''Kaadu Pookkunna Neram'' premiered at the [[Montreal World Film Festival]] in September 2016.

== Cast ==
* [[Indrajith Sukumaran]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/kaadu-pookkunna-neram.html|title = Home}}</ref>
* [[Rima Kallingal]]
* [[Prakash Bare]]
* [[Indrans]] as School Master
* [[Irshad (actor)|Irshad]]
* Krishnan Balakrishnan
* Gopan Karunagapally
* Jayachandran Kadambanad

== Release ==
''Kaadu Pookkunna Neram'' premiered at the [[Montreal World Film Festival]] in September 2016. ON 8 September 2016, it was announced as the only Indian film to be screened at Eurasia Film Festival.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/kaadu-pookkunna-neram-be-screened-only-indian-movie-eurasia-film-festival-692756|title='Kaadu Pookkunna Neram' to be screened as only Indian movie at Eurasia Film Festival|first=Anu|last=James|website=[[International Business Times]] |date=7 September 2016|publisher=}}</ref>

== Awards ==
*Winner Special Jury Award at Bangalore International Film Festival, India, February 2017
National Film Awards 2016 -
* Best Sound Designer : Jayadevan Chakkadeth
Kerala State Film Awards 2016 -
* Best Cinematography : MJ Radhakrishnan
* Best Location sync Sound recordist : Jayadevan Chakkadeth
* Best Sound Mixing : Pramod Thomas
* Best Sound Designer : Jayadevan Chakkadeth
* Best Colourist : Vista VFX Lab

== Festivals ==
* Official selection. Montreal International film festival, Canada. September 2016.
* Official Selection. Main Competition section of Eurasia Film festival, Almaty, Kazakhstan. September 2016
* Official Selection. Competition section of Asia Pacific screen awards, Australia. November 2016
* Official selection, International competition section, International film festival, Kerala, December 2016
* Official selection, International competition, Arica Nativa film festival, Chile, November 2016
* Official selection, International competition, Jogja NETPAC Film festival, Indonesia, December 2016
* Official selection, Indian Panorama, International film festival of India, November 2016
* Official selection, Indian International film festival of Queensland, Australia 2017.
* Official selection, New York Indian Film Festival, USA, April 2017.
* Official selection, Indian Competition, Bangalore International Film Festival, India, February 2017.
* Official selection, ImagineIndia International film festival Madrid, Spain, April 2017.
* Official selection, Roundglass International Environmental Film Festival Bangalore, October 2017.
* Official selection, Edmonton International Film Festival, Canada, July 2017.
* Bhubaneswar Film Festival, India, February 2018
* Bangalore International Centre Film Festival, India, January 2018

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|5461134}}
{{Dr. Biju}}
[[Category:Films that won the Best Audiography National Film Award]]
[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:2016 Malayalam-language films]]

Thappu Thanda

2026-03-03T03:14:14Z

Brigette59K: New new info

{{Short description|2017 Indian film by Srikantan}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Thappu Thanda
| image = Thappu Thanda.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Srikantan
| producer = Sathyamurthi
| writer = Srikantan
| screenplay = Srikantan
| starring = Sathyamurthi Swetha Gai [[Mime Gopi]] [[John Vijay]]
| cinematography = [[A. Vinod Bharathi]]
| editing = Raja Sethupathy
| music = Naren Balakumar
| studio = [[Clap Board Production]]
| distributor = [[Clap Board Production]]
| released = {{Film date|2017|09|08|df=yes}}
| runtime = 109 minutes
| language = Tamil
| country = India
}}

'''''Thappu Thanda''''' ({{translation|Wrong Deed}}) is a 2017 Tamil-language comedy thriller film written and directed by debutant Srikantan and produced by SathyaMurthi for Clapboard Production. The film features Sathyamurthi and Shwetha Gai in the lead roles, while [[Mime Gopi]], [[John Vijay]], Aathma Patrick and [[Ajay Ghosh]] appear in prominent roles. The story revolves around a politician who transfers a huge amount of money to bribe public for votes and a group of small time robbers who plan to loot that money. The film was released across Tamil Nadu on 8 September 2017.

==Cast==
*Sathyamurthi as Vetri
*Shweta Gai as Abi
*[[Mime Gopi]] as Karna
*[[Ajay Ghosh]] as Miller
*[[John Vijay]] as Guru
*[[E. Ramdoss]] as Thiyagu
*Aathma Patrick as Kaliya
*Krishna Kaanth as Bothx
*[[Sendrayan]] as thief intern
*[[Jeeva Ravi]]
*[[K. S. G. Venkatesh]]
*Mippu

==Production==
The film's director Srikantan was a graduate of [[Balu Mahendra]]'s film institute "Cinema Pattarai".<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2016 |title=Balu mahendra's disciple directs Thappu Thanda |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/balu-mahendras-disciple-directs-thappu-thanda.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016152254/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/balu-mahendras-disciple-directs-thappu-thanda.html |archive-date=16 October 2017 |access-date=18 October 2017 |website=behindwoods.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title="For the first time we have advocated a University for Robbers…." Says ‘Thappu Thanda’ Director Srikantan - www.mykollywood.com |url=http://www.mykollywood.com/index.php/2016/10/29/first-time-advocated-university-robbers-says-thappu-thanda-director-srikantan/ |access-date=18 October 2017 |website=www.mykollywood.com}}</ref> The film took a year to script and was then shot entirely across Chennai. A further romantic song was shot in the hills of Wagoman, Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2017 |title=Thappu... will speak about cash for votes |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/260617/thappu-will-speak-about-cash-for-votes.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912193228/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/260617/thappu-will-speak-about-cash-for-votes.html |archive-date=12 September 2017 |access-date=18 October 2017 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Thappu Thanda to be on the lines of Mumbai Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/sep/06/thappu-thanda-to-be-on-the-lines-of-mumbai-express-1652969.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912233638/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/sep/06/thappu-thanda-to-be-on-the-lines-of-mumbai-express-1652969.html |archive-date=12 September 2017 |access-date=18 October 2017 |website=newindianexpress.com}}</ref> The shoot finished with the song "Dooplika Domaari", which featured 40 stunt artists.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2016 |title=Balu Mahendra’s words and 40 stunts with ‘Thappu Thanda’ |url=https://top10cinema.com/article/39490/balu-mahendras-words-and-40-stunts-with-thappu-thanda |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912192809/https://top10cinema.com/article/39490/balu-mahendras-words-and-40-stunts-with-thappu-thanda |archive-date=12 September 2017 |access-date=18 October 2017 |website=top10cinema.com}}</ref> The film's producer V.SathyaMurthi was cast as the film's lead actor, while an ensemble cast of supporting actors including [[John Vijay]], [[Mime Gopi]] and Ajay Ghosh of ''[[Visaranai]]'' (2016), were also included in the project. Actress Swetha Gai, who had previously appeared in small roles in [[A. L. Vijay]]'s ''[[Idhu Enna Maayam]]'' (2015) and [[Anirudh Ravichander]]'s "Avalukkena" video, was cast in the leading female role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2016 |title=From ramp to silver screen |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/171016/from-ramp-to-silver-screen.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912193148/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/171016/from-ramp-to-silver-screen.html |archive-date=12 September 2017 |access-date=18 October 2017 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> Prior to the release of the film, Srikantan compared ''Thappu Thanda'' to the [[Kamal Haasan]]-starrer ''[[Mumbai Xpress (2005 Tamil film)|Mumbai Xpress]]'' (2005) and [[Nalan Kumarasamy]]'s ''[[Soodhu Kavvum]]'' (2013) stating you find the characters are doing something serious on screen but their actions make audiences laugh.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 September 2017 |title=Characters from Kamal Haasan’s Mumbai Express inspiration for Thappu Thanda: Director |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/characters-from-kamal-haasan-s-mumbai-express-inspiration-for-thappu-thanda-director/story-Z7udcBrCvFujjGopHqRLMO.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012130419/http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/characters-from-kamal-haasan-s-mumbai-express-inspiration-for-thappu-thanda-director/story-Z7udcBrCvFujjGopHqRLMO.html |archive-date=12 October 2017 |access-date=18 October 2017 |website=hindustantimes.com}}</ref>

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Thappu Thanda
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Naren Balakumar
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2017
| recorded = 15 April 2017
| venue =
| studio =
| genre =
| length = 23:18
| language = Tamil
| label = [[TrendMusic]]
| producer = Naren Balakumar
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title = [[Utharavu Maharaja]]
| next_year = 2018
}}
The film's music was composed by Naren Balakumar and the album released on 15 April 2017, featuring five songs and a theme track.

{{tracklist
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 23:18
| title1 = Thiruttu Pasanga
| lyrics1 = Naren Balakumaran, Hyde Karty
| extra1 = Hariharasudhan, Hyde Karty, Naren Balakumar
| length1 = 2:46
| title2 = Mughaye Ven Mughaye
| lyrics2 = Uma Devi
| extra2 = [[Abhay Jodhpurkar]], [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]
| length2 = 5:26
| title3 = Duplica Domari
| lyrics3 = Mani Amuthavan
| extra3 = Gana Vinoth
| length3 = 4:04
| title4 = Mughaye Ven Mughaye (Reprise)
| lyrics4 = Uma Devi
| extra4 = [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]
| length4 = 4:18
| title5 = Thadak Thadak
| lyrics5 = Uma Devi
| extra5 = [[Alphons Joseph]]
| length5 = 4:15
| title6 = Theme of Hunter
| lyrics6 = —
| extra6 = —
| length6 = 2:29
}}

==Release==
The film was released on 8 September 2017, earning positive reviews. A critic from [[The Times of India]] wrote "''Thappu Thanda'' is solidly-made for a debut film, and Srikantan narrates his story with confidence" but "what the film lacks is chutzpah in the filmmaking to dazzle us".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thappu Thanda Movie Review, Trailer, & Show timings at Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/thappu-thanda/movie-review/60436003.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109142243/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/thappu-thanda/movie-review/60436003.cms |archive-date=9 November 2017 |access-date=18 October 2017 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Likewise, a critic from [[The New Indian Express]] wrote "a thrilling second half saves a dour first" adding "lovely attention to intricate details in the latter half left me wondering if the film’s two halves were made by two different people".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thappu Thanda review: A thrilling second half saves a dour first |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2017/sep/09/thappu-thanda-review-a-thrilling-second-half-saves-a-dour-first-1654297.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009011201/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2017/sep/09/thappu-thanda-review-a-thrilling-second-half-saves-a-dour-first-1654297.html |archive-date=9 October 2017 |access-date=18 October 2017 |website=newindianexpress.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt7201238}}

[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:Indian black comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy thriller films]]
[[Category:2017 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2017 Indian films]]
[[Category:2017 directorial debut films]]

List of Representatives of Delhi

2026-02-27T22:41:28Z

Brigette59K: starting data

{{Short description|none}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}

Delhi, officially the [[National Capital Territory of Delhi]] is a [[union territory]] in India, which also includes the national capital city of New Delhi. Delhi has been represented by multiple legislators, administrators, executives, civil servants, politicians and local level activists throughout its history.

This article lists the representatives of Delhi from 1911, when Delhi was given its current boundaries.

== During the British Raj (1911–1947) ==
In 1911, the then [[George V|King George V]] in Delhi Durbar announced that the capital of India will shift from Calcutta to Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi Durbar – GKToday |url=https://www.gktoday.in/delhi-durbar-of-1911/ |access-date=2025-11-02 |website=www.gktoday.in}}</ref> It also led to Delhi separating from [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]]. The region was officially called the ''Chief Commissioner's Province of Delhi''. Through [[Government of India Act 1919]], many provinces got a Legislative council but Chief Commissioner's provinces were deprived of it. The Chief Commissioner of Delhi was the Administrative and Judicial head of the province with no checks and balances except for the appointment by [[Governor-General of India|Governor General/Viceroy of British India]].
{| class="wikitable"
|+List of Chief Commissioners of the Chief Commissioner's Province of Delhi
! rowspan="2" |#
! rowspan="2" |Name
! colspan="2" |Term
! rowspan="2" |Appointed by
|-
!Start
!End
|-
| align="right" |1
| align="left" |[[William Malcolm Hailey]]<ref>https://www.ukwhoswho.com/display/10.1093/ww/9780199540891.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-51591</ref>
| align="left" |1 October 1912
| align="left" |7 November 1918
| align="left" |[[Lord Hartington|Lord Hardinge]]
|-
| align="right" |2
| align="left" |[[Claud Alexander Barron]]
| align="left" |7 November 1918
| align="left" |31 March 1924
|[[Viscount Chelmsford|Lord Chelmsford]]
|-
| align="right" |3
| align="left" |[[Evelyn Robins Abbott]]
| align="left" |31 March 1924
| align="left" |15 April 1926
| align="left" |[[Marquess of Reading|Lord Reading]]
|-
| align="right" |4
| align="left" |[[Alexander Montague Stow]]<ref>https://www.ukwhoswho.com/display/10.1093/ww/9780199540891.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-217725</ref>
| align="left" |15 April 1926
| align="left" |29 March 1928
| rowspan="3" align="left" |[[Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax|Lord Irwin]]
|-
| align="right" |Acting
| align="left" |[[John Nesbitt Gordon Johnson]]
| align="left" |29 March 1928
| align="left" |7 August 1928
|-
| align="right" |5
| align="left" |[[John Perronet Thompson]]
| align="left" |8 August 1928
| align="left" |21 March 1932
|-
| align="right" |6
| align="left" |[[John Nesbitt Gordon Johnson]]
| align="left" |21 March 1932
| align="left" |21 March 1937
| align="left" |[[Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon|Lord Willingdon]]
|-
| align="right" |7
| align="left" |[[Evan Meredith Jenkins]]<ref>{{Citation |last=Lloyd |first=Nicholas |title=The Last Governor: Sir Evan Jenkins in the Punjab 1946-47 |date=October 2013 |work=The Independence of India and Pakistan |pages=208–242 |editor-last=Talbot |editor-first=Ian |url=https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/the-last-governor-sir-evan-jenkins-in-the-punjab-1946-47 |access-date=11 June 2025 |place=Karachi, Pakistan |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-906478-6}}</ref>
| align="left" |21 March 1937
| align="left" |1 July 1940
| rowspan="2" |[[Marquess of Linlithgow|Lord Linlithgow]]
|-
| align="right" |8
| align="left" |Arthur Vivian Askwith
| align="left" |1 July 1940
| align="left" |6 September 1945
|-
| align="right" |9
| align="left" |William Christie
| align="left" |6 September 1945
| align="left" |14 August 1947
| align="left" |[[Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell|Lord Wavell]]
|}

=== Constituent Assembly of India (December 1946 – 25 January 1950) ===
The [[Constituent Assembly of India]] was responsible for making the Constitution for the newly Independent India.

Chief Commissioner of Delhi sent the freedom fighter [[Deshbandhu Gupta]] to [[Deshbandhu Gupta#Constituent Assembly|represent Delhi]] in the Constituent Assembly.

== Under the Dominion of India (1947–1950) ==
Between 15 August 1947 (the date of the [[Partition of India]]) and 25 January 1950 (the date from which the [[Constitution of India]] was enforced), India was a [[Dominion of India|dominion]] under the [[The Crown|British Crown]]. The Chief Commissioner's Province of Delhi was still controlled by the Chief Commissioner but appointed by an Indian Governor General, not a British.
{| class="wikitable"
|+List of Chief Commissioners of the Chief Commissioner's Province of Delhi
! rowspan="2" |Name
! colspan="2" |Term
! rowspan="2" |Appointed by
|-
!Start
!End
|-
|*No Data Available
| 15 August 1947
|1948 (Date unknown)
| rowspan="2" |[[C. Rajagopalachari|Chakravarti Rajagopalachari]]
|-
|Sir Shankar Prasada
|1948 (Date unknown)
| 25 January 1950
|}

== Under the Republic of India ==

=== Delhi (1950–1956) ===
Delhi was a Type-C state until 1956, which gave Delhi a Chief Commissioner appointed by the [[President of India]] (Head of State), a State Legislative Assembly (Local-level Legislature) and a place in both Houses of Parliament.

==== Chief Commissioners (1950–1956) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+List of Chief Commissioners in the state of Delhi
! rowspan="2" |Name
! colspan="2" |Term
! rowspan="2" |Appointed by
|-
!Start
!End
|-
|Shankar Prasada
| 26 January 1950
|1954 (Date unknown)
| rowspan="2" |[[Dr. Rajendra Prasad]]
|-
|Anand Dattahaya Pandit
|1954 (Date unknown)
| 31 October 1956
|}

===== Legislative Assembly of Delhi (1952–1956) =====
Delhi, with entire India, voted for the first time for the national elections to choose a democratically elected government for the first time. The state assembly elections were held with the national elections and [[1952 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|1st Delhi Legislative Assembly]]was formed by the winners of the election in each constituency.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!S.No.
!Constituency
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|1
|Kotla Feroze Shah
|Shanta Vasisht
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="6" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|2
|Parliament Street
|Kaushaleshwar Prasad Shankara
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|3
|Safdar Jang
|Daljit Singh
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|4
|Lodhi Road
|Shiva Nandan Rishi
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|5
|Puran Qilla Viney Nagar
|Pushpa Devi
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|6
|[[Delhi Cantt Assembly constituency|Delhi Cantt]]
|Raghvendra Singh
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|7
| rowspan="2" |Reading Road
|Amin Chand
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh|BJS]]
|-
|8
|Prafulla Ranjan Chakravarty
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="4" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|9
|Chittar Gupta
|Kartar Singh
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|10
|Mantola
|Mushtaq Rai
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|11
|Ram Nagar
|Shankar Lal
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|12
|Jhanday Walan
|Ghardhari Lal Salwan
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh|BJS]]
|-
|13
|Kashmere Gate
|Bhagwan Dass
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="9" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|14
|[[Chandni Chowk Assembly constituency|Chandni Chowk]]
|Yudhvir Singh
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|15
|Phatak Habash Khan
|Harkishan Lal
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|16
|Maliwara
|Anand Raj
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|17
|[[Ballimaran Assembly constituency|Ballimaran]]
|Sultan Yar Khan
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|18
|Chawri Bazar
|Nuruddin Ahmad
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|19
|Ajmeri Gate
|Shafiq Ur Rehman Kidwai
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|20
| rowspan="2" |Sita Ram Bazar Turkman Gate
|Shiv Charan Dass
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|21
|Sudershan Singh
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|22
|Kucha Chelan
|Mushtaq Ahmad
| style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation}}" |
|[[Socialist Party (India, 1948)|SP]]
|-
|23
|Darya Ganj
|[[Gurmukh Nihal Singh]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="5" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|24
|Chandrawal
|Hukam Singh
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|25
|Roshanara
|Jagan Nath
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|26
|Arya Pura
|Mangal Dass
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|27
|Tokriwalan
|Gopinath
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|28
|Deputy Ganj
|Sham Charan
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh|BJS]]
|-
|29
| rowspan="2" |Pahari Dhiraj Basti Jullahan
|Hem Chand Jain
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|30
|Dhanpat Rai
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|31
|Manak Pura
|B.D. Joshi
| style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation}}" |
|[[Socialist Party (India, 1948)|SP]]
|-
|32
|Tibbia College
|Ram Singh
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha|ABHM]]
|-
|33
|Naiwala
|Dilawar Singh
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh|BJS]]
|-
|34
| rowspan="2" |Rehgar Pura Dev Nagar
|Daya Ram
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="4" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|35
|[[Sushila Nayar]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|36
|Kishan Ganj Anad Parbat
|Jag Pravesh Chandra
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|37
|Civil Lines
|Krishna
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|38
|Kingsway Camp
|Jang bahadur Singh
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh|BJS]]
|-
|39
|Wazirabad
|Fateh Singh
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="5" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|40
|[[Shahdara Assembly constituency|Shahdara]]
|Chinta Mani
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|41
| rowspan="2" |[[Nerela Assembly constituency|Narela]]
|Mange Ram
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|42
|Prabhu Dayal
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|43
|[[Nangloi Jat Assembly constituency|Nangloi]]
|[[Brahm Prakash (politician)|Chaudhary Brahm Prakash]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|44
|Khanjhawla
|Bhup Singh
|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
|45
|Isa Pur
|Subedat Hati Singh
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="4" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|46
|[[Najafgarh Assembly constituency|Najaf Garh]]
|Ajit Singh
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|47
| rowspan="2" |[[Mehrauli Assembly constituency|Mehrauli]]
|Mitter Sen
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|48
|Sukh Dev
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|}

===== Members in Parliament =====
Provisional Parliament (26 January 1950 – 17 April 1952)
As [[Constituent Assembly of India|Constituent Assembly]] completed the task of making the constitution, it converted itself into a Provisional Parliament, which shall work until the first democratic elections in India take place.

[[Deshbandhu Gupta]] represented Delhi in the parliament from 26 January 1950 until his death on 21 November 1951. As the procedure for the first national elections had started, his office remained vacant and Delhi had no representative for the remaining tenure of the parliament.
[[1st Lok Sabha]]
After [[1951–52 Indian general election|nationwide elections]], 1st Lok Sabha was formed in 1952.

Delhi sent 4 members from its 3 constituencies
{| class="wikitable"
|+Representatives of Delhi in 1st Lok Sabha
!Constituency
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|New Delhi
|[[Sucheta Kripalani|Sucheta Kriplani]]
| colspan="2" |[[Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party|KMPP]]
|-
|Delhi City
|Radha Raman
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |Outer Delhi
|Naval Prabhakar
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|C. Krishnan Nayar
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|}
[[List of Rajya Sabha members from NCT of Delhi|Rajya Sabha members from Delhi]]

Delhi was given 1 Rajya Sabha seat.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Representatives of Delhi in Rajya Sabha
! rowspan="2" |Member
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |Term
! rowspan="2" |Note
|-
!Start
!End
|-
|Onkar Nath
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 3 April 1952
| 16 April 1955
|Resigned
|-
| colspan="3" |Vacant
| 17 April 1955
| 12 May 1955
|
|-
|[[Mehr Chand Khanna]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 13 May 1955
| 14 December 1956
|Resigned
|-
| colspan="6" |Delhi as a state stopped existing from 1 November 1956
|}

=== Union Territory of Delhi (1956–1992) ===
[[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]] made Delhi a [[Union territory|Union Territory]] without Legislature. Though the Union Territory retained its right to send representatives in both the Houses of Parliament. Rajya Sabha members were sent via elections in Delhi Municipal/Metropolitan Council and Lok Sabha members were sent through direct elections. The Chief Commissioner of Delhi was still the head of the state until 1966 when the office was replaced by the office of the [[Lieutenant Governor of Delhi]].

==== Chief Commissioner of the Union Territory of Delhi ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+* Exact date unknown
! rowspan="2" |Name
! rowspan="2" |Civil Services
! colspan="2" |Term
! rowspan="2" |Appointed by
|-
!Start
!End
|-
|Anand Dattahaya Pandit
| rowspan="4" |[[Indian Civil Service]]
| 1 November 1956
| *1959
| rowspan="2" |[[Rajendra Prasad|Dr. Rajendra Prasad]]
|-
|[[Bhagwan Sahay]]
| *1959
| *1963
|-
|[[V. Viswanathan|Venkata Vishwanathan]]
| *1964
| 6 September 1966
| rowspan="2" |[[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]]
|-
|[[Aditya Nath Jha]]
| 7 September 1966
| 3 June 1966
|}

[[List of lieutenant governors of Delhi|Lieutenant Governor of the Union Territory of Delhi]] (1966–1991)
Delhi Administration Act, 1966<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi Administration Act, 1966, India-legitquest |url=https://www.legitquest.com/act/delhi-administration-act-1966/636B |access-date=2025-11-02 |website=www.legitquest.com}}</ref> established the office of Lieutenant Governor of Delhi which replaced the office of Chief Commissioner of Delhi.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! rowspan="2" |#
! rowspan="2" |Officeholder
! rowspan="2" |Associated Armed/Civil Services
! colspan="2" |Term
! rowspan="2" |Appointed by ([[President of India]])
|-
!Start
!End
|-
|1
|[[Aditya Nath Jha]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian Civil Service]]
|7 November 1966
|19 January 1972
|[[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]]
|-
|Acting
|M.C. Pimputkar
|19 January 1972
|23 April 1972
| rowspan="2" |[[V. V. Giri]]
|-
|2
|Baleshwar Prasad
|[[Indian Administrative Service]]
|24 April 1972
|3 October 1974
|-
|3
|Krishan Chand
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian Civil Service]]
|3 October 1974
|30 March 1978
|[[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]]
|-
|4
|Dalip Rai Kohli
|30 March 1978
|17 February 1980
| rowspan="3" |[[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]]
|-
|5
|[[Jagmohan|Jagmohan Malhotra]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Indian Administrative Service]]
|17 February 1980
|30 March 1981
|-
|6
|[[Sundar Lal Khurana]]
|30 March 1981
|2 September 1982
|-
|(5)
|[[Jagmohan|Jagmohan Malhotra]]
|2 September 1982
|25 April 1984
| rowspan="6" |[[Zail Singh]]
|-
|7
|P. G. Gavai
|25 April 1984
|November 1984
|-
|8
|Mohan M.K. Wali
|November 1984
|November 1985
|-
| rowspan="3" |9
| rowspan="3" |[[H. L. Kapur]]
|[[Air vice marshal (India)|Air Vice Marshal]]
| rowspan="3" |16 November 1985
| rowspan="3" |3 August 1988
|-
|[[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|-
|[[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|-
|10
|[[Romesh Bhandari]]
|[[Indian Foreign Service]]
|4 August 1988
|11 December 1989
| rowspan="4" |[[Ramaswamy Venkataraman]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |11
| rowspan="2" |[[Arjan Singh]]
|[[Marshal of the Indian Air Force|Marshal of the Air Force]]
| rowspan="2" |12 December 1989
| rowspan="2" |December 1990
|-
|[[Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)|Distinguished Flying Cross]]
|-
|12
|Markandey Singh
|[[Indian Police Service]]
|December 1990
|2 February 1992
|}

==== Members of Parliament from the Union Territory of Delhi ====

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Lok Sabha
!Lok Sabha
!Constituency
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
!Note
|-
| rowspan="4" |1
|Delhi City
|Radha Raman
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="5" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Outer Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Outer Delhi]]
|Naval Prabhakar
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |Outer Delhi was a Double Member Constituency, and the last one in Delhi
Since then, all constituencies are single-member
|-
|C. Krishnan Nayar
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
| rowspan="3" |New Delhi
| rowspan="2" |[[Sucheta Kripalani|Sucheta Kriplani]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|Resigned
|-
|[[Balraj Madhok]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh|BJS]]
|Elected in 1961 by-election, served remaining term
|-
|Outer Delhi (SC)
|Naval Prabhakar
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="8" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| rowspan="29" |
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Outer Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Outer Delhi]]
|[[C. Krishnan Nair]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
| rowspan="5" |3
|Chowdhury Brahm Perkash
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|[[Chandni Chowk (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chandni Chowk]]
|Sham Nath
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|[[Delhi Sadar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Delhi Sadar]]
|Shiv Charan Gupta
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|[[Karol Bagh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karol Bagh (SC)]]
|Naval Prabhakar
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|[[New Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|New Delhi]]
|[[Mehr Chand Khanna]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
| rowspan="7" |4
|[[Outer Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Outer Delhi (SC)]]
|Chowdhury Brahm Perkash
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|[[Chandni Chowk (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chandni Chowk]]
|Ram Gopal Shawlwale
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="6" |[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh|BJS]]
|-
|[[Delhi Sadar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Delhi Sadar]]
|[[Kanwar Lal Gupta]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
|[[East Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|East Delhi]]
|Hardayal Devgun
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
|[[Karol Bagh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karol Bagh (SC)]]
|R. S. Vidyarthi
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
|[[New Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|New Delhi]]
|[[Manohar Lal Sondhi]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
|[[South Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|South Delhi]]
|[[Balraj Madhok]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
| rowspan="8" |5
|[[Chandni Chowk (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chandani Chowk]]
|Subhadra Joshi
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|[[Delhi Sadar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Delhi Sadar]]
|Amar Nath Chawla
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|[[East Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|East Delhi]]
|H.K.L. Bhagat
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC(I)]]
|-
|[[Karol Bagh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karol Bagh (SC)]]
|T. Sohan Lal
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[New Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|New Delhi]]
|Krishna Chandra Pant
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC(I)]]
|-
|Mukul Banerjee
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|[[Outer Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Outer Delhi (SC)]]
|Chaudhry Dalip Singh
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|[[South Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|South Delhi]]
|[[Shashi Bhushan]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
| rowspan="7" |6
|[[New Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|New Delhi]]
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|YSR Congress Party}}" |
| rowspan="7" |[[Bharatiya Lok Dal|BLD]]
|-
|[[South Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|South Delhi]]
|[[Vijay Kumar Malhotra]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|YSR Congress Party}}" |
|-
|[[Outer Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Outer Delhi]]
|[[Brahm Prakash (politician)|Brahm Perkash]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|YSR Congress Party}}" |
|-
|[[East Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|East Delhi]]
|[[Kishore Lal]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|YSR Congress Party}}" |
|-
|[[Chandni Chowk (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chandni Chowk]]
|[[Sikander Bakht]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|YSR Congress Party}}" |
|-
|[[Delhi Sadar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Delhi Sadar]]
|[[Kanwar Lal Gupta]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|YSR Congress Party}}" |
|-
|[[Karol Bagh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karol Bagh (SC)]]
|Shiv Narain Sarsonia
| style="background-color: {{party color|YSR Congress Party}}" |
|-
| rowspan="8" |7
| rowspan="2" |[[New Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|New Delhi]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|YSR Congress Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party|JP]]
| rowspan="2" |Split in [[Janata Party]] forms [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|[[South Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|South Delhi]]
|Charanjit Singh (West Friends Colony)
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="14" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| rowspan="12" |
|-
|[[Outer Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Outer Delhi]]
|[[Sajjan Kumar]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|[[East Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|East Delhi]]
|[[H. K. L. Bhagat]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|[[Chandni Chowk (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chandni Chowk]]
|Bhiku Ram Jain
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|[[Delhi Sadar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Delhi Sadar]]
|[[Jagdish Tytler]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|[[Karol Bagh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karol Bagh (SC)]]
|[[Dharam Dass Shastri]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
| rowspan="8" |8
|[[Delhi Sadar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Delhi Sadar]]
|[[Jagdish Tytler]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|[[East Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|East Delhi]]
|[[H. K. L. Bhagat]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|[[Karol Bagh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karol Bagh (SC)]]
|[[Sundarwati Nawal Prabhakar]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|[[New Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|New Delhi]]
|[[Krishna Chandra Pant]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|[[North East Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|North East Delhi]]
|[[Jai Prakash Agarwal]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|[[Outer Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Outer Delhi (SC)]]
|[[Chaudhary Bharat Singh]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[South Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|South Delhi]]
|[[Lalit Maken]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|Died in 1985
|-
|[[Arjun Singh (Congress politician)|Arjun Singh]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|Won by-election in 1985, served remaining term
|-
| rowspan="7" |9
|[[New Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|New Delhi]]
|[[Lal Krishna Advani]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| rowspan="7" |
|-
|[[South Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|South Delhi]]
|[[Madan Lal Khurana]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
|[[Outer Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Outer Delhi]]
|[[Tarif Singh]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|-
|[[East Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|East Delhi]]
|[[H. K. L. Bhagat]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|[[Chandni Chowk (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chandni Chowk]]
|[[Jai Prakash Aggarwal]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|[[Delhi Sadar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Delhi Sadar]]
|[[Vijay Kumar Malhotra]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|[[Karol Bagh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karol Bagh]]
|Kalka Dass
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
| rowspan="8" |10
| rowspan="2" |[[New Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|New Delhi]]
|[[Lal Krishna Advani]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Resigned
|-
|[[Rajesh Khanna]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Won by-election, served remaining term
|-
|[[South Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|South Delhi]]
|[[Madan Lal Khurana]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|
|-
|[[Outer Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Outer Delhi]]
|[[Sajjan Kumar]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|
|-
|[[East Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|East Delhi]]
|Baikunth Lal Sharma
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|
|-
|[[Chandni Chowk (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chandni Chowk]]
|Tarachand Khandelwal
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
|
|-
|[[Delhi Sadar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Delhi Sadar]]
|[[Jagdish Tytler]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|
|-
|[[Karol Bagh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karol Bagh]]
|Kalka Dass
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Members representing the Union Territory of Delhi in Rajya Sabha
! rowspan="2" |Name of member
! rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |Tanure
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Note
|-
!Start
!End
|-
|[[Mehr Chand Khanna]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="5" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| align="right" |13 May 1955
| align="right" |14 December 1956
|Resigned
|Represented the state of Delhi before the UT was formed
|-
|Onkar Nath
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| align="right" |24 November 1956
| align="right" |2 April 1960
| colspan="2" |Served 2nd term
|-
|Begum Siddiqa Kidwai
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| align="right" |24 November 1956
| align="right" |2 April 1958
| colspan="2" |
|-
|[[S. K. Dey]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| align="right" |31 January 1957
| align="right" |1 March 1962
|Elected in by-election to replace [[Mehr Chand Khanna]].
Served remaining term
|Had to resign as he was elected to [[3rd Lok Sabha]] from [[Nagpur Lok Sabha constituency|Nagpur]]
|-
|Begum Siddiqa Kidwai
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| align="right" |3 April 1958
| align="right" |3 June 1958
| colspan="2" |Died on 3 June 1958
|-
|Ahmed Ali Mirza
| colspan="2" |[[Independent politician|Independent]]
| align="right" |17 September 1958
| align="right" |2 April 1964
|Served 2nd term
|Elected in by-election to replace Begum Siddiwa Kidwai
Served remaining term
|-
|[[Shanta Vasisht]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| align="right" |3 April 1960
| align="right" |2 April 1966
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
|-
|Sardar Santokh Singh
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| align="right" |16 April 1962
| align="right" |15 April 1968
|-
|[[Shanta Vasisht]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|INC(O)]]
| align="right" |3 April 1966
| align="right" |2 April 1972
| colspan="2" |Served 2nd term
|-
|[[Bhai Mahavir]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh|BJS]]
| align="right" |16 April 1968
| align="right" |15 April 1974
| colspan="2" rowspan="9" |
|-
|[[L. K. Advani]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
| align="right" |3 April 1970
| align="right" |2 April 1976
|-
|[[Savita Behen]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| align="right" |3 April 1972
| align="right" |2 April 1978
|-
|[[Khurshed Alam Khan]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| align="right" |16 April 1974
| align="right" |15 April 1980
|-
|Charanjit Chanana
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| align="right" |3 April 1976
| align="right" |2 April 1982
|-
|Jagannathrao Joshi
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| align="right" |3 April 1978
| align="right" | 2 April 1984
|-
|Shamim Ahmed Siddiqui
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| align="right" |21 November 1983
| align="right" |20 November 1989
|-
|Laxmi Narain
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| align="right" |21 November 1983
| align="right" |20 November 1989
|-
|Vishwa Bandhu Gupta
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| align="right" |3 April 1984
| align="right" |2 April 1990
|}

=== National Capital Territory of Delhi (1992–present) ===
The Constitution (Sixty Ninth Amendment) Act, 1991,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Constitution (Sixty Ninth Amendment) Act, 1991 |url=https://delhiassembly.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/2023-09/constitutioneng_0.pdf |url-status=live |website=Delhi Vidhan Sabha}}</ref> which came into effect from February 1, 1992, renamed the Union Territory of Delhi to the National Capital Territory of Delhi, which is also the currently used name for the region, though the region is still under the [[Union territory|Union Territory]] status, it regained a [[Delhi Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] and has some legislative powers. The [[List of lieutenant governors of Delhi|Lieutenant Governor of the National Capital Territory of Delhi]], nominated by the [[President of India]] is still the head of the state with most administrative powers. The members of Rajya Sabha from Delhi were now elected by the legislative assembly

==== Lieutenant Governors of the National Capital Territory of Delhi ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+List of Lieutenant Governors of the NCT of Delhi
! rowspan="2" |#
! rowspan="2" |Officeholder
! rowspan="2" |Associated Armed/Civil Services
! colspan="2" |Term
! rowspan="2" |Appointed by ([[President of India]])
|-
!Start
!End
|-
|1
|Markandey Singh
|[[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
|1 February 1992
|4 May 1992
| rowspan="2" |[[Ramaswamy Venkataraman]]
|-
|2
|Prasannabhai Karunashankar Dave
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
|4 May 1992
|4 January 1997
|-
|3
|[[Tejendra Khanna]]
|4 January 1997
|20 April 1998
|[[Shankar Dayal Sharma]]
|-
|4
|[[Vijai Kapoor]]
|20 April 1998
|9 June 2004
|[[K. R. Narayanan]]
|-
|5
|[[Banwari Lal Joshi]]
|[[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
|9 June 2004
|9 April 2007
| rowspan="2" |[[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]
|-
|6
|[[Tejendra Khanna]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
|9 April 2007
|9 July 2013
|-
|7
|[[Najeeb Jung]]
|9 July 2013
|22 December 2016
| rowspan="2" |[[Pranab Mukherjee]]
|-
|8
|[[Anil Baijal]]
|31 December 2016
|18 May 2022
|-
|9
|[[Vinai Kumar Saxena]]<ref name="Vinai Kumar Saxena is the new Lieutenant-Governor of Delhi">{{cite news |date=23 May 2022 |title=Vinai Kumar Saxena is the new Lieutenant-Governor of Delhi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/vinai-kumar-saxena-is-the-new-lieutenant-governor-of-delhi/article65454828.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902153003/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/vinai-kumar-saxena-is-the-new-lieutenant-governor-of-delhi/article65454828.ece |archive-date=2 September 2022 |access-date=2 September 2022 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|N/A (Politician)
|26 May 2022
|''Incumbent''
|[[Ram Nath Kovind]]
|}

==== Legislative Assembly of the National Capital Territory of Delhi ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+[[1st Delhi Assembly]]
!#
!Assembly constituency
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|01
|[[Adarsh Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Adarsh Nagar]]
|[[Jai Parkash Yadav]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|02
|[[Ambedkar Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Ambedkar Nagar]]
|[[Prem Singh (Delhi politician)|Prem Singh]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|03
|[[Babarpur (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Babarpur]]
|[[Naresh Gaur]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|04
|[[Badarpur, Delhi Assembly constituency|Badarpur]]
|[[Ramvir Singh Bidhuri]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|-
|05
|[[Badli (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Badli]]
|[[Jai Bhagwan Aggarwal]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|06
|[[Baljit Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Baljit Nagar]]
|[[Krishna Tirath]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|07
|[[Ballimaran (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Ballimaran]]
|[[Haroon Yusuf]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|08
|[[Bawana (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Bawana]]
|Chand Ram
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|09
|[[Bhalswa Jahangirpur (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Bhalswa Jahangirpur]]
|Jitendra Kumar
|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
|10
|[[Chandni Chowk (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Chandni Chowk]]
|[[Vasdev Kaptain]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|11
|[[Delhi Cantonment (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Delhi Cantonment]]
|[[Karan Singh Tanwar]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
|12
|[[Gandhi Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Gandhi Nagar]]
|[[Darshan Kumar Bahl]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
|13
|[[Geeta Colony Assembly constituency|Geeta Colony]]
|[[Ashok Kumar Walia]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|14
|[[Ghonda (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Ghonda]]
|[[Lal Bihari Tiwari]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|15
|[[Gole Market (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Gole Market]]
|[[Kirti Azad]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
|16
|[[Hari Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Hari Nagar]]
|[[Harsharan Singh Balli]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
|17
|[[Hastsal (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Hastsal]]
|[[Mukesh Sharma (Delhi politician)|Mukesh Sharma]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|18
|[[Hauz Khas (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Hauz Khas]]
|[[Rajesh Sharma (Delhi politician)|Rajesh Sharma]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|19
|[[Janakpuri (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Janakpuri]]
|[[Jagdish Mukhi]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
|20
|[[Jangpura Jag (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Jangpura Jag]]
|[[Parvesh Chandra]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|21
|[[Kalkaji (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Kalkaji]]
|[[Purnima Sethi]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="9" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|22
|[[Kamla Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Kamla Nagar]]
|[[P.K. Chandla]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
|23
|[[Karol Bagh (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Karol Bagh]]
|[[Surender Pal Ratawal]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
|24
|[[Kasturba Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Kasturba Nagar]]
|[[Jagdish Lal Batra]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
|25
|[[Krishna Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Krishna Nagar]]
|[[Harsh Vardhan (Delhi politician)|Harsh Vardhan]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
|26
|[[Madipur (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Madipur]]
|[[Swarup Chand Rajan]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
|27
|[[Mahipalpur (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Mahipalpur]]
|[[Sat Parkash Rana]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
|28
|[[Malviya Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Malviya Nagar]]
|Rajendra Gupta
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
|29
|[[Mandawali Fazalpur, Delhi|Mandawali]]
|[[M.S. Panwar]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
|30
|[[Mangol Puri (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Mangol Puri]]
|[[Raj Kumar Chauhan]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|31
|[[Matia Mahal (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Matia Mahal]]
|[[Shoaib Iqbal]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|-
|32
|[[Mehrauli (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Mehrauli]]
|[[Brahm Singh Tanwar]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|33
|Minto Road
|[[Tajdar Babar]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|34
|[[Model Town (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Model Town]]
|[[Chatri Lal Goel]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|35
|[[Moti Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Moti Nagar]]
|[[Madan Lal Khurana]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
|36
|[[Najafgarh (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Najafgarh]]
|[[Suraj Parshad]]
|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
|37
|[[Nand Nagri|Nand Nagari]]
|[[Fateh Singh (politician)|Fateh Singh]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="4" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|38
|[[Nangloi Jat (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Nangloi Jat]]
|[[Devender Singh Shokeen]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
|39
|[[Narela (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Narela]]
|[[Inder Raj Singh]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
|40
|[[Nasirpur, Bewar|Nasirpur]]
|Vinod Kumar Sharma
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
|41
|[[Okhla (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Okhla]]
|[[Parvez Hashmi]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|-
|42
|[[Patparganj Assembly constituency|Pahar Ganj]]
|[[Satish Khandelwal]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="7" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|43
|[[Palam (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Palam]]
|[[Dharam Dev Solanki]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
|44
|[[Patel Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Patel Nagar]]
|[[M.R. Arya]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
|45
|[[Patparganj (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Patparganj]]
|Gyan Chand
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
|46
|[[Qarawal Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Qarawal Nagar]]
|[[Ram Pal (Delhi politician)|Ram Pal]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
|47
|[[R K Puram (Delhi Assembly constituency)|R K Puram]]
|[[Bodh Raj]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
|48
|[[Rajinder Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Rajinder Nagar]]
|[[Puran Chand Yogi]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
|49
|[[Rajouri Garden (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Rajouri Garden]]
|[[Ajay Maken]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|50
|[[Ram Nagar, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Ram Nagar]]
|[[Moti Lal Soddi]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="4" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|51
|[[Rohtas Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Rohtas Nagar]]
|Alok Kumar
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
|52
|[[Sadar Bazar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Sadar Bazar]]
|[[Hari Krishan]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
|53
|[[Sahibabad Daulat Pur|Sahibabad Daulatpur]]
|[[Jet Ram Solanki]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
|54
|Saket
|[[Tek Chand Sharma (Delhi politician)|Tek Chand]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|55
|[[Sarojini Nagar Assembly constituency|Sarojini Nagar]]
|[[Ram Bhaj]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|56
|[[Seelampur (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Seelampur]]
|[[Mateen Ahmed]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|-
|57
|[[Seemapuri (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Seemapuri]]
|[[Balbir Singh (Delhi politician)|Balbir Singh]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="4" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|58
|[[Shahdara (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Shahdara]]
|[[Ram Niwas Goel]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
|59
|[[Shakur Basti (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Shakur Basti]]
|Gauri Shankar Bhardwaj
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
|60
|[[Shalimar Bagh (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Shalimar Bagh]]
|[[Sahib Singh Verma]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
|61
|[[Sultan Pur Majra (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Sultan Pur Majra]]
|[[Jai Kishan]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|62
|[[Tilak Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Tilak Nagar]]
|[[O.P Babbar]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|63
|[[Timarpur (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Timarpur]]
|Rajender Gupta
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
|64
|[[Tri Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Tri Nagar]]
|[[Nand Kishore Garg]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
|65
|[[Trilokpuri (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Trilokpuri]]
|[[Brahm Pal]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|66
|[[Tughlakabad (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Tughlakabad]]
|[[Shish Pal]]
|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
|67
|Vishnu Garden
|Mahinder Singh Saathi
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|68
|[[Vishwas Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Vishwas Nagar]]
|[[Madan Lal Gawa]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|69
|[[Wazirpur (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Wazirpur]]
|[[Deep Chand Bandhu]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|70
|[[Yamuna Vihar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Yamuna Vihar]]
|[[Sahab Singh Chauhan]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+[[2nd Delhi Assembly]]
!#
!Assembly constituency
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|01
|[[Adarsh Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Adarsh Nagar]]
|[[Mangat Ram Singhal]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|02
|[[Ambedkar Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Ambedkar Nagar]]
|[[Prem Singh (Delhi politician)|Prem Singh]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|03
|[[Babarpur (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Babarpur]]
|[[Naresh Gaur]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|04
|[[Badarpur, Delhi Assembly constituency|Badarpur]]
|[[Ram Singh Netaji]]
|
|IND
|-
|05
|[[Badli (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Badli]]
|[[Jai Bhagwan Aggarwal]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|06
|[[Baljit Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Baljit Nagar]]
|Krishna
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|07
|[[Ballimaran (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Ballimaran]]
|[[Haroon Yusuf]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|08
|[[Bawana (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Bawana]]
|[[Surender Kumar (politician)|Surender Kumar]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|09
|[[Bhalswa Jahangirpur (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Bhalswa Jahangirpur]]
|[[J. S. Chauhan]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|10
|[[Chandni Chowk (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Chandni Chowk]]
|[[Parlad Singh Sawhney]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|11
|[[Delhi Cantt (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Delhi Cantt]]
|[[Kiran Chaudhri]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|12
|[[Gandhi Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Gandhi Nagar]]
|[[Arvinder Singh Lovely]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|13
|[[Geeta Colony (Delhi Assembly constituency) ⋅|Geeta Colony]]
|[[Ashok Kumar Walia]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|14
|[[Ghonda (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Ghonda]]
|[[Bheeshm Sharma]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|15
|[[Gole Market (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Gole Market]]
|[[Sheila Dikshit]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|16
|[[Hari Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Hari Nagar]]
|[[Harsharan Singh Balli]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|17
|[[Hastsal (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Hastsal]]
|[[Mukesh Sharma (Delhi politician)|Mukesh Sharma]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|18
|[[Hauz Khas (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Hauz Khas]]
|[[Sushma Swaraj]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|19
|[[Janakpuri (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Janakpuri]]
|[[Jagdish Mukhi|Prof. Jagdish Mukhi]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|20
|[[Jangpura (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Jangpura]]
|[[Tarvinder Singh Marwah]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|21
|[[Kalkaji (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Kalkaji]]
|[[Subhash Chopra]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|22
|[[Kamla Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Kamla Nagar]]
|[[Shadi Ram]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|23
|[[Karol Bagh (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Karol Bagh]]
|[[Motilal Bokolia]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|24
|[[Kasturba Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Kasturba Nagar]]
|[[Shushil Choudhary]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|25
|[[Krishna Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Krishna Nagar]]
|[[Dr. Harsh Vardhan]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|26
|[[Madipur (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Madipur]]
|[[Mala Ram Gangwal]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|27
|[[Mahipalpur (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Mahipalpur]]
|Mahender Singh
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|28
|[[Malviya Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Malviya Nagar]]
|Dr. [[Yoganand Shastri]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|29
|[[Mandawali (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Mandawali]]
|[[Meera Bhardwaj]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|30
|[[Mangol Puri (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Mangol Puri]]
|[[Raj Kumar Chauhan]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|31
|[[Matia Mahal (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Matia Mahal]]
|[[Shoaib Iqbal]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|YSR Congress Party}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]
|-
|32
|[[Minto Road (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Minto Road]]
|[[Tajdar Babar]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|33
|[[Mehrauli (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Mehrauli]]
|[[Bhram Singh Tanvar]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|34
|[[Model Town (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Model Town]]
|[[Kanwar Karan Singh]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|35
|[[Moti Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Moti Nagar]]
|[[Avinash Shahni]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|36
|[[Najafgarh (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Najafgarh]]
|[[Kanwal Singh]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|37
|[[Nand Nagari (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Nand Nagari]]
|[[Roop Chand]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|38
|[[Nangloi Jat (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Nangloi Jat]]
|Prem Chand
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|39
|[[Nerela (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Nerela]]
|[[Charan Singh Kandera]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|40
|[[Nasirpur (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Nasirpur]]
|[[Mahabal Mishra]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|41
|[[Okhla (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Okhla]]
|[[Parvez Hashmi]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|42
|[[Pahar Ganj (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Pahar Ganj]]
|[[Anjali Rai]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|43
|[[Palam (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Palam]]
|[[Mahendar Yadav]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|44
|[[Patel Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Patel Nagar]]
|[[Rama Kant Goswami]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|45
|[[Patparganj (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Patparganj]]
|[[Amrish Singh Gautam]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|46
|[[Qarawal Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Qarawal Nagar]]
|[[Mohan Singh Bist]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|47
|[[Ram Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Ram Nagar]]
|[[Darshna]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|48
|[[R K Puram (Delhi Assembly constituency)|R. K. Puram]]
|[[Ashok Singh (INC politician)|Ashok Singh]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|49
|[[Rajinder Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Rajinder Nagar]]
|[[Puran Chand Yogi]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|50
|[[Rajouri Garden (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Rajouri Garden]]
|[[Ajay Maken]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|51
|[[Rohtas Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Rohtas Nagar]]
|[[Radhey Shyam Khanna]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|52
|[[Sadar Bazar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Sadar Bazar]]
|[[Rajesh Jain]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|53
|[[Sahibabad Daulatpur (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Sahibabad Daulatpur]]
|[[Ramesh Kumar (politician)|Ramesh Kumar]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|54
|[[Saket (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Saket]]
|[[Tek Chand Sharma (Delhi politician)|Tek Chand Sharma]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|55
|[[Sarojini Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Sarojini Nagar]]
|[[Ram Bhaj]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|56
|[[Seelampur (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Seelampur]]
|[[Mateen Ahmed]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|57
|[[Seema Puri (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Seema Puri]]
|[[Veer Singh Dhingan]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|58
|[[Shahdara (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Shahdara]]
|[[Narender Nath]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|59
|[[Shakur Basti (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Shakur Basti]]
|[[S. C. Vats]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|60
|[[Shalimar Bagh (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Shalimar Bagh]]
|[[Ravinder Nath]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|61
|[[Sultan Pur Majra (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Sultanpur]]
|[[Sushila Devi]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|62
|[[Tilak Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Tilak Nagar]]
|Jaspal Singh
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|63
|[[Timarpur (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Timarpur]]
|[[Jagdish Anand]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|64
|[[Tri Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Tri Nagar]]
|[[Nand Kishore Garg]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|65
|[[Trilokpuri (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Trilokpuri]]
|[[Bhrampal]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|66
|[[Tughlakabad (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Tughlakabad]]
|[[Shish Pal Singh]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|67
|[[Vishnu Garden (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Vishnu Garden]]
|[[Mahinder Singh Saathi]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|68
|[[Vishwas Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Vishwas Nagar]]
|[[Naseeb Singh]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|69
|[[Wazirpur (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Wazirpur]]
|[[Deep Chand Bandhu]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|70
|[[Yamuna Vihar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Yamuna Vihar]]
|[[Shahab Singh Chauhan]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Delhi-related lists]]

Tolichowki

2026-02-26T12:05:11Z

Brigette59K: improve citations further and improved wording

{{more citations needed|date=July 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Toli Chowki
| settlement_type = Neighbourhood
| image_skyline = Tolichowki from Film Nagar hill.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = View of Tolichowki from Film Nagar hill
| pushpin_map = India Hyderabad#India Telangana#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17|22|28|N|78|26|30|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flagu|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Hyderabad]]
| subdivision_type3 = Metro
| subdivision_name3 = [[Hyderabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[GHMC]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Urdu]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] English
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 500 008<ref>{{Cite web
|url=https://pincode.hindiastar.com/TELANGANA/HYDERABAD/toli-chowki-s.o
|title=Toli Chowki S.O Pin Code Hyderabad, Telangana, India
|website=PinCode
|access-date=2026-02-26
|url-status=live
}}</ref>
| registration_plate = TG 13
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Hyderabad]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Karwan]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Urban planning|Planning]] agency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[GHMC]]
| website = {{URL|telangana.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Tolichowki''' is a neighbourhood in [[Hyderabad, Telangana]], India.<ref>{{cite web|author=Bushra Baseerat |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Techies-build-bright-careers-in-drab-Old-City/articleshow/8717934.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608024349/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-04/hyderabad/29620638_1_cgc-techies-professionals |url-status=live |archive-date=2011-06-08 |title=Techies build bright careers in drab Old City|date=2011-06-04 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2012-08-03}}</ref> The name Tolichowki comes from the Urdu word 'Toli', meaning 'troupe', and 'Chowki', meaning 'post'{{citation needed|date=December 2024}}. It is close to the IT corridor like [[Gachibowli]], [[Madhapur]], [[Manikonda]] and [[Kondapur]], hence making it a preferred residential for people working in the IT industry. The real estate sector has received a boost due to its proximity to high-end technology firms. Tolichowki has also had a boost in the restaurant and fast food industry. It is known to attract many customers from all around due to having multi-cuisine meals all around the area. There has been an emergence of [[Arab cuisine]] in the area due to Middle Eastern people's moving in the area for medical or academic purposes. This in return has improved Tolichowki's market value for foreigners.<ref>{{cite web|author=A.Y.K. |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-downtown/article601119.ece |title=FEATURES / DOWNTOWN : Tolichowki new destination for shoppers |work=The Hindu |date=2010-08-29 |access-date=2012-08-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=K P Narayana Kumar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/The-road-from-Toli-Chowki-to-Langar-Houz/articleshow/835723918.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905123917/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2001-11-01/hyderabad/27256437_1_sand-lorries-autos-haphazard-parking |url-status=live |archive-date=2012-09-05 |title=The road from Toli Chowki to Langar Houz|date=2001-11-01 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2012-08-03}}</ref>

==History==
During the period of [[Abul Hasan Qutb Shah]], the troops of the Mughal Emperor [[Aurangzeb]] Alamgir set a [[Siege of Golconda|military position]] in this region,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/birth-hyderabad-and-how-charminar-survived-might-aurangzeb-50594|title=The birth of Hyderabad and how Charminar survived the might of Aurangzeb|date=29 September 2016 }}</ref> {{failed verification span|text=the troops of the Mughal Emperor [[Aurangzeb]] Alamgir set a [[Siege of Golconda|military position]] in this region|date=December 2024}} which is in the vicinity of the [[Golconda Fort]] of the [[Qutb Shahi dynasty]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/Delving-into-the-rich-and-often-bloody-history-of-Golconda-Fort/article16437577.ece|title=Delving into the rich and often bloody history of Golconda Fort|work=The Hindu |date=5 November 2016 }}</ref> Till today, there are many historical structures like mosques, tombs and other monuments in the surrounding area.

== Landmarks ==
In Tolichowki, notable landmarks include the [[Qutb Shahi tombs]] and the [[Golconda|Golconda Fort]].

== Transport ==
There are many buses which connect to different parts of the city. There are buses from [[Toli Chowki]] to:
* [[Mehdipatnam]]
* [[Lakdi ka pul]]
* [[Abids]]
* [[Koti, Hyderabad|Koti]]
* [[Secunderabad]] (bus transfer in [[Mehdipatnam]])
* [[Charminar]] (bus transfer in [[Mehdipatnam]])
* [[Shaikpet]]
* [[Hitec City]]
* [[Gachibowli]]
* [[Patancheru]]
* [[BHEL]]
Apart from public buses, mini-taxis are also available from [[Toli Chowki]].

==GHMC location==

According to GHMC, Tolichowki comes under Circle 7, Ward 70 [[Administrative divisions of Hyderabad]].

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Neighborhoods of Hyderabad|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Villages in Ranga Reddy district]]
https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/sydney-bondi-beach-attacker-was-from-hyderabad/article70402766.ece

Vivek Gupta (business executive)

2026-02-23T21:14:37Z

Brigette59K: New new entry

{{short description|Indian-American business executive (b. 1963)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Vivek Gupta
| image = Vivek_gupta_new.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name = Vivek Gupta<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/person/16199746|title=Vivek Gupta - Business Profile|last=Bloomberg|website=www.bloomberg.com|access-date=7 November 2019}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1963}}<ref name="auto"/>
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| nationality =
| education =
| alma_mater = [[IIT Delhi]]
| occupation = {{Hlist|Advisor and Mentor}}[[former Chief Executive Officer]]
| years_active = 1984–present
| known for = Mentor, Advisor, Former President and CEO, and Director on the Board of [[Mastech Digital]]
| title =
| term =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| boards =
| spouse =
| children =
| parents =
| relatives =
| website =
}}

'''Vivek Gupta''' (born 1963) is an Indian-born American business leader. He was the president and [[Chief executive officer|CEO]], and director on the board of [[Mastech Digital]] for nine years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mastechdigital.com/company/|title=About the Company|website=Mastech Digital|access-date=7 November 2019|archive-date=17 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191117155628/http://www.mastechdigital.com/company/|url-status=live}}</ref> He currently advises and mentors companies and corporate leaders on growth and transformation.

== Career ==
After graduating from the Indian Institute of Technology, Gupta started his career with [[Zensar Technologies]], an information technology and infrastructure services company, in 1984.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/08/business/vivek-gupta-of-zensar-technologies-beware-of-hiring-people-just-like-you.html|title=Vivek Gupta of Zensar Technologies: Beware of Hiring People Just Like You|last=Bryant|first=Adam|date=7 March 2015|work=The New York Times|access-date=7 November 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=30 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930000902/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/08/business/vivek-gupta-of-zensar-technologies-beware-of-hiring-people-just-like-you.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://infotechlead.com/bpo/zensar-technologies-strengthens-top-management-of-ims-biz-unit-8788|title=Zensar Technologies strengthens top management of IMS biz unit|last=infotech|date=1 April 2013|website=InfotechLead|language=en-US|access-date=7 November 2019|archive-date=28 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428201419/https://infotechlead.com/bpo/zensar-technologies-strengthens-top-management-of-ims-biz-unit-8788|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1993, he moved to England to expand the company's reach across Central and Eastern Europe, the UK, and the Nordics.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=From Start-Up to Global Success: The Zensar Story|isbn=9789351508625|pages=Chapter: New Leadership and a New Vision for Success |last1=Natarajan |first1=Ganesh |last2=Kalive |first2=Prameela |date=31 January 2016 }}</ref>

In 2001, Gupta moved to [[Chicago|Chicago, IL]] to head Zensar's Global Outsourcing Services business, providing Application Portfolio Management (APM) and Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) services to global customers. Following his stint in the US, Gupta returned to India in 2009 as Zensar's Chief Operating Officer.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

In November 2010, Zensar announced its acquisition of the US IT firm, Akibia Inc,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/zensar-acquires-us-it-slotion-firm-akibia-for-66-million/articleshow/6970714.cms|title=Zensar acquires US IT slotion firm Akibia for $66 million|date=23 November 2010|work=The Economic Times|access-date=7 November 2019|archive-date=30 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330145837/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/zensar-acquires-us-it-slotion-firm-akibia-for-66-million/articleshow/6970714.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> and appointed Gupta as its Executive Chairman.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wbjournal.com/article/20130618/METROWEST01/130619949|title=Post-Acquisition, Akibia Is Fully Assimilated|last=Pilon|first=Matt|date=18 June 2013|website=EBJ|access-date=7 November 2019|archive-date=28 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428201416/https://www.wbjournal.com/article/post-acquisition-akibia-is-fully-assimilated|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/akibia-is-now-zensar-tech/article20597579.ece1|title=Akibia is now Zensar Tech|website=@businessline|language=en|access-date=10 December 2019|archive-date=10 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210122058/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/akibia-is-now-zensar-tech/article20597579.ece1|url-status=live}}</ref> Gupta was credited for the integration between the two diverse company cultures.<ref name=":0" /> As a part of his new role, he contributed to scaling the IMS (Infrastructure Management Services) business.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/zensar-completes-acquisition-of-akibia-inc/articleshow/19326405.cms|title=Zensar completes acquisition of Akibia Inc|date=1 April 2013|work=The Economic Times|access-date=7 November 2019|archive-date=28 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428201424/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/zensar-completes-acquisition-of-akibia-inc/articleshow/19326405.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bizjournals.com/boston/blog/techflash/2013/04/akibia-takes-name-of-parent-company.html|title=Akibia takes name of parent company, Zensar, names new head|last=Seiffert|first=Don|date=1 April 2013|website=Boston Business Journal|access-date=7 November 2019|archive-date=14 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130814161801/http://www.bizjournals.com/boston/blog/techflash/2013/04/akibia-takes-name-of-parent-company.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Under his leadership, Zensar witnessed a company-wide growth since the acquisition was first announced, with 8,000 employees across 20 different locations worldwide. The company was also valued at $500 million in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegram.com/article/20150308/NEWS/303089937|title=Zensar doing very well since buying Westboro's Akibia|last=CORRESPONDENT|first=Jeremy Shulkin|website=telegram.com|language=en|access-date=7 November 2019|archive-date=9 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150309192947/http://www.telegram.com/article/20150308/NEWS/303089937|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2014, Gupta led a partnership between Zensar and the [[Harvard Business School|Harvard School of Business]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wbjournal.com/article/20141110/PRINTEDITION/311079998|title=UPDATED: High tech calls on higher ed|last=Micucci|first=Emily|date=10 November 2014|website=WBJ|access-date=7 November 2019|archive-date=20 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220223501/http://www.wbjournal.com/article/20141110/PRINTEDITION/311079998|url-status=live}}</ref>

In October 2015, after nearly 32 years with Zensar, Gupta took charge as the chief executive – Americas of [[RPG Group|RPG Enterprises]], a $3 billion group with a presence in automotive tires, pharmaceuticals, information technology, plantations, and infrastructure, among many others. Zensar Technologies is a wholly owned subsidiary of the RPG Group.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rpggroup.com/our-businesses/information-technologies/zensar-technologies/|title=RPG Enterprises {{!}} Information Technology {{!}} Zensar Technologies|last=Tree|first=The Neon|website=RPG Group|language=en-US|access-date=7 November 2019|archive-date=12 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012180513/http://www.rpggroup.com/our-businesses/information-technologies/zensar-technologies/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In March 2016, Gupta joined Mastech, as its president, CEO, and member of the board.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bizjournals.com/pittsburgh/news/2016/03/01/mastech-ceo-resigns.html|title=Mastech CEO resigns|last=Gough|first=Paul|date=1 March 2016|website=Pittsburgh Business Times|access-date=7 November 2019|archive-date=26 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626023641/http://www.bizjournals.com/pittsburgh/news/2016/03/01/mastech-ceo-resigns.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Later in July 2017, Gupta led Mastech Digital's acquisition of InfoTrellis, a Canada-based data management and analytics services company.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.staffingindustry.com/row/Editorial/IT-Staffing-Report/Archive-IT-Staffing-Report/2017/Aug.-3-2017/Mastech-Digital-acquires-InfoTrellis-in-55-million-deal|title=Mastech Digital acquires InfoTrellis in $55 million deal|website=www2.staffingindustry.com|language=en-US|access-date=7 November 2019|archive-date=28 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428201410/https://www2.staffingindustry.com/row/Editorial/IT-Staffing-Report/Archive-IT-Staffing-Report/2017/Aug.-3-2017/Mastech-Digital-acquires-InfoTrellis-in-55-million-deal|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bizjournals.com/pittsburgh/news/2016/09/12/mastech-changes-name.html|title=Mastech Changes Name to Mastech Digital|last=Gough|first=Paul|date=12 September 2016|website=Pittsburgh Business Times|access-date=7 November 2019|archive-date=26 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626023637/http://www.bizjournals.com/pittsburgh/news/2016/09/12/mastech-changes-name.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The deal was valued at $55 million.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/mastech-buys-canadian-company-infotrellis-business-for-rs-357-crore/articleshow/59501436.cms|title=Mastech buys Canadian company InfoTrellis' business for Rs 357 crore|date=8 July 2017|work=The Economic Times|access-date=7 November 2019|archive-date=23 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623113110/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/mastech-buys-canadian-company-infotrellis-business-for-rs-357-crore/articleshow/59501436.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> This venture strengthened the company's focus on digital transformation services.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/mastech-digital-expects-faster-growth-from-digital-transformation-business-117100800410_1.html|title=Mastech Digital expects faster growth from digital transformation business|last=Babu|first=Gireesh|date=8 October 2017|work=Business Standard India|access-date=7 November 2019|archive-date=12 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012061032/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/mastech-digital-expects-faster-growth-from-digital-transformation-business-117100800410_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In April 2018, Gupta expanded Mastech Digital's presence in India with a 20,000 sq. ft. office in [[Chennai|Chennai, India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/mastech-digital-in-expansion-mode/article23495805.ece|title=Mastech Digital in expansion mode|last=Chengappa|first=Sangeetha|website=@businessline|language=en|access-date=7 November 2019|archive-date=4 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204115926/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/mastech-digital-in-expansion-mode/article23495805.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> In January 2019, he further expanded the company's presence in the subcontinent with a 40,000 sq. ft. facility in [[Noida]], India. At the same time, he also announced the company's intention to acquire more firms in line with its vision to become a digital technologies company.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/newsbuzz/mastech-mulls-mass-buyouts-of-data-firms/articleshow/63637261.cms|title=Mastech mulls mass buyouts of data firms|last=Pramanik|first=Ayan|date=6 April 2018|work=The Economic Times|access-date=7 November 2019|archive-date=28 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428201412/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/newsbuzz/mastech-mulls-mass-buyouts-of-data-firms/articleshow/63637261.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

In October 2020, Vivek led Mastech Digital's acquisition of Amberleaf Partners, a specialist Customer Experience company to strengthen the company's capabilities in CX. <ref>{{Cite web |title=MHH: Mastech Digital Acquires AmberLeaf Partners for $14 Million |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/mhh-mastech-digital-acquires-amberleaf-150500434.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101013056/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/mhh-mastech-digital-acquires-amberleaf-150500434.html |archive-date=1 November 2020 |access-date=28 February 2025 |website=finance.yahoo.com |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref>

In May 2023, Vivek Gupta expanded Mastech Digital's staffing services into Engineering Staffing. As part of this, the company offered top engineering talent to businesses seeking highly skilled engineering professionals to drive their innovation and growth. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Inc |first=Mastech Digital |title=Mastech Digital announces Expansion into Engineering Staffing Services |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/mastech-digital-announces-expansion-into-engineering-staffing-services-301838483.html |access-date=28 February 2025 |website=www.prnewswire.com |language=en}}</ref>

On 28 February 2025, Vivek Gupta stepped down as the CEO after nine years of leading the company to pursue his interests in mentoring and advising companies and leaders on growth and transformation. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mastech CEO steps down, firm names new top exec |url=https://www.staffingindustry.com/news/global-daily-news/mastech-ceo-steps-down-firm-names-new-top-exec |access-date=28 February 2025 |website=Staffing Industry Analysts (SIA) |language=en}}</ref>

== Recognition ==
Six times since he joined as the CEO, Gupta was ranked amongst the "100 Most Influential Leaders in Staffing Industry" by Staffing Industry Analysts. (2017, 2018, 2021, 2023, 2024, and 2025)<ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 Staffing 100 North America at-a-Glance – The Staffing 100 |url=https://si100.staffingindustry.com/2024-staffing-100-north-america-at-a-glance/ |access-date=8 April 2024 |language=en-US}} </ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=2017 Staffing 100 North America at-a-Glance – The Staffing 100 |url=http://si100.staffingindustry.com/2017-north-america-at-a-glance/ |access-date=11 April 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=11 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411052630/http://si100.staffingindustry.com/2017-north-america-at-a-glance/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=2018 Staffing 100 North America at-a-Glance – The Staffing 100 |url=http://si100.staffingindustry.com/2018-north-america-staffing-100-at-a-glance/ |access-date=11 April 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=11 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411052632/http://si100.staffingindustry.com/2018-north-america-staffing-100-at-a-glance/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=2021 Staffing 100 North America at-a-Glance – The Staffing 100 |url=http://si100.staffingindustry.com/2021-north-america-staffing-100-at-a-glance/ |access-date=11 April 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=16 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416033614/http://si100.staffingindustry.com/2021-north-america-staffing-100-at-a-glance/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=2023 Staffing 100 North America at-a-Glance – The Staffing 100 |url=http://si100.staffingindustry.com/2023-staffing-100-north-america-at-a-glance/ |access-date=11 April 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=16 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416084639/http://si100.staffingindustry.com/2023-staffing-100-north-america-at-a-glance/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Gupta has been named to the list the Pittsburgh “Smart 50 Award” for five years in a row, being recognized for his ability to effectively build and lead a successful organization in the region. (2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Smart Business - Pittsburgh November 2018 20 |url=http://www.smartbusinessemag.com/publication/?i=697341&p=20&view=issueViewer&pp=1 |access-date=11 April 2023 |website=www.smartbusinessemag.com |language=en-US |archive-date=28 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428201427/http://www.smartbusinessemag.com/publication/?i=697341&p=20&view=issueViewer&pp=1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Smart Business - Pittsburgh November 2019 22 |url=http://www.smartbusinessemag.com/publication/?i=697328&p=22&view=issueViewer&pp=1 |access-date=11 April 2023 |website=www.smartbusinessemag.com |language=en-US |archive-date=28 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428201429/http://www.smartbusinessemag.com/publication/?i=697328&p=22&view=issueViewer&pp=1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Smart Business |url=http://www.smartbusinessemag.com/publication/?collection_id=19 |access-date=11 April 2023 |website=www.smartbusinessemag.com |language=en-US |archive-date=30 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830120332/http://www.smartbusinessemag.com/publication/?collection_id=19 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pittsburgh Smart 50 Awards |url=https://sbnonline.com/events/smart50pit/ |access-date=11 April 2023 |website=SBN |language=en-US |archive-date=7 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407201131/https://sbnonline.com/events/smart50pit/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In January 2022, he was recognized for the World Staffing Award under Top 100 Staffing Leaders to watch in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Staffing Leaders to watch in 2022|url=https://www.candidate.ly/worldstaffingsummit/awards/staffing-leaders-to-watch-in-2022?8e794f25_page=5|access-date=7 February 2022|website=www.candidate.ly|language=en|archive-date=28 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428201432/https://www.candidate.ly/worldstaffingsummit/awards/staffing-leaders-to-watch-in-2022?8e794f25_page=5|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gupta, Vivek}}
[[Category:1960s births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:IIT Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Pittsburgh]]

1996 Indo-Tibetan Border Police expedition to Mount Everest

2026-02-10T09:37:48Z

Brigette59K: minor rework citations additionally and updated info for accuracy

{{Short description|Expedition to Mount Everest in which 3 people died}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
[[File:Green Boots.jpg|thumb| Photo of the body of a climber known as [[Green Boots]], photographed in May 2010. Green Boots is believed to be Tsewang Paljor, an Indian member of the ITBP party who died on the Northeast Ridge of Mt. Everest in 1996.]]

The 1996 Indo-Tibetan Border Police Expedition to Mount Everest in May 1996 was a climbing expedition mounted by the [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police]] (ITBP) to reach the summit of [[Mount Everest]]. The first party of the season on the Northeast face, it fixed climbing ropes and broke trail for subsequent parties. Three members of the ITBP expedition continued on to the summit; none returned, adding three deaths to five among two commercial parties spread over the Southeast and Northeast routes up the mountain that became known as the [[1996 Mount Everest disaster|1996 Mount Everest climbing disaster]].

The expedition was led by Commandant Mohinder Singh and is credited by some as being the first Indian ascent of Everest from the North Side.<ref name="uiaa"/><ref name=book>{{cite book|title=Everest: The First Indian Ascent from North|author=Singh, Mohinder |location= Delhi|publisher= Indian Pub.|date= 2003|page= xvi|isbn=978-81-7341-276-9}}</ref>

==The expedition==

On 10 May 1996, [[Subedar]] Tsewang Samanla, Lance Naik Dorje Morup, and Head Constable Tsewang Paljor were part of a six-man summit attempt from the North Side. The summit team did not have any [[Sherpa people|sherpas]] to guide them. They were the first team of the season to go up the North Face. It would be their responsibility to fix the ropes during ascent and break the trail to the top. The team was caught in the blizzard above Camp IV. While three of the six members turned down, Samanla, Paljor, and Morup decided to go for the summit.<ref name= "Krakauer">{{cite book|last=Krakauer|first=Jon|author-link=Jon Krakauer|title=Into Thin Air: A Personal Account of the Mount Everest Disaster|edition=1997|year=1997|publisher=[[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]]|isbn=978-0-385-49208-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/intothinairperso00krak/page/239 239]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/intothinairperso00krak/page/239}}</ref> Samanla was an accomplished mountaineer who had summited Everest in 1984 and [[Kanchenjunga]] in 1991.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://itbpolice.nic.in/mtn.htm |title=mountains call by ITBP |access-date=2015-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060507141903/http://itbpolice.nic.in/mtn.htm#Adventure |archive-date=2006-05-07 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The first group was Paljor, Samanla, Morup, Jodh Singh, and [[Harbhajan Singh (mountaineer)|Harbhajan Singh]]. Frostbitten, Jodh Singh and Harbhajan Singh returned to their base camp, and Samanla, Morup, and Paljor remained.

At around 18:00 (15:45 Nepal Time), the three climbers radioed to their expedition leader that they had arrived at the summit.<ref name="aaj">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FattUWiYu80C&q=tsewang+samanla&pg=PA23 |title=American Alpine Journal |publisher=The Mountaineers Books |isbn=9781933056449 |access-date=5 December 2010 |archive-date=28 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828062707/https://books.google.com/books?id=FattUWiYu80C&q=tsewang+samanla&pg=PA23 |url-status=live }}</ref> While the Indian camp was jubilant in their celebrations, some of the other mountaineers at Base Camp had already expressed their reservations about the timing, which was quite late in the day to be on the summit. There is also a dispute whether the three had actually reached the summit. [[Jon Krakauer]] claims that the climbers were at 8,700 m (28,550 ft), roughly 150 m (500 ft) short of the topmost point.<ref name=LFE>This is based on the interview given by a later Japanese team to Richard Cowpens of the London ''Financial Express''{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}</ref> Due to bad visibility and thick clouds which obscured the summit, the climbers believed they had reached the top. This also explains why the climbers did not run into the teams that summited from the South Side.{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}

The three climbers left an offering of [[prayer flag]]s, [[khata]]s, and pitons. Samanla, the summit team leader, decided to spend extra time for religious ceremonies and instructed the other two climbers to begin their descent. There was no radio contact after that. Back at the camps below, anxious team members saw two headlamps moving just above the second step (8,570 m/28,120 ft). None of the three managed to come back to high camp at 8,320 m (27,300 ft).{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}

==Possible sightings by Japanese climbers==
On 11 May 1996, on the morning after Samanla, Paljor, and Morup had made their push for the summit and encountered the blizzard, a Japanese team from the Fukuoka expedition started its final ascent from the north side. The Fukuoka climbers would report seeing other climbers during their summit push—not unexpected given the number of climbers camped or climbing on the final {{convert|550|m|abbr=on|sigfig=3}} of the mountain that day.

(All Times Beijing Time)
* 06:15 Hiroshi Hanada and Eisuke Shigekawa (Fukuoka first attack party) departed Camp 6 (8,300 m/27,230 ft). Three Sherpas had left in advance.<ref name="uiaa"/>
* 08:45 Radio call to Base Camp to report nearing the ridge. Just below the ridge they met two climbers coming down a fixed rope. On the ridge another climber appeared before the first snowfield. They could not be identified, because all were wearing goggles and oxygen masks under hoods. The Fukuoka party, having no knowledge of the missing Indians, thought they were Taiwanese party members.<ref name="uiaa"/>

In Krakauer's account, the lone climber (either Paljor<ref name= "Krakauer"/> or Morup<ref name=Himalayan>{{Cite journal | first=P. M. | last=Das | title=The Indian Ascent of Qomolungma by the North Ridge | year=1997 | journal=Himalayan Journal | url=https://www.himalayanclub.org/hj/53/7/the-indian-ascent-of-qomolungma-by-the-north-ridge/ | volume=53 | access-date=6 October 2015 | archive-date=1 December 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201005018/https://www.himalayanclub.org/hj/53/7/the-indian-ascent-of-qomolungma-by-the-north-ridge/ | url-status=live }}</ref>) was still moaning and frostbitten from exposure over the night. The Japanese climbers ignored him and set out for the summit. After ascending the second step, they ran into the other two climbers, probably Samanla with either Paljor or Morup "[one] apparently close to death, the other crouching in the snow," Krakauer writes, "no words were passed, no water, food or oxygen exchanged hands. The Japanese moved on ..."

* 11:39 Radio call to Base Camp to report passing the Second Step (8,600 m/28,220 ft). They then saw two climbers at a distance of about 15 m from the ridge. Again, identification was impossible.<ref name="uiaa"/>
* 15:07 Hanada, Shigekawa, and three Sherpas reached the summit.
* 15:30 Start descent. After passing the triangle snowfield they saw some unidentifiable object above the Second Step. Below the First Step, they saw one person on the fixed rope. Shigekawa therefore stopped and radioed Base Camp. As he started moving again he met someone, who had possibly been on the fixed rope, standing nearby. They exchanged greetings, but Shigekawa was still unable to identify him. The Japanese climbers' oxygen was just enough to return to Camp 6.<ref name="uiaa"/>
* 16:00 (approx) An Indian party member told the Fukuoka ABC that three men were missing. The Fukuoka party attempted to dispatch three Sherpas from Camp 6 to rescue the Indians, but disappearing daylight prevented their departure. Their request to Indian party members at Camp 6 to join a rescue was refused. Also, their offer of a radio so that the Indian party could talk to their leader in ABC was declined.<ref name="uiaa"/>

Initially, the apparent indifference of the Japanese climbers was dumbfounding, as the Indian expedition leader said later, "The Japanese had initially pledged to help the search for the missing Indians. But hours later, they pressed on with their attempt to reach the summit, despite bad weather."<ref name=itbpm>{{cite news | last= | title=India probes Everest deaths, questions Japanese team | publisher=Reuters | url =http://outside.away.com/peaks/japan.html | access-date = 19 August 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927201024/http://outside.away.com/peaks/japan.html |archive-date = 27 September 2007}}</ref> The Japanese team reached the summit at 11:45 (Nepal Time). By the time the Japanese climbers descended, one of the two Indians was already dead, and the other near death. They could not find any trace of the third climber further down.

The Japanese team denied that they had ever encountered the dying climbers on the way up.<ref name="uiaa">{{cite news| first=Hiroo| last=Saso| title=Misunderstandings Beyond the North Ridge| date=January 2002| publisher=International Mountaineering and Climbing Federation| url=http://www.uiaa.ch/article.aspx?c=226&a=120| access-date=19 August 2007| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050224103225/http://www.uiaa.ch/article.aspx?c=226&a=120|archive-date=24 February 2005}}</ref>

Captain Kohli, an official of the Indian Mountaineering Federation, who earlier had denounced the Japanese, later retracted his claim that the Japanese had reported meeting the Indians on 10 May.<ref name="uiaa"/>

"The ITBP accepted the Fukuoka party statements that they neither abandoned nor refused to help the Indians."<ref name="uiaa"/> The ITBP's director general "commented that a misunderstanding arose from communication difficulties between Indian attack party members and their Base Camp."<ref name="uiaa"/>

The body nicknamed [[Green Boots]], which is believed to be Indian climber Tsewang Paljor's, served as a marker for subsequent climbers alongside the limestone alcove where it had lain. In 2014, Green Boots was moved to a less conspicuous location by the Chinese.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Alan Arnette |title=What's Being Done About Trash (and Bodies) on Everest This Year |url=https://www.outsideonline.com/outdoor-adventure/climbing/everest-dead-bodies-trash-removal/ |website=Outside Online |date=23 April 2019 |access-date=28 August 2023 |archive-date=28 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828062529/https://www.outsideonline.com/outdoor-adventure/climbing/everest-dead-bodies-trash-removal/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[[Rachel Nuwer|Nuwer, Rachel]], "[https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20151008-the-tragic-story-of-mt-everests-most-famous-dead-body The tragic tale of Mt Everest's most famous dead body]", ''BBC Future'' (8 October 2015).</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of Mount Everest expeditions]]
*[[List of Indian summiters of Mount Everest]]
*[[List of Mount Everest summiteers by frequency]]
*[[List of Mount Everest records of India]]
*[[List of Mount Everest records]]
*[[List of people who died climbing Mount Everest]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite web |title=Mohinder Singh Sangha |date=5 April 2018 |via=Youtube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fTR3Jq_wTAM&t=3s }}

{{Mount Everest96d}}
{{Mount Everest}}

[[Category:Mount Everest expeditions]]
[[Category:1996 disasters in Asia]]
[[Category:Mountaineering disasters]]
[[Category:Natural disasters in Nepal]]
[[Category:Natural disasters in India]]
[[Category:1996 in Nepal]]
[[Category:1996 in India]]
[[Category:1996 disasters in Nepal]]
[[Category:1996 disasters in India]]
[[Category:May 1996 in Asia]]

Muzaffarpur Institute of Technology

2026-02-07T22:38:28Z

Brigette59K: adjusted references for consistency

{{Short description|Engineering college in Bihar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Distinguish||text=[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)]]}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Muzaffarpur Institute of Technology
| latin_name =
| image = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = MIT official Logo.jpg
| photo2a = MIT Muzaffarpur.png
| size = 200
| spacing = 0
| color = white
| color_border = transparent
}}
| motto = ''Sarvopari Karma''
| mottoeng = Work is above everything else
| established = {{Start date and age|df=yes|paren=yes|1954}}
| founder = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
| type = Public
| endowment =
| administrative_staff = 150
| faculty = 50
| principal = Dr. M. K. Jha
| rector =
| chancellor =
| students = 1,350
| undergrad = 1,300
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| city = [[Muzaffarpur]]
| state = [[Bihar]]
| country = [[India]]
| campus = Urban {{convert|85|acre|m2}}
| free_label =
| free =
| colors =
| colours =
| mascot =
| nickname = MIT, Muzaffarpur
| former_name = College of Civil Engineering, Muzaffarpur (1954–1959)
| affiliations = [[Bihar Engineering University]]
| website = [http://www.mitmuzaffarpur.org/ www.mitmuzaffarpur.org]
}}
'''Muzaffarpur Institute of Technology''' (commonly referred to as '''MIT, Muzaffarpur''') is a public, coeducational engineering college in [[Muzaffarpur]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]. It is administered by the [[Department of Science and Technology, Bihar]] and funded by [[Government of Bihar]].<ref>http://dst.bih.nic.in/ and http://dotnet.bih.nic.in/EngineeringColleges.aspx{{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ''Retrieved on 24/11/2009''</ref> It was founded in 1954, just after India attained independence in 1947. The foundation stone was laid by the first Prime Minister of India, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mitmuzaffarpur.org/|title=MIT Muzaffarpur|website=mitmuzaffarpur.org|access-date=2017-11-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|title=मुजफ्फरपुर में एनबीए ग्रेडिंग के लिए एमआइटी से तीन ब्रांचों का चयन
|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/muzaffarpur-mit-muzaffarpur-nba-accreditation-3-branches-selected-for-grading-40052844.html
|work=Dainik Jagran
|publisher=Jagran Prakashan Ltd.
|date=26 November 2025
|access-date=5 February 2026
|language=hi
}}</ref>

==History==
Muzaffarpur Institute of Technology (MIT) was established on 25 September 1954, seven years after India’s independence. The institute was inaugurated by [[Chandeshwar Prasad Narayan Singh|Sri C. P. N. Sinha]], the then Governor of East Punjab. It initially began as the College of Civil Engineering, Muzaffarpur, offering only the Civil Engineering discipline with an inaugural batch of 45 students in the 1954–55 academic session.

On 21 April 1956, the foundation stone of the main building was laid by [[Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru]], the first Prime Minister of India. The Electrical and Mechanical Engineering branches were introduced in the 1960–61 session, following which the institute was renamed Muzaffarpur Institute of Technology. The Pharmacy and Leather Technology disciplines were added in 1978 and 1986 respectively. Later, Information Technology and Electronics and Communication Engineering programmes were introduced in 2001.
<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.bihartimes.com/Newsbihar/2008/Dec/Newsbihar02Dec6.html | title=MIT would be made a model institute | date=2 December 2008 | work=Bihar Times | accessdate=26 September 2018 }}</ref>

== Academics ==
Muzaffarpur Institute of Technology offers undergraduate and postgraduate programmes in Engineering and Pharmacy.

=== Undergraduate programmes ===
The institute offers undergraduate programmes with a total sanctioned intake of 580 seats.<ref>Government of Bihar. "Bihar Economic Review (Hindi)". Department of Finance, Government of Bihar. https://state.bihar.gov.in/finance/cache/12/05-Feb-26/SHOW_DOCS/Bihar%20Eco%20Review%20Hindi_11zon.pdf. Accessed 5 February 2026.</ref>

=== Postgraduate programmes ===
Postgraduate programmes are offered at the institute with a total sanctioned intake of 120 seats.<ref>Muzaffarpur Institute of Technology. "UG Admission". Official website of MIT Muzaffarpur. https://www.mitmuzaffarpur.org/admission/ug-admission/. Accessed 5 February 2026.</ref>

=== Admissions ===
From 2019 onwards, undergraduate admissions are based on the merit list of the [[Joint Entrance Examination – Main]] (JEE Main), conducted by the [[National Testing Agency]]. Earlier, admissions were conducted through the [[Bihar Combined Entrance Competitive Examination Board]].

Admission to postgraduate programmes is based on the score obtained in the [[Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering]] (GATE).

== Departments ==
Muzaffarpur Institute of Technology has the following academic departments:
* Biomedical and Robotics Engineering
* [[Civil Engineering]]
* [[Computer Science and Engineering]]
* [[Electronics and Communication Engineering]]
* [[Electrical Engineering]]
* Information Technology
* Leather Technology
* [[Mechanical Engineering]]
* Pharmacy
* Applied Science and Humanities<ref>Shiksha. "Muzaffarpur Institute of Technology". Shiksha. https://www.shiksha.com/college/muzaffarpur-institute-of-technology-22815.</ref>

==Campus==
The campus of Muzaffarpur Institute of Technology is located in the north-western part of [[Muzaffarpur]] city, along the [[Muzaffarpur]]–[[Motihari]] road. It covers an area of {{convert|85|acre|m2|abbr=}} and is situated about four kilometres from [[Muzaffarpur Junction]].

The campus is bounded by the [[Burhi Gandak River]] to the north, a reservoir to the east, the Muzaffarpur–Motihari road to the south, and an internal road network to the west.

The campus is broadly divided into the following functional zones:
* Academic Zone, which includes departmental offices, lecture theatres, laboratories, and libraries
* Student Residential Zone
* Faculty and Staff Residential Zone
* Student Recreational Zone, comprising football and cricket grounds and badminton courts

The campus also has an Auditorium and Visual Hall (AVH), which is used for cultural and academic programmes. Separate buildings are available for academic departments such as Information Technology and Electronics and Communication Engineering, along with dedicated laboratories for Physics and Chemistry.

Other facilities on the campus include a student activity centre, a primary school named *MIT Bal Niketan International School*, branches of the [[State Bank of India]] and [[Central Bank of India]], a [[post office]], a temple, and guest houses for parents and visitors.

===Residential facilities===
The institute has a well-developed residential system for students. There are seven boys’ hostels with a combined accommodation capacity of about 1,400 students and one girls’ hostel, known as the Golden Jubilee Girls’ Hostel, which can accommodate approximately 200 students. Hostel No. 1, also known as Damodar Hostel, was constructed in 1952, prior to the construction of the main academic building of the institute.

Single-seated rooms are generally allotted to final-year and pre-final-year students, while first- and second-year students are accommodated in double- and triple-seated rooms. One of the hostels, known as the Welfare Hostel, is exclusively meant for Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe students and is administered by the Welfare Department.

===Sports and student activities===
Sports and extracurricular activities have been an integral part of campus life since 1954. The campus provides facilities for outdoor sports such as [[cricket]], [[Association football|football]], [[volleyball]], [[basketball]], [[lawn tennis]], and [[badminton]], along with facilities for indoor games including [[table tennis]] and chess. The sports grounds and courts are regularly maintained.

The Sports Club became inactive around 2000 but was revived in 2017 by a group of students from the 2015 batch under the name *MIT Sports Club*. Since its revival, the club has been organising the institute’s annual sports meet, inter-college sports events, and various tournaments at the campus sports grounds. Inter-college and interstate tournaments are also held regularly.<ref>{{cite news
|title=MIT Muzaffarpur’s Umang 3.0 Festival Showcases Engineering Students’ Talent
|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/bagaha/story-mit-muzaffarpur-s-umang-3-0-festival-showcases-engineering-students-talent-201769364490916.html
|work=Live Hindustan
|publisher=Hindustan Media
|date=25 January 2026
|access-date=5 February 2026
|language=hi
}}</ref>

Student activities on campus are coordinated through several clubs, including:
* The Technical Club
* Junoon-1
* The Cultural Club
* The Sports Club
* MITRA Club

[[File:Event oraganize by Junoon.jpg|thumb|alt=Hindi Pakhwada organised by Junoon|Hindi Pakhwada organised by Junoon]]

===Innovation and entrepreneurship===
The Start-up Cell at Muzaffarpur Institute of Technology was established on 16 January 2018 with the objective of promoting innovation and entrepreneurship among students by providing institutional guidance and support.<ref>http://www.mitmuzaffarpur.org</ref>

The Small Industries Research, Training and Development Organization (SIRTDO) was established at the institute in 1976 with financial support from the Government of [[Bihar]]. SIRTDO encourages entrepreneurship among students and acts as an incubation centre for new business ventures. It organises orientation and training programmes in collaboration with national-level institutions and provides training in areas such as product design and development, management, marketing, and finance.

===IT and Internet facilities===
The institute is connected to its Internet Service Provider through a leased optical-fibre link with a bandwidth of 100 Mbps. Internet access is available across the campus, including laboratories and hostels, through both wired and Wi-Fi networks.

The Computer Centre provides round-the-clock Wi-Fi and broadband internet services to support academic and research activities. It has been upgraded with the installation of 195 desktop computers, which are primarily used for programming instruction, practical work, and student research.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.mitmuzaffarpur.org}}
* [https://bceceboard.bihar.gov.in/ BCECE Board website]
* [http://www.beu-bih.ac.in/BEUP/Letter.aspx]
* [http://dst.bih.nic.in/ DST, Bihar website]
* [http://www.beu-bih.ac.in/BEUP/Letter.aspx/ Bihar Engineering University website]

{{Portal bar|Education|Engineering|India}}
{{Bihar Engineering University}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Muzaffarpur Institute Of Technology}}
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Bihar]]
[[Category:Education in Muzaffarpur]]
[[Category:1954 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1954]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to Bihar Engineering University]]

Machavaram, Palnadu district

2026-01-18T21:15:56Z

Brigette59K: starting new location

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Machavaram
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| pushpin_label = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes = 
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Palnadu district|Palnadu]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Mandal]]
| subdivision_name3 = Machavaram
| government_footnotes = <ref name="panchayat">{{cite web |title=Gram Panchayat Identification Codes |url=http://saaksharbharat.nic.in/saaksharbharat/forms/gp_code.pdf |website=Saakshar Bharat Mission |publisher=National Informatics Centre |access-date=7 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818173131/http://saaksharbharat.nic.in/saaksharbharat/forms/gp_code.pdf |archive-date=18 August 2017 |page=107 | url-status=dead}}</ref>
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)|Panchayati raj]]
| governing_body = Machavaram [[gram panchayat]]
| leader_title = [[Sarpanch]]
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="census">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book : Guntur (Part B) |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2817_PART_B_DCHB_GUNTUR.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Andhra Pradesh |access-date=10 June 2019 |pages=14,228 |date=2011}}</ref>
| area_total_ha = 1416
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name="population">{{cite web |title=Population |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=667944 |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |access-date=8 May 2019}}</ref>
| population_total = 10388
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and English
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 522xxx
| area_code_type = 
| area_code = +91–8649
| registration_plate_type =
| registration_plate = AP
}}
'''Machavaram''' is a village in [[Palnadu district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is the headquarters of Machavaram [[mandal]]. There are two major towns near this village is DACHEPALLE and PIDUGURALLA.

== Geography ==

Machavaram is situated at {{coord|16.6|N|79.7333|E|}}. It is spread over an area of {{Convert|1416|ha|abbr=on}}.<ref name="census" />

== Governance ==

Machavaram [[gram panchayat]] is the [[Local self-government in India|local self-government]] of the village.<ref name="panchayat" /> It is divided into wards and each ward is represented by a ward member.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aDoppmCmeqUC&q=sarpanch|title=Citizen Participation in Rural Development|last=Seetharam|first=Mukkavilli|date=1990-01-01|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=9788170992271|page=34}}</ref>

== Education ==

As per the school information report for the academic year 2018–19, the village has a total of 10 schools. These include 3 private and 7 [[District Councils of India|Zilla Parishad]]/[[Mandal Parishad Primary School|MPP]] schools.<ref>{{cite web |title=School Information |url=https://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/totalSchoolReport.xls |website=Commissionerate of School Education |publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=7 May 2019 |archive-date=16 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416174708/https://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/totalSchoolReport.xls |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Palnadu district]]

Araceae

2026-01-13T11:14:27Z

Brigette59K: brief rework intro per sources and corrected details

{{Short description|Family of flowering plants}}
{{Distinguish| Areceae |Arecaceae|Araliaceae}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|115|0}}[[Aptian|Early Cretaceous]]<ref name=Sender /> - Recent
| image = Spathiphyllum cochlearispathum RTBG.jpg
| image_caption = Inflorescence of ''[[Spathiphyllum cochlearispathum]]''
| taxon = Araceae
| authority = [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Juss.]]<ref name="apgiii">{{Citation |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x |doi-access=free |hdl=10654/18083 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
| subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies
| subdivision = * [[Gymnostachydoideae]]
* [[Orontioideae]]
* [[Lemnoideae]]
* [[Pothoideae]]
* [[Monsteroideae]]
* [[Lasioideae]]
* [[Zamioculcadoideae]]
* [[Aroideae]]
}}
The '''Araceae''' are a [[family (biology)|family]] of [[monocotyledon]]ous [[flowering plant]]s in which [[flower]]s are borne on a type of [[inflorescence]] called a [[spadix (botany)|spadix]]. The spadix is usually accompanied by, and sometimes partially enclosed in, a [[spathe]] (or leaf-like [[bract]]). Also known as the '''arum family''', members are often colloquially known as '''aroids'''. This family of 114 [[genera]] and about 3,750 known species<ref name="Christenhusz-Byng2016">{{cite journal |author1=Christenhusz, M. J. M. |author2=Byng, J. W. |name-list-style=amp | year = 2016 | title = The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 261 | pages = 201–217 | url = http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 | issue = 3 | publisher = Magnolia Press | doi-access = free }}</ref> is most diverse in the [[New World]] tropics, although also distributed in the [[Old World]] tropics and northern [[temperate regions]].

==Description==

Within the Araceae, species are often [[rhizomatous]] or [[tuber]]ous; many are [[Epiphyte|epiphytic]], creeping [[Liana|lianas]] or [[Vine|vining]] plants, and the [[Leaf|leaves]] and tissues of the entire plant nearly always contains irritating [[calcium oxalate]] crystals or [[raphide]]s, in varying degrees.<ref name=Efloras>{{cite web|title=Araceae in Flora of North America @ efloras.org|url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10056|work=Efloras.org|access-date=17 January 2014}}</ref><ref name=Gflora>{{cite web|work=The Encyclopedia of House Plants |url=http://www.gflora.com/index.php?cmd=genus&family_id=7|title=Araceae |access-date=30 June 2024}}</ref> The foliage can vary considerably from species to species. The majority of species produce an [[inflorescence]] consisting of a spadix (which some compare to a [[Corncob|corn cob]], in appearance), which is nearly always surrounded by a modified leaf bract called a [[spathe]].<ref name=Hawaii>{{cite web|title=Araceae - Flowering Plant Families, UH Botany|url=http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/ar.htm|work=University of Hawaii|access-date=17 January 2014}}</ref> In [[monoecious]] aroids, possessing separate male and female flowers (but with both flowers present on one plant), the spadix is usually organized with female flowers towards the bottom and male flowers at the top. In aroids with [[perfect flower]]s, the [[stigma (flower)|stigma]] is no longer receptive when the [[pollen]] is released, thus preventing self-[[fertilization]]. Some species are [[dioecious]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Araceae|url=http://www.eeob.iastate.edu/classes/bio366/families/Araceae.pdf|work=Iowa State University|access-date=17 January 2014|archive-date=3 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503154022/http://www.eeob.iastate.edu/classes/bio366/families/Araceae.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Many plants in this family are [[Thermogenic plants|thermogenic]] (heat-producing).<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Korotkova|first1=Nadja|last2=Barthlott|first2=Wilhelm|title=On the thermogenesis of the Titan arum (''Amorphophallus titanum'')|journal=Plant Signaling & Behavior|date=2009|volume=4|issue=11|pages=1096–1098|doi=10.4161/psb.4.11.9872|pmid=19838070|pmc=2819525|doi-access=free}}</ref> Their flowers can reach up to 45 °C, even if the surrounding air temperature is much lower. One reason for this unusually high temperature is to attract insects (usually [[Beetle|beetles]]) to pollinate the plant, rewarding the beetles with heat energy, in addition to preventing tissue damage in colder regions. Some examples of thermogenic aroids are ''[[Symplocarpus foetidus]]'' (eastern skunk-cabbage),'' [[Amorphophallus titanum]]'' (titan arum),'' [[Amorphophallus paeoniifolius]]'' (elephant-foot yam), ''[[Helicodiceros muscivorus]]'' (dead-horse arum lily), and ''[[Sauromatum venosum]]'' (voodoo lily). Some species, such as ''A''. ''titanum'' and ''H''. ''muscivorus'', give off a very pungent smell akin to rotten meat, which serves to attract flies for pollination. The heat produced by the plant helps to convey the scent further.

<gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=180 heights=180>
File:044 Dracunculus vulgaris at Akrotiri peninsula, Crete, Greece.jpg|Snake lily, ''[[Dracunculus vulgaris]]'', in [[Crete]]
File:Xanthosoma sagittifolium at Kadavoor.jpg|Arrowleaf elephant ear, ''[[Xanthosoma sagittifolium]]''
File:Amorphophallus titanum (corpse flower) - 2.jpg|Corpse flower, ''[[Amorphophallus titanum]]'', 2 or 3 metres tall
</gallery>

===Toxicity===

Within the Araceae family, the majority of species produce calcium oxalate crystals in the form of [[Raphide|raphides]]. While it is possible to consume the cooked foliage of certain genera, such as ''[[Alocasia]]'', ''[[Colocasia]]'', and ''[[Xanthosoma]]'', as well as the ripened fruits of ''[[Monstera deliciosa]]'', these raphide compounds are irritating (and even dangerous) for many animals, including humans. Consumption of raw aroid vegetation may cause [[edema]], [[Vesicle (biology and chemistry)|vesicle]] formation or [[dysphagia]], accompanied by a painful stinging and burning in the mouth and throat, with symptoms occurring for up to two weeks, depending on amount consumed. In smaller amounts, patients report feeling a mild to extreme sensation of sand or glass in the esophagus and mouth, lasting up to 48 hours.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Watson|first1=John T.|last2=Jones|first2=Roderick C.|last3=Siston|first3=Alicia M.|last4=Diaz|first4=Pamela S.|last5=Gerber|first5=Susan I.|last6=Crowe|first6=John B.|last7=Satzger|first7=R. Duane|title=Outbreak of Food-borne Illness Associated with Plant Material Containing Raphides|journal=Clinical Toxicology|date=2005|volume=43|issue=1|pages=17–21|doi=10.1081/CLT-44721|pmid=15732442|s2cid=388923}}</ref> Additionally, in heavier instances of ingestion, [[Anaphylaxis|anaphylactic shock]] could cause swelling of the throat, restricting breathing. The genus ''[[Dieffenbachia]]'' is famously known as "dumb-cane" for this reason; however, given the presence of irritating compounds across the family, this nickname may be applied to virtually any genera within the Araceae.

==Taxonomy==

===Phylogeny===
Phylogeny based on the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Website]].<ref>{{cite web |website=[[Angiosperm Phylogeny Website]] |version=13 | last=Stevens | first=P.F. | year=2001 | title=Araceae |url=http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/orders/alismatalesweb.htm#Araceae | access-date= 30 December 2017}}</ref>

{{clade| style=font-size:90%;line-height:80%
|label1='''Araceae'''
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=[[Gymnostachydoideae]] Bogner & Nicolson 1991 [[File:Gymnostachys_anceps.jpg|60px]]
|2=[[Orontioideae]] Brown ex Müller 1860 [[File:WesternSkunkCabbage.JPG|60px]]
}}
|2={{clade
|1=[[Lemnoideae]] [[File:Duckweeds.jpg|80px]]
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=[[Pothoideae]] Engler 1876 [[File:Anthurium3.JPG|60px]]
|2=[[Monsteroideae]] Engler 1876 [[File:Monstera adansonii CBM.png|60px]]
}}
|2={{clade
|1=[[Lasioideae]] Engler 1876 [[File:ArumWynaad.jpg|60px]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Zamioculcadoideae]] Bogner & Hesse 2005 [[File:Zamioculcas_zamiifolia_1.jpg|60px]]
|2=[[Aroideae]] Arnott 1832 [[File:Arum palaestinum flower.jpg|60px]]
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}

===Classification===
One of the earliest observations of species in the Araceae was conducted by [[Theophrastus]] in his work ''[[Enquiry into Plants]]''.<ref name=Aroids>{{cite book|last=Bown|first=Deni|title=Aroids: plants of the Arum family|year=2000|publisher=Timber Press|isbn=0881924857|page=46|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vIbwAAAAMAAJ&q=Araceae+Enquiry+into+Plants}}</ref> The Araceae were not recognized as a distinct group of plants until the 16th century. In 1789, [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu]] classified all climbing aroids as ''Pothos'' and all terrestrial aroids as either ''Arum'' or ''Dracontium'' in his book ''Familles des Plantes''.{{citation needed|date=July 2013}}

The first major system of classification for the family was produced by [[Heinrich Wilhelm Schott]], who published ''Genera Aroidearum'' in 1858 and ''Prodromus Systematis Aroidearum'' in 1860. Schott's system was based on floral characteristics, and used a narrow conception of a genus. [[Adolf Engler]] produced a classification in 1876, which was steadily refined up to 1920. His system is significantly different from Schott's, being based more on vegetative characters and anatomy. The two systems were to some extent rivals, with Engler's having more adherents before the advent of [[molecular phylogenetics]] brought new approaches.<ref name=Gray90>{{Citation |last=Grayum |first=Michael H. |year=1990 |title=Evolution and Phylogeny of the Araceae |journal=Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden |volume=77 |issue=4 |pages=628–697 |doi=10.2307/2399668 |jstor=2399668 }}</ref>

A comprehensive taxonomy of Araceae was published by Mayo et al. in 1997.<ref name="Mayo 1997">{{cite book | last=Mayo | first=S. J. | last2=Bogner | first2=J. | last3=Boyce | first3=P. C.| title=The genera of Araceae | publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew | publication-place=London | date=1997 | isbn=1-900347-22-9 | oclc=60140655}}</ref>

Modern studies based on gene sequences show the Araceae (including the [[Lemnoideae]], duckweeds) to be [[monophyletic]], and the first diverging group within the [[Alismatales]].<ref name=APweb_Araceae>{{Cite web |last=Stevens |first=P.F. |title=Araceae|work=Angiosperm Phylogeny Website |url=http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/orders/alismatalesweb.htm#Araceae }}</ref> The [[APG III system]] of 2009 recognizes the family, including the genera formerly segregated in the Lemnaceae.<ref name=APG3>{{Cite journal|last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group III|year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x |doi-access=free |hdl=10654/18083 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> The sinking of the Lemnaceae into the Araceae was not immediately universally accepted. For example, the 2010 ''New Flora of the British Isles'' used a [[Paraphyly|paraphyletic]] Araceae and a separate Lemnaceae.<ref name=Stace3>{{Citation |last=Stace |first=C.A. |author-link = Clive Stace |year=2010 |title=New Flora of the British Isles |edition=Third |location=Cambridge, UK |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-70772-5 }} pp. 830–834.</ref> However ''Lemna'' and its allies were incorporated in Araceae in the 2019 edition.<ref name=Stace4>{{cite book|last=Stace|first=C. A.|author-link = Stace, C. A.|year=2019|title=New Flora of the British Isles|edition=Fourth|publisher=C & M Floristics|location = Middlewood Green, Suffolk, U.K.| isbn=978-1-5272-2630-2}}</ref>{{rp|872}} A comprehensive [[genomic]] study of ''[[Spirodela polyrhiza]]'' was published in February 2014.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Wang|first1=W.|last2=Haberer|first2=G.|last3=Gundlach|first3=H.|last4=Gläßer|first4=C.|last5=Nussbaumer|first5=T.|last6=Luo|first6=M. C.|last7=Lomsadze|first7=A.|last8=Borodovsky|first8=M.|last9=Kerstetter|first9=R. A.|last10=Shanklin|first10=J.|last11=Byrant|first11=D. W.|last12=Mockler|first12=T. C.|last13=Appenroth|first13=K. J.|last14=Grimwood|first14=J.|last15=Jenkins|first15=J.|last16=Chow|first16=J.|last17=Choi|first17=C.|last18=Adam|first18=C.|last19=Cao|first19=X.-H.|last20=Fuchs|first20=J.|last21=Schubert|first21=I.|last22=Rokhsar|first22=D.|last23=Schmutz|first23=J.|last24=Michael|first24=T. P.|last25=Mayer|first25=K. F. X.|last26=Messing|first26=J|title=The ''Spirodela polyrhiza'' genome reveals insights into its neotenous reduction fast growth and aquatic lifestyle|journal=Nature Communications|date=2014|volume=5|page=3311|doi=10.1038/ncomms4311|pmid=24548928|pmc=3948053|bibcode=2014NatCo...5.3311W}}</ref>

===Genera===
{{main|List of Araceae genera}}
[[File:Arum maculatum 0 700.jpg|thumb|The cuckoo-pint or lords and ladies (''[[Arum maculatum]]'') is a common arum in British woodlands.]]
[[File:Arisaema triphyllum.jpg|thumb|''[[Arisaema triphyllum]]'']]

143 genera are accepted within the Araceae.<ref name = powo>[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30000216-2 Araceae Juss.] ''[[Plants of the World Online]]''. Retrieved 28 April 2024.</ref> ''[[Anthurium]]'', ''[[Epipremnum]]'', ''[[Monstera]]'', ''[[Philodendron]]'' and ''[[Zantedeschia]]'' are some of the most well-known genera of the family, as are the ''[[Colocasia]]'' (taro, ''arbi'') and ''[[Xanthosoma]]'' ('elephant-ear', ‘ape), which are both cultivated for human consumption. The largest unbranched inflorescence in the world is that of the arum ''Amorphophallus titanum'' (titan arum).<ref name="Titan Arum">{{cite web|title=Titan Arum FAQs {{!}} Biological Sciences Greenhouse|url=http://bioscigreenhouse.osu.edu/titan-arum-faqs|work=[[Ohio State University]]|access-date=17 January 2014|date=2012-05-16}}</ref>

The Araceae includes many ornamental genera of global economic importance: ''[[Aglaonema]]'', ''Alocasia'', ''Anthurium'', ''[[Caladium]]'', ''Dieffenbachia'', ''Epipremnum'', ''[[Homalomena]], Monstera'', ''[[Nephthytis]]'', ''[[Rhaphidophora]]'', ''[[Scindapsus]]'', ''[[Spathiphyllum]]'', ''[[Syngonium]]'', and ''[[Zamioculcas]]'', to name but a few. The aquatic genera ''[[Anubias]]'', ''[[Bucephalandra]]'' and ''[[Cryptocoryne]]'' are highly prized and cultivated aquarium plants; other, recently-described genera, such as the ''[[Lagenandra]]'' of India, are gradually becoming more known in the [[aquascaping]] world.<ref>{{cite web|title=Aquarium Cryptocoryne Plants|url=http://www.fishchannel.com/freshwater-aquariums/planted-tank/crypt-aquarium-plants.aspx|work=[[Aquarium Fish International]]|access-date=17 January 2014}}</ref> ''[[Philodendron]]'' is an important genus in the ecosystems of [[Neotropical realm|neotropical]] [[rainforest]]s, and is widely used in home and interior decorating. ''[[Symplocarpus]] foetidus'' (skunk cabbage) is a common eastern North American species. An interesting peculiarity is that this family includes the largest unbranched inflorescence, that of the [[titan arum]],<ref name="Titan Arum" /> often erroneously called the "largest flower", and the smallest flowering plant and smallest fruit, in the [[Lemnoideae|duckweed]], ''[[Wolffia]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=What is the smallest flower in the world?|url=http://loc.gov/rr/scitech/mysteries/smallestflower.html|work=[[Library of Congress]]|access-date=17 January 2014}}</ref>

==Fossil record==

The family Araceae has one of the oldest [[fossil]] record among [[angiosperms]], with fossil forms first appearing during the [[Early Cretaceous]] epoch.<ref name=Sender>Sender, L.M., Doyle, J.A., Upchurch, J.R. Jr., Villanueva-Amadoz, U. and Diez J.B. 2019. Leaf and inflorescence evidence for near-basal Araceae and an unexpected diversity of other monocots from the late Early Cretaceous of Spain. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, vol. 17, p. 1093–1126.</ref><ref name=Nauheimer>Nauheimer, L., Metzler, D. and Renner, S.S. 2012. Global history of the ancient monocot family Araceae inferred with models accounting for past continental positions and previous ranges based on fossils. New Phytologist, vol. 195, p. 938-950.</ref> Notable fossils from the Early Cretaceous include: ''Spixiarum kipea'',<ref name=Coiffard>Coiffard, C., Mohr, B.A.R. and Bernardes de Oliveira, M.E.C. 2013. The Early Cretaceous aroid, ''Spixiarum kipea'' gen. et sp. nov., and implications on early dispersal and ecology of basal monocots. Taxon, vol. 62. p. 997-1008.</ref> an aroid from the late [[Aptian]] of Brazil;<ref name=Sender /> ''Orontiophyllum ferreri'', an aroid leaf from the late [[Albian]] of Spain;<ref name=Sender /> and ''Turolospadix bogneri'', an aroid spadix from the late Albian of Spain.<ref name=Sender />

==Food plants==

Food plants in the family Araceae include ''[[Amorphophallus paeoniifolius]]'' (elephant foot yam), ''[[Colocasia esculenta]]'' (kochu, taro, dasheen), ''[[Xanthosoma]]'' (cocoyam, tannia), ''[[Typhonium trilobatum]]'' and ''[[Monstera deliciosa]]'' (Mexican breadfruit). While the aroids are little traded, and overlooked by plant breeders to the extent that the Crop Trust calls them "orphan crops", they are widely grown and are important in [[subsistence agriculture]] and in local markets. The main food product is the [[corm]], which is high in [[starch]]; leaves and flowers also find culinary use.<ref name="CropTrust">{{cite web |title=Aroids. Colocasia Xanthosoma |publisher=The Crop Trust| access-date=2019-04-06| url=https://www.croptrust.org/crop/aroids }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of foliage plant diseases (Araceae)]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* Bown, Deni (2000). Aroids: Plants of the Arum Family [ILLUSTRATED]. Timber Press. {{ISBN|0-88192-485-7}}
* {{Cite journal| author = Croat, Thomas B|year = 1998| title = History and Current Status of Systematic Research with Araceae| journal = Aroideana| volume = 21}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20060927012752/http://www.aroid.org/literature/croat/history/efforts_after_1950.html online]
* {{Cite journal| author = Grayum, Michael H|year = 1990| title = Evolution and Phylogeny of the Araceae| journal = Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden| volume = 77| issue = 4 |pages = 628–697| doi = 10.2307/2399668 |jstor = 2399668}}
* {{Cite journal| author = Keating R C|year = 2004|title = Vegetative anatomical data and its relationship to a revised classification of the genera of Araceae|journal = Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden|volume = 91|issue = 3|pages= 485–494|jstor=3298625}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Araceae}}
{{Wikispecies|Araceae}}
* [http://www.aroid.org/ International Aroid Society]
* [http://www.aroid.org/genera/120110uberlist.pdf The Uberlist of Araceae (pdf)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080614045440/http://www.botmuc.de/forschung/bogner.html list of publications (March 2008) for Dr. h.c. Josef Bogner]
* [http://www.botanical-dermatology-database.info/BotDermFolder/ARAC-1.html Araceae] in [http://www.botanical-dermatology-database.info/index.html BoDD – Botanical Dermatology Database]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170322171139/http://plantsoftheworldonline.org/ Plants of the World Online] by [https://www.kew.org Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]

{{Angiosperm families}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q48227}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Araceae| ]]
[[Category:Alismatales families]]
[[Category:Extant Maastrichtian first appearances]]

Agrarian distress

2025-12-28T18:23:20Z

Brigette59K: added new pg

{{Short description|Socioeconomic challenges in agricultural communities}}
[[File:NP India burning 46 (6314792401).jpg|thumb|Farmers in India]]
'''Agrarian distress''' refers to the [[Economy|economic]], [[Politics|political]], and [[social]] challenges faced by [[farmer]]s and [[Types of rural communities|rural communities]] due to factors such as [[Harvest|low crop yields]], [[Volatility (finance)|fluctuating prices]] of [[Agriculture|agricultural produce]], high input [[cost]]s, [[Debt|indebtedness]], and lack of access to credit, markets, and [[infrastructure]].<ref name="Southard Randell 2022 pp. 873–900">{{cite journal | last1=Southard | first1=Emily M. L. | last2=Randell | first2=Heather | title=Climate Change, Agrarian Distress, and the Feminization of Agriculture in South Asia * | journal=Rural Sociology | publisher=Wiley | volume=87 | issue=3 | date=2022-04-15 | issn=0036-0112 | doi=10.1111/ruso.12439 | pages=873–900| pmid=36405051 | pmc=9668104 }}</ref><ref name="Suri 2006 pp. 1523–1529">{{cite journal |last=Suri |first=K. C. |year=2006 |title=Political Economy of Agrarian Distress |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=41 |issue=16 |pages=1523–1529 |issn= |jstor=4418110 }}</ref><ref name="Kandlur Sardana Richardson-Vejlgaard 2022 p=100019">{{cite journal |last1=Kandlur |first1=Raksha |last2=Sardana |first2=Srishti |last3=Richardson-Vejlgaard |first3=Randall |year=2022 |title=The Agrarian distress: Factors explaining the will to live among rural and distressed family farmers |journal=Psychiatry Research Communications |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=2 |issue=1 |article-number=100019 |doi=10.1016/j.psycom.2021.100019 |s2cid=245575600 |issn=|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Mishra 2010 pp. 126–163">{{cite book |last=Mishra |first=Srijit |title=Agrarian Crisis in India |date=2010-10-07 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=126–163 |chapter=Agrarian Distress and Farmers' Suicides in Maharashtra1 |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198069096.003.0006|isbn=978-0-19-806909-6 }}</ref>

The term "agrarian distress" gained prominence in [[India]] in the 1990s when a wave of [[Farmers' suicides in India|farmer suicides]] occurred in the country.<ref name="Suri 2006 pp. 1523–1529" /><ref name="Kandlur Sardana Richardson-Vejlgaard 2022 p=100019" /><ref name="Mishra 2010 pp. 126–163" /> The reason for the suicides were due to various causes such as inadequate credit, poor market conditions, and insufficient technology that led to indebtedness.<ref name="Mishra 2010 pp. 126–163" />

In the [[2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest]], the issue of agrarian distress gained renewed attention due to the protests by farmers in India against agricultural bills that they claimed would hurt their livelihoods.<ref name="Pandey 2020">{{cite web |last=Pandey |first=Kiran |date=2020-09-25 |title=India's agrarian distress: How dissent has been on the rise |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/agriculture/india-s-agrarian-distress-how-dissent-has-been-on-the-rise-73536 |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=Down To Earth}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 2018">{{cite web |date=2018-11-30 |title=India farmers: Tens of thousands march against agrarian crisis |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-46396118 |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=BBC News}}</ref><ref name="Kumar 2022 pp. 483–494">{{cite journal |last=Kumar |first=Satendra |date=2022-09-28 |title=New Farm Bills and Farmers' Resistance to Neoliberalism |journal=Sociological Bulletin |publisher=SAGE Publications |volume=71 |issue=4 |pages=483–494 |doi=10.1177/00380229221116994 |s2cid=252624290 |issn=0038-0229}}</ref> The protests highlighted the long-standing issues faced by farmers in India, such as low income, lack of market access, and dependence on middlemen.<ref name="Pandey 2020" /><ref name="Kirti Arya 2021 pp. 6333–6340">{{cite journal |last=Kirti Arya |first=Ravi Ranjan Kumar, V.K. Yadav |date=2021-02-20 |title=Monsoon, Market and Middlemen as Key Ingredients to Agrarian Distress in Contemporary India: Prioritizing for Policy and Practice Based Interventions |journal=Psychology and Education Journal |publisher=Auricle Technologies, Pvt., Ltd. |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=6333–6340 |doi=10.17762/pae.v58i2.3155 |s2cid=233900963 |issn=0033-3077|doi-access=free }}</ref> [[Neoliberalism|Neoliberal]] [[Economic policy|economic policies]] have contributed to the ongoing agrarian distress in India.<ref name="Mishra 2020 pp. 183–186">{{cite journal |last=Mishra |first=Deepak K. |date=2020-06-29 |title=Agrarian crisis and neoliberalism in India |journal=Human Geography |publisher=SAGE Publications |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=183–186 |doi=10.1177/1942778620935688 |s2cid=225768234 |issn=1942-7786|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Agrarian distress is not limited to India but is a global phenomenon.<ref name="Patnaik 2003 pp. 33–66">{{cite journal |last=Patnaik |first=Utsa |year=2003 |title=Global Capitalism, Deflation and Agrarian Crisis in Developing Countries |journal=Journal of Agrarian Change |publisher=Wiley |volume=3 |issue=1–2 |pages=33–66 |doi=10.1111/1471-0366.00050 |bibcode=2003JAgrC...3...33P |issn=1471-0358}}</ref> In many countries, small-scale farmers face challenges such as lack of access to resources, low yields, and volatile markets.<ref name="Patnaik 2003 pp. 33–66" />

== See also ==

* [[Farmers' suicides in India]]
* [[Family farm]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Agriculture]]

Chander Parkash

2025-12-14T15:20:12Z

Brigette59K: added a page...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Adampur, Haryana Assembly constituency|Adampur]]
| term_start = 8 October 2024
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = [[Bhavya Bishnoi]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| occupation = Retired [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1957|10|20|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Hisar, Haryana|Hisar]], [[Haryana]], India
| alma_mater = Dayanand College, [[Hisar, Haryana|Hisar]] ([[Bachelor of Commerce|BCom]]) [[Kurukshetra University]] ([[Bachelor of Law|LLB]])
| website = {{URL|chanderparkash.org}}
}}
'''Chander Parkash''' is an Indian politician from Haryana. He is a [[Haryana Legislative Assembly|Member of the Haryana Legislative Assembly]] from [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]], representing [[Adampur, Haryana Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Indian National Congress]] party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Adampur, Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: INC's Chander Parkash with 65371 defeats BJP's Bhavya Bishnoi |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/adampur-haryana-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-aelb-2612825-2024-10-08 |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Adampur Election Result 2024 LIVE Update: Congress Wins Another Close Contest By Margin Of 1,268 Votes |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/adampur-election-result-2024-live-update-9077334.html |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="A look at Haryana’s 40 first-time MLAs">{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/haryana-first-time-mlas-9702131/|title=A look at Haryana’s 40 first-time MLAs|date=2 December 2024|accessdate=4 July 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250704171938/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/haryana-first-time-mlas-9702131/|archivedate=4 July 2025|publisher=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Jangra is from [[Adampur, Hisar|Adampur]], Hisar District. He is the son of Arjun Lal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Haryana Election Results 2024: Full list of constituency wise winners |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/haryana-election-results-2024-full-list-of-constituency-wise-winners-2613310-2024-10-08 |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> He joined Haryana Civil Services in 1983 and was promoted to IAS rank in 1995. He was the State Information Commissioner in 2017.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-10-09 |title=Bhajan Lal family citadel falls after 56 years as ex-IAS officer edges out Kuldeep Bishnoi son |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/bhajan-lal-family-citadel-falls-after-56-years-as-ex-ias-officer-edges-out-kuldeep-bishnoi-son-9612475/ |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Jangra won from Adampur Assembly constituency representing Indian National Congress in the 2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election. He polled votes and defeated his nearest rival and grandson of [[Bhajan Lal Bishnoi|Bhajan Lal]], [[Bhavya Bishnoi]] of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 1,268 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Adampur Results 2024: BJP's Bhavya Bishnoi loses to Congress in big shock to Bhajan Lal's family |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/adampur-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-haryana-election-results-bhavya-bishnoi-bjp-chander-parkash-jangra-congress-449127-2024-10-08 |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Haryana Election Results 2024: Full List Of Winners, Losers, Their Constituencies |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/haryana-election-results-2024-full-list-of-winners-their-constituencies-2804138.html |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Parkash, Chander}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Haryana]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:1957 births]]

{{Haryana-INC-politician-stub}}

Sudeepa Pinky

2025-12-01T05:55:41Z

Brigette59K: New entry

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{BLP one source|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sudeepa Pinky
| image = Sudeepapinky8.jpg
| caption = Sudeepa Pinky
| birthname = Sudeepa Raparthi
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1987|02|28}}<ref name=maastars>{{cite web|title=Sudeepa Pinky|url=http://www.maastars.com/sudeepa-pinky/}}</ref>{{verify source|date=January 2015}}
| birth_place = [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| yearsactive = 1994–present
| occupation = [[Actress]]
| spouse = K.Sri Ranganadh<ref name=maastars />
| website =
}}

'''Sudeepa Raparthi''' (born 28 February 1987), better known by her stage name, '''Sudeepa Pinky''', is an Indian actress who predominantly appears in [[Telugu cinema]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}

She started giving stage performances at the age of 3, and learned classical dance from her parents Raparthi Surya Narayana and Raparthi Satyavathi who are also classical dancers, running{{who|date=January 2015}} the Satya Sri dance academy. Her father was adopted by Shri Killada Satyam Garu, a dance master who was also a classical dancer and who holds the record of performing dance continuously for 42 hours.

In 1994 she entered the Telugu movie industry with ''M. Dharmaraju M.A'', directed by Raviraja Pinnesetty. [[Nuvvu Naaku Nachav]] is a milestone{{vague|date=January 2015}} in her career. She was also a contestant in Super 2. She was eliminated in episode 3 on 11 July 2016 because she didn't dare to attempt the stunt. She was the first contestant to be eliminated.

She also entered television industry known for her roles in Kotha Bangaram and Prathighatana.

==Filmography==
*''All films are in Telugu, unless otherwise noted.''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 1994 || ''M. Dharmaraju M.A.'' || Chintapandu ||
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Alludugaaru Vachcharu]]'' || Mahalakshmi's sister ||
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Maa Annayya]]'' || Young Gowri ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2001 || ''[[Nuvvu Naaku Nachav]]'' || Pinky ||
|-
| ''[[Hanuman Junction (film)|Hanuman Junction]]'' || Young Meenakshi ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2002 || ''[[Manasutho]]'' || Kanishk's Sister ||
|-
| ''[[Nee Sneham]]'' || Madhav's sister ||
|-
| ''[[Pilisthe Palukutha]]'' || Santhi's sister ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2003 || ''[[Naaga]]'' || Naaga's sister||
|-
| ''[[Ninne Ishtapaddanu]]'' || Charan's sister ||
|-
| ''[[Toli Choopulone]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2004 || ''[[Anandamanandamaye]]'' || Bhuvana's cousin ||
|-
| ''[[7G Rainbow Colony]]'' || rowspan="2" | Anu || Tamil film
|-
| ''[[7G Brindhavan Colony]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Gudumba Shankar]]'' || Gowri's sister||
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Andhrudu]]'' || Archana's sister ||
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Athanokkade]]'' || Ram's Sister ||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Asadhyudu]]'' || Pardhu's Sister ||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Stalin (2006 film)|Stalin]]'' || Chitra's Sister||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Bommarillu]]'' || Bujji ||
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Maharathi (2007 film)|Maharathi]]'' || ||
|-
| 2007 || ''Veduka'' || Harini's friend ||
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Kireedam (2007 film)|Kireedam]]'' || Sakthivel's younger sister || Tamil film; credited as Pinky
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Hello Premistara]]'' || ||
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Viyyalavari Kayyalu]]'' || Vamsi's sister ||
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Anasuya (film)|Anasuya]]'' || ||
|-
| 2008 || ''Andamaina Abaddham'' || Deepthi ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Nachavule]]'' || Nurse ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Ninnu Kalisaka]]'' || Kommali ||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Bindaas (2010 film)|Bindaas]]'' || ||
|-
| 2011 ||''[[Mr. Perfect (film)|Mr. Perfect]]''|| Vicky's sister ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Lucky (2012 Telugu film)|Lucky]]'' || ||
|-
| 2013 || ''Anthaku Mundu Aa Taravatha'' || Ani ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Legend (2014 film)|Legend]]'' || Jaidev's Niece ||
|-
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Amara Kaaviyam]]'' || Karthika's sister || Tamil film
|-
|}

==Television==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
! Year
! Serial
! Role
! Channel
|-
| --- || ''Sunayana'' || Sunayana || rowspan="3" |[[Gemini TV]]
|-
| 2010-2011 || ''Kotha Bangaram'' || Kasthuri
|-
|rowspan=2| 2011-2012 || ''Maavichiguru'' || Meenakshi
|-
| ''Pasupu Kumkuma'' || Amrutha|| [[Zee Telugu]]
|-
| 2016-2019 || ''Prathighatana'' || Pavithra|| rowspan="2" | [[Gemini TV]]
|-
|2022
|''Aa Okkati Adakku''
|Revathy
|-
|2022
|[[Bigg Boss (Telugu season 6)|''Bigg Boss 6'']]
|Herself
|[[Star Maa]]
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pinky, Sudeepa}}
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]

Prahlad Pur Bangar

2025-11-29T17:13:07Z

Brigette59K: creating basic info added tags

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Prahlad Pur Bangar
| nickname = Prahlad Pur Bangar
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Delhi
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt = Prahlad Pur Bangar
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in India
| coordinates = {{coord|28.75887|N|77.08706|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|Union Territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Delhi]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[North West Delhi|North West]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 10548
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[English language|English]], [[Haryanvi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN Code]]
| postal_code = [[110042]]
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name = Prahlad Pur Bangar
}}
'''Prahlad Pur Bangar''' is a [[Village]] located in [[Rohini, Delhi|Sector 31, Rohini]], [[North West Delhi|North West District]] in the [[India]]n [[States and union territories of India|Union Territory]] of [[Delhi]].

==Demographics==

{{Historical population
| source = [[Government of India]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Census Tables |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/census-tables |website=censusindia.gov.in |access-date=6 January 2024}}</ref>
|1981 | 5011
|1991 | 4832
|2001 | 10554
|2011 | 22968
|align = left
}}

{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://italic/|archivedate=16 June 2004|title=Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher=Census Commission of India|url-status=live}}</ref> Prahlad Pur (Bangar) had a population of 10,548. Males constitute 56% of the population and females 44%. Prahlad Pur (Bangar) has an average [[literacy]] rate of 69%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 76%, and female literacy is 60%. In Prahlad Pur (Bangar), 17% of the population is under 6 years of age. A famous Vaternity hospital in this area.

==History==

[[Martyr Fighter]] 1st Martyr Fighter of Prahlad Pur village, Mr. Shri Kartar Singh Sindhu, batch no.2648550, 2 Grenadiers, laid supreme sacrifice of his life at the age of just 25 years in the Nathula Operation against China on 11 September 1967. His sacrifice has been recorded in National War Memorial, Delhi at 4C Row. The resident of Prahladpur Banger have great pride on his Supreme Sacrifice.

2nd Martyr Fighter of Prahlad Pur village, Shri Phulkumar Mann, was martyred in the Indian Army on the post of NCP on 29 July 1976 in the clash with Pakistan in Jammu and Kashmir by making the supreme sacrifice, the village will always remember his sacrifice.

==Education==

[[School]] Govt Sarvodaya Bal Vidyalaya School Id - 131002, it was established in 1952. It is the oldest school in North West Delhi
& now with a High class sports complex.

==Culture==

Some tourist attractions are Devta wala temple (300 yrs Old); Old Shiv Mandir (200 yrs old);Kali Mata temple; Chotu Ram Park; Baba shaeb Ambadker Park some facts also say that this village has history of more than 800 years.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in North West Delhi district]]

{{Delhi-geo-stub}}

S. Sripal

2025-11-25T07:33:29Z

Brigette59K: Revised and enhanced article content

{{Short description|Indian police chief}}
{{use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = S. Sripal
| image =
| birth_date = 1938
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2014|03|25|1938|df=y}}
| occupation = [[Director General of Police]], Chennai, [[Indian Police Service|IPS Officer]]
}}
'''S. Sripal''' was an Indian police commissioner who was Director General of Police in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/former-dgp-sripal-dead/article5833832.ece|title=Former DGP Sripal dead|author=Special Correspondent|work=The Hindu|date=26 March 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Former-Tamil-Nadu-DGP-dies-of-heart-attack-at-76/articleshow/32683106.cms|title=Former Tamil Nadu DGP dies of heart attack at 76|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Early life==
Sripal, who was born of a devout and erudite [[Tamil Jain]] family<ref name="hindu2001">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2001/11/08/stories/2001110800070200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040413224305/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2001/11/08/stories/2001110800070200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2004-04-13 |title=Business meets benevolence |date=2001-11-08 |work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=2012-05-25}}</ref> from a village about {{convert|125|km|mi}} south of Chennai, was known even during his childhood days for his talent in reciting from memory, [[Bakthamaram]] slogans, hundreds of verses from other Jaina Tamil works like [[Naladiar]], [[Jeevaka Chinthamani]] etc., and for trotting to the temple daily, sitting erect, completely engrossed in the pujas with such devotion.

After graduation in Economics from [[Loyola College, Chennai]], Sripal entered the [[Indian Police Service]] in 1960 and rose from the rank of [[Assistant superintendent]] of Police to the top-most post of [[Director General of Police]].

==Professional career==
Sripal was Assistant Superintendent of Police in the towns of [[Namakkal]] and [[Madurai]], and Superintendent of Police in [[North Arcot district]] and [[Madurai district]]. He worked to end gang warfare in [[Kolli Hills]], [[Kalrayan Hills]] and Madurai town and was involved in cases such as apprehending wire thieves in [[Salem district]] and a gang of murderers responsible for killing taxi drivers. Later, he moved into specialised fields such as CID.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19950615-j-jayalalitha-orders-another-removal-in-top-echelons-of-police-807409-1995-06-14|title=J. Jayalalitha orders another removal in top echelons of police|work=India Today}}</ref> He served as Commissioner of Police in [[Chennai]] for over five years and was the Chief of Police in [[Tamil Nadu]] state between 1991–95.{{citation needed|date=May 2017}}

In recognition of his service, Sripal was awarded the [[Police Medal (India)|Police medal]] and the [[President's Police Medal|President of India Police Medal]].

Sripal participated in the Asian Pacific Conference of Prison Administrators held at [[Delhi]] in 1989, where he spoke on “Penal Philosophy",{{citation needed|date=May 2017}} and he represented India in the International Police Organization General Assembly meeting held in Rome in 1994.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.interpol.int/content/download/23900/226248/version/5/file/1994%20-%2063rd%20GA%20Rome.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=7 May 2016 |archive-date=5 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150605220323/http://www.interpol.int/content/download/23900/226248/version/5/file/1994%20-%2063rd%20GA%20Rome.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Sripal has written quite a few [[Tamil language|Tamil-language]] books, including:

# Thiruvalluvar Vaazhththum Aadhipakavan (திருவள்ளுவர் வாழ்த்தும் ஆதிபகவன்<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.jZY9lup2kZl6TuXGlZQdjZU1juxy/mode/2up |title=திருவள்ளுவர் வாழ்த்தும் ஆதிபகவன் |date=1964 |publisher=ஜைன இலக்கிய ஆராய்ச்சி மன்றம் (சென்னை)}}</ref>)
# ''Chintamani Poonga'' (''Garden of Thoughts'')
# ''Painthamizh Poonga'' (''Garden of Sweet Tamil'').

He has also contributed to periodicals, magazines, [[All India Radio]] and [[Doordarshan]]. He was the architect of the Research Foundation for Jainology in Tamil Nadu,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qI3kAAAAMAAJ&q=s+sripal|title=An Introduction to the Uttarajjhayana|publisher=|last1=Poddar|first1=Ram Prakash|year=1995}}</ref> of which he was the chairman for over a decade from its inception. He had succeeded in creating a full-fledged Department of Jainology in [[Madras University]] which also conducts courses through correspondence. He was largely instrumental in publishing under the auspices of this department a book entitled ''A topographical list of Jain Inscriptions in Tamil Nadu''. This book enumerates 530 inscriptions in almost all the districts of Tamil Nadu some of which date back to before the Christian era.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1AaAAAAYAAJ&q=s+sripal|title=Jaina Inscriptions in Tamilnadu|publisher=|last1=Ēkāmparanātan̲|year=1987}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sripal, S}}
[[Category:Indian police chiefs]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu Police]]
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:2014 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Jains]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Jains]]

Jaggampeta

2025-11-24T04:50:30Z

Brigette59K: revised

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jaggampeta
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Town]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17.1833|N|82.0500|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kakinada district|Kakinada]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = 11th century AD
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = Jaggampeta
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 18779
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 533435
| registration_plate_type = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|Vehicle Registration]]
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India|AP05 (Former)]] AP39 (from 30 January 2019)<ref>{{cite news |title=New ‘AP 39’ code to register vehicles in Andhra Pradesh launched |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html |accessdate=9 June 2019 |work=The New Indian Express |date=31 January 2019 |location=Vijayawada |archive-date=28 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728113337/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| website =
| footnotes =
| leader_title = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| leader_name = Jyothula Nehru
}}

[[File:Jaggampeta_Gram_Panchayat_Office.jpg | thumb | right]]
'''Jaggampeta''' is a town in [[Jaggampeta mandal]], located in [[Kakinada district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Mandal wise list of villages in East Godavari district|url=http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/eastgodavari.pdf|website=Chief Commissioner of Land Administration|publisher=National Informatics Centre|accessdate=7 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121141044/http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/EastGodavari.pdf|archivedate=21 January 2015|format=PDF}}</ref> The origin of the name Jaggampeta derived from the Lake Jaggama situated in the town. Jaggampeta is also called as "Uddandula kota" (Fort of Pipes), "The Gate of Agency", "The Entrance of Maredumilli Forests" and "The Center of East Godavari". Since the 18th century, British rule dominated this region in India, known for its thriving export of decorative tiles to Britain. Jaggampeta was once a hub of tile production. The town earned its nickname "Area of Tall Pipes" due to the record number of tall smoke towers that belonged to the many tile factories which dominated the landscape. A siren dating back to 20th century can be heard across a 1.5km radius everyday, which used to indicate working hours (6AM, 8AM, 12PM, 2PM, and 6PM) for the industrial workers. Despite the availability of modern clocks, the siren still rings five times a day as it used to, as a tradition, keeping the area connected to its past industrial roots.

Jaggampeta is also known for being a Landmark in Andhra Pradesh Politics. The name announcement ceremony of the [[YSR Congress Party]] was held in Jaggampeta.

==Geography==
Jaggampeta is located at {{coord|17.1833|N|82.0500|E|}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/02/Jaggampeta.html|title=Jaggampeta, India|publisher=fallingrain.com|accessdate=2012-10-06}}</ref> It has an average elevation of 44 meters (148 feet)

==Governance==

The civic body of Jaggampeta is going to be upgraded as municipal council.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}.

==Transportation==

Jaggampeta is located on [[National Highway 16 (India)|NH 16]]. The nearest railway station to Jaggampeta is [[Samalkot railway station]] which is 20km away. The nearest airport to Jaggampeta is [[Rajahmundry Airport]] which 35km is away.

== Notable ==
[[Ravi Teja]] (Tollywood Actor).

== [[References]] ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Jaggampeta mandal]]

{{Kakinada-geo-stub}}

South Africa women's cricket team in India in 2023

2025-11-18T17:28:48Z

Brigette59K:

{{Short description|International cricket tour}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox cricket tour
| series_name = South Africa women's cricket team in India in 2023
| team1_image = Flag of India.svg
| team1_name = India
| team2_image = Flag of South Africa.svg
| team2_name = South Africa
| from_date = September 2023
| to_date =
| team1_captain =
| team2_captain =
| no_of_ODIs = 3
| team1_ODIs_won =
| team2_ODIs_won =
| team1_ODIs_most_runs =
| team2_ODIs_most_runs =
| team1_ODIs_most_wickets =
| team2_ODIs_most_wickets =
| player_of_ODI_series =
| no_of_twenty20s = 3
| team1_twenty20s_won =
| team2_twenty20s_won =
| team1_twenty20s_most_runs =
| team2_twenty20s_most_runs =
| team1_twenty20s_most_wickets =
| team2_twenty20s_most_wickets =
| player_of_twenty20_series =
}}
The [[South Africa women's national cricket team|South Africa women's cricket team]] are scheduled to tour India in September 2023 to play the [[India women's national cricket team|India women's cricket team]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.insidesport.in/indian-women-cricket-team-big-year-coming-up-for-indian-women-cricket-in-2023-t20-world-cup-in-south-africa-tri-series-women-ipl-2023-check-full-schedule-for-indian-women-cricket-in-2023/ | title=Big YEAR coming up for Indian Women Cricket in 2023 | work=Inside Sport | date=31 December 2022 | accessdate=10 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/icc-odi-world-cup-asia-cup-women-t20-wc-and-much-more-india-cricket-team-full-schedule-for-2023-2315882-2023-01-01 | title=ICC ODI World Cup, Asia Cup, Women's T20 WC and much more: India's cricket team full schedule for 2023 | work=India Today | accessdate=11 April 2023}}</ref> The tour will consist of three [[Women's One Day International]] (WODI) and [[Women's Twenty20 International]] (WT20I) matches.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://femalecricket.com/female-cricket-blogs/28488-what-does-indian-womens-cricket-schedule-look-like-in-2023.html | title=What does Indian Women's Cricket Schedule look like in 2023? | work=Female Cricket | date=3 January 2023 | accessdate=11 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://circleofcricket.com/category/Latest_news/81846/indian-mens-and-womens-cricket-teams-jam-packed-calendar-for-the-year-2023 | title=Indian men's and women's cricket teams' jam-packed calendar for the year 2023 | work=Circle of Cricket | accessdate=11 April 2023}}</ref> The WODI series will form part of the [[2022–2025 ICC Women's Championship]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/2745933 | title=Women's FTP for 2022-25 announced | work=International Cricket Council | accessdate=10 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Women's Future Tours Programme |url=https://resources.pulse.icc-cricket.com/ICC/document/2022/08/16/fc7faada-819e-44ed-9259-771b97ca02e6/Women-s-FTP-2022-25.pdf |access-date=20 April 2023 |work=International Cricket Council}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{International women's cricket tours of India}}

[[Category:2023 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:2023 in South African cricket]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2023]]
[[Category:Women's international cricket tours of India]]
[[Category:2023 in women's cricket]]

{{India-cricket-tour-stub}}

Samrath Singh of Sikar

2025-11-13T21:39:35Z

Brigette59K: New new bio

{{Short description|Rao of Sikar from 1748 to 1754}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{infobox royalty
| name = Samrath Singh
| succession = [[Rao (title)|Rao]] of [[Sikar (estate)|Sikar]]
| reign = 1748 – 1754
| predecessor = [[Shiv Singh of Sikar|Shiv Singh]]
| successor = [[Nahar Singh of Sikar|Nahar Singh]]
| father = [[Shiv Singh of Sikar|Shiv Singh]]
| death_date = 1754
| mother = Mertaniji
| issue = [[Nahar Singh of Sikar|Nahar Singh]]
| house = [[Sikar (estate)|Sikar]]
| dynasty = [[Shekhawat]]
}}
'''Samrath Singh''' was [[Rao (title)|Rao]] of [[Sikar (estate)|Sikar]] (then part of [[Rajputana]]) from 1748 until his death in 1754.

==Early life==
Samrath Singh was born to [[Shiv Singh of Sikar|Shiv Singh]] and his wife, Mertaniji, who was from [[Maroth, Rajasthan|Maroth]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Sinh |first=Ranbir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9EduAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Shekhawats |date=2001 |publisher=Publication Scheme |isbn=978-81-86782-74-3 |pages=143–147,152,163 |language=en}}</ref> When his father became a tributary of [[Kingdom of Amber|Jaipur]], he left the management of his estates, including [[Sikar (estate)|Sikar]] and [[Fatehpur, Rajasthan|Fatehpur]], to him and proceeded to [[Jaipur]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Dundlod |first=Harnath Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6T1XAAAAMAAJ |title=The Sheikhawats & Their Lands |date=1970 |publisher=Raj Educational Printers |pages=65–66 |language=en}}</ref> Following a quarrel that arose in [[Fatehpur, Rajasthan|Fatehpur]], he killed his two half-brothers, Kirat Singh and Medh Singh.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Hooja |first=Rima |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ |title=A History of Rajasthan |date=2006 |publisher=Rupa & Company |isbn=978-81-291-0890-6 |pages=693 |language=en}}</ref> This act caused his father such grief that he never again returned to [[Sikar (estate)|Sikar]] or [[Fatehpur, Rajasthan|Fatehpur]].<ref name=":0" />

==Reign==
Upon his father's death in 1748, he declared himself the [[Rao (title)|Rao]] of [[Sikar (estate)|Sikar]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Soon after, when [[Ishwari Singh of Jaipur|Ishwari Singh]] went to Merta to assist his son-in-law [[Ram Singh of Marwar|Ram Singh]], Samrath and his brother [[Chand Singh of Sikar|Chand Singh]] joined him with their forces.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> Taking advantage of his absence, the [[Qaimkhani|Qaimkhanis]] seized [[Fatehpur, Rajasthan|Fatehpur]].<ref name=":1" /> Upon hearing this, he stayed with [[Ishwari Singh of Jaipur|Ishwari Singh]] but dispatched Chand Singh to reclaim [[Fatehpur, Rajasthan|Fatehpur]].<ref name=":1" />

==Death==
He died in 1754 and was succeeded by his son [[Nahar Singh of Sikar|Nahar Singh]].<ref name=":0" />

== Legacy ==
When his half-brother, [[Chand Singh of Sikar|Chand Singh]], ascended the throne of [[Sikar (estate)|Sikar]], he ordered the removal of Samrath and his descendants' names from the family genealogy due to Samrath's involvement in the deaths of their half-brothers, Kirat Singh and Medh Singh.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
<references />
[[Category:1754 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:People from Sikar]]

[[Category:People from Rajputana]]

State Highway 77 (Karnataka)

2025-10-04T04:19:58Z

Brigette59K:

{{Short description|Road in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox road
|country=IND
|type = SH
|route = 77
|state = Karnataka
|maint = [[Karnataka Public Works Department|KPWD]]
|length_km = 95
|direction_a = North
|terminus_a = [[Sirsi, Karnataka|Sirsi]](NH 766E)
|junction = [[Banavasi]] [[Soraba]] [[Sagara, Karnataka|Sagara]]
|direction_b = South
|terminus_b = [[Hosanagara]]( NH 766C )
|destinations= [[Sirsi, Karnataka|Sirsi]]
|districts= [[Uttara Kannada]] [[Shimoga district|Shivamogga]]
}}

'''Karnataka State Highway 77''' ('''KA SH 77''') is a state highway that runs through [[Uttara Kannada]] and [[Shimoga district|Shivamogga]] districts in the Indian state of [[Karnataka]]. This state highway touches numerous cities like [[Sirsi, Karnataka|Sirsi]], [[Banavasi]], [[Soraba]], [[Sagara, Karnataka|Sagara]], and [[Hosanagara]] (NH 766C). The total length of the highway is {{convert|95|km|mi}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kpwd.gov.in/roads.asp#dsh|title=Details Of State Highways|author=Karnataka Public Works Department|access-date=12 April 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721160233/http://kpwd.gov.in/roads.asp#dsh|archive-date=21 July 2011|df=}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Roads in Uttara Kannada district]]
[[Category:Roads in Shimoga district]]

Vani Sarraju Rao

2025-09-26T18:09:28Z

Brigette59K: New a bio

{{Short description|Indian diplomat}}
{{Notability|1=Biographies|date=April 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
'''Vani Sarraju Rao''' is an Indian career diplomat who was appointed the Ambassador of India to Italy, San Marino and Permanent Representative to UN entities in Rome on the 27 October 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MEA Government of India|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/37213/Ms+Vani+Sarraju+Rao+appointed+as+the+next+Ambassador+of+India+to+the+Republic+of+Italy|website=mea.gov.in|access-date=23 April 2024}}</ref> She took office on 3 April 2024<ref>{{Cite web|title=Embassy of India, Rome|url=https://indianembassyrome.gov.in/page/ambassador-s-profile/|website=indianembassyrome.gov.in|access-date=23 April 2024}}</ref> and presented her credentials to President [[Sergio Mattarella]] on 23 April 2024.

==Education==
Rao studied [[political science]] at the [[University of Hyderabad]] and environmental studies at [[San Jose State University]]. She speaks English, Telugu, Hindi and Spanish.

==Career==
Rao previously served as Ambassador to Finland and Estonia from 2017 to 2020, becoming the first Telugu woman to be appointed as an ambassador.<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=6 November 2023 |title=Alumna Vani Sarraju Rao of Political Science appointed Ambassador of India to the Republic of Italy |url=https://herald.uohyd.ac.in/alumna-vani-sarraju-rao-of-political-science-appointed-ambassador-of-india-to-the-republic-of-italy/ |work=UoH Herald |location=Hyderabad |access-date=23 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=|date=27 October 2023|title=Vani Sarraju Rao appointed as India's new ambassador to Italy|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/vani-sarraju-rao-appointed-as-indias-new-ambassador-to-italy-101698412428139.html|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=23 April 2024}}</ref> Prior to that she served in Israel as Deputy Chief of Mission, and in Mexico and Sweden.<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=2 April 2018 |title=Q&A Ambassador of India to Finland; Her Excellency Vani Rao |url=https://www.helsinkitimes.fi/finland/finland-news/domestic/15432-q-a-ambassador-of-india-to-finland-her-excellency-vani-rao.html |work=[[Helsinki Times]] |access-date=23 April 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, Vani Sarraju}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Finland]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Italy]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to San Marino]]
[[Category:Women ambassadors of India]]
[[Category:San Jose State University alumni]]
[[Category:University of Hyderabad alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]

Satish K. Sharma

2025-08-27T09:07:29Z

Brigette59K: New bio

{{orphan|date=May 2024}}
'''Satish Kumar Sharma''' is a professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering and the director of the Antenna and Microwave Laboratory (AML) at [[San Diego State University]] (SDSU).<ref>{{cite web |title=Satish K. Sharma, Ph.D. |url=https://electrical.sdsu.edu/faculty_websites/satish_sharma/home |website=San Diego State University |language=en}}</ref>

He received the SDSU Outstanding Faculty Award in 2017, the [[IEEE AP-S]] Harold A. Wheeler Prize Paper Award in 2015,<ref>{{cite journal |title=Harold A. Wheeler Applications Prize Paper Award |journal=IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation| date=2015 | volume=63 | issue=12 | pages=5265–5266 | doi=10.1109/TAP.2015.2500378 | bibcode=2015ITAP...63.5265. }}</ref> and the [[National Science Foundation CAREER Award]] in 2009.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0845822&HistoricalAwards=false | title=NSF Award Search: Award # 0845822 - CAREER:Novel Reconfigurable Aperture Antennas and Arrays for Compact Multifunctional Antenna Solutions }}</ref>

He co-edited three volumes of the Handbook of Reflector Antennas and Feed Systems,<ref>{{cite journal |title=Handbook of reflector antennas and feed systems. Volume 3: Applications of reflectors [reviews and abstracts] |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/6867699/authors |journal=IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine|date=June 2014 |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=168–169 |doi=10.1109/MAP.2014.6867699 |last1=Weile |first1=Daniel S. |url-access=subscription }}</ref> including Volume I: Theory and Design of Reflectors, Volume II: Feed Systems, and Volume III: Applications of Reflectors published by [[Artech House]] (2013). He also published a co-authored book ''Multifunctional Antennas and Arrays for Wireless Communication Systems'' (IEEE-Press/Wiley-InterScience, 2021)". He is a well-known expert in antenna engineering and has designed and developed antennas for wireless<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sevilla |first1=Melinda |title=Dr. Satish Sharma Earns NASA Flight Opportunities Funding |url=https://www.engineering.sdsu.edu/news/2022/dr-satish-sharma-earns-nasa-flight-opportunities-funding |website=Sdsu.edu |language=en |date=26 January 2022}}</ref> and satellite communications and radar applications.<ref>{{cite web |first1= |title=Stepping Up Signaling |url=https://www.engineering.sdsu.edu/news/2022/stepping-up-signaling |website=SDSU |language=en |date=10 October 2022}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Satish K.}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

[[Category:American electrical engineers]]
[[Category:IEEE award recipients]]
[[Category:Electrical engineering academics]]
[[Category:San Diego State University faculty]]

Panigaon

2025-07-30T15:34:39Z

Brigette59K: creating the article added tags.

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Panigaon
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22|43|30|N|76|34|36|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Dewas district|Dewas]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 455440
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 07273
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#MP.E2.80.94Madhya Pradesh|MP]]-41
| blank_name_sec1 =
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MP]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Panigaon''' is a town and a [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayat]] in [[Dewas district]] in the Indian state of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. Panigaon is a major agricultural production area in [[Madhya Pradesh]]. Earlier.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://atithi.mppolice.gov.in/index.php?c=police-stations&page=25 |title=udainagar police station phone number |date=10 November 2019 |newspaper=madhya pradesh Police |archive-date=30 November 2021 |access-date=10 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130184313/http://atithi.mppolice.gov.in/index.php?c=police-stations&page=25 |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{As of|2001}} India census,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999 |archive-date=16 June 2004 |title=Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional) |access-date=1 November 2008 |publisher=Census Commission of India }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Ujjain Division}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Dewas district]]

1969–70 Duleep Trophy

2025-06-13T23:53:15Z

Brigette59K: Put up a article.

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 1969–70 Duleep Trophy
| image =
| imagesize =
| fromdate = 5 September 1969
| todate = 27 October 1969
| caption =
| administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
| cricket format = [[First-class cricket]]
| tournament format = [[Single-elimination tournament|Knockout]]
| host =
| champions = [[West Zone cricket team|West Zone]]
| count = 6
| participants = 5
| matches = 4
| attendance =
| most runs = [[Vinay Lamba]] (NZ) (196)<ref>{{cite web|title=Batting and Fielding in Duleep Trophy 1969/70 (Ordered by Runs) |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Duleep_Trophy_1969-70/Batting_by_Runs.html|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=24 June 2016}}</ref>
| most wickets = [[Uday Joshi]] (WZ), [[Bishan Singh Bedi]] (NZ) & [[Hanumant Singh]] (CZ) (11 each)<ref>{{cite web|title=Bowling in Duleep Trophy 1969/70 (Ordered by Wickets) |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Duleep_Trophy_1969-70/Bowling_by_Wickets.html|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=24 June 2016}}</ref>
| website =
| previous_year = 1968–69
| previous_tournament = 1968–69 Duleep Trophy
| next_year = 1970–71
| next_tournament = 1970–71 Duleep Trophy
}}

The '''1969–70 Duleep Trophy''' was the ninth season of the [[Duleep Trophy]], a [[first-class cricket|first-class]] cricket tournament contested by five zonal teams of India: [[Central Zone cricket team|Central Zone]], [[East Zone cricket team|East Zone]], [[North Zone cricket team|North Zone]], [[South Zone cricket team|South Zone]] and [[West Zone cricket team|West Zone]].

West Zone won the title, defeating North Zone in the final.

==Results==
{{5TeamBracket
| RD1=Quarterfinal
| RD2=Semifinals
| RD3=Final

| RD1-seed1=
| RD1-team1='''[[Central Zone cricket team|Central Zone]]'''
| RD1-score1=C
| RD1-seed2=
| RD1-team2=[[East Zone cricket team|East Zone]]
| RD1-score2=

| RD2-seed1=
| RD2-team1=[[Central Zone cricket team|Central Zone]]
| RD2-score1=
| RD2-seed2=
| RD2-team2='''[[West Zone cricket team|West Zone]]'''
| RD2-score2=FIL

| RD2-seed3=
| RD2-team3=[[South Zone cricket team|South Zone]]
| RD2-score3=
| RD2-seed4=
| RD2-team4='''[[North Zone cricket team|North Zone]]'''
| RD2-score4=W

| RD3-seed1=
| RD3-team1='''[[West Zone cricket team|West Zone]]'''
| RD3-score1=W
| RD3-seed2=
| RD3-team2=[[North Zone cricket team|North Zone]]
| RD3-score2=
}}

===Final===
{{Test match | date = 24–27 October 1969
| team1 = [[West Zone cricket team|West Zone]] | team2 = [[North Zone cricket team|North Zone]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 412 (141 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Rusi Surti]] 127
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Mohinder Amarnath]] 3/89
| score-team2-inns1 = 176 (100 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Vinay Lamba]] 68
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Ashok Mankad]] 5/21
| score-team1-inns2 =
| runs-team1-inns2 =
| wickets-team1-inns2 =
| score-team2-inns2 = 155 (54 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Ashok Gandotra]] 48
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Uday Joshi]] 5/23
| venue = [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Stadium, Navrangpura|Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]]
| toss = West Zone won the toss and elected to bat.
| report = [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/30/30555.html Scorecard]
| result = West Zone won by an innings and 81 runs
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Duleep_Trophy_1969-70.html Series home at CricketArchive]

{{Duleep Trophy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1969-70 Duleep Trophy}}
[[Category:Duleep Trophy seasons]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 1969–70|Duleep Trophy]]
[[Category:1969 in Indian cricket|Duleep Trophy]]

{{Indian-domestic-cricket-competition-stub}}

Air Works

2025-06-03T04:59:20Z

Brigette59K: Put up pg.

{{Short description|Indian aircraft maintenance company}}
{{about||New Zealand based General Aviation company|Airwork|the British aviation and defense support services company|Airwork Services}}

{{COI|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Air Works
| logo = Air Works logo.svg
| type = [[Private Limited]]
| traded_as =
| location_city = [[Gurgaon]], [[Haryana]]
| location_country = [[India]]
| founders = B.G. Menon and D. Anandaram
| key_people = {{unbulleted list|Anand Bhaskar (MD & CEO)}}
| industry = [[Aviation]]
| services = {{unbulleted list|[[Aircraft maintenance]]|MRO}}
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| subsid =
| homepage = {{URL|https://airworks.aero/}}
}}
'''Air Works''' is the oldest Indian independent [[Aircraft maintenance]] company which provides services for Maintenance, Repair & Overhaul (MRO).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chua |first1=Alfred |title=Indian MRO firm Air Works eyes new vistas in engines, components |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/mro/indian-mro-firm-air-works-eyes-new-vistas-in-engines-components/139091.article |website=Flight Global |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=MRO growth to help create jobs: skill council |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/mro-growth-to-help-create-jobs-skill-council/article34275162.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=8 April 2021}}</ref>

Currently the company is responsible for heavy maintenance of [[Indian Navy]]’s Boeing [[Boeing P-8 Poseidon|P-8I maritime surveillance aircraft]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Boeing, Air Works work on maintenance of P-8I warfare aircraft |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/boeing-air-works-work-on-maintenance-of-p-8i-warfare-aircraft/articleshow/91339057.cms |website=The Economic Times |date=5 May 2022}}</ref>

== History and operation ==
Air Works was started in 1951 by B.G. Menon and D. Anandaram. Commercial Aviation MRO (MRO for airlines/commercial jets/cargo operators) began in 1993 with Jet Airways for 2–3 years, and then in Hosur (Tamil Nadu) when Air Works built its own hangar for repair.<ref>{{cite web |title=Air Works Group: A Legacy in Aviation Services |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/aviation/air-works-group-a-legacy-in-aviation-services |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref>

Air Works, together with its sister/group companies Acumen Aviation and SA Air Works, is India's sole MRO that serves all three client sectors. General Aviation, Commercial Aviation and Defence MRO.<ref>{{cite web |title=Boeing and Air Works accelerate MRO capabilities for IN P-8I's |url=https://www.vayuaerospace.in/article/767/boeing-and-air-works-accelerate-mro-capabilities-for-in-p-8i-s |website=Vayu Aerospace |language=English |date=9 May 2022}}</ref>

In 2008, Air Works became the first MRO company in India to receive regulatory approval from the [[Directorate General of Civil Aviation (India)|DGCA]].<ref>{{cite web |title=India's first aircraft maintenance facility gets approval |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/indias-first-aircraft-maintenance-facility-gets-approval/articleshow/3696196.cms |website=The Economic Times |date=10 November 2008}}</ref> The first MRO center opened in [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Air Works to open first MRO near Bangalore |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/air-works-to-open-first-mro-near-bangalore-108111101020_1.html |website=Business-standard}}</ref>

Scandinavian Avionics, a Denmark-based Aerospace company partnered with Air Works in 2010.<ref>{{cite web |title=Air Works in JV with Scandinavian Avionics of Denmark |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/air-works-in-jv-with-scandinavian-avionics-of-denmark/articleshow/6460736.cms |website=The Economic Times |date=30 August 2010}}</ref>

In 2011, Air Works began maintenance, checks and services for BBJ ([[Boeing Business Jet]]) for Defense MRO (aviation assets owned or operated by [[Indian Armed Forces]] – [[Indian Air Force]] & [[Indian Navy|Navy]]).<ref>{{cite web |title=India's Air Works eyes capturing MRO opportunities for Boeing P-8A Poseidon fleet of Australia, New Zealand - ET Infra |url=https://infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/aviation/indias-air-works-eyes-capturing-mro-opportunities-for-boeing-p-8a-poseidon-fleet-of-australia-new-zealand/98093657 |website=ETInfra.com |language=en}}</ref>

Air Works acquired Dubai based Empire Aviation Group FZCO in 2012.<ref>{{cite web |title=Air Works Makes a Strategic Investment in Dubai Based Empire Aviation Group |url=https://www.aviationpros.com/aircraft/maintenance-providers/mro/press-release/10730662/air-works-india-engineering-pvt-ltd-air-works-makes-a-strategic-investment-in-dubai-based-empire-aviation-group |website=Aviation Pros |date=18 June 2012}}</ref>

British company Air Livery Limited was acquired by Air Works in 2013 with 85% stake.<ref>{{cite web |title=Air Works acquires 85% in British firm |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/air-works-acquires-85-in-british-firm-110021800191_1.html |website=business-standard |date=18 February 2010}}</ref> The company was expanded in 20 cities of India until 2013.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Goyal |first1=Malini |title=Sunday ET: Air Works: India's largest MRO offering services in 20 cities |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/sunday-et-air-works-indias-largest-mro-offering-services-in-20-cities/articleshow/21407507.cms |website=The Economic Times |date=28 July 2013}}</ref>

In 2014, the company partnered with Yaksa Investment Nepal to provide MRO services for international and domestic airlines operating out of [[Tribhuvan International Airport]], [[Kathmandu]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Air Works inks tie-up with Nepal company |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/air-works-inks-tie-up-with-nepal-company/articleshow/45285842.cms |website=The Economic Times |date=26 November 2014}}</ref>

Air Works has partnerred with the UAE-based Mach Technik Aircraft Maintenance to provide international line maintenance services to Dubai.<ref>{{cite web |title=Air Works Expands Line Maintenance Network to Dubai |url=https://www.aviationpros.com/aircraft/maintenance-providers/mro/press-release/21269246/air-works-india-engineering-pvt-ltd-air-works-expands-line-maintenance-network-to-dubai |website=Aviation Pros |date=26 May 2022}}</ref>

In February 2020, [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[A. K. Singh|Ajay Kumar Singh]] and [[Haseeb Drabu]], Indian politician and economist were appointed as company's board of directors.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kundu |first1=Rhik |title=Air Works appoint Haseeb A. Drabu as independent director |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/air-works-appoint-haseeb-a-drabu-as-independent-director-11598871658096.html |website=mint |language=en |date=31 August 2020}}</ref> In May 2021, the company partnered with Objectify.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mishra |first1=Mihir |title=Air Works readies plan to cash in on MRO boom in India;brings 3D printing for aviation, defence |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/air-works-readies-plan-to-cash-in-on-mro-boom-in-indiabrings-3d-printing-for-aviation-defence/articleshow/82974393.cms |website=The Economic Times |date=26 May 2021}}</ref>

[[Boeing]], the American aircraft manufacturer partnered with Air Works in February 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=India's Air Works eyes capturing MRO opportunities for Boeing P-8A Poseidon fleet of Australia, New Zealand - ET Infra |url=https://infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/aviation/indias-air-works-eyes-capturing-mro-opportunities-for-boeing-p-8a-poseidon-fleet-of-australia-new-zealand/98093657 |website=ETInfra.com |language=en}}</ref>

The European Aviation Safety Agency has approved Air Works Kochi facility to undertake maintenance for [[Airbus A320neo family|Airbus 320 jets]] in September 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=Air Works' facility gets European regulator's approval to provide maintenance for Airbus 320 planes |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/industry/aviation/story/air-works-facility-gets-european-regulators-approval-to-provide-maintenance-for-airbus-320-planes-347133-2022-09-13 |website=Business Today |language=en |date=13 September 2022}}</ref> In October 2022, Air Works was acquired by [[Adani Group]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Adani Group to acquire MRO Air Works |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/aviation/adani-group-to-acquire-mro-air-works-8217018/ |website=The Indian Express |language=en |date=19 October 2022}}</ref>

In 2023, the company started maintenance for [[Boeing P-8 Poseidon]] with its expansion in Australia and New Zealand.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Majumder |first1=Arindam |last2=Bhalla |first2=Mohit |title=Adani's acquisition of Air Works delayed |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/adanis-acquisition-of-air-works-delayed/articleshow/99675072.cms |website=The Economic Times |date=24 April 2023}}</ref>

== Awards ==
*2023 [[ASSOCHAM]]'s Best MRO award for India's Air Works at 14th International Conference<ref>{{cite web |title=Best MRO award for India's Air Works {{!}} Times Aerospace |url=https://www.timesaerospace.aero/news/events/best-mro-award-for-indias-air-works |website=Timesaerospace.aero}}</ref>
*Aviation Week MRO of the Year Awards 2011<ref>{{cite web |title=Air Works receives the prestigious Aviation Week 'Leading Independent MRO of the Year 2011' award |url=https://www.afaqs.com/company-briefs/48772_air-works-receives-the-prestigious-aviation-week-leading-independent-mro-of-the-year-2011-award |website=afaqs! |date=13 April 2011}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Electronics companies established in 2005]]
[[Category:Defence companies of India]]
[[Category:Electronics companies of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Haryana]]
[[Category:Defence agencies of India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1951]]

India Government Mint, Hyderabad

2025-03-25T13:09:36Z

Brigette59K: new a info

{{Short description|Mint established in 1803}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = India Government Mint, Hyderabad
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| named_after =
| image =
| image_size = 125px
| alt = 
| caption = Logo of [[India Government Mint]]
| map =
| map_size = 
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| map2 = 
| map2_size =
| map2_alt =
| map2_caption =
| abbreviation =
| motto =
| predecessor = ''Royal Mint'' (Mint of [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizam]])
| merged = 
| successor =
| formation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1803}}
| founder = [[Nizam of Hyderabad]]
| founding_location = Sultan Sahi, [[Moghalpura]], [[Hyderabad]], India
| extinction =  
| merger = [[Nizam of Hyderabad]]'s mint
| type = [[List of public sector undertakings in India|Public sector undertaking]]
| status = [[Mint (facility)|Mint]]
| purpose = To mint coins.
| professional_title = 
| headquarters = [[Janpath]], [[Delhi]], India
| location = IDA Phase-II, [[Cherlapally]], [[Secunderabad]], India
| coords = {{coord|17|28|23|N|78|36|13|E|display=inline,title|region:DE_type:landmark}}<ref name="Coordinates">{{cite news|title=Coordinates|publisher=latlong.net|access-date=9 January 2017|url=http://www.latlong.net/|archive-date=7 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807151635/http://www.latlong.net/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| region =  
| services =
| membership = 
| membership_year = 
| language =
| sec_gen = 
| leader_title = 
| leader_name =
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| leader_title3 =
| leader_name3 =
| leader_title4 =
| leader_name4 =
| board_of_directors =
| key_people = VNR Nayudu (''Chief General Manager'')
| main_organ =  
| parent_organization = [[Security Printing & Minting Corporation of India Limited|SPMCIL]]
| subsidiaries = None
| secessions =
| affiliations =
| budget =
| budget_year =
| staff = 
| staff_year = 
| volunteers = 
| volunteers_year = 
| slogan = 
| website = {{URL|igmhyderabad.spmcil.com/Interface/Home.aspx|igmhyderabad.spmcil.com}}
| remarks =
| formerly = ''Royal Mint''
| footnotes =
}}
'''India Government Mint, Hyderabad''' is one of the four [[mint (coin)|mints]] in India. Based in [[Cherlapally]], [[Secunderabad]] ([[Twin cities (geographical proximity)|twin city]] of [[Hyderabad]]) in the Indian state of [[Telangana]], the mint was originally established in 1803 [[Anno Domini|AD]] as the ''Royal Mint'' to serve as the mint for the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]]. The mint was founded by [[Mir Akbar Ali Khan Sikander Jah, Asaf Jah III]] and was originally situated at Sultan Sahi in [[Moghalpura]] suburb of [[Hyderabad]] city. In 1950, the mint was taken over by the [[Government of India]], and in 1997 it was shifted to its present location at [[Cherlapally]] in [[Secunderabad]]. Indian 1, 2, 5 and 10 rupee coins are produced in this mint.<ref name="Profile">{{cite news|title=Profile|publisher=Official website|access-date=9 January 2017|url=http://igmhyderabad.spmcil.com/Interface/AboutIGMH.aspx}}</ref><ref name="Coins">{{cite news|title=Coins|publisher=Reserve Bank of India|access-date=9 January 2017|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/ic_coins.aspx}}</ref>

==History==
Till early 19th century, mints were privately operated by wealthy businessmen ([[Sahu]]s, [[Jagirdar]]s and Omaras) in India. Licenses for minting coins were obtained by paying fees to the [[exchequer]]. The mints used to produce coins with the name of Emperor in Delhi. ''FIDVI'', ''QITAAB'' (title) and lettering "Yar-E-Wafadar" (trusted follower) were added to the coins.<ref name="History">{{cite news|title=History|publisher=Official website|access-date=9 January 2017|url=http://igmhyderabad.spmcil.com/Interface/HistoryIGMH.aspx}}</ref>

===1803–1858===
India Government Mint, Hyderabad was established in 1803 AD by [[Mir Akbar Ali Khan Sikander Jah, Asaf Jah III]] as a private mint and along with other private mints in the country. The mint produced [[Coinage of India|Indian coins]] in the name of [[Emperor of India]]. Initially the mint was situated at Sultan Sahi in Moghalpura suburb of the Hyderabad city. The [[Die (manufacturing)|dies]] were made of steel but the private mints did not have a master die. The dies hence differed in size, production of coins was crude with only partial inscription appearing on coins frequently.<ref name="History"/>

===1858–1903===
With the [[Mughal Empire|end of the Mughal empire]] in 1858 [[Anno Domini|AD]], all private mints (except Hyderabad, [[India Government Mint, Kolkata|Kolkata]] and [[India Government Mint, Mumbai|Mumbai]]) were abolished. Coins produced thereafter ceased to carry the name of ''Emperor of India''. Instead, coins produced in the ''Hyderabad Royal Mint'' were inscribed with name of the dynasty, initials of [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] and the numeral 92 (of [[Islamic]] religious significance; represents sum of symbolic numbers of the letters in [[Prophets and messengers in Islam]]). These coins were called ''Halli Sicca'' coins (current coins). In 1985 AD, use of machinery was introduced in coin making and the machine made coins were called "Charkhi coins" (Charkhi means "wheel" in Hindi).<ref name="History"/>

===1903–1950===
On 13 July 1903, a new mint was established in [[Saifabad]], Hyderabad and the operations were shifted to the new location. In 1950, post "Federal Financial Integration", the mint was over-taken by the [[Government of India]].<ref name="Profile"/>

===1950–1997===
The Hyderabad mint operated in Saifabad from 1950 to 1997. On 20 August 1997, the mint was shifted to its present location at [[Cherlapally]] in the city of Secunderabad, India. The facility was established with annual production capacity of 700 million coins and 950 million [[planchet]]s.<ref name="Profile"/>

===1997 – present===
India Government Mint in Hyderabad has been operating at the same location since 1997. As a result of the [[corporatisation]], from 13 January 2006 the mint is functioning as one of the units of the [[Security Printing & Minting Corporation of India Limited]] (SPMCIL).<ref name="Profile"/><ref name="History"/><ref name="Corporatization">{{cite news|title=Corporatization|publisher=Official website|access-date=9 January 2017|url=http://igmnoida.spmcil.com/Interface/History.aspx|archive-date=5 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005093339/https://igmnoida.spmcil.com/Interface/History.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Organization==
Since 13 January 2006, the India Government Mint, Hyderabad functions as one of the units of the "Security Printing & Minting Corporation of India Limited". The mint is headed by a "general manager".<ref name="Organization Structure">{{cite news|title=Organization Structure|publisher=Official website|access-date=9 January 2017|url=http://igmhyderabad.spmcil.com/Interface/OrgStructure.aspx}}</ref>

==Mint mark==
Coins minted at the India Government Mint, Hyderabad carries the [[mint mark]] of a ''five-pointed star'' ('''<big><big>*</big></big>'''), symbolising that the coin was produced in the Hyderabad mint.<ref name="Mint mark">{{cite news|title=Mint mark|publisher=numista|access-date=9 January 2017|url=https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces24942.html}}</ref>

==Production==
The India Government Mint in Hyderabad was planned with an estimated annual production capacity of annual production capacity of 700 million coins and 950 million [[planchet]]s. [[Indian rupee]] coins (1, 2, 5 & 10) are produced in this mint.<ref name="Profile"/>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Portal bar|India|Numismatics}}
{{Indian currency}}

[[Category:1803 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Mints of India]]
[[Category:Numismatics]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Telangana]]

Chainpura, Bharatpura

2025-01-08T13:47:31Z

Brigette59K: added article...

{{Distinguish|Chainpur (disambiguation){{!}}Chainpur}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chainpura
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.63012|N|75.44183|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = Jaipur
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = Phagi
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/View_data/Village_Profile.aspx Census India]</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 2.47
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 383
| population_total = 354<ref>[http://www.populationofindia.co.in/rajasthan/jaipur/phagi/.chainpura-@-bharatpura Population of Chainpura @ Bharatpura Village, Phagi, Rajasthan]</ref>
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = 143
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 303005
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 911430
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = Ajmer
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Dudu (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Dudu]]{{cn|date=February 2022}}
| blank3_name_sec1 = Distance from Phagi
| blank3_info_sec1 = {{convert|10|km|mi}} West ([[State Highway 2 (Rajasthan)|land]])
| blank4_name_sec1 = Distance from [[Dudu, Rajasthan|Dudu]]
| blank4_info_sec1 = {{convert|30|km|mi}} East ([[State Highway 2 (Rajasthan)|land]])
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|RJ-IN]]
| footnotes =

}}

'''Chainpura''' (also known as Bharatpura) is a village in [[Shankarpura]] [[Revenue block|patwar circle]] in North-West region in [[Phagi]] Tehsil in [[Jaipur district]], [[Rajasthan]].<ref>[http://www.onefivenine.com/india/villages/Jaipur/Phagi/Chainpura-@-Bharatpura Chainpura @ Bharatpura Village]</ref>

In Chainpura, there are 57 households with total population of 354 (with 54.52% males and 45.48% females), based on 2011 census.<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/View_data/Village_Profile.aspx Census India]</ref> Total area of village is 2.47 km2. There is one primary school in Shankarpura village.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Chainpura @ Bharatpura
|North = [[Biharipura]], [[Mauzmabad|ILRC Mauzmabad]], [[Dudu, Rajasthan|Dudu tehsil]]
|West = [[Sawai Madhosinghpura]], [[Mauzmabad|ILRC Mauzmabad]], [[Dudu, Rajasthan|Dudu tehsil]]
|South = [[Chauru|ILRC Chauru]]
|East = [[Shankarpura]]
}}

{{Phagi Tehsil}}
{{Jaipur district}}

{{India-geo-stub}}

[[Category:Villages in Jaipur district]]
[[Category:Villages in Dudu district]]

Darbha, Chhattisgarh

2024-06-20T16:01:40Z

Brigette59K: added stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Darbha
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Chhattisgarh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|18|52|0|N|81|52|0|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bastar district|Bastar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 678
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =CG
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Darbha''' is a town in [[Bastar district]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[India]].

==Geography==
It is located at {{coord|18|52|0|N|81|55|0|E}} at an elevation of 678 m above MSL.<ref>http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/37/Darba.html Map and weather of Darba</ref>

==Location==
Darbha is connected to [[Jagdalpur]] by [[National Highway 30 (India)|National Highway 30]]. Nearest airport is [[Raipur Airport]].

==Places of interest==
* [[Indravati National Park]]
* [[Kanger Ghati National Park]]
* [[Chitrakot|Chitrakot Waterfalls]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.india9.com/i9show/Darba-66560.htm About Darba]

[[Category:Cities and towns in Bastar district]]

{{Chhattisgarh-geo-stub}}

Keshabpur (West Bengal )

2024-06-09T20:45:40Z

Brigette59K: redirect

#REDIRECT [[Keshabpur, Howrah]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Wada taluka

2024-05-13T16:43:15Z

Brigette59K:

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}

'''Wada taluka''' is a [[taluka]] in the [[Palghar district]] of [[Maharashtra]].<ref name="Prahar-20141127">{{cite news|url=http://prahaar.in/prahaarhelpline/269444 |title=महाराष्ट्रातील सर्व तालुके - महाराष्ट्रातील सर्व जिल्ह्यांतील तालुके महसुली विभागांनिहाय जाणून घ्या. |date=2014-11-27 |work=Prahar |access-date=2023-05-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722032645/http://prahaar.in/prahaarhelpline/269444 |archive-date=2015-07-22 }}</ref>

==Palghar district==
On 1 August 2014, the talukas of [[Mokhada taluka|Mokhada]], [[Jawahar taluka|Jawahar]], [[Talasari taluka|Talasari]], [[Vikramgad taluka|Vikramgad]], Wada, [[Dahanu taluka|Dahanu]], [[Palghar taluka|Palghar]] and [[Vasai taluka|Vasai]] were separated from the erstwhile [[Thane district]] to form a new district [[Palghar district|Palghar]].<ref name="TimesOfIndia-20140614">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thane/Thane-district-will-finally-be-split-into-2-parts-from-August-15/articleshow/36516533.cms|title=Thane district will finally be split into 2 parts from August 15 |date=2014-06-14|work=The Times of India|access-date=2023-05-13}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Vada taluk (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Maharashtra |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11382/download/14495/DDW27C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Maharashtra|Hinduism]]|darkorange|95.11}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Maharashtra|Islam]]|green|3.27}}
{{bar percent|[[Marathi Buddhists|Buddhism]]|mediumblue|1.23}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.39}}
}}

Vada taluka has a population of 178,370 according to the 2011 census. Vada had a literacy rate of 73.02% and a sex ratio of 939 females per 1000 males. 24,120 (13.52%) are under 7 years of age. 23,954 (13.43%) lived in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 2.51% and 57.02% of the population respectively.<ref name="census2011">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – Thane |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/834/download/36204/DH_2011_2721_PART_A_DCHB_THANE.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages of Vada taluk (2011)<ref name="langs" />
|label1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] |value1 = 91.35 |color1 = red
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 4.97 |color2 = orange
|label3 = [[Urdu]] |value3 = 1.92 |color3 = green
|label4 = Others |value4 = 1.76 |color4 = grey
}}

At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 91.35% of the population in the district spoke [[Marathi language|Marathi]], 4.97% [[Hindi]] and 1.92% [[Urdu]] as their first language.<ref name="langs">{{cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Maharashtra |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10212/download/13324/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2700.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Palghar district topics}}
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{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Talukas in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Talukas in Palghar district]]

Bigg Boss (Hindi season 3)

2024-03-30T13:43:28Z

Brigette59K: expanded section for accuracy and fixed typos

#REDIRECT [[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 3]]

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St. Mary's Higher Secondary School

2023-05-20T09:07:26Z

Brigette59K: Redirect article

#REDIRECT[[St. Mary's School]]{{R from ambiguous page}}
{{R from merge}}

Embassy of India, Tehran

2023-05-02T11:10:53Z

Brigette59K: created redirect

#REDIRECT [[India–Iran relations]]