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Oil pulling

2026-05-07T09:39:03Z

Breakoutbanglore: new stub

{{Short description|Alternative medical practice}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Alternative medicine sidebar |fringe}}
{{Redirect|Oil pull|the tractor|Rumely Oil Pull}}

'''Oil pulling''' is an [[Alternative medicine|alternative medical]] practice in which an [[edible oil]] is swished around the mouth for a period of time and then spat out, similar to [[Mouthwash#Edible oils|mouthwash]].<ref name="king">{{cite journal |pmid=29651060|journal=British Dental Journal |volume=224|issue=7|page=470|title=Bad science: Oil pulling|author=King A|date=13 April 2018|doi=10.1038/sj.bdj.2018.281|s2cid=4808148 }}</ref> It originates from [[Ayurvedic medicine]].

Practitioners of oil pulling claim it is capable of improving oral health.<ref name="Butler2014">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/to-your-health/wp/2014/03/20/everyone-is-talking-about-oil-pulling-but-does-this-health-practice-actually-work/ |date=20 March 2014 |title=Everyone is talking about 'oil pulling.' But does this health practice actually work? |last=Butler |first=Bethonia |newspaper=The Washington Post }}</ref> Its promoters claim it works by [[Detoxification (alternative medicine)|''pulling'' out toxins]],<ref name=king/> but there is no credible evidence to support this.<ref name=king/><ref name=SBM/><ref name=lipids/><ref name=sr/>

==History==
Oil pulling stems from traditional [[Ayurvedic medicine]],<ref name=king/><ref name=Puri_2015>Puri, Nividita (2015) "Holistic Approach of Oil Pulling in the Dental World: a literature review". ''The Dental Assistant'' 20–23</ref><ref name="BronsonGray2014">{{cite web|url=http://www.webmd.com/oral-health/news/20140418/oil-swishing-craze-snake-oil-or-all-purpose-remedy |last=Bronson Gray |first=Barbara |title=Oil-Swishing Craze |date=18 April 2014 |website=WebMD}}</ref><ref name="Cheshire2014">{{cite web |last=Cheshire |first=Sara |date=6 August 2014 |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2014/08/06/health/oil-pulling |title=Does oil pulling work? |website=CNN |publisher=Turner Broadcasting System}}</ref> whose practitioners may use [[sunflower oil]], [[coconut oil]], [[olive oil]], or other [[essential oil|herbal oil]]s.<ref name=king/><ref name=Mulson2014>{{cite web |url=http://gazette.com/live-well-oil-pulling-draws-fans-skeptics-in-colorado-springs/article/1535792 |title=Live Well: Oil pulling draws fans, skeptics in Colorado Springs |last=Mulson |first=Jennifer |date=19 August 2014 |website=The Gazette |location=[[Colorado Springs, Colorado]] |access-date=5 September 2014 |archive-date=23 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140823044203/http://gazette.com/live-well-oil-pulling-draws-fans-skeptics-in-colorado-springs/article/1535792 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Criticism==
There is no [[evidence-based medicine|high-quality research]] on oil pulling,<ref name=king/><ref name="SBM">{{cite web|last1=Novella|first1=Steven|author-link1=Steven Novella|title=Oil Pulling Your Leg|url=https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/oil-pulling-your-leg/|website=Science Based Medicine|access-date=22 April 2017|date=12 March 2014|quote=Oil pulling is a suggestive misnomer, implying that something bad is being pulled from the mouth (toxins and bacteria). What little scientific evidence exists shows that it is probably not as effective as standard [[mouth wash]], and what benefit it has is likely entirely due to the mechanical act of swishing to remove particles and bacteria from teeth and gums ... Oil pulling for general health or any other indication is pure [[pseudoscience]]. [[Detoxification (alternative medicine)|Detox claim]]s are based on nothing, as are all detox claims. There is no evidence or plausible rationale to recommend oil pulling for any indication other than as a poor substitute for [[oral care]].}}</ref><ref name=sr>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gbinigie O, Onakpoya I, Spencer E, McCall MacBain M, Heneghan C | title = Effect of oil pulling in promoting oro dental hygiene: A systematic review of randomized clinical trials | journal = Complementary Therapies in Medicine | volume = 26 | pages = 47–54 | date = June 2016 | pmid = 27261981 | doi = 10.1016/j.ctim.2016.02.011 | type = Review | quote = To the best of our knowledge this is the first systematic review assessing the effect of oil pulling on oro dental hygiene. The results should be interpreted with caution because of the small number of included studies. Furthermore, the included studies were not adequately powered, and small sample sized studies could lead to misleading results }}</ref> no understanding of a possible mechanism explaining how it would work,<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.4103/2155-8213.122675 |title=Perspectives of oil pulling therapy in dental practice |journal=Dental Hypotheses |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=131–134 |year=2013 |last1=Lakshmi |first1=T |last2=Rajendran |first2=R |last3=Krishnan |first3=Vidya |doi-access=free }}</ref> and no evidence that it provides any benefit.<ref name=king/><ref name=lipids>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kensche A, Reich M, Kümmerer K, Hannig M, Hannig C | title = Lipids in preventive dentistry | journal = Clinical Oral Investigations | volume = 17 | issue = 3 | pages = 669–685 | date = April 2013 | pmid = 23053698 | doi = 10.1007/s00784-012-0835-9 | s2cid = 30589353 | type = Review }}</ref><ref name=sr/> The [[American Dental Association]] agrees that there are no reliable scientific studies supporting the practice of oil pulling for any benefit to oral hygiene or overall wellbeing.<ref name="ADAOilPulling">{{cite web |title=Oil Pulling |url=https://www.mouthhealthy.org/en/az-topics/o/oil-pulling |publisher=American Dental Association}}</ref>

The [[Canadian Dental Association]] assessed the practice of oil pulling in 2014 stating: "We sense oil pulling won't do any harm, we're not convinced there are any particular benefits to it."<ref name="CBC News">{{cite web|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/health/oil-pulling-ancient-practice-now-a-modern-trend-1.2664794|author=Anna Lazowski|date=5 June 2014|title=Oil pulling: Ancient practice now a modern trend|publisher=[[CBC News]]|access-date=10 June 2014}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Traditional medicine]]
* [[List of topics characterized as pseudoscience]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==

* {{Skeptoid | id=4409 | number= 409| title= Oil Pulling| date= April 8, 2014 | access-date=}}

{{Naturopathy}}

[[Category:Alternative detoxification]]
[[Category:Ayurveda]]
[[Category:Oral hygiene]]
[[Category:Naturopathy]]
[[Category:Pseudoscience]]

Minakhan Assembly constituency

2026-05-05T06:40:08Z

Breakoutbanglore: Put up new article

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{About|the assembly constituency in West Bengal, India|1 its namesake census town|Minakhan, North 24 Parganas|2 its namesake community development block|Minakhan}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Minakhan
| type= SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Minakhan.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Minakhan Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Basirhat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Basirhat]]
| constituency_no = 122
| established = 2011
| electors = 164,494
| reservation = SC
| abolished =
| mla = [[Usha Rani Mondal]]
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
}}

'''Minakhan Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[North 24 Parganas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|scheduled castes]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], 122 Minakhan Assembly constituency (SC) is composed of the following: [[Minakhan]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]], and Bakjuri, Kulti, Shalipur and Sonapukur Sankarpur [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Haroa (community development block)|Haroa]] community development block.<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date=15 October 2010|work = West Bengal| publisher= Election Commission of India}}</ref>

Minakhan Assembly constituency (SC) is part of 18. [[Basirhat (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Name
! colspan=2| Party
|-
| [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Usha Rani Mondal]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
| [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|-
| [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|-
|}

==Election results==

===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Minakhan}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Usha Rani Mondal]]
|party = Trinamool Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:92079}}
|percentage = 42.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Rudrendra Patra
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:59787}}
|percentage = 27.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Pratik Mondal
|party = Indian Secular Front
|votes = {{formatnum:55753}}
|percentage = 25.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sunayana Biswas
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:1171}}
|percentage = 0.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = {{formatnum:2616}}
|percentage = 1.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:215848}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin| title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Minakhan}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Usha Rani Mondal]]
|votes = 109,818
|percentage = 51.72
|change = -4.04
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Jayanta Mondal
|votes = 53,988
|percentage = 25.42
|change = +18.09
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Pradyut Roy
|votes = 44,606
|percentage = 21.01
|change = -11.74
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 3,940
|percentage = 1.86
|change = -0.15
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 212,352
|percentage = 94.04
|change = +5.49
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin| title=[[2016 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2016]]: Minakhan (SC) constituency}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Usha Rani Mondal
|votes = 103,210
|percentage = 55.76
|change = +7.10
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Dinabandhu Mondal
|votes = 60,612
|percentage = 32.75
|change = -11.19
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Jayanta Mondal
|votes = 13,566
|percentage = 7.33
|change = +1.82
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Krishna Kinkar Das
|votes = 3,995
|percentage = 2.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 3,718
|percentage = 2.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 185,101
|percentage = 88.55
|change = -3.31
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Minakhan (SC) constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 8 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=122| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120513170108/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=122| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 13 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work =Minakhan| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 24 April 2011}}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Usha Rani Mondal
|votes = 73,533
|percentage = 48.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Dilip Roy
|votes = 66,397
|percentage = 43.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Bhabesh Patra
|votes = 8,323
|percentage = 5.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ajit Pramanik
|votes = 2,849
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 151,102
|percentage = 91.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}
==References==
{{reflist}}

{{North 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:2011 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2011]]

Rourkela Municipal Corporation

2026-04-30T10:08:44Z

Breakoutbanglore:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox legislature
|background_color=| name = Rourkela Municipal Corporation
| coa_pic =RMC_ofiice.jpg
| coa_res =
| coa_alt = Logo of BMC
| coa-pic =
| coa-res =
| house_type = Municipal Corporation
| motto = ''Progress through Partnership for better Rourkela''
| foundation = 2014
| leader1_type = [[Business administration|Administrator]]
| leader1 =Dr. Subhankar Mohapatra
| leader2_type = [[Deputy Mayor]]
| leader2 =
| leader3_type = [[Municipal Commissioner (India)|Municipal Commissioner]]
| leader3 = Ms. Dheenah Dastageer, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| seats = 40
|political_groups1 =
| session_room =
| session_res =
| meeting_place =
| website = [http://www.rmc.nic.in/ Official website]
|last_election1=}}{{Short description|Municipal Corporation in city of Rourkela, Odisha, India}}
'''Rourkela Municipal Corporation''' (RMC) is the local civic body responsible for the administration of Rourkela, a major industrial city in Odisha, India. Established as a municipal corporation in 2014, it governs the city’s civil township and expanded urban areas across 40 wards. Headquartered in Uditnagar, the RMC is led by a Mayor and a Municipal Commissioner. It oversees essential services, including urban planning, sanitation, and public health, while playing a critical role in the National Smart Cities Mission.

== History and administration ==

Rourkela Municipal Corporation was formed to improve the infrastructure of the town as per the needs of local population.<ref name="ro1">{{cite news |title=Affordable housing projects make no progress |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2022/may/25/affordable-housing-projects-make-no-progress-2457721.html |access-date=23 June 2022 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=25 May 2022}}</ref> Rourkela Municipal Corporation has been categorised into wards and each ward is headed by councilor for which elections are held every 5 years.<ref name="ro2">{{cite news |title=Urban polls elude Steel City |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2022/mar/10/urban-polls-elude-steel-city-2428437.html |access-date=23 June 2022 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=10 March 2022}}</ref>

Rourkela Municipal Corporation is governed by mayor and administered by Municipal Commissioner Dr. Subhankar Mohaptra.<ref name="ro3">{{cite news |title=Rourkela Smart City wins $1 Million in Bloomberg-2021 Global Mayors Challenge |url=https://pragativadi.com/rourkela-smart-city-wins-1-million-in-bloomberg-2021-global-mayors-challenge/ |access-date=23 June 2022 |publisher=Pragativadi |date=18 January 2022}}</ref>

== Functions ==
Rourkela Municipal Corporation is created for the following functions:<ref name="Ro9">{{cite news |title=Municipal Corporation - Functions, Roles, Members Qualification and Term |url=https://www.elections.in/government/municipal-corporation-in-india.html |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.elections.in}}</ref><ref name="Ro10">{{cite news |title=Good municipal governance key to improve quality of life {{!}} Pune News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/good-municipal-governance-key-to-improve-quality-of-life/articleshow/57320746.cms |access-date=18 May 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=24 February 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

* Planning for the town including its surroundings which are covered under its Department's Urban Planning Authority.
* Approving construction of new buildings and authorising use of land for various purposes.
* Improvement of the town's economic and social status.
* Arrangements of water supply towards commercial, residential and industrial purposes.
* Planning for fire contingencies through Fire Service Departments.
* Creation of solid waste management, public health system and sanitary services.
* Working for the development of ecological aspect like development of Urban Forestry and making guidelines for environmental protection.
* Working for the development of weaker sections of the society like mentally and physically handicapped, old age and gender biased people.
* Making efforts for improvement of slums and poverty removal in the town.

== Revenue sources ==

The following are the Income sources for the corporation from the Central and State Government.<ref name="Ro11">{{cite news |last1=Jadhav |first1=Radheshyam |title=Why civic bodies in India need municipal bonds |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/why-civic-bodies-in-india-need-municipal-bonds/article33237962.ece |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.thehindubusinessline.com |date=3 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Ro12">{{cite news |title=Municipal corporations under severe strain as revenues sink: RBI Report |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/municipal-corporations-under-severe-strain-as-revenues-sink-rbi-report-314215-2021-12-02 |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Business Today |date=2 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Ro13">{{cite news |title=If cities are to deliver better quality life, need to have business models which are sustainable |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/if-cities-are-to-deliver-better-quality-life-need-to-have-business-models-which-are-sustainable/642276/ |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Financialexpress |date=17 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Revenue from taxes ===
Following is the Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Property tax.
* Profession tax.
* Entertainment tax.
* Grants from Central and State Government like Goods and Services Tax.
* Advertisement tax.

=== Revenue from non-tax sources ===

Following is the Non Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Water usage charges.
* Fees from Documentation services.
* Rent received from municipal property.
* Funds from municipal bonds.

== See also ==

* [[List of municipal corporations in India]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{official website|http://www.rmc.nic.in/}}

[[Category:Municipal corporations in Odisha]]
[[Category:Rourkela]]

Chola conquest of the Anuradhapura Kingdom

2026-04-29T10:48:42Z

Breakoutbanglore: Creating initial info initial version

{{Short description|992–1017 Chola military campaign}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Chola conquest of the Anuradhapura Kingdom
| partof = [[Chola–Sinhalese wars]]
| date = 992–1017
| place = [[Anuradhapura Kingdom]]
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| coordinates =
| map_type =
| map_relief =
| map_size =
| map_marksize =
| map_caption =
| map_label =
| territory = *[[Polonnaruwa]] made Chola administrative capital in Sri Lanka
*[[Rajarata]] annexed as a Chola province in 993 A.D
*[[Maya Rata]] and parts of [[Ruhuna]] annexed as a Chola Province in 1017 A.D{{sfn|Sastri|2000|p=199-200}}
| result = [[Chola]] victory
*[[Anuradhapura]] destroyed by the [[Chola]] forces.<ref>Spencer 1976, p. 411</ref>
*Plundering of Anuradhapura and the island's treasures.<ref>The Jungle Tide:“Collapse” in Early Mediaeval Sri Lanka STRICKLAND, KEIR, MAGALIE (2011) The Jungle Tide: “Collapse” in Early Mediaeval Sri Lanka. Doctoral thesis, Durham University. P.331 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/893/</ref>
| status =
| combatants_header =
| combatant1 = [[File:Flag of Chola Kingdom.png|25px]] [[Chola Empire]]
| combatant2 = [[File:Flag of King Dutugemunu.svg|25px]] [[Anuradhapura Kingdom]]
* [[File:Twin fish flag of Pandyas.svg|25px]] [[Pandya Dynasty|Pandyan Allies]]{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}
| combatant3 =
| commander1 = '''(992–993 CE)''' [[File:Flag of Chola Kingdom.png|20px]] [[Rajaraja Chola I]] (Emperor) [[File:Flag of Chola Kingdom.png|20px]] [[Rajendra Chola I]] (Prince) [[File:Flag of Chola Kingdom.png|20px]] [[Vallavaraiyan Vandiyadevan]] ([[Senapati|General]])
----
'''(1017 CE)''' [[File:Flag of Chola Kingdom.png|20px]] [[Rajendra Chola I]] (Emperor) [[File:Flag of Chola Kingdom.png|20px]] Sanga Varma Chola (Prince)
----
'''(1042 CE)''' [[File:Flag of Chola Kingdom.png|20px]] Sanga Varma Chola (Chieftain)
| commander2 = '''(992–993 CE)''' [[File:Flag of King Dutugemunu.svg|20px]] [[Mahinda V]]{{POW}} 
----
'''(1017 CE)''' [[File:Flag of King Dutugemunu.svg|20px]] [[Kassapa VI]] 
----
'''(1042 CE)''' [[File:Flag of King Dutugemunu.svg|20px]] [[Kassapa VI]]{{KIA}} [[File:Twin fish flag of Pandyas.svg|20px]] Disposed Pandyan Princes{{KIA}}
| commander3 =
| units1 = [[File:Flag of Chola Kingdom.png|20px]] [[Chola Navy]] [[File:Flag of Chola Kingdom.png|20px]] [[Chola military|Chola Army]]
| units2 = [[File:Flag of King Dutugemunu.svg|20px]] [[Anuradhapura Kingdom#Army|Anuradhapura Army]] [[File:Twin fish flag of Pandyas.svg|20px]] Pandyan Auxiliaries{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}
| units3 =
| strength1 = 95,000<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GpNECgAAQBAJ&dq=chola+conquest+of+sri+lanka+95%2C000&pg=PT44|title=Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia|isbn=9781317321279|last1=Roy|first1=Kaushik|date=6 October 2015|publisher=Routledge }}</ref>
| strength2 = Unknown
| strength3 =
| casualties1 = Unknown
| casualties2 = Many Soldiers and Large number of Sinhalese civilians died
| casualties3 =
| notes =
| campaignbox =
}}
{{Campaignbox Anuradhapura period conflicts}}
{{Campaignbox Polonnaruwa period conflicts}}
{{History of Sri Lanka}}

The '''Chola conquest of the Anuradhapura Kingdom''' was the military invasion and conquest of the [[Anuradhapura Kingdom|Kingdom of Anuradhapura]] by the [[Chola Empire]]. The period of Chola entrenchment in entire Sri Lanka lasted in total about three-quarters of a century, from roughly 993 CE (the date of Rajaraja's first invasion) to 1070 CE, when [[Vijayabahu I of Polonnaruwa|Vijayabahu I]] recaptured the north, east and central Sri Lanka and expelled the Chola forces restoring Sinhalese sovereignty.{{sfn|Spencer|1976|p=409}}

The Chola conquest followed an initial conflict between Chola and the Pandya-Sinhalese alliance during conquest of the [[Pandya dynasty|Pandya Kingdom]] by Chola king [[Parantaka I]].<ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=Wijetunga |first=Wijetunga Mudalige Karunaratna |title=The rise and decline of Chola power in Ceylon |pages=75–107 |publication-date=1962 |chapter=First Phase: Relations between the Sinhalese and the Cholas up to the time of Rajaraja I |year=1962 |doi=10.25501/SOAS.00029338}}</ref>
After the defeat, Pandya king Rajasimha took his crown and the other regalia and sought refuge in Anuradhapura.<ref name=":0" /> The Paranthka made several futile attempts to regain regalia, including invasion of Sri Lanka on a date between 947 and 949 CE during the reign of Sinhalese king Udaya IV (946–954 CE).<ref name=":0" /> One of the driving motives behind the invasions of Anuradhapura by the Cholas' was their desire to possess these royal treasures.<ref name=":0" />

The Cholas fought many subsequent wars to conquer the Sinhalese kingdom as the Sinhalese were allies of their arch-enemies, the [[Pandyas]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/CholasI |title=Cholas I}}</ref> It started with the invasion of the [[Anuradhapura Kingdom]] in 993 CE by [[Rajaraja I]] when he sent a large Chola army to conquer the kingdom and absorb it into the [[Chola Empire]].This invasion was successful and conquered the North and central part of Island.{{sfn|Sastri|2000|p=172–173}} Entire island was subsequently conquered by 1017 CE and incorporated as a province of the vast [[Rajendra Chola I#Overseas conquests|Chola empire]] during the reign of his son [[Rajendra Chola I]].{{sfn|Chattopadhyaya|1994|p=7–9}}{{sfn|Kulke|Kesavapany|Sakhuja|2009|p=195–}}{{sfn|Gunawardena|2005|p=71–}}{{sfn|Sastri|2000|p=200}} The Chola occupation would be overthrown in 1070 CE through a campaign of [[Sinhalese Resistance]] led by [[Vijayabahu I of Polonnaruwa|Prince Kitti]], a Sinhalese royal.

==History==
===Background===
{{Main|Anuradhapura period}}

Military expeditions from South Indian forces into [[Anuradhapura Kingdom|Anuradhapura]] had been brief ad hoc up until the mid-tenth century. These were designed to facilitate short-term gains with minimal involvement followed by a withdrawal to the mainland. However, with the ascension of more ambitious and aggressive imperial Chola kings, Rajaraja I (985–1014) and his son Rajendra I (1012–1044), a new strategy of ruthless plunder and destruction of major political and religious centers on the island occurred, followed by the establishment of semi-permanent and fortified encampments, from where wide-ranging raids could be carried out in other parts of the island.{{sfn|Spencer|1976|p=409}}

===Fall of Anuradhapura===
{{See also|Anuradhapura Kingdom}}
[[File:Rajendra map new.png|right|thumb|450x450px|The [[Chola Empire]] under [[Rajendra Chola I]] in 1030 A.D]]

The ''tirumagal'' inscription of [[Rajaraja I]] dated to 993 AD first mentions [[Anuradhapura]] among the emperor's conquests. [[Mahinda V of Anuradhapura|Mahinda V]] (981–1017) distracted by a revolt of his own [[Tamil immigration to Sri Lanka|Tamil mercenary troops]] fled to the south-eastern province of [[Principality of Ruhuna|Rohana]]. Taking advantage of this internal strife Rajaraja I invaded Anuradhapura sometime in 993 AD and conquered the northern part of the country and incorporated it into his kingdom as a province named "Mummudi-sola-mandalam" after himself.{{sfn|Sastri|2000|p=172–173}} The [[Culavamsa]] says that the capital at Anuradhapura was "utterly destroyed in every way by the Chola army.{{sfn|Spencer|1976|p=411}} The capital of the conquered Rajarata was moved to [[Polonnaruwa]] which was then renamed "Jananathamangalam", a title of Rajaraja. The Chola official Tali Kumaran erected a [[Shiva]] temple called Rajarajeshvara ("Lord of Rajaraja") in the town of Mahatirtha (modern Mantota, Mannar), which was renamed Rajaraja-pura.{{sfn|Sastri|2000|p=173}} Comparing Rajaraja's campaign to the invasion of [[Lanka]] by the legendary hero [[Rama]], the Thiruvalangadu Plates states:{{sfn|Dehejia|1990|p=51}}{{cquote
| quote = "Rama built with the aid of [[vanara|monkeys]], a causeway across the sea, and then with great difficulties defeated the [[Ravana|King of Lanka]] by means of sharp edged arrows. But Rama was excelled by this king whose powerful army crossed the ocean by ships and burnt up the kingdom of Lanka."
| source = Thiruvalangadu Copper Plates{{sfn|Dehejia|1990|p=51}}
| align = center
| width = 75%
}}

A partial consolidation of Chola power in [[Rajarata]] had followed the initial season of plunder. With the intention to transform Chola encampments into more permanent military enclaves, Saivite temples were constructed in Polonnaruwa and in the emporium of Mahatirtha. Taxation was also instituted, especially on merchants and artisans by the Cholas.{{sfn|Spencer|1976|p=416}} In 1014 Rajaraja I died and was succeeded by his son Rajendra Chola I, perhaps the most aggressive king of his line. Chola invasion were launched southward from Rajarata into Rohana. By his fifth year, Rajendra claimed to have completely conquered the Ceylon and incorporated it into the Chola Empire. Thus The Rajendra's success was complete and whole of the island became a Chola Province.{{sfn|Sastri|2000|p=200}} {{sfn|Spencer|1976|pp=416–417|ps=: "Under Rajendra Chola 1, perhaps the most aggressive king of his line, Chola invasion were launched southward from Rajarata to Rohana. By his fifth year, Rajendra claimed to have completely conquered Ceylon, a claim that has led some historians to assert that Rajendra" completed "the conquest Rajaraja had begun" Rajendra's success was complete and whole of the island became a Chola Province.{{sfn|Sastri|2000|p=200}} "But the Cholas never really strengthened their control over southern Ceylon, which in any case lacked large and prosperous settlements to tempt long-term Chola occupation." "Kassapa assumed the title of VikkamabahuI and ruled" in Rohana for several years(c. I029-Io4I)."}} As per the Sinhalese chronicle ''[[Mahavamsa]]'', the conquest of Anuradhapura was completed in the 36th year of the reign of the Sinhalese monarch Mahinda V, i.e. about 1017–18.{{sfn|Sastri|2000|p=199–200}} Rajendra's success was complete and whole of the island became a Chola Province.{{sfn|Sastri|2000|p=200}} But the Cholas never really consolidated their control over southern Sri Lanka, which in the case lacked large and prosperous settlements to tempt long-term Chola occupation.{{sfn|Spencer|1976|p=416}} According to the Culavamsa and Karandai plates, Rajendra Chola led a large army into Rohana and captured Mahinda's crown, queen, daughter, a vast amount of wealth, and the king himself whom he took as a prisoner to India, where he eventually died in exile in 1029.{{sfn|Spencer|1976|p=417}}{{sfn|Sastri|2000|p=199–200}}

==Resistance==
[[File:Vijayabahu I's battle plan.png|thumb|right|Vijayabahu I sent three armies to attack Polonnaruwa. One was sent along the western shore to Mahatittha and Polonnaruwa, another from the east across Magama, and the third and main force across Mahiyanga.]]

In 1029, Eleven years after the Chola conquest of Rohana, Prince Kassapa, son of Mahinda, hid in Rohana, where Chola forces vainly searched for him. Soon after the death of his father Kassapa assumed the [[Sinhalese monarchy|monarchy]] as [[Kassapa VI]] (also known as Vikramabahu) and "ruled" in Rohana for several years (c. 1029–1040) while attempting to organize a campaign of liberation and unification. He became the king of Rohana after 11 years of Chola rule in Rohana. But he died before he could consolidate his power, and a series of ephemeral aspirants to the throne subsequently appeared, got defeated by Cholas and disappeared in Rohana without dislodging the Cholas from the north.{{sfn|Spencer|1976|p=417}} Kassapa VI's lost his life in the Cola war and that his diadem fell into the hands of Räjädhirāja.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sastry |first=Nilakanda |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.35382/page/220/mode/1up|title=The Colas Vol 1}}</ref> so, his death in 1040, brought an end to the war. His successor [[Mahalana-Kitti]] (1040–1042) tried to lead an unsuccessful revolt against the Cholas.

[[Vijayabahu I of Polonnaruwa|Vijayabahu]] I (1039–1110), descended from or at least claimed to be descended from the [[House of Lambakanna II|Sinhalese royal house]]. He had defeated his most powerful rivals in Rohana and was anxious to take on the Cholas, by the age of seventeen.{{sfn|Spencer|1976|p=417}} The crisis in the country left a scattering of turbulent chiefs and intractable rebels whose allegiance, if any, was at best opportunistic which proved a problem to both sides in the conflict, frustrating both the Sinhalese kings and the Cholas. Vijayabahu, from his base in Rohana, faced a similar difficulty; he had to contend with the hostility of local chiefs who regarded him as a greater threat to their independence than the Cholas were.

For that reason, the Cholas occasionally succeeded in recruiting nominal support from rebel chiefs in Rohana, as a result, Vijayabahu had difficulty consolidating a firm territorial base from which to launch a decisive campaign against the Cholas. On the other hand, the Cholas were unable to eliminate similar opposition to themselves in the north. Gradually the wider conflict developed into a prolonged, back-and-forth struggle of raids and counter-raids, with the forces of Vijayabahu advancing upon Polonnaruva and then falling back to fortresses in [[Dakkhinadesa]] and Rohana to withstand retaliatory Chola attacks and sieges.{{sfn|Spencer|1976|p=417}}

With time on the side of the insurgent forces, The Chola's determination began to gradually falter. Vijayabahu possessed strategic advantages, even without a unified "national" force behind him. A prolonged war of attrition was of greater benefit to the Sinhalese than to the Cholas. After the accession of [[Virarajendra Chola]] (1063–69) to the Chola throne, the Cholas were increasingly on the defensive, not only in Sri Lanka but also in peninsular India, where they were hard-pressed by the attacks of the [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukyas]] from the Deccan.

Vijayabahu eventually launched a successful two-pronged attack upon Anuradhapura and Polonnaruva, when he could finally establish a firm base in southern Sri Lanka. Anuradhapura quickly fell and Polonnaruva was captured after a prolonged siege of the isolated Chola forces.{{sfn|Spencer|1976|p=417}} Virarajendra Chola was forced to dispatch an expedition from the mainland to recapture the settlements in the north and carry the attack back into Rohana, in order to stave off total defeat.

In the battles that ensued, two powerful Sinhalese chiefs, Ravideva and Cala, crossed over with their men from Vijayabahu's side to the Chola commander. One of Vijayabahu's Tamil commanders, Kurukulattaraiyan, a Tamil [[Karaiyar]] chieftain, fell in battle.<ref name="Indrapala6">{{cite book |last1=Indrapala |first1=K.|title=The Evolution of an Ethnic Identity – The Tamils of Sri Lanka 300 B.C.E to 1200 C.E. |date=2005|isbn=0-646-42546-3}} p. 249</ref> What had begun as a profitable incursion and occupation was now deteriorating into desperate attempts to retain a foothold in the north. After a further series of indecisive clashes, the occupation finally ended in the withdrawal of the Cholas.{{sfn|Spencer|1976|p=418}}

===End of occupation===
In 1070, when [[Kulottunga I]] (1070–1122) came to the Chola throne, after a period of political crisis at the Chola court, he initially concentrated on consolidating his authority in India. His most pressing task was to defend the Chola territories against the inroads of the [[Western Chalukya Empire]]. All this meant that the defence of Sri Lanka was given a low priority.<ref name="Indrapala6" />

The conquest of the Sinhalese kingdom had been associated with his three immediate predecessors (Rajendra Chola I, Rajendra Chola II, and Virarajendra Chola, all sons of Rajaraja I), no longer seemed to be worthwhile. Kulottunga had less personal prestige involved in the conquest, so he simply terminated it with little attempt to recoup Chola losses.{{sfn|Spencer|1976|p=418}}

Vijayabahu attacked and captured Pulatthinagara and drove the Cholas out of the city. Kulottunga sent a large army that engaged Vijayabahu in a pitched battle near Anuradhapura. The Cholas succeeded in driving Vijayabahu to seek refuge in Vatagiri but Vijayabahu took Mahanagakula on the Walaweganga and conducted his resistance from there. Pulatthinagara and Anuradhapura fell to Vijayabahu and Mahatittha were soon occupied.Then Cholas was forced to dispatch an expedition from the mainland to recapture the settlements in the north and carry the attack back into Rohana, in order to stave off total defeat. What had begun as a profitable incursion and occupation was now deteriorating into desperate attempts to retain a foothold in the north. {{sfn|Spencer|1976|p=417-419}}
But the occupation ended in Chola withdrawal after a further series of indecisive clashes.{{sfn|Spencer|1976|p=418}}

A. D. 1070, Vijayabahu I succeeded at last where so many of his predecessors had failed and restored the independence of Ceylon; a detailed account of the steps leading to the success of Vijayabahu belongs to the reign of Kulottunga.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sastri |first=K. A. Nilakanta |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.35382/page/300/mode/1up?view=theater&q=Vikramabahu |title=Colas vol.1 |date=1935}}</ref>

Having liberated the whole of Sri Lanka from Chola rule, Vijayabahu crowned himself king of [[Kingdom of Polonnaruwa|Polonnaruwa]] in 1076–77.

==Legacy==
{{Main|Kingdom of Polonnaruwa}}
{{See also|Capital of Sri Lanka}}

The Chola conquest had one permanent result, the kingdom of [[Anuradhapura]], which lasted for over a millennium, was destroyed by the Cholas. [[Polonnaruwa]], a military outpost of the Sinhalese kingdom,{{NoteTag|as noted by its native name of Ballot Nuvara (the camp city)}} was renamed Jananathamangalam, after a title assumed by Rajaraja I, and become the new center of administration for the Cholas. This was because earlier Tamil invaders had only aimed at overlordship of [[Rajarata]] in the north, but the Cholas were bent on control of the whole island. When Sinhalese sovereignty was restored under Vijayabahu I, he crowned himself at Anuradhapura but continued to have his capital at Polonnaruwa for it being more central and made the task of controlling the turbulent province of [[Principality of Ruhuna|Rohana]] much easier.{{sfn|Sastri|2000|p=172–173}}

==See also==
* [[Kalinga Magha]]
* [[Pandyan Civil War (1169–1177)]]
* [[Anuradhapura invasion of Pandya]]

==Notes==
{{NoteFoot}}

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |last = Codrington |first=H | title = A short history of Ceylon | publisher = Asian Educational Services | location = New Delhi, Madras, India | year = 1994 | isbn = 81-206-0946-8 }}
* {{cite book |last1=De Silva |first1=K. M. |title=A history of Sri Lanka |date=2014 |publisher=Vijitha Yapa Publications |location=Colombo |isbn=978-955-8095-92-8 |edition=[Revised.]}}
* {{cite book |last1=Dehejia |first1=Vidya |title=Art of the Imperial Cholas |date=18 October 1990 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-51524-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=23F7vTn3hBMC |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Kulke| first1=Hermann |last2=Kesavapany |first2=K |last3=Sakhuja |first3=Vijay |title=Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to Southeast Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2swhCXJVRzwC&pg=PA195|year=2009|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|location=Singapore|isbn=978-981-230-937-2|pages=195–}}
* {{cite book |last=Chattopadhyaya| first= Haraprasad | year= 1994| title= Ethnic Unrest in Modern Sri Lanka: An Account of Tamil-Sinhalese Race Relations| publisher= MD publications Pvt Limited | location= New Delhi}}
* {{cite book |last=Gunawardena | first= Charles A. |title=Encyclopedia of Sri Lanka|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hWLQSMPddikC&pg=PA71|year=2005|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|isbn=978-1-932705-48-5|pages=71–}}
* {{cite book |last=Sastri |author-link=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri | first= K. A | orig-year= 1935| year= 2000| title= The CōĻas| publisher= University of Madras | location= Madras |url=https://archive.org/stream/K.A.NilakantaSastriBooks/K.%20A.%20Nilakanta%20Sastri/Colas}}
* {{cite journal |last=Spencer |first = George W. |date=May 1976 | title = The Politics of Plunder: The Cholas in Eleventh-Century Ceylon | journal = The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=405–419 | doi = 10.2307/2053272 | jstor = 2053272|s2cid = 154741845 }}
{{refend}}

{{Anuradhapura period topics}}
{{Polonnaruwa period topics}}

[[Category:Polonnaruwa period]]
[[Category:Chola–Sinhalese wars]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan Tamil history]]
[[Category:Overseas empires]]
[[Category:1017 establishments]]
[[Category:11th-century establishments in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:1077 disestablishments in Asia]]
[[Category:11th-century disestablishments in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:States and territories established in the 1010s]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 1070s]]
[[Category:Invasions of Sri Lanka]]

Moushumi Kandali

2026-04-29T10:25:58Z

Breakoutbanglore:

{{Orphan|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox writer
|image =
|imagesize = 250px
| name = Moushumi Kandali
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Assam]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Writer, Art Historian, Academician
| nationality = [[India]]n
| period =
| genre = Assamese literature
| subject = Contemporary
| movement =
|notableworks = ''Lambada Nachor Seshot'' ''Tritiyottor Golpo'' ''Mockdrill'' ''[[The Black Magic women]]''
| influences =
| awards =
| relatives = Swapnarka Arnan (Son) Khudindra Nath Kandali (Father) Tarulata Kandali (Mother) Monimala Kandali (Sister) [[Mallika Kandali]] (Sister)
| signature =
| website =
}}
'''Moushumi Kandali''' ({{langx|as|মৌচুমী কন্দলী}}) is a writer, historian and translator from [[Assam]], [[India]].<ref name="Frontlist">{{cite web | url=https://www.frontlist.in/interview-with-dr-moushumi-kandali-on-her-book-the-black-magic-women | title=Interview with Dr. Moushumi Kandali on her book 'The Black Magic Women' | publisher=Frontlist.in | date=23 April 2022 | accessdate=20 May 2023}}</ref><ref name="TW">{{cite web | url=https://thewire.in/books/interview-assam-black-magic-women-moushumi-kandali | title= Assam, the Myth of Black Magic Women and Its Relevance Today | publisher=Thewire.in | date=25 June 2022 | accessdate=20 May 2023 | author=Sangeeta Barooah Pisharoty}}</ref> Kandali won the Munin Barkataki Award in 2000 for her first collection of short stories, ''Lambada Nachor Seshot'', which was published in 1998. She is a researcher and writer of fiction as well as art. She works as an assistant professor in the Department of Cultural Studies in [[Tezpur University]], Assam.<ref name="TU">{{cite web | url=http://www.tezu.ernet.in/dtcaf/profile/23 | title=Moushumi Kandali | publisher=Tezpur University | accessdate=30 April 2022}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Kandali graduated from [[Cotton College, Gauhati|Cotton College]], Guwahati. In 1998, she received her master's degree in philosophy with a Gold Medal from [[Gauhati University]]. She then obtained her master's degree in Art History and Aesthetics from MS University, Baroda. She also received her Doctorate in Fine Arts from the same university.<ref name="TU"/>

== Career ==
She translated Salvador Dalí's Diary of A Genius into [[Assamese language]]. She has also translated Mishing folk poetry into English (Listen My Flower-bud : Mishing Oral Poetry of Assam), and it was published by the [[Sahitya Akademi]] in 2008.<ref name="ART of being">{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/art/art-of-being/article5022298.ece | title=ART of being | publisher=www.thehindu.com | date=14 August 2013 | accessdate=12 May 2023}}</ref> In 2022, an English translation of her story, ''The Black Magic Women'' was published.<ref name="BMW">{{cite web | url=https://penguin.co.in/book/black-magic-women/ | title=The Black Magic Women (Stories from North-east India) | publisher=penguin.co.in | accessdate=12 May 2023}}</ref><ref name="TW"/><ref name="TNIE">{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/books/2022/may/15/weaving-a-spell-2452794.html | title=Weaving a Spell | publisher=The New Indian Express | date=15 May 2022 | accessdate=20 May 2023 | author=Soumitra Das}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kandali, Moushumi}}
[[Category:Women writers from Assam]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

St. Joseph High School (South Bend, Indiana)

2026-04-28T02:16:49Z

Breakoutbanglore: Adding Data

{{Use American English|date=September 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Saint Joseph High School
| logo = SJHS Blue Seal.jpg
| logo_size = 200px
| address = 453 North Notre Dame Avenue
| city = [[South Bend, Indiana|South Bend]]
| state = [[Indiana]]
| county = [[St. Joseph County, Indiana|St. Joseph County]]
| zipcode = 46617
| country = [[United States]]
| coordinates = {{coord|41.681286|-86.238206|type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| religious_affiliation = [[Roman Catholic]]
| principal = John Kennedy
| chaplain = Rev. Augustine Onuoha Rev. David Smith
| staff =
| faculty =
| ceeb = 153265
| school_code =
| avg_class_size =
| type = [[Private school|Private]]
| gender = [[Coeducational]]
| tuition = 2019–20 $8,065: Parishioner $9,636: Non-Parishioner<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.saintjoehigh.com/admissions/tuition_and_fees.jsp | title = Tuition and Fees | website = Saint Joseph High School | access-date = September 22, 2019 | archive-date = September 23, 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190923013708/https://www.saintjoehigh.com/admissions/tuition_and_fees.jsp | url-status = live }}</ref>
| grades = [[Ninth grade|9]]–[[Twelfth grade|12]]
| campus_size = {{convert|16.24|acre|m2}}
| athletic_conference = [[Northern Indiana Conference]]
| accreditation = [[North Central Association of Colleges and Schools]]
| patron = [[Saint Joseph]]
| nickname = Huskies
| rival = [[Mishawaka Marian High School]]
| colors = {{color box|#99CCFF}} Columbia Blue {{color box|white}} White {{color box|black}} Black
| yearbook = Hi-Way
| publication =
| newspaper = Soundings
| established = {{Start date and age|1953}}
| enrollment = 849<ref name="NCES">{{cite web |title=SAINT JOSEPH HIGH SCHOOL |url=https://nces.ed.gov/surveys/pss/privateschoolsearch/school_detail.asp?Search=1&ID=00422973 |publisher=National Center for Education Statistics |access-date=5 December 2025}}</ref>
| enrollment_as_of = 2023-24
| teaching_staff = 53.5 {{FTE}}<ref name="NCES"/>
| ratio = 15.9<ref name="NCES"/>
| website = {{URL|https://www.saintjoehigh.com}}
}}
'''Saint Joseph High School''' (commonly referred to as ''St. Joe'') is a [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] college preparatory [[high school]] located in [[South Bend, Indiana|South Bend]], [[Indiana]]. Formerly located adjacent to the campuses of the [[University of Notre Dame]], [[Saint Mary's College (Indiana)|St. Mary's College]], and [[Holy Cross College (Indiana)|Holy Cross College]], in 2012, the school moved to a new location about a mile south of Notre Dame. It is located within the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Fort Wayne–South Bend|Diocese of Fort Wayne–South Bend]].

== History ==
Saint Joseph's High School began classes on September 20, 1953, as the first consolidated, co-institutional Catholic high school in the South Bend area. The school was made up of students from Central Catholic High School, Saint Hedwig School, Saint Joseph's Academy, and South Bend Catholic High School.

Contributions from South Bend and [[Mishawaka, Indiana|Mishawaka]] parishioners enabled building the school on {{convert|5.7|acre|m2}} of land donated to the Diocese of Fort Wayne-South Bend by the [[Congregation of Holy Cross|Brothers of Holy Cross]].

From 1953 to 1968, Saint Joseph's High School had separate divisions for boys and girls. The faculty consisted primarily of [[Sisters of the Holy Cross]] and Brothers of Holy Cross. In 1968 the school became [[coeducational]].

In 2012, St. Joseph's constructed a new building on the site formerly occupied by [[Trinity Health (Novi, Michigan)#Hospitals and facilities|Saint Joseph Regional Medical Center]]. Along with the new building, the official name of the school was changed from Saint Joseph's High School to Saint Joseph High School.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.southbendtribune.com/2012-08-31/news/33527388_1_catholic-education-saint-joseph-academy-spirit|title=Continuing the mission of Catholic education|website=southbendtribune.com|access-date=28 October 2017|archive-date=2013-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202232549/http://articles.southbendtribune.com/2012-08-31/news/33527388_1_catholic-education-saint-joseph-academy-spirit|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Academics ==
SJHS is accredited by the [[Indiana Department of Education]] and the [[North Central Association of Colleges and Schools]] and is also a member of the [[National Catholic Education Association]].

17 different [[Advanced Placement Program|AP]] classes<ref>{{cite web|url=http://saintjoehigh.com/Academics/adv_placement.jsp|title=Saint Joseph High School|website=saintjoehigh.com|access-date=28 October 2017|archive-date=2 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702111534/http://saintjoehigh.com/Academics/adv_placement.jsp|url-status=live}}</ref> are offered. St Joe has been named a [[Blue Ribbon Schools Program|Blue Ribbon]] school by the [[United States Department of Education]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mustang.doe.state.in.us/SEARCH/snapshot.cfm?schl=D225|title=School Snapshot|work=state.in.us|access-date=28 October 2014|archive-date=27 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727222740/http://mustang.doe.state.in.us/SEARCH/snapshot.cfm?schl=D225|url-status=live}}</ref>

AP classes offered include AP Biology, AP Calculus AB, AP Calculus BC, AP Chemistry, AP Computer Science A, AP English Language and Composition, AP Environmental Science, AP Latin, AP Macroeconomics, AP Microeconomics, AP Physics C, AP Spanish, AP Statistics, AP United States Government and Politics, AP United States History.

SJHS was named one of the Top 50 Catholic High Schools in the Catholic High School Honor Roll every year from 2006 to 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cardinalnewmansociety.org/CatholicHSHonorRoll.aspx|title=Catholic High School Honor Roll|work=cardinalnewmansociety.org|access-date=28 October 2014|archive-date=8 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908141840/http://www.cardinalnewmansociety.org/CatholicHSHonorRoll.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Academic teams===
*Euro Challenge<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.euro-challenge.org|title=Euro Challenge Competition|work=euro-challenge.org|access-date=28 October 2014|archive-date=6 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006135522/https://www.euro-challenge.org/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Fed Challenge]]
**National Champions in 2010<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chicagofed.org/webpages/education/econ_classroom/fed_challenge/past_winners.cfm|title=Fed Challenge Competition|work=chicagofed.org|access-date=28 October 2014|archive-date=28 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728133456/http://www.chicagofed.org/webpages/education/econ_classroom/fed_challenge/past_winners.cfm|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Quiz Bowl]]
**Traditional State Champions in 2013, Rotary State Champions in 2013, 2014,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inqblots.org/history.htm|title=Indiana Quiz Bowl – History|work=inqblots.org|access-date=28 October 2014|archive-date=28 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028060735/http://www.inqblots.org/history.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> 2015<ref>{{cite tweet|user=INQBlots|author=INQBlots|number=574346472952492032|date=7 March 2015|title=Saint Joseph wins 2015 Rotary State, beating Culver Academies 405-295 in the final. It's the third consecutive championship for the team.}}</ref>

==Athletics==
The Saint Joseph Indians are a member of the [[Northern Indiana Athletic Conference|Northern Indiana Conference]]. Fellow member [[Mishawaka Marian High School|Mishawaka Marian]] is Saint Joe's [[Rivalry|archrival]]; the SJHS Huskies, formerly Indians, and the Marian Knights battle annually for the Bishop's Trophy. This matchup is known as the "Holy War".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Peat |first=Eric |date=2025-09-16 |title=Saint Joe Shuts Out Rival Marian to Win 'Holy War' Battle |url=https://todayscatholic.org/saint-joe-shuts-out-rival-marian-to-win-holy-war-battle/ |access-date=2025-09-25 |website=Today's Catholic |language=en-US}}</ref> Sports offered are:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://saintjoehigh.com/apps/pages/index.jsp?uREC_ID=31832&type=d&pREC_ID=27095|title=Saint Joseph High School|access-date=2014-10-28|archive-date=2022-02-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226142755/https://saintjoeathletics.com/|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=28em}}
*Baseball
**State Champions in 2017<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://www.ihsaa.org/dnn/Schools/StateChampHistory/StateChampionshipsbySchool/tabid/1940/Default.aspx#35772039-s|title=IHSAA State Championships by School|last=IHSAA|website=www.ihsaa.org|access-date=28 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913222446/http://www.ihsaa.org/dnn/Schools/StateChampHistory/StateChampionshipsbySchool/tabid/1940/Default.aspx#35772039-s|archive-date=13 September 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*Basketball (Boys)
**State Champions in 2025
*Basketball (Girls)
**State Champions in 2005, 2017<ref name="auto"/>
*Cheerleading
*Cross Country (Boys)
*Cross Country (Girls)
*Danceline
*Football
**State Champions in 1995<ref name="auto"/>
**Top-ranked in the state in 1964,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ifca.zebras.net/ifca/candler/foot-64/results.htm|title=1964 Indiana High School Football Results|website=ifca.zebras.net|access-date=28 October 2017|archive-date=30 October 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041030113304/http://ifca.zebras.net/ifca/candler/foot-64/results.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.almanacsports.com/football/rankings2.php?poll=1964.upi|title=AlmanacSports.com – Football – 1964.upi Rankings|work=almanacsports.com|access-date=28 October 2014|archive-date=28 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028042751/http://www.almanacsports.com/football/rankings2.php?poll=1964.upi|url-status=live}}</ref> prior to an official state championship.
*Golf (Boys)
*Golf (Girls)
*Hockey
**State Champions in 1988, 1989{{citation needed|date=October 2017}}
*Lacrosse (Boys)
**State Champions in 2022
*Lacrosse (Girls)
*Soccer (Boys)
**State Champions in 2003<ref name="auto"/>
*Soccer (Girls)
**State Champions in 1998, 2010<ref name="auto"/>
*Softball
** State Champions in 2022
*Swimming (Boys)
*Swimming (Girls)
*Tennis (Boys)
*Tennis (Girls)
**Team State Champions in 1975 (3-way tie), 2010,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ihsaa.org/Sports/Girls/Tennis/TeamStateChampions/tabid/498/Default.aspx|title=IHSAA Girls Tennis State Champions|work=ihsaa.org|access-date=28 October 2014|archive-date=28 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028052404/http://www.ihsaa.org/Sports/Girls/Tennis/TeamStateChampions/tabid/498/Default.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> 2024
*Track (Boys)
*Track (Girls)
*Volleyball
**State Champions in 1972<ref name="auto"/>
*Wrestling
{{div col end}}

==Notable alumni==
*[[Tom Abernethy]], [[National Basketball Association]] (NBA) basketball player
*[[Paul Appleby (tenor)|Paul Appleby]], singer<ref>{{cite web|url=https://saintjoehigh.com/apps/news/show_news.jsp?REC_ID=231064&id=0|title=Gifted Tenor Paul Appleby Performs in New Production at the Met|website=saintjoehigh.com|language=en|access-date=2019-12-23|archive-date=2019-04-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424032130/https://www.saintjoehigh.com/apps/news/show_news.jsp?REC_ID=231064&id=0|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[B. Patrick Bauer]], former [[Speaker of the Indiana House of Representatives]]
*[[Brendan Bayliss]], singer/guitarist of the band [[Umphrey's McGee]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://magazine.nd.edu/stories/rockin-red-rocks/|title=Rockin' Red Rocks|last=Brennan|first=Kevin|date=Autumn 2016|website=Notre Dame Magazine|language=en|access-date=2019-12-23|archive-date=2019-12-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223174511/https://magazine.nd.edu/stories/rockin-red-rocks/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[John Broden]], member of the [[Indiana Senate]]
*[[Pete Buttigieg]], [[United States Secretary of Transportation]], former mayor of [[South Bend, Indiana]], 2020 presidential candidate<ref>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/candidate-pete-buttigieg-voted-president/story?id=62430757|title=Before he was a candidate, Pete Buttigieg was voted 'most likely' to be president|website=ABC News|language=en|access-date=2019-06-29|archive-date=2019-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629192922/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/candidate-pete-buttigieg-voted-president/story?id=62430757|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Nathan Gunn]], Award-winning baritone opera singer<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.windycitymediagroup.com/gay/lesbian/news/ARTICLE.php?AID=15799|title=Nathan Gunn: Going Solo – 6680 – Gay Lesbian Bi Trans News Archive – Windy City Times|work=windycitymediagroup.com|date=15 August 2007|access-date=28 October 2014|archive-date=23 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423054859/http://www.windycitymediagroup.com/gay/lesbian/news/ARTICLE.php?AID=15799|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Traci Paige Johnson]], animator and television producer, creator of ''[[Blue's Clues]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wndu.com/home/headlines/Blues-Clues-creator-turns-to-interactive-media-201212241.html|title=Blue's Clues creator turns to interactive media|website=16 News Now|language=en|access-date=2020-03-17|archive-date=2020-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317172113/https://www.wndu.com/home/headlines/Blues-Clues-creator-turns-to-interactive-media-201212241.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Joe Kernan (politician)|Joe Kernan]], former [[governor of Indiana]], former mayor of South Bend, Indiana
*[[Lary Kuharich]], American football coach
*[[James Mueller (mayor)|James Mueller]], mayor of South Bend, Indiana<ref name="NAMESDIRECTOROFCOMMUNITYINVESTMENT">{{cite web |title=BUTTIGIEG NAMES JAMES MUELLER AS NEW EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR OF COMMUNITY INVESTMENT |date=21 April 2017 |url=https://southbendin.gov/2017/04/21/buttigieg-names-james-mueller-as-new-executive-director-of-community-investment/ |publisher=South Bend, Indiana |access-date=October 30, 2019 |archive-date=6 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106021426/https://southbendin.gov/2017/04/21/buttigieg-names-james-mueller-as-new-executive-director-of-community-investment/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[John Laskowski]], Indiana University basketball broadcaster, former NBA Player and member of IU's national championship team
*[[Mike McNeill (ice hockey)|Mike McNeill]], former NHL hockey player
*[[Steve Ontiveros (pitcher)|Steve Ontiveros]], former MLB pitcher; 1994 All Star with Oakland Athletics; American League ERA Leader 1994<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/1994/07/24/throwing-footballs-helped-as-ontiveros-realize-snap-was-back-in-arm/|title=Throwing footballs helped A's Ontiveros realize snap was back in arm – Baltimore Sun|work=Baltimore Sun|access-date=28 October 2014|archive-date=2014-10-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028062610/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1994-07-24/sports/1994205120_1_ontiveros-south-bend-elbow|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Clarissa Pinkola Estés]], poet, post-trauma specialist, and Jungian psychoanalyst
*[[Mike Schmuhl]], political campaign manager
*[[Jim Sniadecki]], former professional football player
*[[Jake Teshka]], politician <ref>{{Cite web|title=Jake Teshka|url=https://ballotpedia.org/Jake_Teshka|access-date=2021-09-26|website=Ballotpedia|language=en}}</ref>
*[[Patrick J. Urda]], Chief Judge of the [[United States Tax Court]]

*Braeden Shrewsberry - Notre Dame basketball player

*Nick Shrewsberry - Notre Dame basketball player

== See also ==
* [[List of high schools in Indiana]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website}}
{{Roman Catholic High Schools in Indiana}}
{{Northern Indiana Athletic Conference (NIAC)}}
{{Roman Catholic Diocese of Fort Wayne–South Bend}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Joseph High School, South Bend, Indiana}}
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1953]]
[[Category:Education in South Bend, Indiana]]
[[Category:Diocese of Fort Wayne–South Bend]]
[[Category:Catholic secondary schools in Indiana]]
[[Category:Private high schools in Indiana]]
[[Category:Schools in St. Joseph County, Indiana]]
[[Category:1953 establishments in Indiana]]

K. S. Nagarathnamma

2026-04-24T20:32:56Z

Breakoutbanglore: Put Up New Data.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = K. S. Nagarathanamma
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| office = [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Leader of the opposition in the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 29 January 1987
| term_end = 21 April 1989
| predecessor = [[Sarekoppa Bangarappa]]
| successor = [[D. B. Chandregowda]]
| office2 = 7th [[List of speakers of the Mysore Legislative Assembly|Speaker of the Mysore Legislative Assembly]]
| office1 = 1st [[List of speakers of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly|1st speaker of the Karanataka Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 1 Nov 1973
| term_end2 = 31 Oct 1973
| term_start2 = 24 March 1972
| term_end1 = 17 March 1978
| predecessor2 = S. D. Kotavale
| successor2 = postion renamed
| successor1 = P. Venkataramana
| predecessor1 = position renamed
| constituency_AM2 = [[Gundlupet Assembly constituency|Gundlupet]]
| assembly3 = Karnataka Legislative
| term_start3 = 1957
| term_end3 = 1978
| predecessor3 = ''New constituency''
| successor3 = [[H. K. Shivarudrappa]]
| term_start4 = 1983
| term_end4 = 1994
| predecessor4 = H. K. Shivarudrappa
| successor4 = [[H. S. Mahadeva Prasad]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1923|11|23|df=yes}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and age|1993|12|17|1923|11|23|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse = {{marriage|K. C. Subbanna|1934|1947|end=died}}
}}
'''Kabballi Subbanna Nagarathanamma'''<ref name="bio">{{cite book |title=K. S. Nagarathnamma |date=1999 |url=https://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/elib/pdf/eresources/K%20S%20Nagaratnamma.pdf |language=kn}}</ref> (23 November 1923 – 17 October 1993) was an Indian politician from the southern state of [[Karnataka]]. She was elected seven times from the [[Gundlupet Assembly constituency|Gundlupet constituency]] to the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]. She was the first female [[List of speakers of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly|speaker]] of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly, when she served between 1972 and 1978,<ref name="Mysore has had only three women legislators">{{cite news |date=9 April 2013 |title=Mysore has had only three women legislators |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/mysore-has-had-only-three-women-legislators-315714.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250409173415/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/mysore-has-had-only-three-women-legislators-315714.html |archivedate=9 April 2025 |accessdate=9 April 2025 |publisher=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> and also the first female [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Karnataka Legislative Assembly|leader of opposition of the Assembly]].

==Early life==
Nagarathanamma was born on 23 November 1923 to Channamma and C. R. Gowda, an engineer, as their eldest of nine children. She had six sisters and two brothers. In 1934, she was [[Child marriage|married at the age of 11]] to K. C. Subbanna (1911–1947). His family resided in [[Gundlupet]], then a part of the [[Mysore district]], and was a family involved in public service and politics. Subbanna served as president of the Gundlupet District Board for nine years before his death in August 1947. Upon being urged by the people of Gundlupet to follow the legacy of public service of the Kabballi family, Nagarathanamma contested the [[1957 Mysore Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Gundlupet Assembly constituency|Gundlupet]].<ref name="bio"/>

==Career==
Before entering politics, Nagarathanamma served as vice-president of [[the Bharat Scouts and Guides]] and senate member of the [[University of Mysore]].<ref name="first">{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/7990/first-women-all.html |title='First women' all |work=Deccan Herald |date=14 June 2009 |accessdate=10 January 2016}}</ref> In 1957, when the Gundlupet constituency was formed, she contested the election as an [[independent politician]] and won upon securing 24,955 votes, whereas her only opponent [[H. K. Shivarudrappa]] of the [[Indian National Congress]] received 13,053.<ref name="1957e">{{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |title= Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |pages= 10, 177 |publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate= 8 January 2017}}</ref> She thus became the first legislator of the constituency. She again defeated Shivarudrappa in 1962 elections winning 22,765 as against his 20,010 votes.<ref name="1962e">{{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |title= Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |pages= 10, 217 |publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate= 8 January 2017}}</ref> She contested the 1967 elections as member of Indian National Congress and defeated K. B. Jayadevappa with a large margin of 21,423 by securing 30,778 as against his 9,355 votes.<ref name="1967e">{{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |title= Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |pages= 8, 130 |publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate= 8 January 2017}}</ref>

Nagarathanamma retained the constituency for the fourth time in 1972 elections defeating B. Basappa of [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)]]. She won 30,055 votes and Basappa won 20,255 votes.<ref name="1972e">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |title= Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |pages= 8, 129 |publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate= 9 January 2017}}</ref> She was elected as the speaker of the assembly in 1972 till 1978 and became the first female speaker of the house.<ref name="first"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/speakeroffice.htm |title=Speakers of Karnataka Legislative Assembly since 1949 |work=Government of Karnataka |date=2016 |accessdate=10 January 2016}}</ref> In the [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978 elections]] she faced defeat when Shivarudrappa, her long time contender, won by a close margin of 271 votes and received 27,141 votes while both were independent candidates.<ref name="1978e">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |title= Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |page= 8 |publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate= 9 January 2017}}</ref>

[[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|The 1983 elections]] again saw her come back to her seat as INC member by defeating H. N. Srikanta Setty of [[Janata Party]] and won 44,085 votes.<ref name="1983e">{{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |title= Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |pages= 9, 137 |publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate= 9 January 2017}}</ref> In the following [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985 elections]] she defeated [[H. S. Mahadeva Prasad]] of [[Janata Party]] with a large margin of 19,140 securing 40,857 votes for herself.<ref name="1985e">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |title= Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |pages= 8, 12, 140 |publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate= 9 January 2017}}</ref> Between 1987 and 1989, she served as leader of opposition in the Assembly.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/TOINEW/ArtWin.asp?From=Archive&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOIBG%2F2010%2F03%2F10&ViewMode=HTML&EntityId=Ar01400&AppName=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216224603/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/TOINEW/ArtWin.asp?From=Archive&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOIBG%2F2010%2F03%2F10&ViewMode=HTML&EntityId=Ar01400&AppName=1 |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 February 2017 |title=Making a mark on the reservation front|work=[[The Times of India]] |date=2010 |author=M B Maramkal, Rishikesh Bahadur Desai |accessdate=10 January 2016}}</ref><ref name="bio"/> Nagarathanamma again defeated Prasad in [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989 elections]] winning 50,643 votes.<ref name="1989e">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf |title= Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |pages= 8, 12, 140|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate= 9 January 2017}}</ref> In 1990, she was appointed Minister for Health and Family Welfare.<ref name="first"/>

Since the 1970s till her death in 1993, Nagarathnamma lived at a farmouse in Kenchenahalli, nearby Bangalore.<ref name="bio"/>

==See also==
* [[Women's political participation in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nagarathanamma, K S}}
[[Category:1923 births]]
[[Category:1993 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Mysore MLAs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:Mysore MLAs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:Mysore MLAs 1967–1972]]
[[Category:Mysore MLAs 1972–1977]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 1983–1985]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 1985–1989]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 1989–1994]]
[[Category:Speakers of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Leaders of the opposition in the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]

The Kuppuswami Sastri Research Institute

2026-04-21T00:38:32Z

Breakoutbanglore: Starting Data - done

{{Short description|Non Profit Organization}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = The Kuppuswami Sastri Research Institute
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| formation = 1945
| founder =
| type = Non-profit organization
| headquarters = 84, Thiru Vi. Ka. Road, Mylapore, Chennai - 600 004
| location = Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| region_served = India
| leader_title = President
| leader_name = [[R. K. Raghavan]]
| website =
| fields = Education, Seminars, Library
}}
'''The Kuppuswami Sastri Research Institute''' is a library and research centre in Indology and the Sanskrit language based in the city of Chennai, India. Founded in memory of Sanskrit scholar [[Mahamahopadhyaya]] [[S. Kuppuswami Sastri]], the institute was inaugurated in 1945. The institute has a library of about 60,000 volumes and manuscripts and offers M.Phil. and PhD programmes in association with the [[University of Madras]].

== History ==

Upon the death of reputed Sanskrit scholar and Indologist Mahamahopadhyay S. Kuppuswami Sastri, some of his friends and admirers gathered to set up The Kuppuswami Sastri Research Institute in March 1944. The institute was registered on February 24, 1945, and formally inaugurated by [[S. V. Ramamurthy]], advisor to the Madras provincial government on April 22, 1945. The committee members included [[S. Radhakrishnan]], [[S. Vaiyapuri Pillai]], [[V. Krishnaswami Iyer]]'s sons K. Balasubramania Aiyer and K. Chandrasekharan and [[Sir Arcot Lakshmanaswami Mudaliar]]. The institute and its library were housed within the precincts of the [[Madras Sanskrit College]] with which the institute has been closely associated.

Since 1982, the institute has been offering M.Phil. and PhD programmes in Sanskrit in association with the University of Madras. The institute also conducts examinations for the Vidyavaridhi title in association with the [[Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan]], [[New Delhi]].

== Activities ==

The institute conducts masters and PhD programmes and conducts regular seminars and talks on Indology-related subjects. It also publishes books in Sanskrit, English and Tamil. The institute publishes publishes the annual Journal of Oriental Research which was started by S. Kuppuswami Sastri in 1927.

== Library ==

The institute has a library of around 60,000 published works and palm leaf manuscripts in Sanskrit, Tamil and English.

== List of Presidents ==

* [[V. S. Srinivasa Sastri]] (1944–1946)
* [[T. R. Venkatarama Sastri]] (1946–1953)
* [[S. Radhakrishnan]] (1953–1975)
* [[T. V. Viswanatha Iyer]] (1975–1981)
* [[C. Sivaramamurti]] (1981–1983)
* [[N. Mahalingam]] (1983–2015)
* [[T. S. Krishnamurthy]] (2015–2020)
* [[R. K. Raghavan]] (2020–till date)

== See also ==

* [[Madras Sanskrit College]]
* [[Government Oriental Manuscripts Library and Research Centre]]

== References ==

* {{cite news|title="Make Sanskrit attractive to younger generation"|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/downtown/kuppuswami-sastri-research-institute-in-mylapore-completes-70-years/article7826770.ece#google_vignette|work=[[The Hindu]]|first=Liffy|last=Thomas|date=1 October 2015}}
* {{Cite news|url=https://thewire.in/history/india-has-to-be-its-own-cultural-ambassador-but-it-has-to-be-scientific-about-it-manjul-bhargava|title=India Has to Be its Own Cultural Ambassador, But it Has to Be Scientific About it: Manjul Bhargava|work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]}}

== External links ==

* [https://ksri.in/ Website of The Kuppuswami Sastri Research Institute]

[[Category:Libraries in Chennai]]
[[Category:1945 establishments]]
[[Category:Asian studies]]
[[Category:Non-profit organisations based in India]]

Raonok Sahitya Sangstha

2026-04-18T04:27:58Z

Breakoutbanglore: new a bio

{{Short description|Bengali literary organization}}
{{Orphan|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Raonok Sahitya Sangstha
| formation = {{start date and age|1958}}
| full_name = Raonok Sahitya Sangstha
| native_name = রওনক সাহিত্য সংস্থা
| native_name_lang = bn
| former_name = Raonok Sahitya Goshthi
| founding_location = [[East Pakistan]]
| dissolved =
| type = [[Literary society|Literary organization]]
| purpose = Promoting Islamic thought and values in [[Bengali literature]], developing a Muslim literary and linguistic cultural atmosphere
| headquarters =
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| key_people = {{Bulleted list|Mir Abul Hossain|Mohammad Mahfuzullah|Abdus Sattar|Abdul Hai Mashreki}}
| main_organ =
| publication = {{Bulleted list|Nazrul Sahitya|Julekhar Mon|Brishtimukhor|Kulsum}}
| website =
| footnotes = Established in 1958 or 1959 according to some sources
}}
'''Raonok Sahitya Sangstha'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rahamāna |first=Sāīda-ura |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WM21AAAAIAAJ&q=%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%95+%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF+%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE |title=Pūrba Bāṃlāra sāṃskr̥tika āndolana |date=1983 |publisher=Ḍānā Prakāśanī |page=39 |language=bn}}</ref> or '''Raonok Sahitya Goshthi''' was a Bengali literary organization founded in 1958, or according to some, in 1959, in [[East Pakistan]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mahfuzullah |first=Md |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G2MJAQAAIAAJ&q=%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%95+%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF+%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE |title=Sahityera rupakara : articles on the contribution of Muslim writers to Bengali language and literature |date=1981 |publisher=Isalamika Phaundesana Bamladesa-era pakshe Isalami Samskrtika Kendra, Dhaka |pages=136–137 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ālhelāla |first=Baśīra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-gkbAAAAIAAJ&q=%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%95+%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF+%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE |title=Bhāshā āndolanera itihāsa |date=1985 |publisher=Bāṃlā Ekāḍemī |page=150 |language=bn}}</ref>

The main objective of this organization was to promote Islamic thought and values in Bengali-language writings and to develop a Muslim literary and linguistic cultural atmosphere in Bengali literature by increasing the use of Arabic, Persian, and Urdu words in place of Sanskrit words.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FzpFAQAAIAAJ&q=%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%95+%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF+%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE |title=Jībanī granthamālā |date=1990 |publisher=Bāṃlā Ekāḍemī |page=44 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Śāmasuddīna |first=Ābula Kālāma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4uMRAQAAIAAJ&q=%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%95+%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF+%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE |title=Atīta dinera smr̥ti |date=1968 |publisher=Naoroja Kitābistāna |page=368 |language=bn}}</ref>

The members of this organization named this linguistic style Pak-Bangla language, considering it as a Bengali language shaped by the religious and political culture of Pakistani Islamic atmosphere in East Pakistan, i.e., East Bengal.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Siddikī |first=Rejoẏāna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WlVQAQAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%95+%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF+%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE |title=Pūrba Bāṃlāra saṃskr̥tika saṃgaṭhana o saṃskr̥tika āndolana, 1947-1971 |date=1996 |publisher=Bāṃlā Ekāḍemī |isbn=978-984-07-3343-9 |pages=103–111 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8f62AAAAIAAJ&q=%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%95+%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF+%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE |title=Maolānā Mustāphījura Rahamāna, jībana o sāhitya |date=1993 |publisher=Mohāmmada Mākachudura Rahamāna |page=96 |language=bn}}</ref>

== Members ==
There were a total of 21 members in it:
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
! colspan="1" | Members of Raonok Sahitya Sangstha (21)
|-
|
* Abul Kalam Shamsuddin
* Ibrahim Khan
* Mohammad Barkatullah
* Matinuddin Ahmad
* Mujibur Rahman Khan
* Akbar Uddin
* Syed Shahadat Hossain
* Khan Mohammad Moinuddin
* M. Nasir Ali
* Maulana Mostafizur Rahman
* Azizur Rahman
* Golam Mostafa
* Benajir Ahmed
* Ashrafuzzaman Khan
* Talim Hossain
* Mohammad Mahfuzullah
* Abdur Rahman
* Abdul Mannan
* Shamsul Huda Chowdhury
* Mohammad Hossain
* ...
|}
== Publications ==
In late 1951, Raonok Publications was established at 5 Samson Road. The following were published from there:<ref name=":0" />

* Nazrul Sahitya (1960) – Edited by Mir Abul Hossain, this was a collection of writings on the literature and music of Kazi Nazrul Islam. It included works of 23 writers: Mohammad Wazed Ali, Abul Kalam Shamsuddin, Abdul Qadir, Abdul Maudood, Motaher Hossain Chowdhury, Mohammad Wazed Ali, Ajit Kumar Ghosh, Abul Fazal, Syed Ali Ashraf, Muhammad Abdul Hai, Ahmad Sharif, Ahsan Habib, Hasan Hafizur Rahman, Sirajul Islam Chowdhury, Mujibur Rahman Khan, Anisuzzaman, Abdul Gaffar Chowdhury, Atowar Rahman, Kazi Motahar Hossain, Sikandar Abu Zafar, and others. This was the first critical book on Nazrul in East Bengal.
* Julekhar Mon (poetry book) – Mohammad Mahfuzullah
* Brishtimukhor – Abdus Sattar
* Kulsum – Abdul Hai Mashreki

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1950s establishments in East Pakistan]]
[[Category:Bengali-language literature]]
[[Category:Literary societies]]
[[Category:1958 establishments in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1958]]
[[Category:Defunct organisations based in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Islamic literature]]
[[Category:History of literature in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Cultural organisations based in Bangladesh]]

Sruthy Jayan

2026-04-18T00:13:44Z

Breakoutbanglore: Starting Stub

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Indian patronymic|Sruthy|Jayan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sruthy Jayan
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| birth_name =
| birth_place =
| birth_date =
| other_names =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = {{hlist| Actress|[[Indian classical dance|classical dancer]]}}
| parents =
| years_active = 2017–present
| height =
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| notable_works =
}}

'''Sruthy Jayan''' is an Indian actress who works predominantly on [[Malayalam cinema]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/sruthy-jayan-i-love-to-be-referred-to-as-an-artist-rather-than-a-heroine/articleshow/70244589.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |title=Sruthy Jayan: "I love to be referred to as an artist rather than a heroine" |last1=Rajan |first1=Silpa |date=16 July 2019 |access-date=16 February 2021 |archive-date=17 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717130054/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/sruthy-jayan-i-love-to-be-referred-to-as-an-artist-rather-than-a-heroine/articleshow/70244589.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/exclusive-i-want-to-be-in-this-space-forever-actress-sruthy-jayan/articleshow/77285749.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Exclusive! I want to be in this space forever: Actress Sruthy Jayan |last1=Rajan |first1=Silpa |date=31 July 2020 |access-date=16 February 2021|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803182622/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/exclusive-i-want-to-be-in-this-space-forever-actress-sruthy-jayan/articleshow/77285749.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/exclusive-i-have-a-precious-art-dance-with-me-sruthy-jayan/articleshow/77242646.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |title=Exclusive! I have a precious art – dance, with me: Sruthy Jayan |last1=Rajan |first1=Silpa |date=29 July 2020 |access-date=16 February 2021 |archive-date=31 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731144957/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/exclusive-i-have-a-precious-art-dance-with-me-sruthy-jayan/articleshow/77242646.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> She is also a trained [[Indian classical dance|classical dancer]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sunday-herald/sunday-herald-art-culture/using-dance-for-activism-807060.html |title=Using dance for activism |newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] |first1=Srivathsan |last1=Nadadhur |date=23 February 2020|access-date=26 February 2021|archive-date=18 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318150039/https://www.deccanherald.com/sunday-herald/sunday-herald-art-culture/using-dance-for-activism-807060.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{pending films key}}

===Films===
*''All films are in Malayalam, unless otherwise notes''
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#f5f5f5;"
|+ List of Sruthy Jayan film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| rowspan=2| 2017 ||''[[Angamaly Diaries]]''|| Alice || ||
|-
| ''[[Paippin Chuvattile Pranayam]]'' || Reshmi || ||
|-
| 2018 ||''[[Nithyaharitha Nayakan]]''|| Reshma || ||
|-
| rowspan=3| 2019 ||''[[June (2019 film)|June]]''|| Maya || ||
|-
| ''[[Sathyam Paranja Viswasikkuvo]]'' || Jessy || ||<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/sruthi-jayan-to-essay-a-key-in-biju-menon-starrer-sathyam-paranja-vishwasikkuvo/articleshow/70074465.cms |title=Shruthi Jayan to essay a key in Biju Menon starrer Sathyam Paranja Vishwasikkuvo |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=16 February 2021|archive-date=9 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109054653/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/sruthi-jayan-to-essay-a-key-in-biju-menon-starrer-sathyam-paranja-vishwasikkuvo/articleshow/70074465.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
||''[[Janamaithri]]''|| Pushpa || ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2021 ||''[[Kaanekkaane]]''||Tara Arun || ||
|-
|| ''[[Ellam Sheriyakum]]'' || Ajitha Narayanan || ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2022 || ''[[Heaven (2022 film)|Heaven]]'' || Ancy John || ||
|-
|| ''[[Dahini: The Witch]]''||Pallavi || [[Hindi cinema|Hindi film]]||<ref name="auto">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rajesh-touchriver-directs-a-controversial-film-on-witch-hunting-titled-dahini-the-witch/articleshow/87223522.cms |title=Rajesh Touchriver directs a controversial film on witch-hunting titled 'Dahini: The Witch' |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=23 November 2022|archive-date=23 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123231040/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rajesh-touchriver-directs-a-controversial-film-on-witch-hunting-titled-dahini-the-witch/articleshow/87223522.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|| ''Momo in Dubai'' ||Class teacher || ||<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/june-film-fame-sruthy-jayan-to-make-her-debut-in-bollywood-deets-inside/articleshow/88277559.cms |title='June' film fame Sruthy Jayan to make her debut in Bollywood? Deets inside |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | access-date=18 March 2023 | archive-date=7 February 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207052907/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/june-film-fame-sruthy-jayan-to-make-her-debut-in-bollywood-deets-inside/articleshow/88277559.cms | url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2023 || ''[[Iratta]]'' || Saradha || ||<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/box-office/iratta-box-office-collection-day-4-joju-george-starrer-mints-rs-2-45-crores/articleshow/97727634.cms |title='Iratta' box office collection day 4: Joju George starrer mints Rs 2.45 crores |date=8 February 2023 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |quote=Apart from Joju George, 'Iratta' also featured the actors Anjali, Srinda, Arya Salim, Sruthy Jayan, Kichu Tellus, and several others in significant roles. |access-date=18 March 2023 |archive-date=12 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212011054/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/box-office/iratta-box-office-collection-day-4-joju-george-starrer-mints-rs-2-45-crores/articleshow/97727634.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kurukkan]]'' || S.I. Reena Mathew || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2022-11-06 |title=Vineeth Sreenivasan and Sreenivasan reunite for Kurukkan |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2022/Nov/06/vineeth-sreenivasan-and-sreenivasan-reunite-for-kurukkan-36311.html |access-date=2024-05-09 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Corona Dhavan]]'' || Swapna || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2023-10-14 |title=Corona Dhavan OTT release date out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/Oct/14/corona-dhavan-ott-release-date-out-48614.html |access-date=2024-05-09 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Maharani (2023 film)|Maharani]]'' || Kavya || ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shine Tom Chacko, Roshan Mathew's Maharani, gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/oct/01/shine-tom-chacko-roshan-mathews-maharani-gets-a-release-date-48183.html |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Narudi Brathuku Natana]]'' || Lekha || [[Telugu cinema|Telugu film]] ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2025 || ''[[Am Ah]]'' || Jincy || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-01-03 |title=Dileesh Pothan and Jaffer Idukki's Am Ah gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Jan/03/dileesh-pothan-and-jaffer-idukkis-am-ah-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Chattuli'' || || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhu |first=Vignesh |date=2025-01-29 |title=Chattuli gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Jan/29/chattuli-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-




|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#f5f5f5;"
|+ List of Sruthy Jayan web television credits
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" | Network
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| rowspan=2| 2019 || ''[[Gods of Dharmapuri]]'' || Saroja || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || [[ZEE5]]|| ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.zee5.com/zee5news/acting-is-like-meditation-says-sruthi-jayan-on-playing-saroja-in-zee5-original-g-o-d |work=[[ZEE5]] |title=Acting is like a meditation says Shruthi Jayan on playing Saroja in Zee5 Original GOD |date=23 October 2019 |first1=Sneha |last1=Bale |access-date=16 February 2021|archive-date=31 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731215934/https://www.zee5.com/zee5news/acting-is-like-meditation-says-sruthi-jayan-on-playing-saroja-in-zee5-original-g-o-d|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Queen (web series)|Queen]]'' || Malar || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||[[MX Player]] || ||
|-
|2023 || ''[[Dhootha]]'' || Kalpana|| Telugu||[[Amazon Prime Video]]|| ||
|-
|Rowspan=2|2025 || ''[[The Hunt: The Rajiv Gandhi Assassination Case]]''|| Dhanu || Hindi || [[Sony LIV]] || ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2025/Aug/13/ott-hit-the-hunt-meet-the-malayali-ltte-tigresses-on-the-prowl |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |title=OTT hit 'The Hunt': Meet the Malayali 'LTTE tigresses' on the prowl|date=13 August 2025}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Pharma (TV series)|Pharma]]''|| Nirmala || Malayalam || [[JioHotstar]] || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2023/10/19/nivin-pauly-to-debut-in-web-series-pharma-by-pr-arun.html|title=ഫാർമ; നിവിൻ പോളി നായകനായെത്തുന്ന വെബ് സീരിസ് വരുന്നു|work=Manorama Online|date=18 October 2023}}</ref>
|}

===Short films===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#f5f5f5;"
|+ List of Sruthy Jayan short film credits
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Role
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2019 || ''Iddah: The God's decision'' || Qamarunnisah || ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/mobile/movies-music/short-films/iddah-award-winning-malayalam-short-film-sruthi-jayan-jasla-madessery-sarasa-balussery-1.5419182|script-title=ml:ഭര്‍ത്താവ് മരിച്ച സ്ത്രീയുടെ വ്യഥകളിലൂടെ ഇദ്ദ; ട്രെയ്‌ലര്‍ കാണാം |work=Mathrubhumi |language=ml |trans-title=Iddah through the sufferings of a woman whose husband died; Watch the trailer |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207090712/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/short-films/iddah-award-winning-malayalam-short-film-sruthi-jayan-jasla-madessery-sarasa-balussery-1.5419182 |archive-date=7 February 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 2020 || ''Go For A Girl'' || Pregnant wife || || <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2020/nov/27/telling-a-girls-tale-2228464.html |title=Telling a girl's tale |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=16 February 2021|archive-date=24 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124031018/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2020/nov/27/telling-a-girls-tale-2228464.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|8850253}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Baloch diaspora

2026-04-16T15:23:16Z

Breakoutbanglore: Adding New Data

{{Short description|Ethnic Baloch people who have emigrated outside of their homeland}}
{{More citations needed|date=November 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{infobox ethnic group
| group = Baloch
| native_name = دَرمُلکی بلۏچ / دَرانڈݔھی بلۏچ
| native_name_lang =
| langs = [[Balochi language|Balochi]]
| religions = Predominately: [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|18px]] [[Islam]]
| related_groups =
}}
The '''Baloch diaspora''' ({{langx|bal|دَرمُلکی بلۏچ or دَرانڈݔھی بلۏچ|Darmolki Balòc}}) refers to [[Baloch people]], and their descendants, who have immigrated to places outside the [[Balochistan (region)|Balochistan region]] of South-West Asia – a region stretching from southwestern [[Pakistan]] to southeastern [[Iran]] and southern [[Afghanistan]]. The Baloch [[diaspora]] is found throughout West Asia, South Asia, [[Turkmenistan]], East Africa, Europe, North America and in other parts of the world.

==Pakistan==
{{main|Sindhi Baloch|Baloch of Punjab}}
Within Pakistan, there are significant numbers of Baloch tribes that have migrated partially or totally and settled in regions outside of [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]], mostly into [[Sindh]]. Some have also migrated into [[Punjab, Pakistan|southern Punjab]], especially in the [[Saraiki language|Saraiki]] speaking regions as well as southeast [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]. Many have become entirely assimilated into their host cultures. The [[Zardari tribe]] [[Jatoi tribe]] and [[Chandio]] and [[Magsi]] tribes for example are now culturally [[Sindhi Baloch]]. The [[Talpur dynasty]] is a Baloch tribe that ruled over [[Sindh]]. Meanwhile, the [[Leghari tribe|Legharis]] of [[Sindh]] and Southern Punjab speak both [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] and Saraiki.

==Worldwide populations==
===Middle East===
{{Main|Al Balushi}}
{{Further|Pakistanis in Oman|Baloch community in the United Arab Emirates}}
There are large numbers of Baloch living in [[Oman]], the [[UAE]] and other [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf]]. Around 20% of Oman's native population is of Baloch descent;<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Long |first1=Roger D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nzivCgAAQBAJ&dq=omani+baloch&pg=PA129 |title=State and Nation-Building in Pakistan: Beyond Islam and Security |last2=Singh |first2=Gurharpal |last3=Samad |first3=Yunas |last4=Talbot |first4=Ian |date=2015-10-08 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-44820-4 |language=en}}</ref> with an additional 15% expatriate population,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Oman|title=Oman|website=The Encyclopaedia Britannica}}</ref> the figure rises to 35%.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1043971/harnessing-the-gccs-baloch-pedigree|title=Harnessing the GCC's Baloch pedigree|website=The Express Tribune}}</ref>

===Europe===
There are also significant populations in [[Norway]], [[Sweden]], and other [[European countries]].{{citation needed|date=April 2026}}

===Turkmenistan===
{{main|Baloch of Turkmenistan}}
There is a population of Baloch in [[Turkmenistan]] who migrated there in the early 20th century, estimated in 1997 to number between 38,000 and 40,000.<ref>Moshkalo, Vyacheslav V. 2000: "[http://users.tpg.com.au/users/goshti/moshkalo.rtf Language and Culture of the Baloch in Turkmenistan] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609212918/http://users.tpg.com.au/users/goshti/moshkalo.rtf |date=9 June 2011 }}". In: Carina JAHANI (ed.): Language in Society – Eight Sociolinguistic Essays on Balochi [Studia Iranica Upsaliensia 3]. Uppsala: Uppsala University, pp. 97–103</ref><ref>[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=TM Languages of Turkmenistan], Ethnologue.com</ref>

===East Africa===
There is also a small but historic Baloch community in East Africa, left over from when the [[Muscat and Oman|Sultanate of Muscat]] ruled over [[Zanzibar]] and the [[Swahili Coast]].<ref>Lodhi, Abdulaziz Y. 2000. A note on the Baloch in East Africa. In: Language in society: eight sociolinguistic essays on Balochi, Studia iranica upsaliensia, no 3, pp 91–95. Edited by Carina Jahani. Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis</ref><ref>[http://www.baluchii.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1&Itemid=2 Baluchis from East Africa: In Search of Our Roots], Retrieved 27 June 2010</ref> These migrants were largely from [[Makran]] and southern Balochistan.

===India===
{{Main|Baloch people in India}}
{{See also|Baloch (Gujarat)|Baluch (Uttar Pradesh)|Makrani caste|Baghra|Baloch of Punjab|Bilochpura|Jasoi}}
There are also a number of settlements of [[Baloch people|Baloch]] in India, mainly in [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Gujarat]]. They now speak either Balochi [[Urdu]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] and [[Kutchi language|Kutchi]], depending on their location.

===North America===
{{Main|Baloch American}}
Smaller but sizeable Baloch communities are found throughout various states in the United States and Canada. Baloch immigrants in North America have formed their own cultural associations and tend to keep the community active through social occasions.

==See also==
* [[Overseas Pakistani]]
* [[Sindhi Baloch]]
* [[Punjabi Baloch]]
* [[Baluch (Uttar Pradesh)|Baluch of India]]
* [[List of Baloch tribes]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* [http://www.central-asia.su/beludz.php Kokaislová, Pavla and Petr Kokaisl. Ethnic Identity of The Baloch People. ''Central Asia and The Caucasus.'' Journal of Social and Political Studies. Volume 13, Issue 3, 2012, p. 45-55.] {{ISSN|1404-6091}}.
* Nicolini, Beatrice. The Baluch Role in the Persian Gulf during the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries, [[Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East]] – Volume 27, Number 2, 2007, pp. 384–396
* Nicolini, Beatrice, [https://www.scribd.com/doc/17031343/The-MakranBaluchAfrican-Network-in-Zanzibar-and-East-Africa-during-the-XIXth-Century The Makran-Baluch-African Network in Zanzibar and East Africa during the XIXth Century]{{Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, African and Asian Studies, Volume 5, Numbers 3–4, 2006, pp. 347–370(24)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071008130816/http://www.balochistaninfo.com/200604/BalochNationalismitsOriginandDevelopment.pdf Baloch Nationalism: Its Origin and Development], Taj Mohammad Breseeg, 2004

{{Baloch diaspora}}
{{Overseas Asians}}
{{overseas Pakistani}}
{{Iranian diaspora}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baloch Diaspora}}
[[Category:Baloch diaspora| ]]
[[Category:Pakistani diaspora]]
[[Category:Balochistan|Diaspora]]
[[Category:Baloch people|Diaspora]]

Kandamangalam Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:47:04Z

Breakoutbanglore: Put Up Article.

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{coord|11.9147817|79.6775956|display=title|format=dms}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| established = 1967
| district = [[Villupuram district|Villupuram]]
| loksabha_cons =
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| mla = Pushparaj. S
| name = Kandamangalam
| electors= 1,86,058
| reservation = None
| abolished= 2008
}}
'''Kandamangalam''' was former state assembly constituency in [[Viluppuram district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date=25 January 2017 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614070155/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/const_map/map.htm |archivedate=14 June 2012 }}</ref> It is a Scheduled Caste reserved constituency.
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Winner
! colspan="2"| Party
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| [[M. Raman]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[M. Kannan]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| M. Kannan
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
| [[V. Subramaniyan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[S. Alaguvelu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| V. Subramanian
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| S. Alaguvelu
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| V. Subramanian
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| [[S. Pushparaj]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|}

==Election results==

===2006===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kandamangalam<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 2006 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | access-date = 12 May 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Pushparaj]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=64,620 |percentage=46.34% |change=8.90% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. Subramanian]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=57,245 |percentage=41.05% |change=-15.24% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Rajachandra Sekar |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=12,509 |percentage=8.97% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Veeramuthu |party=Independent politician |votes=1,728 |percentage=1.24% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Palaraman |party=AIVP |votes=966 |percentage=0.69% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Selvam |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=627 |percentage=0.45% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Devi |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=531 |percentage=0.38% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Sudhakar |party=Independent politician |votes=408 |percentage=0.29% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=J. M. Sakthivel |party=Independent politician |votes=330 |percentage=0.24% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. Tamilarasan |party=Independent politician |votes=255 |percentage=0.18% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=E. Subramani |party=Independent politician |votes=222 |percentage=0.16% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,375 |percentage=5.29% |change=-13.56% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=139,441 |percentage=74.94% |change= 11.51% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 186,058 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -9.95% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kandamangalam<ref>{{cite web |title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001 |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. Subramanian]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=67,574 |percentage=56.29% |change=27.33% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=E. Vijayaragavan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=44,946 |percentage=37.44% |change=-16.88% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Veerapandian |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,883 |percentage=3.23% |change=-3.26% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Murugaiyan |party=Independent politician |votes=2,215 |percentage=1.85% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Pushpa Gandhi |party=Independent politician |votes=824 |percentage=0.69% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Anandan |party=Independent politician |votes=327 |percentage=0.27% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Dhakshnamurthy |party=Independent politician |votes=276 |percentage=0.23% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=22,628 |percentage=18.85% |change=-6.51% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=120,045 |percentage=63.44% |change= -5.50% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 189,255 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 1.97% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kandamangalam<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1996 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Alaguvelu]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=64,256 |percentage=54.32% |change=30.42% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. Subramanian]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=34,261 |percentage=28.96% |change=-28.20% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Poongavanam |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=10,694 |percentage=9.04% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Venkatachalapathy |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=7,686 |percentage=6.50% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. G. Nagamani |party=Independent politician |votes=1,008 |percentage=0.85% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Anandhan |party=Independent politician |votes=393 |percentage=0.33% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=29,995 |percentage=25.36% |change=-7.91% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=118,298 |percentage=68.94% |change= 2.09% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 179,154 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -2.84% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kandamangalam<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. Subramanian]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=60,628 |percentage=57.16% |change=39.33% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Alaguvelu]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=25,348 |percentage=23.90% |change=-23.04% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. N. Sampathkumar |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=18,657 |percentage=17.59% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Anandavalli |party=Janata Party |votes=609 |percentage=0.57% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=J. R. V. Seetharaman |party=Independent politician |votes=347 |percentage=0.33% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Gurunathan |party=Independent politician |votes=199 |percentage=0.19% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. G. Nagamani |party=Republican Party of India |votes=186 |percentage=0.18% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. G. Varatharaj |party=Independent politician |votes=92 |percentage=0.09% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=35,280 |percentage=33.26% |change=4.16% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=106,066 |percentage=66.85% |change= 7.06% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 166,813 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 10.22% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kandamangalam<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Alaguvelu]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=40,624 |percentage=46.94% |change=4.95% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Kannan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=15,433 |percentage=17.83% |change=-40.18% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. Subramanian]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=14,919 |percentage=17.24% |change=-40.77% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kasthuri Chellaram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,577 |percentage=14.53% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. G. Nagamani |party=Independent politician |votes=1,685 |percentage=1.95% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Arumugam |party=Independent politician |votes=413 |percentage=0.48% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. P. Narayansamy |party=Independent politician |votes=305 |percentage=0.35% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Gopala Krishnan |party=Independent politician |votes=210 |percentage=0.24% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Dhasarathan |party=Independent politician |votes=140 |percentage=0.16% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Rajaram |party=Independent politician |votes=103 |percentage=0.12% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Shanmuagm |party=Independent politician |votes=74 |percentage=0.09% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=25,191 |percentage=29.11% |change=13.08% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=86,550 |percentage=59.79% |change= -15.34% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 149,262 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -11.07% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kandamangalam<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | archive-date = 17 Jan 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. Subramanian]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=53,211 |percentage=58.01% |change=8.53% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Alaguvelu]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=38,514 |percentage=41.99% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,697 |percentage=16.02% |change=12.63% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=91,725 |percentage=75.12% |change= 22.86% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 129,419 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 8.53% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kandamangalam<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Kannan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=34,368 |percentage=49.49% |change=10.77% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Madhavan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=32,011 |percentage=46.09% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Dasarathan |party=Janata Party |votes=1,897 |percentage=2.73% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Nagamani |party=Independent politician |votes=765 |percentage=1.10% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kanthimathi |party=Independent politician |votes=409 |percentage=0.59% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,357 |percentage=3.39% |change=0.26% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=69,450 |percentage=52.27% |change= -5.84% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 134,779 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 10.77% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kandamangalam<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Kannan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=25,403 |percentage=38.71% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Alaguvelu]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=23,349 |percentage=35.58% |change=-21.75% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Dasarathan |party=Janata Party |votes=10,006 |percentage=15.25% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Rangaswamy |party=Communist Party of India |votes=3,711 |percentage=5.66% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Munian |party=Independent politician |votes=1,769 |percentage=2.70% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Raman |party=Independent politician |votes=1,381 |percentage=2.10% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,054 |percentage=3.13% |change=-17.58% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=65,619 |percentage=58.11% |change= -10.80% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 115,036 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -18.62% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kandamangalam<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=M. Raman |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=32,293 |percentage=57.33% |change=1.50% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. P. Mathavan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=20,628 |percentage=36.62% |change=-7.55% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Munian |party=Independent politician |votes=3,408 |percentage=6.05% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,665 |percentage=20.71% |change=9.05% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=56,329 |percentage=68.91% |change= -7.24% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 91,603 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 1.50% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Kandamangalam<ref>{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2012 |access-date= 19 April 2009}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=M. Raman |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=35,617 |percentage=55.83% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. S. Saraswathi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=28,180 |percentage=44.17% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,437 |percentage=11.66% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=63,797 |percentage=76.15% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 87,283 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[Kandamangalam block]]
* [[Kandamangalam]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
==External links==

*{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |title=Statistical reports of assembly elections |accessdate=8 July 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archivedate=5 October 2010 }}

{{Defunct assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Viluppuram district]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Madras State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

List of female governors in India

2026-04-15T12:25:01Z

Breakoutbanglore: Put up a stub

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2015}}

In [[India]], a [[Governors of states of India|governor]] is the constitutional head of each of the [[States and union territories of India|twenty-eight states]]. The governor is appointed by the [[President of India]] for a term of five years, and holds office at the President's pleasure. The governor is ''[[de jure]]'' head of the [[State governments of India|state government]]; all its executive actions are taken in the governor's name. However, the governor must act on the advice of the popularly elected [[Cabinet (government)|council of ministers]], headed by the [[Chief Minister (India)|chief minister]], who thus hold ''[[de facto]]'' executive authority at the state-level. The [[Constitution of India]] also empowers the governor to act upon their own discretion, such as the ability to appoint or dismiss a [[ministry (collective executive)|ministry]], recommend [[President's rule]], or reserve bills for the President's assent. Over the years, the exercise of these discretionary powers have given rise to conflict between the elected chief minister and the [[Government of India|union government]]–appointed governor.<ref>[[Durga Das Basu]]. ''Introduction to the Constitution of India''. 1960. 20th edition, 2011 reprint. LexisNexis Butterworths Wadhwa Nagpur. {{ISBN|978-81-8038-559-9}}. p. 237, 241–44.</ref>

[[File:Female Governors of Indian States.png|thumb|Map showing the number of the female Governors, Lieutenant Governors and Administrators served in Indian States and Union Territories]]

[[Sarojini Naidu]] was the first woman to become the governor of an Indian state.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/sarojini-naidu-the-first-woman-to-become-the-governor-of-an-indian-state-668177.html|title=Sarojini Naidu: The first woman to become the governor of an Indian state|publisher=CNN-IBN|date=13 February 2014|accessdate=25 March 2016}}</ref> She governed [[Uttar Pradesh]] from 15 August 1947 to 2 March 1949. Her daughter, [[Padmaja Naidu]], is the longest-serving female governor with almost 11 years tenure in [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/political-corner/women-governors-in-india/|title=Women Governors in India|author=Shubhojit|publisher=Elections.in|date=10 July 2014|accessdate=25 March 2016}}</ref> [[Tamilisai Soundararajan]] is the recentmost appointment as the first female governor of [[Telangana]].<ref>{{cite news|title=President appoints five new governors including Tamilisai Soundararajan in Telangana|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/president-appoints-five-new-governors-including-tamilisai-soundararajan-in-telangana/article29314315.ece|work=The Hindu|date=September 2019|accessdate=1 September 2019}}</ref> [[Pratibha Patil]] and [[Draupadi Murmu]] later served as head of the state of India ([[President of India]]). States Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Haryana, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Odisha, Punjab, Sikkim, Telangana, Tripura, West Bengal doesn't have any woman governor.

==Chronological list==
;Key

{{legend inline|1 = #DBD7D2|text = {{asterisk}}}} Incumbent governor

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! No.
! Image
! Name
! class="unsortable" | From
! class="unsortable" | To
! Term length
! State
! class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 1
| [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 102-12899, Sarojini Naidu (cropped).jpg|100px]]
! [[Sarojini Naidu]]
| 15 August 1947
| 2 March 1949
| {{ayd|1947|8|15|1949|3|2}}
| [[United Provinces (1937–1950)|United Provinces]]
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Shrimati Sarojini Naidu, Governor of UP|url=http://upgovernor.gov.in/sarojinibio.htm|publisher=National Informatics Centre, UP State Union|accessdate=25 March 2012|archive-date=21 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110121070137/http://upgovernor.gov.in/sarojinibio.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| 2
|
! [[Padmaja Naidu]]
| 3 November 1956
| 31 May 1967
| {{ayd|1956|11|3|1967|5|31}}
| [[West Bengal]]
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Former Governors of West Bengal|url=http://rajbhavankolkata.gov.in/html/pastgov1912_new.htm|publisher=West Bengal Government|accessdate=25 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109072725/http://rajbhavankolkata.gov.in/html/pastgov1912_new.htm|archive-date=9 November 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| 3
| [[File:Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit.jpg|100px]]
! [[Vijayalakshmi Pandit]]
| 28 November 1962
| 18 October 1964
| {{ayd|1962|11|28|1964|10|18}}
| [[Maharashtra]]
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Previous Governors List of Maharashtra |url=http://rajbhavan.maharashtra.gov.in/previous/default.htm |publisher=Maharashtra Government |accessdate=25 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206050259/http://rajbhavan.maharashtra.gov.in/previous/default.htm |archivedate=6 February 2009 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 4
| rowspan="2"| [[File:Sharda Mukherjee official portrait.gif|100px]]
! rowspan="2"| [[Sharda Mukherjee]]
| 5 May 1977
| 14 August 1978
| {{ayd|1977|5|5|1978|8|14}}
| [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Former Governors of Andhra Pradesh |url=http://governor.ap.nic.in/governor/exgovernors.html |publisher=Andhra Pradesh Government |accessdate=25 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405071756/http://governor.ap.nic.in/governor/exgovernors.html |archivedate=5 April 2013 }}</ref>
|-
| 14 August 1978
| 5 August 1983
| {{ayd|1978|8|14|1983|8|5}}
| [[Gujarat]]
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Sharda Mukherjee, Former Governor of Gujarat|url=http://www.rajbhavan.gujarat.gov.in/uniquepage.asp?id_pk=64|publisher=Gujarat Government|accessdate=25 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| 5
| [[File:Jothi_Venkatachalam.jpg|100px]]
! [[Jothi Venkatachalam]]
| 14 October 1977
| 27 October 1982
| {{ayd|1977|10|14|1982|10|27}}
| [[Kerala]]
| <ref name="Kerala Legislature - Governors">{{cite web|title=Kerala Legislature - Governors|url=http://niyamasabha.org/codes/ginfo_4.htm|publisher=Kerala Government|accessdate=25 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| 6
| [[File:Kumudben Joshi.jpg|100px]]
! [[Kumudben Joshi]]
| 26 November 1985
| 2 February 1990
| {{ayd|1985|11|26|1990|2|2}}
| [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Former Governors of AP |url=http://governor.ap.nic.in/governor/exgovernors.html |publisher=National Informatics Centre, AP State Union |accessdate=25 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405071756/http://governor.ap.nic.in/governor/exgovernors.html |archivedate=5 April 2013 }}</ref>
|-
| 7
| [[File:Ram Dulari Sinha official portrait.gif|100px]]
! [[Ram Dulari Sinha]]
| 23 February 1988
| 12 February 1990
| {{ayd|1988|2|23|1990|2|12}}
| [[Kerala]]
| <ref name="Kerala Legislature - Governors"/>
|-
| 8
|
! [[Sarla Grewal]]
| 31 March 1989
| 5 February 1990
| {{ayd|1989|3|31|1990|2|5}}
| [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Sarla Grewal, Governor of Madhya Pradesh|url=http://www.rajbhavanmp.in/grewal.asp|publisher=NIC|accessdate=25 March 2012|archive-date=11 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111151607/http://www.rajbhavanmp.in/grewal.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| 9
| [[File:Sheila Kaul Lok Sabha photo.jpg|100px]]
! [[Sheila Kaul]]
| 17 November 1995
| 23 April 1996
| {{ayd|1995|11|17|1996|4|23}}
| [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| <ref name="Himachal Pradesh Government">{{cite web|title=Former Governors of Himachal Pradesh|url=http://himachalrajbhavan.nic.in/information.html|publisher=Himachal Pradesh Government|accessdate=25 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| 10
| [[File:Justice Fathima Beevi.JPG|100px]]
! [[Fathima Beevi]]
| 25 January 1997
| 1 July 2001
| {{ayd|1997|1|25|2001|7|1}}
| [[Tamil Nadu]]
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Former Governors of Tamilnadu|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/list/governors1946.htm|publisher=Tamil Nadu Government|accessdate=25 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 11
| rowspan="2"| [[File:VS RamaDevi.jpg|100px]]
! rowspan="2"| [[V. S. Ramadevi]]
| 26 July 1997
| 1 December 1999
| {{ayd|1997|7|26|1999|12|1}}
| [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| <ref name="Himachal Pradesh Government"/>
|-
| 2 December 1999
| 20 August 2002
| {{ayd|1999|12|2|2002|8|20}}
| [[Karnataka]]
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Ramadevi, Governor of Karnataka|url=http://rajbhavan.kar.nic.in/governors/RAMADEVI.htm|publisher=Karnataka Government|accessdate=25 March 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312060220/http://rajbhavan.kar.nic.in/governors/RAMADEVI.htm|archivedate=12 March 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| 12
| [[File:The President of India, Smt. Pratibha Patil.jpg|100px]]
! [[Pratibha Patil]]
| 8 November 2004
| 23 June 2007
| {{ayd|2004|11|8|2007|6|23}}
| [[Rajasthan]]
| <ref name=RajAssembly>{{cite web|title=Ex Governor of Rajasthan |url=http://rajassembly.nic.in/PratibhaPatil.htm |publisher=Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Secretariat |accessdate=26 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130804130808/http://rajassembly.nic.in/PratibhaPatil.htm |archivedate=4 August 2013 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 13
| rowspan="2"| [[File:Prabha Rau.jpg|100px]]
! rowspan="2"| [[Prabha Rau]]
| 19 July 2008
| 24 January 2010
| {{ayd|2008|7|19|2010|1|24}}
| [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| <ref name="Himachal Pradesh Government"/>
|-
| 25 January 2010
| 26 April 2010
| {{ayd|2010|1|25|2010|4|26}}
| [[Rajasthan]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=57002 |title=President appoints Governors |publisher= Press Information Bureau, New Delhi Press release dated 16 January 2010 |accessdate= 22 October 2013}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"| 14
| rowspan="3"| [[File:The Speaker of the Lok Sabha, Shri Somnath Chatterjee addressing at the inauguration of the Orientation Programme for the media persons accredited to the press gallery of Lok Sabha, in New Delhi on July 28, 2006 (cropped).jpg|100px]]
! rowspan="3"| [[Margaret Alva]]
| 6 August 2009
| 14 May 2012
| {{ayd|2009|8|26|2012|5|14}}
| [[Uttarakhand]]
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Margaret Alva, Governor of Uttarakhand|url=http://www.governoruk.gov.in/pages/display/87-former-governors|publisher=Uttarakhand Government|accessdate=8 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
| 12 May 2012
| 7 August 2014
| {{ayd|2012|5|12|2014|8|5}}
| [[Rajasthan]]
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Margaret Alva, Governor of Rajasthan|url=http://rajasthan.gov.in/rajgovt/keypeopleprofile/governer.html|publisher=Rajasthan Government|accessdate=17 July 2013}}</ref>
|-
| 12 July 2014
| 7 August 2014
| {{ayd|2014|6|12|2014|8|5}}
| [[Goa]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| 15
| rowspan="2"| [[File:Kamla Beniwal.jpg|100px]]
! rowspan="2"| [[Kamla Beniwal]]
| 27 November 2009
| 6 July 2014
| {{ayd|2009|11|27|2014|7|6}}
| [[Gujarat]]
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Kamla Beniwal, Governor of Gujarat|url=http://www.rajbhavan.gujarat.gov.in/uniquepage.asp?id_pk=26|publisher=Gujarat Government|accessdate=25 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| 6 July 2014
| 6 August 2014
| {{ayd|2014|7|6|2014|8|6}}
| [[Mizoram]]
| <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/the-story-behind-kamla-beniwals-dismissal/article6295764.ece|title=The story behind Kamla Beniwal's dismissal|work=The Hindu|date=8 August 2014|accessdate=2 March 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 16
| [[File:Urmila Singh in 2010.jpg|100px]]
! [[Urmila Singh]]
| 25 January 2010
| 27 January 2015
| {{ayd|2010|1|25|2015|1|27}}
| [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Urmila Singh, Governor of Himachal Pradesh|url=http://himachalrajbhavan.nic.in/Governor.html|publisher=Himachal Pradesh Government|accessdate=17 July 2013}}</ref>
|-
| 17
| [[File:Sheila Dikshit Ji.jpg|100px]]
! [[Sheila Dikshit]]
| 11 March 2014
| 25 August 2014
| {{ayd|2014|3|11|2014|8|25}}
| [[Kerala]]
| <ref>{{cite news|title=Sheila Dikshit, Governor of Kerala|
url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Sheila-Dikshit-appointed-new-Kerala-governor/articleshow/31422697.cms|last=Jain|first=Bharti|work=The Times of India|date=4 March 2014|accessdate=4 March 2014}}</ref>
|-
| 18
| [[File:Governor Mridula Sinha.jpg|100px]]
! [[Mridula Sinha]]
| 31 August 2014
| 2 November 2019
| {{ayd|2014|8|31|2019|11|2}}
| [[Goa]]
| <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/mridula-sinha-swornin-as-goa-governor/article6366894.ece|title=Mridula Sinha sworn-in as Goa Governor|last=Kamat|first=Prakash|work=The Hindu|date=31 August 2014}}</ref>
|-
| 19
| [[File:President of India Droupadi Murmu official portrait (cropped).jpg|100px]]
! [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| 18 May 2015
| 13 July 2021
| {{ayd|2015|5|18|2021|7|13}}
| [[Jharkhand]]
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/draupadi-murmu-sworn-in-as-first-woman-governor-of-jharkhand-764062|title=Draupadi Murmu Sworn In as First Woman Governor of Jharkhand|publisher=NDTV|date=18 May 2015|accessdate=15 January 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 20
| [[File:Najma A. Heptulla presenting the Badalte Qadam Award to the Cinematographer, Doordarshan, Ms. Jayshree Puri, at the Best Achievers Award Ceremony, organised by the Child Care & Welfare Foundation, in New Delhi (cropped).jpg|100px]]
! [[Najma Heptulla]]
| 21 August 2016
| 10 August 2021
| {{ayd|2016|08|21|2021|08|10}}
| [[Manipur]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/manipur-najma-heptulla-to-be-sworn-in-as-governor-on-sunday-2988410/|title=Manipur: Najma Heptulla to be sworn-in as Governor on Sunday|publisher=Indian Express|date=21 August 2016|accessdate=21 August 2016}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" scope=row style="background:#DBD7D2" | 21
| rowspan="3" | [[File:Anandiben Patel Ji.jpg|100px]]
! style="background:#DBD7D2" rowspan="3"| [[Anandiben Patel]]*
| 23 January 2018
| 28 July 2019
| {{ayd|2018|01|23|2019|07|28}}
| [[Madhya Pradesh]]
|<ref>"[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/anandiben-patel-sworn-in-as-madhya-pradesh-governor/article22495560.ece Anandiben Patel sworn in as Madhya Pradesh Governor]". ''The Hindu''. 23 January 2018.</ref>
|-
| 15 August 2018
| 28 July 2019
| {{ayd|2018|08|15|2019|07|28}}
| [[Chhattisgarh]]
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Anandiben Patel, Governor of Chhattisgarh|url=https://cgstate.gov.in/en/web/rajbhavan/former-governors|publisher=Chhattisgarh Government|accessdate=23 July 2019}}</ref>
|- scope=row style="background:#DBD7D2"
| 29 July 2019
| ''Incumbent''
| {{ayd|2019|7|29}}
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Anandiben Patel Takes Oath As Uttar Pradesh Governor|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/anandiben-patel-takes-oath-as-uttar-pradesh-governor-2076920?&tb_cb=1|publisher=NDTV|access-date=29 July 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 22
| [[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi at the 1st Uttarakhand Investors Summit, at Dehradun, Uttarakhand (cropped).JPG|100px]]
! [[Baby Rani Maurya]]
| 26 August 2018
| 15 September 2021
| {{ayd|2018|8|26|2021|9|15}}
| [[Uttarakhand]]
|<ref>" [https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/baby-rani-maurya-sworn-in-as-new-uttarakhand-governor/articleshow/65552443.cms Baby Rani Maurya sworn in as new Uttarakhand governor]". ''The Economic Times''. 26 August 2018.</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 23
| rowspan="2"| [[File:The Governor of Chhattisgarh, Ms. Anusuiya Uikey.jpg|100px]]
! rowspan="2"| [[Anusuiya Uikey]]
| 29 July 2019
| 22 February 2023
| {{ayd|2019|7|29|2023|2|22}}
| [[Chhattisgarh]]
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Anusuiya Uikey takes oath as governor of Chhattisgarh|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/anusuiya-uikey-oath-governor-of-chhattisgarh-1574873-2019-07-29|website=India Today|access-date=29 July 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 23 February 2023
| 26 July 2024
| {{ayd|2023|2|23|2024|7|26}}
| [[Manipur]]
|
|-
|24
|[[File:Tamilisai Soundarajan with President Kovind (cropped).jpg|100px]]
![[Tamilisai Soundararajan]]
|8 September 2019
|18 March 2024
|4 years, 192 days
|[[Telangana]]
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Tamil Nadu BJP chief Tamilisai Soundararajan sworn in as second Telangana Governor|date=8 September 2019|url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/south/tamil-nadu-bjp-chief-tamilisai-soundararajan-sworn-in-as-second-telangana-governor/story-9nC3bd0AwN16es6wZGzIQO.html|publisher=Hindustan Times|accessdate=8 September 2019}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
{{Commons category|Female governors of India}}
* [[List of female lieutenant governors and administrators in India]]
* [[List of female chief ministers in India]]
* [[List of female deputy chief ministers in India]]
* [[List of female legislative speakers and chairpersons in India]]
* [[List of female opposition leaders in India]]
* [[List of female chief justices in India]]
* [[List of current Indian governors]]

==References==
<references />

{{Current Indian governors}}

[[Category:Lists of governors of Indian states|*]]
[[Category:Women state governors of India|*]]
[[Category:Lists of women politicians in India|Governors]]
[[Category:Lists of female state governors|India]]

R. Viswanathan (diplomat)

2026-04-13T06:58:04Z

Breakoutbanglore: new stub

{{BLP self-published|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rengaraj Viswanathan
| image =
| order = Ambassador of India to Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay
| term_start = October 2007
| term_end = May 2012
| order2 = Joint Secretary of Latin America & Caribbean Division (LAC)
| term_start2 = September 2003
| term_end2 = September 2007
| order3 = Ambassador of India to Venezuela
| term_start3 = October 2000
| term_end3 = August 2003
| order4 = Consul General of India to Sao Paulo
| term_start4 = April 1996
| term_end4 = July 2000
}}

[[Ambassador]] '''Rengaraj Viswanathan''' is the leading Indian expert on Latin America. He promotes understanding of Latin America and India-Latin America relations through speeches, blogs, articles and books. He advises Indian companies on business with Latin America. He speaks Spanish and Portuguese.

== Diplomatic posts ==
He had worked in Latin America for 12 years in his diplomatic postings in Brazil, Argentina and Venezuela. As Head of the Latin America division in the [[Ministry of External Affairs of India]] he took unprecedented policy initiatives creating a paradigm shift in India's relations with Latin America. He has visited every one of the 19 Latin American countries. He follows closely the political, economic and market developments as well as cultural trends. He has read a number of books on Latin America and has written reviews.<ref name="website">[https://ambassadorviswanathan.com/ Personal website]</ref>

== Writing and speaking ==
For the last 18 years R. Viswanathan has been writing articles and giving lectures on Latin American politics, markets, and culture.<ref name="Youtube">[https://www.youtube.com/user/IndembassyAR/videos Personal Youtube]</ref>

=== Writing ===
His publications on the Latin American region include:
* ''Guide for Business with Brazil'' - January 1997
* ''A Market Study of Mercosur'' - June 1997
* ''Business with Venezuela'' - January 2001
* ''Business with Andean Community'' - April 2001
* ''Business with Latin America'', 2nd edition - February 2005
* ''Business with Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay'', 2nd edition - January 2010
* ''Malgudi to Macondo - the journey of an innocent Indian through the seductive Latin America'' - August 2012 - published by Indo-Latin American Chamber

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Viswanathan, R}}
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Venezuela]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Argentina]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Paraguay]]

Indian Cyber Force

2026-04-11T21:31:31Z

Breakoutbanglore: Put Up New Article.

{{Short description|Hacktivist group based in India}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Indian Cyber Force
| founded = 2022
| logo = Indian Cyber Force Logo.png
| logo_caption =
| abbreviation = ICF
| type = [[Hacker group]]
| status = Active
| purpose = Politically motivated [[hacktivism]]
| location = India
| methods = [[Denial-of-service attack|DDoS]] attacks, [[Website defacement]], [[Data breach]]
| language = English, Hindi
| key_people =
| website = {{URL|indiancyberforce.github.io}}
}}

'''Indian Cyber Force''' '''(ICF)''' is a [[Hacktivism|hacktivist]] group based in [[India]] that conducts politically motivated [[cyberattack]]s against entities including countries in problematic relations with India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Radware |date=17 May 2023 |title=Hacktivism Unveiled, India Insights into the footprints of hacktivists |url=https://www.radware.com/security/threat-advisories-and-attack-reports/hacktivism-unveiled-india-insights-into-the-footprints-of-hacktivists/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240801231901/https://www.radware.com/security/threat-advisories-and-attack-reports/hacktivism-unveiled-india-insights-into-the-footprints-of-hacktivists/ |archive-date=1 August 2024 |access-date=2025-04-19 |website=[[Radware]] |quote=In retaliation to attacks on Indian infrastructure, a few Indian-sympathizing hacktivists emerged from the shadows. They publicized their claims of DDoS on organizations from Bangladesh, Indonesia, Malaysia and Pakistan on social media and their Telegram channels. Among many such small factions, the following groups are leading coordinated waves of attacks: Anonymous India, Mariana’s Web, Team UCC Operation, Indian Cyber Mafia, Indian Cyber Force, Team 1-4-1 and Kerala Cyber Xtractors.}}</ref> Countries targeted by the group in the past include Canada,<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last1=Satter |first1=Raphael |last2=Ljunggren |first2=David |date=29 September 2023 |editor-last=Osterman |editor-first=Cynthia |title=Digital vandals hit Canadian websites amid tensions with India |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/technology/digital-vandals-hit-canadian-websites-amid-tensions-with-india-idUSKBN30Y1WW/ |work=[[Reuters]] |quote=The Canadian Armed Forces said in an email Thursday that the disruption had been limited to a few hours and has since been "rectified."}}</ref> Pakistan, China,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khaitan |first=Ashish |date=2023-09-06 |title=Indian Cyber Force Hackers To Target Pakistan, China |url=https://thecyberexpress.com/indian-cyber-force-targeted-cyber-attacks/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912081037/https://thecyberexpress.com/indian-cyber-force-targeted-cyber-attacks/ |archive-date=12 September 2024 |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=The Cyber Express |language=en-US}}</ref> Palestine,<ref name=":13" /> Qatar,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fatima |first=Sakina |date=2023-11-09 |title=Indian hackers target Qatar govt sites over death penalty to ex-Navy officers |url=https://www.siasat.com/indian-hackers-target-qatar-govt-sites-over-death-penalty-to-ex-indian-navy-officers-2830151/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913071609/https://www.siasat.com/indian-hackers-target-qatar-govt-sites-over-death-penalty-to-ex-indian-navy-officers-2830151/ |archive-date=13 September 2024 |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=[[The Siasat Daily]] |language=en |quote=Indian Cyber Force has claimed responsibility for shutting down multiple Qatari websites following threats of cyber attacks.}}</ref> Maldives<ref>{{Cite web |last=Richards |first=Andrew |date=2024-02-24 |title=Hackers Target Government Websites Over Diplomatic Spat With India |url=https://mvrepublic.com/main-stories-in-maldives/hackers-target-government-websites-over-diplomatic-spat-with-india/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241211024139/https://mvrepublic.com/main-stories-in-maldives/hackers-target-government-websites-over-diplomatic-spat-with-india/ |archive-date=11 December 2024 |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=Maldives Republic |language=en-US |quote=The Ministry of Homeland Security and Technology’s website was compromised in a cyberattack on Friday night, displaying a message purportedly from a group called ‘Indian Cyber Force. The incident adds to a series of cyberattacks targeting the nation’s digital infrastructure.}}</ref> and Bangladesh<ref name=":6" /> with [[Pakistan]] being the most targeted country.<ref name=":4" /> Some attacks are accused to be motivated by [[Hindu nationalism]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sancho |first=David |date=4 February 2025 |title=Understanding Hacktivists: The Overlap of Ideology and Cybercrime {{!}} Trend Micro (FI) |url=https://www.trendmicro.com/vinfo/fi/security/news/cybercrime-and-digital-threats/understanding-hacktivists-the-overlap-of-ideology-and-cybercrime |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250414145845/https://www.trendmicro.com/vinfo/fi/security/news/cybercrime-and-digital-threats/understanding-hacktivists-the-overlap-of-ideology-and-cybercrime |archive-date=14 April 2025 |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=[[Trend Micro]] |language=en-fi |quote=Religiously motivated stance on conflicts mirrors other examples. The “Indian Cyber Force” targets Pakistan, labeling it as a “terrorist country”}}</ref> and [[anti-Muslim sentiment]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |url=https://www.forescout.com/resources/the-rise-of-state-sponsored-hacktivism/ |title=The Rise of State-Sponsored Hacktivism |date=29 April 2025 |publisher=Forescout |publication-date=29 April 2025 |pages=13–14 |language=en |quote=Pakistan was the most targeted country, with attacks largely justified as response to ongoing political tensions and conflicts. Canada and the United Kingdom, were targeted specifically for their Muslim organizations, suggesting a religiously motivated aspect to some of the group’s activities. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250501125927/https://www.forescout.com/resources/the-rise-of-state-sponsored-hacktivism/ |archive-date=1 May 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> The group has been described as pro-India<ref name="thewire">{{Cite web |date=28 September 2023 |title=Pro-India Hacker Group Claims Responsibility for Cyberattack on Canadian Forces Website |url=https://thewire.in/world/pro-india-hacker-group-claims-responsibility-for-cyberattack-on-canadian-forces-website |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002092953/https://thewire.in/world/pro-india-hacker-group-claims-responsibility-for-cyberattack-on-canadian-forces-website |archive-date=2 October 2023 |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=[[The Wire (India)]] |language=en |quote=The Indian Cyber Force hacking group shared screenshots of the Canadian military website being taken down on Telegram, and X (formerly known as Twitter).}}</ref> and pro-Israel.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ribeiro |first=Anna |date=30 April 2025 |title=Forescout reports rise of state-sponsored hacktivism, as geopolitics rewrites cyber threat landscape |url=https://industrialcyber.co/news/forescout-reports-rise-of-state-sponsored-hacktivism-as-geopolitics-rewrites-cyber-threat-landscape/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250430181952/https://industrialcyber.co/news/forescout-reports-rise-of-state-sponsored-hacktivism-as-geopolitics-rewrites-cyber-threat-landscape/ |archive-date=30 April 2025 |access-date=30 April 2025 |work=industrialcyber.co |quote=Indian Cyber Force, active since December 2022, is a pro-India and pro-Israel hacktivist group that targets critical infrastructure in countries viewed as politically or ideologically opposed to its stance.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2023 |title=ISRAEL GAZA CONFLICT : THE CYBER PERSPECTIVE |url=https://www.cyfirma.com/research/israel-gaza-conflict-the-cyber-perspective/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219202815/https://www.cyfirma.com/research/israel-gaza-conflict-the-cyber-perspective/ |archive-date=19 February 2025 |access-date=2025-05-03 |website=CYFIRMA |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Natani |first=Sharad |date=2023-10-10 |title=Cyber Conflict Erupts Amid Israel-Hamas Clash |url=https://the420.in/cyber-conflict-israel-hamas-clash-october-2023/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240809214237/https://www.the420.in/cyber-conflict-israel-hamas-clash-october-2023/ |archive-date=9 August 2024 |access-date=2025-05-03 |website=The420.in |language=en-US |quote=In a surprising twist, the “Indian Cyber Force,” a Pro-India hacking group, has emerged as a significant player in the Pro-Israel hacktivist arena.}}</ref>

ICF attacked the website of [[Canadian Armed Forces]] in 2023<ref name=":3" /><ref name="thewire" /> following which, Canada's [[Communications Security Establishment]] listed India as a "cyber threat" in October 2024.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Wang |first=Jeffrey |date=2024-10-31 |title=Canada lists India as cyber threat for the first time |url=https://www.jurist.org/news/2024/10/canada-lists-india-as-cyber-threat-for-the-first-time/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207191843/https://www.jurist.org/news/2024/10/canada-lists-india-as-cyber-threat-for-the-first-time/ |archive-date=7 December 2024 |access-date=2025-04-17 |website=[[Jurist (website)|jurist.org]] |language=en-US}}</ref> The group has leaked data of about 270,000 Bangladeshi citizens in 2023.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |last=Faiaz |first=Zarif |date=2023-07-14 |title=Who watches the watchmen? |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/opinion/views/news/who-watches-the-watchmen-3368711 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403120150/https://www.thedailystar.net/opinion/views/news/who-watches-the-watchmen-3368711 |archive-date=2024-04-03 |access-date=2025-05-03 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)]] |language=en |quote=On March 17, a hacker group called the Indian Cyber Force leaked information of about 270,000 Bangladeshi citizens from the Cox's Bazar police's server. The Khulna Metropolitan Police were also attacked by Indian hackers on March 28. }}</ref> It has attacked the websites of [[Hamas]], [[The National Bank (Palestine)|Palestinian National Bank]] and [[Palestinian Telecommunications Company|Palestinian Telecommunication Company]] following [[October 7 attacks]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=DNA Web |date=9 October 2023 |title=Israel-Palestine conflict: How Indian hackers sunk their cyber fangs into Hamas, Palestinian national bank |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-israel-palestine-conflict-how-indian-hackers-sunk-their-cyber-fangs-into-hamas-palestinian-national-bank-3063682 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250209154336/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-israel-palestine-conflict-how-indian-hackers-sunk-their-cyber-fangs-into-hamas-palestinian-national-bank-3063682 |archive-date=9 February 2025 |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA India]] |language=en}}</ref> Following [[Pahalgam attack]], the group claimed data leaks of multiple Pakistani entities including [[Habib Bank Limited]], [[University of Balochistan]], [[Sindh Police]] and [[Federal Board of Revenue]].<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |last=Lohchab |first=Himanshi |date=2025-05-01 |title=India, Pakistan hackers trade codes & command in digital firefight |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/india-pakistan-hackers-trade-codes-command-in-digital-firefight/articleshow/120773408.cms |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250501133654/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/india-pakistan-hackers-trade-codes-command-in-digital-firefight/articleshow/120773408.cms |archive-date=1 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-01 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389 |quote=Last week, pro-India hacktivist group ‘India Cyber Force’ claimed to have hacked Pakistani government and private sector databases of Euro Oil, AJK Supreme Court, University of Balochistan, Wada Call Agency and Sindh Police.}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Taran |first=Viktor |date=2025-05-10 |title=Невидима війна або як Індія та Пакистан воюють у кіберпросторі |trans-title=Invisible War or How India and Pakistan Are Fighting in Cyberspace |url=https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-world/3991430-nevidima-vijna-abo-ak-india-ta-pakistan-vouut-u-kiberprostori.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250511184239/https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-world/3991430-nevidima-vijna-abo-ak-india-ta-pakistan-vouut-u-kiberprostori.html |archive-date=11 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-11 |website=[[Ukrinform]] |language=uk}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web |last=Shankar |first=Siddharth |date=2025-05-09 |title=India-Pak cyber war escalates: Indian hackers claim breach of Pakistan's tax database, leak 150GB data |url=https://www.news9live.com/technology/tech-news/indian-hackers-breach-pakistan-fbr-iris-portal-150gb-leak-2850078 |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=News9live |language=en-US}}</ref>

[[Webz.io]], a [[Web intelligence]] firm, named Indian Cyber Force in its list of 5 most active hacktivist groups of 2024.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=The 5 Most Active Hacktivist Groups of 2024 {{!}} Webz.io |url=https://webz.io/dwp/the-5-most-active-hacktivist-groups-of-2024/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125202015/https://webz.io/dwp/the-5-most-active-hacktivist-groups-of-2024/ |archive-date=25 Jan 2025 |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=webz.io |language=en-US |quote=The group has recently launched cyberattacks on Bangladesh, releasing videos claiming to have hacked the network monitoring dashboard of Grameenphone Telecom and other ISP providers, as well as the Bangladesh Government’s national email system.}}</ref> [[Zone-H]] archive has 43 records of [[website defacement]]s by the group<ref>{{Cite web |title=INDIAN CYBER FORCE {{!}} Zone-H.org |url=https://www.zone-h.org/archive/notifier=INDIAN%20CYBER%20FORCE/page=1 |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=[[Zone-H]]}}</ref> while Zone-Xsec has 177 records.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mirror Archive |url=https://zone-xsec.com/search/q=indian+cyber+force |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=Zone-Xsec |language=en}}</ref> As of May 2025, the group had over 30,000 followers on [[Twitter]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Cyber Force (@CyberForceX) / X |url=https://x.com/CyberForceX |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125202008/https://x.com/CyberForceX |archive-date=2025-01-25 |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=X (formerly Twitter) }}</ref> Louis Hur, the CEO of Singapore-based [[Threat Intelligence Platform|threat intelligence platform]] StealthMole<ref>{{Cite web |last=Park |first=Kate |date=2024-03-28 |title=StealthMole raises $7M Series A for its AI-powered dark web intelligence platform |url=https://techcrunch.com/2024/03/27/stealthmole-raises-7m-series-a-for-its-ai-powered-dark-web-intelligence-platform/ |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=[[TechCrunch]] |language=en-US |quote=StealthMole was co-founded in 2022 by Louis Hur (CEO), an enterprise IT security expert and serial entrepreneur in cybersecurity, and Choi (CTO), a threat investigator and open source intelligence (OSINT) profiler who previously worked as an adviser for the National Intelligence Service South Korea, the National Police Agency, and the Ministry of National Defense in South Korea.}}</ref> alleged in a social media post that as per StealthMole's data, about 23% of Indian Cyber Force's members are associated with Indian government-linked entities<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hur |first=Louis |date=26 April 2025 |title=Louis hur on X |url=https://x.com/Louishur/status/1916056938430804155 |url-access=limited |website=[[Twitter]] |quote=@stealthmore data shows 23.45% of its members are tied to Indian govt-linked entities. This isn’t hacking—this is hybrid warfare.}}</ref> and speculated the group of likely being state-backed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hur |first=Louis |date=26 April 2025 |title=#cyberwarfare #kashmirconflict #darkwebintel #stealthmole #kashmir {{!}} Louis Hur |url=https://www.linkedin.com/posts/louis-hur-87313019_cyberwarfare-kashmirconflict-darkwebintel-activity-7321821834331463680-uC42 |url-access=limited |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=[[LinkedIn]] |language=en |quote=This points to a strong likelihood of state-backed involvement}}</ref> However the group's Twitter profile calls itself "Non-Governmental".

== Attacks ==

=== 2023 ===

==== Bangladesh Data Leak ====
On March 17, 2023, Indian Cyber Force compromised Bangladesh's [[Cox's Bazar]] police's server and leaked data of about 270,000 Bangladeshi citizens. On March 28, [[Khulna Metropolitan Police]] was also attacked.<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hossain |first=Farooque |date=29 August 2023 |title=Impact of Citizen Data Leaks: Why It Matters |url=https://www.daily-sun.com/printversion/details/708943 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250503105959/https://www.daily-sun.com/printversion/details/708943 |archive-date=3 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-03 |website=[[Daily Sun (Bangladesh)]] |language=en |quote=Barely two days later, the Indian Cyber Force, another hacking collective, exposed information of approximately 270,000 Bangladeshi citizens sourced from the Cox's Bazar police server.}}</ref>

==== Retaliatory Cyberattacks amid G20 Summit ====
On September 9, 2023, CloudSEK, an India-based [[Threat Intelligence Platform|threat intelligence platform]], disclosed that hacktivist groups from Pakistan and Indonesia were planning cyberattacks targeting India during the country's hosting of the [[G20 summit|G20 Summit]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=9 September 2023 |title=G20 cyber threat: Pakistan, Indonesia hackers plan to attack govt's digital infra during Summit - ET Government |url=https://government.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/secure-india/g20-cyber-threat-pakistan-indonesia-hackers-plan-to-attack-govts-digital-infra-during-summit/103524114 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250223001258/https://government.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/secure-india/g20-cyber-threat-pakistan-indonesia-hackers-plan-to-attack-govts-digital-infra-during-summit/103524114 |archive-date=23 February 2025 |access-date=2025-01-30 |website=[[The Economic Times]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Ojha |first1=Arvind |last2=Saha |first2=Bidisha |date=2023-09-09 |title=Decoding Pak-based cyberattacks that targeted government sites ahead of G20 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/behind-cyberattacks-pakistan-based-groups-indian-government-websites-before-g20-2433530-2023-09-09 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250227144559/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/behind-cyberattacks-pakistan-based-groups-indian-government-websites-before-g20-2433530-2023-09-09 |archive-date=27 February 2025 |access-date=2025-01-30 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> Indian hacktivist groups, including ICF, announced plans for cyberattacks in retaliation. ICF reportedly compromised 100 websites and identified over 15 vulnerabilities in government websites. The group gained attention for targeting the domain of Indonesia's [[Kopassus]] military unit ("kopassus.mil.id"), making it inaccessible. Additionally, ICF took down the [[Indonesian embassy|Indonesian Embassy]]'s website, which remained offline for around 35 minutes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-09 |title=G20 Summit 2023: Indian Hackers' Counteroffensive Against Pakistani Hacktivists' Anti-India Ops |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/technology-science/g20-summit-2023-indian-hacktivist-groups-thwart-opindia-amid-g20-summit-article-103529640 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331051650/https://www.timesnownews.com/technology-science/g20-summit-2023-indian-hacktivist-groups-thwart-opindia-amid-g20-summit-article-103529640 |archive-date=31 March 2024 |access-date=2025-01-30 |website=[[Times Now]] |language=en |quote=ICF also made headlines by retaliating against the Indonesian Army's domain, 'Kopassus.mil.id,' rendering it inaccessible. The group also briefly took down the Indonesian Embassy website, causing it to go offline for approximately 35 minutes.}}</ref>

==== #OpCanada ====
In September 2023, Indian Cyber Force launched a cyberattack operation titled "#OpCanada"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Iyer |first=Sunita |date=28 September 2023 |title=Indian hackers' #OpCanada underway amid diplomatic tensions; target Canadian armed forces website & more |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/india/indian-hackers-opcanada-underway-amid-diplomatic-tensions-target-canadian-armed-forces-website-more-snt-s1oul9 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206072820/https://newsable.asianetnews.com/india/indian-hackers-opcanada-underway-amid-diplomatic-tensions-target-canadian-armed-forces-website-more-snt-s1oul9 |archive-date=6 December 2023 |access-date=2025-05-07 |website=[[Asianet News]] |language=en}}</ref> following Canadian Prime Minister [[Justin Trudeau]]'s allegation to the Indian government of being involved in the killing of the [[Khalistan movement|Khalistani]] leader [[Hardeep Singh Nijjar]] and a diplomatic row between India and Canada following it.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Paul Tasker |first=John |date=18 September 2023 |title=Trudeau accuses India's government of involvement in killing of Canadian Sikh leader |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/trudeau-indian-government-nijjar-1.6970498 |work=cbc.ca}}</ref> They had attacked the websites of [[Canadian Armed Forces]] and [[Canadian military]] via [[DDoS]] attacks which remained unavailable for two hours.<ref name="thewire" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Durrani |first=Temur |date=2023-09-27 |title=Pro-India hackers claim responsibility for disruption of Canadian Forces website |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/article-india-hackers-canadian-army/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250131193344/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/article-india-hackers-canadian-army/ |archive-date=31 January 2025 |access-date=2025-01-24 |work=[[The Globe and Mail]] |language=en-CA}}</ref> Other websites targeted with DDoS attacks include that of the [[House of Commons of Canada|House of Commons]], [[Elections Canada]]. Multiple websites belonging to restaurants and medical clinics in Canada were [[Website defacement|defaced]]. The defaced websites displayed a message on a dark background with a [[Matrix digital rain]] while a music played in background.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Robertson |first=Dyland |date=28 September 2023 |title=Cyberattacks hit military, Parliament websites as India-based group targets Canada |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/cyberattacks-parliament-india-1.6981399 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250409173756/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/cyberattacks-parliament-india-1.6981399 |archive-date=9 April 2025 |work=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]}}</ref> The website of [[The Ottawa Hospital|Ottawa Hospital]] was attacked which faced a temporary outage.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Casaletto |first=Lucas |date=2023-09-28 |title=Cyberattacks hit military, Parliament websites as India hacker group targets Canada |url=https://toronto.citynews.ca/2023/09/28/canada-cyberattack-parliament-military-india/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250208060221/https://toronto.citynews.ca/2023/09/28/canada-cyberattack-parliament-military-india/ |archive-date=8 February 2025 |access-date=2025-05-12 |website=[[CityNews]] |language=en |quote=Meanwhile, the Ottawa Hospital said it experienced “a brief interruption on our external websites” Tuesday morning, but no systems were breached. “The sites were quickly up and running and we are investigating the nature of the outage,” spokeswoman Rebecca Abelson wrote. A hacking group named Indian Cyber Force claimed responsibility for the incidents involving the military, the hospital and Elections Canada, and it appeared to have managed to infiltrate a handful of websites owned by small businesses in Canada.}}</ref> In response to the cyberattack, Canada's [[Communications Security Establishment]] listed India as a "cyber threat" in October 2024.<ref name=":5" />

==== Cyberattack on Palestine following October 7 Attack ====
Following the [[October 7 attacks]], Indian Cyber Force launched attacks against Palestinian entities including [[The National Bank (Palestine)|Palestinian National Bank]] ("tnb.ps"), [[Palestinian Telecommunications Company|Palestinian Telecommunication Company]] ("paltel.ps"), [[Hamas]] ("hamas.ps") and "webmail.gov.ps"''.''<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shankar |first=Siddharth |date=2023-10-08 |title=Israel-Palestine Conflict: As 'Islamic' Hackers Continue Targeting Israel, Indian Hackers Take Down Official Hamas Website |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/technology-science/israel-palestine-cyber-warfare-indian-hackers-hamas-website-takedown-article-104259001 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119133514/https://www.timesnownews.com/technology-science/israel-palestine-cyber-warfare-indian-hackers-hamas-website-takedown-article-104259001 |archive-date=19 January 2025 |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=[[Times Now]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sherif |first=Abdul Haleem |date=2023-10-20 |title=Israel-Hamas War: Indian Cyber Space Caught In The Crossfire As Threat Groups Escalate Online Conflict |url=https://www.outlookbusiness.com/news/israel-hamas-war-indian-cyber-space-caught-in-the-crossfire-as-threat-groups-escalate-online-conflict |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125202238/https://www.outlookbusiness.com/news/israel-hamas-war-indian-cyber-space-caught-in-the-crossfire-as-threat-groups-escalate-online-conflict |archive-date=25 January 2025 |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=Outlook Business |language=en}}</ref>''<ref name="wired">{{Cite magazine |last1=Newman |first1=Lily Hay |last2=Burgess |first2=Matt |date=9 October 2023 |title=Activist Hackers Are Racing Into the Israel-Hamas War—for Both Sides |url=https://www.wired.com/story/israel-hamas-war-hacktivism/ |access-date=2025-01-24 |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |language=en-US |issn=1059-1028 |quote=“The Indian cyber force actually claimed to DDoS hamas.ps and webmail.gov.ps,” Equinix’s Thomas says.}}</ref>'' Reportedly they also gained unauthorized access into more than 200 networking devices belonging to schools, hospitals and other institutions in Palestine.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Livemint |date=2023-11-08 |title=Indian hackers launch cyber attack on Qatar in response to Espionage case {{!}} Today News |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/world/indian-hackers-launch-cyber-attacks-on-qatar-to-avenge-the-death-penalty-of-indian-navy-officers-report-11699454790456.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913133338/https://www.livemint.com/news/world/indian-hackers-launch-cyber-attacks-on-qatar-to-avenge-the-death-penalty-of-indian-navy-officers-report-11699454790456.html |archive-date=2024-09-13 |access-date=2025-01-24 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |language=en}}</ref>

==== Qatar Cyberattack ====
In November 2023, the group launched a series of cyberattacks against [[Qatar]], motivated by the country's decision to sentence eight former [[Indian Navy]] officers to death in an espionage case. Reportedly, ICF accessed and exposed account details associated with Qatar, gained unauthorized access into multiple [[IP camera]]s and web servers, took down [https://ecommerce.gov.qa/ Qatar's eCommerce Portal] by DDoS attacks for a duration of 2 hours as well as the website of Al Anees, a shopping store in Qatar. Website of a shopping store "oasis.qa" was defaced.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Adnal |first=Madhuri |date=2023-11-10 |title=Hackers Launch Cyber Attack On Qatar In Retaliation For Former Navy Officer's Execution |url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/indian-hackers-launch-cyber-attacks-on-qatar-to-avenge-death-penalty-of-8-former-navy-officers-3680133.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115005502/https://www.oneindia.com/india/indian-hackers-launch-cyber-attacks-on-qatar-to-avenge-death-penalty-of-8-former-navy-officers-3680133.html |archive-date=15 November 2023 |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=[[Oneindia]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-03 |title=Indian hackers on cyber-attack spree on various countries |url=https://www.samaa.tv/208734313-indian-hackers-on-cyber-attack-spree-on-various-countries |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213191141/https://www.samaa.tv/208734313-indian-hackers-on-cyber-attack-spree-on-various-countries |archive-date=13 December 2024 |access-date=2025-05-03 |website=[[Samaa TV]] |language=en}}</ref>

==== Pakistan Police IP Camera Hack ====
In November 2023, ICF breached [[Pakistan Police|Pakistan Police's]] [[IP camera]] network and revealed compromised IP address and login credentials on their social media channels. The camera footage viewed through the IP address showed five people in uniform, working on computers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-15 |title=Hacking Alert: Indian Hackers Claim to Crack Pakistani Police CCTV – Exclusive Inside Look! |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/technology-science/hacking-alert-indian-hackers-claim-to-crack-pakistani-police-cctv-exclusive-inside-look-article-105231993 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803040400/https://www.timesnownews.com/technology-science/hacking-alert-indian-hackers-claim-to-crack-pakistani-police-cctv-exclusive-inside-look-article-105231993 |archive-date=2024-08-03 |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=[[Times Now]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 November 2023 |title=Indian Cyber Force Claims Cyber Intrusion into Pakistan's Police's CCTV Camera network |url=https://www.newsbharati.com/Encyc/2023/11/16/Indian-Cyber-Force-Claims-Cyber-Intrusion-into-Pakistan-s-Police-s-CCTV-Camera-network.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124201012/https://www.newsbharati.com/Encyc/2023/11/16/Indian-Cyber-Force-Claims-Cyber-Intrusion-into-Pakistan-s-Police-s-CCTV-Camera-network.html |archive-date=2025-01-24 |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=www.newsbharati.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== 2024 ===

==== Maldives Cyberattack ====
In January 2024, amid the [[2024 India–Maldives diplomatic row|India–Maldives diplomatic row]], ICF targeted several Maldivian institutions with cyberattacks. [[Ministry of Homeland Security and Technology (Maldives)|Ministry of Homeland Security and Technology's]] official website was [[Website defacement|defaced]] with a dark background and a message conveying Maldives' alleged "ungratefulness" despite help from India in the past.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohamed |first=Naizak |date=23 February 2024 |title=Home Ministry's website hacked |url=https://en.sun.mv/87769 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915231227/https://en.sun.mv/87769 |archive-date=2024-09-15 |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=SunOnline International |language=en |quote=A photo on the website’s homepage states the website has been hacked by an Indian hacker group – Cyber Force – in response to Maldives’ anti-India actions. The photo contains a message suggesting Maldives’ “ungratefulness” despite help from India in the past.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-12 |title=Cyberattacks On The Maldivian Agencies Amid Diplomatic Strain |url=https://thecyberexpress.com/cyberattacks-on-the-maldivian-agencies/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125202010/https://thecyberexpress.com/cyberattacks-on-the-maldivian-agencies/ |archive-date=25 January 2025 |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=The Cyber Express |language=en-US}}</ref> The website of Maldivian Juvenile Court and the [[Facebook page]] of Auditor General's Office were also hacked<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-25 |title=Maldives' Home Ministry website hacked over 'anti-India actions': Report |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/maldives-home-ministry-website-hacked-over-anti-india-actions-report-418856-2024-02-25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124142608/https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/maldives-home-ministry-website-hacked-over-anti-india-actions-report-418856-2024-02-25 |archive-date=24 January 2025 |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=[[Business Today (India)]] |language=en |quote=According to the report, the Juvenile Court's website and Auditor General's Office Facebook page were also hacked}}</ref>

==== Pakistan IP Cameras Hack ====
In June 2024, ICF claimed to have hacked more than 150 [[IP camera]]s belonging to entities including [[National Bank of Pakistan]], Zeen (clothing store in Pakistan) and other private organizations. They released video footage of the breached cameras on their Twitter handle.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 June 2024 |title=Pakistan over 150+ cameras have been hacked |url=https://x.com/CyberForceX/status/1803483540560158995 |url-access=registration |website=[[Twitter]]}}</ref>

==== Bangladesh ISP Hacks ====
In August 2024, ICF launched cyberattacks against [[Bangladesh]] and released videos claiming to have gained access to the network monitoring dashboard of [[Grameenphone]] and other [[internet service provider]]s.<ref name=":1" />

=== 2025 ===

==== Savar Municipality Website Defacement ====
On March 18, 2025, Bangladesh's [[Savar]] Municipality's website was defaced by the group. The defaced page displayed the following text:<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-18 |title=Hacked By Indian Cyber Force |url=https://www.savarmunicipality.gov.bd/ |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318144045/https://www.savarmunicipality.gov.bd/ |archive-date=2025-03-18 |access-date=2025-05-03}}</ref><blockquote>You vile Bangladeshi & Pakistani; terrorists, your acts of terror stain our world with innocent blood. Your cowardice and malice will not prevail. Justice will find you and end your reign of terror. These courageous soldiers stand tall, they fight valiantly, they rise to the challenge, and sadly, some even lay down their lives for our nation. It's vital that we all stand up for our country, embrace our pride, culture, and traditions, and work together to defeat these cowardly terrorists. Protecting our homeland is more crucial now than ever before, and it's time to stay alert and determined. Together, we can help our nation rise up and overcome these challenges.</blockquote>

==== Hacktivism following Pahalgam Attack ====
In April 2025, following [[2025 Pahalgam attack|Pahalgam attack]], ICF claimed to have breached the internal systems of Pakistan's [[Habib Bank Limited]] and extracted HR related data which includes employee records, bank account details, education history, salaries and internal documents. A sample file, sized 6.6 MB, was shared as proof on their Telegram channel.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Aftab |first=Manik |date=2025-04-29 |title=Pakistanis Roast Indian Hackers for HBL Data Breach Claims |url=https://www.techjuice.pk/pakistanis-roast-indian-hackers-for-hbl-data-breach-claims/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250430165220/https://www.techjuice.pk/pakistanis-roast-indian-hackers-for-hbl-data-breach-claims/ |archive-date=30 April 2025 |access-date=2025-04-30 |website=TechJuice |language=en-US}}</ref> They have also claimed database breaches of Euro Oil, AJK Supreme Court, [[University of Balochistan]], Wada Call Agency and [[Sindh Police]].<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Om |date=2025-05-01 |title=Pahalgam attack: India-Pakistan cyber war erupts amidst border tensions |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/technology/news/pahalgam-attack-india-pakistan-cyber-war-erupts-amidst-border-tensions-2025-05-01-988172 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250502070932/https://www.indiatvnews.com/technology/news/pahalgam-attack-india-pakistan-cyber-war-erupts-amidst-border-tensions-2025-05-01-988172 |archive-date=2 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-02 |website=[[India TV]] |language=en}}</ref>

On May 6, the group compromised more than 1000 [[IP camera]]s across Pakistan and shared clips from the camera feeds on their Twitter handle.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Jeyya |first=Siby |date=8 May 2025 |title=Cyber War: Indian Hackers Hack Thousands Of Pakistan CCTVs and Leak Pak Students Details |url=https://www.indiaherald.com/Breaking/Read/994817267/Cyber-War-Indian-Hackers-Hack-Thousands-Of-Pakistan-CCTVs-and-Leak-Pak-Students-Details |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250507150701/https://www.indiaherald.com/Breaking/Read/994817267/Cyber-War-Indian-Hackers-Hack-Thousands-Of-Pakistan-CCTVs-and-Leak-Pak-Students-Details |archive-date=7 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-07 |website=India Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nNz9_OaJKpg |title=Indian Cyber Force Tracks Pakistan: Over 1000 Cameras Hacked For Surveillance |date=2025-05-05 |last=[[Kanak News]] |type=Television production |language=Odia |access-date=2025-05-07 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-05-07 |title=Indian Threat Actors Purports Breach of Pakistan's Surveillance - Rewterz |url=https://rewterz.com/threat-advisory/indian-threat-actors-purports-breach-of-pakistans-surveillance |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250509192136/https://rewterz.com/threat-advisory/indian-threat-actors-purports-breach-of-pakistans-surveillance |archive-date=9 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=Rewterz |language=en-US}}</ref> Additionally they breached [[Islamia University of Bahawalpur]] and leaked a 38.2 MB [[archive file]] containing records of over 150,000 students including [[CNIC (Pakistan)|CNICs]], passwords, residential addresses. News9, a subsidiary of [[TV9 Bharatvarsh|TV9 Network]] conducted an investigation of the leaked data and claimed that most of it was found to be authentic, however some older records that dated between 2021 and 2024 were also discovered.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shankar |first=Siddharth |date=2025-05-07 |title=Breaking: Cyberattack on Indian government websites and Assam girls college data leak by Pak, Bangladesh hackers |url=https://www.news9live.com/technology/tech-news/pak-bangladesh-hacktivists-cyberattack-india-data-leak-2848979 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250507145422/https://www.news9live.com/technology/tech-news/pak-bangladesh-hacktivists-cyberattack-india-data-leak-2848979 |archive-date=7 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-07 |website=News9live |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite news |last=Bharadwaj |first=Swati |date=2025-05-25 |title=How pro-India hackers defended country during cross-border cyberattacks amid Op Sindoor |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/how-pro-india-hackers-defended-country-during-cross-border-cyberattacks-amid-op-sindoor/articleshow/121385229.cms |access-date=2025-05-29 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257 |quote=Indian Cyber Force claimed to breach the IRIS portal of the Federal Board of Revenue of Pakistan, the employee portal of Pakistan's largest bank, Habib Bank Ltd, and Bahawalpur-based Pakistan Islamia University, exposing all the names on their databases along with phone numbers, residential addresses, and tax records, and said it was successful in getting their systems shut down after the breach. ICF also claimed it hacked into Pakistan's surveillance systems with over 1,000 CCTV cameras of Pakistan govt facilities, industrial zones, private corporations, banks, and schools under its control.}}</ref>

On May 9, the group leaked 150 gigabytes of data allegedly belonging to Pakistan's [[Federal Board of Revenue]] IRIS portal. The leaked data contained [[CNIC (Pakistan)|CNICs]], names, phone numbers, addresses and tax records.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":14" />

== Reception ==

In October 2023, the [[Computer emergency response team|Computer Emergency Response Team]] of Europe (CERT-EU) published its "[https://cert.europa.eu/publications/threat-intelligence/cb23-11/pdf Cyber Security Brief (October 2023)]" containing mention to Indian Cyber Force: <blockquote>'''Indian Cyber Force (ICF)''' allegedly disrupted access to Palestinian entities, including a Hamas website, a telecommunication company, a bank, a government e-mail service, a transportation entity, and an ecommerce website<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |date=6 November 2023 |title=Cyber Security Brief 23-11 - October 2023 |url=https://cert.europa.eu/publications/threat-intelligence/cb23-11/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240701090330/https://cow-prod-www-v3.azurewebsites.net/publications/threat-intelligence/cb23-11/ |archive-date=2024-07-01 |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=CERT-EU |language=en |quote=Pro-India groups targeted Palestinian entities. Hacktivists from Muslim-majority South Asian countries, including Mysterious Team Bangladesh and Team Insane PK targeted Israeli entities or countries perceived as supporting Israel. Indian Cyber Force (ICF) allegedly disrupted access to Palestinian entities, including a Hamas website, a telecommunication company, a bank, a government e-mail service, a transportation entity, and an ecommerce website, with the prominent groups Indian Cyber Force.}}</ref></blockquote>A member of cybersecurity team at [[Equinix]], Will Thomas, said to the [[Wired (magazine)]]:<blockquote>The '''Indian cyber force''' actually claimed to DDoS hamas.ps and webmail.gov.ps''<ref name="wired" />''</blockquote>On 23 October 2024, [[Le Monde]], a French daily newspaper, published an article titled "''The new era of hacktivism''" containing mention to Indian Cyber Force:<blockquote>NoName057, Anonymous Sudan, Philippines Exodus Security, '''Indian Cyber Force''': It has become hard to make sense of the jungle of names that have proliferated, particularly on the messaging platform Telegram.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Reynaud |first=Florian |date=2024-10-23 |title=The new era of hacktivism |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/pixels/article/2024/10/23/the-new-era-of-hacktivism_6730190_13.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219082943/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/pixels/article/2024/10/23/the-new-era-of-hacktivism_6730190_13.html |archive-date=2024-12-19 |access-date=2025-01-24 |work=[[Le Monde]] |language=en |quote=NoName057, Anonymous Sudan, Philippines Exodus Security, Indian Cyber Force: It has become hard to make sense of the jungle of names that have proliferated, particularly on the messaging platform Telegram.}}</ref></blockquote>

== See also ==
* [[Lords of Dharmaraja]]
* [[Ankit Fadia]]
* [[List of hacker groups]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://x.com/CyberForceX Indian Cyber Force on Twitter]

{{Hacking in the 2020s|state=expanded}}

[[Category:Hacker groups]]
[[Category:2020s in hacking]]
[[Category:Hacktivists]]
[[Category:Cyberwarfare]]

Padmakar Valvi

2026-04-11T12:46:43Z

Breakoutbanglore: new details

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = [[File:The Minister for Sports & Youth Welfare, Maharashtra, Shri Padmakar Valvi addressing at Mahila Melava, during the Public Information Campaign on Bharat Nirman, at Akkalkuwa, District Nandurbar, Maharashtra (cropped).jpg|250px]]
| office = Member of [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = (2009
| term_end = 2014)
| constituency = [[Shahada Assembly constituency|Shahada]]
| predecessor = [[Jayakumar Jitendrasinh Rawal]]
| successor = [[Udesingh Kocharu Padvi]]
| office1 = Member of [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| predecessor1 = Narendrasing Padvi
| constituency1 = [[Talode Assembly constituency|Talode]]
| term_start1 = (1999-2004), (2004
| term_end1 = 2009)
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| occupation = Politician
| children =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| other_party = [[Bharat Adivasi Party]]
| alma_mater =
| profession =
| sibling =
| website =
}}

'''Padmakar Valvi''' is an Indian politician and member of the [[Indian National Congress]]. Valvi was a member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Former sports minister Padmakar Valvi joins Bharat Adivasi Party in Nandurbar |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/maharashtra/nandurbar/former-congress-minister-padmakar-valvi-filed-his-candidature-from-akkalkuwa-assembly-constituency-news-in-marathi/articleshow/114760412.cms |access-date=2024-11-09 |website=Maharastra Times|date=30 October 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-13 |title=Setback to Maharashtra Congress as former minister Padmakar Valvi joins BJP |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/senior-maharashtra-congress-leader-padmakar-valvi-joins-bjp/articleshow/108451993.cms |access-date=2024-03-13 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharashtra: Day After Rahul's Yatra In Nandurbar, Former Congress Minister Padmakar Valvi Joins BJP |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/maharashtra-day-after-rahuls-yatra-in-nandurbar-former-congress-minister-padmakar-valvi-joins-bjp |access-date=2024-03-13 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Valvi, Padmakar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Draupadi

2026-03-29T06:55:16Z

Breakoutbanglore: minor adjust citations as per guidelines also

{{Short description|Heroine of the ancient Hindu epic Mahabharata}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Hatnote|"Panchali", "Sairandhri" and "Yajnaseni" redirect here. For other uses, see [[Panchali (disambiguation)]], [[Sairandhri (disambiguation)]] and [[Yajnaseni (disambiguation)]]}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| member_of = [[Panchakanya]]
| alt = Panchali
| devanagari = द्रौपदी
| sanskrit_transliteration =
| other_names = {{hlist|Krishnā|Yajnaseni|Panchali|}}
| image = Draupadi, Raja Ravi Varma.jpg
| caption = Depiction of Draupadi in the Kuru court by [[Raja Ravi Varma]], c. 1888-90
| gender = Female
| parents = {{bulleted list|[[Drupada]] (father)|[[Prishati]] (mother)}}
| siblings = {{bulleted list|[[Dhristadyumna]] (twin-brother)||[[Shikhandi]] and [[Drupada#Early life and family|other children of Drupada]]}}
| spouse = '''[[Pandava]]s''' {{bulleted list|[[Yudhishthira]]|[[Bhima]]|[[Arjuna]]|[[Nakula]]|[[Sahadeva]]}}
| children = '''[[Draupadeyas]]''' {{bulleted list|[[Prativindhya]] by Yudhishthira|[[Sutasoma (Mahabharata)|Sutasoma]] by Bhima|[[Shrutakarma]] by Arjuna|[[Shatanika]] by Nakula|[[Shrutasena]] by Sahadeva}}
| affiliation = {{hlist|[[Panchakanya]]|[[Lakshmi|Shri]]|[[Devi]]}}
| texts = ''{{hlist|[[Mahabharata]]|[[Puranas]]}}''
| god_of =
| birth_place = [[Panchala]]
| death_place = [[Himalayas]]
| dynasty = [[Kuru dynasty]] by marriage

Somaka dynasty by birth
}}

'''Draupadi''' ({{langx|sa|द्रौपदी|draupadī|Daughter of [[Drupada]]}}), also referred to as '''Krishnā''', '''Panchali''' and '''Yajnaseni''', is one of the central characters of the ancient [[Sanskrit]] epic, the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' (c. 400 BCE – 400 CE). Born from a [[yajna]] (fire sacrifice) conducted by King [[Drupada]] of Panchala, she is the princess of the [[Panchala|Panchala Kingdom]] and the common wife of the five [[Pandava]] brothers—[[Yudhishthira]], [[Bhima]], [[Arjuna]], [[Nakula]], and [[Sahadeva]]—in a [[Polyandry|polyandrous marriage]] sanctioned by divine prophecy and narratives of her previous lives. Attested as a partial incarnation of the goddess [[Lakshmi|Shri]], Draupadi initially serves as the queen of [[Indraprastha]], overseeing the kingdom's finances and treasury. She is also described as a ''sakhi'' (close friend) of the god [[Krishna]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HeAKCwAAQBAJ|title=Draupadi A Woman of Rare Love|first=Avinash|last=Patra|year=2012|publisher=The Oxford University Press|access-date=11 March 2022|archive-date=16 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816074852/https://books.google.com/books?id=HeAKCwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

The most notable episode featuring Draupadi takes place during the game of dice at the Kuru court. In this game, Yudhishthira, having lost Indraprastha and his freedom, wagers and loses Draupadi to his cousin [[Duryodhana]]—the leader of the [[Kaurava|Kauravas]]. She is forcibly dragged into the royal assembly and deemed a slave. However, she challenges the assembly, questioning the legality of being staked after one of her husbands had already forfeited his own freedom. After she is publicly humiliated by Duryodhana and his ally [[Karna]] for being married to five men, the Kaurava prince [[Dushasana]] attempts to disrobe her, but her honour is miraculously preserved, as her garment becomes endlessly extended. The Kuru king [[Dhritarashtra]] then intervenes and grants Draupadi two boons, resulting in the release of the Pandavas from bondage.

Afterwards, Draupadi accompanies the Pandavas into their thirteen-year exile after they lose their kingdom to the Kauravas. In the final year of exile, Draupadi lives incognito, disguised as a maid to Queen [[Sudeshna]] of [[Matsya]]. When she is harassed by the Matsya general [[Kichaka]], she successfully persuades Bhima to kill Kichaka.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last1=Buitenen |first1=Johannes Adrianus Bernardus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p9SzCuLIlQ0C&q=fitzgerald+indologist+mahabharata |title=The Mahabharata, Volume 7: Book 11: The Book of the Women Book 12: The Book of Peace, Part 1 |last2=Fitzgerald |first2=James L. |date=1973 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-25250-6 |pages=608–636 |language=en}}</ref> After the exile, when Duryodhana refuses to restore the Pandavas' kingdom, Draupadi strongly supports the call for the [[Kurukshetra War]], recalling the humiliations and assaults she had suffered and demanding punishment for her culprits. Although the Kauravas are slain, the war also leads to the deaths of her father, brothers, and her five sons. These sons—each born to one of the Pandavas—are collectively known by the matronymic ''[[Draupadeyas]].'' After the Pandavas' victory, she becomes the empress of the [[Kuru kingdom|Kuru Kingdom]] for thirty-six years. In the epic's conclusion, Draupadi joins the Pandavas on their final journey toward heaven, during which she is the first to fall.

Draupadi is a significant figure in [[Hindu culture|Hindu]] and [[Indian culture]], particularly noted for her beauty, courage, devotion, intelligence, resilience and rhetorical skills. She is also extolled as one of the ''[[panchakanya]]'' (five virgins), archetypes of female chastity whose names are believed to dispel sin when recited.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Bhattacharya | first = Pradip | date = March–April 2004 | title = Five Holy Virgins, Five Sacred Myths: A Quest for Meaning (Part I) | journal = [[Manushi]] | issue = 141 | url = http://www.manushi-india.org/pdfs_issues/PDF%20141/03%20panchakanya%204-12.pdf | access-date = 2013-01-12 | archive-date = 2012-03-13 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120313141258/http://www.manushi-india.org/pdfs_issues/PDF%20141/03%20panchakanya%204-12.pdf | url-status = live |ref=none}}</ref> Mediaeval classical literature introduces several new narratives centred on Draupadi, including her untied hair and the vow to wash her hair with Dushasana's blood as a symbol of revenge. In some parts of the [[sub-continent]], a sect of Draupadi exists, where she is worshipped as a goddess.<ref>{{cite book|author=Alf Hiltebeitel|author-link=Alf Hiltebeitel|title=The cult of Draupadī: Mythologies : From Gingee to Kurukserta|date=1 January 1991|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1000-6|page=ii}}</ref> Her story has been an inspiration for various arts, performances and secondary literature.

== Etymology and epithets ==
The word ''Draupadī'' (lit. 'daughter of Drupada') is a patronymic, derived from the word ''Drupada'', which means 'pillar'.{{sfn|Monier-Williams|1872|p=441}}{{sfn|Monier-Williams|1872|p=440}} Like other epic characters, she is referred to by multiple names in the ''Mahabharata''. Some of her other names and epithets are as follows:

* '''Krishnā''' (''Kṛṣṇā'') – 'one who has a dark complexion'. It is the birth name of Draupadi.{{sfn|Bhattacharya|2006|p=20}}{{sfn|Monier-Williams|1872|p=250}}
* '''Panchali''' (''Pāñcālī'') – 'one from [[Panchala]]'.{{sfn|Gandhi|1993|p=294}}{{sfn|Monier-Williams|1872|p=561}}
* '''Yajnaseni''' (''Yajñasenī'') – another patronymic derived from Drupada's another name Yajnasena (lit. 'he whose army is sacrificial'); or the name can also mean 'one born from a [[Yajna|Yajña]] (sacrificial fire)'.{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|2011|p=490}}{{sfn|Bhattacharya|2006|p=20}}
* '''Sairandhri''' (''Sairandhrī'') – 'an expert maid'. This pseudonym was assumed by Draupadi during her incognito life.{{sfn|Mani|1975|p=551}}
* '''Parshati''' (''Parṣatī'') – 'granddaughter of Prishata', or 'daughter of [[Prishati]]'. Both the names—Parshati and Prishati—are derived from Prishata, Drupada's father.{{sfn|Karve|2006|p=81}}
* '''Malini''' (''Mālinī'') – fragrant, one who makes garlands.{{sfn|Gandhi|1993|p=245}}
* '''Panchavallabha''' (''Pancavallabhā'') – 'Beloved of the five Pandavas'.{{sfn|Gandhi|1993|p=295}}
* '''Pandusharmila''' (''Pāṇḍuśarmilā'') – 'Daughter-in-law of [[Pandu]]'.{{sfn|Gandhi|1993|p=295}}

==Literary background==
The story of Draupadi is told in the Indian script ''Mahabharata'', one of the [[Sanskrit]] epics from the [[Indian subcontinent]]. The work is written in Classical Sanskrit and is a composite work of revisions, editing and interpolations over many centuries. The oldest parts in the surviving version of the text probably date to about 400 BCE.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ja 536 Kuṇālajātaka The Birth Story about (the King of the Cuckoos) Kuṇāla |url=https://ancient-buddhist-texts.net/English-Texts/Jataka/536.htm |access-date=19 Jan 2026 |website=Ancient Buddhist Texts}}</ref>

The ''Mahabharata'' manuscripts exist in numerous versions, wherein the specifics and details of major characters and episodes vary, often significantly. Except for the sections containing the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'' which is remarkably consistent between the numerous manuscripts, the rest of the epic exists in many versions.<ref>{{cite book|first= Robert N.|last= Minor|title= Bhagavad Gita: An Exegetical Commentary|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ru_RjwEACAAJ|year= 1982|publisher= South Asia Books|isbn= 978-0-8364-0862-1|pages= l–li|access-date= 6 March 2022|archive-date= 16 April 2023|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230416075912/https://books.google.com/books?id=ru_RjwEACAAJ|url-status= live}}</ref> The differences between the Northern and Southern recensions are particularly significant, with the Southern manuscripts more profuse and longer. Scholars have attempted to construct a [[critical edition]], relying mostly on a study of the "Bombay" edition, the "Poona" edition, the "Calcutta" edition and the "south Indian" editions of the manuscripts. The most accepted version is one prepared by scholars led by [[Vishnu Sitaram Sukthankar|Vishnu Sukthankar]] at the [[Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute]], preserved at [[Kyoto University]], [[Cambridge University]] and various Indian universities.<ref>{{cite book |last=McGrath |first=Kevin |year=2004 |title=The Sanskrit Hero: Karna in Epic Mahabharata |publisher=Brill Academic |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YkmXk3-1j7UC&pg=PA19 |pages=19–26 |isbn=978-9-00413-729-5 |access-date=6 March 2022 |archive-date=16 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416075934/https://books.google.com/books?id=YkmXk3-1j7UC&pg=PA19 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Biography==

===Birth===
[[File:Birth of Draupadi from Holy fire.jpg|thumb|A 1940s print depicting the birth of Draupadi from the fire sacrifice]]

Draupadi is not born of a woman and thus, she is often described as an ''ayonija'' (lit. 'one not born from a woman's womb').{{sfn|Bhattacharya|2006|p=20}}{{sfn|Chakrabarti|Bandyopadhyay|2017}} Her birth is narrated in the ''[[Adi Parva]]'' of the epic. [[Drona]]—the teacher of the Kuru princes—defeats his former friend [[Drupada]] with the help of his student [[Arjuna]] and seizes half of [[Pañcāla|Panchala]]. Seeking vengeance, Drupada realises that none of his sons or allies is capable of slaying Drona. As a result, he decides to perform a [[yajna]] (fire-sacrifice) to obtain a powerful son. He approaches the sage Upayaja, who initially refuses to conduct the rite, as it departs from the auspicious ''[[śrauta]]'' (Vedic) tradition and draws instead on non-''śrauta'' practices. The ritual partakes of the nature of ''abhichara'' (black magic)—a death-dealing form of sacrifice—which Upayaja disapproves of. However, Drupada eventually wins over his elder brother, Yaja. With the sages Yaja and Upayaja serving as the chief priests, the yajna is conducted. After its completion, the priests instruct [[Prishati]]—Drupada's queen—to consume the sacrificial offering in order to conceive, but she refuses and asks them to wait until she has bathed and put on perfume. Unable to wait, Yaja pours the offering into the altar of the sacrifice. From the flames first emerges a [[Dhrishtadyumna|youthful man]], prophesied to slay Drona and fulfil Drupada's vengeance. Following him, Draupadi—as a fully grown youthful maiden—arises from the [[Vedi (altar)|''vedi'']] (altar), who, unlike her brother, is not born to fulfil Drupada's task, but that of the gods.{{sfn|Bhattacharya|2006|p=20}}{{sfn|Doniger|2010|p=281-82}} The ''Mahabharata'' includes an exceedingly flattering description of Draupadi as she arises from the altar,
{{blockquote|"The fire-born woman was extremely beautiful. Her eyes were black and large as lotus-petals, her complexion was dark, and her locks were blue and curly. Her nails were beautifully convex and bright as burnished copper; her eyebrows were fair, and her breasts were deep. Indeed, she resembled the veritable daughter of a celestial born among men. Her body gave out fragrance like that of a blue lotus, perceivable from a distance of full two miles. ''Her beauty was such that she had no equal on earth''. Like a celestial herself, she could be desired (in marriage) by a celestial, a [[Danava (Hinduism)|Danava]], or a [[Yaksha]]".|source=Mahabharata. Adi Parva. Chapter 169:3<ref name="C169" />{{sfn|Bhattacharya|2006|p=21}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01170.htm|title=The Mahabharata, Book 1: Adi Parva: Chaitraratha Parva: Section CLXIX|access-date=12 June 2021|archive-date=7 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507071422/https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01170.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>}}

Draupadi's birth, too, is accompanied by a divine prophecy, which declares that she would be foremost among all women and would become the cause of the destruction of many ''[[Kshatriya|Kshatriyas]]''.{{sfn|Bhattacharya|2006|p=20}}<ref name="C169">Ganguli 1889, [https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01170.htm Adi Parva: Chaitraratha Parva: Section CLXIX] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507071422/https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01170.htm |date=7 May 2021 }}</ref> The twins are named Dhrishtadyumna and Krishnaa, respectively, by the chief priests, and Prishati proclaims that they should be considered her children. The twins accept both Drupada and Prishati as their parents, and Krishnaa is bestowed with the [[patronymic]] ''Draupadi''.<ref name = "C169" />{{sfn|Karve|2006|p=81}}
===Education===
Draupadi is raised in Drupada's palace, where she receives a formal education, as detailed in the ''[[Vana Parva]]''. Drupada employs learned [[Brahmin|brāhmaṇas]] for the instruction of his sons, and Draupadi participates in these lessons, becoming an expert in [[political science]].{{sfn|Bhawalkar|2002|p=3}} She is specifically referred to as a ''paṇḍitā'', a term denoting scholarly or intellectual calibre, reflecting her aristocratic upbringing. Draupadi herself alludes to the wisdom she absorbed in her father Drupada's court, indicating that her education was both deliberate and substantial. This intellectual foundation not only elevated her status within the household but also endowed her with considerable [[Rhetoric|rhetorical skill]]. Yudhiṣṭhira explicitly praises Draupadi's oratorical ability (3.32.1ab), recognising her as an adept speaker capable of stirring emotion through vivid recollections, reinforcing arguments with authoritative references to ''itihāsa'' and ''purāṇa'' (ancient lore), and demonstrating logical acumen through independently reasoned conclusions on ''dharma''. Such rhetorical strength made her a compelling figure in moments of counsel and crisis.{{sfn|Brodbeck|Black|2007|p=93}}

===''Svayamvara''===
[[File:Arjuna wins Draupadi.jpg|thumb|A scene from Draupadi's Svayamvara: Draupadi looks on as Arjuna aims at the eye of the fish, [[Kalighat painting]].]]
The ''Adi Parva'' narrates that Drupada intends to wed Draupadi to Arjuna, one of the five [[Pandava]] brothers who had previously defeated him in battle, earning Drupada's admiration. Upon hearing of the Pandavas' supposed death at [[Lakshagriha|Varnavata]], he arranges a ''[[svayamvara]]'' contest for Draupadi to choose her husband through a competitive trial. Drupada, believing that the Pandavas are alive and hoping to attract Arjuna, has a powerful bow specially crafted for the contest. The contest is to lift and string a great bow and shoot an arrow to pierce the eye of a golden fish—relying only on its reflection in the water below. The news of Draupadi's svayamvara spreads far and wide. Numerous kings and princes, along with large numbers of commoners and [[Brahmin|brahmanas]], begin making their way to Panchala. Around the same time, the Pandavas, accompanied by their mother [[Kunti]], also set out for Panchala. On their way, they encounter a large group of brahmanas heading to the ''svayamvara'', who invite them to join the journey.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01187.htm|title=The Mahabharata, Book 1: Adi Parva: Swayamvara Parva: Section CLXXXVI|access-date=21 September 2021|archive-date=21 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921183006/https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01187.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

At the svayamvara contest, Dhrishtadyumna performs the fire ritual and announces the terms of the challenge. He then presents the assembled barons to Draupadi. It is stated that all the barons, as well as all the Pandavas, seated among the Brahmins, become infatuated with Draupadi the moment they see her. Nearly all the assembled monarchs fail to complete the challenge. There are variations concerning [[Karna]]’s participation: in some Northern Recensions, Draupadi exercises her autonomy and refuses to marry Karna on the grounds that he is a [[Sūta|''suta'']] (a caste lower than the ''Kshatriya''), which seeds a hatred for her in Karna that later manifests during the dice game; in most others, including the Critical Edition, Draupadi raises no such objection—Karna simply attempts the trial but fails to string the bow by the breadth of a hair.<ref name="archive.org">{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/mahabharatha015693mbp|title=THE MAHABHARATHA|last=VISHNU S. SUKTHANKAR|date=11 March 2018|publisher=BHANDARKAR ORIENTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE, POONA|via=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref name="bori.ac.in">{{cite web|url=http://www.bori.ac.in/mahabharata_project.html|title=The Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute : Mahabharata Project|website=bori.ac.in|access-date=3 December 2017|archive-date=20 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171220032420/http://www.bori.ac.in/mahabharata_project.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/InterpolationsInTheMahabharata|title=Interpolations in the Mahabharata|last=M. A. Mehendale|date=1 January 2001|via=Internet Archive}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|According to the critical edition of the Mahabharata from the [[Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute]], this incident of insulting or denial of Karna is an interpolation since this event is not available in the entire Kumbakonam version of the Mahabharata (the southern text of the Mahabharata), Sharada and Bengali manuscripts. He failed to string the legendary bow.<ref name="archive.org"/>}} In the end, Arjuna successfully performs the task, shooting five arrows to strike the target. Draupadi garlands him, marking him as her chosen husband. As Arjuna leads her away, the assembled kings react with indignation, feeling insulted that a Brahmin has won the contest. They rise in opposition, but [[Bhima]] and Arjuna confront them and the barons eventually disperse.

===Polyandry and previous lives===
[[File:Draupadi and Pandavas.jpg|thumb|The Pandava brothers—Yudhishthira (centre), Bhima (bottom left), Arjuna (bottom right), Nakula and Sahadeva (both standing beside the throne)—with their common consort, Draupadi. Raja Ravi Varma Press lithograph.]]
Draupadi's marriage to the five Pandava brothers is one of the most distinctive aspects of her narrative in the ''Mahabharata'', and it sets her apart in the epic tradition of ancient India. [[Polyandry]] (a woman having multiple husbands), though exceedingly rare in historical records of Hindu society, is a notable feature in the ''Mahabharata'', where several female figures across four generations are portrayed with multiple sexual partners. Among these, Draupadi's situation is particularly extraordinary, as she is portrayed with five legitimate husbands—the Pandavas—even though [[polygyny]] (a man having multiple wives) was the norm throughout much of Hindu history, while polyandry for women was socially impermissible.{{sfn|Doniger|2010|p=227-8}}<ref name="williams">{{cite encyclopedia |year=2008 |title=Handbook of Hindu Mythology |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N7LOZfwCDpEC&pg=PA61 |last=Williams |first=George M. |page=61 |isbn=978-0-19533-261-2 |article=Arjuna}}</ref><ref name="johnson-draupadi">{{cite encyclopedia |year=2009 |title=A Dictionary of Hinduism |publisher=Oxford University Press |last=Johnson |first=W. J. |doi=10.1093/acref/9780198610250.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-19861-025-0 |article=Draupadi}}</ref>

The epic offers multiple explanations for Draupadi's polyandrous marriage, suggesting a certain discomfort or moral tension around the arrangement. The first explanation is situational: The Pandavas return from svayamvara to their mother Kunti, calling out from outside to surprise her, "Look what alms we have brought." Without seeing them, Kunti instructs them to share what they have found, a statement that leads to a significant misunderstanding. When she realizes that the "alms" is a bride, she is shocked. Yudhishthira initially assigns Draupadi to Arjuna as the winner of the contest, but Arjuna insists that the eldest brother must marry first. At that moment, all five brothers are visibly enraptured by Draupadi. Recognizing the intensity of their shared affection and recalling Vyasa's earlier prophecy, Yudhishthira speaks decisively to his brothers, seeking to prevent conflict among them: "The lovely Draupadi shall be the wife of all of us"{{sfn|Bhattacharya|2006|p=21}} Acknowledging the implausibility of this justification, the text later provides additional, more mythological explanations.{{sfn|Doniger|2010|p=227-8}}

Draupadi joins the household where she spends her first night conversing with the Pandavas about war and weapons. Dhrishtadyumna, who secretly followed, observes their humble household, and returning to his father, reports. Drupada sends a messenger to bring them to the palace. Pandavas, along with Kunti and Drupadi, proceed to the royal residence, where Drupada has arranged displays representing various trades and social classes. Kunti and Drupadi withdraw to the women's quarters while Drupada announces that Drupadi will marry Arjuna upon confirming Pandavas' identities. Yudhishthira, however, declares that she will become the common wife of all five brothers. Drupada furiously protests, questioning the propriety of such a union. At that moment, the divine-sage [[Vyasa]] arrives and is asked to give his opinion. He listens to each viewpoint: Drupada opposes the marriage, Dhrishtadyumna remains undecided, while Yudhishthira and Kunti support it. Vyasa ultimately approves the arrangement and retires with Drupada to the inner chambers for further discussion, where the second and third justificatons behind Draupadi is disclosed.{{sfn|Doniger|2010|p=227-8}} It is notable that throughout the discussion regarding her polyandry, Draupadi remains silent.{{sfn|Bhattacharya|2005|p=21}}

==== Goddess Shri ====
One mythic justification in the ''Adi Parva'' (1.196) reveals that all five Pandavas are partial incarnations of the god [[Indra]], the king of gods, and Draupadi is an incarnation of [[Lakshmi|Shri]], goddess of sovereignty and prosperity.{{sfn|Doniger|2010|p=228}} Vyasa narrates that once, during a twelve-year-long yajna conducted by [[Yama]], the god of death, on the banks of the Ganga, no death occurs in the world. Amid this cosmic pause, Shri appears in enigmatic form—a weeping, alluring figure whose tears transform into golden lotuses as they fall into the river. Her presence captivates Indra, who follows the trail of these lotuses to encounter the god [[Shiva]], engaged in a game of dice with his [[Parvati|consort]]. However, Indra fails to recognise Shiva and speaks to him disrespectfully. As a consequence, Shiva curses him and sends him to a cave-like netherworld, where four other proud Indras—Vishvabhuk, Bhūtadhāma, Śibi, Śānti, and Tejasvī—are already imprisoned. These five celestial beings are later reborn on earth as the five Pandava brothers. Shri, the enchantress responsible for Indra's descent, is also fated to accompany them in their human lives in the form of Draupadi.{{sfn|Bhattacharya|2006|p=20}}

This association of Draupadi with Shri directly connects her to kingship: the Pandavas' legitimacy to rule is symbolically reinforced through their union with Shri incarnate. The identification, retained in the Critical Edition, underscores Draupadi's exceptional status among female figures in the epic. Conversely, a passage found in the Northern Recension attributes the identity of Shri to [[Rukmini]], Krishna's principal wife, aligning her with the later Puranic tradition of Shri-Lakshmi as [[Vishnu]]’s consort, and re-identifies Draupadi as [[Indrani|Shachi]], the wife of Indra—likely due to her marriage to Indra's partial incarnations.{{refn|group=note|According to scholar [[Alf Hiltebeitel]], marriage of Arjuna and Draupadi raises a central issue in myth and epic: if Sri-Lakshmi is the consort of Vishnu, what then is Krishna’s relationship to Draupadi, as an incarnation of Sri, once she is married to Arjuna and his brothers? This question becomes more complex with the recognition of Arjuna’s links not only to Indra, his divine father, but also to Shiva, through his ascetic and yogic nature. The roles of Krishna and Vyasa in arranging the marriage seem directed not only toward forming a royal alliance between the incarnations of Sri and Indra, but also toward furthering the destructive potential in the union of the dark, fire-born Draupadi—as a form of the [[Mahadevi|Devi]]—with Arjuna, who reflects the ascetic force of Shiva.}} Scholars argue that such reassignments are later interpolations and Draupadi's association with Shri is repeatedly emphasized throughout the entire epic.{{sfn|Black|Patton|2010|p=53}} The shift reflects a post-epic tendency to reduce Draupadi's multivalent identity into a conventional divine pairing, thereby diminishing her broader mythological role as Shri, the force of prosperity and sovereignty essential to the restoration of dharma.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Hiltebeitel |first=Alf |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9BvsDwAAQBAJ&q=krishna+in+the+mahabharata |title=The Ritual of Battle: Krsna in the Mahabharata |date=2017-01-01 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-4034-8 |language=en}}</ref>{{sfn|Brodbeck|Black|2007|p=112, 136}}

==== Sage's daughter ====
Another mythological strand within Vyasa's justification in ''Adi Parva'' (1.189) offers an alternative and deeply symbolic origin for Draupadi's polyandry, tying her birth to a former life as the unnamed daughter of a great sage. In this account, the sage's daughter performs severe austerities and pleases the god Shiva, to whom she prays with the desire for a virtuous husband. However, either through intense yearning or the repetition of her prayer five times, she ends up asking for a husband not once, but five times. Shiva, in response, grants her the boon that she will have five virtuous husbands in her next life. When Shiva informs her of this fate, she objects, stating that it would violate dharma for a woman to have more than one husband, as it would lead to promiscuity and loss of social honour. She further insists that her husband should have her as a virgin. To resolve this tension, Shiva assures her that in her future life, she will be ritually purified each month through menstruation and will regain her virginity after every sexual union, thus preserving both her chastity and her alignment with dharma.{{sfn|Doniger|2010|p=228}}

==== Nalayani ====
[[File:Naraini under umbrella 1 (cropped).jpg|thumb|207x207px|A temple relief depicting Nalayani at [[Mamallapuram|Mahabalipuram]], [[Tamil Nadu]]]]
A third, and notably divergent, explanation for Draupadi's polyandry appears in the Southern recension of the ''Mahabharata'', which introduces a prior birth as Nalayani, also called Indrasena. This account, absent in the Northern version of the epic, is widely regarded by scholars as a later interpolation and is excluded from the Critical Edition.{{sfn|Bhattacharya|2006|p=28}}

According to this version, Nalayani is the devoted wife of the sage [[Mudgala|Maudgalya]], a man afflicted with leprosy, old age, and a foul temper. Pleased by her loyalty, Maudgalya offers her a boon. She asks to enjoy a long erotic life with him in five beautiful forms. Maudgalya agrees, and the two roam the world for many years in different forms. After thousands of years of this life, Maudgalya grows tired and returns to asceticism. Nalayani begs him to continue their pleasures, but he becomes angry and curses her to be reborn as a woman who will have five husbands to satisfy her. Grieved by the curse, Nalayani performs severe penance. She stands amid five fires and pleases Shiva, who grants Draupadi the two boons: in her next birth, she will have five great husbands equal in valour to Indra, and she will regain her virginity with each one.{{sfn|Bhattacharya|2006|p=28}}

=== Wedding and children ===
Granted temporary divine-vision to see Draupadi's true form as Shri, Drupada finally accepts the arrangement and declares that what has been set by fate cannot be undone and gives his consent. Vyasa advises that Yudhishthira, the eldest Pandava, wed Draupadi first. Under the guidance of their family priest [[Dhaumya]], Yudhishthira marries Draupadi in a Vedic ceremony, and in the days that follow, the other four Pandavas each marry Draupadi, one after the other, with a day's interval between each wedding. Kunti blesses Draupadi to lead the Pandavas, while Krishna sends gifts for her. According to Katz, while Draupadi becomes the shared wife of all five Pandava brothers, Arjuna remains her primary husband, a status derived both from the fact that he wins her hand at the ''svayamvara'' and from textual evidence indicating that Draupadi prefers and loves him above the others.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Katz |first=Ruth Cecily |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KmEwEAAAQBAJ&dq=Arjuna+Pandavas:+The+Double+Hero+in+Epic+Mahabharata.&pg=PA38 |title=Arjuna in the Mahabharata: Where Krishna Is, There Is Victory |date=1990-01-01 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0744-0 |pages=60 |language=en}}</ref> McGrath, however, notes that it is Bhima who appears to share the closest bond with her—throughout the narrative, Bhima is consistently portrayed as attentive to Draupadi's wishes and emotional wellbeing, often acting on her behalf when others remain passive.<ref>{{Cite book |last=McGrath |first=Kevin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xSe4AQAACAAJ |title=Arjuna Pāṇḍava: The Double Hero in Epic Mahābhārata |date=2016 |publisher=Orient BlackSwan |isbn=978-81-250-6309-4 |pages=35 |language=en}}</ref>

With the Pandavas' survival revealed, [[Dhritrashtra]] invites the Pandavas to [[Hastinapur]]a and proposes that the kingdom be divided. The Pandavas are assigned the unreclaimed desert [[Khandavprastha|Khandavaprastha]], which they rebuild into the glorious [[Indraprastha]] with divine help. Later, at Indraprastha, upon the urging of the sage [[Narada]], who warns that a rivalry can develop between brothers regarding Draupadi, a rotation system was established in which Draupadi spent one year with each Pandava in turn, with strict rules governing their access to her chamber during others' assigned periods.{{sfn|Brodbeck|Black|2007|p=111}} The brothers agreed that none should intrude if Draupadi was alone with one of the others, the penalty for doing so being 1 year (or 12 years depending upon the recension) to be spent in exile.<ref name="williams" /><ref name="johnson-arjuna">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Johnson|first=W. J. |article=Arjuna |title=A Dictionary of Hinduism|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2009|doi=10.1093/acref/9780198610250.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19861-025-0}}</ref>

Draupadi becomes the mother of five sons, one by each of the Pandava brothers. Despite the practice of polyandry, the sons are recognized as legitimate and are collectively known as the ''[[Draupadeyas]]''. Their names are Prativindhya (fathered by Yudhishthira), Sutasoma (fathered by Bhima), Shrutakarma (fathered by Arjuna), Satanika (fathered by Nakula) and Shrutasena (fathered by Sahadeva).<ref name="M Ganguly 1896" /> [[Ashwatthama]] later kills the Draupadeyas during his surprise raid on Pandava camp on the eighteenth day of the war to avenge the death of his father Drona.<ref>{{cite book|last=Das|first=Gurucharan|year=2010|title=The Difficulty of Being Good|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=77BoAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA219|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0199754410|access-date=14 September 2020|archive-date=16 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816074852/https://books.google.com/books?id=77BoAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA219|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Queen of Indraprastha===
[[File:Drupadi and Her attendants.jpg|thumb|A illustration from the [[Razmnama]] (the Persian translation of the Mahabharata) depicting Draupadi (centre) with her attendants, {{Circa|1617}}]]

Draupadi is titled as the ''mahishi''—'the chief queen'.{{Sfn|Hiltebeitel|1999|p=267}} In the ''Mahabharata'', four defining characteristics are attributed to her status: she is ''priyā'' (beloved), ''darśanīyā'' (beautiful), ''[[Pandit|paṇḍitā]]'' (learned), and ''[[Pativrata|pativratā]]'' (dedicated to her husband).{{sfn|Brodbeck|Black|2007|p=93}}

Within the hierarchy of the Pandavas' household, Draupadi acknowledges her subordination to her mother-in-law, Kunti, and does not attempt to undermine her authority. Despite being the principal wife of the Pandavas, Draupadi states that she serves them "along with their wives", thus recognizing the collective dynamic of the polygamous household in which she lives.{{sfn|Brodbeck|Black|2007|p=103}} A notable incident during this period occurs when Arjuna breaks the pact made among the brothers by entering Draupadi's chamber while she is with Yudhishthira, in order to retrieve his weapons. As a result, he is obliged to go into exile. At the end of this exile, Arjuna returns with his new bride—[[Subhadra]], the sister of Krishna. This stirs envy and anger in Draupadi, marking the only instance in the epic where she displays co-wife rivalry with any of the other subordinate wives of the Pandavas. However, this tension soon transforms into sisterly acceptance when Subhadra expresses deference and submission to Draupadi.{{Sfn|Hiltebeitel|1999|p=267}}

In addition to her deferential conduct, Draupadi exercised significant administrative and managerial authority within the royal household. Before the Pandavas's exile, she recounts overseeing an expansive retinue, including thousands of Brahmins, students, and ascetics, all of whom she ensured were well-fed and cared for with precision and oversight. She claims personal knowledge of the activities of servants and cowherds and asserts that she alone was responsible for monitoring and regulating their duties. Draupadi is shown to have the mastery of finance; further stating that she was singularly aware of the kingdom's financial operations, knowing both the revenues and expenditures, and that she oversaw a treasury said to be as vast and inexhaustible as the hoards of the ocean god [[Varuna]].{{sfn|Brodbeck|Black|2007|p=103}}<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m03/m03231.htm| title=Vana Parva| publisher=Sacred-texts.com| access-date=10 November 2017| archive-date=25 October 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025054753/http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m03/m03231.htm| url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Bhattacharya|2006}}

==== Rajasuya ====
Soon after Arjuna's return, Draupadi resides in the newly constructed ''[[Mayasabha]]''—'palace of illusions'.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dalal |first1=Roshen |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |date=2010 |publisher=Penguin Books |page=166}}</ref> Following this, Yudhishthira performs the [[Rajasuya|Rajasuya yajna]] with Draupadi by his side; the Pandavas gains lordship over many regions.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Parmeshwarananad |first1=Swami |title=Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Puranas |date=2001 |publisher=Sarup and Sons |location=New Delhi |page=524}}</ref> Draupadi's role during the Rajasuya is revealed by [[Duryodhana]], who reports to his father that how he had observed Draupadi serving food to everyone, including physically challenged citizens. He says to his father, "And, O king, Yajnaseni, without having eaten herself, daily seeth whether everybody, including even the deformed and the dwarfs, hath eaten or not."<ref name="Draupadi insulting Duryodhana1">{{cite web |title=Sabha parva |url=http://sacred-texts.com/hin/m02/m02051.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023035538/http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m02/m02051.htm |archive-date=23 October 2017 |access-date=10 November 2017 |publisher=Sacred-texts.com}}</ref>

A widely circulated myth attributes Duryodhana's enmity towards Draupadi to an incident that occurs during this event. While exploring the palace during the Rajasuya yajna, Duryodhana mistakes a polished floor for solid ground and falls into a hidden pool. According to the legend, Draupadi and her maids, observing from a balcony, laugh at him and mockingly call out "a blind man's son is blind". However, this account is absent from the original ''Mahabharata'' and appears to originate from a much later dramatic retelling.{{sfn|Black|Patton|2010|p=52}} In the original Sanskrit epic, the incident unfolds differently. Bhima, Arjuna, Nakula, and Sahadeva, along with their entourages, witness Duryodhana's fall and laugh at his misfortune. Draupadi is not mentioned in this scene—neither participating in the laughter nor mocking him. Despite this, Duryodhana feels deeply humiliated by the reaction of the Pandavas and their servants. Upon returning to Hastinapura, he voices his anguish to his father, expressing resentment over the Pandavas' prosperity, which had been bolstered by the Rajasuya yajna. In his account, Duryodhana briefly refers to Draupadi, claiming that she also laughed along with the other women, even though the original scene marks her absence. Draupadi's laughter went on to be singled out and romanticized by writers for centuries as a cause for the dice-game, and the war. In Vyasa's Sanskrit epic, however, her role in the scene is trivial compared to the exaggerated treatment it has received in popular adaptations.{{sfn|Black|Patton|2010|p=52-3}}<ref name="Draupadi insulting Duryodhana">{{cite web |title=Sabha parva |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m02/m02046.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924133159/http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m02/m02046.htm |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=13 July 2015 |publisher=Sacred-texts.com}}</ref>
===Game of dice and humiliation===
{{redirect|Draupadi Vastrapaharanam|other uses|}}
[[File:Draupadi dragged from her chamber.jpg|thumb|Draupadi being dragged by Dushasana, illustration by Evelyn Paul]]
This key incident is often considered to mark a definitive moment in the story of [[Mahabharata]]. It is one of the driving reasons that ultimately led to the [[Kurukshetra War]].

Together with his maternal uncle [[Shakuni]], [[Duryodhana]] conspired to call on the [[Pandavas]] to [[Hastinapur]]a and win their kingdoms in a [[Pachisi|game of gambling]]. There is famous folklore that the plan's architect, Shakuni had magic dice that would never disobey his will, as they were made from the bones of Shakuni's father. This story, however, is non-existent in the Sanskrit epic. As the game proceeds, Yudhishthira loses everything at first. In the second round, Yudhishthira's brother [[Nakula]] is at stake, and Yudhishthira loses him. Yudhisthira subsequently gambles away [[Sahadeva]], [[Arjuna]] and [[Bhima]]. Finally, [[Yudhishthira]] puts himself at stake, and loses again. For Duryodhana, the humiliation of the Pandavas was not complete. He prods Yudhishthira that he has not lost everything yet; Yudhishthira still has Draupadi with him and if he wishes he can win everything back by putting Draupadi at stake. Inebriated by the game, Yudhishthira, to the horror of everybody present, puts Draupadi up as a bet for the next round. Playing the next round, Shakuni wins. Draupadi was horrified after hearing that she was staked in the game and now is a slave for Duryodhana. Duryodhana initially sends his charioteer Pratikamin to bring Draupadi to the court. Pratikamin informs Draupadi about the incidents happened during the dice game. Draupadi questions Yudhishthira's right on her as he had lost himself first and she was still the queen. Duryodhana, angry with Draupadi's questions, commands his younger brother [[Dushasana]] to bring her into the court, forcefully if he must.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=isYVDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA97|title=Disorienting Dharma: Ethics and the Aesthetics of Suffering in the Mahabharata|first=Emily|last=Hudson|year=2012|isbn=978-0199860784|publisher=Oxford University Press|access-date=14 September 2020|archive-date=16 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816071848/https://books.google.com/books?id=isYVDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA97|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m02/m02066.htm |title=The Mahabharata, Book 2: Sabha Parva: Shishupala-badha Parva: Section LXVI |publisher=Sacred-texts.com |access-date=2013-10-20 |archive-date=7 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207200659/http://sacred-texts.com/hin/m02/m02066.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
Dushasana drags Draupadi to the court by the hair. Seeing this, Bhima pledges to cut off Dushasana's hands, as they touched Draupadi's hair. Now in an emotional appeal to the elders present in the forum, Draupadi repeatedly questions the legality of the right of Yudhishthira to place her at stake.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Williams|first1=Oliver F.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xkdZTK4zSm4C&q=Draupadi+repeatedly+questions+the+legality+of+the+right+of+Yudhishthira+to+place+her+at+stake.&pg=PA103|title=A Virtuous Life in Business: Stories of Courage and Integrity in the Corporate World|last2=Houck|first2=John W.|date=1992|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-8476-7747-4|language=en|access-date=4 October 2020|archive-date=16 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816074853/https://books.google.com/books?id=xkdZTK4zSm4C&q=Draupadi+repeatedly+questions+the+legality+of+the+right+of+Yudhishthira+to+place+her+at+stake.&pg=PA103|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Uppal|first=Nishant|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E_V5DwAAQBAJ&q=Draupadi+repeatedly+questions+the+legality+of+the+right+of+Yudhishthira+to+place+her+at+stake.&pg=PT147|title=Duryodhanization: Are Villains Born, Made, or Made Up?|date=2018-11-29|publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited|isbn=978-93-5305-369-7|language=en|access-date=4 October 2020|archive-date=16 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816074854/https://books.google.com/books?id=E_V5DwAAQBAJ&q=Draupadi+repeatedly+questions+the+legality+of+the+right+of+Yudhishthira+to+place+her+at+stake.&pg=PT147|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Draupadi disobedience in court of Kurus.jpg|thumb|An illustration of Draupadi's disobedience in court of Kurus|left]]
In order to provoke the Pandavas further, Duryodhana bares and pats his thigh looking into Draupadi's eyes, implying that she should sit on his thigh. The enraged [[Bhima]] vows in front of the entire assembly that he would break Duryodhana's thighs, or else accept being Duryodhana's slave for seven lifetimes. At this time [[Vikarna]], a brother of Duryodhana asks the kings assembled in the court to answer the question of Draupadi. He gives his opinion that Draupadi is not won rightfully as Yudhishthira lost himself first before staking her. Besides, no one has the right to put a woman on bet according to shastras; not a husband, father, or even the gods. Hearing these words, [[Karna]] gets angry and says that when Yudhishthira lost all his possession he also lost Draupadi, even specifically staking her.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Pattanaik|first1=Devdutt|title=The Clothes of Draupadi|url=http://devdutt.com/articles/mahabharata/the-clothes-of-draupadi.html|website=Devdutt|date=2 August 2006|access-date=20 February 2015|archive-date=20 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220130209/http://devdutt.com/articles/mahabharata/the-clothes-of-draupadi.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Karna calls Draupadi a "courtesan" for being the wedded wife of five men, adding that her being to the court is not a surprising act whether she is clothed or naked.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bibek Debroy |url=http://archive.org/details/the-mahabharata-2 |title=The Mahabharata Bori CE |date=2015 |pages=1063}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Archive |first=Internet Sacred Text |title=The Mahabharata, Book 2: Sabha Parva: Sisupala-badha Parv... {{!}} Sacred Texts Archive |url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/m02/m02067.htm |access-date=2025-08-30 |website=Internet Sacred Text Archive |language=English}}</ref>{{sfn|Chakravarti|2007}} He then instructs Dushasana to remove the garments of Draupadi.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Buitenen |first=JAB van |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1qZUvwEACAAJ |title=The Mahabharata, Volume 2: Book 2: The Book of Assembly; Book 3: The Book of the Forest |date=1975 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-84649-1 |pages=146 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=isYVDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA98|title=Disorienting Dharma: Ethics and the Aesthetics of Suffering in the Mahabharata|first=Emily|last=Hudson|year=2012|isbn=978-0199860784|publisher=Oxford University Press|access-date=14 September 2020|archive-date=16 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816075355/https://books.google.com/books?id=isYVDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA98|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m02/m02067.htm |title=The Mahabharata, Book 2: Sabha Parva: Shishupala-badha Parva: Section LXVII |publisher=Sacred-texts.com |access-date=2015-07-24 |archive-date=17 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717205141/http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m02/m02067.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Dushasana attempts to disrobe her, but she is miraculously protected when Dushasana finds that as he continues to unwrap the layers of her [[sari]], the amount of fabric covering her never lessens. Dushasana is eventually reduced to exhaustion, as the awed court observes that Draupadi is still chastely dressed. While this miraculous protection is often attributed to Krishna's divine intervention and many recensions include that Draupadi pleads to Krishna for aid, [[Franklin Edgerton]]'s research on the ''Sabhaparvan'' Critical Edition indicates this account is likely a later interpolation.<ref name=":0" /> At this point, a furious Bhima vows to drink blood from Dushasana's chest, at the pain of not seeing his ancestors entering heaven. This vow unsettles the entire court.{{sfn|Mani|1975|loc=[https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/compilation/puranic-encyclopaedia/d/doc241811.html Pancali]}}
[[File:The Humiliation of Draupadi.jpg|thumb|Pahari painting depicting attempted disrobing of Draupadi in the Kuru court]]
The only [[Kauravas]] who object to the disrobing of Draupadi in the court are Vikarna and Yuyutsu. [[Vidura]] openly calls Duryodhana a snake and demon after finding no support even from his own brother, Vidura is helpless. Karna further orders Dushasana to take Draupadi to the servants' quarters and derisively asks her to choose another husband who unlike Yudhishthira would not gamble her away. Just then, jackals call out as a mark of evil omen. Queen [[Gandhari (character)|Gandhari]] enters the scene and counsels Dhritarashtra to undo her sons' misdeeds. Fearing the ill-omens, Dhritarashtra intervenes and grants Draupadi a boon. Draupadi asks that her husband Yudishthira be freed from bondage so her son Prativindhya would not be called a slave. In order to pacify her further, Dhritarashtra offers a second boon. Calmly, she asks for the freedom of the Pandavas along with their weapons. When Dhritarashtra asks her for her third wish, she reminds him that a Kshatriya woman can seek only two wishes, three would be a sign of greed. Dhritarashtra gives them back their wealth and grants them permission to go home.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/mahabharata_nk/mahabharata_nilakanthas_commentary#page/n403/mode/2up |title=Mahabharata with the Commentary of Nilakantha |date=June 2013 |access-date=2015-07-24}}</ref>

Amused by the sudden turn of events, Karna remarks that they "have never heard of such an act, performed by any of the women noted in this world for their beauty." He taunts the Pandavas by praising their wife, as she had rescued them "like a boat from their ocean of distress".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m02/m02071.htm |title=The Mahabharata, Book 2: Sabha Parva: Shishupala-badha Parva: Section LXVII |publisher=Sacred-texts.com |access-date=2017-11-10 |archive-date=23 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023040438/http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m02/m02071.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

Having restored their pride and wealth, the Pandavas and Draupadi leave for [[Indraprastha]], only to receive another invitation for a game of dice, in which the loser would be given an exile of 12 years followed by a year of [[Ajnatavasa]], meaning "living in incognito". Yudhishtira yet again accepts the invitation and loses, and goes on an exile with his brothers and wife Draupadi.<ref name="johnson-mahab">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Johnson|first=W. J. |article=Mahabharata |title=A Dictionary of Hinduism|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2009|doi=10.1093/acref/9780198610250.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19861-025-0}}</ref>

===Vanavasa===
[[File:Panda_visit_Kedarnath.jpg|thumb|The Pandavas and Draupadi worshipping [[Shiva]] during their exile, a scene from the Vana Parva]]

During the thirteen years of exile ([[Vanavasa]]) mandated after the dice game, Draupadi, along with the Pandavas, endured a life of hardship and privation in the forests, as detailed in the ''[[Vana Parva]]'' of the ''Mahabharata''. Narrative accounts within this Parva describe several key episodes. In the [[Kamyaka Forest|Kamyakavana]], Draupadi was threatened by the demon [[Kirmira]], brother of [[Bakasura|Baka]], and [[Bhima]] is described as intervening and killing him to protect her. The text also narrates Draupadi offering support and comfort to Yudhishthira during their exile. Certain passages depict Draupadi expressing her distress and, in some instances, voicing condemnation of the Devas. Further, narratives recount Draupadi's desire for the [[Ginger lily|Saugandhika]] flowers, prompting Bhima to undertake a journey to fulfill her request. The ''Mahabharata'' describes Draupadi's abduction by the Rakshasa [[Jatasura]] while they were residing in the [[Badrinath|Badarikashrama]], and the subsequent rescue by the Pandavas. Following this incident, the narrative indicates that Draupadi and the Pandavas resided at the hermitage of Arishtisena. The ''Vana Parva'' also includes passages where Draupadi imparts instructions on the duties of a wife to [[Satyabhama]], Krishna's wife.{{sfn|Mani|1975|p=551}}[[File:Jaydrath abduct Draupadi.jpg|thumb|A Ravi Varma print depicting Jayadratha abducting Draupadi]]

A widely popular narrative, though considered by scholars to be an interpolation, recounts an incident during this period involving sage [[Durvasa]]. According to this account, after Draupadi and the Pandavas had finished their meal prepared using the [[Akshaya Patra|Akshay Patra]], Durvasa and his disciples arrived unexpectedly. Sent by Duryodhana with the intent of having the sage curse the Pandavas, they were received with hospitality. Durvasa requested food, but Draupadi found herself with no remaining provisions. Fearing the sage's potential curse, she prayed to Krishna. In response, Krishna requested the vessel from Draupadi, and upon consuming a single grain of rice remaining within, both Durvasa and his disciples experienced a sensation of having eaten a lavish meal. They departed satisfied. Notably, this incident is absent from the Critical Edition of the ''Mahabharata''.<ref name="ReferenceA" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bhagavatam-katha.com/mahabharata-story-durvasa-muni-svisit-to-pandavas-in-the-forest/|title=Mahabharata story: Durvasa Muni and cooking pot of Draupadi! | Bhagavatam-katha|date=23 March 2015 |access-date=6 September 2020|archive-date=1 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901023220/http://www.bhagavatam-katha.com/mahabharata-story-durvasa-muni-svisit-to-pandavas-in-the-forest/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://lightofgodhead.com/logstaging/durvasa-muni-visits-the-pandavas// | title=Durvasa muni visits the Pandavas | access-date=6 September 2020 | archive-date=16 November 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116203633/https://lightofgodhead.com/logstaging/durvasa-muni-visits-the-pandavas// | url-status=live }}</ref>

While the [[Pandavas]] were in the [[Kamyaka]] forest, they often went hunting, leaving Draupadi alone. At this time [[Jayadratha]], the son of Vriddhakshatra and the husband of Duryodhana's sister [[Dussala]], passed through Kamyaka forest on the way to [[Salwa Kingdom|Salva]] Desa. Jayadratha met Draupadi and then started beseeching her to go away with him and desert her husband. Draupadi pointed out the immorality of deserting one's spouses when they were in difficulty and attempted to stall and dissuade Jayadratha by describing how the Pandavas would punish him. Failing with words, Jayadratha forced her onto his chariot. Meanwhile, the Pandavas finished their hunt and found Draupadi missing. Learning of their wife's abduction by Jayadratha they rushed to save her. On seeing the Pandavas coming after him, Jayadratha left Draupadi on the road, though ultimately the Pandavas managed to arrest him. Arjuna urged Bhima to spare Jayadratha's life for the sake of Dussala and [[Gandhari (character)|Gandhari]], much to the indignation of Draupadi. In some versions of the story, Yudhishthira asks Draupadi to pass the sentence since it was she who was attacked, and she begrudgingly counsels to spare him because of the relations they share. Before freeing him, the Pandavas shaved Jayadratha's head at five places in order to publicly humiliate him.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indianmirror.com/history/mahabharatha/abduction-of-draupadi.html|title=Stories of Mahabharatha – the Abduction of Draupadi|access-date=26 August 2020|archive-date=13 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513063722/https://www.indianmirror.com/history/mahabharatha/abduction-of-draupadi.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Ajnatavasa (Incognito)===
{{See also|Ajnatavasa}}
[[File:Sairandhri, by Raja Ravi Varma.jpg|thumb|A painting by [[Raja Ravi Varma]] depicting Draupadi, who is disguised as Sairandhri, carrying wine to Kichaka's chambers]]
On the thirteenth year of their exile, the Pandavas choose to stay in the [[Matsya Kingdom]]. Draupadi becomes the maid of [[Sudeshna]], queen of Matsya, and serves her.
One day [[Kichaka]], Sudeshna's brother and the [[commander-in-chief|commander]] of king [[Virata]]'s forces, happens to see Draupadi. He is filled with lust by looking at her and requests her hand in marriage. Draupadi refuses him, saying that she is already married to [[Gandharva]]s. Seeing his persistence, she warns Kichaka that her husbands are very strong and that he will not be able to escape death at their hands. Later, he convinces his sister, the queen [[Sudeshna]], to help him win Draupadi. Sudeshna orders Draupadi to fetch wine from Kichaka's house, overriding Draupadi's protests. When Draupadi goes to get wine, Kichaka tries to molest her.{{Sfn|Chakravarti|2007}}

Draupadi escapes and runs into the court of Virata. Kichaka kicks her in front of all the courtiers, including [[Yudhishthira]]. Fearful of losing his most powerful warrior, even Virat does not take any action. [[Bhima]] is present, and only a look from Yudhishthira prevents him from attacking Kichaka. Furious, Draupadi asks about the duties of a king and [[dharma]]. She then curses Kichaka with death by her husband's hand. Laughing it off, Kichaka only doubts their whereabouts and asks those present where the [[Gandharvas]] are. Yudhishthira addresses Draupadi as Sairandhri and orders her to go to the [[temple]], as Kichaka would not do anything to her there (in some versions, he recommends she seeks refuge with the queen). With this, the king asks Kichaka to leave and praises Yudhishthira's reply as he himself could not think of anything.[[File:Draupadi humiliated RRV.jpg|thumb|left|Draupadi in Virata's palace, painting by Raja Ravi Varma]]
Later that night, Bhima consoles Draupadi, and they hatch a plan to kill Kichaka. Draupadi meets with Kichaka, pretending to actually love him and agreeing to marry him on the condition that none of his friends or brothers will know about their relationship. Kichaka accepts her condition. Draupadi asks Kichaka to come to the dancing hall at night. Bhima (in the guise of Draupadi), fights with Kichaka and kills him.{{Sfn|Chakravarti|2007}}

Draupadi calls the members of Kichaka's family and shows them the mutilated body of Kichaka. The murder is attributed to her Gandharva husbands. This angers Kichaka's brothers and they decide to burn her along with Kichaka's body to take revenge. After getting permission from Virata, Draupadi is forcefully tied to Kichaka's pyre. Upon her pleading, Bhima runs for her help and kills the brothers of Kichaka, thus saving her from being burnt alive.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kulkarni|first=Shripad Dattatraya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yQJkAAAAMAAJ&q=kichaka+burnt|title=The Epics Ramayana and Mahabharata|date=1992|publisher=Shri Bhagavan Vedavyasa Itihasa Samsodhana Mandira (Bheeshma)|isbn=978-81-900113-6-5|language=en|access-date=3 May 2021|archive-date=16 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816075356/https://books.google.com/books?id=yQJkAAAAMAAJ&q=kichaka+burnt|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Kurukshetra War ===
[[File:Bheemsen washing tresses of Draupadi with the blood of Dushasan, Mahabharat; Kalighat Painting.jpg|thumb|Bhimsen washing tresses of Draupadi with the blood of Dushasan, Mahabharat; Kalighat Painting ]]
Following the completion of the thirteen-year exile and incognito period, the Pandavas sought the return of their rightful share of the kingdom. However, the Kauravas refused, escalating tensions and leading to the Kurukshetra War. Krishna, acting as a peace emissary, attempted to negotiate with Dhritarashtra, seeking to secure the Pandavas' share. Prior to his departure, Draupadi privately expressed her desire for war to Krishna. The peace mission failed, and the war commenced, resulting in significant casualties on both sides. During the war, Draupadi stayed in the city of [[Upaplavya]]. Notably, following the death of Abhimanyu, Subhadra's grief was profound, and Draupadi, in attempting to console her, fainted.{{sfn|Mani|1975|p=551}}

A popular myth, often depicted in well-known adaptations of Mahabharata, depicts Draupadi washing her hair with her brother-in-law Dushasana's blood, as a mark of her vengeance against the molestation she had suffered at the dice-game. Though an extremely powerful and symbolic theme, this incident does not appear in Vyasa's Sanskrit Mahabharata.
[[Alf Hiltebeitel]] in his acclaimed research work, "The Cult of Draupadi" explores the source of this myth as he travels through the rural areas of India. He discovers that the first literary mention of the blood-washing theme appeared in "Venisamhara"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.486171|title=The Venisamhara of Bhatta Narayana|first=Bombay|last=Portessor of Sanskrit Elphinstone College|date=11 March 2018|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> or "Braiding The Hair (of Draupadi)", a Sanskrit play written in the Pallava period by eminent playwright [[Bhatta Narayana]]. Since then, this powerful theme of vengeance had been used in most retellings and adaptations on Mahabharat, thus mistakenly attributing the authorship to Veda Vyasa.

====Ashwatthama's attack====
[[Ashwathama]], in order to avenge his father's as well as other [[Kuru Kingdom|Kuru]] warriors' deceitful killing by the [[Pandavas]], attacks their camp at night with [[Kripacharya]] and [[Kritavarma]]. Ashwathama killed [[Dhrishtadyumna]], [[Shikhandi]], [[Draupadeyas]], and the remaining Pandava and Panchala army.<ref name="M Ganguly 1896">K M Ganguly(1883–1896). [http://sacred-texts.com/hin/m10/m10009.htm The Mahabharatha Book 10: Sauptika Parva section 9] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925234035/http://sacred-texts.com/hin/m10/m10009.htm |date=25 September 2015 }} Ashwatthama killing Dhrishtadyumna, October 2003, Retrieved 2015-04-17</ref> In the morning, [[Yudhishthira]] hears the news and asks [[Nakula]] to bring Draupadi from [[Matsya Kingdom]].<ref>K M Ganguly(1883–1896). [http://sacred-texts.com/hin/m10/m10010.htm.htm The Mahabharatha Book 10: Sauptika Parva section 10]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Yudhishthira crying over the death of Draupadeyas, October 2003, Retrieved 2015-04-17</ref> Draupadi vows that if the Pandavas do not kill Ashwatthama, she would fast to death.<ref name="mb">{{cite web |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m10/m10011.htm |title=The Mahabharata, Book 10: Sauptika Parva: Section 11 |publisher=Sacred-texts.com |access-date=2015-07-24 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924134004/http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m10/m10011.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m08/m08088.htm | title=Asvathama and Kripa are born immortals and unslayable by any kind of weapons | access-date=28 June 2015 | archive-date=11 May 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511122420/http://sacred-texts.com/hin/m08/m08088.htm | url-status=live }}</ref> The Pandavas find Ashwatthama at [[Vyasa]]'s hut. [[Arjuna]] and Ashwatthama end up firing the [[Brahmashirsha astra]] at each other. Vyasa intervenes and asks the two warriors to withdraw the destructive weapon. Not endowed with the knowledge to do so, Ashwatthama instead redirects the weapon to [[Uttarā (Mahabharata)|Uttara's]] womb, but [[Krishna]] protects the Pandavas' only heir with his Sudarshana Chakra. Krishna curses him for this act. Ashwatthama is caught by the Pandavas and his jewel is taken away.<ref name="mb" /> Draupadi gives the jewel to Yudhishthira and forgives the killer of her children. Due to the power of meditation, her wrath is subdued and she speaks of Ashwathama, son of their preceptor Drona, {{blockquote|"I desired to only pay off our debt for the injury we have sustained. The preceptor's son is worthy of my reverence as the preceptor himself. Let the king bind this gem on his head, O Bharata!"<ref>K M Ganguly(1883–1896). [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m10/m10016.htm The Mahabharatha Book 10: Sauptika Parva section 16] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008083150/http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m10/m10016.htm |date=8 October 2017 }} Draupadi forgiving Ashwathama, October 2003, Retrieved 2017-11-10</ref>}}

===Later life and death===
[[File:Death of Draupadi - Illustrations from the Barddhaman edition of Mahabharata.jpg|thumb|Draupadi falls dead as the Pandavas proceed to heaven, a 19th-century wood engraving]]

Following the Kurukshetra War, the Pandavas assumed control of [[Hastinapur|Hastinapura]], and Draupadi is described as being among those who encouraged Yudhishthira to assume the role of ruler. Yudhishthira subsequently performed an Ashvamedha Yajna, during which Draupadi presented gifts to her co-wives [[Chitrāngadā|Chitrangada]] and [[Ulupi]]. After the Ashvamedha, Draupadi resided in Hastinapura, providing service to both [[Kunti]] and [[Gandhari (Mahabharata)|Gandhari]]. When Dhritarashtra, Gandhari, and Kunti decided to depart for the forest, Draupadi expressed her wish to accompany them and offer assistance, but her offer was declined. During the Pandavas' reign in Hastinapura, visiting rishis and siddhas reportedly recognized Draupadi as an embodiment of the goddess [[Lakshmi|Sri-Lakshmi]].{{sfn|Mani|1975|p=551}}

Draupadi and Yudhishthira ruled for 36 years. When her husbands retired from the world and went on their journey towards the [[Himalayas]] and heaven, she accompanied them and was the first to fall dead on the journey. When [[Bhima]] asked [[Yudhishthira]] why Draupadi had fallen, Yudhishthira replied,

{{Blockquote|"O best of men, though we were all equal unto her she had a great partiality for [[Dhananjaya]]. She obtains the fruit of that conduct today, O best of men."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m17/m17002.htm|title=The Mahabharata, Book 17: Mahaprasthanika Parva: Section 2|access-date=3 June 2018|archive-date=25 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180225113513/http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m17/m17002.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=isYVDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA207|title=Disorienting Dharma: Ethics and the Aesthetics of Suffering in the Mahabharata|first=Emily|last=Hudson|year=2012|isbn=978-0199860784|publisher=Oxford University Press|access-date=14 September 2020|archive-date=16 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816075358/https://books.google.com/books?id=isYVDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA207|url-status=live}}</ref>}}

In [[Svargarohana Parva|Svargarohanika Parva]], Yudhisthira goes to heaven and sees Draupadi seated as Goddess Sri-Lakshmi.<ref name="Draupadi as Goddess Sri">{{cite web |title=Svargarohanika parva |url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m18/m18004.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910174427/http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m18/m18004.htm |archive-date=10 September 2015 |access-date=13 July 2015 |publisher=Sacred-texts.com}}</ref>

==Draupadi as a goddess==
[[File:Draupati Amman idol in Udappu.jpg|thumb|Draupati Amman idol in Udappu, [[Sri Lanka]]]]
The Draupadi Amman is a regional Hindu deity primarily worshipped by the [[Vanniyar|Palli]] community as goddess of [[sex-positivism]] and was the primary inspiration for the community's widespread practice of polyandry and prostitution,which they later abandoned due to shaming from wider Tamil community, in medieval period.<ref name="Hiltebeitel 1991 221">{{cite book |last=Hiltebeitel |first=Alf |author-link=Alf Hiltebeitel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VncomfRVVhoC&pg=PA221 |title=The Cult of Draupadī: Mythologies: From Gingee to Kurukserta |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1991 |isbn=978-81-208-1000-6 |page=221 |access-date=14 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816075859/https://books.google.com/books?id=VncomfRVVhoC&pg=PA221 |archive-date=16 August 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Madhusudhan |first1=N.R. |date=2012 |title=Ancient tradition comes alive |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/article382309.ece?service=print |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030041121/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/article382309.ece?service=print |archive-date=30 October 2014 |access-date=10 October 2014 |publisher=New Indian Express}}</ref><ref name="Hiltebeitel 1998 23,107">{{cite book |last=Hiltebeitel |first=Alf |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=diPh4qYtjPUC&q=mutaliyar |title=The Cult of Draupadi, Volume 2 |publisher=University of Chicago |year=1998 |isbn=9780226340470 |page=23,107 |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502165106/https://books.google.com/books?id=diPh4qYtjPUC&q=mutaliyar |archive-date=2 May 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Alf hiltebeitel">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VncomfRVVhoC&q=Mutaliyars |title=The Cult of Draupadi. Mythologies from Gingee to kurukserta, Volume 1 |publisher=University of Chicago |year=2008 |isbn=9788120810006 |editor=Alf hiltebeitel |pages=32 |access-date=27 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816075938/https://books.google.com/books?id=VncomfRVVhoC&q=Mutaliyars |archive-date=16 August 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Kathleen Gough">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GZwD7EqLcAUC&q=Draupadi |title=Rural Society in Southeast India |publisher=Cambridge |year=2008 |isbn=9780521040198 |editor=Kathleen Gough |pages=360 |access-date=27 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816075900/https://books.google.com/books?id=GZwD7EqLcAUC&q=Draupadi |archive-date=16 August 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> The rituals are quite unique and aren't typical of the wider Tamil community. This tradition is widespread, with over 400 temples dedicated to Draupadi in South Indian states such as Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and Karnataka, as well as in countries with a large Tamil population like Sri Lanka, Singapore, Malaysia, Mauritius, Réunion, and South Africa.<ref name="Hiltebeitel 1991 221" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Madhusudhan |first1=N.R. |date=2012 |title=Ancient tradition comes alive |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/article382309.ece?service=print |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030041121/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/article382309.ece?service=print |archive-date=30 October 2014 |access-date=10 October 2014 |publisher=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref name="Hiltebeitel 1998 23,107" /> Notably, fire walking or Thimithi is a prominent ritual performed at these temples.<ref name="Hiltebeitel">{{cite book |last=Hiltebeitel |first=Alf |author-link=Alf Hiltebeitel |title=The Cult of Draupadi Mythologies:From Gingee To Kuruksetra |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1991 |isbn=978-81-208-1000-6 |volume=1}}</ref> Additionally, Draupadi is worshipped as an incarnation of Adishakti and Parvati during the Bengaluru Pete's Bangalore Karaga festival, a nine-day event.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 April 2011 |title=City to feel Karaga fervour tonight |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/154465/city-feel-karaga-fervour-tonight.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302103941/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/154465/city-feel-karaga-fervour-tonight.html |archive-date=2 March 2018 |access-date=1 March 2018 |website=Deccan Herald}} - {{cite web |title=Adishakti Draupadi's Karaga Shakthiotsava |url=http://www.karaga.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603201013/http://karaga.com/ |archive-date=3 June 2013 |access-date=2018-01-18}}</ref> Communities including the Pillais, Vanniyars, Mudaliyars, Konars, Gounders of Tamil Nadu, and the Tigala community of Karnataka also consider Draupadi Amman as their household deity (kuladevi).<ref name="Alf hiltebeitel" /><ref name="Kathleen Gough" /> These communities hold annual festivals and processions, with some lasting up to three weeks, such as the one in Durgasamudram, Tirupati. The Sri Dharmarayaswamy-Draupadi temple in Thigarapete, Bengaluru, is another significant site of worship.<ref>{{cite web |date=26 February 2011 |title=Drowpathi Sametha Dharmaraja Swamy Temple |url=http://tirupati.desibantu.com/drowpathi-sametha-dharmaraja-swamy-temple |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325030555/http://tirupati.desibantu.com/drowpathi-sametha-dharmaraja-swamy-temple |archive-date=25 March 2014 |access-date=13 June 2013 |work=Desibantu}}</ref>

==In other traditions==
In [[Theravada]] Buddhism, Draupadi is called Kaṇhā Devi ( Kṛṣṇā ), a princess of [[Kāśī (kingdom)|Kasi.]] In Mahākuṇāla jataka, she was depicted in a very negative light as the epitome of a lustful woman, who even cheated on her five handsome royal husbands with a hunchbacked dwarf.<ref name=":1" />

In Mahayana [[Buddhism]], Kṛṣṇā Draupadī is presented in the [[Mahāvastu]] and the [[Lalitavistara]] as one among eight goddesses who reside in the western cardinal direction.<ref name="Mahāvastu">{{cite web |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/buddhism/book/the-mahavastu/d/doc242633.html |title=The Mahavastu (great story) |author=J. J. Jones |date=17 March 2019 |publisher=Luzac |access-date=7 April 2022 |archive-date=16 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816075940/https://www.wisdomlib.org/buddhism/book/the-mahavastu/d/doc242633.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Lalitavistara">{{cite web |url=https://read.84000.co/translation/toh95.html |title=The Play in Full |publisher=84000.co |access-date=7 April 2022 |archive-date=1 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301173219/https://read.84000.co/translation/toh95.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In [[Digambara]] Jain scriptures like ''[[Harivamsa Purana]]'', polyandry of Draupadi has been rejected and it is suggested that she was married only to Arjuna. [[Hemachandra]], a [[Śvetāmbara]] Jain monk, accepts the polyandry in his work ''Triṣaṣṭi'' and further suggests that Draupadi was Nagasri in one of her previous lives and had poisoned a Jain monk. Therefore, she had to suffer in hell and animal incarnations for several lives before being born a woman who later became a Jain nun. After her death, she was reborn as Draupadi and was married to five Pandavas.{{sfn|Doniger|1993|p=241}}

==In popular culture==
[[File:Yakshagana bhima.JPG|right|thumb|''Draupadi and Bhima'' depicted by actors in ''[[yakshagana]]'' theatre]]

=== In folk cultures ===
* According to a folklore, Draupadi introduced the popular Indian snack [[Pani Puri]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/food-news/the-tangy-story-of-golgappa-indias-favorite-street-food/etphotostory/75831223.cms|title=The Tangy Story of Golgappa-India's Favorite Street Food|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=2021-07-17|access-date=3 March 2022|archive-date=24 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424055928/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/food-news/the-tangy-story-of-golgappa-indias-favorite-street-food/etphotostory/75831223.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Arts and dances===
Karaga is a folk festival of Karnataka which originated as a ritual in Southern India dedicated to Draupadi as known in these parts as Droupadamma. The ritual is performed on a full moon day.
The story of Draupadi is one of the central topics of '''[[Yakshagana]]''', a traditional dance-play practised in Karnataka and '''[[Terukkuttu]]''', a [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[street theatre]] form practised in [[Tamil Nadu]] state of [[India]] and Tamil-speaking regions of [[Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{cite book
| last = Sarachchandra
| first = Ediriweera R.
| title = The Folk Drama of Ceylon
| publisher = Department of Cultural Affairs, Ceylon
| location = Colombo
| oclc = 63859810
| pages = 116
| year = 1966
}}</ref><ref name="MLVardapande_history">{{cite book
| last = Varadpande
| first = Manohar Laxman
| title = History of Indian Theatre
| publisher = Abhinav Publications
| orig-year = 1987
| year = 1990
| isbn = 978-81-7017-278-9
| oclc = 18270064
| pages = 39–44
}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
| last = Srinivas
| first = Smriti
| title = Landscapes of Urban Memory
| publisher = Orient Longman
| orig-year = 2001
| year = 2004
| isbn = 81-250-2254-6
| oclc = 46353272
| pages = 23
}}</ref>

=== In literature ===
The fiery heroine of [[Mahabharata]] has been the topic of research and debate for centuries. There are various plays and novels based on her.

*[[Yajnaseni (novel)|Yajnaseni]] by [[Pratibha Ray]] – This novel, originally written in Odia was the recipient of [[Jnanpith Award]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/east/story/odia-writer-pratibha-ray-named-for-jnanpith-award-125486-2012-12-26|title=Odia writer Pratibha Ray named for Jnanpith Award|date=27 December 2012|website=India Today|access-date=3 December 2017|archive-date=27 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121227200642/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/odia-writer-pratibha-ray-named-for-jnanpith-award/1/239724.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It was also translated in various languages like English, Hindi, Bengali, Tamil, Malayalam, etc.
*[[The Palace of Illusions: A Novel]] by [[Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni]] – Deviating much from the Sanskrit text,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/books/2018/dec/03/an-alternate-interpretation-of-an-ever-relevant-indian-epic-1906536.html|title=The Palace of Illusions: An alternate interpretation of an ever-relevant Indian epic|newspaper=The New Indian Express|date=2018-12-03|access-date=3 March 2022|archive-date=3 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303165108/https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/books/2018/dec/03/an-alternate-interpretation-of-an-ever-relevant-indian-epic-1906536.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Divakaruni brings up the emotions of Draupadi, re-imagining the whole epic from her perspective.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2009/sep/27/palace-illusions-chitra-banerjee-divakaruni|title=The Palace of Illusions by Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=2009-09-26|access-date=3 March 2022|archive-date=3 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303170151/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2009/sep/27/palace-illusions-chitra-banerjee-divakaruni|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Draupadi by [[Yarlagadda Lakshmi Prasad]], is a Sahitya Akademi Award-winning Telugu novel that narrates [[Mahabharata]] from Draupadi's perspective.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/looking-into-the-heart-of-an-enigmatic-woman/cid/1441570|title=Looking into the heart of an enigmatic woman|newspaper=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]|location=India|date=2015-06-26|access-date=3 March 2022|archive-date=3 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303171549/https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/looking-into-the-heart-of-an-enigmatic-woman/cid/1441570|url-status=live}}</ref>
*The Cult of Draupadi<ref>{{cite book|url=http://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/C/bo3626877.html|title=The Cult of Draupadi, Volume 1|publisher=University of Chicago Press|access-date=3 December 2017|archive-date=4 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204062819/http://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/C/bo3626877.html|url-status=live}}</ref> by [[Alf Hiltebeitel]] – This trilogy is an exhaustive, scholarly account of the various folk traditions surrounding Draupadi in South India. Hiltebeitel travels through various parts of India, tracing and recording the lesser-known customs and tribes in Gingi Cult and much more, who extensively worship Draupadi as their deity – a status which has been attained by few Mahabharat characters. There are over 31 plays and ballads that are conducted in over 400 temples, that are dedicated to Draupadi Amman. The story of Draupadi creates great respect for women in society. Her sacrifice and her inner power defeats the evil activities performed on women
*Nathabati Anathbat by [[Shaoli Mitra]] – This is a stage play<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wEMipNhKC54| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211107/wEMipNhKC54| archive-date=2021-11-07 | url-status=live|title=Nathabati Anathbat in Hindi – Shaoli Mitra|last=Abhimonyu Deb|date=31 August 2016|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> depicting the agony of Draupadi as a woman who "has five husbands, and yet none to protect her."
*Dopdi by [[Mahasweta Devi]] in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] – A contemporary tale of oppression with Draupadi as the lead character.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/explained-the-context-and-import-of-mahasweta-devis-draupadi/article36131705.ece|title=The context and import of Mahasweta Devi's 'Draupadi'|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=2021-08-27|access-date=3 March 2022|archive-date=20 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020010213/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/explained-the-context-and-import-of-mahasweta-devis-draupadi/article36131705.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[The Great Indian Novel]] by Dr. [[Shashi Tharoor]] – Written as a fictional work that is analogous to the events featured in the Mahabharata in order to describe contemporary Indian Politics, Dr.Tharoor has described the character of 'Draupadi' as 'Di Mokrasi', who is an illegitimate daughter of 'Dhritarashtra' and 'Lady Drewpad' in the novel. Tharoor likens Draupadi to the tenets of 'Democracy'. As mentioned in Veda Vyasa's epic, he ascribes her to be the wife to all five 'Pandyas', who are themselves an abbreviation of different facets of Indian politics.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-29548043|title=Why Shashi Tharoor's Great Indian Novel still appeals|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=2014-10-16|access-date=3 March 2022|archive-date=3 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303175635/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-29548043|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== In politics ===
[[Ram Manohar Lohia]] proposed that Draupadi, the intelligent, sharp-witted, courageous, and fiercely independent heroine of the Mahabharata, represented the ideal of Indian womanhood, standing in contrast to the docile and obedient portrayal of Sati-Savitri. He used this cultural symbol to advocate gender justice.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-25 |title=Yogendra Yadav Writes: The Ram Manohar Lohia we need |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/yogendra-yadav-writes-the-ram-manohar-lohia-we-need-9904265/ |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Agnivansha]]
* [[Draupati Amman]]
* ''[[Yajnaseni (novel)|Yajnaseni]]'', a novel by [[Pratibha Ray]]
* ''[[Yajnaseni (play)|Yajnaseni]]'', a play by [[Suman Pokhrel]]
*[[Historicity of the Mahabharata|Historicity of the ''Mahabharata'']]

==Citations==
{{Reflist}}
{{Notelist}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
* {{Cite journal |last=Bhattacharya |first=Pradip |date=2006-01-01 |title=Part IV: Five Holy Virgins, Five Sacred Myths |url=https://www.academia.edu/68359362 |journal=[[Manushi]] |via=[[Academia.edu]]}}
* ''Eminent women in the Mahabharata'' by Vanamala Bhawalkar.
* {{Cite book |last=Mani |first=Vettam |url=https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft/page/564/mode/2up |title=Puranic encyclopaedia : a comprehensive dictionary with special reference to the epic and Puranic literature |date=1975 |publisher=Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass |others=Robarts - University of Toronto |isbn=978-0-8426-0822-0}}
* {{Cite book |last=Brodbeck |first=Simon Pearse |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wapBDgAAQBAJ&dq=M%C4%81dr%C4%AB&pg=PT163 |title=The Mahabharata Patriline: Gender, Culture, and the Royal Hereditary |date=2017-03-02 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-88630-7 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Brodbeck |first1=Simon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YLB8AgAAQBAJ&dq=kunti+siddhi&pg=PT376 |title=Gender and Narrative in the Mahabharata |last2=Black |first2=Brian |publisher=Routledge |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-134-11994-3 |language=en}}
*{{Cite book|last=Chakravarti|first=Bishnupada|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ivQ6CwAAQBAJ&q=Keechak&pg=PT105|title=Penguin Companion to the Mahabharata|date=2007-11-13|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=978-93-5214-170-8|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Chakrabarti|first1=Arindam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HuffCgAAQBAJ&q=ayonija+dhrstadyumna&pg=PT67|title=Mahabharata Now: Narration, Aesthetics, Ethics|last2=Bandyopadhyay|first2=Sibaji|date=2017-09-19|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-34213-7|language=en}}
* Mahabharata of Krishna Dwaipayana Vyasa, English translation by Kisari Mohan Ganguli
* {{citation |editor-last=Doniger |editor-first=Wendy |editor-link=Wendy Doniger |title=Purana Perennis: Reciprocity and Transformation in Hindu and Jaina Texts |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-kZFzHCuiFAC |year=1993 |publisher=[[State University of New York Press]] |isbn=0-7914-1381-0 }}
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1GzXAAAAMAAJ|title=Eminent Women in the Mahabharata|first=Vanamala|last=Bhawalkar|year=2002|publisher=Sharada Publishing House |isbn=9788185616803|access-date=11 March 2022|archive-date=16 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816074852/https://books.google.com/books?id=1GzXAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Black |first1=Brian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z7a1CwAAQBAJ&dq=draupad%C4%AB+duryodhana+blind&pg=PA53 |title=Dialogue in Early South Asian Religions: Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain Traditions |last2=Patton |first2=Laurie |date=2016-03-09 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-15142-5 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Doniger |first=Wendy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CaiMEAAAQBAJ |title=The Hindus: An Alternative History |date=2010-11-30 |publisher=Penguin Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-14-311669-1 |language=en}}
* {{cite book|last1=Hiltebeitel|first1=Alf|author-link1=Alf Hiltebeitel|title=Rethinking India's Oral and Classical Epics: Draupadi among Rajputs, Muslims, and Dalits|date=1999|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|location=[[Chicago]]|isbn=0226340554|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MMFdosx0PokC|access-date=28 September 2015}}
* {{Cite book|last=Gandhi|first=Maneka|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PkW6hs1OjyEC&q=Draupadi|title=The Penguin Book of Hindu Names|date=1993|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-012841-3|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|last=Karve|first=Irawati|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uJz4ZWsRcsAC&q=Draupadi|title=Yuganta: The End of an Epoch|year=2006|publisher=Orient Longman|isbn=978-81-250-1424-9|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|last=Monier-Williams|first=Sir Monier|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FzRDAQAAMAAJ&q=Draupadi+patronymic&pg=PA442|title=A Sanskṛit-English Dictionary Etymologically and Philologically Arranged: With Special Reference to Greek, Latin, Gothic, German, Anglo-Saxon, and Other Cognate Indo-European Languages|date=1872|publisher=Clarendon Press|language=en}}
*{{cite book|editor=Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak|author = Mahasweta Devi|author-link = Mahasweta Devi|chapter = Draupadi |title=In Other Worlds: Essays in Cultural Politics|date=6 December 2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-07081-6|page=251|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S6QsvDyroWkC}}
* {{cite book|author=Wendy Doniger|author-link=Wendy Doniger|title=On Hinduism|date=March 2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-936007-9|page=533|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iM_QAgAAQBAJ&q=Draupadi}}
*{{cite book|author=Devdutt Pattanaik|author-link=Devdutt Pattanaik|title=The Goddess in India: The Five Faces of the Eternal Feminine|date=1 September 2000|publisher=Inner Traditions / Bear & Co|isbn=978-1-59477-537-6|page=98|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IVsoDwAAQBAJ&q=Draupadi}}
* {{Cite book|last=Das|first=Gurcharan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=77BoAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA219|title=The Difficulty of Being Good: On the Subtle Art of Dharma|date=2010-10-04|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-978147-8|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|last=Hiltebeitel|first=Alf|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U4NF8pYxdvIC&q=yaj%C3%B1asen%C4%AB&pg=PA490|title=Dharma: Its Early History in Law, Religion, and Narrative|date=2011-08-17|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|isbn=978-0-19-539423-8|language=en}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|commonscat=|n=no|s=no|b=no|voy=no|v=no}}
* [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/maha/index.htm Sacred-texts.com]
* [http://www.karava.org/religious The Kaurava race of Sri Lanka and the worship of Draupadi]
* [http://www.karaga.com/ Karaga Worship is all about Goddess Draupadi]
* {{cite book|last=Hiltebeitel|first=Alf |authorlink=Alf Hiltebeitel |title=The Cult Of Draupadi Mythologies:From Gingee To Kuruksetra|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1991|volume=1|isbn=978-81-208-1000-6}}
* Pattanaik, Devadutt (2009). ''7 Secrets from Hindu Calendar Art''. Westland, Mumbai. {{ISBN|978-81-89975-67-8}}.
* Draupadi Amman Shrine/ Temple - KONDAL, Mayiladuthurai, TN.

{{Mahābhārata}}
{{HinduMythology}}{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Characters in the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Tamil deities]]
[[Category:People related to Krishna]]
[[Category:Princesses in Hindu mythology]]
[[Category:Queens in Hindu mythology]]

Devanagari transliteration

2026-03-24T14:17:55Z

Breakoutbanglore: corrected page also and fixed typos

{{Short description|Transliteration from Devanagari to the Latin script}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}

'''Devanagari transliteration''' is the process of representing text written in [[Devanagari]] script—an Indic script used for [[Classical Sanskrit]] and many other Indic languages—in the [[Latin script]], preserving pronunciation and spelling conventions. There are several methods of [[transliteration]] from Devanagari to the Latin script (i.e., [[romanisation]]), including the [[IAST]] notation.<ref name="ref17yebif">{{Citation | title=Transliteration into Roman and Devanāgarī of the languages of the Indian group | author=Daya Nand Sharma | year=1972 | publisher=Survey of India, 1972 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HWJJAAAAYAAJ | quote=''... With the passage of time, there has emerged a practically uniform system of transliteration of Devanagari and allied alphabets. Nevertheless, no single system of Romanization has yet developed ...''}}</ref> Romanised Devanagari is also called '''Romanagari'''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=MHAISKAR |first=RAHUL |title=Romanagari an Alternative for Modern Media Writings |date=2015 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26264736 |journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute |volume=75 |pages=195–202 |jstor=26264736 |issn=0045-9801}}</ref>

==IAST==

The [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration]] (IAST) is a subset of the [[ISO 15919]] standard, used for the transliteration of [[Sanskrit]], [[Prakrit]] and [[Pāḷi]] into Roman script with diacritics. [[IAST]] is a widely used standard. It uses [[diacritic]]s to disambiguate phonetically similar but not identical Sanskrit glyphs. For example, dental and retroflex consonants are disambiguated with an underdot: dental द=d and retroflex ड=ḍ. An important feature of IAST is that it is losslessly reversible, i.e., IAST transliteration may be converted back to correct Devanāgarī or to some other South Asian scripts without ambiguity (except for scripts used for Dravidian languages, which require distinguishing long and short mid vowels). Many Unicode fonts fully support IAST display and printing.

Although the Roman script has long been the basis of standard systems of transliteration of Indian languages, and has been advocated for general use on various grounds by linguists such as [[J R Firth]] and [[S. K. Chatterji]], it has been seriously employed only for one language—[[Konkani language|Konkani]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Masica |first=Colin P. |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Indo_Aryan_Languages/J3RSHWePhXwC?hl=en |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |date=1993-09-09 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-29944-2 |pages=153}}</ref>

==Hunterian system==
{{main|Hunterian transliteration}}
The [[Hunterian transliteration|Hunterian system]] is the "national system of romanisation in India" and the one officially adopted by the [[Government of India]].<ref name="ref04xufam">{{Citation | title=Technical reference manual for the standardization of geographical names | author=United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs | year=2007 | publisher=United Nations Publications, 2007 | isbn=978-92-1-161500-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mh8u32ANQxAC | quote=''... ISO 15919 ... There is no evidence of the use of the system either in India or in international cartographic products ... The Hunterian system is the actually used national system of romanization in India ...''}}</ref><ref name="ref48luvep">{{Citation | title=United Nations Regional Cartographic Conference for Asia and the Far East, Volume 2 | author=United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs | year=1955 | publisher=United Nations, 1955 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QKsvAAAAYAAJ | quote=''... In India the Hunterian system is used, whereby every sound in the local language is uniformly represented by a certain letter in the Roman alphabet ...''}}</ref><ref name="ref65puqac">{{Citation | title=Indian scientific & technical publications, exhibition 1960: a bibliography | author=National Library (India) | year=1960 | publisher=Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, Government of India, 1960 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8VYEAQAAIAAJ | quote=''... The Hunterian system of transliteration, which has international acceptance, has been used ...''}}</ref>

The Hunterian system was developed in the nineteenth century by [[William Wilson Hunter]], then Surveyor General of India.<ref name="ref26vazop">{{Citation | title=Life of Sir William Wilson Hunter, K.C.S.I., M.A., LL.D., a vice-president of the Royal Asiatic society, etc | author=Francis Henry Skrine | year=1901 | author-link=Francis Henry Skrine | publisher=Longmans, Green, and co., 1901 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a1O21Ciyid0C | quote=''... phonetic or 'Sir Roger Dowler method' ... The Secretary of State and the great majority of his counselors gave an unqualified support to the Hunterian system ...''}}</ref> When it was proposed, it immediately met with opposition from supporters of the earlier practiced non-systematic and often distorting "Sir Roger Dowler method" (an early corruption of [[Siraj ud-Daulah]]) of phonetic transcription, which climaxed in a dramatic showdown in an India Council meeting on 28 May 1872 where the new Hunterian method carried the day. The Hunterian method was inherently simpler and extensible to several Indic scripts because it systematised [[grapheme]] transliteration, and it came to prevail and gain government and academic acceptance.<ref name="ref26vazop"/> Opponents of the grapheme transliteration model continued to mount unsuccessful attempts at reversing government policy until the turn of the century, with one critic calling appealing to "the Indian Government to give up the whole attempt at scientific (i.e. Hunterian) transliteration, and decide once and for all in favour of a return to the old phonetic spelling."<ref name="ref31xuvad">{{Citation | title=The Fortnightly, Volume 68 | year=1897 | publisher=Chapman and Hall, 1897 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NwoeAQAAIAAJ | quote=''... the Indian Government to give up the whole attempt at scientific (i.e. Hunterian) transliteration, and decide once and for all in favour of a return to the old phonetic spelling ...''}}</ref>

Over time, the Hunterian method extended in reach to cover several Indic scripts, including [[Burmese script|Burmese]] and [[Tibetan script|Tibetan]].<ref name="ref49pihug">{{Citation | title=Modernization of Burmese | author=Mînn Latt Yêkháun | year=1966 | publisher=Oriental Institute in Academia, Publishing House of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, 1966 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Iy5kAAAAMAAJ | quote=''... There does exist a system df transcribing Burmese words in roman letters, one that is called the 'Government', or the 'Hunterian' method ...''}}</ref><ref name="ref82hecix">{{Citation | title=Mapping and compilation | author=Kunwar Krishan Rampal | year=1993 | publisher=Concept Publishing Company, 1993 | isbn=978-81-7022-414-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aurHGtGvKGIC | quote=''... The Hunterian system has rules for transliteration into English the names form Hindi, Urdu, Arabic, Burmese, Chinese and Tibetan origin. These rules are described in Chapter VI, Survey of India, Handbook of Topographical Mapping ...''}}</ref> Provisions for [[schwa deletion in Indo-Aryan languages]] were also made where applicable, e.g. the Hindi {{lang|hi|कानपुर}} is transliterated as ''kānpur'' (and not ''kānapura'') but the Sanskrit {{lang|sa|क्रम}} is transliterated as ''krama'' (and not ''kram''). The system has undergone some evolution over time. For instance, long vowels were marked with an [[Acute accent|accent]] [[diacritic]] in the original version, but this was later replaced in the 1954 Government of India update with a [[Macron (diacritic)|macron]].<ref name="rotcsa">{{Citation | title=The Romanization of Toponyms in the Countries of South Asia | access-date=2011-02-27 | url=http://www.eki.ee/wgrs/wgr06_5.htm | quote=''... In the late 19th century sources, the system marks long vowels with an acute accent, and renders the letters k and q both as k. However, when the system was again published in 1954, alterations had been made. Long vowels were now marked with a macron4 and the q-k distinction was maintained ...''}}</ref> Thus, {{lang|hi|जान}} (''life'') was previously romanised as ''ján'' but began to be romanised as ''jān''. The Hunterian system has faced criticism over the years for not producing phonetically accurate results and being "unashamedly geared towards an English-language receiver audience."<ref name="rotcsa"/> Specifically, the lack of differentiation between [[retroflex consonant|retroflex]] and [[dental consonant|dental]] consonants (e.g. {{lang|hi|द}} and {{lang|hi|ड}} are both represented by ''d'') has come in for repeated criticism and inspired several proposed modifications of Hunterian, including using a diacritic below retroflexes (e.g. making {{lang|hi|द}}=''d'' and {{lang|hi|ड}}=''ḍ'', which is more readable but requires diacritic printing) or capitalising them (e.g. making {{lang|hi|द}}=''d'' and {{lang|hi|ड}}=''D'', which requires no diacritic printing but is less readable because it mixes small and capital letters in words).<ref name="ref06revip">{{Citation | title=Indian surveyor, Volumes 33-34 | author=Institution of Surveyors (India) | year=1991 | publisher=Institution of Surveyors., 1991 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2_BVAAAAMAAJ | quote=''... Suggested by . Mr. GS Oberoi, Director, Survey of India, in lieu of the existing table 'Hunterian System of Transliteration' which does not distinguish between {{lang|hi|द}} and {{lang|hi|ड}}, {{lang|hi|र}} and {{lang|hi|ड़}}, {{lang|hi|त}} and {{lang|hi|ट}} ...''}}</ref>

==Alternative transliteration methods==

===Schemes with diacritics===

====National Library at Kolkata romanisation====
{{main|National Library at Kolkata romanisation}}
The [[National Library at Kolkata romanisation]], intended for the romanisation of all [[Brahmic family|Indic scripts]], is an extension of [[IAST]]. It differs from IAST in the use of the symbols ē and ō for {{lang|hi|ए}} and {{lang|hi|ओ}} (e and o are used for the short vowels present in many Indian languages), the use of 'ḷ' for the consonant (in [[Kannada]]) {{lang|kn|ಳ}}, and the absence of symbols for {{lang|hi|ॠ}}, {{lang|hi|ऌ}} and {{lang|hi|ॡ}}.

====ISO 15919====
{{main|ISO 15919}}
A standard [[transliteration]] convention not just for Devanagari,<ref>[http://transliteration.eki.ee/pdf/Hindi-Marathi-Nepali.pdf Devanagari comparison: ISO, ALA-LC, Hunterian] in 2005 by Thomas T. Pedersen at Eesti Keele Instituut [http://transliteration.eki.ee/ Transliteration of Non-Roman Scripts]</ref> but for all South-Asian languages was codified in the ISO 15919 standard of 2001, providing the basis for modern digital libraries that conform to International Organization for Standardization (ISO) norms. ISO 15919 defines the common Unicode basis for Roman transliteration of South-Asian texts in a wide variety of languages/scripts.

ISO 15919 transliterations are platform-independent texts so that they can be used identically on all modern operating systems and software packages, as long as they comply with ISO norms. This is a prerequisite for all modern platforms so that ISO 15919 has become the new standard for digital libraries and archives for transliterating all South Asian texts.{{Original research inline|date=February 2011}}

ISO 15919<ref>[http://homepage.ntlworld.com/stone-catend/trind.htm Transliteration of Indic scripts: how to use ISO 15919] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414223033/http://homepage.ntlworld.com/stone-catend/trind.htm |date=14 April 2016}} ntlworld.com.</ref> uses [[diacritic]]s to map the much larger set of [[Brāhmī script|Brahmi]]c graphemes to the Latin script. The Devanagari-specific portion is nearly identical to the academic standard, [[IAST]]: "International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration", and to [[ALA-LC]], the United States Library of Congress standard.<ref>[https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/hindi.pdf Hindi romanization LC] as pdf by Library of Congress standard, loc.gov.</ref>

Another standard, [[United Nations romanization systems for geographical names|United Nations Romanization Systems for Geographical Names]] (UNRSGN), was developed by the United Nations Group of Experts<ref name="Geoname">{{Citation | title=Technical reference manual for the standardization of geographical names | author=United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs | year=2007 | publisher=United Nations Publications, 2007 | isbn=978-92-1-161500-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mh8u32ANQxAC | quote=... ISO 15919 ... There is no evidence of the use of the system either in India or in international cartographic products ... The Hunterian system is the actually used national system of romanization in India ...}}</ref> on Geographical Names (UNGEGN)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.eki.ee/wgrs/|title=UNGEGN Working Group on Romanization Systems|website= United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names UNGEGN, www.eki.ee .Eesti Keele Instituut. |access-date=2017-02-14}}</ref> and covers many Brahmic scripts. There are some differences<ref name="diff">{{Cite web|url=http://www.eki.ee/wgrs/rom1_hi.htm|title=Differences between ISO 15919 and UNRSGN|date=March 2016|website=Working group on Romanization systems. United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names UNGEGN. www.eki.ee/wgrs/ .Eesti Keele Instituut |access-date=13 February 2017}}</ref> between ISO 15919 and UNRSGN.

===ASCII schemes===

====Harvard-Kyoto====
{{main|Harvard-Kyoto}}

Compared to [[IAST]], [[Harvard-Kyoto]] looks much simpler.
It does not contain any of the [[diacritic]] marks that IAST contains.
Instead of diacritics, Harvard-Kyoto uses [[capital letters]].
The use of capital letters makes typing in Harvard-Kyoto much easier than in IAST but produces words with capital letters inside them.

==== ITRANS scheme ====
{{main|ITRANS}}
{{citation needed span|[[ITRANS]] is an extension of [[Harvard-Kyoto]]. The ITRANS transliteration scheme was developed for the [[ITRANS]] software package, a pre-processor for [[Indic scripts]]. The user inputs in Roman letters and the ITRANS preprocessor converts the Roman letters into Devanāgarī (or other Indic scripts). The latest version of [[ITRANS]] is version 5.30 released in July 2001.|date=September 2022}}

==== Velthuis ====
{{main|Velthuis}}

The disadvantage of the above [[ASCII]] schemes is case-sensitivity, implying that transliterated names may not be capitalised. This difficulty is avoided with the system developed in 1996 by Frans Velthuis for [[TeX]], loosely based on IAST, in which case is irrelevant.

==== WX ====
{{main|WX_notation}}

WX notation is a transliteration scheme for representing Indian languages in ASCII. This scheme originated at IIT Kanpur for computational processing of Indian languages, and is widely used among the natural language processing (NLP) community in India. The notation (though unidentified) is used, for example, in a textbook on NLP from IIT Kanpur.[1] The salient features of this transliteration scheme are: Every consonant and every vowel has a single mapping into Roman. Hence it is a prefix code,[2] advantageous from a computation point of view. Typically the small case letters are used for un-aspirated consonants and short vowels while the capital case letters are used for aspirated consonants and long vowels. While the retroflexed voiceless and voiced consonants are mapped to 't, T, d and D', the dentals are mapped to 'w, W, x and X'. Hence the name of the scheme "WX", referring to the idiosyncratic mapping. Ubuntu Linux provides a keyboard support for WX notation.

==== SLP1 ====
{{main|SLP1}}

SLP1 (Sanskrit Library Phonetic) is a case-sensitive scheme initially used by [http://sanskritlibrary.org Sanskrit Library]<ref>{{cite web | url = http://sanskritlibrary.org/tomcat/sl/ScriptTable | title = The Sanskrit Library » Tools » Indic Script Comparison Table | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140808070533/http://sanskritlibrary.org/tomcat/sl/ScriptTable | archive-date = 2014-08-08}}</ref> which was developed by Peter Scharf and (the late) Malcolm Hyman, who first described it in appendix B of their book Linguistic Issues in Encoding Sanskrit.<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Scharf | first1 = Peter M. | last2 = Hyman | first2 = Malcolm D. | title = Linguistic Issues in Encoding Sanskrit | date = 2011 | url = http://www.sanskritlibrary.org/Sanskrit/pub/lies_sl.pdf}}</ref>
The advantage of SLP1 over other encodings is that a single ASCII character is used for each Devanagari letter, a peculiarity that eases reverse transliteration.<ref>[http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/monier/help.html Morphology Help]</ref>

==== Hinglish ====
{{main|Hinglish}}

Hinglish refers to the non-standardised Romanised Hindi used online, and especially on social media. In India, Romanised Hindi is the dominant form of expression online. In an analysis of [[YouTube]] comments, Palakodety et al., identified that 52% of comments were in Romanised Hindi, 46% in English, and 1% in [[Devanagari]] Hindi.<ref name="Palakodety">{{Citation |last1=Palakodety |first1=Shriphani |title=Low Resource Machine Translation |date=2021 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5625-5_5 |work=Low Resource Social Media Text Mining |pages=7–9 |place=Singapore |publisher=Springer Singapore |isbn=978-981-16-5624-8 |access-date=2022-09-24 |last2=KhudaBukhsh |first2=Ashiqur R. |last3=Jayachandran |first3=Guha|doi=10.1007/978-981-16-5625-5_5 |s2cid=244313560 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

==== Others ====
Other less popular ASCII schemes include [[WX notation]], Vedatype and the 7-bit ISO 15919. WX notation is a transliteration scheme for representing Indian languages in ASCII. It originated at IIT Kanpur for computational processing of Indian languages and is widely used among the natural language processing (NLP) community in India. This scheme is described in [http://ltrc.iiit.ac.in/downloads/nlpbook/nlp-panini.pdf NLP Panini] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126005517/http://ltrc.iiit.ac.in/downloads/nlpbook/nlp-panini.pdf |date=26 November 2013}} (Appendix B). It is similar to, but not as versatile as, SLP1, as far as the coverage of Vedic Sanskrit is concerned. Comparison of WX with other schemes is found in [https://web.archive.org/web/20141222030835/http://yquem.inria.fr/~huet/PUBLIC/Brown.pdf Huet (2009), App A.]. Vedatype is another scheme used for encoding Vedic texts at [[Maharishi University of Management]]. An online transcoding utility across all these schemes is provided at the [https://web.archive.org/web/20121112060730/http://sanskritlibrary.org/tomcat/sl/TranscodeText Sanskrit Library]. [[ISO 15919]] includes a so-called "limited character set" option to replace the diacritics by prefixes, so that it is ASCII-compatible. A pictorial explanation is [https://web.archive.org/web/20140222204023/http://homepage.ntlworld.com/stone-catend/tri7-cnv.gif here] from [https://web.archive.org/web/20120819120416/http://homepage.ntlworld.com/stone-catend/trioprc.htm Anthony Stone].

==Transliteration comparison==

The following is a comparison<ref name="multiconverter">[http://tdil-dc.in/san/transliteration/table.html Mapping table with 7 methods] of Harvard-Kyoto, ITRANS, Velthuis, SLP, WX-system and IAST, Devanagari used by [http://tdil-dc.in/san/transliteration/index_dit.html ILTP-DC for Sanskrit]. [http://tdil-dc.in/san/transliteration/index_dit.html Sanskrit transliteration tool. Convert from one scheme to another]. Maintained by the 'Indian language technology proliferation and deployment centre' (ILTP-DC) of the government of India. Works with 7 systems: Harvard-Kyoto, ITRANS, Velthuis, SLP, WX-system and IAST, Devanagari.</ref> of the major transliteration<ref name="vvconverter">[http://www.virtualvinodh.com/wp/character-matrix/ Chart: difference between IAST and ISO]. [http://www.virtualvinodh.com/wp/projects/ Aksharamukha transliteration (converter) tool]. Akshara Mukha is an Asian script (two way) converter, freeware. It supports 5 major Latin transliteration conventions such as IAST, ISO, Harvard-Kyoto, ITRANS & Velthuis. It can inter-convert, for example from Velthuis to ISO. It also converts between 20 different South Asian & East Asian scripts. You can access the project from [http://www.virtualvinodh.com/wp/aksharamukha/ here]. While using the tool, 'source' can be set to for example: ITRANS or Harvard-Kyoto, and 'target' can be set to a particular script like Devanagari-Hindi. (When you are using a north Indian script, tick the box: Remove 'a'). It can work in reverse too, for example from Hindi to Latin by ISO transliteration.</ref> methods used for Devanāgarī.

===Vowels===

{| class="wikitable"
|- class="Unicode"
![[Devanāgarī]]!![[IAST]]!![[ISO 15919]]
!Monier-Williams72!![[Harvard-Kyoto]]!![[ITRANS]]!![[Velthuis]]!![[SLP1]]!![[WX notation|WX]]!![[Hunterian transliteration|Hunterian]]
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|अ}} ||a||a
|a||a||a||a||a||a||a
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|आ}} ||ā||ā
|ā||A||A/aa||aa||A||A||a
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|इ}} ||i||i
|i||i||i||i||i||i||i
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|ई}} ||ī||ī
|ī||I||I/ii||ii||I||I||i
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|उ}} ||u||u
|u||u||u||u||u||u||u
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|ऊ}} |||ū||ū
|ū||U||U/uu||uu||U||U||u
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|ए}} ||e||ē
|e||e||e||e||e||e||e
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|ऐ}} ||ai||ai
|ai||ai||ai||ai||E||E||ai
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|ओ}} ||o||ō
|o||o||o||o||o||o||o
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|औ}} ||au||au
|au||au||au||au||O||O||au
|- class="Unicode"
|||||
| |||
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|ऋ}} ||ṛ||r̥
|ṛi||R
|RRi/R^i||.r||f||q||ri
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|ॠ}} ||ṝ||r̥̄
|ṛī||RR
|RRI/R^I||.rr||F||Q||ri
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|ऌ}} ||ḷ||l̥
|lṛi
|lR||LLi/L^i||.l||x||L
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|ॡ}} ||ḹ||l̥̄
|lṛī
|lRR||LLI/L^I||.ll||X||LY
|- class="Unicode"
|||||
| |||
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|अं}} ||ṃ||ṁ
|ṉ/ṃ
|M||M/.n/.m||.m||M||M||n, m
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|अः}} ||ḥ||ḥ
|ḥ||h
|H||H||.h||H||H
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|अँ}} ||m̐
|m̐
| || || .N|| || ~||az
|- class="Unicode"
|||||
| |||
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|ऽ}} ||'||’
| ||'||.a||.a||'||Z
|}

===Consonants===

The [[Devanāgarī]] standalone consonant letters are followed by an implicit [[Schwa deletion in Indo-Aryan languages|''shwa'']] (/Ə/). In all of the transliteration systems, that /Ə/ must be represented explicitly using an 'a' or any equivalent of ''shwa''.

{| class="wikitable"
|- class="Unicode"
![[Devanāgarī]]!![[IAST]]!![[ISO 15919]]
!Monier-Williams72!![[Harvard-Kyoto]]!![[ITRANS]]!![[Velthuis]]!![[SLP1]]||[[WX notation|WX]]||[[Hunterian transliteration|Hunterian]]
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|क}} ||ka||ka
|ka||ka||ka||ka||ka||ka||k
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|ख}} ||kha||kha
|kha||kha||kha||kha||Ka||Ka||kh
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|ग}} ||ga||ga
|ga||ga||ga||ga||ga||ga||g
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|घ}} ||gha||gha
|gha||gha||gha||gha||Ga||Ga||gh
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|ङ}} ||ṅa||ṅa
|n·a||Ga||~Na||"na||Na||fa||n
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|च}} ||ca||ca
|ća||ca||cha||ca||ca||ca||ch
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|छ}} ||cha||cha
|ćha||cha||Cha||chha||Ca||Ca||chh
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|ज}} ||ja||ja
|ja||ja||ja||ja||ja||ja||j
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|झ}} ||jha||jha
|jha||jha||jha||jha||Ja||Ja||jh
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|ञ}} ||ña||ña
|ṅa||Ja||~na||~na||Ya||Fa||n
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|ट}} ||ṭa||ṭa
|ṭa||Ta||Ta||.ta||wa||ta||t
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|ठ}} ||ṭha||ṭha
|ṭha||Tha||Tha||.tha||Wa||Ta||th
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|ड}} ||ḍa||ḍa
|ḍa||Da||Da||.da||qa||da||d
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|ढ}} ||ḍha||ḍha
|ḍha||Dha||Dha||.dha||Qa||Da||dh
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|ण}} ||ṇa||ṇa
|ṇa||Na||Na||.na||Ra||Na||n
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|त}} ||ta||ta
|ta||ta||ta||ta||ta||wa||t
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|थ}} ||tha||tha
|tha||tha||tha||tha||Ta||Wa||th
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|द}} ||da||da
|da||da||da||da||da||xa||d
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|ध}} ||dha||dha
|dha||dha||dha||dha||Da||Xa||dh
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|न}} ||na||na
|na||na||na||na||na||na||n
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|प}} ||pa||pa
|pa||pa||pa||pa||pa||pa||p
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|फ}} ||pha||pha
|pha||pha||pha||pha||Pa||Pa||ph
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|ब}} ||ba||ba
|ba||ba||ba||ba||ba||ba||b
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|भ}} ||bha||bha
|bha||bha||bha||bha||Ba||Ba||bh
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|म}} ||ma||ma
|ma||ma||ma||ma||ma||ma||m
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|य}} ||ya||ya
|ya||ya||ya||ya||ya||ya||y
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|र}} ||ra||ra
|ra||ra||ra||ra||ra||ra||r
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|ल}} ||la||la
|la||la||la||la||la||la||l
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|व}} ||va||va
|va||va||va/wa||va||va||va||v, w
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|श}} ||śa||śa
|ṡa||za||sha||"sa||Sa||Sa||sh
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|ष}} ||ṣa||ṣa
|sha||Sa||Sha||.sa||za||Ra||sh
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|स}} ||sa||sa
|sa||sa||sa||sa||sa||sa||s
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|ह}} ||ha||ha
|ha||ha||ha||ha||ha||ha||h
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|ळ}} ||ḻa||ḷa|| ||La||La||.la||La||lY||
|}

===Irregular consonant clusters===

{| class="wikitable"
|- class="Unicode"
![[Devanāgarī]]!![[ISO 15919]]!![[Harvard-Kyoto]]!![[ITRANS]]!![[Velthuis]]!![[SLP1]]||[[WX notation|WX]]!![[Hunterian transliteration|Hunterian]]
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|क्ष}}||kṣa|| kSa||kSa/kSha/xa||k.sa||kza||kRa||ksh
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|त्र}}||tra||tra||tra||tra||tra||wra||tr
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|ज्ञ}}||jña|| jJa||GYa/j~na||j~na||jYa||jFa||gy, jñ
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|श्र}}||śra||zra||shra||"sra||Sra||Sra||shr
|}

===Other consonants===

{| class="wikitable"
|- class="Unicode"
![[Devanāgarī]]!![[ISO 15919]]!![[ITRANS]]||[[WX notation|WX]]||[[Hunterian transliteration|Hunterian]]
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|क़}}||qa||qa||kZa||q
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|ख़}}||k͟ha||Ka||KZa||kh
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|ग़}}||ġa||Ga||gZa||gh
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|ज़}}||za||za||jZa||z
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|फ़}}||fa||fa||PZa||f
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|ड़}}||ṛa||.Da/Ra||dZa||r
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|ढ़}}||ṛha||.Dha/Rha||DZa||rh
|}

=== Comparison of IAST with ISO 15919===

The table below shows just the differences between ISO 15919 and IAST for [[Devanagari]] transliteration.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Devanagari
!ISO 15919
!IAST
!Comment
|-
||{{lang|hi|ए / े}}
||{{transliteration|inc|ISO|ē}}
||{{IAST|e}}
||To distinguish between long and short 'e' in [[Dravidian languages]], 'e' now represents {{lang|hi|ऎ / ॆ}} (short). Note that the use of {{transliteration|inc|ISO|ē}} is considered optional in ISO 15919, and using {{transliteration|inc|ISO|e}} for {{lang|hi|ए}} (long) is acceptable for languages that do not distinguish long and short e.
|-
||{{lang|hi|ओ / ो}}
||{{transliteration|inc|ISO|ō}}
||{{IAST|o}}
||To distinguish between long and short 'o' in Dravidian languages, 'o' now represents {{lang|hi|ऒ / ॊ}} (short). Note that the use of {{transliteration|inc|ISO|ō}} is considered optional in ISO 15919, and using {{transliteration|inc|ISO|o}} for {{lang|hi|ओ}} (long) is acceptable for languages that do not distinguish long and short o.
|-
||{{lang|hi|ऋ / ृ}}
||{{transliteration|inc|ISO|r̥}}
||{{IAST|ṛ}}
||In ISO 15919, ṛ is used to represent {{lang|hi|ड़}}.
|-
||{{lang|hi|ॠ / ॄ}}
||{{transliteration|inc|ISO|r̥̄}}
||{{IAST|ṝ}}
||For consistency with r̥
|-
||{{lang|hi|ऌ / ॢ}}
||{{transliteration|inc|ISO|l̥}}
||{{IAST|ḷ}}
||In ISO 15919, ḷ is used to represent {{lang|hi|ळ}}.
|-
||{{lang|hi|ॡ / ॣ}}
||{{transliteration|inc|ISO|l̥̄}}
||{{IAST|ḹ}}
||For consistency with l̥
|-
|rowspan="2"|{{lang|sa|◌ं}}
||{{transliteration|inc|ISO|ṁ}}
|rowspan="2"|ṃ
|rowspan="2"|ISO 15919 has two options about anusvāra. (1) In the simplified nasalisation option, an anusvāra is always transliterated as ''ṁ''. (2) In the strict nasalization option, anusvāra before a class consonant is transliterated as the class nasal—''ṅ'' before k, kh, g, gh, ṅ; ''ñ'' before c, ch, j, jh, ñ; ''ṇ'' before ṭ, ṭh, ḍ, ḍh, ṇ; ''n'' before t, th, d, dh, n; ''m'' before p, ph, b, bh, m. ''ṃ'' is sometimes used to specifically represent [[Gurmukhi alphabet|Gurmukhi]] Tippi {{lang|pa| ੰ}}.
|-
||{{transliteration|inc|ISO|ṅ ñ ṇ n m}}
|-
||◌ँ
||{{transliteration|inc|ISO|m̐}}
||{{IAST|m̐}}
||Vowel nasalisation is transliterated as a tilde above the transliterated vowel (over the second vowel in the case of a digraph such as aĩ, aũ), except in Sanskrit.
|-
||ळ
||ḻ
||ḷ
||Used in Vedic Sanskrit only and not found in the Classical variant
|}

==Details==

===Treatment of inherent schwa ===
Devanāgarī consonants include an "inherent a" sound, called the [[schwa]], that must be explicitly represented with an "a" character in the transliteration. Many words and names transliterated from Devanāgarī end with "a", to indicate the pronunciation in the original [[Sanskrit]]. This [[Schwa deletion in Indo-Aryan languages|schwa is obligatorily deleted]] in several modern [[Indo-Aryan languages]], like [[Hindi]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and others. This results in differing transliterations for Sanskrit and schwa-deleting languages that retain or eliminate the schwa as appropriate:
*Sanskrit: Mahābhārata, Rāmāyaṇa, Śiva, Sāmaveda
*Hindi: Mahābhārat, Rāmāyaṇ, Śiv, Sāmved

Some words may keep the final a, generally because they would be difficult to say without it:
* Krishna, Vajra, Maurya

Because of this, some words ending in consonant clusters are altered in various modern Indic languages as such:
Mantra=mantar. Shabda=shabad. Sushumna=sushumana.

===Retroflex consonants===
Most [[Languages of India|Indian languages]] make a distinction between the retroflex and dental forms of the dental consonants. In formal transliteration schemes, the standard Roman letters are used to indicate the dental form, and the retroflex form is indicated by special marks, or the use of other letters. E.g., in [[IAST]] transliteration, the retroflex forms are ṇ, ṭ, ḍ and ṣ.

In most informal transcriptions the distinction between retroflex and dental consonants is not indicated. However, many capitalise retroflex consonants on QWERTY keyboard in informal messaging. That generally obviates the need for transliteration.

===Aspirated consonants===
Where the letter "h" appears after a [[plosive consonant]] in Devanāgarī transliteration, it always indicates [[aspiration (phonetics)|aspiration]]. Thus "ph" is pronounced as the ''p'' in "pit" (with a small puff of air released as it is said), never as the ''ph'' in "photo" ([[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] /f/). (On the other hand, "p" is pronounced as the ''p'' in "spit" with no release of air.) Similarly "th" is an aspirated "t", neither the ''th'' of "this" (voiced, IPA /ð/) nor the ''th'' of "thin" (unvoiced, IPA /θ/).

The aspiration is generally indicated in both formal and informal transliteration systems.

==Computer use as a drive for romanisation==
{{Unreferenced section|date=November 2025}}
As English is widely used as a professional and higher-education language in India, availability of Devanagari keyboards is dwarfed by English keyboards. Similarly, software and user interfaces released and promoted in India are in English, as is much of the computer education available there. Due to low awareness of Devanagari keyboard layouts, many Indian users type Hindi in the Roman script.

Before Devanagari was added to [[Unicode]], many workarounds were used to display Devanagari on the Internet, and many sites and services have continued using them despite widespread availability of Unicode fonts supporting Devanagari. Although there are several transliteration conventions on transliterating Hindi to Roman, most of these are reliant on diacritics. As most Indians are familiar with the Roman script through the English language (which traditionally does not use diacritics), these transliteration systems are much less widely known. Most such "Romanagari" is transliterated arbitrarily to imitate English spelling, and thus results in numerous inconsistencies.

It is also detrimental to search engines, which do not classify Hindi text in the Roman script as Hindi. The same text may also not be classified as English.

Regardless of the physical keyboard's layout, it is possible to [[Help:Multilingual support (Indic)|install Unicode-based Hindi keyboard layouts]] on most modern operating systems. There are many online services available that transliterate text written in Roman to Devanagari accurately, using Hindi dictionaries for reference, such as [[Google transliteration]] or Microsoft Indic Language Input Tool. This solution is similar to [[input method]] editors, which are traditionally used to input text in languages that use complex characters, most notably those that use logographies.

==History of Sanskrit transliteration==
During the second and first millennia BCE, Sanskrit texts were transmitted by memorisation and repetition. Post-Harappan India had no system for writing Indic languages until the creation (in the 4th-3rd centuries BCE) of the [[Kharoshti]] and [[Brāhmī script|Brahmi]] scripts. These writing systems, though adequate for [[Middle Indic languages]], including the [[Edicts of Ashoka|Aśokan inscriptions]], were not well-adapted to writing Sanskrit. However, later descendants of Brahmi were modified so that they could record Sanskrit in exacting phonetic detail. The earliest physical text in Sanskrit is a rock inscription by the [[Western Kshatrapas|Western Kshatrapa]] ruler [[Rudradaman]], written c. 150 CE in [[Junagadh]], [[Gujarat]]. Due to the remarkable proliferation of different varieties of Brahmi in the Middle Ages, there is today no single script used for writing Sanskrit; rather, Sanskrit scholars can write the language in a form of whatever script is used to write their local language. However, since the late Middle Ages, there has been a tendency to use [[Devanagari]] for writing Sanskrit texts for a widespread readership in North India.

Western scholars in the nineteenth century adopted Devanagari for printed editions of Sanskrit texts. The ''[[editio princeps]]'' of the [[Rigveda]] by [[Max Müller]] was in Devanagari. Müller's London typesetters competed with their Petersburg peers working on [[Otto Böhtlingk|Böhtlingk]]'s and Roth's dictionary in cutting all the required ligature types.

From its beginnings, Western Sanskrit philology also felt the need for a romanised spelling of the language.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}} [[Franz Bopp]] in 1816 used a romanisation scheme, alongside Devanagari, differing from [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]] in expressing vowel length by a circumflex (â, î, û), and aspiration by a ''[[spiritus asper]]'' (e.g. bʽ for IAST bh). The sibilants IAST ṣ and ś he expressed with spiritus asper and lenis, respectively (sʽ, sʼ). [[Monier-Williams]] in his 1899 dictionary used ć, ṡ and sh for IAST c, ś and ṣ, respectively.

From the late 19th century, Western interest in typesetting Devanagari decreased.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}} [[Theodor Aufrecht]] published his 1877 edition of the Rigveda in romanised Sanskrit, and [[Arthur Macdonell]]'s 1910 ''Vedic grammar'' (and 1916 ''Vedic grammar for students'') likewise do without Devanagari (while his introductory ''Sanskrit grammar for students'' retains Devanagari alongside romanised Sanskrit). Contemporary Western editions of Sanskrit texts appear in both IAST and Devanagari, with the latter script gaining popularity due to the widespread adoption of Unicode and the international spread of writing technologies like [[LibreOffice]] and [[XeTeX]] that make writing and publishing Devanagari easy.

==See also==
*The [[National Library at Kolkata romanisation]] and [[ISO 15919]] are extensions of [[IAST]] to transcribe all [[Brahmic family|Indic scripts]]
*[[ISCII]], an 8-bit encoding for Indic scripts
*[[ITRANS]], a transliteration scheme used in Phonetic Devanagari typing tools
*[[Velthuis]], a transliteration scheme in ASCII
*[[Hunterian transliteration|Hunterian system]], the government-approved standard for transliterating Standard Hindi in India
*[[Hinglish]]
*[[Roman Urdu]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikibooks|Devanagari}}
{{wikivoyage|Learning Devanagari}}

*[http://www.google.com/transliterate/ Google transliteration tool]

{{Devanagari abugida}}
{{Hindi topics}}
{{Sanskrit language topics}}
{{Marathi language topics}}
{{list of writing systems}}

[[Category:Sanskrit transliteration]]
[[Category:Romanization of Brahmic]]
[[Category:Devanagari]]

Yasakhan

2026-03-23T04:05:41Z

Breakoutbanglore: Starting New Post - done

{{Short description|2014 Indian film by Thuraivanan}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{No plot|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Yasakhan film.jpg
| caption = Release poster
| director = Thuraivanan
| producer = Santhosh Pandian
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Mahesh (Tamil actor)|Mahesh]]
*Niranjana
* Janaki
}}
| music = [[Satish Chakravarthy]]
| released = {{Film date|2014|3|21|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Yasakhan''''' is a 2014 Indian Tamil-language romantic drama film directed by Thuraivanan. The film stars [[Mahesh (Tamil actor)|Mahesh]], Niranjana, and Janaki.<ref name="T" /> The film is about a man from Madurai who is rejected by society.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raghavan |first=Nikhil |date=24 September 2013 |title=Shotcuts: Another son rises |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/shotcuts-another-son-rises/article5163902.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412090231/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/shotcuts-another-son-rises/article5163902.ece |archive-date=12 April 2022 |access-date=12 April 2022 |website=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*[[Mahesh (Tamil actor)|Mahesh]] as Surya
*Niranjana as Shalini
* Janaki as Sharadha
*Jayachandran
*Samuel Chandran

==Production==
The film began production under the title ''Sithan''.<ref name="T">{{Cite web |date=21 February 2013 |title=Yasakhan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/previews/yasakhan/articleshow/18608693.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20260312070349/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/previews/yasakhan/articleshow/18608693.cms |archive-date=12 March 2026 |access-date=12 April 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> Niranjana from Kerala was cast as the lead actress.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raghavan |first=Nikhil |date=8 March 2014 |title=Etcetera: Sound by design |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/etcetera-sound-by-design/article5764131.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423174056/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/etcetera-sound-by-design/article5764131.ece |archive-date=23 April 2024 |access-date=12 April 2022 |website=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
Music by [[Satish Chakravarthy]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=21 September 2013 |title=Audio Beat: Yasakhan – Raining melodies |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/audio-beat-yasakhan-raining-melodies/article5153564.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625085125/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/audio-beat-yasakhan-raining-melodies/article5153564.ece |archive-date=25 June 2024 |access-date=12 April 2022 |website=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>
* 'Kannadi Maname' – Haricharan (lyrics by Arivumathi)
* ‘Poo Poothathum Nee Parthathum – Bela Shende (lyrics by Yugabharathi)
*‘Senthazham Poove' – Gayathri and Kunal Kanjavala (lyrics by Yugabharathi)
* 'Urangi Kidakkum Madurakulla' – Mukesh and Aasha (lyrics by Gangai Amaren)
* 'Eendra Undhan Nenjathil' – Sathish Chakravarthy (also lyrics)

== Reception ==
M. Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' opined that "We get a longwinded lecture on being human and helping others and for a moment, we think we are not in a movie theatre but in a seminar hall".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suganth |first=M |title=Yasakhan |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Yasakhan/movie-review/32503963.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323104640/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Yasakhan/movie-review/32503963.cms |archive-date=23 March 2014 |access-date=12 March 2026 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Baradwaj Rangan]] wrote for ''[[The Hindu]]'' that "The characters are underdeveloped. The scenes have no punch. There’s not one believable moment".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=22 March 2014 |title=Yasakhan: Too good to be true? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/yasakhan-too-good-to-be-true/article5818840.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625085307/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/yasakhan-too-good-to-be-true/article5818840.ece |archive-date=25 June 2024 |access-date=12 April 2022 |website=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Maalai Malar]]'' called the film different.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 March 2014 |title=யாசகன் |url=http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/review/2014/03/21174851/yasakhan-movie-review.vpf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412085732/https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/review/2014/03/21174851/yasakhan-movie-review.vpf |archive-date=12 April 2022 |access-date=12 April 2022 |website=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=ta}}</ref> Malini Mannath of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote, "With a screenplay that is loosely etched, incidents lacking any depth and jumpy narration, there are hardly any scenes to keep you hooked".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=22 March 2014 |title=Beating Around the Bush with a Convoluted Plot |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2014/Mar/22/beating-around-the-bush-with-a-convoluted-plot-589361.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727093626/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2014/mar/22/Beating-Around-the-Bush-with-a-Convoluted-Plot-589361.html |archive-date=27 July 2022 |access-date=12 March 2026 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|13070622}}

[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:2014 Indian films]]
[[Category:2014 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2014 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Satish Chakravarthy]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic drama films]]

S.M. Dev College, Lakhipur

2026-03-22T13:18:06Z

Breakoutbanglore: general adjusted intro to improve readability and updated info

{{Article for deletion/dated|page=Lala Rural College|timestamp=20260322131805|year=2026|month=March|day=22|substed=yes}}


{{short description|College in Assam}}
{{Infobox university |
name = S.M. Dev College, Lakhipur|
image = |
type = Public|
established = 1995|
principal = |
city = [[Lakhipur]], [[Cachar district]] |
state = [[Assam]] |
country = [[India]]|
colors = |
affiliations = [[Assam University]] |
website =
|}}
''' S.M. Dev College, Lakhipur''', established in 1995, is a major and private general degree college situated in [[Lakhipur]], [[Cachar district]], [[Assam]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sm Dev College Cachar -Admissions 2022, Ranking, Placement, Fee Structure|url=https://www.targetadmission.com/colleges/31616-sm-dev-college|access-date=2022-01-24|website=www.targetadmission.com}}</ref> This college is affiliated with the [[Assam University]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Goswami|first=Vijay|title=CollegeFind {{!}} Sm Dev College, Lakhipur: Courses, Fees, Reviews, Hostels and more|url=https://collegefind.in/college/20031-sm-dev-college|access-date=2022-01-24|website=collegefind.in|language=en}}</ref>

==Departments==

===Arts===
*Bengali
*English
*History
*Economics
*Political Science

==Professors==
*Shri Tapas Deb (Principal)
*Shri Pravahkar Sinha
*Dr Shimul Paul
*Dr Kalyan Sagolslem
*Shrimati Nomita Devi

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Assam}}

{{Assam University}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges in Assam]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to Assam University]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1995]]
[[Category:1995 establishments in Assam]]

{{Assam-university-stub}}

Man Mohan Sinha

2026-03-19T07:05:41Z

Breakoutbanglore: improved intro as per guidelines to improve readability

{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{sources|date=March 2014}}
{{Infobox military person
|name = Air Marshal Man Mohan Sinha
|honorific_suffix = [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal|PVSM]], [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal|AVSM]], [[Vayusena Medal|VM]]
|birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1933|01|08}}
|birth_place = [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Bihar and Orissa Province]], British India
|death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2018|8|31|1933|1|8}}
|death_place = [[New Delhi]]
|placeofburial =
|placeofburial_label = Place of burial
|image = Air Martial Man Mohan Sinha, Staff portrait .jpg
|caption =
|nickname = Rusty<ref>{{cite web|title=How I Too Nearly Missed The War!*|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1965War/1155-Lamba.html|publisher=Bharat-Rakshak.com.|accessdate=22 March 2014}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|allegiance = {{flag|India}}
|serviceyears = 1953–1991
|rank = [[File:Air Marshal of IAF.png|20px]] [[Air Marshal]]
|branch = {{air force|India}}
|servicenumber = 4408
|commands = [[Eastern Air Command (India)|Eastern Air Command]] [[No. 37 Squadron IAF|37 Squadron]]
|unit = [[No. 3 Squadron IAF|3 Squadron]]
|battles = [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]] [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1971]]
|awards = [[Mentioned in Despatches]], [[File:Param Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|30px]] [[Param Vishist Seva Medal]], [[File:Ati Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|30px]] [[Ati Vishist Seva Medal]], [[File:Vayusena Medal ribbon.svg|30px]] [[Vayusena Medal]]
|laterwork =
}}

[[Air Marshal]] '''Man Mohan Sinha''', [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal|PVSM]], [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal|AVSM]], [[Vayusena Medal|VM]], (8 January 1933 – 31 August 2018) was an [[Indian Air Force]] officer and a veteran of the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Service Record for Air Marshal Man Mohan Sinha 4408 F(P) [www.bharat-rakshak.com]|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Record/view.php?srnum=4408|accessdate=16 March 2014|archive-date=16 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316165437/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Record/view.php?srnum=4408|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was honoured with a number of medals including the Param Vishist Seva Medal, the Ati Vishisht Seva Medal and the Vayusena Medal.

==Early life and education==
Man Mohan Sinha was born on 8 January 1933 at [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Bihar and Orissa Province]], British India.{{Citation needed|date= July 2022}} He was educated at [[St. Xavier's High School, Patna]].{{Citation needed|date= July 2022}}

==Military career==
He joined the National defense academy (Indian military academy) in the then Inter services wing in 1948.{{Citation needed|date= July 2022}} He was then commissioned to the Indian Air Force as a [[pilot officer]] on 17 January 1953, serving in 3rd squadron (1953-1961). Subsequently, he became the Air Force ADC to [[Dr. Rajendra Prasad|Dr. Rajender Prasad]] (1961-1962) and [[Dr. Radhakrishnan]] (1962-1964), after which he transferred to 7th squadron (1964-1967), taking part in the [[1965 Indo-Pakistan war]].{{Citation needed|date= July 2022}}

===1965 Indo-Pakistan War achievements===
Sinha was a part of [[No. 7 Squadron IAF]] as a [[squadron leader]] during the 1965 war against Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|title=The 1965 India Pakistan Air War|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1965War/Photos-09.html|accessdate=16 March 2014}}</ref> Squadron Leaders MM Sinha, SS Malik, AS Lamba, Dice Dhiman etc. making their mark in various missions during 1965 war.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Air Force :: No.7 Squadron|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Units/Squadrons/7-Squadron.html|accessdate=16 March 2014|archive-date=16 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316181915/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Units/Squadrons/7-Squadron.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Air Attack – Outbreak of the War (Sept 1st – 6th) |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1965War/Chapter3.html |publisher=BHARAT RAKSHAK |accessdate=16 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130706030406/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1965War/Chapter3.html |archivedate=6 July 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=My Years with the IAF – By Air Chief Marshal PC Lal|publisher=Lancer Publishers LLC|isbn=1935501755|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eBszCSguEscC&q=My+Years+with+the+IAF+isbn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=No 7 Squadron(Battle- Axes)|url=http://indianairforce.nic.in/show_unit.php?ch=10|publisher=The Official Home Page of Indian Air Force|accessdate=16 March 2014}}</ref> SS Malik, AS Lamba, PS Pingle, AR Gandhi received the Vir Chakra, along with Man Mohan Sinha, DK Dhiman, CG Pander, P Kondaiah who earned a [[Mention in Despatches|Mention-in-Despatches]] for combat operations.<ref>{{cite web|title=No 7 Squadron(Battle- Axes)|url=http://indianairforce.nic.in/show_unit.php?ch=10|publisher=The Official Home Page of Indian Air Force|accessdate=21 March 2014}}</ref>

===Command of No. 37 Squadron IAF===
No. 37 Squadron IAF (Black Panthers) moved to [[Tezpur]] from [[Chabua]] at the end of March 1966, where command of the squadron passed to [[Wing commander|Wing Commander]] Man Mohan Sinha on 25 August 1967.<ref>{{cite web|title=No 37 Squadron(Black Panthers)|url=http://indianairforce.nic.in/show_unit.php?ch=26|publisher=The Official Home Page of Indian Air Force|accessdate=21 March 2014}}</ref>

After the war he sat for the staff college exam; standing first amongst all three services in the staff college exam, he was thus sent to the [[Joint Service Defence College]] in England. Graduating in 1970, he flew in the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]; after which he first served as an instructor at the [[College of Air Warfare]] (then known as the Joint Air Warfare School) and then the [[Defence Services Staff College]]. Then joining the Indian [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] Mod in 1975.{{Citation needed|date= July 2022}}

===AOC-in-C of Eastern Command IAF===
He was a Commanding Officer for [[Eastern Air Command (India)|Eastern Air Command]] at [[Shillong]] from 8 February 1988 – 31 January 1991 at the post of Air Marshal.<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Commanding Officers for EAC|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/list.php?qunit=EAC|accessdate=16 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Uday Sondhi's journey back to the cockpit|url=http://m.rediff.com/news/2000/dec/15spec.htm|publisher=Rediff|accessdate=16 March 2014}}</ref>

===Promotions===
He was promoted to air vice marshal on 26 January 1984 and air marshal on 1 August 1986, before retiring on 31 January 1991.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/4408 |title=Air Marshal Man Mohan Sinha |website=bharat-rakshak.com}}</ref>

==Post-retirement==
Man Mohan Sinha has served as chairman of Velocity Apparelz Company in [[Ismailia]], [[Egypt]] since 2001, while his son Siddharth Sinha is the CEO of parent company Vogue International Agencies FZE.<ref>{{cite web|title=Volume of Business Between Middle East & India Grows|url=http://scottnelson.photoshelter.com/image/I0000Tkeo_KOsy5s|accessdate=16 March 2014}}</ref>

==Awards and decorations==

<gallery>
Image:Param Vishisht Seva Medal.jpg|Param Vishisht Seva Medal
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[The India-Pakistan Air War of 1965]]
* [[Indo-Pakistani Air War of 1965]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/4408]
* [http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1965War/1155-Lamba.html How I Too Nearly Missed The War! – Air Vice Marshal Ajit Lamba VrC]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://www.indembcairo.com/en-us/bilateral/indiaegypt/economic/indiancompaniesinegypt.aspx Embassy of India, Cairo | Bilateral | India-Egypt | Economic | Indian Companies in Egypt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904200848/http://www.indembcairo.com/en-us/bilateral/indiaegypt/economic/indiancompaniesinegypt.aspx |date=4 September 2017 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sinha, Man Mohan}}
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Air Force air marshals]]
[[Category:Indian military aviators]]
[[Category:Indian military personnel of the India–Pakistan war of 1971]]
[[Category:Pilots of the India–Pakistan war of 1965]]
[[Category:Pilots of the India–Pakistan war of 1971]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Vayu Sena Medal]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Defence Services Staff College]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the College of Air Warfare]]
[[Category:People from Bihar]]
[[Category:St. Xavier's Patna alumni]]

Joint session of the Parliament of India

2026-03-18T15:15:22Z

Breakoutbanglore: Put Up Info.

{{Short description|Session to resolve legislative deadlock}}
The [[Parliament of India]] is [[bicameral]]; the concurrence of both houses is required to pass any bill. However, the framers of the [[Constitution of India]] anticipated situations of deadlock between the [[Rajya Sabha]] and the [[Lok Sabha]]. Therefore, the constitution provides for '''Joint sittings''' of both houses to break the deadlock.

The joint sitting of the Parliament is called by the [[President of India]] (Article 108) and is presided over by the [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha]] or, in their absence, by the [[Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha]], or in their absence, the [[Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha]]. The Chairperson of the Rajya Sabha, who is the [[Vice President of India]], does not preside over the joint session. If any of the above officers are not present then any other member of the Parliament can preside by consensus of both houses.

At present, the [[Parliament House, New Delhi|Lok Sabha Chamber]] is used for holding joint sittings of both the houses of parliament, which is also used for addresses by the President in the commencement of first session after each [[Lok Sabha#Lok Sabha general elections|general election]].

==Constitutional provisions==
As per Article 108 of the Constitution, a Joint session of Parliament can be summoned in the following situations.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/coi-4March2016.pdf |format=PDF |title=The Constitution of India |website=Lawmin.nic.in |access-date=2016-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416084719/http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/coi-4March2016.pdf |archive-date=2016-04-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

If after a Bill has been passed by one House and submitted to the other House—

*(a) the Bill is rejected by the other House; or
*(b) the Houses have finally disagreed as to the amendments to be made in the Bill; or
*(c) more than six months elapse from the date of the reception of the Bill by the other House without the Bill being passed by it, the President may, unless the Bill has elapsed by reason of a dissolution of the House of the People, notify to the Houses by message if they are sitting or by public notification if they are not sitting, their intention to summon them to meet in a joint sitting for the purpose of deliberating and voting on the Bill.

However, in the calculating period of six months, those days are not considered when the house is prorogued or adjourned for more than four consecutive days.

If the above conditions are satisfied, the [[President of India]] may summon the joint sitting of both the houses of parliament.

==Exception to joint sittings==
Two types of bills cannot be referred to a joint sitting

===Money bills===

Under the constitution, [[money bill]]s require the approval of the [[Lok Sabha]] only. The [[Rajya Sabha]] can make recommendations to the Lok Sabha, which it is not required to accept. Even if the Rajya Sabha does not pass a money bill within 14 days, it is deemed to have been passed by both the Houses of Parliament after the expiry of the above period. Therefore, a requirement to summon a joint session can never arise in the case of a money bill.

===Constitutional amendments===

Article 368 of the constitution requires that the constitution can be [[constitutional amendment|amended]] by both houses of parliament by a two-thirds majority (special majority). In case of disagreement between both houses, the amendment automatically fails unless an agreement is reached before the Lok Sabha is dissolved.

==Bills referred to joint session==
A Joint Sitting of Indian parliament has been called for only three bills:
# [[Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961|''Dowry Prohibition Bill, 1961'']]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cyberabadpolice.gov.in/information/PDF/acts-laws/act-dowry.pdf|title=Dowry Prohibition Act, 1962|work=Cyberabadpolice.gov.in}}</ref>
# ''Banking Service Commission (Repeal) Bill, 1978''<ref>{{cite web| url=http://theindianlawyer.in/statutesnbareacts/acts/b10.html | title=THE BANKING SERVICE COMMISSION (REPEAL) ACT, 1979.| work=theindianlawyer.in}}</ref>
# ''[[Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002|Prevention of Terrorism Bill, 2002]]''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category: Parliament of India]]
[[Category: Joint meetings of bicameral legislatures|India]]

Devdutt Pattanaik

2026-03-08T16:24:10Z

Breakoutbanglore: improve details

{{Short description|Indian mythologist and writer (born 1970)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Devdutt Pattanaik
| image = Devdutt Pattanaik.png
| alt =
| caption = Pattanaik with his books
| birth_date = {{birth-date and age|11 December 1970}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], India
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| nationality =
| other_names =
| education = [[MBBS]] ([[Grant Medical College]]) Postgraduate Diploma in Comparative Mythology ([[University of Bombay]])
| occupation = Mythologist, writer, columnist, illustrator
| known_for = Works on Indian mythology
| father =
| mother =
| website = {{URL | www.devdutt.com | www.Devdutt.com }}
| signature = Devdutt Pattanaik Autograph.png
| module = {{Listen voice
| filename = Devdutt Pattanaik Voice Intro (En) 01.mp3
| recorded = January 2018
}}
}}

'''Devdutt Pattanaik''' is an Indian [[mythologist]], [[writer]], [[illustrator]], and [[Public speaker|speaker]] known for explaining the relevance of Indian and World [[mythology]] in modern times, especially in management, leadership, and culture. A [[Doctor of Medicine|medical doctor]] by qualification, with a 15-year career in the healthcare and pharma industries, he has written over 50 books and 1,500 newspaper columns on these topics. His popular books including ''Jaya: An Illustrated Retelling of the Mahabharata'', ''Business Sutra'', and ''Escape the Bakasura Trap: Let Contentment Fuel Your Growth''. His TV shows include [[Devlok with Devdutt Pattanaik]] and Business Sutra. He also consults organisations and media on [[art]], [[cultural heritage]], [[storytelling]] and [[Indian Knowledge Systems]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Pattanaik |first=Devdutt |title=Jaya: An Illustrated Retelling of the Mahabharata |year=2010 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=9780143104254}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Pattanaik |first=Devdutt |title=Business Sutra: A Very Indian Approach to Management |year=2013 |publisher=Aleph Book Company |isbn=9788192328072}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Pattanaik |first=Devdutt |title=Escape the Bakasura Trap : Let Contentment Fuel Your Growth |year=2025 |publisher=Juggernaut |isbn=978-9353453749}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Devdutt Pattanaik was born and raised in [[Mumbai]]. His mother is Sabitri Pattanaik & father is Prafulla Kumar Pattanaik. He spent his childhood and student life in [[Chembur]], Mumbai.<ref name="mi">{{cite news |last=Sharma |first=Sanjukta |date=16 September 2010 |title=The mythologist |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/7Ie4rwesj5V6KkA3VHtL1H/The-mythologist.html}}</ref>

He went to [[Our Lady of Perpetual Succour High School]] in Chembur, and graduated in medicine ([[M.B.B.S.]]) from [[Grant Medical College]], Mumbai, he subsequently obtained a diploma in [[Comparative Mythology]] from [[Mumbai University]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Bali |first=Shinmin |others=The Indian Express |date=25 May 2003 |title=Teaching Old Heads New Tricks |work=Financial Express |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/printer/news/77330/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=12 June 2016 |title=Devdutt Pattanaik: Ramayana in OLPS |language=en |work=[[Mid-Day]] |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/devdutt-pattanaik-ramayana-in-olps/17326190 |access-date=23 September 2017}}</ref>

==Career==
Devdutt worked in the pharmaceutical and healthcare industry ([[Sanofi Aventis]] and [[Apollo Hospitals|Apollo Group of Hospitals]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasscom.in/devdutt-pattanaik-chief-belief-officer-future-group |title=Devdutt Pattanaik, Chief Belief Officer, Future Group | NASSCOM |access-date=9 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209143409/http://www.nasscom.in/devdutt-pattanaik-chief-belief-officer-future-group |archive-date=9 February 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> respectively) for 14 years and spent his spare time writing articles<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pattanaik |first=Devdutt |date=October 31, 2015 |title=Devdutt Pattanaik on 14 things historians taught him |url=https://www.dailyo.in/politics/historians-mythology-india-awardwapsi-mahabharata-ramayana-ashoka-brahmi-pali-jainism-buddhism/story/1/7097.html |website=[[DailyO|dailyo.in]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pattnaik |first=Devdutt |date=17 November 2018 |title=#MeToo in Mahabharata: Political needs were placed over Draupadi's security |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/et-commentary/metoo-in-mahabharata-political-needs-were-placed-over-draupadis-security/ |website=Economic Times Blog}}</ref> and books on mythology,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pattanaik |first=Devdutt |date=19 January 2014 |title=5151 years of Gita |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/5151-years-of-gita/15033045 |website=Mid-day}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pattanaik |first=Devdutt |date=December 27, 2015 |title=The complete man |url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/krishna-the-complete-man.html |website=TheWeek.in}}</ref> which eventually became his full-time profession. His first book ''Shiva: An Introduction'' was published in 1997.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LGbXAAAAMAAJ|title=Shiva: an introduction|first=Devdutt|last=Pattanaik|date=20 August 1997|publisher=Vakils, Feffer and Simons Ltd.|isbn=9780863110085|via=Google Books}}</ref> Devdutt illustrates his own books.<ref>{{cite news |last=Krishnamachari |first=Suganthy |date=24 April 2009 |title=Demystifying mythology: A conversation with Devdutt Pattanaik |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/04/24/stories/2009042451310400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090429012100/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/04/24/stories/2009042451310400.htm |archive-date=29 April 2009}}</ref>

He was a speaker at the first [[TED (conference)|TED conference]] in India held in November 2009.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/11/01/stories/2009110154420400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091105062442/http://www.hindu.com/2009/11/01/stories/2009110154420400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 November 2009|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Great response to first TED meet in India|date=1 November 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=November 2009 |title=Devdutt Pattanaik: East vs. West -- the myths that mystify, TEDIndia 2009 |url=https://www.ted.com/talks/devdutt_pattanaik_east_vs_west_the_myths_that_mystify |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140213031405/http://www.ted.com:80/talks/devdutt_pattanaik.html? |archive-date=13 February 2014 |website=ted.com}}</ref>

Devdutt has consulted Star TV network on mythological television series like ''Mahabharata,'' ''Siya Ke Ram and Vighnaharta Sri Ganesha''; these serials have challenged conventional views of the narratives and opened up new avenues of interpretation. In the latter serial he added the narrative of Lord Jagannatha & Puri since he is an [[Odia people|Oriya]].<ref name="The Times of India">{{Cite news |last=Sen |first=Debarati S |date=3 September 2013 |title=Devdutt Patnaik roped for Mahabharat |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Renowned-author-Devdutt-is-all-set-to-make-his-off-screen-TV-debut-with-Mahabharat-/articleshow/22255263.cms |access-date=21 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Best of Radio Mirchi : Devdutt Pattanaik speaks about Siya Ke Ram saath Jeeturaaj |url=https://www.radiomirchi.com/bestofmirchi/editorpick/devdutt-pattanaik-speaks-about-siya-ke-ram-saath-jeeturaaj/31057/260 |access-date=21 August 2017 |website=radiomirchi.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=16 September 2013 |title=Exclusive {{!}} Mahabharat will stir lot of curiosity: Devdutt Pattanaik |work=adgully.com |url=https://www.adgully.com/exclusive-mahabharat-will-stir-lot-of-curiosity-devdutt-pattanaik-55522.html |access-date=21 August 2017}}</ref>

He has also been the story consultant at [[STAR India|Indian television network Star TV]], where ''[[Devon Ke Dev...Mahadev]]'' is based on his work.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yadav |first=Sangeeta |date=16 July 2017 |title=God of small screen |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/sunday-edition/sunday-pioneer/special/god-of-small-screen.html |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=The Pioneer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=MindRush. Event Speakers. Devdutt Pattanaik |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/bt-mindrush/speaker-Devdutt-Pattanaik.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810194617/https://www.businesstoday.in/bt-mindrush/speaker-Devdutt-Pattanaik.jsp |archive-date=10 August 2020 |website=businesstoday.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Devon ke Dev Mahadev – Review |url=http://indiaopines.com/devon-ke-dev-mahadev-review/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171106183818/http://indiaopines.com/devon-ke-dev-mahadev-review/ |archive-date=6 November 2017 |access-date=15 February 2018 |website=India Opines}}</ref><ref name="indiantelevision.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/mam/marketing/an-eclectic-set-of-speakers-announced-for-goafest-2014-140402|title=An eclectic set of speakers announced for Goafest 2014|date=2 April 2014|website=Indian Television Dot Com}}</ref>

In 2015, Devdutt presented the Hindi television series [[Devlok with Devdutt Pattanaik]] on the "[[Epic TV|EPIC]] ON" channel. In the show, he attempts to demystify and decode the folklore and traditions that accompanies Indian mythology. In December 2016, he made "his debut on the [[Forbes India]] Celeb 100 list, on the 93rd spot."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Abrol |first=Somya |date=December 23, 2016 |title=Seeing Chetan Bhagat and Devdutt Pattanaik in the Forbes India Celeb 100 list is confusing us no end |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/culture/story/chetan-bhagat-devdutt-pattanaik-forbes-india-celebrity-100-2016-lifest-359231-2016-12-23 |website=India Today}}</ref>

Devdutt worked on [[Audible Originals|Audible Originals (India)]]'s [[audiobook]] titled ''Suno Mahabharat Devdutt Pattanaik ke Saath'' and ''[[Revisiting Mahabharata with Devdutt Pattanaik]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Majumdar|first=Meghna|date=2020-05-25|title=Devdutt Devdutt narrates The Mahabharata as a six-hour audio tale|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/devdutt-pattanaik-narrates-the-mahabharata-as-a-six-hour-audio-tale/article31670737.ece|access-date=2020-06-22|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Ghosal |first=Sharmistha |date=29 May 2020 |title=Audible Suno launches Suno Mahabharata Devdutt Pattanaik Ke Saath |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/books/2020/may/29/audible-suno-launches-suno-mahabharata-devdutt-pattanaik-ke-saath-25350.html |access-date=2020-06-22 |website=indulgexpress.com |publisher=The Indian Express}}</ref> In his show he talks about the details of the [[war in the Mahabharata]], how it affected the world, and what happened to India after the death of the [[Pandava]]s and the [[Kaurava]]s. He also communicates the Vedic tenets which describes [[karma]] and [[dharma]].<ref name=":0" />

== Art ==
[[File:Hanuman with Ram's banner.jpg|thumb|Hanuman with Ram's banner]]
Columnist Koral Dasgupta mentions, "Pattanaik’s art follows a particular style and is dependent on expertly sketched lines but the focus is never the perfection of hands and limbs and props. The pursuit is clearly that of beauty and depiction; not the grammatical detailing of a photograph!"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dasgupta |first=Koral |date=7 October 2015 |others=Blog |title=Beyond the writer: Devdutt Pattanaik |url=https://www.news18.com/blogs/books/koral-dasgupta/beyond-the-writer-devdutt-pattanaik-14361-1147624.html |website=News18}}</ref>

== Views ==
=== Myth and Mythology ===

Devdutt opines that "no society can exist without myth as it creates notions of right and wrong, good and bad, heaven and hell, rights and duties".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sinha |first=Namya |date=4 July 2016 |title=No society can exist without myth, says Devdutt Pattanaik |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/no-society-can-exist-without-myth-says-devdutt-pattanaik/story-PG1v4iB17j07dV5Vyv86QN.html |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> To him, mythology "tells people how they should see the world... Different people will have their own mythology, reframing old ones or creating new ones."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chakrabarty |first=Roshni |date=7 July 2017 |title=Devdutt Devdutt explains how understanding the symbolism behind Indian mythology can entirely change the way we view life |newspaper=India Today |agency= |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/featurephilia/story/devdutt-pattanaik-mythology-importance-interview-1023028-2017-07-07}}</ref> His desire is "to get [[Saraswati]] out of the closet. Saraswati belongs everywhere, she has to flow everywhere" and his body of work is aimed "to make knowledge accessible."<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 October 2018 |others=Devdutt Pattanaik in conversation with The Indian Express Literary Editor Pratik Kanjilal |title=Modern people want to feel liberal, so they construct a past that's conservative |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/devdutt-pattanaik-modern-people-want-to-feel-liberal-so-they-construct-a-past-thats-conservative-5420504/ |website=The Indian Express |publication-place=Express Adda, New Delhi}}</ref>

In ''Shiva to Shankara: Giving Form to the Formless'',<ref>{{Cite book|title=Shiva to Shankara : giving form to the formless|first=Devdutt|last=Pattanaik|date=30 January 2018|isbn=9789352641956|location=Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India|oclc=985916928}}</ref> Devdutt explores the layers of meanings embedded in Shiva's [[linga]] and the transformation of Shiva, the hermit, into Shankara, the householder by the Goddess. ''Culture: 50 Insights from Mythology'' contextualises mythology and proposes that myths are alive, dynamic, shaped by perception and the times one lives in.<ref>{{Cite book|title=CULTURE : 50 insights from mythology.|first=Devdutt|last=Pattanaik|date=2018|publisher=Harper360|isbn=9789352644971|location=[S.l.]|oclc=990971229}}</ref>

Western mythology, according to him, propagates the idea that the world is in need of changing, either by Greek heroes, or by Abrahamic prophets and kings, or by scientists, activists and capitalists. "Indic mythology presents the idea that the world is constantly changing, human intervention notwithstanding. There are no heroes or villains, no oppressor or oppressed, no saviour or martyr, just different ways of looking at reality...I do not claim objectivity; I am comfortable with subjectivity and well aware of my Indian gaze," he says.<ref name="indiatoday.in">{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/devdutt-pattanaik-retells-greek-myths-718037-2016-11-03 | title=Devdutt Pattanaik retells Greek myths | date=3 November 2016 }}</ref>

=== Business ===
In his book, ''Business Sutra: An Indian Approach to Management'', "the central theme … is that when individual beliefs come into conflict with corporate beliefs, problems surface in organisations. Conversely, when institutional beliefs and individual beliefs are congruent, harmony is the resultant corporate climate. It is when people are seen as mere resources meant to be managed [read: manipulated] through compensation and so-called motivation; it is when they are treated like switches in a circuit board; it is then that disharmony descends causing disruption".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/an-indian-view-of-management/article4689764.ece|title=An Indian view of management|first=R.|last=Devarajan|date=6 May 2013|via=www.thehindu.com|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>

=== Politics ===
Devdutt is wary of the influence of "white saviours" on liberals as well as religious radicals. He has been rather contemptuous of the hyper-nationalism of a section of American Hindus who are clueless about Indian realities.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pattanaik |first=Devdutt |date=24 December 2016 |title=From Macaulay to Frawley, from Doniger to Elst: Why do many Indians need White saviours? |url=https://scroll.in/article/824732/from-macaulay-to-frawley-from-doniger-to-elst-why-do-many-indians-need-white-saviours |website=Scroll.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pattanaik |first=Devdutt |date=17 September 2017 |title=Devdutt Pattanaik: Brahmins who rejected Ram |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/devdutt-pattanaik-brahmins-who-rejected-ram/18585174 |website=Mid-Day}}</ref> He also frowns on secularists and atheists who deny their own missionary zeal and mythic structure, and see themselves as "rational".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pattanaik |first=Devdutt |date=6 August 2017 |title=Devdutt Pattanaik: Atheist and secular mythologies |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/devdutt-pattanaik-atheist-and-secular-mythologies/18483158 |website=Mid-day}}</ref>
Devdutt says, "Unlike fiction or history, mythology is a pluralistic truth with many interpretations, all of which needs to be respected."<ref name="indiatoday.in"/> He further states, “For politicians, dates are important. For human beings and devotees, God is everywhere, every time.”<ref>{{cite web | url=https://theprint.in/india/ram-remains-in-soul-of-devotee-at-all-times-writer-debdutt-pattanaik/1922747/ | title=Ram remains in soul of devotee at all times: Writer Debdutt Pattanaik | website=[[ThePrint]] | date=13 January 2024 }}</ref>

=== Sexuality ===
Devdutt has been frank about the LGBTQ revolution in India.<ref name="TOI">{{Cite web |date=20 September 2018 |title=Devdutt Pattanaik comes out of the closet |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/features/devdutt-pattanaik-comes-out-of-the-closet/articleshow/65872282.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Pattnaik realised that he was gay in 10th standard and came out to his parents when he was 30.<ref name="daily hunt">{{Cite web | url=https://m.dailyhunt.in/news/bangladesh/english/ed+times-epaper-edtimes/mythologist+and+author+devdutt+pattanaik+comes+out+as+gay+in+interview+for+the+first+time+after+section+377+abolition-newsid-97241121 |title = Mythologist and Author Devdutt Pattanaik Comes Out as 'Gay' in Interview for the First Time After Section 377 Abolition - ED Times}}</ref> After the 2018 [[Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code|decriminalization of homosexuality in India]], Devdutt came out as gay in a televised interview.<ref name="TOI"/><ref name="daily hunt"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2018 |title=Proud to be gay |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/proud-to-be-gay/articleshow/65088845.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref> He has written about the presence, and at several instances, the celebration, of the queer within the Indian mythos. Elucidating that karmic faiths can be used to affirm the dignity of queer people, he speaks of how when one discovers love and appreciation for the world as it is, not the way one wants it to be, one develops wisdom.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://qz.com/india/1382039/section-377-indias-devdutt-pattanaik-on-gay-rights-and-karma/|title=India's ancient religions are actually very accepting of gay people|first=Devdutt|last=Pattanaik|website=Quartz India|date=7 September 2018 }}</ref>

==Reception==
In 2014, Devdutt was listed in the top category of bestselling Indian authors.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nerurkar |first=Sonal |date=10 August 2014 |title=Bang for the book |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/deep-focus/Bang-for-the-book/articleshow/39979332.cms |access-date=25 August 2017}}</ref> His book ''Devlok'', based on the television programme of the same name, was one of the year's bestsellers in 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/bestseller-books-of-2016-indian-authors-beat-international-writers/articleshow/55914787.cms|title=Bestseller books of 2016: Indian authors beat international writers|date=11 December 2016|work=The Economic Times|access-date=25 August 2017}}</ref> [[Forbes India]] had ranked Devdutt among the 100 celebrities of India in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/culture/story/chetan-bhagat-devdutt-pattanaik-forbes-india-celebrity-100-2016-lifest-359231-2016-12-23|title=Seeing Chetan Bhagat and Devdutt Pattanaik in the ''Forbes India'' Celeb 100 list is confusing us no end|date=23 December 2016|first=Somya|last=Abrol|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=16 February 2019}}</ref>

Fiction author [[Ashwin Sanghi]] has said that Devdutt attempts to "explain mythology in simple words".<ref name="as">{{cite news | last=Rao | first=Namrata | title='Writing is an art, crime writing is a craft': Ashwin Sanghi | work=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]] | date=5 February 2017 | url=http://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/writing-is-an-art-crime-writing-is-a-craft-ashwin-sanghi/538055/ | access-date=9 February 2017}}</ref> Psychologist Urmi Chanda-Vaz, who calls Devdutt "India's most beloved mythology explicator", praised his book ''My Gita''.<ref name="ucv1">{{cite news | last=Chanda-Vaz | first=Urmi | title=Indian mythology is a new medium of choice for feminist narratives (and it's working) | work=[[Scroll.in]] | date=5 February 2017 | url=https://scroll.in/article/828515/indian-mythology-is-a-new-medium-of-choice-for-feminist-narratives-and-its-working | access-date=9 February 2017}}</ref><ref name="ucv2">{{cite news |last=Chanda-Vaz |first=Urmi |date=22 November 2015 |title=Why reading Devdutt Pattanaik's ''My Gita'' makes sense but does not mean you're reading the Gita |work=Scroll.in |url=https://scroll.in/article/770902/why-reading-devdutt-pattanaiks-my-gita-makes-sense-but-does-not-mean-youre-reading-the-gita |access-date=9 February 2017}}</ref> Academic [[Shiv Visvanathan]] has praised Devdutt by saying that he has made myth-reading "an open, playful, almost domestic game, like Chinese Checkers or Scrabble".<ref name="sv">{{cite news |last=Visvanathan |first=Shiv |date=16 December 2016 |title=Shiv Visvanathan on the importance of being (and thinking like) Devdutt Pattanaik |work=Scroll.in |url=https://scroll.in/article/823924/shiv-visvanathan-on-the-importance-of-being-and-thinking-like-devdutt-pattanaik}}</ref>

[[Neil Gaiman]] praised Devdutt Pattanaik for his 2016 book ''Olympus: An Indian Retelling of the Greek Myth''. "I read a fantastic Indian writer recently where he told Greek myth but from an Indian perspective... He makes it so easy to understand but what is lovely is that he does from a very proud Indian connect."<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 May 2019 |agency=PTI |title=Good Omens gives people different way to imagine what heaven and hell may look like: Neil Gaiman |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/neil-gaiman-good-omens-5758173/ |website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

==Publications==

=== Mythology ===
# ''Shiva: An Introduction''. Vakils, Feffer and Simons Ltd., 1997. {{ISBN|978-81-8462-013-9}}. (Based on [[Shiva]]).
# ''Vishnu: An Introduction''. Vakils, Feffer and Simons Ltd., 1999. {{ISBN|81-87111-12-7}}. (Based on [[Vishnu]]).
# ''Devi, The Mother-Goddess: An Introduction''. Vakils, Feffer, and Simons Ltd., 2000. {{ISBN|978-81-87111-91-7}}. (Based on the concept of [[Devi]]).
# ''The Goddess in India: The Five Faces of the Eternal Feminine''. Inner Traditions/ Bear & Company, 2000. {{ISBN|978-0-89281-807-5}}. Translations: Hindi.
# ''Hanuman: An Introduction''. Vakils, Feffer and Simons Ltd., 2001. {{ISBN|978-81-87111-94-8}}. (Based on [[Hanuman]]).
# ''The Man Who Was A Woman and Other Queer Tales from Hindu Lore''. Harrington Park Press, 2002. {{ISBN|1560231815}}.
# ''Hindu India''. Brijbasi Art Press, 2003. {{ISBN|8187902078}}.
# ''Indian Mythology: Tales, Symbols, and Rituals from the Heart of the Subcontinent''. Inner Traditions/ Bear & Company, 2003. {{ISBN|978-0-89281-870-9}}.
# ''Lakshmi, The Goddess of Wealth and Fortune: An Introduction''. Vakils, Feffer, and Simons Ltd., 2003. {{ISBN|978-81-8462-019-1}}. (Based on [[Lakshmi]]).
# ''[[Myth=Mithya: A Handbook of Hindu Mythology]]''. Penguin Books India, 2006. {{ISBN|9780143099703}}. Translations: Hindi, Marathi, Turkish.
# ''Shiva to Shankara: Decoding the Phallic Symbol''. Indus Source, India. 2006. {{ISBN|81-88569-04-6}}. Translations: Czech, Hindi (Based on [[Shiva]]).
# ''The Book of Ram''. Penguin Books India, 2009. {{ISBN|9780143065289}}. (Based on [[Rama|Ram]]) - Part of a book series on mythological figures published by Penguin.
# ''7 Secrets from Hindu Calendar Art''. Westland Ltd., 2009. {{ISBN|9788189975678}}. Translations: Gujarati, Hindi (Based on [[Hindu Cosmology|Hindu Calendar art]]).
# ''Hanuman's Ramayan''. Tulika Publishers, 2010. {{ISBN|9788181467515}}. (Based on [[Hanuman]]).
# ''Jaya: An Illustrated Retelling of the Mahabharata''. Penguin Books India, 2010. {{ISBN|9780143104254}}. Translations: Hindi, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Tamil (Based on the [[Mahabharata]]).
# ''7 Secrets of Shiva''. Westland Ltd., 2011. {{ISBN|9789380658636}}. Translations: Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Marathi, Russian, Telugu (Based on [[Shiva]]).
# ''7 Secrets of Vishnu''. Westland Ltd., 2011. {{ISBN|9789380658681}}. Translations: Hindi, Kannada, Marathi, Russian (Based on [[Vishnu]]).
# ''99 Thoughts on Ganesha: Stories, Symbols and Rituals of India's Beloved Elephant-headed Deity''. Jaico Publishing House, 2011. {{ISBN|978-81-8495-152-3}}. Translations: Gujarati, Hindi, Malayalam, Marathi, Telugu (Based on [[Ganesha]]).
# ''Sita: An Illustrated Retelling of the Ramayana''. Penguin Books India, 2013 {{ISBN|9780143064329}}. Translations: Hindi, Marathi, Tamil (Based on the [[Ramayana]]).
# ''Shikhandi: And Other Tales They Don't Tell You''. Zubaan Books & Penguin Books India, 2014. {{ISBN|978-9383074846}}. Translations: Hindi, Marathi.
# ''7 Secrets of the Goddess''. Westland Ltd., 2014. {{ISBN|9789384030582}}. Translations: Hindi, Italian, Marathi, Russian (Based on the [[Devi|Goddess]]).
# ''My Gita''. Rupa Publications India, 2015. {{ISBN|9788129137708}}. Translations: Hindi, Marathi (Based on [[Bhagavad Gita|The Gita]]).
# ''Devlok with Devdutt Pattanaik''. Penguin Random House India, 2016. {{ISBN|9780143427421}}.
# ''Olympus – An Indian Retelling of Greek Mythology''. Penguin Random House India, 2016. {{ISBN|9780143428299}} (Based on [[Greek mythology]]).
# ''Devlok with Devdutt Pattanaik (Book 2)'' – Publisher: Penguin Random House, 2017 {{ISBN|978-0143428435}} Translations: Hindi {{ISBN|978-0143440468}}
# ''Shiva to Shankara: Giving Form to the Formless''. HarperCollins India, Indus Source 2017. {{ISBN|978-9352641956}}. – Based on Older Book / Reprint
# ''My Hanuman Chalisa''. Rupa Publications, 2017. {{ISBN|9788129147950}} (Based in the [[Hanuman Chalisa]]).
# ''Devlok with Devdutt Pattanaik (Book 3)'' – Publisher: Penguin Random House, 2017 {{ISBN|978-0143442790}}.
# ''Shyam: An Illustrated Retelling of the Bhagavata.'' Penguin, 2018 {{ISBN|9780670084463}} (Based on the [[Bhagavata Purana|Bhagavata]]).
# ''Ramayana Versus Mahabharata: My Playful Comparison.'' Rupa Publications India, 2018 {{ISBN|9789353332303}} (Based on the [[Ramayana]] & [[Mahabharata]]).
# ''Hindu Trinity: 21 Life-enhancing Secrets Revealed Through Stories and Art''. Westland India 2019. {{ISBN|978-9388754712}}. – Based on Older Books / Reprint
# ''Wisdom of the Gods for You and Me: My Gita and My Hanuman Chalisa''. Rupa Publications India 2019. {{ISBN|978-9353335113}}. – Based on Older Books / Reprint
# ''Faith: 40 Insights into Hinduism'' – Publisher: HarperCollins, 2019 {{ISBN|978-9353025960}}.
# ''Pilgrim Nation: The Making of Bharatvarsh'' - Aleph Book Company, 2020 {{ISBN|978-9389836004}}.
# ''Dharma Artha Kama Moksha: 40 Insights into Happiness'' - HarperCollins, India, 2021 {{ISBN|978-9354224447}}.
# ''Marriage: 100 Stories Around India's Favourite Ritual'' - Rupa Publications India, 2021 {{ISBN|9353338441}}.
# ''Adi Purana: Entire Veda as a Single Story'' - Westland, 2021 {{ ASIN | B099ZWDLFH}} - quick read
# ''Hope: Wisdom to Survive in a Hopeless World'' - Juggernaut, 2021 {{ISBN|978-9391165529}}.
# ''Eden: An Indian Exploration of Jewish, Christian and Islamic Lore'' - Penguin Random House, 2021 {{ISBN|978-0670095407}}.
# ''The Stories We Tell: Mythology to Make Sense of Modern Lives'' - Aleph Book Company, 2022 {{ISBN|978-9391047825}}.
# ''Dharm Aur Samlaingikta/धर्म और समलैंगिकता'' - Penguin India, 2022 {{ISBN|978-0143454755}}.
# ''Garuda Purana and Other Hindu Ideas On Death, Rebirth and Immortality'' - Westland Books, 2022 {{ISBN|978-9395073448}}.
# ''Tales From the Land of Jagannatha'' - Odia Media Private Limited, 2023 {{ISBN|978-9395150088}}.
# ''Bahubali : 63 Insights into Jainism'' - Harper Collins, India, 2023 {{ISBN|978-9356993457}}.
# ''Tirthankar: Jain Dharm Par 63 Vichar'' - HarperHindi, India, 2023 {{ASIN|B0CNSCZZKC}}.
# ''[[Sati Savitri: And Other Feminist Stories They Don't Tell You]]'' - Penguin, 2024 {{ISBN|978-0143467588}}.
# ''Ahimsa : 100 Reflections on the Harappan Civilization'' - Harper Collins, India, 2024 {{ISBN|978-9365699371}}.
# ''Escape the Bakasura Trap : Let Contentment Fuel Your Growth'' - Juggernaut, 2025 {{ISBN|978-9353453749}}.

=== Management ===
# ''Business Sutra: A Very Indian Approach to Management''. Aleph Book Company, 2013. {{ISBN|9788192328072}}. Translations: French, German, Hindi, Italian, Marathi, Tamil.
# ''The Success Sutra: An Indian Approach to Wealth''. Aleph Book Company, 2015. {{ISBN|9789384067410}}. – Based on Older Book
# ''The Leadership Sutra: An Indian Approach to Power''. Aleph Book Company, 2016. {{ISBN|9789384067465}}. – Based on Older Book
# ''The Talent Sutra: An Indian Approach to Learning''. Aleph Book Company, 2016, {{ISBN|9789383064274}} – Based on Older Book
# ''Culture: 50 Insights from Mythology.'' HarperCollins India, Indus Source 2017. {{ISBN|978-9352644971}}.
# ''Leader: 50 Insights from Mythology.'' HarperCollins India, Indus Source 2017. {{ISBN|978-9352644957}}.
# ''How to Become Rich: 12 Lessons I Learnt from Vedic and Puranic Stories'' – Publisher: Rupa Publications India, 2019 {{ISBN|978-9353336899}}.

=== Fiction ===
# ''[[The Pregnant King]]''. Penguin Books India, 2008. {{ISBN|9780143063476}}. Translations: Hindi, Marathi
# ''Is He Fresh?: Aka [[Kaula Hai]]''? (Penguin Petit). Penguin UK, 2015. {{ISBN|9789351187585}}

=== Children's books ===
# ''Fun in Devlok: An Identity Card for Krishna''. Puffin India, 2011. {{ISBN|978-0143331674}}.
# ''Fun in Devlok: Gauri and the Talking Cow''. Puffin India, 2011. {{ISBN|978-0143331704}}.
# ''Fun in Devlok: Indra Finds Happiness''. Puffin India, 2011. {{ISBN|978-0143331681}}.
# ''Fun in Devlok: Kama vs Yama''. Puffin India, 2011. {{ISBN|9780143331957}}.
# ''Fun in Devlok: Saraswati's Secret River''. Puffin India, 2011. {{ISBN|9780143331964}}.
# ''Fun in Devlok: Shiva Plays Dumb Charades''. Puffin India, 2011. {{ISBN|9780143331698}}.
# ''Fun in Devlok Omnibus''. Puffin India, 2014. {{ISBN|9780143333449}}. – Reprint (Compilation)
# ''Pashu: Animal Tales from Hindu Mythology''. Penguin Books India, 2014. {{ISBN|9780143332473}}. Translations: Hindi.
# ''The Girl Who Chose: A New Way of Narrating the Ramayana''. Puffin Books, 2016. {{ISBN|9780143334637}} (Based on the [[Ramayana]]).
# ''The Jaya Colouring Book''. Penguin Random House India, 2016. {{ISBN|9780143426479}}. – Based on Older Book
# ''The Sita Colouring Book''. Penguin Random House India, 2016. {{ISBN|9780143426462}}. – Based on Older Book
# ''The Boys Who Fought: The Mahabharata for Children.'' Puffin, 2017 {{ISBN|9789386815873}} (Based on the [[Mahabharata]]).
# ''Vahana: Gods and Their Favourite Animals'' - Rupa Publications India, 2020 {{ISBN|978-9390356065}}.
# ''Shyam: Our Little Krishna'' - Puffin, 2021 {{ISBN|978-0143453697}}. - Based on Older Book
# ''Greek Gods, Monsters and Heroes: Read and Colour'' - Puffin, 2023 {{ISBN|978-0143453703}}. - Based on Older Book
# ''ABC of Hinduism for Kids'' - Aleph Book Company, 2024 {{ISBN|978-8119635740
}}.
# ''Gana-Bajana'' - Puffin, 2024 {{ISBN|978-0143470298
}}.
# ''Astra Shastra: Weapons of the Hindu Gods'' - Puffin, 2025 {{ISBN|978-9373035208}}.

===Textbook===
# ''Indian Culture, Art and Heritage For Civil Services Exam'' – Publisher: Pearson India, 2021 (1st Edition) {{ISBN|978-9390531615}}.

===Foreword/Contribution===
# ''Close, Too Close: The Tranquebar Book of Queer Erotica''. Westland, 2012. {{ISBN|978-9386036919}}
# ''Celebrating Public Spaces of India''. Mapin Publishing, 2016. {{ISBN| 978-9385360084}}.
# ''The Illustrated Mahabharata: The Definitive Guide to India’s Greatest Epic''. DK Publishing (Dorling Kindersley), 2017. {{ISBN | 978-0241264348}}
# ''I Am Divine. So Are You: How Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism and Hinduism Affirm the Dignity of Queer Identities and Sexualities''. HarperCollins, 2017 {{ISBN|9789352774869}}.
# ''Padmavat: An Epic Love Story''. Rupa Publications, 2018. {{ISBN|978-9353040239}}. -Illustrator
# ''Behold, I Make All Things New: How Judaism, Christianity and Islam affirm the dignity of queer identities and sexualities''. HarperCollins, 2019 {{ISBN|9789353574550}}.
# ''Kabir, Kabir: The life and work of the early modern poet-philosopher''. Westland, 2021 {{ISBN|978-9390679157}}. -Illustrator
# ''Urban Sadhu Yoga™ Chant Book: A Collection of Chants, Kirtans, Prayers, Sutras, Shlokas, Shastras, Devotional Songs, and Inspirational Texts for the Modern Yoga Practitioner.'' {{ISBN|979-8492000349}} -Illustrator

===Co-authored===
# ''Yoga Mythology: 64 Asanas and Their Stories'' – Publisher: HarperCollins, 2019 {{ISBN|978-9353570842}}.
# ''Aranyaka: Book of the Forest'' – Publisher: Westland, 2019 {{ISBN|978-9388754576}}.

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website}}
* {{TED speaker}}
*[https://www.epicon.in/en/tv-shows/devlok-with-devdutt-pattanaik/season-1 Devlok with Devdutt Pattanaik] at EPIC ON

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pattanaik, Devdutt}}
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Mythographers]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:Indian television presenters]]
[[Category:Indian columnists]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian LGBTQ people]]

Mitwaa

2026-03-04T09:44:58Z

Breakoutbanglore: corrected intro per sources and corrected details for accuracy

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mitwaa
| image = Mitwaa Poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Swapna Waghmare-Joshi
| producer = Meenakshi Sagar Amrit Sagar Akash Chopra Shekhar Jyoti
| writer = Jay Verma Shirish Latkar
| cinematography = Prasad Bhende
| starring = [[Swwapnil Joshi]] [[Sonalee Kulkarni]] [[Prarthana Behere]]
| music = [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]], [[Nilesh Moharir]], [[Amitraj]] & Pankaj Padghan
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2015|2|13}}
| language = Marathi
| country = India
| studio = [[Sagar Arts]]
| distributor = STV networks & Cinema Company India (CCIPL).
| runtime = 130 minutes
| gross = {{INRConvert|13.5|c}} (lifetime)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/mam/marketing/gseams-aspires-to-one-stop-shop-for-marathi-film-industry-150608|title=Indian Television Dot Com - GSEAMS aspires to be one-stop-shop for Marathi film industry|date=8 June 2015|work=Indian Television Dot Com|accessdate=1 April 2016}}</ref>
}}

'''''Mitwaa''''' or '''''Mitwa''''' ({{Langx|mr|मितवा}}) is a [[Marathi language|Marathi]] movie produced by Sagar Pictures. starring [[Swwapnil Joshi]], [[Sonalee Kulkarni]] and [[Prarthana Behere]]. [[Swwapnil Joshi]] and [[Sonalee Kulkarni]] appear opposite each other for the first time. The movie was remade in Bengali in 2017 as ''[[Ami Je Ke Tomar]]'' starring [[Ankush (actor)|Ankush]].

== Plot ==
Shivam Sarang, a rich hotelier from Goa, doesn't believe in love or the institution of marriage. But when he meets Nandini, a smart woman who starts working in his hotel, he is attracted to her. He proposes to her but she rejects him because of her past.

A few years earlier she was an orphan who was supposed to marry Ashwin Desai. She didn't love him but respected and trusted him. He loved her so much that he treated her like a princess. He started to teach her how to drive. During one driving attempt, they got into an accident. Nandini was safe but Ashwin was hurt while saving her and was hospitalised in a vegetative state. Doctors said he couldn't move his body at all so it was better to let him go but Nandini wasn't ready. She believed he would come back to her and was living in hope.

After much persuading Nandini agrees that she loves Shivam and she is ready to be with him but two hours of her day will be for Ashwin. Due to his insecurities, Shivam goes to meet Ashwin, but after meeting him, Ashwin dies.

Nandini blames Shivam for Ashwin's death because he met him and made him realise that Nandini is now with Shivam and therefore he has no reason to live anymore. But Ashwin's mother thanks Shivam because she believes that after seeing Shivam, Ashwin was relieved that someone was there to look after Nandini and that's the reason he left the world left happily and not in sorrow.

After sometime, Nandini also accepts the fact that she loves Shivam. Eventually they marry and have a daughter, but again when both Shivam and Nandini get into an accident she forgets everything, her marriage, her daughter, the death of Ashwin. She continues to go to hospital for two hours and talks with an empty bed assuming Ashwin is lying there.

==Cast==
* [[Swwapnil Joshi]] as Shivam Sarang<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.punemirror.in/entertainment/marathi-reviews/Film-Reviews-LOVE-ETC/articleshow/46235350.cms|title=Film Reviews: LOVE, ETC|work=Pune Mirror|accessdate=1 April 2016}}</ref>
* [[Sonalee Kulkarni]] as Nandini<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20151228-new-year-wishlist-sonalee-kulkarni-sanjana-desai-diana-sadri-advaita-mane-ketaki-pimpalkhare-733444-2015-12-15|title=Five visionaries from Pune tell you what's on their New Year wishlist|publisher=|access-date=1 April 2016}}</ref>
* [[Prarthana Behere]] as Avani<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Prarthana-Behere-Mitwaa-Swwapnil-Joshi-Sonalee-Swapna-Waghmare-Joshi-Meenakshi-Sagar-Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy/articleshow/34681143.cms|title=Prarthana Behere bags the role opposite Swwapnil|work=The Times of India|accessdate=1 April 2016}}</ref>
* [[Aruna Irani]] as Rosie's aunt
* Sangram Salvi as Ashwin Desai
* Ela Bhate as Ashwin's mother
* Bageshree Nimbalkar Deshpande as co-worker

== Production ==
For the second heroine, the director wanted a fresh face. A talent hunt show to find the new face was conducted by [[Swwapnil Joshi]] on [[Marathi language|Marathi]] [[Music]] channel [[9X Jhakaas]], and [[Prarthana Behere]] was selected. The film was released on 13 February 2015.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Preeti Atulkar|date=15 January 2015|title=No strings attached for Swwapnil|work=[[The Times of India]]|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/No-strings-attached-for-Swwapnil/articleshow/45898951.cms|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
"Savar Re Mana", sung by [[Swapnil Bandodkar]], Janhavi Prabhu-Arora and composed by [[Nilesh Moharir]] became popular. The song "Dur Dur" sung by Swapnil Bandodkar Bela Shende and Adarsh Shinde also became popular. The second song "Satyam Shivam Sundaram" from the film was released in [[Zee Gaurav Puraskar]] on 26 October. {{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| extra3 = Janhavi Prabhu Arora, [[Swapnil Bandodkar]]
| title3 = Saavar Re Mana
| title5 = Dur Dur
| extra5 = Swanpil Bandodkar, [[Bela Shende]],[[Adarsh Shinde]]
| title4 = Ivale Ivale
| extra4 = [[Hamsika Iyer]]
| title1 = Mitwaa Title Track
| extra1 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]], Janhavi Prabhu Arora
| title2 = Satyam Shivam Sundaram
| extra2 = [[Siddharth Mahadevan]]
}}

== Box office ==
The movie collected {{INRConvert|5|c}} in its opening weekend. After a long run at the box office, the movie collected {{INRConvert|13.5|C}} in its theatrical run.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/mam/marketing/gseams-aspires-to-one-stop-shop-for-marathi-film-industry-150608|title=Indian Television Dot Com - GSEAMS aspires to be one-stop-shop for Marathi film industry|date=8 June 2015|work=Indian Television Dot Com|accessdate=1 April 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|4471622}}
* [http://www.etvmovie.com/mitwa-marathi-movie-2015/ Mitwa Music Track]

[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:2015 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2015 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Marathi films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films directed by Swapna Waghmare Joshi]]

Daraar

2026-03-03T23:29:36Z

Breakoutbanglore: basic refined article as per guidelines and corrected details per sources

{{More citations needed|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Daraar
| image = Daraar film poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Abbas–Mustan]]
| producer = [[Sujit Kumar]]
| writer =
| screenplay = [[Sachin Bhowmick]]
{{Infobox
| decat=yes
| child=yes
| label1=Dialogues by
| data1=Aadesh K. Arjun
}}
| narrator =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Juhi Chawla]]|[[Arbaaz Khan]]|[[Rishi Kapoor]]}}
| music = '''Score:''' [[Sandeep Chowta]] '''Songs:''' [[Anu Malik]]
| cinematography = Thomas A. Xavier
| editing = Hussain A. Burmawala
| studio = Shree Shivbhakti Films, [[Venus Records & Tapes]]
| distributor = [[Eros Entertainment]]
| released = {{Film date|1996|07|05|df=yes}}
| runtime = 145 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}}4.50 crore<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2780|title=Daraar – Movie|publisher=Box Office India}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}}10.97 crore<ref name="auto"/>
}}

'''''Daraar''''' ({{Translation}} Rift) is a 1996 Indian Hindi-language [[romantic film|romantic]] [[psychological thriller]] film directed by [[Abbas Burmawalla|Abbas]]-[[Mustan Burmawalla|Mustan]] starring [[Juhi Chawla]], [[Rishi Kapoor]] and [[Arbaaz Khan]] in his film debut.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Daraar (1996) Cast - Actor, Actress, Director, Producer, Music Director |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/daraar-6360/cast-crew |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301111513/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/daraar-6360/cast-crew |url-status=live |archive-date=1 March 2022 |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref> Khan received the [[Filmfare Best Villain Award]] for his portrayal as a possessive husband. The plot is inspired from 1991 American film, [[Sleeping with the Enemy]].

==Plot ==
Vikram is an overly suspicious and abusive husband. He can't control his anger and rage and continuously beats his newly-wed wife, Priya, even going to the point of murdering a doctor who treated Priya and was trying to help her blind mother. One day, Vikram and Priya go to celebrate her birthday on a boat. But the boat gets stuck in a storm and Priya escapes during the mayhem. Vikram thinks that she drowned underwater. Instead, she runs away to Shimla by swimming back to shore.

There, she meets Raj Malhotra. He falls in love with her, but she always pulls away from him. Later, when she gets sick of him following her, she asks her mother what she should do. Her mother asks her to reveal to him the truth about her marriage. Then it will be his choice to accept her or not. Priya writes him a letter about her past life. She asks Hari to give it to Raj. Hari misplaces the letter and gets someone to write a new one. Raj gets this other letter which contains nothing but a poem. When he finds out she is married, he leaves her. After Hari finds the original letter, he gives it to Raj. Raj falls in love with Priya again and decides to marry her.

One day, Vikram sees Priya's picture in the newspaper and finds out that she is alive. He cancels his ticket for Goa and goes to Shimla. In Shimla, he searches for her. On finding out that she is getting married, he tries to kill Raj but fails. So he sends Raj to prison instead, by falsely accusing him of attempted murder. Later, he goes to Priya's house and kills her friend and attempts to kill Priya as well.

In the climax, Vikram gets into a fight with Raj after the latter proves his innocence and tries to save Priya from being killed by Vikram. Raj drowns Vikram in a bathtub full of water. While Vikram supposedly dies, Raj and Priya run to a nearby rail station. Vikram attacks them again and pushes Raj. There, Vikram's foot gets stuck on a railway track as he is chasing Priya. Seeing this, Priya tries to save Vikram as a train is approaching them fast. She tells him to move and runs to save him. Seeing Priya's love for him despite his abusive behaviour, he pushes her away just before the train runs him over, saying "Today I free you from all bonds". The movie ends with Vikram being hit by the train leaving his shoe behind.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Daraar - Movie - Box Office India |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2780 |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Juhi Chawla]] as Priya Bhatia, Vikram's wife and Raj's fiancée
*[[Rishi Kapoor]] as Raj Malhotra, a wealthy industrialist, Priya's betrothed
*[[Arbaaz Khan]] as Vikram, Priya's possessive and abusive husband
* Prithvi Vazir as Dr. Sen
*[[Sulabha Arya]] as Nirmala Bhatia, Priya's blind mother
*[[Sushma Seth]] as Mrs Malhotra, Raj's mother
*[[Johny Lever]] as Hari, servant of the Malhotra family
*[[Razak Khan]] as Bedang Lucknowi Shayar
*[[Tiku Talsania]] as Police Inspector
*[[Dinesh Hingoo]] as Maulana in a bus
*[[Shiva Rindani]] as Rony
*[[Sheela Sharma]] as Asha
*[[Dinyar Contractor]] as the real estate agency's manager

== Songs ==
Music was directed by [[Anu Malik]], while the background score was directed by [[Sandeep Chowta]].
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!#
! Song
! Singer
! Lyricist
|-
|1.
|"Yeh Pyar Pyar Kya Hai"
|[[Abhijeet Bhattacharya|Abhijeet]], [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
|[[Rahat Indori]]
|-
|2.
|"Aisi Mili Nigahen"
|[[Kumar Sanu]], [[Alka Yagnik]]
|Rani Malik
|-
|3.
|"Deewana Deewana"
|Abhijeet, [[Sadhana Sargam]]
|Rahat Indori
|-
|4.
|"Tu Hi Meri Manzil"
|Kumar Sanu, Alka Yagnik
|Rahat Indori
|-
|5.
|"Ek Ladki Mera Naam"
|[[Udit Narayan]], Alka Yagnik
|Rahat Indori
|-
|6.
|"Maine Kaha Chal"
|Udit Narayan, Alka Yagnik
|[[Hasrat Jaipuri]]
|-
|7.
|"Main Hi Main"
|[[Shankar Mahadevan]], Alka Yagnik
|[[Majrooh Sultanpuri]]
|-
|8.
|"Tera Chand Chehra"
|Kumar Sanu, Alka Yagnik
|Shaheen Iqbal
|}

==Awards and nominations==

=== [[42nd Filmfare Awards]] ===
*Nominated - [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress]] - [[Juhi Chawla]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role|Filmfare Award for Best Villain]] - [[Arbaaz Khan]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0116024}}

{{Abbas-Mustan}}

[[Category:1996 films]]
[[Category:1996 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Abbas–Mustan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anu Malik]]
[[Category:Films about domestic violence]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]
[[Category:Indian psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic thriller films]]

Ondu Motteya Kathe

2026-03-03T21:30:55Z

Breakoutbanglore: new post

{{short description|2017 Kannada film directed by Raj B. Shetty}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{infobox film
| name = Ondu Motteya Kathe
| image = ondumotteyakathe.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Raj B. Shetty]]
| producer = [[Suhan Prasad]] [[Pawan Kumar (director)|Pawan Kumar]]
| writer = Raj B. Shetty
| starring = Raj B. Shetty Usha Bhandary Amrutha Naik Deepak Rai Panaje
| music = [[Midhun Mukundan]]
| editing = Praveen Shriyan
| cinematography = Praveen Shriyan
| studio = Pawan Kumar Studios Mango Pickle Entertainment
| released = {{film date|2017|7|6|df=yes}}
| language = Kannada
| budget = {{INR}} 30 lakhs
| gross = {{INR}} 2.5 crores <ref>{{cite web| title= Ondu Motteya Kathe box office collection
|website= [[International Business Times]] |url= https://www.ibtimes.co.in/highest-grossing-kannada-movie-sandalwood-2017-report-card-raajakumara-hebbuli-bharjari-biggest-hits-754310 }}</ref>
| country = India
}}
'''''Ondu Motteya Kathe''''' ({{translation|Story of an egg (a [[bald]] person)}}) is a 2017 [[Kannada|Kannada-language]] romantic comedy film written and directed by debutant [[Raj B. Shetty]] who also appears in the lead role, along with Usha Bhandary, Shailashree, Prakash Tuminadu, Amrutha Naik, [[Shreya Anchan]], Deepak Rai Panaje, Mime Ramdas, VJ Vineeth, and Rahul Amin playing supporting roles. The movie was released on 7 July 2017 to positive reviews. ''[[The Hindu]]'' called it the "Kannada film of the year".<ref>{{cite web|last1=Kumar|first1=S. Shiva|title=Some memorable films from the south of India in 2017|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/2017-best-tamil-telugu-kannada-films/article22365789.ece|website=The Hindu|accessdate=5 January 2018|date=4 January 2018}}</ref> The film won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Kannada]]. The film had an estimated budget of ₹3 million and became a commercial success, earning ₹25 million at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Upadhyaya |first=Prakash |date=2017-12-27 |title=Sandalwood 2017 Report Card: Raajakumara, Hebbuli, Bharjari emerge as big hits in a rather dull year for Kannada cinema |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/highest-grossing-kannada-movie-sandalwood-2017-report-card-raajakumara-hebbuli-bharjari-biggest-hits-754310 |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=www.ibtimes.co.in |language=en}}</ref>

In 2019, the film was remade in Malayalam as ''[[Thamaasha]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/thamaasha-movie-review-vinay-forrt-lends-grace-and-charm-to-an-endearing-everyman-6866781.html|title=Thamaasha movie review: Vinay Forrt lends grace and charm to an endearing Everyman|date=23 June 2019|website=Firstpost}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/vinay-forrt-s-thamasha-from-the-sudani-team-news-malayalam-tepk8Nbhafiah.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428200708/http://www.sify.com/movies/vinay-forrt-s-thamasha-from-the-sudani-team-news-malayalam-tepk8Nbhafiah.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 April 2019|title=Vinay Forrt's 'Thamasha' from the Sudani team|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://veeyen.com/film-reviews/thamasha-2019-malayalam-movie-review-veeyen/|title=Thamasha (2019) Malayalam Movie Review - Veeyen|date=8 June 2019}}</ref> and in Hindi as ''[[Ujda Chaman]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/939103/ujda-chaman-trailer-another-balding-heros-saga-of-finding-love|title='Ujda Chaman' trailer: Another balding hero's saga of finding love|author=Scroll Staff|website=Scroll.in |date=October 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ujda-chaman-director-abhishek-pathak-in-plans-to-slap-bala-makers-with-a-legal-notice/articleshow/71534006.cms|title = 'Ujda Chaman' director Abhishek Pathak in plans to slap 'Bala' makers with a legal notice|website = [[The Times of India]] | date=11 October 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/bollywood/ujda-chaman-director-plans-to-send-legal-notice-to-bala-makers|title = Trouble for Ayushman Khurana? Ujda Chaman director to send legal notice to Bala makers}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/ujda-chaman-director-planning-to-send-legal-notice-to-bala-makers-this-is-a-clear-case-of-copyright-violation/502405|title = Ujda Chaman director planning to send legal notice to Bala makers: This is a clear case of copyright violation | date=11 October 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/akshay-kumar-ayushmann-khurrana-sunny-singhs-bald-move/articleshow/71496359.cms|title = Akshay Kumar, Ayushmann Khurrana, Sunny Singh's bald move}}</ref>

==Plot==
A bald Kannada teacher, Janardhana, finds his love blossoming with the stout Sarala whom he met through a flopped pre-arranged marriage function.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Raj B. Shetty]] as Janardhana<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thefederal.com/entertainment/mangaluru-days-why-kannada-director-raj-b-shetty-is-the-talk-of-the-country|title=Mangaluru Days: Why Kannada director Raj B Shetty is the talk of the country|website=thefederal.com|date=January 24, 2022}}</ref>
* Usha Bhandary as Janardhana's mother
* Shailashree as Sarala
* Amrutha Naik as E-Madam
* [[Shreya Anchan]] as Moha, marketing girl
* Deepak Rai Panaje as Guruji
* Mime Ramdas as Principal
* VJ Vineeth as Janardhana's Brother
* [[Prakash Thuminad]] as Srinivas
* [[Shine Shetty]] as English lecturer
*Rahul Amin as Sarala's boyfriend
}}

== Production ==
The film was initially conceived as a short film, but Raj's friend and producer [[Suhan Prasad]] encouraged that he make a feature length film.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/my-appearance-got-me-a-role-in-my-own-film-raj-b-shetty/articleshow/59455566.cms|title=My appearance got me a role in my own film: Raj B Shetty|website=indiatimes.com|date=6 July 2017 |accessdate=2 October 2017}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Ondu Motteya Kathe
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Midhun Mukundan]]
| cover =
| border =
| alt =
| caption =
| released = 1 May 2017
| recorded = 2017
| venue =
| studio = Pranava Studios, Aum Studios, Lagori Studios
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 17:28
| label = [[Anand Audio]]
| producer = Midhun Mukundan
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|cvmQYH98kvk|Audio Jukebox}}}}
}}

The soundtrack of the film was composed by [[Midhun Mukundan]] and lyrics by Vishwajitj Rao, Raj B Shetty and Keerthan Bhandary.
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Chanda Avala
| lyrics1 = Vishwajith Rao, Raj B Shetty
| extra1 = [[Midhun Mukundan]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Henne
| lyrics2 = Keerthan Bhandary
| extra2 = Deepak Doddera, Ruhee Ahamed A
| length2 =
| title3 = Neenillade
| lyrics3 = Raj B Shetty
| extra3 = [[Supriya Lohith]], Raghu Ram
| length3 =
| title4 = Keli Nodri- The Motte Song
| lyrics4 = Raj B Shetty
| extra4 = Sooraj Santosh, Mridula Mukundan
| length4 =
}}

==Critical reception==
The film received positive reviews from critics. ''Deccan Chronicle'' wrote "Do not miss to watch this tale of an egg. It makes you fall in love, laugh, cry and most of all, it makes you realise the most beautiful aspect of life."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/070717/ondu-motteya-kathe-movie-review-pretty-bald-beautiful.html|title=Ondu Motteya Kathe movie review: Pretty 'bald' & beautiful|first=Shashiprasad|last=SM|date=7 July 2017|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> Shyam S Prasad of ''Bangalore Mirror'' wrote "Ondu Motteya Kathe does not follow in the footsteps of such earlier Kannada films though. There is freshness in the approach. From the dialogues to the performances, there is a touch of new thinking. Motte does fall into familiar approaches in the second half. The plot is wrapped in a predictable manner. But with everything handled subtly, it comes across as a pioneering effort."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/ondu-motteya-kathe-movie-review-a-perfectly-cooked-egg/articleshow/59494031.cms|title=Ondu Motteya Kathe movie review: A Perfectly cooked egg|website=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref> Rakesh Mehar of ''News Minute'' wrote "There’s little that goes wrong with Ondu Motteya Kathe. Light and frothy, but also warm and empathetic, this film is one comedy you surely should not miss."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ondu-motteya-kathe-review-warm-and-frothy-comedy-you-surely-shouldnt-miss-64797|title='Ondu Motteya Kathe' review: A warm and frothy comedy that you surely shouldn't miss|first=Rakesh|last=Mehar|website=The News Minute|date=7 July 2017}}</ref> [[Baradwaj Rangan]] of Film Companion South wrote "But slowly, Ondu Motteya Kathe moves towards a genre that could be called an anti-rom-com: despite the finding-a-mate hilarity, there’s an undertow of genuine sadness".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/ondu-motteya-kathe-movie-review|title=Ondu Motteya Kathe Movie Review|publisher=Film Companion|date=6 July 2017}}</ref>

The film is probably the best tribute to [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] made on Kannada screen till date and the subtle references to the late matinee idol and his films are a delight to any film buff. This movie brings forth the legend of ''Annavaru'' in an inspiring role through portraits, movie posters, scenes and songs featuring him smack bang in the middle throughout this humorous yet sensible Kannada release. Apart from Dr [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]]’s inspiring presence, this ‘egg’ has apt and simple ingredients which makes for an impressive tale. Debutant [[Raj B. Shetty|Raj shetty]] plays a major role in this film, both as writer, director and lead actor in his bald avatar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/110717/movie-review-ondu-motteya-kathe-annavaru-in-an-eggcellent-tale.html|title=Movie review 'Ondu Motteya Kathe': Annavaru in an 'egg'cellent tale|first=Shashiprasad|last=SM|date=12 July 2017|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

Movie was screened in Bangalore Bengali-Kannada Film Festival. It was one of the 4 films screened.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/a-regional-connect/article24088243.ece|title=The Bengaluru Bengali Kannada Film Festival is here!|first=Sravasti|last=Datta|newspaper=The Hindu|date=5 June 2018|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

== Awards ==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Award
!Category
!Recipient
!Result
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan=3|[[65th Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Kannada|Best Kannada Film]]
|[[Suhan Prasad]] [[Pawan Kumar (director)|Pawan Kumar]]
|{{won}}
| rowspan=3|<ref>{{cite web |title=Nominations for the 65th Jio Filmfare Awards (South) 2018 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018_-28652-4.html |website=Filmfare |accessdate=30 August 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830025759/https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018_-28652-4.html |archivedate=30 August 2018 |date=4 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Winners of the 65th Jio Filmfare Awards (South) 2018 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-the-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018_-28887-5.html |website=Filmfare |accessdate=30 August 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617015512/https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-the-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018_-28887-5.html |archivedate=17 June 2018 |date=16 June 2018}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Kannada|Best Director]]
| [[Raj B. Shetty]]
|{{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Kannada|Best Supporting Actress]]
|Usha Bhandari
|{{nom}}
|-
| rowspan=3|[[7th South Indian International Movie Awards|7th SIIMA]]
|Best Film
|Suhan Prasad Pawan Kumar
|{{nom}}
| rowspan=3|<ref>{{cite web |title=Nomination List / Kannada |url=http://siima.in/nomination.php |website=SIIMA |publisher=siima.in |accessdate=30 August 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830030500/http://siima.in/nomination.php |archivedate=30 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Nominations list for the SIIMA 2017 announced!|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/nominations-list-for-the-siima-2017-announced-news-tnpl-rgbk0Mbjijgdf.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605234542/http://www.sify.com/movies/nominations-list-for-the-siima-2017-announced-news-tnpl-rgbk0Mbjijgdf.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2017-06-05|work=Sify.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-awards-2018-telugu-kannada-nomination-list-out-date-place-7th-edition-revealed-777016|title=SIIMA Awards 2018 - Telugu, Kannada nomination list out|website=International Business Times|date=5 August 2018|access-date=27 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-awards-live-update-check-out-see-tollywood-sandalwood-winners-list-780619|title=SIIMA Awards 2018 Telugu Kannada winners list|website=International Business Times|date=16 September 2018|access-date=19 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
|Best Debutant Actor (Male)
|Raj B. Shetty
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Debutant Director
|Raj B. Shetty
|{{nom}}
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|6620238}}
* [http://www.omkthefilm.com/ Official Website]
* [https://www.facebook.com/ondumotteyakathe/ Ondu Motteya Kathe] on Facebook
{{Filmfare Award for Best Film – Kannada}}
[[Category:2017 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2017 Indian films]]
[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:2017 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Kannada films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:2017 directorial debut films]]

Bangaru Babu (2009 film)

2026-03-03T18:02:49Z

Breakoutbanglore: improve content and improved wording

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bangaru Babu
| image = Bangaru Babu (2009 film).jpg
| caption = VCD cover
| writer = Madukuri Raja {{small|(dialogues)}}
| screenplay = [[Dasari Narayana Rao]]
| starring = [[Jagapati Babu]] [[Meera Jasmine]]
| director = Jonnalagadda Srinivas
| producer = K. Ramakrishna Prasad
| studio = Sowbhagya Media Limited
| music = [[M. M. Srilekha]]
| cinematography = Ch. Ramana Raju
| editing = B. Krishanam Raju
| based_on = ''[[Rishi (2005 film)|Rishi]]'' (2005)
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2009|05|01}}
| runtime = 154 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
}}

'''''Bangaru Babu''''' ({{translation}} Golden boy) is 2009 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[drama (film and television)|drama film]], produced by K.Ramakrishna Prasad on Swobhagya Media Limited banner with story and screenplay by [[Dasari Narayana Rao]] and directed by Jonnalagadda Srinivas. Starring [[Jagapathi Babu]], [[Meera Jasmine]] and music composed by [[M. M. Srilekha]]. The film was recorded as a flop at the box office. Most of the scenes in the film have been shot extensively in [[Jammu]] and [[Kashmir]]. The movie was a remake of the Kannada movie ''[[Rishi (2005 film)|Rishi]]'' (2005).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Remake-of-a-family-drama/article15936567.ece|title=Remake of a family drama|date=2 January 2009|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.fullhyderabad.com/bangaru-babu/telugu/bangaru-babu-movie-reviews-2914-2.html |title= Bangaru Babu Review |publisher=fullhyd}}</ref>

==Plot==
{{plot needed|date=September 2020}}

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Jagapathi Babu]] as Ravindra
* [[Meera Jasmine]] as Meera
* [[Sayaji Shinde]] as Narsimha Rao
* [[Sonu Sood]] as Rajendra, Ravindra's brother
* [[Murali Mohan]] as Ravindra's father
* [[Jayasudha]] as Ravindra's mother
* [[Shashank (actor)|Shashank]] as Hari
* [[Gowri Munjal]]
* [[Jaya Prakash Reddy]]
* [[Dharmavarapu Subramanyam]] as Murthy
* [[M. S. Narayana]] as Nagaraju
* [[L. B. Sriram]]
* Amith
* Raja Sridhar
* Ping Pong Surya
* [[Kondavalasa Lakshmana Rao|Kondavalasa]]
* [[Chittajalu Lakshmipati]]
* [[Vizag Prasad]]
* [[Shankar Melkote]]
* Malladi Raghava
* Narayana Rao
* Navabharat Balaji
* [[Gundu Sudarshan]]
* Ambati Srinivas
* [[Fish Venkat]] as Narsimha Rao's henchmen
* [[Uttej]]
* [[Jenny (actor)|Jenny]]
* [[Jyothi Lakshmi]]
* [[Sudha (Telugu actress)|Sudha]]
* [[Hema (actress)|Hema]] as Ravindra's sister
* [[Sudeepa Pinky]]
* [[Rama Prabha]]
* [[Vinaya Prasad]]
* [[Anchor Jhansi|Jhansi]]
* Padma Jayanth
* Srilalitha
* Monica Chowdary
* [[Vishwak Sen]]
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Bangaru Babu
| type = film
| artist = [[M. M. Srilekha]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2009
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 25:11
| label = Mayuri Audio
| producer = [[M. M. Srilekha]]
| prev_title = Aadi Vishnu
| prev_year = 2008
| next_title = [[A Aa E Ee (2009 Telugu film)|A Aa E Ee]]
| next_year = 2009
}}

Music composed by [[M. M. Srilekha]]. Music released on Mayuri Audio Company.
{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 25:11
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| title1 = Gulabi Puvvu
| lyrics1 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
| extra1 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]],MM Srilekha
| length1 = 3:54

| title2 = Ningiloni
| lyrics2 = Chinnicharan
| extra2 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]],Nitya Santhoshini
| length2 = 4:34

| title3 = Galu Galu Galu
| lyrics3 = Chandrabose
| extra3 = Syrona
| length3 = 4:43

| title4 = 16 Va Eata
| lyrics4 = Chinnicharan
| extra4 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[K. S. Chithra|Chitra]]
| length4 = 4:00

| title5 = Sannani Nadumuki
| lyrics5 = Chandrabose
| extra5 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]],MM Srilekha
| length5 = 4:12

| title6 = Devude Navvedure
| lyrics6 = [[Suddala Ashok Teja]]
| extra6 = [[Vandemataram Srinivas]]
| length6 = 3:48
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2009 films]]
[[Category:2009 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Kannada films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2009 romantic drama films]]

Tata Projects

2026-02-26T18:13:29Z

Breakoutbanglore: Starting New Stub

{{Short description|Indian engineering, procurement and construction company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Tata Projects
| logo = Tata Projects simplify.jpg
| logo_size =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| type = [[Unlisted public company|Unlisted public]]
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1979}}
| founder = [[J. R. D. Tata]]
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = Praveer Sinha {{small|(Chairman)}} [[Vinayak Pai]] {{small|(MD & CEO)}} 
| industry = [[Engineering, procurement, and construction]]
| products = {{hlist
| services = Engineering & Infrastructure
}}
| num_employees = 6,300+
| revenue = {{decrease}} {{INRconvert|17565|c}} (2025)<ref name="fy25"/>
| net_income = {{increase}} {{INRconvert|711|c}} (2025)<ref name="fy25">{{cite news |title=Tata Projects Limited|url=https://nsearchives.nseindia.com/content/debt/WDM/TATAPROJECTS_24072025195328_Outcome.pdf|access-date=24 July 2025 |work=TATA PROJECTS}}</ref>
| assets = {{up}}{{INRConvert|24874|c}} (2025) <ref name="fy25"/>
| equity = {{up}}{{INRConvert|3548|c}} (2025) <ref name="fy25"/>
| parent = [[Tata Group]]
| homepage = {{Official website|https://www.tataprojects.com/}}
}}
'''Tata Projects''' is an Indian [[Engineering, procurement, and construction|engineering, procurement and construction]] company. It is a part of [[Tata Group]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Tata Projects Ltd - Company Profile and News |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/0489124D:IN#xj4y7vzkg |website=Bloomberg.com |publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.]] |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
The company was founded in 1979 by [[J. R. D. Tata]] to create a complete consortium to take on engineering, procurement, and construction projects.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Srivastava |first1=Samar |title=Inside Tata Projects, India's Newest Infra Builder |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/take-one-big-story-of-the-day/inside-tata-projects-indias-newest-infra-builder/81533/1 |work=[[Forbes India]] |language=en |date=28 November 2022 }}</ref> It specializes in industrial and urban [[infrastructure]] projects<ref>{{cite news |title=The Parliament project pushes Tata Projects higher |url=https://businessindia.co/magazine/the-parliament-project-pushes-tata-projects-higher |work=[[Business India]] |date=19 October 2020 |first1=Sarosh |last1=Bana |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-02 |title=Tata Projects Q4 Results: Firm posts PAT of Rs 120.5 crore |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/earnings/tata-projects-q4-results-firm-posts-pat-of-rs-120-5-crore/articleshow/109789181.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-05-17 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> and is currently headquartered in [[Powai]], [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Babar |first=Kailash |date=2024-03-22 |title=Tata projects rents 120k sq ft office space in Mumbai for HQ |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/property-/-cstruction/tata-projects-rents-120k-sq-ft-office-space-in-mumbai-for-hq/articleshow/108687232.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-08-02 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

==Operations==

=== Advanced technology facilities ===
The company undertakes construction projects for [[Data center|data centers]], manufacturing units, and life science facilities. It also constructed India's first Semiconductor Manufacturing Facility for [[Micron Technology|Micron]] at [[Sanand]], [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-23 |title=Tata Projects bags contract to build Micron's $2.75 billion semiconductor plant in Gujarat |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/tata-projects-bags-contract-to-build-microns-275-billion-semiconductor-plant-in-gujarat/article67337571.ece |access-date=2024-04-01 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref> It secured the Nitric Acid Expansion Project at Deepak Fertilisers and Petrochemicals Corporation Ltd.'s (DFPCL) Dahej plant in Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tata Projects forays into the chemical sector |url=https://www.indianchemicalnews.com/chemical/tata-projects-forays-into-the-chemical-sector-21396 |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=www.indianchemicalnews.com}}</ref>

===Space and nuclear===
Tata Projects was engaged in the construction of structures for the [[Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited]] (NPCIL), [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]] (BARC), and [[ISRO|Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO).<ref>{{cite web |title=Tata Projects bullish on energy segment, eyes Rs 16,000 cr topline this year |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/energy/tata-projects-bullish-on-energy-segment-eyes-rs-16000-cr-topline-this-year-2950661.htm |website=cnbctv18.com |publisher=[[CNBC TV18]] |language=en |date=14 April 2019}}</ref> The [[Nuclear Power Corporation of India]] (NPCIL) awarded the company a $321 million contract, marking its third contract in the nuclear power industry.<ref>{{cite web |date=3 April 2019 |title=Tata Projects receives NPCIL order worth $321 mn |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/tata-projects-receives-npcil-order-worth-321-mn/article26721289.ece |language=en |newspaper=[[The Hindu Businessline]]}}</ref> It was also responsible for building the Trisonic Wind Tunnel at the [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]] (VSSC) in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramesh |first=Sandhya |date=2024-03-02 |title=Capable of winds 4x the speed of sound, how India's new trisonic wind tunnel will aid rocket launches |url=https://theprint.in/science/capable-of-winds-4x-the-speed-of-sound-how-indias-new-trisonic-wind-tunnel-will-aid-rocket-launches/1985239/ |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=First blow down test of Trisonic Wind Tunnel at VSSC |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/First_Blow_Trisonic.html |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref>

===Power sector===
[[File:Rstps4.jpg|thumb|230x230px|[[NTPC Ramagundam|NTPC Ramagundam Project]]]]
Tata Projects supports gas-based combined-cycle power plants and balance of plants on an EPC basis for [[Coal-fired power station|coal-based power]] plants that are operating at supercritical and subcritical temperatures.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Anand |first1=Saurav |title=Tata Projects, CSIR-IIP ink pact for clean energy solutions |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/energy/tata-projects-csir-iip-ink-pact-for-clean-energy-solutions-11671702707636.html |publisher=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |language=en |date=22 December 2022}}</ref> Tata Projects built 400 KV double circuit transmission lines in the northern parts of Bangladesh.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2021-11-11 |title=Tata Projects bags transmission project in Bangladesh |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/tata-projects-bags-transmission-project-in-bangladesh/articleshow/87648985.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-06-05 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> The group also executes transmission line projects of 500kV in [[Thailand]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tata Projects executes 41.42-km transmission line in Thailand |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/tata-projects-executes-41-42-km-transmission-line-in-thailand-4386771.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250813182525/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/tata-projects-executes-41-42-km-transmission-line-in-thailand-4386771.html |archive-date=2025-08-13 |access-date=2026-01-21 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Transportation===
[[File:Allahabad Airport Terminal New.jpg|thumb|230x230px|[[Prayagraj Airport|Prayagraj Airport Terminal]]]]
[[File:Lucknow Metro under operation.jpg|thumb|230x230px|[[Lucknow Metro]]]]
Tata Projects focuses on niche road projects, including expressways and railway infrastructure, such as mass rapid transit systems and automobile sectors.<ref name="HindustanTimes-14Apr23">{{cite news |title=The bridge that will stand tall for 100 years |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/mumbais-mthl-sea-bridge-divers-navigate-pipelines-and-engineers-tackle-eco-sensitive-site-to-create-india-s-longest-bridge-mumbai-mthl-sea-bridge-engineering-marvel-pipeline-mapping-eco-sensitive-site-jica-funding-101681412968490.html |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |first1=Shashank |last1=Rao |language=en |date=14 April 2023}}</ref>
[[File:Atal Setu - Trans Harbour Link Mumbai.jpg|thumb|230x230px|[[Mumbai Trans Harbour Link]]]]
The company carries out transport and urban development projects for [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]] (MMRDA).<ref>{{cite news |date=14 April 2018 |title=Reliance Infrastructure, Tata Projects win five packages in Mumbai Metro Line 4 |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/railways-reliance-infrastructure-tata-projects-win-five-packages-in-mumbai-metro-line-4-1132785/ |newspaper=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="HindustanTimes-14Apr23" /> The new terminal at [[Prayagraj Airport]] was constructed in 11 months.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-17 |title=PM inaugurates Prayagraj airport in Allahabad |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/pm-narendra-modi-inaugurates-prayagraj-airport-in-allahabad/article25765368.ece |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref> Tata Projects is building the [[Dedicated freight corridors in India|Dedicated Freight Corridor]] Project, focusing on both the [[Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor]] and [[Western Dedicated Freight Corridor]] project.<ref name=":1" /> The company is also undertaking various underground and elevated metro projects in cities such as [[Lucknow]], Mumbai, [[Pune]], Delhi, [[Ahmedabad]], and [[Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-07 |title=Tata Projects completes first part of tunnelling for Lucknow Metro |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/tata-projects-completes-first-part-of-tunnelling-for-lucknow-metro/article9805985.ece |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-04-13 |title=Tata Projects bag Rs 1,048 crore Mumbai Metro packages |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/engineering/tata-projects-bag-rs-1048-crore-mumbai-metro-packages/articleshow/63751382.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-06-03 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-12-10 |title=Maharashtra: Metro tunnel boring trial starts at Agriculture college |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/metro-tunnel-boring-trial-starts-at-agriculture-college/articleshow/72447463.cms |access-date=2024-06-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite press release |last=Ltd |first=TATA Projects |title=TATA Projects Completes Metro Line Extension to Ghaziabad |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/in/news-releases/tata-projects-completes-metro-line-extension-to-ghaziabad-888875562.html |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=www.prnewswire.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ahmedabad Metro: Project Information, Tenders, Stations, Routes and Updates |url=https://www.urbantransportnews.com/article/ahmedabad-metro-project-information-tenders-stations-routes-and-updates |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=Urban Transport News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Business Standards |url=https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/tata-projects-secures-order-for-nine-km-stretch-of-chennai-underground-metro-line-121051900699_1.html}}</ref> The [[Mumbai Trans Harbour Link]], a 21.8 km road bridge, is India's longest sea bridge, connecting Mumbai with [[Navi Mumbai]]. Additionally, Tata Projects is working on the [[Noida International Airport]], which is planned to be the largest airport in India and Asia, focusing on the development of the passenger terminal, [[runway]], and other airport infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Business Standards |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/mumbai-trans-harbour-link-india-s-longest-sea-bridge-project-explained-123112800662_1.html}}</ref>

===Urban infrastructure===
[[File:Glimpse of the new Parliament Building, in New Delhi.jpg|thumb|230x230px|[[Parliament of India|New Parliament Building, Delhi]]]]
In 1990, Tata Projects constructed a hotel in [[Tashkent]], [[Uzbekistan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Risk Taker |url=https://www.constructionworld.in/transport-infrastructure/highways-and-roads-infrastructure/The-Risk-Taker/12469 |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=www.constructionworld.in |language=en}}</ref> Within India, the Bharat Net Project in [[Chhattisgarh]] involves laying an optical fibre network.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-07-05 |title=Tata projects Ltd bags Rs 3000 cr Bharat Net project for Chhattisgarh |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/industry-tata-projects-ltd-bags-rs-3000-cr-bharat-net-project-for-chhattisgarh-1232386/ |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

The construction of the new [[Ginger Hotels|Ginger hotel]] in [[Santacruz, Mumbai]], was managed by an all-women engineering team.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-12-16 |title=All-women engineering team deployed to build new Ginger hotel in Mumbai |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/all-women-engineering-team-deployed-to-build-new-ginger-hotel-in-mumbai/article37971174.ece |access-date=2024-06-03 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> They worked on the [[National Maritime Heritage Complex]] project.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Projects |first=TATA |title=National Maritime Heritage Complex to be built by TATA Projects |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/in/news-releases/national-maritime-heritage-complex-to-be-built-by-tata-projects-835832843.html |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=www.prnewswire.com |language=en}}</ref> The redevelopment of the BDD Chawls in Mumbai focuses on urban renewal.

It was involved in the Shree Mandira Parikrama Prakalpa in [[Puri]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2023-06-13 |title=Parikrama Project's three components ready to open in Odisha |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/odisha/2023/Jun/13/parikrama-projects-three-components-ready-to-open-in-odisha-2584588.html |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Tata Projects built [[New Parliament House, New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Tata to build new India parliament |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-54187983 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=17 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Nath |first1=Damini |title=Parliament building inauguration: On their biggest day, backroom team watches from the last row |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/parliament-building-inauguration-on-their-biggest-day-backroom-team-watches-from-the-last-row-8634025/ |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en |date=29 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=5 Facts About New Parliament Building, The Temple Of Democracy |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/5-facts-about-new-parliament-building-the-temple-of-democracy-4072406 |work=[[NDTV]] |date=28 May 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Main structure of new Parliament completed, finishing work in progress: Tata Projects CEO |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/main-structure-of-new-parliament-completed-finishing-work-in-progress-tata-projects-ceo/article65821579.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |date=28 August 2022 |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] }}</ref>

===Oil and gas===
In 2020, the company received orders of Rs 6,000 crore in oil and gas refinery industry from two state-run businesses.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tata Projects wins orders worth Rs 6,000 crore from oil and gas sector |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/tata-projects-wins-orders-worth-rs-6-000-crore-from-oil-and-gas-sector-120012301158_1.html |newspaper=[[Business Standard]] |date=23 January 2023 |first1=Amritha |last1=Pillay }}</ref> Tata Projects built the ONGC Bokaro project in [[Jharkhand]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-13 |title=ONGC commissions gas collecting station in Bokaro village |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/ongc-commissions-gas-collecting-station-in-bokaro-village/articleshow/99450440.cms |access-date=2024-06-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and the U-Field project by ONGC Kakinada in the Deepwater [[Krishna Godavari Basin|Krishna-Godavari basin]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Business Standards |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/benchmarks-hit-fresh-intraday-low-it-stocks-decline-121111800387_1.html}}</ref>

===Metals and minerals===
[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi visiting the Rourkela Steel Plant, before its dedication to the Nation, in Odisha on April 01, 2015 (1).jpg|thumb|230x230px|[[Rourkela Steel Plant|The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi visiting the Rourkela Steel Plant]]]]
Tata Projects operates iron and steel projects in different countries, building beneficiation plants, [[sinter plant]]s, pellet plants, [[blast furnace]]s, casters and rolling mills on an EPC basis.<ref name=":1">{{cite news |last1=Sanjai |first1=P. R. |title=Tata Projects aims to triple turnover to '10,000 cr |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/baTo83bgIQfRr2vP2i3L8N/Tata-Projects-starts-work-on-eastern-dedicated-freight-corri.html |newspaper=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |language=en |date=7 March 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=TATA Projects strengthens Africa footprint with orders totaling about USD 323 |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/tata-projects-strengthens-africa-footprint-with-orders-totalling-about-usd-32320220113175459/ |work=[[Asian News International]] |date=13 January 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Tata Projects unveils new strategy to accelerate growth |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/tata-projects-unveils-new-strategy-to-accelerate-growth-113082200980_1.html |newspaper=[[Business Standard]] |date=22 January 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Tata Steel initiates first equipment trial for cold rolling mill, pellet plant projects at Kalinganagar facility |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tata-steel-initiates-first-equipment-trial-for-cold-rolling-mill-pellet-plant-projects-at-kalinganagar-facility/articleshow/89955376.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |date=3 March 2022}}</ref> They also built [[Rourkela Steel Plant]] in [[Odisha]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vyas |first=Maulik |date=2021-08-28 |title=SAIL case: High Court upholds arbitration award in favour of Tata Projects |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/steel/sail-case-hc-upholds-arbitration-award-in-favour-of-tata-projects/articleshow/85699202.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-06-05 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

===Water===
In 2017, Tata Projects and [[Watergen]] of Israel began initiatives aimed at extracting drinking water from the atmosphere.<ref>{{cite news |title=Grundfos signs MoU with TATA Projects for projects in environment, water |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/grundfos-signs-mou-with-tata-projects-for-projects-in-environment-water-121101000587_1.html |newspaper=[[Business Standard]] |date=10 October 2021 |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] }}</ref> In [[Connaught Place, New Delhi|Connaught Place]] in New Delhi, Watergen installed a GEN-350G pilot.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tata Projects, Israel's Watergen to work on projects to extract drinking water from air |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/tata-projects-watergen-of-israel-tie-upto-extract-water-from-atmosphere/article64318452.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu Businessline]] |language=en |date=16 January 2018}}</ref> The Dravyavati River Rejuvenation Project involved revitalizing the [[Dravyavati River]] by recharging it with treated sewage water. The project included landscaping the slopes on both banks and creating parks and social spaces.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=V. Rishi |date=2018-10-02 |title=Tata Projects commissions Dravyavati river rejuvenation project in Jaipur |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/tata-projects-commissions-dravyavati-river-rejuvenation-project-in-jaipur/article25105997.ece |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.tataprojects.com/ Official site]

[[Category:Tata Group]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1979]]
[[Category:Privately held companies of India]]
[[Category:Construction and civil engineering companies of India]]

Shameema Dev Azad

2026-02-24T11:23:58Z

Breakoutbanglore: Starting Details

{{short description|Kashmiri singer from Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shameema Dev Azad
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Shameema Dev
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1955|05|25|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation =
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| spouse = [[Ghulam Nabi Azad]]
| children = Saddam Nabi Azad<ref>{{cite web|title=Ghulam Nabi Azad's Son To Wed DLF Supremo's Grand-daughter|url=http://www.fashionscandal.com/2012/11/ghulam-nabi-azads-son-to-wed-dlf-supremos-grand-daughter/|access-date=18 June 2020|date=2012-10-31}}</ref> Sofiya Nabi Azad<ref>{{cite web|title=My dad will do well, says Azad's daughter|website=[[The Hindu]] |date=3 November 2005 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/my-dad-will-do-well-says-azads-daughter/article27503417.ece|access-date=18 Jun 2020}}</ref>
| parents = Abdullah Dev (father)
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2005)<ref name=times/> Kalpana Chawala Excellence Award (2007)<ref name=ht/>
}}

'''Shameema Dev Azad''' (also '''Shameem''', born 25 May 1955) is a Kashmiri singer from [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gdgoenkasrinagar.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Grade-5-9-Music-Master-Shameema-azad-Dated-18-11-2021.pdf |title=Shameema Dev Azad |publisher=gdgoenkasrinagar.in |access-date=10 October 2024 }}</ref> She is married to [[Ghulam Nabi Azad]], former [[List of chief ministers of Jammu and Kashmir|Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir]].

== Awards ==
She is known for her melodious voice, she was honoured with India's fourth highest civilian award the [[Padma Shri]] by [[Government of India]] in 2005.<ref name=times>{{cite web|title=PadmaShree, Shameem Dev Azad, wife of C.M. Ghulam Nabi Azad-Nightingale of Kashmir|url=http://jammutimes.com/shamima-dev-azad.htm|publisher=Jammu Times|access-date=26 March 2013|archive-date=5 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705062111/http://jammutimes.com/shamima-dev-azad.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=July 21, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> She received Kalpana Chawla Excellence Award in 2007.<ref name=ht>{{cite news |first=Arun |last=Joshi |title=Kalpana Chawla award for Shammema Azad |url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/india/kalpana-chawla-award-for-shammema-azad/story-KcNqFIAmQ1X5DoGb6AuxsI.html |date=2 Feb 2007 |access-date=18 Jun 2020 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> She was also awarded by the [[Government of Jammu and Kashmir]] on the [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]] of 2010 in the field of performing arts.<ref>{{cite web |title= Republic Day Awards by Government of Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://jkgad.nic.in/common/awards_desc.aspx?Id=473 |access-date=18 Jun 2020}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Shameema is one of the eight children of Muhammad Abdullah Dev. She has six brothers. She is married to [[Ghulam Nabi Azad]] since 1980.<ref name=ol>{{cite news |title=A politician who rose from the rank |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/a-politician-who-rose-from-the-rank/332650 |access-date=18 Jun 2020 | work=Outlook}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title =Iqbal is my love, Sheikh Muhammad Abdullah my leader |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/gk-magazine/iqbal-is-my-love-sheikh-muhammad-abdullah-my-leader/ |date =15 Mar 2015 |work =[[Greater Kashmir]]| access-date=18 Jun 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Azad, Shameema Dev}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:People from Srinagar]]
[[Category:Kashmiri women singers]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Singers from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]

{{india-musician-stub}}

Point Calimere Wildlife and Bird Sanctuary

2026-02-24T06:24:12Z

Breakoutbanglore: new bio

{{Short description|Protected area in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Point Calimere Wildlife and Bird Sanctuary
| alt_name =
| iucn_category = IV
| image =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_size =
| map = India Tamil Nadu#India
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in India
| map_width =
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| location = [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| nearest_city =
| coordinates = {{coord|10.31|N|79.86|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| area_km2 = 21.47
| established = 1967
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| governing_body = [[Tamil Nadu Forest Department]]
| url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080121104043/http://www.forests.tn.nic.in/WildBiodiversity/ws_pcws.html
| module = {{Designation list
| embed = yes
| designation1 = Ramsar
| designation1_date = 19 August 2002
| designation1_number = 1210<ref>{{Cite web|title=Point Calimere Wildlife and Bird Sanctuary|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1210|access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref>}}
}}

'''Point Calimere Wildlife and Bird Sanctuary''' is a [[protected area]] in Tamil Nadu,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fernando |first=Antony |date=2023-10-29 |title=Waterbodies desilted and deepened to attract birds to Point Calimere sanctuary |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/tamil-nadu/2023/Oct/29/waterbodies-desilted-and-deepened-to-attract-birds-to-point-calimere-sanctuary-2628044.html |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> South India, covering {{cvt|21.47|km2}} along the [[Palk Strait]] where it meets the [[Bay of Bengal]] at [[Point Calimere]] at the southeastern tip of [[Nagapattinam District]]. It was created in 1967 for the conservation of the [[blackbuck]] and also hosts large congregations of waterbirds, especially [[greater flamingo]]s.<ref name="tnfd/pcws">{{cite web|author=Tamil Nadu Forest Department| author-link =Tamil Nadu Forest Department |title=Point Calimere Wildlife Sanctuary |year=2007 |publisher=National Information Centre |url=http://www.forests.tn.nic.in/WildBiodiversity/ws_pcws.html |access-date=15 September 2008 |pages=Wild Biodiversity |archive-date=27 December 2008 |url-status=dead|df =dmy-all |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081227230030/http://www.forests.tn.nic.in/WildBiodiversity/ws_pcws.html}}</ref> It has been classified as an [[Important Bird Area]].<ref name=BLI>{{cite web |author=[[BirdLife International]] |title=Chitragudi and Kanjirankulam Bird Sanctuary |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sites/index.html?action=SitHTMFindResults.asp&INam=Point%20Calimere&Reg=2&Cty=99}}</ref>

==Geography==
[[Image:Point Calimere aerial.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of Point Calimere]]
[[Image:PCWBSmap.JPG|thumb|Map of the sanctuary]]
Point Calimere Wildlife and Bird Sanctuary forms the easternmost and most biologically diverse part of [[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar Site]] no. 1210 which on 19 August 2002, was declared a place of international importance for the conservation of waterbirds and their wetlands habitats. This {{cvt|385|km2|adj=on}} site comprises PCWBS, Panchanadikulam Wetland, Unsurveyed Salt swamp, Thalainayar Reserved Forest and Muthupet Mangroves. It is all part of the Great Vedaranyam Swamp, except the reserved forest.<ref name=Ramsar>{{cite book |title=Point Calimere Wildlife & Bird Sanctuary – A Ramsar Site |author=Arauah, A.D. |date=2005 |publisher=Tamil Nadu Forest Department |location=Nagapattinam, Tamil Nadu}}</ref>

The sanctuary is an island surrounded by the [[Bay of Bengal]] to the east, the [[Palk Straight]] to the south and swampy backwaters and [[Salt pan (geology)|salt pan]]s to the west and north. Low sand dunes are located along the coast and along the western periphery with coastal plains, tidal mud-flats and shallow seasonal ponds in between. Sand dunes in the east are mostly now stabilised by ''[[Prosopis juliflora]]'' and the higher dunes in the west are stabilised by dense dry [[evergreen forest]]s. The tallest dune in the sanctuary and the highest point of land in Nagapattinam District is {{cvt|7|m}}. at the northwest corner of the sanctuary at ''Ramar Padam''.{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}

==History==
[[Image:PCWBS-water.JPG|thumb|Water transport to PCWBS by bullock cart]]
{{More citations needed section|date=November 2023}}
In the early years of the Sanctuary management was concentrated on prevention of poaching and provision of water to the wildlife. Poaching has been controlled but water supply is a continuing effort. In 1979 the first of several water troughs supplied from water barrels transported by bullock cart and open wells were built. Beginning in 2001–02 several perennial water holes supplied by pipe from bore wells and a large elevated water tank on the western edge of the sanctuary were built.

Several tree planting schemes to increase biodiversity have yielded poor results, with the exception of ''[[Casuarina equisetifolia]]''. Current practice is to avoid new tree planting and concentrate on removal of the invasive ''[[Prosopis juliflora]]''. An annual wildlife census has been conducted since 1991.

The [[Bombay Natural History Society]] has been conducting regular bird migration studies in the sanctuary since 1959. In 2007 it is building a new field station in Kodaikadu.

On 9 March 1998 a {{cvt|45|m}} modern lighthouse near Kodaikorai Beach was commissioned.<ref>{{cite rowlett|inde}}</ref>

In 1999 many speed breakers were installed on the Vedaranyam – Kodaikorai road which have effectively prevented the killing of wildlife by speeding vehicles. In 2004/05 nearly 100 boundary pillars were erected for boundary demarcation.<ref name=Ramsar/>

On 26 December 2004 a [[Effect of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake on India#Tamil Nadu|tsunami]] as high as 3 metres (10 ft) hit the Kodiyakarai coast of the sanctuary. Seawater flooded the entire sanctuary with four feet of water. The sanctuary escaped serious damage and the sanctuary, animals and birds largely survived the giant wave, but 5,525 people were killed in neighbouring parts of Nagapattinam District.<ref name=Sivasubramanian>{{cite report |author=Sivasubramanian, C. |author2=Sivakkumar, R. |title=Study of the Impact of the Tsunami on the Point Calimere Wildlife and Bird Sanctuary and the Muthupet Mangrove Forest |series=Conservation Action Series |issue=20050904 |pages=66–71 |publisher=Wildlife Trust of India and Department of Zoology, North Orissa University |year=2005 |url=http://www.wildlifetrustofindia.org/html/reports/Tsunami_Vol1.pdf |archive-date=9 May 2008 |access-date=21 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509091747/http://www.wildlifetrustofindia.org/html/reports/Tsunami_Vol1.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The documentary film ''Point Calimere – Little Kingdom by the Coast'' by Shekar Dattatri won the Centre for Media Studies (CMS) Vatavaran 2007 award in the Nature category.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cmsvatavaran.org/winner2007.asp |title=Nature: ''Point Calimere – Little Kingdom by the Coast'' |access-date=21 September 2008 |archive-date=3 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080803152215/http://www.cmsvatavaran.org/winner2007.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Flora==
[[Image:Muthupet.jpg|thumb|Mangrove forest at Muthupet]]
This site is a mix of salt swamps, mangroves, backwaters, mudflats, grasslands and [[East Deccan dry evergreen forests]]. 364 of flowering plant species have been identified in the sanctuary of which 50% are herbs and the others are climbers, shrubs and trees. About 198 of these have medicinal properties. ''[[Manilkara hexandra]]'', locally called ''Palai'' is the dominant dry evergreen species and an important food source for fruit eating birds. Middle canopy is dominated by the invasive ''[[Prosopis juliflora]]'' and the most abundant undergrowth is ''[[Memecylon umbellatum]]''.<ref name=Ramsar/>

==Fauna==
[[File:Blackbuck antelope.jpg|thumb|Blackbuck at point calimere sanctuary]]
This sanctuary is an area of high biodiversity, with 14 mammal species, 18 reptile species and nine amphibian species. The [[flagship species]] of the sanctuary is the [[blackbuck]], one of the four [[antelope]] species in India and the most numerous large animal in the sanctuary. The population estimate of the blackbuck at Point Calimere more than doubled in thirty years, from 750–800 in 1967 to 1,908 in 1998/99. This isolated population of blackbuck probably survived unmolested throughout the centuries due to the locals' now declining belief that eating its meat causes leprosy. The predators of the blackbuck at Point Calimere are [[jackals]], and sometimes village dogs. Competition for food is from domestic and feral cattle.<ref name = invent>{{cite book|chapter-url=http://envfor.nic.in/divisions/csurv/Wetland%20Inventory.pdf|title=Inventory of wetlands|chapter=Point Calimere Wildlife and Bird Sanctuary|page=390|access-date=9 December 2008|publisher=Govt. of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303183104/http://envfor.nic.in/divisions/csurv/Wetland%20Inventory.pdf|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Other notable animals include: [[chital]], [[golden jackal]], [[bonnet monkey]], [[wild boar]], [[monitor lizard]], [[Thoopterus|short-nosed fruit bat]], [[small Indian civet]], [[Indian star tortoise]], [[Indian grey mongoose]], [[black-naped hare]], [[jungle cat]] and [[feral horse]].<ref name=Ramsar/>
Marine species include the [[Bottlenose dolphin]] and [[olive ridley turtle]]. In 2002 a pair of [[Bryde's whale]] were found washed ashore near the sanctuary. One 10 ton 35-foot whale was successfully towed back to sea. This was the first successful rescue of a beached whale in Asia.<ref name=Ramsar/>

[[Image:PCWBS-paintedstork.JPG|thumb|Flight of painted stork]]
The sanctuary hosts the second largest congregation of migratory waterbirds in India, with a peak population in excess of 100,000, representing 103 species. Over 200,000 birds have been captured, studied, ringed and released during the course of several ornithological studies in the past several years.

In October these waterbirds arrive from [[Rann of Kutch]], [[Eastern Siberia]], [[Northern Russia]], [[Central Asia]] and parts of [[Europe]] for their feeding season and start returning to those breeding places in January. These waterbirds include [[threatened]] species such as [[spot-billed pelican]], [[Nordmann's greenshank]], [[spoonbill sandpiper]] and [[black-necked stork]]. Near threatened species include [[black-headed ibis]], [[Asian dowitcher]], [[lesser flamingo]], [[spoonbill]], [[darter]] and [[painted stork]].<ref name=Ramsar/>

[[Image:PCWBS-hut.JPG|thumb|Brahminy kites and [[slender billed gull]]s]]
Over {{cvt|15|km2}} of the best tropical dry evergreen forest in India are in the sanctuary. They harbour a large variety of resident and [[Migratory birds|migratory landbirds]]. The most common of the 35 resident species are [[white-browed bulbul]], [[brahminy kite]], small [[green-billed malkoha]], [[crow pheasant]], [[rose-ringed parakeet]], [[grey partridge]], [[blue-tailed bee-eater]] and [[common iora]].

[[Spotted dove|Spotted]] and [[collared dove]]s are common in the [[mangroves]].<ref name=Ramsar/>

==Threats==
[[Image:PCWBS-Saltpans.JPG|thumb|Salt pans]]
Major threats to the natural biodiversity and ecological balance of the sanctuary are: loss of habitat for waterbirds, soil and water salinisation by adjacent salt pans, spread of the invasive ''Prosopis juliflora'', cattle grazing and scarcity of fresh water. Sanctuary staff conduct programs to alleviate all these issues.<ref name=Ramsar/>

==Cultural heritage==
[[Image:PCWBS-Ramar Padam.JPG|thumb|Ramar Padam shrine containing the footprints of Lord Rama in stone]]
{{More citations needed section|date=November 2023}}
Several sites of religious, historical or cultural importance are located within the sanctuary:
* '''Ramar Padam''' (literally: [[Rama]]s Footprint) located on the highest point of land in the sanctuary, is a small shrine containing the stone footprints of Lord Rama. Large numbers of Rama devotees gather here during the second week of April to celebrate [[Ram Navami]] Festival.
* '''Mattumunian Kovil''' is a small temple in the south of the sanctuary where people worship and offer prayers throughout the year. A major festival occurs here on the third Friday of September.
* '''Avulaiganni Dargah''' is the grave of a Muslim saint located near the road by Ramar Padam. His death anniversary is celebrated in late November.
* '''Shevrayan Kovil''' is a shrine to the deities ''Shevrayan'' and ''Soni'' located deep in the forests of the northern part of the sanctuary. A small village near this shrine was relocated outside the sanctuary after the creation of Kodaikarai Reserve Forest. A large congregation of devotees from [[Arcothurai]] celebrate a special festival in June and July.
[[Image:PCWBS-lighthouse.JPG|thumb|Kodaikarai Lighthouse near Kodaikorai Beach]]
* '''Chola Lighthouse''' is the remains of a brick and mortar lighthouse near Point Calimere said to have been built by the [[Chola]]s more than a thousand years ago. This structure was badly damaged by the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami]] but can still be seen in the intertidal zone near the British lighthouse.<ref name=Ramsar/>

== See also ==
* [[Point Calimere]]
* [[Kodi Kuzhagar temple]]
* [[List of birds of South India]]

==References==
{{commons category}}
{{Reflist|35em}}

{{Nagapattinam district}}
{{Protected areas of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Ramsar sites in India}}

[[Category:East Deccan dry evergreen forests]]
[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Ramsar sites in India]]
[[Category:Mangroves]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Madras State]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1967]]

Pakke Tiger Reserve

2026-02-24T02:50:54Z

Breakoutbanglore: reworked intro per standard format and added references for consistency

{{Short description|Tiger reserve in Arunachal Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Pakke Tiger Reserve
| iucn_category = IV
| map = India Arunachal Pradesh#India
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| map_caption = Location in Arunachal Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27|05|N|92|51.5|E|display=inline, title}}
| established = 1966
| area_km2 = 861.95
| elevation_max = 2040
| image =
| image_caption =
| mapframe-zoom = 9
| nearest_city = [[Rangapara]]
| governing_body = Ministry of Environment & Forest of the Government of Arunachal Pradesh
| url = http://projecttiger.nic.in/Ntcamap/108_1_4_mapdetails.aspx
}}

'''Pakke Tiger Reserve''' is a [[Project Tiger]] [[Tiger reserves of India|reserve]] in the [[East Kameng]] district of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] in [[Northeast India]]. The {{cvt|862|km2}} reserve is managed by the [[Environment and Forests Department (Arunachal Pradesh)|Department of Environment and Forests, Arunachal Pradesh]]. It was known as '''Pakhui Tiger Reserve''', but renamed in April 2001 by the [[Governor of Arunachal Pradesh]]. It has won India Biodiversity Award 2016 in the category of 'Conservation of threatened species' for its [[Hornbill]] Nest Adoption Programme.

==Location==
Pakke Wildlife Sanctuary lies in the undulating and hilly foothills of the [[Eastern Himalayas]] in Arunachal Pradesh's Pakke Kessang District at elevations ranging from {{convert|150|to|2000|m|abbr=on}}. It is bounded by Bhareli or [[Kameng River]] in the west and north, and by [[Pakke River]] in the east. It is surrounded by contiguous forests on most sides.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}}
To the east lies Papum Reserve Forest with an area of {{convert|1064|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}. Towards the south and south-east, the sanctuary adjoins reserve forests and Assam's [[Nameri National Park]]. To the west, it is bounded by Doimara Reserve Forest with an area of {{convert|216|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} and [[Eaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary]]; and to the north by Shergaon Forest Division.

The main perennial streams in the area are the Nameri, Khari and Upper Dikorai. West of Kameng River are [[Sessa Orchid Sanctuary]] and [[Eaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary]].<ref name="Tapi">{{cite web |url=http://www.pakketigerreserve.org/?page_id=263|title=General Information |work=Pakhui Tiger Reserve |author= Tana Tapi, Divisional Forest Officer |publisher= PTR, Kalyan Varma |accessdate=2012-02-26}}</ref>

==History==
The area of Pakke Tiger Reserve was initially constituted as Pakhui Reserve Forest on 1 July 1966 and declared a [[game reserve]] on 28 March 1977. In 2001, it was renamed Pakhui Wildlife Sanctuary and became Pakhui Tiger Reserve on 23 April 2002 as the 26th Tiger Reserve under Project Tiger of the [[National Tiger Conservation Authority]].<ref name="NTCA">{{cite web |url=http://www.pakketigerreserve.org |title=Pakhui Tiger Reserve |work=Reserve Guide - Project Tiger Reserves In India |publisher=National Tiger Conservation Authority |accessdate=2012-02-26}}</ref>

==Geography==
The reserves elevations range from {{convert|100|to|2000|m|ft|abbr=on}} above [[mean sea level|msl]]. The terrain is rugged with mountainous ranges in the north and narrow plains and sloping hill valleys in the south. The sanctuary slopes southwards towards the river valley of the [[Brahmaputra River]].<ref name="Tapi"/> The area of Brahmaputra and [[Chittagong Hills]], which includes Pakke and [[Namdapha Tiger Reserve]], is the north-western limit of the [[Indochinese tiger]]'s range, bordering the eastern limit of the [[Bengal tiger]]'s range.<ref name=Luo04>{{cite journal |author=Luo, S.-J. |author2=Kim, J.-H. |author3=Johnson, W. E. |author4=van der Walt, J. |author5=Martenson, J. |author6=Yuhki, N. |author7=Miquelle, D. G. |author8=Uphyrkina, O. |author9=Goodrich, J. M. |author10=Quigley, H. B. |author11=Tilson, R. |author12=Brady, G. |author13=Martelli, P. |author14=Subramaniam, V. |author15=McDougal, C. |author16=Hean, S. |author17=Huang, S.-Q. |author18=Pan, W. |author19=Karanth, U. K. |author20=Sunquist, M. |author21=Smith, J. L. D., O'Brien, S. J. |year=2004 |title=Phylogeography and genetic ancestry of tigers (Panthera tigris) |journal=PLOS Biology |volume=2 |issue=12 |pages=e442 |pmid=15583716 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0020442 |pmc=534810 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Jhalaetal2008">{{cite book |title=Status of the Tigers, Co-predators, and Prey in India |editor1=Jhala, Y. V. |editor2=Gopal, R. |editor3=Qureshi, Q. |publisher=National Tiger Conservation Authority, Govt. of India, New Delhi; Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun |year=2008 |series=TR 08/001 |url=http://projecttiger.nic.in/whtsnew/status_of_tigers_in_india_2008.pdf |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602124630/http://projecttiger.nic.in/whtsnew/status_of_tigers_in_india_2008.pdf |archivedate=2 June 2013 |df=dmy}}</ref><ref name="Jhalaetal2011">Jhala, Y. V., Qureshi, Q., Sinha, P. R. (Eds.) (2011). [https://web.archive.org/web/20120120232451/http://www.projecttiger.nic.in/whtsnew/Tiger_Status_oct_2010.pdf ''Status of tigers, co-predators and prey in India, 2010.''] National Tiger Conservation Authority, Govt. of India, New Delhi, and Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun. TR 2011/003 pp-302</ref>

==Climate==
Pakke Tiger Reserve has a [[subtropical climate]] with cold weather from November to March. The temperature varies from {{convert|12|to|36|C|F}}. Annual rainfall is {{convert|2500|mm}}. It receives rainfall predominantly from the [[south-west monsoon]] in May to September and [[Monsoon#Northeast monsoon|north-east monsoon]] from November to April. October and November are relatively dry. Winds are generally of moderate velocity. Thunderstorms occasionally occur in March–April. The average annual rainfall is 2500 mm. May and June are the hottest months. Humidity levels reach 80% during the summer.<ref name="Tapi"/>

==Flora==
The habitat types are [[Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests|lowland semi-evergreen]], [[evergreen forest]] and [[Eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests]]. A total of 343 woody species of [[flowering plant]]s (angiosperms) have been recorded from the lowland areas of the park, with a high representation of species from the families [[Euphorbiaceae]] and [[Lauraceae]], but at least 1500 species of [[vascular plants]] are expected from Pakhui WLS, of which 500 species would be woody. While about 600 species of [[orchids]] are reported from [[Arunachal Pradesh]], Pakhui WLS and adjoining areas also harbour many orchid species. The forest has a typical layered structure and the major emergent species are bhelu ''[[Tetrameles nudiflora]]'', borpat ''[[Ailanthus grandis]]'' and jutuli ''[[Altingia excelsa]]''.

The general vegetation type of the entire tract is classified as Assam Valley tropical semi-evergreen forest. The forests are multi-storeyed and rich in [[epiphytic]] flora and woody [[lianas]]. The vegetation is dense, with a high diversity and density of woody lianas and climbers. The forest types include tropical semi-evergreen forests along the lower plains and foothills dominated by kari ''[[Polyalthia simiarum]]'', hatipehala ''[[Pterospermum acerifolium]]'', karibadam ''[[Sterculia alata]]'', paroli ''[[Stereospermum chelonoides]]'', ''Ailanthus grandis'' and khokun ''[[Duabanga grandiflora]]''.<ref name="14. Datta, A. and Rawat, G.S. 2008c. Dispersal modes and spatial patterns of tree species in a tropical forest in Arunachal Pradesh, north-east India. Tropical Conservation Science 1 (3): 163-183.">{{cite journal|last=Datta|first=A.|author2=Rawat, G.S.|title=Dispersal modes and spatial patterns of tree species in a tropical forest in Arunachal Pradesh, north-east India.|journal=Tropical Conservation Science|volume=1|issue=3|pages=163–183|doi=10.1177/194008290800100302|year=2008|doi-access=free}}</ref> The tropical semi-evergreen forests are scattered along the lower plains and foothills, dominated by ''Altingia excelsa'', nahar ''[[Mesua ferrea]]'', banderdima ''[[Dysoxylum binectariferum]]'', ''Beilschmedia'' sp. and other middle storey trees belonging to the [[Lauraceae]] and [[Myrtaceae]]. These forests have a large number of species of economic value. Subtropical broadleaved forests of the [[Fagaceae]] and Lauraceae dominate the hill tops and higher reaches. Moist areas near streams have a profuse growth of [[bamboo]], cane and [[Arecaceae|palms]]. About eight species of bamboo occur in the area, in moist areas in gullies, in areas previously under settlements, or subjected to some form of disturbance on the hill slopes. At least five commercially important cane species grow in moist areas, along with tokko ''[[Livistona jenkinsiana]]'', a species used extensively by locals for thatching roofs. Along the larger perennial streams, there are shingle beds with patches of tall grassland, which give way to lowland moist forests with outenga ''[[Dillenia indica]]'' and boromthuri ''[[Talauma hodgsonii]]''. Along the larger rivers, isolated trees of semal ''[[Bombax ceiba]]'' and two species of koroi ''[[Albizzia]]'' sp. are common.

These forests have a high percentage of tree species (64%) that are animal-dispersed, with 12% tree species being wind-dispersed.<ref name="Datta">Datta, A. and Rawat, G. S. 2008. Dispersal modes and spatial patterns of tree species in a tropical forest in Arunachal Pradesh, north-east India. Tropical Conservation Science 1 (3): 163-183.</ref>

==Fauna==
At least 40 mammal species occur in Pakke Tiger Reserve, including the [[tiger]], [[leopard]], [[clouded leopard]], [[jungle cat]], [[dhole]], [[golden jackal]], [[Himalayan black bear]], [[binturong]], [[Asian elephant]], [[gaur]], [[Sambar deer|sambar]], [[hog deer]], [[northern red muntjac]], [[wild boar]], [[yellow-throated marten]], [[Malayan giant squirrel]], [[flying squirrel]], [[squirrel]], [[capped langur]], [[rhesus macaque]], [[Assam macaque]]. The presence of stamp tailed macaques has been reported by one researcher.<ref name="NTCA"/>

At least 296 bird species have been recorded from PTR including the globally endangered white-winged wood duck, the unique ibisbill, and the rare Oriental bay owl. PTR is a good place to see hornbills. Roost sites of wreathed hornbills and great hornbill can be observed on the river banks.<ref name=birand>Birand, A & Pawar, S (2004) An ornithological survey in north-east India. ''Forktail''20. p.15–24. [http://www.orientalbirdclub.org/publications/forktail/20pdfs/Birand-NEIndia.pdf PDF]</ref>
Birds seen in Pakke Tiger Reserve include: [[Jerdon's baza]], [[pied falconet]], [[white-cheeked partridge|white-cheeked hill-partridge]], [[grey peacock-pheasant]], [[Porzana bicolor|elwe's crake]], [[ibisbill]], [[Asian emerald cuckoo]], [[red-headed trogon]], [[green pigeon]], [[forest eagle owl]], [[wreathed hornbill]], [[great hornbill]] and [[long-tailed broadbill]], [[blue-naped pitta]], [[lesser shortwing]], [[Himalayan shortwing]], [[Daurian redstart]], [[lesser necklaced laughing-thrush]], [[silver-eared mesia]], [[white-bellied yuhina]], [[yellow-bellied flycatcher]], [[sultan tit]], [[ruby-cheeked sunbird]], [[maroon oriole]], and [[crow-billed drongo]].<ref name="EBP">{{cite web|url=http://www.pakketigerreserve.org |title=Pakke Tiger Reserve, General information |work=Birding Hotspost of Western Arunachal Pradesh |date= 2005 |publisher= Eaglenest Biodiversity Project |accessdate=2012-02-26}}</ref>

==Park protection==
Presently, there are 27 anti-poaching camps where 104 local youth and 20 gaon buras (village fathers) have been employed as forest watchers. A {{convert|41|km|mi|abbr=on}} road has been constructed to ease logistics and deter poachers. The people living around the park belong to the [[Nyishi people|Nyishi]] community.<ref name="Forest guard's life is tough">{{cite news|title=Forest guard's life is tough|url=http://www.downtoearth.org.in/node/1477}}</ref> The Ghora Aabhe (a group of village chiefs) and Women Self Help Groups help authorities in wildlife protection by providing information and enforcing customary laws.<ref name="Hunters are invited">{{cite news|last=Velho|first=Nandini|title=Hunters are invited|url=http://www.downtoearth.org.in/node/2419}}</ref> The Nyishi community has joined hands with civil society and the forest department to protect hornbill nests. The Nyishi tribe uses fiber glass replicas of hornbills beaks as their headgear and has fines for hunting of tigers, among other regulations.

The Ghora Aabhe Society (a group of village chiefs) was formed in 2006. A group of 12 village heads, along with the forest department, supports conservation efforts around Pakhui Tiger Reserve (PTR). Their work has been widely recognised, through several awards and articles in print media.<ref name="Earth heroes awards">{{cite news|title=Earth heroes awards|url=http://www.theearthheroes.com/the-awards/2010-awards/167-tana-tapi-and-takum-nabum-|archive-date=18 December 2010|access-date=7 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101218191638/http://www.theearthheroes.com/the-awards/2010-awards/167-tana-tapi-and-takum-nabum-|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Ghora Aabhe enforce customary laws, institute penalties against hunting and logging, aid in capacity building and spread awareness of PTR.

==See also==
* [[Wildlife of India]]

==Further reading==
* Sarkar, P., Verma, S. and Menon, V. 2012. Food selection by Asian elephant (Elephas maximus). The Clarion-International Multidisciplinary Journal 1: 70-79.
* Velho, N., Ratnam, J., Srinivasan, U. and Sankaran, M. 2012. Shifts in community structure of tropical trees and avian frugivores in forests recovering from past logging. Biological Conservation 153:32-40.
* Velho, N., Isvaran, K. and Datta, A. 2012. Rodent seed predation: effects on seed survival, recruitment, abundance and dispersion of bird-dispersed tropical trees. Oecologia 167:1-10.
* Velho, N., Srinivasan, U., Prashanth, N.S. and Laurance, W. 2011. Human disease hinders anti-poaching efforts in Indian nature reserves. Biological Conservation 144: 2382-2385
* Velho, N. and Krisnadas, M. 2011. Post-logging recovery of animal-dispersed trees in a tropical forest site in north-east India. Tropical Conservation Science 4: 405-419.
* Solanki, G.S. and Kumar, A. 2010. Time budget and activities pattern of Capped langurs Trachypithecus Pileatus in Pakke wildlife sanctuary, Arunachal Pradesh, India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 107(2): 86-90
* Kumar, A., Solanki, G.S. and Sharma, B.K. 2010. Zoo therapeutic use of capped langur in traditional healthcare and the market value: view from Western Arunachal Pradesh, India. In: S.C. Tiwari (Ed.), Ethnoforestry: The future of Indian forestry. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun, India, 524pp.
* Lasgorceix, A. and Kothari, A. 2009. Displacement and relocation of Protected Areas: a synthesis and analysis of case studies. Economic & Political Weekly 44: 37-47.
* Velho, N., Datta, A. and Isvaran, K. 2009. Effects of rodents on seed fates of hornbill-dispersed tree species in a tropical forest in north-east India. J. Tropical Ecology 25: 507-514.
* Kumar, A. and Solanki, G.S. 2009. Cattle-carnivore conflict: A case study of Pakke Tiger Reserve in Arunachal Pradesh, India. International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences 35: 121-127.
* Sethi, P. and Howe, H. 2009. Recruitment of hornbill-dispersed trees in hunted and logged forests of the Indian Eastern Himalaya. Conservation Biology 23: 710-718.
* Solanki, G.S., Kumar, A. and Sharma, B.K. Sharma. 2008b. Winter food selection and diet composition of capped langur Trachypithecus pileatus in Arunachal Pradesh, India. Tropical Ecology 49: 157-166.
* Datta, A., Naniwadekar, R. and Anand, M.O. 2008a. Diversity, abundance and conservation status of small carnivores in two Protected Areas in Arunachal Pradesh. Small Carnivore Conservation 39: 1-10.
* Datta, A. and Goyal, S.P. 2008b. Responses of diurnal tree squirrels to selective logging in western Arunachal Pradesh. Current Science 95: 895-902.
* Datta, A. and Rawat, G.S. 2008c. Dispersal modes and spatial patterns of tree species in a tropical forest in Arunachal Pradesh, north-east India. Tropical Conservation Science 1 (3): 163-183.
* Kumar, A. and Solanki, G.S. 2008. Population status and conservation of capped langurs (Trachypithecus pileatus) in and around Pakhuil Wildlife Sanctuary, Arunachal Pradesh, India. Primate Conservation 23: 97-105.
* Solanki, G.S., Kumar, A. and Sharma, B.K. 2008a. Feeding Ecology of Trachypithecus pileatus in India. International Journal of Primatology 29:173-182.
* Solanki, G.S., Kumar, A. and Sharma, B.K. 2007. Reproductive strategies of Trachypithecus pileatus in Arunachal Pradesh, India. International Journal of Primatology 28: 1075-1083.
* Solanki, G.S. and Kumar, A. 2006. Study on aggressive behaviour in wild population of capped langur (Trachypithecus pileatus) in India. Proceeding of Zoological Society of India 6 (1):15-30.
* Kumar, A., Solanki, G.S. and Sharma, B.K. 2005. Observation on parturition behaviour of capped langur (Trachypithecus pileatus). Primates 46 (3):215-217.
* Solanki, G.S., Chongpi, B. and Kumar, A. 2004. Ethnology of the Nishi tribes and wildlife of Arunachal Pradesh. Arunachal Forest News 20: 74-86.
* Birand, A. and Pawar, S. 2004. An ornithological survey in north-east India. Forktail 20: 15-24.
* Datta, A. and Rawat, G.S. 2004. Nest site selection and nesting success of hornbills in Arunachal Pradesh, north-east India. Bird Conservation International 14: 249-262.
* Kumar, A. and Solanki, G.S. 2004b. Ethno-sociological impact on Capped langur (Trachypithecus pileatus) and suggestions for conservation: a case study of reserve forest in Assam, India. Journal of Nature Conservation 16 (1): 107-113.
* Kumar, A. and Solanki, G.S. 2004a. A rare feeding observation on water lilies (Nymphaea Alba) by the capped langur, Trachypithecus pileatus. Folia Primatologica 75 (3):157-159.
* Datta, A. and Rawat, G.S. 2003. Foraging patterns of sympatric hornbills in the non-breeding season in Arunachal Pradesh, north-east India. Biotropica 35 (2): 208-218.
* Kumar, A. and Solanki, G.S. 2003. Food preference of Rhesus monkey Macaca mulatta during the pre-monsoon & monsoon season, Pakhui Wildlife Sanctuary Arunachal Pradesh. Zoo’s Print Journal 18 (8): 1172-1174.
* Padmawathe, R., Qureshi, Q. & Rawat, G. S. 2003. Effects of selective logging on vascular epiphyte diversity in a moist lowland forest of Eastern Himalaya, India. Biological Conservation, 119: 81-92.
* Datta, A. 2001. Pheasant abundance in selectively logged and unlogged forests of western Arunachal Pradesh, north-east India. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 97 (2): 177-183.
* Datta, A. 1998. Hornbill abundance in unlogged forest, selectively logged forest and a plantation in western Arunachal Pradesh. Oryx 32 (4): 285-294.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

{{Tiger Reserves Of India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Tiger reserves of India]]
[[Category:Pakke-Kessang district]]
[[Category:Environment of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1966]]
[[Category:1966 establishments in the North-East Frontier Agency]]

Comedy Raja Kalakkal Rani

2026-02-21T08:21:06Z

Breakoutbanglore:

{{Short description|Tamil comedy series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Comedy Raja Kalakkal Rani logo.png
| genre = {{plainlist|
* [[Reality competition]]
*[[Television comedy|Comedy]]
}}
| creator =
| presenter = [[Rakshan]] [[Priyanka Deshpande]] [[Sivaangi Krishnakumar]] [[Aranthangi Nisha]] (for Finale only)
| judges = {{Plainlist |
* [[Baba Bhaskar]]
* Madurai Muthu
* [[Aishwariyaa Bhaskaran|Aishwarya]]
* [[Uma Riyaz Khan]]
* [[Jiiva]] (for finale only)
}}
| theme_music_composer =
| country = India
| language = {{ubl|Tamil}}
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 21
| runtime = 45-50 minutes
| company =
| network = [[Star Vijay]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2021|06|27}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2021|11|14}}
}}

'''''Comedy Raja Kalakkal Rani''''' ({{translation|Comedy King, Entertainment Queen}}) is a 2021 Indian [[Tamil-language]][[television comedy|comedy]] series that premiered on 27 June 2021 and was broadcast on [[Star Vijay]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://getindianews.com/comedy-raja-kalakkal-rani-27th-june-2021-grand-premiere-episode-highlights/|title=Comedy Raja Kalakkal Rani 27th June 2021 Grand Premiere Episode Highlights|website=getindianews.com|language=en}}</ref> The show is hosted by video and radio jockey [[Rakshan]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rakshan VJ is excited about his new show 'Comedy Raja Kalakkal Rani'; see post|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/rakshan-vj-is-excited-about-his-new-show-comedy-raja-kalakkal-rani-see-post/articleshow/83923814.cms|access-date=2022-02-06|website=[[Times Of India]]|date=30 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref> and television host [[Priyanka Deshpande]]. The show was telecast every Sunday at 1:30pm. The show launched on 27 June 2021 and aired its final episode on 14 November 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Comedy Raja Kalakkal Rani' to premiere on June 27; watch promo|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/comedy-raja-kalakkal-rani-to-premiere-on-june-27-watch-promo/articleshow/83575377.cms|access-date=2022-02-06|website=[[Times Of India]]|date=16 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/television-comedy-raja-kalakkal-rani-vijaytv-show-comedy-raja-kalakkal-rani-last-episode-bala-rithika-sre-ghta-592685.html|title=பிரபல ஷோவுக்கு எண்டு கார்டு போட்ட விஜய் டிவி.. சோகத்தில் ரசிகர்கள்!|website=tamil.news18.com|date=23 October 2021 |language=ta}}</ref> [[Madurai Muthu]], [[Baba Bhaskar]], [[Aishwariyaa Bhaskaran|Aishwarya]] and [[Uma Riyaz Khan]] served as the judges for this show.

The show was won by duo Sunita Gogoi and TSK, while another duo [[Rithika Tamil Selvi]] and [[KPY Bala]] emerged as the runner up of the show. Ramar and Deepa Shankar came in third place and Vinodh and Pranika came in fourth place.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Comedy Raja Kalakkal Rani Winner Grand Finale Runner-Up Special Guests Exclusive Updates!|url=https://thenewscrunch.com/comedy-raja-kalakkal-rani-winner-grand-finale-runner-up-special-guests-exclusive-updates/39915/|access-date=2022-02-06|website=[[Times Of India]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Comedy Raja Kalakkal Rani: A new comedy show featuring 'Cook with Comali' Pugazh and Deepa|url=https://bigtechnologytrends.com/index.php/2021/06/21/comedy-raja-kalakkal-rani-a-new-comedy-show-featuring-cook-with-comali-pugazh-and-deepa/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206083128/https://bigtechnologytrends.com/index.php/2021/06/21/comedy-raja-kalakkal-rani-a-new-comedy-show-featuring-cook-with-comali-pugazh-and-deepa/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=6 February 2022|access-date=2022-02-06|website=bigtechnologytrends.com|language=en}}</ref> Actor [[Jiiva]] also appeared as a special guest and judge during the grand finale.

==Format==
The format of this show is that 10 male comedians will pair up with 10 female television actresses<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/television-vijay-tv-comedy-raja-kalakkal-rani-show-promo-disney-plus-hotstar-live-streaming-scs-482979.html|title=Comedy Raja Kalakkal Rani: காமெடி நட்சத்திரங்களுடன் ஜோடி சேரும் சீரியல் பிரபலங்கள் - விஜய் டிவி-யின் புதிய ப்ரோமோ!|website=tamil.news18.com|date=16 June 2021 |language=ta}}</ref> individually. The duo who performs the best comedy act in the week and receive high scores from the judging panel will excel to the next round, however the duo with the fewest points that week will be eliminated from the show. The duo who wins the show receives 3 lakh cash prize and a trophy.<ref>{{Cite web|title=காமெடி ராஜா கலக்கல் ராணி ஷோவில் 10 ஜோடிகள்! யாரெல்லாம் வராங்க பாருங்க! |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tv/news/vijay-tv-comedy-raja-kalakkal-rani-pairs-revealed/articleshow/83820591.cms|access-date=2022-02-06|website=tamil.samayam.com|language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dailyresearchtable.com/2021/11/10/comedy-raja-kalakkal-rani-grand-finale-winner-runner-up-prize-money-revealed/|title=Comedy Raja Kalakkal Rani Grand Finale Winner, Runner Up Prize Money Revealed?|website=dailyresearchtable.com|date=10 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

==Series==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! Season
! First Aired
! Last Aired
! colspan=2|Winners
! colspan=2|Runners Up
|-
| [[#Season 1|1]]
| 27 June 2021
| 14 November 2021
| TSK
| Sunita Gogoi
| [[Rithika Tamil Selvi]]
| [[KPY Bala]]
|}

==Contestants result==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; line-height:30px; width:auto;"
! scope="col" |Contestant<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bigtechnologytrends.com/index.php/2021/06/26/comedy-raja-kalakkal-rani-cast-these-are-the-contestants-of-the-upcoming-show-on-vijay-tv/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206083127/https://bigtechnologytrends.com/index.php/2021/06/26/comedy-raja-kalakkal-rani-cast-these-are-the-contestants-of-the-upcoming-show-on-vijay-tv/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=6 February 2022|title=Comedy Raja Kalakkal Rani cast: These are the contestants of the upcoming show on Vijay Tv|website=bigtechnologytrends.com|language=en}}</ref>
! scope="col" |{{nowrap|Result}}
|-
| Sunita Gogoi and TSK
|{{won|Crowned King and Queen}}
|-
|[[Rithika Tamil Selvi|Rithika]] and [[KPY Bala|Bala]]
|{{runner-up|1st Runner-Up}}
|-
|Ramar and [[Deepa Shankar|Deepa]]
|style="background:#7FFFD4;"|2nd Runner-Up
|-
|Vinodh and Pranika<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/television-pranika-dhakshu-age-comedy-raja-kalakkal-rani-pranika-instagram-pranika-dhakshu-family-pavam-ganesan-sre-617919.html|title=வந்த கொஞ்ச நாளிலே இப்படியா? விஜய் டிவி பிரனிகா டாக்டர் ஆக வேண்டிய பொண்ணாம்!|website=tamil.news18.com|date=19 November 2021 |language=ta}}</ref>
|style="background:#DDA0DD;" |3rd Runner-Up
|-
|[[Raju Jeyamohan|Raju]] and [[Aranthangi Nisha|Nisha]]
|{{Quit}}
|-
|Satish and Gayatri
|{{eliminated}}
|-
|Jayachandran and [[Archana Ravichandran]]
|{{eliminated}}
|-
|[[Pugazh (actor)|Pugazh]] and Archana<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/697394-pugazh-video-about-comedy-raja-kalakkal-rani.html|title=விஜய் டிவி நிகழ்ச்சியிலிருந்து விலகிய புகழ்|website=www.hindutamil.in|language=ta}}</ref> and Archana
|{{eliminated}}
|-
|Yogi and Shabnam
|{{eliminated}}
|-
|[[Dharsha Gupta|Dharsha]] and Raja
|{{eliminated}}
|-
|Rema and Thangadurai
|{{eliminated}}
|-
|}

==Duo's==
Following are the duos who participated as contestants in the show:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Comedy Raja Kalakkal Rani cast: These are the contestants of the upcoming show on Vijay Tv|url=https://bigtechnologytrends.com/index.php/2021/06/26/comedy-raja-kalakkal-rani-cast-these-are-the-contestants-of-the-upcoming-show-on-vijay-tv/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206083127/https://bigtechnologytrends.com/index.php/2021/06/26/comedy-raja-kalakkal-rani-cast-these-are-the-contestants-of-the-upcoming-show-on-vijay-tv/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=6 February 2022|access-date=2022-02-06|website=bigtechnologytrends.com|language=en}}</ref>
# Sunita Gogoi and TSK
#[[Rithika Tamil Selvi]] and KPY Bala
#[[Raju Jeyamohan]] and [[Aranthangi Nisha]]
#Ramar and [[Deepa Shankar]]
#Vinodh and Pranika
#Satish and Gayatri
#Jayachandran and [[Archana Ravichandran]]
#Pugazh and Archana
#Yogi and Shabnam
#[[Dharsha Gupta]] and Raja Velu

==Competition Table==

<blockquote style="padding: 0em; overflow:auto;">
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%; font-family: sans-serif; line-height:20px;" 4165415615615446
|-
! style="width: 6%;" | Duo's
! colspan="12" style="background:#FF7F00" | Table of eliminations
|-
! Sunita & TSK
|style="background:#FBF373" |''Advanced to next round''
|style="background:#FBF373" |''Advanced to next round''
|style="background:#FBF373" |''Advanced to next round''
|style="background:#FBF373" |''Advanced to next round''
|style="background:#FBF373" |''Advanced to next round''
|style="background:#FBF373" |''Advanced to next round''
| colspan="3" style="background:#73FB76;" |{{nowrap|'''Crowned King and Queen (winner)'''}}
|-
! Rithika & Bala
|style="background:#FBF373" |''Advanced to next round''
|style="background:#FBF373" |''Advanced to next round''
|style="background:#FBF373" |''Advanced to next round''
|style="background:#FBF373" |''Advanced to next round''
|style="background:#FBF373" |''Advanced to next round''
|style="background:#FBF373" |''Advanced to next round''
|colspan="3" style="background:#ADD8E6; text-align:center;" |{{nowrap|'''1st runner-up'''}}
|-
!Ramar & Deepa
|style="background:#FBF373" |''Advanced to next round''
|style="background:#FBF373" |''Advanced to next round''
|style="background:#FBF373" |''Advanced to next round''
|style="background:#FBF373" |''Advanced to next round''
|style="background:#FBF373" |''Advanced to next round''
|style="background:#FBF373" |''Advanced to next round''
| colspan="3" style="background:#7FFFD4;"|{{nowrap|'''2nd runner-up'''}}
|-
!Vinodh & Pranika
|style="background:#FBF373" |''Advanced to next round''
|style="background:#FBF373" |''Advanced to next round''
|style="background:#FBF373" |''Advanced to next round''
|style="background:#FBF373" |''Advanced to next round''
|style="background:#FBF373" |''Advanced to next round''
|style="background:#FBF373" |''Advanced to next round''
| colspan="3" style="background:#DDA0DD; text-align:center;" |{{nowrap|'''3rd runner-up'''}}
|-
!Raju & Nisha
|style="background:#FBF373" |''Advanced to next round''
|style="background:#FBF373" |''Advanced to next round''
|style="background:#FBF373" |''Advanced to next round''
|style="background:#FBF373" |''Advanced to next round''
|style="background:#FBF373" |''Advanced to next round''
| colspan="15" style="background:#fcf" |''Quit''
|-
!Satish & Gayatri
|style="background:#FBF373" |''Advanced to next round''
|style="background:#FBF373" |''Advanced to next round''
|style="background:#FBF373" |''Advanced to next round''
|style="background:#FBF373" |''Advanced to next round''
| colspan="15" style="background:salmon" |''Eliminated''
|-
! Jayachandran & Archana
|style="background:#FBF373" |''Advanced to next round''
|style="background:#FBF373" |''Advanced to next round''
|style="background:#FBF373" |''Advanced to next round''
| colspan="15" style="background:salmon" |''Eliminated''
|-
! Pugazh & Archana
|style="background:#FBF373" |''Advanced to next round''
|style="background:#FBF373" |''Advanced to next round''
| colspan="15" style="background:salmon" |''Eliminated''
|-
!Yogi & Shabnam
|style="background:#FBF373" |''Advanced to next round''
| colspan="15" style="background:salmon" |''Eliminated''
|-
! Dharsha & Raja
| colspan="15" style="background:salmon" |''Eliminated (Eliminated on Show's grand launch)''
|-
| colspan="15" bgcolor="black" |
|-
|- style="background:salmon" |
! colspan="1" rowspan="2" |'''Eliminated'''
|style="background:salmon" rowspan=2 |'''Dharsha & Raja '''
| rowspan="2" |'''Yogi & Shabnam'''
| rowspan="2" |'''Pugazh & Archana'''
| rowspan="2" |'''Jayachandran & Archana'''
| rowspan="2" |'''Satish & Gayatri'''
|rowspan="2" style="background:#fcf; text-align:center;" |'''Raju & Nisha''' '''(Quitted)'''
| style="background:#7FFFD4; text-align:center;" |'''Ramar & Deepa'''
| style="background:#73FB76; text-align:center;" | '''Sunita & TSK'''
|-
| style="background:#DDA0DD; text-align:center;" |'''Vinodh & Pranika'''
| style="background:#ADD8E6; text-align:center;" |'''Rithika & Bala'''
|-
|}
</blockquote>

=== Legend Key ===
: {{Color box|#73FB76}} indicates the King and the Queen (winners).
: {{Color box|#ADD8E6}} indicates the first runner-up.
: {{Color box|#7FFFD4}} indicates the second runner-up.
: {{Color box|#DDA0DD}} indicates the third runner-up.
: {{color box|salmon}} indicates the eliminated duos.
: {{color box|#FBF373}} indicates the duo has advanced to the next round in the competition.
: {{color box|#fcf}} indicates the duo quit competition.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/comedy-raja-kalakkal-rani/1260064487 Official Website] at [[Hotstar]]
* {{IMDb title|id=15079924}}

{{STAR Vijay TV shows}}

[[Category:Star Vijay original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language reality television series]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil-language stand-up comedy television series]]
[[Category:2021 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:2021 Tamil-language television series endings]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]

Amartya Sen

2026-02-14T19:49:01Z

Breakoutbanglore: cleanup structure further and improved wording

{{Short description|Indian economist and Nobel laureate (born 1933)}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox academic
| name = Amartya Sen
| image = Amartya Sen 20071128 cologne cropped.jpg
| caption = Sen in 2007
| birth_name = Amartya Kumar Sen
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1933|11|3|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Santiniketan]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|[[Nabaneeta Dev Sen|Nabaneeta Dev]]|1958|1976|end=div}}
* {{marriage|[[Eva Colorni]]|1978|1985|end=died}}
* {{marriage|[[Emma Rothschild]]|1991}}
}}
| children = 4, including [[Nandana Sen|Nandana]] and [[Antara Dev Sen|Antara]]
| awards = {{ubl | [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences]] (1998) | [[Bharat Ratna]] (1999) | [[National Humanities Medal]] (2011) | [[Johan Skytte Prize]] (2017)}}
| education = {{ubl |[[Presidency College, Calcutta]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]) |[[Trinity College, Cambridge]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], [[Master of Arts|MA]], PhD)}}
| school_tradition = [[Capability approach]]
| doctoral_advisor = [[Joan Robinson]]
| influences = {{flatlist|
* [[Gautama Buddha]]
* [[Adam Smith]]
* [[John Rawls]]
* [[John Maynard Keynes]]
* [[B. R. Ambedkar]]
* [[Kenneth Arrow]]
* [[Piero Sraffa]]
* [[Maurice Dobb]]
* [[Mary Wollstonecraft]]<ref name="Sen 2010">{{cite book |last=Sen |first=Amartya |title=The Idea of Justice |publisher=Penguin |location=London |year=2010 |isbn=9780141037851}}</ref>
* [[Karl Marx]]<ref>{{cite journal |last=Deneulin |first=Séverine |author-link=Séverine Deneulin |title=Book Reviews: Intellectual Roots of Amartya Sen: Aristotle, Adam Smith and Karl Marx |journal=Journal of Human Development and Capabilities |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=305–306 |doi=10.1080/19452820902941628 |year=2009 |s2cid=216114489}}</ref>
}}
| discipline = {{hlist | Economics | philosophy}}
| sub_discipline = {{hlist | [[Welfare economics]] | [[development economics]]}}
| workplaces = {{ubl | [[Jadavpur University]] | [[Trinity College, Cambridge]] | [[Delhi University]] | [[London School of Economics]] | [[Nuffield College, Oxford]] | [[All Souls College, Oxford]] | [[Harvard University]]}}
| doctoral_students = {{flatlist|
* [[Ravi Kanbur]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/34233234/amartya-sen-a-personal-appreciation-ravi-kanbur |title=Amartya Sen: A Personal Appreciation |last=Kanbur |first=Ravi |author-link=Ravi Kanbur |date=July 2009 |website=Yumpu}}</ref>
* [[Felicia Knaul]]
* [[Prasanta Pattanaik]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bandyopadhyay |first1=Taradas |last2=Xu |first2=Yongsheng |editor1-last=Fleurbaey |editor1-first=Marc |editor2-last=Salles |editor2-first=Maurice |chapter=Prasanta K. Pattanaik |title=Conversations on Social Choice and Welfare Theory |chapter-url=https://ideas.repec.org/h/spr/stcchp/978-3-030-62769-0_13.html |volume=1 |publisher=Springer |year=2021 |pages=243–258 }}</ref>
* [[Ingrid Robeyns]]}}
| notable_works = {{ubl | ''[[Development as Freedom]]'' (1999) | ''[[The Idea of Justice]]'' (2009)}}
| notable_ideas = {{hlist | [[Capability approach]] | [[human development theory]] | entitlement approach to [[famine]]<ref>{{cite journal |last=Nayak |first=Purusottam |title=Understanding the Entitlement Approach to Famine |date=2000 |journal=Journal of Assam University |volume=5 |pages=60–65}}</ref>}}
| influenced = {{flatlist|
* [[Sabina Alkire]]
* [[Jean-Louis Arcand]]
* [[Tim Besley]]
* [[Jean Drèze]]
* [[Robin Hahnel]]
* [[Inge Kaul]]
* [[M. A. Oommen]]
* [[Thomas Piketty]]
* [[Max Roser]]
* [[Lars Pålsson Syll]]}}
| module = {{Listen
|pos = center
|embed = yes
|filename = Amartya Sen BBC Radio4 Start the Week 7 Jan 2013 b0367dzs.flac
|title = Amartya Sen's voice
|type = speech
|description = Sen speaking on the BBC programme ''[[Start the Week]]'' in 2013}}
}}
'''Amartya Kumar Sen''' ({{IPA|bn|ˈɔmortːo ˈʃen|lang}}; born 3 November 1933) is an Indian economist and philosopher. Sen has taught and worked in England and the United States since 1972. In 1998, he received the [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences]] for his contributions to [[welfare economics]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1998 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/1998/summary/ |access-date=20 May 2024 |website=NobelPrize.org |language=en-US}}</ref> He has also made major contributions to [[social choice theory]], [[Economic justice|economic]] and [[social justice]], economic theories of [[famine]]s, [[decision theory]], [[development economics]], [[public health]], and the measures of [[well-being]] of countries.

Sen is currently the [[Harvard University Professor|Thomas W. Lamont University Professor]], and Professor of Economics and philosophy, at [[Harvard University]].<ref name="Sen Harvard DP">{{cite web|url=https://scholar.harvard.edu/sen/biocv|title=University Professorships |publisher=[[Harvard University]]|access-date=31 October 2019}}</ref> He previously served as Master of [[Trinity College, Cambridge|Trinity College]] at the [[University of Cambridge]].<ref name="Trinity Cambridge">{{cite web|title=The Master of Trinity|url=https://www.trin.cam.ac.uk/about/master-fellows/master/|publisher=[[University of Cambridge]]|access-date=27 December 2020|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227055042/https://www.trin.cam.ac.uk/about/master-fellows/master/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1999, he received India's highest civilian honour, [[Bharat Ratna]], for his contribution to welfare economics. The German Publishers and Booksellers Association awarded him the 2020 [[Peace Prize of the German Book Trade]] for his pioneering scholarship addressing issues of [[global justice]] and combating [[social inequality]] in education and healthcare.

==Early life and education==
[[File:Pratichi - The house of Nobel laureate Amartya Sen in Shantiniketan, Bolpur.jpg|thumb|'Pratichi', Sen's house in [[Shantiniketan]]]]
Amartya Sen was born on 3 November 1933 in a [[Bengalis|Bengali]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lanoszka |first1=Anna |title=International Development: Socio-Economic Theories, Legacies, and Strategies |year= 2018 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317208655 |page=77 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vFFHDwAAQBAJ&dq=amartya+sen+%22bengali+family%22&pg=PT77}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1998 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/1998/sen/facts/ |access-date=20 May 2024 |website=NobelPrize.org |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 July 2018 |title=Govt needs to improve public schools: Amartya Sen at Shantiniketan |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/govt-needs-to-improve-public-schools-amartya-sen-at-shantiniketan-1283326-2018-07-11 |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=India Today |language=en |quote=The noted economist was born in a Bengali Baidya family in Shantiniketan, West Bengal.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Loiwal |first1=Manogya |date=12 July 2018|title=Govt needs to improve public schools: Amartya Sen at Shantiniketan|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/govt-needs-to-improve-public-schools-amartya-sen-at-shantiniketan-1283326-2018-07-12 |work=India Today |access-date=16 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2019 |title=3 Bengalis won the Nobel. Abhijit Banerjee first to wear dhoti |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/trending-news/story/abhijit-banerjee-takes-dhuti-panjabi-to-nobel-prize-ceremony-with-esther-duflo-in-saree-viral-video-1627270-2019-12-11 |access-date=20 May 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=21 July 2012 |title=Invest in education: Amartya Sen |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/invest-in-education-amartya-sen/articleshow/15067755.cms |access-date=20 May 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> family in [[Santiniketan]], Bengal, British India. The first Asian to win a Nobel Prize,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Nobel Prize in Literature 1913 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1913/summary/ |access-date=20 May 2024 |website=NobelPrize.org |language=en-US}}</ref> the polymath and writer [[Rabindranath Tagore]], gave Amartya Sen his name ({{langx|bn|অমর্ত্য|ômorto}}, {{lit|immortal or heavenly}}).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jain |first=Sanya |date=1 July 2020 |title=The Nobel Laureate Who Gave Amartya Sen His Name |url=https://www.ndtv.com/offbeat/the-nobel-laureate-who-gave-amartya-sen-his-name-2255245 |work=NDTV |access-date=10 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=One on One – Amartya Sen| date=21 August 2010 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EN5esbvAt-w|language=en|access-date=11 June 2020}}</ref> Sen's family was from Wari and [[Manikganj District|Manikganj]], [[Dhaka]], both in present-day [[Bangladesh]]. His father, Ashutosh Sen, was a Professor of Chemistry at [[Dhaka University]], then the Development Commissioner in Delhi and then Chairman of the West Bengal Public Service Commission. Sen moved with his family to [[West Bengal]] in 1945. Sen's mother, Amita Sen, was the daughter of [[Kshitimohan Sen|Kshiti Mohan Sen]], the eminent Sanskritist and scholar of ancient and medieval India. Sen's maternal grandfather was a close associate of Tagore. K.M. Sen served as the second Vice-Chancellor of [[Visva-Bharati University|Visva Bharati University]] from 1953 to 1954.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Former Vice-Chancellors of Visva Bharati University |url=https://visvabharati.ac.in/FormerViceChancellors.html |access-date=20 May 2024 |website=visvabharati.ac.in}}</ref>

Sen began his school education at [[St Gregory's School (Dhaka)|St Gregory's School]] in [[Dhaka]] in 1940. In the fall of 1941, he was admitted to [[Patha Bhavana]], Santiniketan, where he completed his school education. The school had many progressive features, such as distaste for examinations or competitive testing. In addition, the school stressed cultural diversity, and embraced cultural influences from the rest of the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/1998/sen-bio.html|title=Amartya Sen – Biographical |publisher=Nobel Foundation|access-date=25 April 2016}}</ref> In 1951, he went to [[Presidency College, Kolkata|Presidency College, Calcutta]], where he earned a BA in economics with First in the First Class, with a minor in Mathematics, as a graduating student of the [[University of Calcutta]]. While at Presidency, Sen was diagnosed with oral cancer, and given a 15 per cent chance of living five years.<ref>{{cite AV media |people=Riz Khan interviewing Amartya Sen |date=21 August 2010 |title=One on One Amartya Sen |medium=Television production |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EN5esbvAt-w |access-date=26 April 2016 |time=18:40 minutes in |publisher=Al Jazeera }}</ref> With radiation treatment, he survived, and in 1953 he moved to [[Trinity College, Cambridge]], where he earned a second BA in economics in 1955 with a first class, topping the list as well. At this time, he was elected President of the [[Cambridge Majlis]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=fionaholland |date=11 October 2021 |title=At home with Professor Amartya Sen |url=https://www.trin.cam.ac.uk/news/at-home-with-professor-amartya-sen/ |access-date=18 May 2023 |website=Trinity College Cambridge |language=en-GB}}</ref> While Sen was officially a PhD student at Cambridge (though he had finished his research in 1955–56), he was offered the position of First-Professor and First-Head of the Economics Department of the newly created [[Jadavpur University]] in [[Calcutta]]. Appointed to the position at age 22, he is still the youngest chairman to have headed the Department of Economics. He served in that position, starting the new Economics Department, from 1956 to 1958.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Amartya |title=Home in the World |publisher=Penguin Books |year=2021 |isbn=9780141970981 |pages=328–335}}</ref>

Meanwhile, Sen was elected to a Prize Fellowship at Trinity College, which gave him four years to study any subject; he made the decision to study philosophy. Sen explained: "The broadening of my studies into philosophy was important for me not just because some of my main areas of interest in economics relate quite closely to philosophical disciplines (for example, [[social choice theory]] makes intense use of [[mathematical logic]] and also draws on [[moral philosophy]], and so does the study of inequality and deprivation), but also because I found philosophical studies very rewarding on their own."<ref name=Philosophy>{{cite web|title=Amartya Sen – Biographical: Philosophy and economics |url= https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/1998/sen-bio.html |website= The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1998 |publisher= Nobel Prize |access-date= 16 June 2014 }}</ref> His interest in philosophy, however, dates back to his college days at Presidency, where he read books on philosophy and debated philosophical themes. One of the books he was most interested in was [[Kenneth Arrow]]'s ''[[Social Choice and Individual Values]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/1998/sen-bio.html|title=Amartya Sen – Biographical|publisher=Nobel Foundation|access-date=20 November 2017}}</ref>

In Cambridge, there were major debates between supporters of [[Keynesian economics]], and the neo-classical economists who were sceptical of Keynes. Because of a lack of enthusiasm for social choice theory in both Trinity and Cambridge, Sen chose a different subject for his PhD thesis, which was on "[[Choice of techniques|The Choice of Techniques]]" in 1959. The work had been completed earlier, except for advice from his adjunct supervisor in India, [[A. K. Dasgupta]], given to Sen while teaching and revising his work at Jadavpur, under the supervision of the "brilliant but vigorously intolerant" [[post-Keynesian]] [[Joan Robinson]].<ref name=Robinson>{{cite web|title= Amartya Sen – Biographical: Cambridge as a battleground |url= https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/1998/sen-bio.html |website= The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1998 |publisher= Nobel Prize |access-date= 16 June 2014 }}</ref> [[Quentin Skinner]] notes that Sen was a member of the secret society [[Cambridge Apostles]] during his time at Cambridge.<ref>{{cite AV media | people = Professor Quentin Skinner and Alan Macfarlane | title = Interview of Professor Quentin Skinner  – part 2 | medium = Video | via = YouTube | location = Cambridge | date = 2 June 2008 | minutes = 57:55 | url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tVdAhzqFLps }}</ref>

During 1960–61, Amartya Sen visited the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]], on leave from Trinity College.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Amartya |title=Home in the World |publisher=Penguin Books |year=2021 |isbn=9780141970981 |pages=358–364}}</ref>

==Research work==
[[File:The Nobel Laureate Prof. Amartya Sen delivering the Inaugural Prof. Hiren Mukerjee Memorial Parliamentary Lecture on the theme “Demands of Social Justice”, at Parliament House, in New Delhi on August 11, 2008.jpg|thumb|right|Sen giving the inaugural parliamentary lecture at [[Old Parliament House, New Delhi|Parliament House]] in New Delhi]]

=== Social choice theory ===
Sen's work on 'Choice of Techniques' complemented that of [[Maurice Dobb]]. In a developing country, the Dobb-Sen strategy relied on maximising investible surpluses, maintaining constant real wages and using the entire increase in labour productivity, due to technological change, to raise the rate of accumulation. In other words, workers were expected to demand no improvement in their standard of living despite having become more productive.
Sen's papers in the late 1960s and early 1970s helped develop the theory of [[social choice]], which first came to prominence in the work by the American economist [[Kenneth Arrow]]. Arrow had most famously shown that when voters have three or more distinct alternatives (options), any [[Ranked voting system|ranked order]] [[voting system]] will in at least some situations inevitably conflict with what many assume to be basic democratic norms. Sen's contribution to the literature was to show under what conditions [[Arrow's impossibility theorem]]<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Benicourt | first = Emmanuelle | title = Is Amartya Sen a post-autistic economist? | journal = Post-Autistic Economics Review | issue = 15 | article-number = 4 | date = 1 September 2002 | url = http://www.paecon.net/PAEReview/issue15/Benicourt15.htm | access-date= 16 June 2014}}</ref> applied, as well as to extend and enrich the theory of social choice, informed by his interests in [[history of economic thought]] and philosophy.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Amartya |title=Collective choice and social welfare |date=1970 |publisher=Oliver & Boyd |isbn=978-0-8162-7765-0 |series=Mathematical economics texts |location=Edinburgh}}</ref>

=== Liberal Paradox ===
In 1970, Sen published his paper "The Impossibility of a Paretian Liberal," which introduced the "[[liberal paradox]]", also sometimes referred to as "Sen's paradox." This paradox shows that no means of aggregating individual preferences into a single, social choice, can simultaneously fulfill the following, seemingly mild conditions: unrestricted domain, the weak Pareto principle, and a minimal requirement of individual rights. Pareto efficiency dictates that if every individual in a society prefers option A to option B, the society as a whole should also prefer A. Minimal liberalism suggests that individuals should have the decisive right to make choices in purely personal matters, such as what to read or how to dress.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sen |first=Amartya |date=1970 |title=The Impossibility of a Paretian Liberal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1829633 |journal=Journal of Political Economy |volume=78 |issue=1 |pages=152–157 |doi=10.1086/259614 |jstor=1829633 |bibcode=1970JPoEc..78..152S |issn=0022-3808}}</ref>

Sen illustrated the result using a hypothetical example involving two individuals ("Lewd" and "Prude") and three social states: one person reading a particular book, the other reading, or neither reading. Prude thinks that the book is indecent and that it should be disposed of, unread. However, if someone must read it, Prude would prefer to read it rather than Lewd since Prude thinks it would be even worse for someone to read and enjoy the book rather than read it in disgust. Given these preferences of the two individuals in the society, a social planner must decide what to do. Should the planner force Lewd to read the book, force Prude to read the book or let it go unread? Under this decisiveness assignment, society would generate cyclic collective preferences, violating acyclicity (or transitivity) of social ordering.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=List |first=Christian |date=18 December 2013 |title=Social Choice Theory |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2016/entries/social-choice/ |journal=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |volume=Winter 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Amartya |title=Rationality and freedom |date=2004 |publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard Univ. Press |isbn=978-0-674-01351-3 |edition=1. paperback |location=Cambridge, Mass.}}</ref>

This paradox, now known as the "liberal paradox," demonstrates a conflict between individual rights and social efficiency: ensuring minimal individual liberty may force the violation of Pareto-style aggregation consistency.

=== ''Poverty and Famines'' (1981) ===
In 1981, Sen published ''Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation'' (1981), a book in which he argued that famine occurs not only from a lack of food, but from inequalities built into mechanisms for distributing food. Sen also argued that the Bengal famine was caused by an urban economic boom that raised [[food prices]], thereby causing millions of rural workers to starve to death when their wages did not keep up.<ref name=Time>{{cite magazine | last= Sachs | first= Jeffrey | author-link= Jeffrey Sachs | title= The real causes of famine: a Nobel laureate blames authoritarian rulers | url= http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,989405,00.html | access-date= 16 June 2014 | magazine= Time | date= 26 October 1998 | archive-date= 15 July 2014 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140715015828/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,989405,00.html | url-status= dead }}</ref> In 1999 he wrote, "no famine has ever taken place ... in a functioning democracy".<ref>Sen (1999, p. 16). Similarly, on p. 176, he wrote, "there has never been a famine in a functioning multiparty democracy."</ref>

In addition to his important work on the causes of famines, Sen's work in the field of development economics has had considerable influence in the formulation of the "[[Human Development Report]]",<ref name=UNDP>{{cite book | contribution = Overview | Celebrating 20 years of human development | editor-last = United Nations Development Programme | editor-first = UNDP | editor-link = United Nations Development Programme | title = Human Development Report 2010 | 20th anniversary edition | the real wealth of nations: pathways to human development | page = 2 | publisher = United Nations Development Programme | location = New York| year = 2010 | isbn = 9780230284456 | quote = ...the first HDR called for a different approach to economics and development – one that put people at the centre. The approach was anchored in a new vision of development, inspired by the creative passion and vision of Mahbub ul Haq, the lead author of the early HDRs, and the ground-breaking work of Amartya Sen.}} [http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/270/hdr_2010_en_complete_reprint.pdf Pdf version.]</ref> published by the [[United Nations Development Programme]].<ref>{{Citation
| last1 = Batterbury | first1 = Simon
| last2 = Fernando | first2 = Jude
| contribution = Amartya Sen
| editor1-last = Hubbard | editor1-first = Phil
| editor2-last = Kitchin | editor2-first = Rob
| editor3-last = Gilmartin | editor3-first = M
| editor4-last = Roberts| editor4-first = Susan
| title = Key thinkers on space and place
| pages = 374-381
| publisher = Sage
| location = London
| year = 2024
| isbn = 9780761949626
| postscript = .
}} [https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18628376]</ref> This annual publication that ranks countries on a variety of economic and social indicators owes much to the contributions by Sen among other social choice theorists in the area of economic measurement of poverty and inequality.<ref name="UNDP" />

=== "Equality of What?" (1979) ===
Sen's revolutionary contribution to development economics and social indicators is the concept of "[[Capability approach|capability]]" developed in his article "Equality of What?".<ref name="What">{{Cite web |last=Sen |first=Amartya |date=22 May 1979 |title=Equality of What? |url=https://tannerlectures.utah.edu/_documents/a-to-z/s/sen80.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210619215632/https://tannerlectures.utah.edu/_documents/a-to-z/s/sen80.pdf |archive-date=19 June 2021 |website=Tanner Lectures – The University of Utah}}</ref> He argues that governments should be measured against the concrete capabilities of their citizens. This is because top-down development will always trump human rights as long as the definition of terms remains in doubt (is a "right" something that must be provided or something that simply cannot be taken away?). For instance, in the United States citizens have a right to vote. To Sen, this concept is fairly empty. For citizens to have a capacity to vote, they first must have "functionings". These "functionings" can range from the very broad, such as the availability of education, to the very specific, such as transportation to the [[Polling station|polls]]. Only when such barriers are removed can the citizen truly be said to act out of personal choice. It is up to the individual society to make the list of minimum capabilities guaranteed by that society. For an example of the "capabilities approach" in practice, see [[Martha Nussbaum]]'s ''Women and Human Development''.<ref>{{cite book | last = Nussbaum | first = Martha | author-link = Martha Nussbaum | title = Women and human development: the capabilities approach | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge New York | year = 2000 | isbn = 9780521003858 }}</ref>

=== "More than 100 Million Women Are Missing" (1990) ===
He wrote a controversial article in ''[[The New York Review of Books]]'' entitled "More Than 100 Million Women Are Missing" (see [[Missing women of Asia]]), analysing the mortality impact of unequal rights between the genders in the developing world, particularly Asia.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sen |first=Amartya |date=20 December 1990 |title=More Than 100 Million Women Are Missing |url=https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1990/12/20/more-than-100-million-women-are-missing/ |access-date=29 May 2024 |work=The New York Review of Books |language=en |volume=37 |issue=20 |issn=0028-7504}}</ref> Other studies, including one by [[Emily Oster]], had argued that this is an overestimation, though Oster has since then recanted her conclusions.<ref>{{cite journal |last1 = Oster | first1 = Emily |last2 = Chen | first2 = Gang | author-link1 = Emily Oster |title=Hepatitis B does not explain male-biased sex ratios in China |journal=[[Economics Letters]] |volume=107 |issue=2 |year=2010 |pages=142–144 |doi=10.1016/j.econlet.2010.01.007 | s2cid = 9071877 |url=http://www.nber.org/papers/w13971.pdf }}</ref>

=== ''Development as Freedom'' (1999) ===
{{Main|Development as Freedom}}
In 1999, Sen further advanced and redefined the capability approach in his book ''[[Development as Freedom]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Amartya |url=https://archive.org/details/developmentasfre00amar |title=Development as Freedom |publisher=Anchor |year=1999 |isbn=9780385720274}}</ref> Sen argued that development should be viewed as an effort to advance the real freedoms that individuals enjoy, rather than simply focusing on metrics such as GDP or income-per-capita.

Sen was inspired by violent acts he had witnessed as a child leading up to the Partition of India in 1947. On one morning, a Muslim daily labourer named Kader Mia stumbled through the rear gate of Sen's family home, bleeding from a knife wound in his back. Because of his extreme poverty, he had come to Sen's primarily Hindu neighbourhood searching for work; his choices were the starvation of his family or the risk of death in coming to the neighbourhood. The price of Kader Mia's economic unfreedom was his death. Kader Mia need not have come to a hostile area in search of income in those troubled times if his family could have managed without it. This experience led Sen to begin thinking about economic unfreedom from a young age.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Amartya |title=Development As Freedom |publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group |year=2011 |isbn=9780307874290 |pages=8}}</ref>

In ''Development as Freedom'', Sen outlined five specific types of freedoms: political freedoms, economic facilities, social opportunities, transparency guarantees, and protective security. Political freedoms refer to the ability of the people to have a voice in government and to be able to scrutinise the authorities. Economic facilities concern both the resources within the market and the market mechanism itself. Any focus on income and wealth in the country would serve to increase the economic facilities for the people. Social opportunities deal with the establishments that provide benefits like healthcare or education for the populace, allowing individuals to live better lives. Transparency guarantees allow individuals to interact with some degree of trust and knowledge of the interaction. Protective security is the system of social safety nets that prevent a group affected by poverty being subjected to terrible misery. Development encompassing non-economic areas, Sen argues, renders the notion of a dichotomy between "freedom" and "development," as implied by the concept of [[Asian values]], meaningless and disingenuous.

Before Sen's work, these had been viewed as only the ends of development; luxuries afforded to countries that focus on increasing income. However, Sen argued that the increase in real freedoms should be both the ends and the means of development. He elaborates upon this by illustrating the closely interconnected natures of the five main freedoms as he believes that expansion of one of those freedoms can lead to expansion in another one as well. In this regard, he discussed the correlation between social opportunities of education and health and how both of these complement economic and political freedoms as a healthy and well-educated person is better suited to make informed economic decisions and be involved in fruitful political demonstrations, etc. A comparison is also drawn between China and India to illustrate this interdependence of freedoms. Sen noted that both countries had been working towards developing their economies—China since 1979 and India since 1991.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Amartya |title=Development As Freedom |publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group |year=2011 |isbn=9780307874290 |pages=41–43}}</ref>

=== ''The Idea of Justice'' (2009) ===
{{Main|The Idea of Justice}}

In 2009, Sen published a book called ''[[The Idea of Justice]]''.<ref name="Sen 2010" /> Based on his previous work in welfare economics and social choice theory, but also on his philosophical thoughts, Sen presented his own theory of justice that he meant to be an alternative to the influential modern theories of justice of [[John Rawls]] or [[John Harsanyi]]. In opposition to Rawls but also earlier justice theoreticians [[Immanuel Kant]], [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] or [[David Hume]], and inspired by the philosophical works of [[Adam Smith]] and [[Mary Wollstonecraft]], Sen developed a theory that is both comparative and realisations-oriented (instead of being transcendental and institutional). However, he still regards institutions and processes as being equally important. As an alternative to Rawls's [[veil of ignorance]], Sen chose the [[thought experiment]] of an impartial spectator as the basis of his theory of justice. He also stressed the importance of public discussion (understanding democracy in the sense of [[John Stuart Mill]]) and a focus on people's capabilities (an [[capability approach|approach]] that he had co-developed), including the notion of universal human rights, in evaluating various states with regard to justice.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}

==Career==
Sen began his career both as a teacher and a research scholar in the Department of Economics, [[Jadavpur University]] as a professor of economics in 1956. He spent two years in that position.<ref name=":0" /> From 1957 to 1963, Sen served as a [[Fellow (Oxbridge)|fellow]] of [[Trinity College, Cambridge]]. Between 1960 and 1961, Sen was a visiting professor at [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] in the United States, where he got to know [[Paul Samuelson]], [[Robert Solow]], [[Franco Modigliani]], and [[Norbert Wiener]].<ref name=Calcutta>{{cite web|title=Amartya Sen | Biographical: opening paragraph |url= https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/1998/sen-bio.html |website=The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1998 |publisher=Nobel Prize |access-date=12 June 2012 }}</ref><ref name=":1" /> He was also a visiting professor at the [[University of California, Berkeley]] (1964–1965) and [[Cornell University]] (1978–1984). He taught as Professor of Economics between 1963 and 1971 at the [[Delhi School of Economics]] (where he completed his ''magnum opus'', ''Collective Choice and Social Welfare'', in 1969).<ref name=Delhi>{{cite web|title=Amartya Sen | Biographical: Delhi School of Economics |url= https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/1998/sen-bio.html |website=The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1998 |publisher=Nobel Prize |access-date=12 June 2012 }}</ref>

[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh with Prof. Amartya Sen at a meeting with the members of Nalanda Mentor Group, in New Delhi on August 13, 2008.jpg|thumb|right|Sen with [[List of Prime Ministers of India|13th Prime Minister of India]] [[Manmohan Singh]]]]
During this time Sen was also a frequent visitor to various other premiere Indian economic schools and centres of excellence, such as [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru University]], the [[Indian Statistical Institute]], the [[Centre for Development Studies]], [[Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics]], and the Centre for Studies in Social Sciences. He was a companion of distinguished economists like [[Manmohan Singh]] (ex-Prime Minister of India and a veteran economist responsible for liberalising the Indian economy), [[K. N. Raj]] (advisor to various prime ministers and a veteran economist who was the founder of the Centre for Development Studies, Trivandrum, which is one of India's premier think tanks and schools), and [[Jagdish Bhagwati]] (who is known to be one of the greatest Indian economists in the field of international trade and currently teaches at [[Columbia University]]). This is a period considered to be a Golden Period in the history of the DSE. In 1971, he joined the [[London School of Economics]] as a professor of economics, and taught there until 1977. From 1977 to 1988, he taught at the [[University of Oxford]], where he was first a professor of economics and fellow of [[Nuffield College, Oxford|Nuffield College]], and then from 1980 the [[Drummond Professor of Political Economy]] and a fellow of [[All Souls College, Oxford]].<ref>{{cite journal |author= Blake, David |title= Monetarism attacked by top economists |journal= The Times |date= 30 March 1981 |page= 1 |issue= 60,889 |url= https://archive.org/details/NewsUK1981UKEnglish/Mar%2030%201981%2C%20The%20Times%2C%20%2360889%2C%20UK%20%28en%29/ |via= [[Internet Archive]] |accessdate= 24 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/121217 |title= Economy: Letter of the 364 economists critical of monetarism (letter sent to academics and list of signatories) [released 2012] |accessdate=24 March 2025|publisher= [[Margaret Thatcher Foundation]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title= Were all 364 Economists Wrong? |editor= Booth, Philip |editor-link= Philip Booth (economist) |publisher= [[Institute of Economic Affairs]]|place = London |page= [https://iea.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/upldbook310pdf.pdf 130] |year= 2006 |url= https://iea.org.uk/publications/research/were-364-economists-all-wrong |accessdate = 24 March 2025}}</ref>

In 1985, Sen co-founded the Eva Colorni Trust at the former [[London Guildhall University]] in memory of his deceased wife.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home {{!}} Eva Colorni Memorial Trust |url=https://www.evacolornitrust.com/ |access-date=29 May 2024 |website=Eva Colorni Memorial |language=en}}</ref> In 1987, Sen joined [[Harvard University|Harvard]] as the Thomas W. Lamont University Professor of Economics. In 1998 he was appointed as [[Master of Trinity College, Cambridge]],<ref name=Master_Camb>{{cite web|title=Prof. Amartya Sen |url=http://www.trin.cam.ac.uk/index.php?pageid=176&conid=1 |website=Trinity College, University of Cambridge |access-date=16 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131013000026/http://www.trin.cam.ac.uk/index.php?pageid=176&conid=1 |archive-date= 13 October 2013 }}</ref> becoming the first Asian head of an [[Oxbridge]] college.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/features/amartya-sen-the-taste-of-true-freedom-8688089.html |website=The Independent |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130713003307/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/features/amartya-sen-the-taste-of-true-freedom-8688089.html |archive-date=13 July 2013 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |title=Amartya Sen: The taste of true freedom |first=Boyd |last=Tonkin |date=5 July 2013 |access-date=19 July 2015}}</ref> In January 2004, Sen returned to Harvard.

[[File:The Chancellor of Nalanda University, Prof. Amartya Sen meeting the President, Shri Pranab Mukherjee, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on October 09, 2012.jpg|thumb|right|Sen with 13th [[President of India]] [[Pranab Mukherjee]] at [[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhavan]] in 2012]]
In May 2007, he was appointed chairman of Nalanda Mentor Group to plan the establishment of [[Nalanda University]].<ref name="Sen_Nalanda">{{cite news |last1=Ministry of External Affairs |date=11 August 2010 |title=Press Release: Nalanda University Bill |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=64617 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118214523/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=64617 |archive-date=18 January 2012 |access-date=4 January 2012 |publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India |quote=The University of Nalanda is proposed to be established under the aegis of the East Asia Summit (EAS), as a regional initiative. Government of India constituted a Nalanda Mentor Group (NMG) in 2007, under the Chairmanship of Prof. Amartya Sen...}}</ref> The university was intended to be a revival of [[Nalanda mahavihara]], an ancient educational centre.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2009 |title=Joint Press Statement of the 4th East Asia Summit on the Revival of Nalanda University Cha-am Hua Hin, Thailand |url=https://asean.org/joint-press-statement-of-the-4th-east-asia-summit-on-the-revival-of-nalanda-university-cha-am-hua-hin-thailand-25-october-2009/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180505222432/http://asean.org/?static_post=joint-press-statement-of-the-4th-east-asia-summit-on-the-revival-of-nalanda-university-cha-am-hua-hin-thailand-25-october-2009 |archive-date=5 May 2018 |access-date=28 May 2024 |website=Association of Southeast Asian Nations}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author1=Nida Najar |title=Indians Plan Rebirth for 5th-Century University |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/24/world/asia/indians-plan-rebirth-for-5th-century-university.html |access-date=1 June 2024 |work=The New York Times |date=23 March 2014}}</ref>

He chaired the Social Sciences jury for the [[Infosys Prize]] from 2009 to 2011, and the Humanities jury from 2012 to 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Infosys Prize – Jury 2011|url=https://www.infosys-science-foundation.com/prize/jury/jury-2011.asp#Social-Sciences|website=Infosys Science Foundation |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220630050209/https://www.infosys-science-foundation.com/prize/jury/jury-2011.asp |archive-date= 30 June 2022 }}</ref>

On 19 July 2012, Sen was named the first chancellor of the proposed Nalanda University (NU).<ref>{{cite news | first= Faizan | last= Ahmad | title= Amartya Sen named Nalanda University chancellor | url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/Amartya-Sen-named-Nalanda-University-chancellor/articleshow/15049508.cms | work= The Times of India |access-date= 16 June 2014 | location=India | date=20 July 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151104201945/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/Amartya-Sen-named-Nalanda-University-chancellor/articleshow/15049508.cms |archive-date= 4 November 2015 }}</ref> Sen was criticised as the project suffered due to inordinate delays, mismanagement, and lack of presence of faculty on ground.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/nalanda-university-what-went-wrong-115030400031_1.html|title=Nalanda University: What went wrong?|last=Puri|first=Anjali|date=4 March 2015|work=Business Standard India|access-date=6 September 2019}}</ref> Finally teaching began in August 2014. On 20 February 2015, Sen withdrew his candidature for a second term.<ref name=":2" />

==Memberships and associations==
He has served as president of the [[Econometric Society]] (1984), the International Economic Association (1986–1989), the Indian Economic Association (1989) and the [[American Economic Association]] (1994). He has also served as president of the [[Development Studies Association]] and the [[Human Development and Capability Association]]. He serves as the honorary director of the Academic Advisory Committee of the Center for Human and Economic Development Studies at [[Peking University]] in China.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.cheds.pku.edu.cn/Page/En/people.html |title=People: Key committees 1. | Academic Advisory Committee, Honorary Director: Amartya Sen |publisher=Center for Human and Economic Development Studies (CHEDS), Peking University |access-date=19 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910195915/http://www.cheds.pku.edu.cn/Page/En/people.html |archive-date=10 September 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Sen has been called "the Conscience of the profession" and "the [[Mother Teresa]] of Economics"<ref name="Sen Profile">{{cite news |first=Jonathan |last=Steele |author-link=Jonathan Steele (journalist) |title=The Guardian Profile: Amartya Sen |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2001/mar/31/society.politics |work=The Guardian |access-date=7 January 2012 |location=London |date=19 April 2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Coy |title=Commentary: The Mother Teresa of economics |url=http://www.businessweek.com/stories/1998-10-25/commentary-the-mother-teresa-of-economics |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025111837/http://www.businessweek.com/stories/1998-10-25/commentary-the-mother-teresa-of-economics |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 October 2012 |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek |access-date=16 June 2014 |location=New York |date=25 October 1998}}</ref> for his work on famine, [[human development theory]], [[welfare economics]], the underlying mechanisms of poverty, [[gender inequality]], and [[Contributions to liberal theory|political liberalism]]. However, he denies the comparison to Mother Teresa, saying that he has never tried to follow a lifestyle of dedicated self-sacrifice.<ref>{{cite news |first=Dunlop |last=Bill |title=Book Festival: Amartya Sen, Nobel prize-winning welfare economist |url=http://www.edinburghguide.com/festival/2010/edinburghbookfestival/bookfestivalamartyasennobelprizewinningwelfareeconomist-6477 |publisher=Edinburgh Guide |access-date=16 June 2014 |location=Edinburgh |date=31 August 2010}}</ref> Amartya Sen also added his voice to the campaign against the anti-gay [[Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Randeep |last=Ramesh |title=India's literary elite call for anti-gay law to be scrapped |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/sep/18/gayrights.books |work=The Guardian |access-date=16 June 2014 |location=London |date=18 September 2006}}</ref>

Sen has served as Honorary Chairman of Oxfam, the UK based international development charity, and is now its Honorary Advisor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/social_determinants/thecommission/sen/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021204720/http://www.who.int/social_determinants/thecommission/sen/en/|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 October 2014|title=Amartya Sen|website=WHO|access-date=29 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2001/mar/31/society.politics|title=The Guardian Profile: Amartya Sen|last=Steele|first=Jonathan|date=31 March 2001|work=The Guardian|access-date=29 December 2017|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

Sen is also a member of the [[Berggruen Institute]]'s 21st Century Council.<ref>{{cite web|title=Berggruen Institute|url=http://governance.berggruen.org/councils/21st-century-council/members|access-date=7 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106173236/http://governance.berggruen.org/councils/21st-century-council/members|archive-date=6 January 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Sen is an Honorary Fellow of [[St Edmund's College, Cambridge]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.st-edmunds.cam.ac.uk/people/professor-amartyr-sen-fba|title=St Edmund's College – University of Cambridge|website=st-edmunds.cam.ac.uk|access-date=10 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910204247/http://www.st-edmunds.cam.ac.uk/people/professor-amartyr-sen-fba|archive-date=10 September 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

He is also one of the 25 leading figures on the Information and Democracy Commission launched by [[Reporters Without Borders]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=9 September 2018|title=Amartya Sen {{!}} Reporters without borders|url=https://rsf.org/en/amartya-sen|access-date=3 March 2021|website=RSF|language=en}}</ref>

==Media and culture==
A 56-minute documentary named ''Amartya Sen: A Life Re-examined'' directed by [[Suman Ghosh]] details his life and work.<ref name="Sen Documentary Ghosh">{{cite magazine | title = Amartya Sen: A Life Reexamined, A Film | url = http://icarusfilms.com/pdf/philo05.pdf | magazine = Icarus Films newsletter | year = 2005 | location = Brooklyn, New York | publisher = First Run/Icarus Films | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121119024103/http://icarusfilms.com/pdf/philo05.pdf | archive-date = 19 November 2012}}</ref><ref name="Documentary Sen">{{cite news | first= Aparajita | last= Gupta |title= Nobel laureate's life on silver screen|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Nobel-laureates-life-on-silver-screen/articleshow/11321402.cms|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130531202305/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-01/kolkata/30578894_1_amartya-sen-kaushik-basu-chief-economic-advisor|url-status= live|archive-date= 31 May 2013| work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2 January 2012|date=1 January 2012}}</ref> A documentary about Amartya Sen, titled The Argumentative Indian (the title of one of Sen's own books<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Picador| isbn = 9780312426026| last = Sen| first = Amartya| title = The argumentative Indian: writings on Indian history, culture and identity| location = New York| date = 2006}}</ref>), was released in 2017.<ref>{{Citation|title=The Argumentative Indian|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt6523702/|access-date=29 October 2019}}</ref>

A 2001 portrait of Sen by Annabel Cullen is in Trinity College's collection.<ref>{{cite AV media | people = Artist: Annabel Cullen | Subject: Amartya Sen | title = Amartya Sen (b.1933), Master (1998–2004), Economist and Philosopher | medium = Painting | publisher = [[Art UK]] | location = Trinity College, University of Cambridge |year = 2001 | url = https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/amartya-sen-b-1933-master-19982004-economist-and-philosopher-134682 }}</ref> A 2003 portrait of Sen hangs in the [[National Portrait Gallery, London|National Portrait Gallery]] in London.<ref>{{cite AV media | people = Artist: Antony Williams | Subject: Amartya Sen | title = Amartya Sen | medium = Painting | location = National Portrait Gallery, London |year = 2003 | url = http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw67975/Amartya-Kumar-Sen }}</ref>

In 2011, he was present at the ''Rabindra Utsab'' ceremony at [[Bangabandhu International Conference Centre]] (BICC), [[Bangladesh]]. He unveiled the cover of Sruti Gitobitan, a Rabindrasangeet album comprising all the 2222 [[Tagore songs]], brought out by [[Rezwana Chowdhury Bannya]], principal of Shurer Dhara School of Music.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.priyo.com/music/2011/12/28/surer-dhara-launch-sruti-gitab-44669.html |script-title=bn:প্রিয়.কম |work=Priyo.com |language=bn |access-date=21 March 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150225035900/http://news.priyo.com/music/2011/12/28/surer-dhara-launch-sruti-gitab-44669.html |archive-date=25 February 2015}}</ref>

[[Max Roser]] said that it was the work of Sen that made him create [[Our World in Data]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ourworldindata.org/history-of-our-world-in-data|title=History of Our World in Data|website=Our World in Data|access-date=29 October 2019}}</ref>

In 2022, Sen Published his photo book ''Around the World in Fifty Shots: A travel story through Portraits by Amartya Sen.''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Amartya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J6HrzgEACAAJ |title=Around the World in Fifty Shots: A Travel Story Through Portraits by Amartya Sen |date=16 January 2022 |publisher=Independently Published |isbn=979-8-4033-5416-5 |language=en}}</ref>

==Political views==
Sen was critical of [[Narendra Modi]] when he was announced as the prime ministerial candidate for the [[BJP]]. In April 2014, he said that Modi would not make a good prime minister.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/elections-news/narendra-modi-is-not-a-good-pm-candidate-amartya-sen-559552|title=Narendra Modi is not a good PM candidate: Amartya Sen|publisher=NDTV}}</ref> He conceded later in December 2014 that Modi did give people a sense of faith that things can happen.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/the-biggest-issue-with-this-government-is-social-cohesion/|title=Narendra Modi did give people a sense of faith that things can happen|work=The Indian Express}}</ref> In February 2015, Sen opted out of seeking a second term for the chancellor post of [[Nalanda University]], stating that the Government of India was not keen on him continuing in the post.<ref name=":2">{{cite news |last=Nayar |first=Aashmita |date=19 February 2015 |title=Morning Wrap: Amartya Sen Quits Nalanda; Meet India's Wealthiest Monkey |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2015/02/20/the-morning-wrap_n_6718028.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001220200/https://www.huffpost.com/archive/in/entry/morning-wrap-amartya-sen-quits-nalanda-meet-indias-wealthiest_n_6718028 |archive-date=1 October 2022 |access-date=28 May 2024 |work=HuffPost India}}</ref>

In August 2019, during the clampdown and curfew in [[Kashmir]] for more than two weeks after the [[Indian revocation of Jammu and Kashmir's special status]], Sen criticised the government and said "As an Indian, I am not proud of the fact that India, after having done so much to achieve a democratic norm in the world – where India was the first non-Western country to go for democracy – that we lose that reputation on the grounds of action that have been taken".<ref>[https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/amartya-sen-no-resolution-of-kashmir-without-democracy-2087327 "Not Proud As An Indian...": Amartya Sen's Critique Of Kashmir Move], NDTV, 19 August 2019.</ref><ref>[http://m.thedailynewnation.com/news/226084/kashmir-without-democracy-not-acceptable-amartya Kashmir without democracy not acceptable: Amartya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920110433/http://m.thedailynewnation.com/news/226084/kashmir-without-democracy-not-acceptable-amartya |date=20 September 2020}}, ''New Nation'', 19 August 2019.</ref> He regarded the detention of Kashmiri political leaders as "a classical colonial excuse" to prevent [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir|backlash]] against the Indian government's decision and called for a democratic solution that would involve Kashmiri people.<ref>[https://www.ndtv.com/video/shows/left-right-centre/j-k-detentions-a-classic-colonial-excuse-amartya-sen-524819 J&K Detentions "A Classic Colonial Excuse": Amartya Sen], NDTV, 19 August 2019.</ref>

Sen has spent much of his later life as a political writer and activist. He has been outspoken about Narendra Modi's leadership in India. In an interview with ''[[The New York Times]]'', he claimed that Modi's fearmongering among the Indian people was anti-democratic. "The big thing that we know from John Stuart Mill is that democracy is government by discussion, and, if you make discussion fearful, you are not going to get a democracy, no matter how you count the votes." He disagreed with Modi's ideology of Hindu nationalism, and advocated for a more integrated and diverse ideology that reflects the heterogeneity of India.<ref>Chotiner, Isaac, and Eliza Griswold. [http://www.newyorker.com/news/the-new-yorker-interview/amartya-sens-hopes-and-fears-for-indian-democracy "Amartya Sen's Hopes and Fears for Indian Democracy."] ''The New Yorker'', 6 October 2019.</ref>

Sen also wrote an article for ''The New York Times'' in 2013 documenting the reasons why India trailed behind China in economic development. He advocated for healthcare reform, because low-income people in India have to deal with exploitative and inadequate private healthcare. He recommended that India implement the same education policies that Japan did in the late 19th century. However, he conceded that there is a tradeoff between democracy and progress in Asia because democracy is a near reality in India and not in China.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/20/opinion/why-india-trails-china.html "Why India Trails China."] ''New York Times'', 20 June 2013.</ref>

In a 1999 article in ''[[The Atlantic]]'', Sen recommended for India a middle path between the "hard-knocks" development policy that creates wealth at the expense of civil liberties, and radical progressivism that only seeks to protect civil liberties at the expense of development. Rather than create an entirely new theory for ethical development in Asia, Sen sought to reform the current development model.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Kapur |first=Akash |date=December 1999 |title=A Third Way for the Third World |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1999/12/a-third-way-for-the-third-world/377927/ |magazine=The Atlantic Monthly |pages=124–129}}</ref>

In 2025, Sen raised concerns about the [[Special Intensive Revision|Special Intensive Revision (SIR)]] of electoral rolls in [[Bihar]], warning that it could disenfranchise poor and marginalized people if documentation requirements are too strict.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 August 2025 |title=Amartya Sen raises concerns over SIR that risks 'disenfranchising' poor people |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/amartya-sen-raises-concerns-over-sir-that-risks-disenfranchising-poor-people/articleshow/123459452.cms |access-date=24 November 2025 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

==Personal life and beliefs==
[[File:Amartya Sen e Emma Georgina Rothschild, historiadora da economia e Professora em Harvard, no Fronteiras do Pensamento Porto Alegre 2012 (6971622120).jpg|thumb|right|Sen with his wife Emma Rothschild.]]
Sen has been married three times. His first wife was [[Nabaneeta Dev Sen]], an Indian writer and scholar, with whom he had two daughters: [[Antara Dev Sen|Antara]], a journalist and publisher, and [[Nandana Sen|Nandana]], a [[Bollywood]] actress. Their marriage broke up shortly after they moved to London in 1971.<ref name="Sen Profile" /> In 1978 Sen married [[Eva Colorni]], an Italian economist, daughter of [[Eugenio Colorni]] and [[Ursula Hirschmann]] and niece of [[Albert O. Hirschman]]. The couple had two children, a daughter Indrani, who is a journalist in New York, and a son Kabir, a hip hop artist, MC, and music teacher at [[Shady Hill School]]. Eva died of cancer in 1985.<ref name="Sen Profile" /> In 1991, Sen married [[Emma Georgina Rothschild]], who serves as the Jeremy and Jane Knowles Professor of History at Harvard University.<ref>{{cite web |author= |date= |title=Emma Rothschild: Jeremy and Jane Knowles Professor of History |url=https://history.fas.harvard.edu/people/emma-rothschild |website=Harvard History Department |location= |publisher=Harvard University |access-date=24 October 2025}}</ref>

The Sens have a house in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]], Massachusetts, which is the base from which they teach during the academic year. They also have a home in Cambridge, England, where Sen is a Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, and Rothschild is a Fellow of [[Magdalene College, Cambridge|Magdalene College]]. He usually spends his winter holidays at his home in [[Shantiniketan]] in West Bengal, India, where he used to go on long bike rides until recently. Asked how he relaxes, he replies: "I read a lot and like arguing with people."<ref name="Sen Profile" />

Sen is an [[atheist]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chanda |first1=Arup| title=Market economy not the panacea, says Sen |url=http://www.rediff.com/business/1998/dec/28sen.htm|access-date=16 June 2014|publisher=Rediff on the Net|date=28 December 1998 |quote=Although this is a personal matter... But the answer to your question is: No. I do not believe in god.}}</ref> In an interview, he noted:<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bardhan |first1=Pranab |title=The arguing Indian |url=http://alumni.berkeley.edu/california-magazine/july-august-2006-indo-chic/arguing-indian |access-date=16 June 2014|work=California Magazine |publisher=Cal Alumni Association UC Berkeley |date=July–August 2006}}</ref>

{{blockquote|text=In some ways people had got used to the idea that India was spiritual and religion-oriented. That gave a leg up to the religious interpretation of India, despite the fact that [[Sanskrit]] had a larger [[atheistic]] literature than exists in any other [[classical language]]. [[Vidyaranya|Madhava Acharya]], the remarkable 14th century philosopher,<ref>Not to be confused with Madhvacharya of Dwaitya vedanta the 13th century saint, this book is by a different philosopher of the 14th century http://www.gutenberg.org/files/34125/34125-h/34125-h.htm</ref> wrote this rather great book called ''Sarvadarshansamgraha'', which discussed all the religious schools of thought within the Hindu structure. The first chapter is "Atheism"—a very strong presentation of the argument in favor of atheism and materialism.}}

==Awards and honours==
Sen has received over 90 honorary degrees from universities around the world.<ref>{{cite web |title=Curriculum Vitae: Amartya Sen |url=http://scholar.harvard.edu/files/sen/files/cv_sen_amartya_jan2013_0.pdf |access-date=16 June 2014 |publisher=Harvard University |date=January 2013}}</ref> In 2019, [[London School of Economics]] announced the creation of the Amartya Sen Chair in Inequality Studies.<ref name="LSE2">{{cite web|title=LSE announces Amartya Sen Chair in Inequality Studies|date=14 March 2019 |url=http://www.lse.ac.uk/News/Latest-news-from-LSE/2019/03-Mar-19/LSE-announces-Amartya-Sen-Chair-in-Inequality-Studies|publisher=[[London School of Economics]]|access-date=20 May 2019}}</ref>
* [[Adam Smith Prize]], 1954
* Foreign Honorary Member of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]], 1981<ref name=AAAS>{{Citation |contribution=Chapter "S" |title=Members of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences: 1780–2013 |page=499 |publisher=American Academy of Arts & Sciences |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |year=2013 |url=https://www.amacad.org/multimedia/pdfs/publications/bookofmembers/ChapterS.pdf |access-date= 16 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811073103/https://www.amacad.org/multimedia/pdfs/publications/bookofmembers/ChapterS.pdf |archive-date=11 August 2014 |postscript=.}}</ref>
* Honorary fellowship by the [[Institute of Social Studies]], 1984
* Resident member of the [[American Philosophical Society]], 1997<ref>{{Cite web|title=APS Member History|url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Amartya+Kumar+Sen&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced|access-date=10 December 2021|website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref>
* [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences]], 1998
* [[Bharat Ratna]], the highest civilian award in India, 1999
* Honorary citizenship of [[Bangladesh]], 1999
* Honorary [[Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour]], UK, 2000
* Leontief Prize, 2000
* [[Eisenhower Fellowships#The Eisenhower Medal for Leadership and Service|Eisenhower Medal for Leadership and Service]], 2000
* 351st Commencement Speaker of [[Harvard University]], 2001
* International Humanist Award from the [[International Humanist and Ethical Union]], 2002
* Lifetime Achievement Award by the Indian Chamber of Commerce, 2004
* Life Time Achievement award by Bangkok-based [[United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific]] (UNESCAP)
* [[Time 100]], 2010<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Ferguson |first=Niall |date=29 April 2010 |title=The 2010 TIME 100 – TIME |url=https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1984685_1984745_1985494,00.html |access-date=24 November 2025 |magazine=Time |language=en-US |issn=0040-781X}}</ref>
* [[National Humanities Medal]], 2011<ref name="US National Medal Sen">{{cite web |title=President Obama Awards 2011 National Humanities Medals |url=http://www.neh.gov/news/press-release/2012-02-13-0 |publisher=[[National Endowment for the Humanities]] |date=13 December 2012 |access-date=16 June 2014}}</ref>
* [[Order of the Aztec Eagle]], 2012<ref>{{cite news |title=Professor Amartya Sen receives awards from the governments of France and Mexico |url=http://alumni.berkeley.edu/california-magazine/july-august-2006-indo-chic/arguing-indian |access-date=16 June 2014|publisher=Harvard University | Department of Economics |date=18 December 2012 }}</ref>
* Chevalier of the French [[Legion of Honour]], 2013<ref>{{cite web|title=Chevalier de la légion d'honneur à M. Amartya Sen |url=http://boston.consulfrance.org/Amartya-Sen-awarded-Legion-of-Honor-Medal-for-Achievements-in-Economics-and |access-date=24 June 2017|format=Given by Fabien Fieschi, Consul General of France in the USA|date=27 November 2012 }}</ref>
* 25 Greatest Global Living Legends in India by NDTV, 2013<ref>{{cite news |first=Deepshikha |last=Ghosh |title=If you get an honour you think you don't deserve, it's still very pleasant: Amartya Sen |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/ndtv-25-latest/if-you-get-an-honour-you-think-you-don-t-deserve-it-s-still-very-pleasant-amartya-sen-458756?curl=1388509988 |publisher=NDTV |access-date=16 June 2014 |location=New Delhi |date=14 December 2013}}</ref>
* Top 100 thinkers who have defined our century by ''[[The New Republic]]'', 2014
* Charleston-EFG John Maynard Keynes Prize, 2015<ref>{{cite news |title=Amartya Sen wins new UK award |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/world/indians-abroad/amartya-sen-wins-new-uk-award/ |work=The Indian Express |access-date=10 February 2015 |location=London |date=10 February 2015}}</ref>
* Albert O. Hirschman Prize, [[Social Science Research Council]], 2016
* [[Johan Skytte Prize in Political Science]], 2017
* [[Bodley Medal]], 2019<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/news/2019/mar-27|title=Economist Amartya Sen awarded Bodley Medal|website=Bodleian Libraries|access-date=28 March 2019}}</ref>
* [[Friedenspreis des Deutschen Buchhandels]], 2020<ref>{{cite web |title=Friedenspreis 2020 Amartya Sen |url=https://www.friedenspreis-des-deutschen-buchhandels.de/alle-preistraeger-seit-1950/2020-2029/amartya-sen |access-date=17 June 2020 |language=de}}</ref>
* [[Princess of Asturias Awards|Princess of Asturias Award]], 2021<ref>{{Cite web|title=Laureates – Princess of Asturias Awards|url=https://www.fpa.es/en/princess-of-asturias-awards/laureates/|access-date=26 May 2021|website=The Princess of Asturias Foundation|language=en}}</ref>
* In 2021, he received the prestigious Gold Medal from [[The National Institute of Social Sciences]].
* International Rescue Committee Freedom Award, 2023<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Rescue Committee Honors Nobel Laureate Amartya Sen with Freedom Award {{!}} The IRC |url=https://www.rescue.org/press-release/international-rescue-committee-honors-nobel-laureate-amartya-sen-freedom-award |access-date=24 November 2025 |website=www.rescue.org |language=en}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
===Books===
{{refbegin|40em}}
* {{cite book | last = Sen | first = Amartya | title = Choice of Techniques: An Aspect of the Theory of Planned Economic Development | publisher = Basil Blackwell | location = Oxford | year = 1960 }}
* {{cite book | last = Sen | first = Amartya | title = On Economic Inequality | publisher = Clarendon Press Oxford University Press | location = Oxford New York | year = 1973 | edition = expanded | isbn = 9780198281931 }}
* {{cite book | last = Sen | first = Amartya | title = Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation | url = https://archive.org/details/povertyfamineses0000sena | url-access = registration | publisher = Clarendon Press Oxford University Press | location = Oxford New York | year = 1982 | isbn = 9780198284635 }}
* {{cite book | last1 = Sen | first1 = Amartya | last2 = Williams | first2 = Bernard | author-link2 = Bernard Williams | title = Utilitarianism and beyond | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge | year = 1982 | isbn = 9780511611964 }}
* {{cite book | last = Sen | first = Amartya | title = Choice, Welfare, and Measurement | publisher = Basil Blackwell | location = Oxford | year = 1983 | isbn = 9780631137962 }}
::Reviewed in the ''Social Scientist'': {{Cite journal | last = Sanyal | first = Amal | title='Choice, welfare and measurement' by Amartya Sen | journal = Social Scientist | volume = 11 | issue = 10 | pages = 49–56 | doi = 10.2307/3517043 | date = October 1983 | jstor = 3517043 }}
* {{cite book | last = Sen | first = Amartya | title = Collective Choice and Social Welfare | publisher = Holden-Day | location = San Francisco, California | year = 1970 | edition = 1st | isbn = 9780816277650 }}
* {{cite book | last = Sen | first = Amartya | title = Resources, Values, and Development | publisher = Harvard University Press | location = Cambridge, Massachusetts | year = 1997 | isbn = 9780674765269 }}
* {{cite book | last = Sen | first = Amartya | title = Commodities and Capabilities | edition = 1st | publisher = North-Holland Sole distributors for the U.S. and Canada, Elsevier Science Publishing Co. | location = New York | year = 1985 | isbn = 9780444877307 }}
::Reviewed in ''The Economic Journal''.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Sugden | first = Robert | s2cid = 152766121 | title='Commodities and Capabilities' by Amartya Sen | journal = The Economic Journal | volume = 96 | issue = 383 | pages = 820–822 | doi = 10.2307/2232999 | date = September 1986 | jstor = 2232999 }}</ref>
* {{cite book | last1 = Sen | first1 = Amartya | last2 = McMurrin | first2 = Sterling M. | author-link2 = Sterling M. McMurrin | title = The Tanner lectures on human values | publisher = University of Utah Press | location = Salt Lake City | year = 1986 | isbn = 9780585129334 }}
* {{cite book | last = Sen | first = Amartya | title = On Ethics and Economics | publisher = Basil Blackwell | location = New York| year = 1987 | isbn = 9780631164012 }}
* {{cite book | last1 = Sen | first1 = Amartya | last2 = Drèze | first2 = Jean | author-link2 = Jean Drèze | title = Hunger and public action | url = https://archive.org/details/hungerpublicacti0000drze | url-access = registration | publisher = Clarendon Press Oxford University Press | location = Oxford England New York | year = 1989 | isbn = 9780198286349 }}
* {{cite book | last = Sen | first = Amartya | title = Inequality Reexamined | url = https://archive.org/details/inequalityreexam0000sena | url-access = registration | publisher = Harvard University Press | year = 1992 | isbn = 0674452550}}
* {{cite book | last1 = Sen | first1 = Amartya | last2 = Nussbaum | first2 = Martha | author-link2 = Martha Nussbaum | title = The Quality of Life | publisher = Clarendon Press Oxford University Press | location = Oxford England New York | year = 1993 | isbn = 9780198287971 }}
* {{cite book | last1 = Sen | first1 = Amartya | last2 = Foster | first2 = James E. | title = On economic inequality | publisher = Clarendon Press Oxford University Press | location = Oxford New York | year = 1997 | series = Radcliffe Lectures | isbn = 9780198281931 }}
* {{cite book | last1 = Sen | first1 = Amartya | last2 = Drèze | first2 = Jean | author-link2 = Jean Drèze | title = India, economic development and social opportunity | publisher = Clarendon Press Oxford University Press | location = Oxford England New York | year = 1998 | isbn = 9780198295280 }}
* {{cite book | last1 = Sen | first1 = Amartya | last2 = Suzumura | first2 = Kōtarō | last3 = Arrow | first3 = Kenneth J. | author-link2 = Kotaro Suzumura | author-link3 = Kenneth Arrow | title = Social Choice Re-examined: Proceedings of the IEA conference held at Schloss Hernstein, Berndorf, near Vienna, Austria | volume = 2 | edition = 1st | publisher = St. Martin's Press | location = New York | year = 1996 | isbn = 9780312127398 }}
* {{cite book | last = Sen | first = Amartya | title = Development as Freedom | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = New York | year = 1999 | isbn = 9780198297581 | title-link = Development as Freedom }}
::Review in ''Asia Times''.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mathur|first=Piyush|title=Revisiting a classic 'Development as Freedom' by Amartya Sen |work= Asia Times |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Global_Economy/EJ31Dj01.html |date=31 October 2003 |access-date=15 June 2014 |url-status=unfit|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825114213/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Global_Economy/EJ31Dj01.html |archive-date=25 August 2018}}</ref>
* {{cite book | last = Sen | first = Amartya | title = Freedom, Rationality, and Social Choice: The Arrow Lectures and Other Essays | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford | year = 2000 | isbn = 9780198296997 }}
* {{cite book | last = Sen | first = Amartya | title = Rationality and Freedom | url = https://archive.org/details/rationalityfreed00amar | url-access = registration | publisher = Belknap Press | location = Cambridge, MA | year = 2002 | isbn = 9780674013513 }}
* {{cite book | last1 = Sen | first1 = Amartya | last2 = Suzumura | first2 = Kōtarō | last3 = Arrow | first3 = Kenneth J. | author-link2 = Kotaro Suzumura | author-link3 = Kenneth Arrow | title = Handbook of social choice and welfare | publisher = Elsevier | location = Amsterdam Boston | year = 2002 | isbn = 9780444829146 }}
* {{cite book | last = Sen | first = Amartya | title = The Argumentative Indian: Writings on Indian History, Culture, and Identity | url = https://archive.org/details/argumentativeind00sena | url-access = registration | publisher = Farrar, Straus and Giroux | location = New York | year = 2005 | isbn = 9780312426026 }}
::Review ''The Guardian.''<ref>{{cite news| last = Mishra | first =Pankaj|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2005/jul/09/featuresreviews.guardianreview15 |title=In defence of reason (book review) |work=The Guardian|date= 9 July 2005|access-date=10 July 2013 |location=London}}</ref>
::Review ''The Washington Post''.<ref>{{cite news | last=Tharoor |first=Shashi |title=A passage to India |newspaper= [[The Washington Post]] |location= Washington D.C. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/13/AR2005101301576.html |date= 16 October 2005|access-date=10 July 2013}}</ref>
* {{cite book | last = Sen | first = Amartya | title = Identity and Violence: The Illusion of Destiny | url = https://archive.org/details/identityviolence00sena | url-access = registration | publisher = W.W. Norton & Co | series=Issues of our time | location = New York | year = 2006 | isbn = 9780393329292 }}
* {{cite magazine | last = Sen | first = Amartya | title = Imperial Illusions | magazine = The New Republic | date = 31 December 2007 | url = https://newrepublic.com/article/61784/imperial-illusions }}
* {{cite book | last1 = Sen | first1 = Amartya | last2 = Zamagni | first2 = Stefano | last3 = Scazzieri | first3 = Roberto | author-link2 = Stefano Zamagni | title = Markets, money and capital: Hicksian economics for the twenty-first century | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge, UK New York | year = 2008 | isbn = 9780521873215 }}
* {{cite book | last = Sen | first = Amartya | title = The Idea of Justice | publisher = Penguin | location = London | year = 2010 | isbn = 9780141037851 | title-link = The Idea of Justice (book) }}
* {{cite book | last1 = Sen | first1 = Amartya | last2 = Stiglitz | first2 = Joseph E. | last3 = Fitoussi | first3 = Jean-Paul | author-link2 = Joseph E. Stiglitz | author-link3 = Jean-Paul Fitoussi | title = Mismeasuring our lives: why GDP doesn't add up: the report | publisher = New Press Distributed by Perseus Distribution | location = New York | year = 2010 | isbn = 9781595585196 }}
* {{cite book | last = Sen | first = Amartya | title = Peace and Democratic Society | publisher = Open Book Publishers | location = Cambridge, UK | year = 2011 | isbn = 9781906924393 }}
* {{cite book | last1 = Drèze | first1 = Jean | last2 = Sen | first2 = Amartya | title = An Uncertain Glory: The Contradictions of Modern India | publisher = Allen Lane | location = London | year = 2013 | isbn = 9781846147616}}
* {{cite book | last = Sen | first = Amartya | title = The Country of First Boys: And Other Essays | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = India | year = 2015 | isbn = 9780198738183}}
* {{cite book | last = Sen | first = Amartya | title = Home in the World: A Memoir| publisher = Penguin | location = London | year = 2020 | isbn = 9780141970981}}

===Chapters in books===
* {{Citation | last = Sen | first = Amartya | contribution = Equality of what? (lecture delivered at Stanford University, 22 May 1979) | editor-last = MacMurrin | editor-first = Sterling M. | title = The Tanner lectures on human values | volume = 1 | publisher = University of Utah Press | location = Salt Lake City, Utah | year = 1980 | edition = 1st | isbn = 9780874801781 | postscript = . | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/tannerlectureson01salt }}
* {{Citation | last = Sen | first = Amartya | contribution = The concept of development | title = Handbook of development economics | editor1-last = Srinivasan | editor1-first = T.N. | editor2-last = Chenery | editor2-first = Hollis | editor-link1 = T. N. Srinivasan | editor-link2 = Hollis B. Chenery | volume = 1 | pages = 2–23 | publisher = North-Holland Sole distributors for the U.S. and Canada, Elsevier Science Publishing Co. | location = Amsterdam New York New York, N.Y. | year = 1988 | isbn = 9780444703378 | postscript = . }}
* {{Citation | last = Sen | first = Amartya | contribution = Capability and well-being | editor1-last = Nussbaum | editor1-first = Martha | editor2-last = Sen | editor2-first = Amartya | editor-link1= Martha Nussbaum | title = The quality of life | pages = 30–53 | publisher = Routledge | location = New York | year = 2004 | isbn = 9780415934411 | postscript = . }}
* {{Citation | last = Sen | first = Amartya | contribution = Development as capability expansion | editor1-last = Kumar | editor1-first = A. K. Shiva | editor2-last = Fukuda-Parr | editor2-first = Sakiko | editor-link1 = A. K. Shiva Kumar | editor-link2 = Sakiko Fukuda-Parr | title = Readings in human development: concepts, measures and policies for a development paradigm | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = New Delhi New York | year = 2004 | isbn = 9780195670523 | postscript = . | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/readingsinhumand0000unse }}
::Reprinted in {{Citation | last = Sen | first = Amartya | contribution = Development as capability expansion | editor1-last = Saegert | editor1-first = Susan | editor2-last = DeFilippis | editor2-first = James | editor-link1 = Susan Saegert | title = The community development reader | publisher = Routledge | location = New York | year = 2012 | isbn = 9780415507769 | postscript = . }}
* {{Citation | last = Sen | first = Amartya | contribution="Justice" – definition | title = The new Palgrave dictionary of economics (8 volume set) | editor1-last = Durlauf | editor1-first = Steven N. | editor2-last = Blume | editor2-first = Lawrence E. | editor-link1 = Steven N. Durlauf | publisher = Palgrave Macmillan | location = Basingstoke, Hampshire New York | edition = 2nd | year = 2008 | isbn = 9780333786765 | postscript = . }} See also: [[The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics]].
* {{Citation | last = Sen | first = Amartya | contribution="Social choice"—definition | title = The new Palgrave dictionary of economics (8 volume set) | editor1-last = Durlauf | editor1-first = Steven N. | editor2-last = Blume | editor2-first = Lawrence E. | editor-link1 = Steven N. Durlauf | publisher = Palgrave Macmillan | location = Basingstoke, Hampshire; New York | edition = 2nd | year = 2008 | isbn = 9780333786765 | postscript = . }} See also: [[The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics]].

===Journal articles===
* {{Cite journal | last = Sen | first = Amartya | title = An aspect of Indian agriculture | journal = Economic and Political Weekly | volume = 14 | pages = 243–246 |year = 1962 |url=http://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1962_14/4-5-6/an_aspect_of_indian_agriculture.pdf}}
* {{Cite journal | last = Sen | first = Amartya | title = The impossibility of a paretian liberal | journal = [[Journal of Political Economy]] | volume = 78 | issue = 1 | pages = 152–157 | doi = 10.1086/259614 | date = Jan–Feb 1970 | jstor = 1829633 | bibcode = 1970JPoEc..78..152S | s2cid = 154193982 | url = http://darp.lse.ac.uk/PapersDB/Sen_(JPolE_70).pdf | access-date = 29 March 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131101134916/http://darp.lse.ac.uk/PapersDB/Sen_(JPolE_70).pdf | archive-date = 1 November 2013 | url-status = dead }}
* {{Cite journal | last = Sen | first = Amartya | title = Poverty: An ordinal approach to measurement | journal = [[Econometrica]] | volume = 44 | issue = 2 | pages = 219–231 | doi = 10.2307/1912718 | date = March 1976 | jstor = 1912718 |url=http://dds.cepal.org/infancia/guia-para-estimar-la-pobreza-infantil/bibliografia/capitulo-III/Sen%20Amartya%20(1976)%20Poverty%20an%20ordinal%20approach%20to%20measurement.pdf }}
* {{Cite journal | last = Sen | first = Amartya | title = Utilitarianism and welfarism | journal = [[The Journal of Philosophy]] | volume = 76 | issue = 9 | pages = 463–489 | doi = 10.2307/2025934 | date = September 1979 | jstor = 2025934 }}
* {{Cite book | last = Sen | first = Amartya | chapter = Chapter 22 Social choice theory | title = Handbook of Mathematical Economics | volume = 3 | pages = 1073–1181 | doi = 10.1016/S1573-4382(86)03004-7 | date = 1986 | isbn = 9780444861283 }}
* {{Cite journal | last = Sen | first = Amartya | title = More than 100 million women are missing | journal = [[The New York Review of Books]] | date = 20 December 1990 | volume = 37 | issue = 20 | url = http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1990/dec/20/more-than-100-million-women-are-missing/}}
* {{Cite journal | last = Sen | first = Amartya | title = Missing women: social inequality outweighs women's survival advantage in Asia and North Africa | journal = [[British Medical Journal]] | volume = 304 | issue = 6827 | pages = 587–588 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.304.6827.587 | date = 7 March 1992 | pmid=1559085 | pmc=1881324|url=http://www.sas.upenn.edu/~dludden/GenderInequalityMissingWomen.pdf}}
* {{Cite journal | last = Sen | first = Amartya | title = The three R's of reform | journal = [[Economic and Political Weekly]] | volume = 40 | issue = 19 | pages = 1971–1974 | date = May 2005 | url = http://www.epw.in/special-articles/three-rs-reform.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140727140439/http://www.epw.in/special-articles/three-rs-reform.html | archive-date = 27 July 2014}}

===Lecture transcripts===
* Sen, Amartya (25 May 1997), ''Human Rights and Asian Values {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414224040/https://www.carnegiecouncil.org/publications/archive/morgenthau/254/_res/id=Attachments/index=0/254_sen.pdf |date=14 April 2021 }}'', Sixteenth Annual Morgenthau Memorial Lecture on Ethics and Foreign Policy
* {{cite Q|Q123753560}}
* {{citation | last = Sen | first = Amartya | title = Reason before identity | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford New York | year = 1999 | isbn = 9780199513895 | postscript = . }}
::News coverage of the ''[[Romanes Lecture#1990s|1998 Romanes Lecture]]'' in the ''Oxford University Gazette.''<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sen|first1=Amartya|title=Reason must always come before identity, says Sen|url=http://www.ox.ac.uk/gazette/1998-9/weekly/171298/news/story_2.htm|access-date=14 June 2014|publisher=University of Oxford|date=17 December 1998 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922010438/http://www.ox.ac.uk/gazette/1998-9/weekly/171298/news/story_2.htm |archive-date=22 September 2017}}</ref>

===Papers===
* {{citation |last = Sen | first = Amartya |title=Food, economics and entitlements (wider working paper 1) |date=February 1986 | volume=1986/01 |publisher=UNU-WIDER |location=Helsinki |url=http://www.wider.unu.edu/publications/working-papers/previous/en_GB/wp-01/ | postscript = . }}

===Selected works in Persian===
A list of Persian translations of Amartya Sen's work is available here {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220174302/https://roozahang.com/Author/6973/?q=5 |date=20 December 2016 }}
{{refend}}

==See also==
{{div col}}
* [[Abhijit Banerjee]]
* [[Equality of autonomy]], a concept of equality posed by Sen
* [[Feminist economics]]
* [[Human Development Index]]
* [[List of feminist economists]]
* [[Kerala model]], an expression or concept observed and introduced by Sen<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thomas |first1=Jayan Jose |title=The Achievements and Challenges of the Kerala 'Model' |url=https://www.theindiaforum.in/article/achievements-challenges-kerala-model |website=The India Forum |date=27 June 2021 |access-date=29 November 2022}}</ref>
* [[Instrumental and value rationality]], describing some of his differences with John Rawls, [[Robert Nozick]], and James Gouinlock.
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Britz, Johannes, Anthony Hoffmann, Shana Ponelis, Michael Zimmer, and Peter Lor. 2013. "On Considering the Application of Amartya Sen's Capability Approach to an Information-Based Rights Framework." ''Information Development'' 29 (2): 106–13.
* {{Citation | last = Forman-Barzilai | first = Fonna | contribution = Taking a broader view of humanity: an interview with Amartya Sen. | editor-last = Browning | editor-first = Gary | editor2-last = Dimova-Cookson | editor2-first = Maria | editor3-last = Prokhovnik | editor3-first = Raia | editor-link3 = Raia Prokhovnik | title = Dialogues with contemporary political theorists | pages = 170–180 | publisher = Palgrave Macmillan | location = Houndsmill, Basingstoke, Hampshire; New York | year = 2012 | isbn = 9780230303058 }}
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Various | title = Special issue, on Amartya Sen | journal = [[Feminist Economics (journal)|Feminist Economics]] | volume = 9 | issue = 2–3 | year = 2003 | url = http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/rfec20/9/2-3}}
* [https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/1998/sen/biographical/ Amartya Sen Biographical]

==External links==
{{Sister project links | wikt=no | commons=Amartya Sen | b=no | n=Calls for aid to help feed millions, as East Africa plunges into drought | q=Amartya Sen | s=no | v=no | voy=no | species=no | d=q132489}}
* [https://scholar.harvard.edu/sen Amartya Sen] at [[Harvard University]]
* {{Nobelprize}}
* [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=sLNFo0sAAAAJ Amartya Sen] on [[Google Scholar]]
* {{YouTube|id=ZwAxj5mnVRI|t=46s|title=Amartya Sen on Cultural Relativism and "the good life"}} on [[Berggruen Institute]]'s YouTube channel
* [https://ideas.repec.org/e/pse23.html Profile] and [http://econpapers.repec.org/RAS/pse23.htm Papers] at [[Research Papers in Economics]]/RePEc
* [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/862328301 Fearing Food edited by Julian Morris. Chapter on Sen]
* {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Amartya Sen (1933– ) |url=http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/bios/Sen.html |encyclopedia=[[The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics]] |edition=2nd |series=[[Library of Economics and Liberty]] |publisher=[[Liberty Fund]] |year=2008| isbn=978-0865976665 |editor-first=David R.|editor-last=Henderson |editor-link=David R. Henderson |pages=588–589}}
* {{C-SPAN|1017939}}

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{{Recipients of the Johan Skytte Prize in Political Science}}
{{Princess of Asturias Award for Social Sciences}}
{{Bengal famine of 1943}}
{{Masters of Trinity College, Cambridge}}
{{Friedenspreis des Deutschen Buchhandels}}
}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sen, Amartya}}
[[Category:Amartya Sen| ]]
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Econometric Society]]
[[Category:Fellows of Darwin College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Fellows of Nuffield College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Fellows of All Souls College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the British Academy]]
[[Category:Feminist economists]]
[[Category:Harvard University Department of Philosophy faculty]]
[[Category:Harvard Law School faculty]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Jadavpur University]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Delhi University]]
[[Category:Indian atheists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian economists]]
[[Category:Indian feminists]]
[[Category:Indian political philosophers]]
[[Category:Indian Nobel laureates]]
[[Category:People in international development]]
[[Category:Liberalism in India]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male feminists]]
[[Category:Masters of Trinity College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Honorary members of the Order of the Companions of Honour]]
[[Category:Academics of the London School of Economics]]
[[Category:National Humanities Medal recipients]]
[[Category:Nobel laureates in Economics]]
[[Category:People associated with Santiniketan]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Econometric Society]]
[[Category:Asian social liberals]]
[[Category:Drummond Professors of Political Economy]]
[[Category:People from Manikganj District]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Bharat Ratna]]
[[Category:Presidents of the American Economic Association]]
[[Category:Honorary Fellows of the London School of Economics]]
[[Category:Honorary Fellows of Bangla Academy]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian economists]]
[[Category:Scholars from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Scientists from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Distinguished fellows of the American Economic Association]]
[[Category:International Center for Research on Women]]
[[Category:Institute for New Economic Thinking]]
[[Category:People from New Alipore]]
[[Category:Members of the American Philosophical Society]]
[[Category:St. Gregory's High School and College alumni]]

P. P. Baburaj

2026-02-09T05:59:54Z

Breakoutbanglore: new new pg

{{Short description|Indian social activist}}
{{BLP sources|date=May 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Adv. P. P. Baburaj
| image = File:Advocate P. P. Baburaj, Mysore.jpg
| caption = Advocate P.P.Baburaj, Mysore
| birth_date = 1965
| birth_place = [[Thrissur]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| other_names =
| known_for = Health, Child Rights, Anti-corruption initiatives
| education = MA, LLB, PGDJC
| spouse =
| children =
}}

'''Advocate P. P. Baburaj''' is a social activist and former judge based in Mysore, India. Baburaj is the Managing Trustee of [[People's Legal Forum, Mysore]], which is a non-profit organization intervening in child labor issues.

==Child labor issues==
Baburaj is actively involved in campaigns against child labor in India. He had conducted a campaign in 2014 against the government of Karnataka for not utilizing the funds received from the federal government for child welfare. The government has not spent any money for children rescued from workplaces during the last eight years. The Mysore district administration has received a total of Rs.314,000 for this purpose. According to Baburaj, 48 cases of child labour were recorded in Mysore district between 2004 and 2014.<ref name="thehindu">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/child-labour-corpus-fund-lying-unused-in-mysore-district/article6098240.ece|title=Child Labour Corpus Fund lying unused in Mysore district - The Hindu|newspaper=The Hindu|date=10 June 2014|publisher=thehindu.com|accessdate=2016-05-12}}</ref>

==Training for police officers==
In 2016, Baburaj conducted workshops for police officers of Karnataka state in the subject of child rights and juvenile justice system. The workshops were organized in collaboration with Karnataka State Commission of Protection of Child Rights (KSCPCR), District Legal Services Authority to sensitize the police officials in dealing with juvenile crimes.<ref name="enarada">{{cite web|url=http://enarada.com/workshop-for-police-personnel-in-protecting-child-rights/|title=Workshop for Police personnel in protecting child rights - enarada.com|publisher=enarada.com|accessdate=2016-05-12}}</ref>

==People's Legal Forum==
Baburaj is the Managing Trustee of [[People's Legal Forum, Mysore]] a legal action group intervening in child rights and other humanitarian issues. http://mysorelegalforum.blogspot.in/
The Forum has also conducted a campaign against children being forced with heavy schoolbags and the campaign became successful when the Karnataka High Court initiated an action against heavy schoolbags.<ref name="newindianexpress">{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/Courts-sympathetic-to-children%E2%80%99s-plight/2014/07/08/article2320421.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603155534/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/Courts-sympathetic-to-children%E2%80%99s-plight/2014/07/08/article2320421.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 June 2016|title=Courts sympathetic to children's plight - The New Indian Express|publisher=newindianexpress.com|accessdate=2016-05-12}}</ref>

==Campaign against corporal punishments in schools==
Baburaj has conducted an internet campaign against corporal punishment in schools. It was done as a part of study of Child Welfare Committees of Karnataka state.<ref name="blogspot">{{cite web|url=http://childwelfare18.blogspot.in/2011/03/corporal-punishment-on-children-file.html|title=Study on Child Welfare Committees in Karnataka|publisher=childwelfare18.blogspot.in|accessdate=2016-05-12}}</ref>

==Publications==
Baburaj has published five books
* ''Zero Budget Natural farming'' in Malayalam language<ref name="thehindu2">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/a-campaigner-for-natural-farming/article2936935.ece|title=A campaigner for natural farming - KERALA - The Hindu|newspaper=The Hindu|date=27 February 2012|publisher=thehindu.com|accessdate=2016-05-12}}</ref>
* ''Child Protection and Juvenile Justice'' in Kannada language
*''Healthy life without medicines'' in Kannada,
*''Farmers in doldrums'' in Kannada, and
*''Natural remedy for diabetes'' in Kannada (Translation from Malayalam).

He has started Palladan Publishing House and published a few books, including his daughter Emily Oshin's novella.

==Child Labour Amendment Bill 2016==
Baburaj has launched a campaign against the Child Labour Prhibition an Regulation Amendment Bill 2016 presented in the Indian Parliament. He argued that the bill makes 14 years of legal working age across all sectors but makes no such restrictions for children working in the family enterprise. He argued that children are also exploited in the entertainment industry losing their education altogether. Children are widely employed in India in farms, teastalls and roadside shops. Relaxing the rules for family business can mean children working in brick factories, welding shops and agricultural enterprises.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/child-labour-amendment-bill-needs-a-relook/article8931098.ece|title='Child Labour Amendment Bill needs a relook'|newspaper=The Hindu|date=2 August 2016}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[People's Legal Forum, Mysore]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baburaj, P. P.}}
[[Category:People from Thrissur]]
[[Category:Indian human rights activists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Damodar K. Mavalankar

2026-02-08T07:21:25Z

Breakoutbanglore: correct article after review for clarity

{{Short description|Indian Theosophist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
[[File:Damodar K. Mavalankar.001.jpg|right|210px|thumb|Damodar K. Mavalankar]]
[[File:Blavatsky Olcott Mavalankar.jpg|right|250px|thumb|[[H.P. Blavatsky]] standing behind [[Henry Steel Olcott]] (middle seated) and Damodar Mavalankar (seated to his left). [[Bombay]] 1881]]

'''Damodar K. Mavalankar''' (born September 1857 in [[Ahmedabad]] - departed for the Himalayas 1885)<ref>Sri Raghavan Iyer, 'Damodar K. Mavalankar'</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">Sven Eek (comp.), Dâmodar and the Pioneers of the Theosophical Movement, Theosophical Publishing House (TPH), 1965</ref> was an Indian [[Theosophist]].

==Biography==
He was born in the family of the Karhâda Mahârashtra [[caste]] of [[Brahmin|Brâhmanas]],<ref name="ReferenceB">Damodar K. Mavalankar, 'Castes in India', The Theosophist, May 1880</ref> a wealthy Indian family. Apart from learning the tenets of his religion by his father from an early age, he also received a very good English education.<ref name="ReferenceB"/>

In 1879 he met [[Henry Steel Olcott]] and [[Madame Blavatsky|H. P. Blavatsky]] in [[Bombay]], after they had just established the [[Theosophical Society]]'s temporary Indian headquarters there. Damodar joined the Society in 1879, giving up his [[caste]], and in 1880, he officially became a [[Buddhist]] while in [[Sri Lanka]], along with [[Henry Steel Olcott]] and [[Madame Blavatsky|H. P. Blavatsky]].<ref name="ReferenceA" /><ref name="ReferenceC">Henry Steel Olcott, 'Old Diary Leaves', Vol. 2, 1900</ref> His actions displeased his family and led to conflict, due to them desiring him to return home and live with his wife who was betrothed to him in his childhood, or face the consequences of being cut out of his will. In response to this, Damodar gave up an income of 50,000 Indian rupees to provide for the future of his wife, and continued to live and work with the Theosophical founders.<ref name="ReferenceC"/>

He continued his work in this way until 1885, when he went to [[Tibet]].<ref>Henry Steel Olcott, 'Old Diary Leaves', Vol. 3, 1904, pp. 265-6</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Helena Blavatsky]]
* [[Koot Hoomi]]
* [[Morya (Theosophy)]]
* [[Tallapragada Subba Row]]
* [[Henry Steel Olcott]]

==References==
<references />

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.theosophytrust.org/tlodocs/articlesTeacher.php?d=DamodarKMavalankar.htm&p=32 'Damodar K. Mavalankar' by Sri Raghavan Iyer]
*[http://www.theosociety.org/pasadena/damodar/dam-hp.htm 'Damodar, The Writings of a Hindu Chela', Compiled by Sven Eek]
*[http://www.theosociety.org/pasadena/damodar/dam1.htm 'Damodar, The Writings of a Hindu Chela', Compiled by Sven Eek -- Biographical notes]

{{Theosophy series}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mavalankar, Damodar K.}}
[[Category:1857 births]]
[[Category:1885 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of death uncertain]]
[[Category:Indian Theosophists]]
[[Category:Writers from Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Indian Buddhists]]
[[Category:Converts to Buddhism from Hinduism]]
[[Category:Buddhist writers]]
[[Category:Former Hindus]]

{{India-writer-stub}}

Sironj tehsil

2026-02-06T15:42:52Z

Breakoutbanglore: Starting New Article - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sironj tehsil
|native_name =
|native_name_lang =
|settlement_type = [[Tehsil]]
|image_skyline =
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| image =

|pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India
|pushpin_label_position = right
|pushpin_map_alt =
|pushpin_mapsize =
|pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Madhya Pradesh]]
|coordinates = {{coord|24.1|N|77.7|E|display=inline,title}}
|coordinates_footnotes = 
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{flagcountry|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = Madhya Pradesh
| subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Vidisha district]]
|government_type = [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|Janpad Panchayat]]
|governing_body = [[Council]]

|area_footnotes =
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| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]

| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30

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'''Sironj tehsil''' is a tehsil in [[Vidisha district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]. It is also a subdivision of the administrative and revenue division of [[Vidisha district]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Places to visit in Udaypur|url=http://www.vidisha.nic.in/tourism/tour_3.htm|access-date=27 August 2011|archive-date=24 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124011642/http://vidisha.nic.in/tourism/tour_3.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref>

==Demographics==

{{Empty section|date=August 2022}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Tehsils of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Sehore district]]

{{Bhopal-geo-stub}}

Yamkeshwar

2026-02-06T08:14:46Z

Breakoutbanglore:

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Yamkeshwar
| pushpin_map = India Uttarakhand
| coordinates = {{coord|29.992|78.402|display=inline, title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| native_name_lang = gbm
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttarakhand, India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttarakhand]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pauri Garhwal district|Pauri Garhwal]]
| established_title = 
| unit_pref = Metric
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 246275
| registration_plate = UK-12
| website = {{URL|pauri.gov.in}}
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]
}}
'''Yamkeshwar''' is a [[tehsil]] in the district of [[Pauri Garhwal]], in the Indian state of [[Uttarakhand]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pauri.nic.in/tehsil/|title=Tehsil | District Pauri Garhwal, Government of Uttarakhand | India}}</ref> It comes under [[Kotdwar]] sub-division. The place gets its name from the ancient temple of Yamkeshwar, which according to local lore is the place where [[Markandeya]] rishi was saved from [[Yamaraj]] by God [[Shiva]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.khabardailyupdate.com/2021/12/yamkeshwar-mahadev-temple-itihas-katha-puranik-mahatva-location.html | title=History, Story, Features, Mythological Significance, Locations of Yamkeshwar Mahadev Temple | language=hi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214124718/https://www.khabardailyupdate.com/2021/12/yamkeshwar-mahadev-temple-itihas-katha-puranik-mahatva-location.html | archive-date=2021-12-14}}</ref>

The tehsil is part of [[Yamkeshwar Assembly constituency]] and currently represented by [[Renu Bisht]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/uttarakhand/yamkeshwar-election-result-s28a036/|title=Yamkeshwar Election 2022: Yamkeshwar Assembly Seat LIVE Results|website=News18}}</ref> of [[BJP]]. The tehsil also has the ancestral village of UP CM [[Yogi Adityanath]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/uttarakhand/dehradun/yogi-adityanath-to-be-cm-of-up-celebration-in-uttarakhands-yamakeshwer/articleshow/57709793.cms|title=योगी आदित्यनाथ के यूपी सीएम बनने से पूरे यमकेश्वर क्षेत्र में खुशी की लहर|website=Navbharat Times}}</ref>

The tehsil is well connected by road and can be reached either from [[Haridwar]] and [[Rishikesh]], or through [[Kotdwar]] and Lansdowne. Majority of the Tehsil is rural and hilly area. Most people find employment in agriculture or tourism activities. In 2022, the tehsil was in the news for the [[Murder of Ankita Bhandari|Ankita Bhandari murder case]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/ankita-bhandari-murder-case-high-court-asks-sit-to-file-status-report-news-231554|title=Ankita Bhandari Murder Case: High Court Asks SIT To File Status Report|date=October 21, 2022|website=Outlook India}}</ref>
[[File:View of a small Valley seen from Yamkeshwar Block Office.jpg|thumb|View of the valley from the Yamkeshwar Block Office in Pauri Garhwal in Uttarakhand]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Pauri Garhwal district]]
[[Category:Tehsils of Uttarakhand]]
{{Uttarakhand-geo-stub}}

2025 India–Pakistan heat wave

2026-01-25T01:03:52Z

Breakoutbanglore:

{{Short description|Severe heatwave in India and Pakistan}}
{{Infobox heat event
| title = 2025 India{{endash}}Pakistan heat wave
| thermal_map =
| thermal_map_caption =
| type = [[Heat wave]]
| start_date = April 2025
| end_date = 10 July 2025
| areas = [[India]], [[Pakistan]]
| highest_temp_c = 48.0
| highest_temp_f = 118.4
| highest_temp_location = [[Sri Ganganagar]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| highest_temp_date = 12 June, 2025
| fatalities = 455 (in India, including associated storms)
* April: 195
* May: 260
}}The '''2025 India–Pakistan heat wave''' refers to a deadly [[extreme weather]] event of abnormally high temperatures that affected the [[Indian subcontinent]] beginning in early April 2025 and ending in July 2025. The weather phenomenon arrived earlier than the typical May–June summer heat wave season, and was characterized by temperatures significantly above seasonal averages across both nations. The event placed hundreds of millions of civilians under extreme [[Thermal stress on humans|thermal stress]], creating widespread health concerns and agricultural disruptions throughout the region.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Mogul |first=Rhea |last2=Saifi |first2=Sophia |date=2025-04-15 |title=Extended heatwave in India, Pakistan to test survivability limits, with temperatures reaching Death Valley levels |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/04/15/asia/india-pakistan-heatwave-climate-crisis-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=2025-04-19 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref>

== Meteorology ==
The heat wave began affecting both [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] in early April 2025, with [[Meteorology|meteorological agencies]] in both countries reporting temperatures reaching 5-8 °C above seasonal norms. [[Meteorologist|Weather authorities]] predicted the abnormal heat would persist longer than typical seasonal patterns, with the [[India Meteorological Department]] warning citizens to prepare for an "above-normal number of heatwave days" throughout April.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-04-07 |title=It's only early April and north India is bracing for extreme heat |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cwyn741gg73o |access-date=2025-04-19 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>

Meteorologists characterized the 2025 heat wave as part of a broader pattern of changing climate conditions affecting the Indian subcontinent. [[Climatology|Climate scientists]] identified the region as particularly vulnerable to thermal extremes, with projections suggesting that by mid-century, parts of India could be among the first global regions to experience temperatures exceeding human survivability thresholds. Climate experts warned that [[Health equity|socioeconomic disparities]] would likely determine exposure and adaptation capacity during extreme heat events. Communities lacking access to adequate housing, cooling technologies, and stable income sources faced disproportionate risks from increasing thermal extremes.<ref name=":0" />

=== India ===
In India's capital of [[New Delhi]], temperatures exceeded {{Convert|40|C|F}} multiple times during April, marking departures of up to 5 °C from average seasonal values and impacting the city's more than sixteen million residents. The neighboring state of [[Rajasthan]] registered extreme temperatures of {{Convert|44|C|F}} by mid-April.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2025-04-11 |title=Weather tracker: early heatwave sweeps northern India |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2025/apr/11/weather-tracker-early-heatwave-sweeps-northern-india |access-date=2025-04-19 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-17 |title=Delhi News Highlights: Rising heat triggers ‘yellow’ alert as mercury set to touch 42°C |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhi-news-live-updates-weather-heatwave-mcd-9944684/ |access-date=2025-04-19 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

[[Barmer, Rajasthan|Barmer]], a city in Rajasthan, recorded a peak temperature of {{Convert|46.4|C|F}} on 8 April, representing a deviation of more than 6 °C above average April maximum temperatures for the region and breaking the decades-old April temperature records for the region.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last= |date=2025-04-15 |title=Record temperatures scorch parts of India amid heatwave |url=https://www.eco-business.com/news/record-temperatures-scorch-parts-of-india-amid-heatwave/ |access-date=2025-04-19 |website=Eco-Business |language=en}}</ref> In [[Jaipur]], the capital of Rajasthan, temperatures exceeded {{Convert|40|C|F}} for five consecutive days beginning 6 April. The city registered a peak temperature of {{Convert|43.0|C|F}} on 9 April, approximately 5 °C above typical April high temperatures for the location.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

On 8 April, approximately thirty [[weather station]]s spread throughout India documented temperatures exceeding {{Convert|43.0|C|F}}, with many areas classified as experiencing severe heat wave conditions according to official meteorological standards.<ref name=":3" />

The extreme heat conditions triggered severe meteorological reactions in the eastern state of [[Bihar]], including its capital city [[Patna]]. The meeting of sharply contrasting weather fronts generated intense [[thunderstorm]] activity characterized by frequent lightning strikes, significant [[hail]], and powerful [[wind gust]]s. These severe weather events resulted in at least nineteen fatalities over a two-day period.<ref name=":2" />

=== Pakistan ===
The southwestern Pakistani province of [[Balochistan]] was predicted to record some of the most extreme conditions, with maximum temperatures potentially approaching {{Convert|49|C|F}}, comparable to readings typically observed in [[North America]]'s [[Death Valley]].<ref name=":0" />

In a sea-facing city like Karachi, the temperature reading has become irrelevant as various rain systems just zip past the city towards Punjab or wherever, with hung clouds over the urban, leaving the Karachiites breezeless which is the only thing that gives respite from permanently severe humidity the city is notorious for.

== Impact ==
Power demands for air conditioning systems in both nations increased dramatically, straining generation capacity and distribution networks. Extended power outages reported in multiple regions caused further thermal stress to affected populations.<ref name=":0" />

=== India ===
The India Meteorological Department issued early warnings about the abnormal heat conditions in mid-April, particularly affecting the capital region and northwestern territories.<ref name=":0" />

Agricultural communities in northwestern India reported widespread disruptions to farming activities and increasing cases of [[heat illness]]es. Fieldworkers described symptoms including [[dehydration]], [[nausea]], and [[dizziness]] when attempting outdoor labor during peak temperature periods.<ref name=":0" /> In Bihar, agricultural products including [[mango]], [[lychee]], and [[wheat]] crops suffered extensive damage just weeks before scheduled harvests.<ref name=":2" />

=== Pakistan ===
The [[Pakistan Meteorological Department]] forecast temperature anomalies of up to 8 °C above normal from 14 April to 18 April. The southwestern province of [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]] experienced particularly severe conditions, with inhabitants of [[Dera Murad Jamali]] city reporting that the thermal stress arrived with unexpected intensity.<ref name=":0" />

Extended [[power outage]]s lasting up to sixteen hours daily exacerbated challenges against living conditions for many residents, eliminating access to [[Air conditioning|cooling systems]] during critical high-temperature periods. The province faced additional [[water security]] challenges due to minimal rainfall and significant [[drought]] conditions during the winter months preceding the heat wave. Pakistani farmers reported accelerated crop development followed by reduced yields as plants struggled to cope with thermal stress and water scarcity during critical growth stages.<ref name=":0" />

== Responses ==
Several regions in [[Gujarat]] state were placed under orange alert status on 10 April, indicating heat wave conditions in multiple districts and heightened probability of heat-related illnesses. Residents of impacted areas were instructed to avoid [[Heat urticaria|heat exposure]] while taking active measures against dehydration.<ref name=":3" />

The [[Uttar Pradesh]] [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|Government]] issued directives for hospitals to prepare for increased cases of heat-related illnesses. The state administration also alerted [[Veterinary medicine|veterinarian teams]] and [[animal shelter]]s to remain vigilant and ensure adequate shelter and water provisions for [[livestock]] and other animals under their care.<ref name=":3" />

== See also ==
* [[2024 Pakistan heat wave]]
* [[2019 India–Pakistan heat wave ]]
* [[2022 India–Pakistan heat wave]]
* [[2025 in India]]
* [[2025 in Pakistan]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Deadliest meteorological events in 2025}}
{{Heat wave|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2025 India-Pakistan heat wave}}
[[Category:2025 heat waves|India–Pakistan heat wave]]
[[Category:April 2025 in India|Heat waves]]
[[Category:April 2025 in Pakistan|Heat waves]]
[[Category:Heat waves in India]]
[[Category:Heat waves in Pakistan]]

Jumde Yomgam Gamlin

2026-01-23T21:16:10Z

Breakoutbanglore: Put Up Article

{{Short description|Indian social worker}}{{Infobox person
| name = Jumde Yomgam Gamlin
| image = The President, Smt. Droupadi Murmu presenting the Padma Shri Award to Smt. Jumde Yomgam Gamlin at the Civil Investiture Ceremony-II at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on May 27, 2025.jpg
| caption = Gamlin (left) receiving the Padma Shri in 2025
| birth_place = [[Arunachal Pradesh]], India
| known_for = [[Social Work]]
| awards = [[Padma Shri]]
}}

'''Jumde Yomgam Gamlin''' is an Indian social worker from [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. She was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] in 2025 for her contributions to social work.<ref>{{Cite web |last=author |date=2025-01-26 |title=Jumde Yomgam Gamlin gets Padma Shri {{!}} The Arunachal Times |url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2025/01/26/jumde-yomgam-gamlin-gets-padma-shri/ |access-date=2025-06-02 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Achievements ==
In 2013, she founded Mother's Vision, a non governmental organization focused on drug de addiction and women's empowerment.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-28 |title=Padma Awards 2025: A complete list of winners with respective disciplines |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/padma-awards-2025-a-complete-list-of-winners-with-respective-disciplines-10033305/ |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2025-01-25 |title=Honest efforts never go unnoticed, eventually rewarded: Padma awardee J Y Gamlin |url=https://theprint.in/india/honest-efforts-never-go-unnoticed-eventually-rewarded-padma-awardee-j-y-gamlin/2463319/ |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

Her social work helped eliminate drug cultivation in parts of [[West Siang district]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=North East |date=2025-01-27 |title=Arunachal’s Jumde Yomgam Gamlin Honoured With Padma Shri For Social Work - Northeast Today |url=https://northeasttoday.in/2025/01/27/arunachals-jumde-yomgam-gamlin-honoured-with-padma-shri-for-social-work/ |access-date=2025-06-02 |language=en-US}}</ref> She empowered over 2,000 women through training and financial aid. Gamlin also serves as a [[District council (India)|Zila Parishad]] member.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-25 |title=Padma awards: 3 unsung heroes among 11 from NE |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/padma-awards-3-unsung-heroes-among-11-from-ne/articleshow/117561799.cms |access-date=2025-06-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Social Work}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gamlin, Jumde Yomgam}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian social workers]]
[[Category:Social workers from Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-bio-stub}}

Arjun (character)

2026-01-14T22:23:09Z

Breakoutbanglore:

{{Short description|Fictional detective}}
{{Infobox character
| name = Arjun
| image =
| caption =
| first = ''Khutimari Range'' (1983)
| last = ''Arjun Ebaar Chilapatay'' (2019)
| creator = [[Samaresh Majumdar]]
| voice =
| lbl1 =
| data1 =
| lbl2 =
| data2 =
| lbl3 =
| data3 =
| nickname =
| full_name = Arjun Roy
| species =
| occupation = Truth Investigator
| title =
| family = Arjun's mother
| spouse =
| children =
| relatives =
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| lbl21 = Residence
| data21 = [[Jalpaiguri]]
| lbl22 = Other characters
| data22 = Amal Shome Major Bistusaheb
| lbl23 =
| data23 =
| extra-hdr =
| lbl31 =
| data31 =
| lbl32 =
| data32 =
| lbl33 =
| data33 =
}}
'''Arjun''' is a young [[Fictional detectives|fictional detective]] character of [[Bengali literature]]. He lives at [[Jalpaiguri]] in [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Lu Quartet: Super Sleuths and Other Stories|date=30 November 2012|publisher=Hachette UK|isbn=9789350096215}}</ref> The character was created by [[Samaresh Majumdar]] in 1983.<ref>{{cite news|title=Samaresh Majumdar's boy-next-door sleuth Arjun comes alive on celluloid|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Samaresh-Majumdars-boy-next-door-sleuth-Arjun-comes-alive-on-celluloid/articleshow/19831081.cms}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A few Samaresh Majumdar classics |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/try-this/read/author-samaresh-majumdars-books-like-kaalbela-kalpurush-arjun-series-buno-haansh-and-more/cid/1935477 |access-date=26 March 2025}}</ref> Arjun's mentor is retired official cop, Mr. ''Amal Shome''. Although in first few stories, Arjun started as an assistant of Shome, later in the series, he started to solve cases independently as truth investigator.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Prasanna Kumar Basu by Narayan Sanyal - Famous Bengali detectives who have made it to the big screen|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/photo-features/famous-bengali-detectives-who-have-made-it-to-the-big-screen/prasanna-kumar-basu-by-narayan-sanyal/photostory/63892233.cms|access-date=2022-01-13|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Books of Arjun series==
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
# ''Khutimari Range''
# ''Khoonkharaapi''
# ''Kalimpong e Shita Horon''
# ''Chandigarh e Gondogol''
# ''Lighter''
# ''Dwitiyo Lighter''
# ''Tingchuk Monastery er Heeray''
# ''Hangor er Petay Heeray''
# ''Jutoy Rokter Daag''
# ''Der Din''
# ''Rotnogorbhaa''
# ''Kalapahaar''
# ''Borof e Paayer Chaap''
# ''Arjun Ebaar Kolkatay''
# ''Mac Shaheb er Naatni''
# ''Arjun Beriye Elo''
# ''Ghumghum er Shenbari''
# ''Carvalhor Baksho''
# ''Arjun @beepbeep.com''
# ''Yetir Attiyo''
# ''1 Mukhi Rudrakkho''
# ''Dracullar Shondhanay Arjun''
# ''Joyontir Jongol e''
# ''3 Jaaliyaat Ebong 1 Mitthebadi''
# ''Dindupuray Raatdupur''
# ''Nobaabganj er Norokhadok''
# ''Phool e Bish er Gondho''
# ''Bishaalyakarani''
# ''Maanush Pachaar''
# ''Lobonhrod Londobhondo''
# ''Samannandan Yamnandan''
# ''Shitahoron Rohossho''
# ''Hishebay Bhul Chilo''
# ''Mushkil Aasaan''
# ''10 Bongsho Dhangsho''
# ''Arjun Ebaar Chilapataay''
# ''Khiljir Guhaay Arjun''
# ''Arjun Ebaar Bangladesh e''
# ''Laakh Takar Paathor''
# ''2 Dikay 1 Arjun''
# ''Arjun er Protiddondi''
# ''Adim Ondhokaaray Arjun''
# ''Arjun Ebaar New York e''
# ''Arjun Ebong Chinese Cigarette''
* ''Arjun Shomogro'' (1-6)
}}

==Adaptations==
* Based on ''Sitaharan Rahasya'' and ''Khunkharapi'', a film was released in 2013 named ''[[Arjun: Kalimpong E Sitaharan]].''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-10-07 |title=Arjun, Kalimponge Sitahoron - Times Of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/bengali/movie-reviews/Arjun-Kalimponge-Sitahoron/articleshow/19966864.cms |access-date=2022-01-14 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007041236/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-09/movie-reviews/39142273_1_arjun-young-sleuth-feluda |archive-date=7 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-06-05 |title=Samareshda liked the promos of Arjun: Om - Times Of India |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-07/news-interviews/39089741_1_kalimpongey-sitaharan-arjun-amol-shome |access-date=2022-01-14 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605045407/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-07/news-interviews/39089741_1_kalimpongey-sitaharan-arjun-amol-shome |archive-date=5 June 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A Hindi tele-serial was released as ''Jungle Ki Gaherai Mey'', based on Arjun novel, ''Derdin''. [[Kaushik Sen]] played the role of Arjun.
* On 18 July 2022, [[Radio Mirchi]] Kolkata (98.3 MHz) station aired the story ''"Der Din"'' on the ''Sunday Suspense'' show.
* In March 2023, [[Radio Mirchi]] Kolkata (98.3 MHz) station aired the story ''"Jutoy Rokter Daag"'' on the ''Sunday Suspense'' show.
* In June 2023, [[Radio Mirchi]] Kolkata (98.3 MHz) station aired the story ''"Kalimpong ey Sitaharan"'' on the ''Sunday Suspense'' show.
* In 2024, ''Goppo Mir er Thek'' streamed "Dracular Sondhane Arjun".
* In 2025, ''Goppo Mir er Thek'' streamed "Arjun Ebar Bangladeshe", "Ekmukhi Ruddrakhho".

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book|title=Arjun Samagra|year=1957|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.265251|publisher=Ananda Publishers Pvt. Limited|isbn=9788177560930}}

{{Bengali detective characters}}

[[Category:Fictional Bengali people]]
[[Category:Fictional Indian people in literature]]
[[Category:Fictional Indian detectives]]
[[Category:Fictional amateur detectives]]
[[Category:Fictional Hindus]]

{{novel-char-stub}}

Rahat Khan

2026-01-03T18:18:43Z

Breakoutbanglore: clean up

{{Short description|Bangladeshi author (1940–2020)}}
{{about|the Bangladeshi journalist|the Pakistani field hockey player|Rahat Khan (field hockey)|the Pakistani singer|Rahat Fateh Ali Khan}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rahat Khan
| native_name = রাহাত খান
| native_name_lang = bn
| birth_date = {{birth date|1940|12|18|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Kishoreganj District]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2020|08|28|1940|12|19}}
| death_place = [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh
| alma_mater = [[University of Dhaka]]
| occupation = Journalist, litterateur
| years_active = 1964–2020
| known_for = Editor of ''[[The Daily Ittefaq]]''
| awards = [[#Awards|full list]]
}}

'''Rahat Khan''' (19 December 1940 – 28 August 2020)<ref>{{cite news |title=Author, journalist Rahat Khan no more |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2020/08/28/journalist-rahat-khan-is-no-more |work=Dhaka Tribune |date=28 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ekushey Padak-winning writer, journalist Rahat Khan dies |url=https://www.newagebd.net/article/114805/ekushey-padak-winning-writer-journalist-rahat-khan-dies |work=Dhaka Tribune|date=28 August 2020}}</ref> was a Bangladeshi journalist and litterateur. He wrote more than 32 novels.{{citation needed|date=December 2014}} He won [[Bangla Academy Literary Award]] in 1973 and [[Ekushey Padak]] in 1996 by the [[Government of Bangladesh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://banglaacademy.org.bd/?page_id=1315|script-title=bn:পুরস্কারপ্রাপ্তদের তালিকা|language=bn|trans-title=Winners list|access-date=2 April 2019|publisher=Bangla Academy|archive-date=1 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801001043/http://banglaacademy.org.bd/?page_id=1315|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=ekushey/>

==Early life==
Khan was born on 19 December 1940 in [[Kishoreganj District|Kishoreganj]].<ref name="jj18Dec2016">{{cite news |script-title=bn:নগর চেতনার কথাশিল্পী রাহাত খান |trans-title=Spirit of the city writer Rahat Khan |url=http://www.jaijaidinbd.com/?view=details&archiev=yes&arch_date=18-12-2016&feature=yes&type=single&pub_no=1754&cat_id=3&menu_id=75&news_type_id=1&index=18 |newspaper=[[Jaijaidin]] |date=18 December 2016}}</ref> He wrote his first story as a student in [[Third grade|class three]]. In his words, "One day a kite pounced on a small tortoise before our eyes. The event shocked me very much and made me tearful. I don't know why but I wrote a story on it and thus my authorial life began."<ref>Interview with Suhita Sultana for ''The Daily Banglabazar Patrika'' (27 February 1997)</ref> Khan completed a degree in economics and philosophy at [[Ananda Mohan College]]. He earned his MA from the Department of Bangla Language and Literature at the [[University of Dhaka]] in 1961. For the next eight years he taught Bangla at various colleges, including [[Jagannath College]] in Dhaka.<ref name="jj18Dec2016" />

==Career==
In 1969, Khan joined the Bangla-language daily newspaper ''[[The Daily Ittefaq]]'' as assistant editor.{{citation needed|date=August 2017}} He would spend over four decades at the paper, eventually becoming its editor.<ref>{{cite news |title=Manik Mia's journalism was about movement |url=http://thedailynewnation.com/news/55079/manik-mias-journalism-was-about-movement.html |newspaper=The New Nation |date=4 June 2015 |archive-date=9 August 2017 |access-date=9 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809172713/http://thedailynewnation.com/news/55079/manik-mias-journalism-was-about-movement.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Chaos at Ittefaq again over control |url=http://print.thefinancialexpress-bd.com/old/2009/09/27/80009.html |newspaper=The Financial Express |location=Dhaka |date=27 September 2009 |archive-date=9 August 2017 |access-date=9 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809131942/http://print.thefinancialexpress-bd.com/old/2009/09/27/80009.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 1972, Khan published his first collection of short stories, ''Onischito Lokaloy'' (''Uncertain Human Habitation'').{{citation needed|date=August 2017}} The following year he received the [[Bangla Academy Literary Award]] for his short stories.<ref name="banglaacademy">{{cite web |url=http://banglaacademy.org.bd/?page_id=1315 |script-title=bn:পুরস্কারপ্রাপ্ত লেখক-তালিকা |trans-title=Awarded Authors |language=bn |website=Bangla Academy |access-date=8 August 2017 |archive-date=1 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801001043/http://banglaacademy.org.bd/?page_id=1315 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He produced further volumes: ''Ontohin Jatra'' (''The Eternal Journey''), ''Bhalo Monder Taka'' (''Money for Good and Evil''), and in 1983, ''Apel Songbad'' (''News of the Apple''). In the early 1980s he published his debut novel, ''Omol Dhobol Chakri'' (''Milk-White Service''). He continued writing novels into the 1990s.{{citation needed|date=August 2017}}

After leaving ''Ittefaq'', Khan served as an advisory editor of ''Dainik Bartoman'' and served on the board of directors of the national news agency, [[Bangladesh Sangbad Sangstha]] (BSS). In March 2016, he was appointed to a {{frac|2|1|2}}-year term as chairman of the board of BSS.<ref>{{cite news |title=BSS Board reconstituted |url=http://www.theindependentbd.com/printversion/details/38424 |newspaper=The Independent |location=Dhaka |date=25 March 2016}}</ref>

== Themes ==
The middle and upper class life observed in his novels comes out of urban [[Dhaka]] society, while novels such as ''Omol Dhobol Chakri'' explore village life.{{citation needed|date=June 2015}}

Khan also considered [[Bengali Language Movement|Ekushe February]] and the [[Bangladeshi Liberation War]] in works such as ''Hey Matoh Bong'' and ''Hey Mohasunyota''.

==Novels==
* ''Omol Dhobol Chakuri'' (''Milk-White Service'', 1982)
* ''Ek Priyodorshini'' (''A Beautiful Woman'', 1983)
* ''Chayadompoti'' (''A Shadow Couple'', 1984)
* ''Sangharsha'' (''Clash'', 1984)
* ''Shahar'' (''The City'', 1984)
* ''Hey Onanter Pakhi'' (''O, Bird of Infinity'', 1989)
* ''Modhyomather Khelowar'' (''The Forward Footballer'', 1991)
* ''Akhanksha'' (''Desire'')
* ''Kayekjan'' (''A Few Persons'')
* ''Ognidaho'' (''Conflagration'')

==Awards==
* [[Bangla Academy Literary Award]] (1973) in the short story category<ref name="banglaacademy" />
* Sufi Motahar Hossain Award (1979)
* Mahbubullah Zebunnesa Trust Award (1979)
* Abul Mansur Memorial Award (1980)
* Humayun Qadir Memorial Award (1982)
* Shuhrid Literary Award (1975)
* Trayi Literary Award (1988)
* Cetana Literary Award (1989)
* [[Ekushey Padak]] (1996)<ref name=ekushey>{{cite news|url= http://www.moca.gov.bd/site/page/c706da0c-29ee-4f0f-95d9-fa6705e19001/|script-title=bn:একুশে পদকপ্রাপ্ত সুধীবৃন্দ|access-date=3 April 2019|publisher=Government of Bangladesh|language=bn|trans-title=Ekushey Padak winners list}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |url=http://www.publications.com.bd/Authors/UpcomingBooks.aspx?aid=718#sub |title=Rahat Khan |website=publishers.com.bd |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-date=9 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150609072435/http://www.publications.com.bd/Authors/UpcomingBooks.aspx?aid=718#sub |url-status=dead }}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Rahat}}
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Kishoreganj District]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Jagannath University]]
[[Category:Bengali-language novelists]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi male novelists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ekushey Padak]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Bangla Academy Award]]
[[Category:Government Ashek Mahmud College alumni]]
[[Category:University of Dhaka alumni]]
[[Category:Ananda Mohan College alumni]]

List of Marathi films of 2016

2025-12-28T17:30:20Z

Breakoutbanglore:

{{Short description|None}}
{{Marathi films}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
A list of films produced by the Marathi language film industry based in [[Maharashtra]] scheduled for release in the year 2016.

== Box office collection ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Rank
!Film
!Production Studio (s)
!Worldwide gross
!Ref.
|-
|1
|''[[Sairat]]''
|{{Plainlist|*[[Zee Studios]]
*[[Aatpat Production]]
*[[Essel Vision Productions]]}}
|{{INRConvert|110|c}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Made in Marathi |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/entertainment/made-in-marathi/1141162/ |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2
|''[[Natsamrat]]''
|{{Plainlist|*Fincraft Media and Entertainment Pvt. Ltd.
*Gajanan Chitra
*Great Maratha Entertainment}}
|{{INRConvert|48|c}}–{{INRConvert|50|c}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-05-23 |title=With Sairat, Marathi cinema flies high on box office, appreciation |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/with-sairat-marathi-cinema-flies-high-on-box-office-appreciation-2814848/ |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-21 |title=Reclaiming the box office |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/cinema/reclaiming-the-box-office/article9730470.ece |access-date=2025-12-28 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|3
|[[Ventilator (2016 film)|''Ventilator'']]
|[[Purple Pebble Pictures]]
|{{INRConvert|25|c}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narayan |first=Hari |date=2016-12-26 |title=Marathi, Punjabi films that made a mark in 2016 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Marathi-Punjabi-films-that-made-a-mark-in-2016/article16944908.ece1 |access-date=2025-12-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|}

==January – March==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Opening
! Title
! Director
! Cast
! Genre
! Source
|-
| rowspan=2|{{dts|format=dmy||1|1}} || ''[[Natsamrat]]'' ||[[Mahesh Manjrekar]] ||[[Nana Patekar]], [[Neha Pendse]], [[Vikram Gokhale]], [[Sunil Barve]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/nana-patekar-gears-up-for-nat-samrat-dream-project/ |title=Nana Patekar gears up for 'Nat Samrat' dream project |date=3 March 2015 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
| ''Mohar'' ||[[Vijay Patkar]] ||[[Prasad Oak]], [[Aditi Sarangdhar]], [[Sayaji Shinde]], Vijay Arjun, Hemalata Bane, Vijay Kadam, Manasi Naik || [[Drama film|Drama]] ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Get-ready-for-a-war-between-Mohar-and-Natsamrat/articleshow/50280276.cms |title=Mohar's makers challenge Natsamrat |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2|{{dts|format=dmy||1|8}} || ''Lord Of Shingnapur'' ||Raj Rathod ||[[Milind Gunaji]], [[Manoj Joshi (actor)|Manoj Joshi]], [[Varsha Usgaonkar]] ||[[Drama film|Drama]] ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/article-on-lord-of-shingnapur-movie-1183692/ |title='लॉर्ड ऑफ शिंगणापूर' चित्रपट |date=3 January 2016 |work=Loksatta}}</ref>
|-
| ''Sarva Mangal Savadhan'' ||Rahil Khan ||[[Raqesh Vashisth]], [[Manjari Fadnis]] ||[[Action film]], [[Romance film]] ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Manjari-and-Raqeshs-re-arranged-marriage/articleshow/47627815.cms |title=Manjari and Raqesh's re-arranged marriage |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=5|{{dts|format=dmy||1|15}} || ''[[Friends (2016 film)|Friends]]'' ||[[Ramana Madhesh]]||[[Swapnil Joshi]], [[Sachit Patil]], Nitesh Kalbande, Gauri Nalawade||[[Action film|Action]], [[Drama film|Drama]], [[Romance film|Romance]] ||<ref name="indiatimes.com">{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Release-of-five-films-on-a-day/articleshow/50559403.cms |title=Release of five films on a day |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Shasan]]'' ||[[Gajendra Ahire]]||[[Makarand Anaspure]], [[Bharat Jadhav]], [[Siddharth Jadhav]], [[Jitendra Joshi]], [[Manava Naik]], Vrinda Gajendra, [[Aditi Bhagwat]], Vikram Gokhle, [[Nagesh Bhosle]], [[Milind Shinde]], Anjali Walsangkar, Ravindra Berde, Jayant Savarkar, [[Dr. Shriram Lagoo]], [[Mohan Joshi]], [[Kiran Karmarkar]]||[[Political drama]] ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/multistarrer-shasan-movie-releasing-on-22-october-1145591/ |title=मल्टीस्टारर 'शासन' |date=29 September 2015 |work=Loksatta}}</ref>
|-
| ''702 Dixit's'' ||Shankh Rajadhyaksha||[[Gauri Nigudkar]], Pallavi Patil||[[Suspense thriller]] ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Gauri-Nigudkar-comes-back-to-Marathi-cinema/articleshow/50311737.cms |title=Gauri returns to Marathi cinema with thriller |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| ''Chahato Mi Tula'' ||Vishal Puwar||[[Meghan Jadhav]], [[Shruti Marathe]], [[Prasad Oak]]||[[Drama film|Drama]], [[Romance film|Romance]]||<ref name="indiatimes.com"/>
|-
| ''Chiranjeev'' ||Ramesh More||[[Bharat Jadhav]], [[Alka Kubal]]||[[Drama film|Drama]]||<ref name="indiatimes.com"/>
|-
| rowspan=1|{{dts|format=dmy||1|22}} || ''[[Guru (2016 film)|Guru]]'' ||[[Sanjay Jadhav]]||[[Ankush Choudhary]], Nitesh Kalbande [[Urmila Kanitkar]]||[[Action film|Action]], [[Drama film|Drama]] ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://businessofcinema.com/business/eros-international-partners-bagpiper-soda-for-marathi-movie-guru/240990 |title=Eros International Partners Bagpiper Soda For Marathi Movie Guru |work=Businessofcinema.com|date=16 October 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3|{{dts|format=dmy||1|29}} || ''[[Bandh Nylon Che]]'' ||Jatin Wagle||[[Subodh Bhave]], [[Mahesh Manjrekar]], [[Sanjay Narvekar]], [[Shruti Marathe]], [[Sunil Barve]], [[Medha Manjrekar]]||[[Drama film|Drama]] ||<ref name="auto">{{cite web |date=1 January 2016 |title=Bandh Nylon Che (2016) |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5206784/ |work=IMDb}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Mahesh-Manjrekars-next-to-highlight-mans-dependence-on-technology/articleshow/45385042.cms |title=Mahesh Manjrekar's next to highlight man's dependence on technology |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| ''Athang'' ||[[Milind Gawali]]||[[Milind Gawali]], Tanvi Hegde||[[Drama film|Drama]]||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Milind-Gawalis-Athang-dream/articleshow/50366000.cms |title=Milind Gawali's Athang dream |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| ''Prem Kahani'' ||Satish Randive||[[Faisal Khan (actor)|Faisal Khan]], Kajal Sharma||[[Drama film|Drama]] ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/jhalak-reloaded-contestant-faisal-khan-bags-a-marathi-film/story-6Q1uDH9p8fOLxhg6aIHa1H.html |title=Jhalak Reloaded contestant Faisal Khan bags a Marathi film |work=hindustantimes.com/}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3|{{dts|format=dmy||2|5}}|| ''Marathi Tigers'' ||Aavdhoot B. Kadam||[[Amol Kolhe]], [[Ashish Vidyarthi]], Nitesh Kalbande [[Vikram Gokhale]], Kiran Sharad, Vidyadhar Joshi||[[Action film|Action]], [[Drama film|Drama]] ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/marathi-tigers-makers-to-take-legal-route-if-banned-in-karnataka-304475-2016-01-19 |title=Marathi Tigers makers to take legal route if banned in Karnataka }}</ref>
|-
| ''Mumbai Time'' ||Sushrut Bhagwat||[[Umesh Kamat]], Mrunal Dusanis, [[Mahesh Manjrekar]]||[[Crime thriller]]||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Child-actor-turns-director/articleshow/46878076.cms |title=Child actor Bhagwat turns director |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|''Police Lines Ek Purna Satya'' ||Raju Parsekar||[[Santosh Juvekar]], Sayali Sanjeev ||[[Drama film|Drama]]
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/sachin-tendulkar-supports-marathi-film-on-lives-of-policemen/ |title=Sachin Tendulkar supports Marathi film on lives of policemen |date=23 January 2016 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3|{{dts|format=dmy||2|12}}|| ''[[Poshter Girl]]'' ||Sameer Patil||[[Sonalee Kulkarni]], [[Jitendra Joshi]], [[Hrishikesh Joshi]], [[Aniket Vishwasrao]], Sandeep Pathak, Akshay Tanksale and Siddharth Menon||[[Comedy film|Comedy]], [[Satire]]||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.televisionpost.com/news/viacom18-motion-pictures-lines-up-marathi-film-poshter-girl-for-12-feb/ |title=Viacom18 Motion Pictures lines up Marathi film 'Poshter Girl' for 12 Feb |work=televisionpost.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''Jugaad'' ||Mayur Vaishnav||Priya Gamre, Abhinav Paatekar||[[Comedy film|Comedy]]||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/pune/movies/jugaad-marathi/ET00038744 |title=Pune Marathi Movie Jugaad 2016 Synopsis & Reviews- - BookMyShow |author=BookMyShow |date=12 February 2016 |work=BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
| ''Shinma Yeda'' ||Ashraf Khan||[[Nagesh Bhonsle]], Jagdish Yemul, Seema Kulkarni||[[Comedy film|Comedy]]||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/pune/movies/shinma-yeda/ET00038798 |title=Pune Marathi Movie Shinma Yeda 2016 Synopsis & Reviews- - BookMyShow |author=BookMyShow |date=12 February 2016 |work=BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=5|{{dts|format=dmy||2|19}}|| ''Sangharsh Yatra''|| Sakar Raut ||[[Sharad Kelkar]], Shilpa Gandhi, [[Shruti Marathe]], Ashish Wadde, Omkar Karve, Girish Pardeshi || [[Biopic|Based On Late Gopinath Munde]] ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Sangharsh-Yatra-Gopinath-Munde/articleshow/50168154.cms |title=Sangharsh Yatra delayed due to 'technical issues' |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mr. and Mrs. Sadachari]]''|| Ashish Wagh ||[[Vaibbhav Tatwawdi]], Nitesh Kalbande [[Prarthana Behere]]||[[Action film|Action]], [[Romance film|Romance]] ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/trade-news/marathi/CABK-on-TV-this-Sunday/articleshow/48720604.cms |title=CABK on TV this Sunday |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| ''7 Roshan Villa''|| Akshay Datt ||[[Tejaswini Pandit]], [[Prasad Oak]] and [[Sonali Khare]] || [[Suspense thriller]] ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Shreya-and-Bela-croons-for-7-Roshan-Villa/articleshow/43718801.cms |title=Shreya and Bela croons for 7, Roshan Villa |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| ''Ek Hoti Rani''|| Prasad Appa Tarkar || [[Aniket Vishwasrao]], Minal Ghorpade || [[Comedy film|Comedy]] ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/pune/movies/ek-hoti-rani/ET00038879 |title=Pune Marathi Movie Ek Hoti Rani 2016 Synopsis & Reviews- - BookMyShow |author=BookMyShow |date=19 February 2016 |work=BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
|''Vighnaharta Mahaganpati''|| Rajesh Chavan || [[Sameer Dharmadhikari]], [[Priya Marathe]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Marathi-filmmakers-opt-for-telly-stars/articleshow/50914725.cms |title=Marathi filmmakers opt for telly stars |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3|{{dts|format=dmy||2|26}} || ''Ticha Umbartha''|| Pradeep Ghonsikar ||[[Chinmay Mandlekar]], [[Tejaswini Pandit]], Suyash Tilak, Jyoti Chandekar, Sheetal Shukla, Harsha Khandeparkar, Tulika Prakash Nikam, Bharat Sharma, Jayant Patekar, Aditi Sawant|| [[Drama film|Drama]] ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Army-of-telly-stars-in-Ticha-Umbartha/articleshow/50741813.cms |title=Army of telly stars in Ticha Umbartha |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| ''Babanchi Shala''|| R. Viraj ||[[Sayaji Shinde]], [[Aishwarya Narkar]], [[Shashank Shende]]|| [[Drama film|Drama]]
||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Babanchi-Shala-Sayaji-Shinde-R-Viraj/articleshow/43609040.cms |title=Watch: Sayaji Shinde's jailor avtar in Babanchi Shala |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| ''Aamchaya Nadi Lagu Naka''|| Urvarshi Kotyan ||[https://imdb.com/name/nm11293788/ Shahid Tausif Sayyed]||[[Drama film|Drama]] ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/pune/movies/amcha-nadi-lagu-naka/ET00039312 |title=Pune Marathi Movie Aamchya Nadi Lagu Naka 2016 Synopsis & Reviews- - BookMyShow |author=BookMyShow |date=26 February 2016 |work=BookMyShow}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt12187114/|title=Aamchya Nadi Lagu Naka (2016) |date=26 February 2016 |work=IMDb}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=1|{{dts|format=dmy||3|4}}|| ''[[Sarpanch Bhagirath]]''|| Ramdas Phutane ||[[Mohan Agashe]], [[Upendra Limaye]], Veena Jamkar, [[Kishor Kadam]]|| [[Drama film|Drama]] ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.loksatta.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/1208970/ticha-umbartha-and-sarpanch-bhagirath-movie-team-visited-at-chala-hawa-yeu-dya/ |title=PHOTOS: 'चला हवा येऊ द्या'च्या मंचावर मोहन आगाशे, तेजस्विनी, सुयश.. - Loksatta |date=27 February 2016 |work=Loksatta}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2|{{dts|format=dmy||3|11}} || ''[[Phuntroo]]''|| [[Sujay Dahake]] ||[[Ketaki Mategaonkar]], [[Madan Deodhar]] || [[Sci-Fi]], [[Romance film|Romance]], [[Thriller film|Thriller]] ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Sujay-Dahake-gets-ready-with-his-next-film-Phuntroo/articleshow/49468512.cms |title=Sujay Dahake gets ready with his next film Phuntroo |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/music/Ketaki-croons-solo-album/articleshow/45742367.cms |title=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com is temporarily unavailable |work=indiatimes.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''Anuraag'' ||Ambarish Darak||[[Mrunmayee Deshpande]], Dharmendra Gohil||[[Drama film|Drama]] ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Mrunmayee-Deshpande-turns-debutant-director/articleshow/49658511.cms |title=Mrunmayee Deshpande turns director |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=1|{{dts|format=dmy||3|18}} || ''[[Pinjra (film)|Pinjra]]'' ||[[V. Shantaram]]||[[Shriram Lagoo]], [[Sandhya Shantaram|Sandhya]], [[Nilu Phule]]||[[Drama film|Drama]] || Re-release in [[Dolby Digital]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Pinjra-V-Shantaram-re-release/articleshow/51289585.cms |title=V Shantaram's Pinjra to re-release after 44 years |author=Mihir Bhanage |date=7 March 2016 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/once-again-pinjara-marathi-movie-come-on-screen-1211864/ |title=पुन्हा एकदा 'पिंजरा' |date=6 March 2016 |work=Loksatta}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=1|{{dts|format=dmy||3|25}} || ''Well Done Bhalya'' ||Nitin Kamble||Nandkumar Solkar, [[Ramesh Deo]], [[Sanjay Narvekar]], [[Alka Kubal]], [[Sharad Ponkshe]]||[[Sports film|Sports]], [[Drama film|Drama]] ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/eco-friendly-holi-celebration-by-well-done-bhalya-movie-team-1218196/ |title=कलाकारांची इको फ्रेण्डली होळी |date=22 March 2016 |work=Loksatta}}</ref>
|-
|}

==April – June==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Opening
! Title
! Director
! Cast
! Genre
! Source
|-
| rowspan=2|{{dts|format=dmy||4|1}}
| '' [[Kapus Kondyachi Goshta]]''|| [[Mrunalini Bhosale]]|| [[Makarand Anaspure]], [[Samidha Guru]], [[Bharat Ganeshpure]], Gauri Konge, Mohini Kulkarni, Netra Mali || [[Drama film|Drama]]
||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screendaily.com/news/marathi-films-make-waves-at-film-bazaar/5097238.article |title=Marathi films make waves at Film Bazaar }}</ref>
|-
| '' [[Rangaa Patangaa]]''|| Prasad Namjoshi||[[Makarand Anaspure]], Sandeep Pathak || [[Drama film|Drama]]
||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Ranga-Patanga-director-claims-his-film-is-technically-most-superior/articleshow/45058743.cms |title=Ranga Patanga director claims his film is technically most superior |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=4|{{dts|format=dmy||4|8}} || ''Vrundavan'' ||TLV Prasad||[[Raqesh Vashisth]], [[Pooja Sawant]], Vaidehi Parshurami, [[Ashok Saraf]], [[Mahesh Manjrekar]]||[[Action film|Action]], [[Comedy film|Comedy]]
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/amitraj-composing-music-vrindavan-and-gentleman-150428 |title=Amitraj composing music for 'Vrindavan' and 'Gentleman' |date=28 April 2015 |work=Radioandmusic.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Reti (film)|Reti]]'' ||Suhas Bhosale||[[Chinmay Mandlekar]], [[Kishor Kadam]], [[Shashank Shende]], Sanjay Khapare, Vidhyadhar Joshi, Gayatri Soham, [[Suhas Palshikar (actor)|Suhas Palshikar]], Deepak Karanjikar, Mosami Tondwalkar, Bhagyashri Rane||[[Action film|Action]], [[Thriller Film|Thriller]]
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/shaan-debuts-as-music-director-for-a-marathi-film/17097184 |title=Shaan debuts as music director for a Marathi film |date=2 April 2016 |work=mid-day}}</ref>
|-
| ''Sal'' ||Ravindra Honrao, Durgesh Golipkar ||Poonam Chavan, Mukesh Gaikwad, Vinita Sancheti, Umesh Mitkari, Prem Narsale, Kunal More, Sikandar Mulani ||[[Drama film|Drama]] ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/pune/movies/sal-marathi/ET00040784 |title=Pune Marathi Movie Sal (Marathi) 2016 Synopsis & Reviews- - BookMyShow |author=BookMyShow |date=8 April 2016 |work=BookMyShow}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://marathimovieworld.com/moviedetail/sal.php |title=Sal ( सल ) }}</ref>
|-
|''Marathon Zindagi'' ||Shakir -Inayat ||[[Vikram Gokhale]], [[Sanjay Narvekar]], Girish Pardeshi, Anil Nagarkar, Sunil Godbole, Kishor Mahabole, Sushil Bhosale, Seema Kulkarni and Akshay Lonare||[[Drama film|Drama]] ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.filmipop.com/movies/marathon-zindagi-movie-11012 |title=Marathon Zindagi |work=filmipop.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2|{{dts|format=dmy||4|15}}
|''Ek Kutub Teen Minar'' ||Sunil Kamble ||[[Bharat Jadhav]], [[Vijay Chavan]], Sanchit Yadav, Shyam Thombre, Poornima Vavhal, Amruta Deshmukh, Pooja Kadam Vijay Kadam, Gauri Kendre||[[Drama film|Drama]] ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zeetalkies.com/celebs-speak/marathi-film-ek-kutub-teen-minar-to-release-on-april-15.html |title=Marathi Film Ek Kutub Teen Minar To Release On April 15 |work=ZEE Talkies}}</ref>
|-
|''Ek Hota Valya'' ||Sharadchandra Jadhav ||Sharadchandra Jadhav, Priyanka Sasane||[[Drama film|Drama]] ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/upcoming-new-marathi-movie-ek-hota-valya-1224264/ |title='एक होता वाल्या' – एक वास्तववादी चित्रपट |date=7 April 2016 |work=Loksatta}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3|{{dts|format=dmy||4|22}} || ''[[Bho Bho]]'' ||Bharat Gaikwad ||[[Prashant Damle]], [[Anuja Sathe]]||[[Comedy film|Comedy]], [[Suspense thriller]]||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Get-ready-for-Bho-Bho/articleshow/49997161.cms |title=Get ready for 'Bho Bho' |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| ''Premacha Jhol Jhal'' ||Manoj Kotian ||Siddharth Jadhav, Vijay Patkar, Navin Prabhakar, Smita Goondkar, Tejaswi Patil, Priya Berde||[[Comedy film|Comedy]], [[Drama film|Drama]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Pakistani-artists-have-spread-dirt-on-Indian-TV-Navin-Prabhakar/articleshow/20840920.cms |title=Pakistani artists have spread dirt on Indian TV: Navin Prabhakar |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=2017-01-28}}</ref>
|-
| ''Mazhi Tapasya'' ||Dr. Raj Mane ||[[Makarand Deshpande]], [[Milind Shinde]], Namrata Gaikwad||[[Drama film|Drama]]||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/pune/movies/mazhi-tapasya/ET00041120 |title=Pune Marathi Movie Mazhi Tapasya 2016 Synopsis & Reviews- - BookMyShow |author=BookMyShow |date=22 April 2016 |work=BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=1|{{dts|format=dmy||4|29}}|| ''[[Sairat]]'' ||[[Nagraj Manjule]] ||[[Rinku Rajguru]], Akash Thosar||[[Romance film]], [[Drama film|Drama]] ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/discrimination-exists-everywhere-in-india-nagraj-manjule/ |title=Discrimination exists everywhere in India: Nagraj Manjule |date=6 March 2016 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2|{{dts|format=dmy||5|20}}
| ''[[Paisa Paisa (2016 film)|Paisa Paisa]]'' ||Joji Raechal Job ||[[Sachit Patil]], [[Spruha Joshi]] ||[[Thriller Film|Thriller]]
||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/first-look-of-marathi-movie-paisa-paisa-1212115/ |title=सचित-स्पृहाच्या 'पैसा पैसा'चा फर्स्ट लूक |date=7 March 2016 |work=Loksatta}}</ref>
|-
| ''Aart'' ||Rajendra Sali, Datta Gaikar. ||Sheetal Salunke, Santosh Mayekar, Ganesh Yadav, Jairaj Nair and Ajit Bhagat ||[[Drama film|Drama]]||
|-
| rowspan=2|{{dts|format=dmy||5|27}}
| ''Majha Naav Shivaji'' ||Pranita Pawar ||Chakraborty, Siyaa Patil, [[Aditi Sarangdhar]], [[Abhijeet Chavan]], Ashwini Ekbote, Yogesh Sirshath ||[[Romance film]], [[Drama film|Drama]] ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://abpmajha.abplive.in/ |title=ABP Majha – Breaking & Latest Marathi News Live, Marathi News Updates }}</ref>
|-
|[[Laal Ishq (film)|''Laal Ishq'']] ||[[Swapna Waghmare Joshi]] ||[[Swapnil Joshi]], [[Anjana Sukhani]], Sneha Chavan, Samidha Guru || [[Murder mystery film|Murder mystery]] ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/BOL-MB-slbs-swapnil-joshi-starrer-first-marathi-film-laal-ishq-is-a-murder-mystery-5278091-NOR.html |title=SLB's Swapnil Joshi starrer first marathi film 'Laal Ishq' is a murder mystery - divyamarathi.bhaskar.com |work=divyabhaskar}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2|{{dts|format=dmy||6|3}} || ''[[Lalbaugchi Rani]]'' ||[[Laxman Utekar]] ||Veena Jamkar, [[Prathamesh Parab]], Neha Joshi, [[Parth Bhalerao]], [[Ashok Shinde]], Nandita Dhuri, [[Kamlesh Sawant]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/almost-famous-7/ |title=Almost Famous |date=20 January 2015 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
| ''Youth'' ||Rakesh Kudalkar ||Akshay Waghmare, [[Neha Mahajan]], Akshay Mhatre, Meera Joshi, Shashank Jadhav, Ketaki Kulkarni, Satish Pulekar and [[Vikram Gokhale]] ||[[Drama film|Drama]], [[Thriller Film|Thriller]] ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/music/Swanand-Kirkire-marathi-Youth-bharud/articleshow/50353570.cms |title=Swanand sings a bharud for Youth |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=4|{{dts|format=dmy||6|10}} || ''Vees Mhanje Vees'' ||Uday Bhandarkar || [[Mrinmayee Godbole]], [[Parth Bhalerao]], Mrunal Jadhav, Shrirang Mahajan, Mihir Mule, and [[Arun Nalawade]]||[[Drama film|Drama]]
||
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Marathi-film-Vees-Mhanje-Vees-to-release-on-June-10/articleshow/52176519.cms |title=Marathi film 'Vees Mhanje Vees' to release on June 10 |date=8 May 2016 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Cheater (film)|Cheater]]''|| Ajay Phansekar || [[Vaibbhav Tatwawdi]], [[Pooja Sawant]], [[Hrishikesh Joshi]], [[Asawari Joshi]], [[Suhas Joshi]]|| [[Comedy film|Comedy]], [[Horror film|Horror]] ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Here-comes-the-Cheater/articleshow/50741666.cms |title=Here comes the Cheater |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|''Duniya Geli Tel Laavat''
|Pravin Raja Karale
|[[Siddarth Jadhav|Siddharth Jadhav]], Mansee Deshmukh, Sammeer Sumantt, [[Yuugg]], Dr. Girish Oak, Savita Prabhune, Uday Sabnis, Jayant Wadkar, Yogesh Shinde, Geeta Bagde, Priya Dhande and Supriya Nalwade
|[[Drama film|Drama]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/marathi-movie-duniya-geli-tel-laavat-1242142/ |title='दुनिया गेली तेल लावत'! |date=2016-05-24 |website=Loksatta |language=en-US |access-date=2016-06-08}}</ref>
|-
|''Mazi Bayko Mazi Mehvani''
|Deepak Sharma
|Siya Patil, Vilas Ujawane
|[[Comedy film|Comedy]], [[Drama film|Drama]]
|
|-
| rowspan=1|{{dts|format=dmy||6|12}} || ''Madhu Ithe An Chandra Tithe'' ||Sanjay Zankar ||Shashwati Pimplikar, [[Bhalchandra Kadam]], Anand Ingle ||[[Comedy film|Comedy]] ||TV Release
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.marathidhamaal.com/news/unveiling-first-look-poster-of-madhu-ithe-an-chandra-tithe |title=Unveiling First Look Poster of 'Madhu Ithe An Chandra Tithe' - Marathi Dhamaal |work=Marathi Dhamaal}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3|{{dts|format=dmy||6|17}} || ''Pindadaan'' || Prashant Patil || [[Siddharth Chandekar]], [[Manava Naik]], Paula McGlynn, Prasad Pandit, Sanjay Kulkarni, Madhav Abhyankar, Farida Daadi ||[[Romance film|Romance]] ||
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/Canadian-Paula-makes-Marathi-debut/articleshow/52174131.cms |title=Canadian Paula makes her Marathi debut |website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>
|-
| ''Bernie'' || Neelima Lonari ||Tejaswini Lonari, Rajan Tamhane, Bhushan Patil, Girish Pardeshi, Savita Malapekar, Kiran Khoje, Sumukhi Pendase, Mousami Tondawalkar, Chaitrali Dongare, Raj Hasanalale and Radhika Deshpande. ||[[Drama film|Drama]] ||
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.megamarathi.com/news/bernie-marathi-movie-to-release-on-17-june/ |title='Bernie' Marathi Movie To Release on 17 June - MegaMarathi.Com |author=megamarathi |date=14 May 2016 |work=MegaMarathi.Com}}</ref>
|-
| ''Barad'' ||Tanaji Mahadeo Ghadge ||[[Suhas Palshikar (actor)|Suhas Palshikar]], Rajan Patil, Shahaji Kale, [[Bharat Ganeshpure]], Sanjay Kulkarni, Nandkishor Chaughule ||[[Drama film|Drama]]
|
|-
| rowspan=3|{{dts|format=dmy||6|24}} || ''Ganvesh'' ||Atul Jagdale ||[[Mukta Barve]], [[Kishor Kadam]] and [[Smita Tambe]] ||[[Drama film|Drama]]
||
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Jogwa-cinematographer-to-direct-Ganvesh/articleshow/46274018.cms |title=Jogwa cinematographer to direct Ganvesh |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Ekk Albela]]''
|Shekhar Sartandel
|Mangesh Desai, Vidhyadhar Joshi, Prasad Pandit, [[Swapnil Rajshekhar]], Vighnesh Joshi, Shekhar Phadke, Shriram Kolhatkar, Arun Bhadsavle, [[Vidya Balan]]
|[[Biopic]]
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/vidya-balan-to-make-her-marathi-debut-with-ek-albela/ |title=Vidya Balan to make her Marathi debut with Ek Albela |date=11 September 2015 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
|''Damlelya Babachi Kahani''
|Yogesh Jadhav & Nitin Chavan
|[[Sandeep Khare]], [[Sanskruti Balgude]], [[Kishor Kadam]], Astad Kale, Dipti Bhagawat, Pravin Tarade, Jyoti Chandekar
|[[Family drama]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/music/Sandeep-Khare-Sanskruti-Balgude/articleshow/47780436.cms |title=Sandeep to play Sanskruti's father |website=The Times of India |access-date=2016-06-13}}</ref>
|-
|}

==July – September==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Opening
! Title
! Director
! Cast
! Genre
! Source
|-
| rowspan=2|{{dts|format=dmy||7|1}}
|''Made in Maharashtra''
|Nitesh Pawar
|[[Arun Nalawade]], Jitu Goswami, Pravin Garje, Priya Gamre, Shital Gaikwad and [[Bhalchandra Kadam|Bhalchandra kadam]]
|[[Drama film|Drama]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.zeetalkies.com/celebs-speak/music-of-made-in-maharashtra-launched.html |title=Music Of Made In Maharashtra Launched |website=ZEE Talkies |access-date=2016-07-01}}</ref>
|-
|''Yaaro Ki Yaari''
|Vinay Bhargav
|Ajit Salve, Ashmita Deshpande, [[Ashwini Bhave]]
|[[Comedy film|Comedy]], [[Drama film|Drama]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/mumbai/movies/yaaro-ki-yaari/ET00043110 |title=Yaaro Ki Yaari |last=BookMyShow |website=BookMyShow |access-date=2016-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2|{{dts|format=dmy||7|15}}
|''Astu''
|[[Sumitra Bhave–Sunil Sukthankar|Sumitra Bhave]], Sunil Sukthankar
|[[Mohan Agashe]], [[Iravati Harshe]], [[Amruta Subhash]] and [[Milind Soman]].
|[[Drama film|Drama]]
|Re-release<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Astu-to-re-release-in-Maharashtra/articleshow/52868793.cms |title=Astu to re-release in Maharashtra |website=The Times of India |access-date=2016-06-23}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kiran Kulkarni vs Kiran Kulkarni]]'' ||[[Kanchan Adhikari]]||[[Subodh Bhave]], Kranti Redkar ||[[Comedy film|Comedy]] ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/music/First-song-of-Kiran-Kulkarni-v/s-Kiran-Kulkarni-launched/articleshow/48774543.cms |title=First song of Kiran Kulkarni v/s Kiran Kulkarni launched |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2|{{dts|format=dmy||7|22}}
| ''[[Half Ticket (2016 film)|Half Ticket]]'' ||[[Samit Kakkad]] ||Vinayak Potdar, Shubham More, [[Priyanka Bose]], Usha Naik, [[Bhalchandra Kadam]] ||[[Drama film|Drama]] ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-national-award-winning-tamil-film-kaaka-muttai-remade-in-marathi-as-half-ticket-2198841 |title=National Award-winning Tamil film 'Kaaka Muttai' gets Marathi makeover as 'Half Ticket' |date=6 April 2016 |work=dna}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[And Jara Hatke]]'' ||[[Prakash Kunthe]]||[[Mrinal Kulkarni]], [[Indraneil Sengupta]], Siddharth Menon and Shivani Rangole ||[[Drama film|Drama]] ||<ref name="auto1">{{cite web |url=http://www.punemirror.in/entertainment/marathi-reviews/Looking-ahead-2016-Feast-for-the-eyes/articleshow/50400056.cms |title=Looking ahead 2016: Feast for the eyes |work=Pune Mirror}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2|{{dts|format=dmy||7|29}}
| ''[[Lost and Found (2016 Indian film)|Lost and Found]]'' ||Ruturaj Dhalgade ||[[Siddharth Chandekar]], [[Spruha Joshi]], [[Mohan Agashe]] and Mangesh Desai ||[[Romance film|Romance]], [[Drama film|Drama]]
||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Spruha-and-Siddharth-excited-for-their-next-outing/articleshow/50877751.cms |title=Spruha and Siddharth excited for their next outing |website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[35% Kathavar Pass]]'' ||[[Satish Motling]] ||[[Prathamesh Parab]], Ayli Ghiya, Bhagyashree Shankpal, Yashoman Apte, [[Sanjay Narvekar]], Madhavi Juvekar, [[Bharat Ganeshpure]], [[Usha Nadkarni]], Sushant Shelar, [[Neha Pendse]] ||[[Romcom]] ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://marathicineyug.com/news/latest-news/363-prathamesh-parab-s-next-35-kathavar-pass |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314012649/http://marathicineyug.com/news/latest-news/363-prathamesh-parab-s-next-35-kathavar-pass |url-status=usurped |archive-date=14 March 2016 |title=Prathamesh Parab's Next: 35% Katthavar Pass |author=Ajay Kulye }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3|{{dts|format=dmy||8|5}}
| ''[[1234 (film)|1234]]'' ||Milind Arun kavade || [[Bhushan Pradhan]], [[Priya Marathe]], [[Sanjay Narvekar]], [[Vijay Patkar]], Pradeep Patwardhan, Ganesh Yadav, Vijay Kadam, Arun kadam, [[Vijay Maurya]], Jaywant Wadkar, Aniket kelkar, Vishakha Subhedar, [[Teja Deokar]], Sanjay Mone, Abhijit Chavan, Kishore Chougule, Anshuman Vichare, Kamalesh Sawant, Guru anand, Pranav Reware ||[[Suspense thriller|Suspense Thriller]] ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Teaser-poster-of-1234-released/articleshow/45136267.cms |title=Teaser poster of 1234 released |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Disco Sannya]]''
|Niyaz Mujawar
|[[Parth Bhalerao]], Sanjay Khapre
|[[Comedy film|Comedy]]
|-
|''[[Taleem]]''
|Nitin Rokade
|Abhijeet Shwetchandra, Vaishali Dabhade, Vishnu Joshilkar
|[[Sports film|Sports]], [[Drama film|Drama]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/former-maharashtra-wrestling-champion-to-make-a-debut-on-big-screen-in-lead-role-2829554/ |title=Former Maharashtra wrestling champion to make a debut on big screen in lead role |date=2016-06-02 |access-date=2016-06-24}}</ref>
|-
|{{dts|format=dmy||8|12}}
| ''[[YZ (film)|YZ]]''|| [[Sameer Vidwans]]|| [[Sai Tamhankar]], [[Parna Pethe]], [[Akshay Tanksale]]
|| [[Comedy film|Comedy]], [[Drama film|Drama]]
||<ref name="auto1" />
|-
| rowspan="2" |{{dts|format=dmy||8|19}}
|''[[Chaurya]]''
|Sameer Asha Patil
|[[Kishor Kadam]], [[Milind Shinde]], Ganesh Yadav and Pradeep Velankar
|[[Suspense thriller|Suspense Thriller]]
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Entertainment/Marathi/Movies/News/Floods-delay-the-release-of-Chaurya/articleshow/53519455.cms |title=Floods delay the release of Chaurya |website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Toh Aani Mee Ek Runanubandh]]''
|Mukesh Malik
|[[Subodh Bhave]], [[Prasad Oak]], Shweta Shinde, [[Girija Joshi]]
|[[Drama film|Drama]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/pune/movies/toh-aani-me-ek-runanubandh/ET00045219 |title=Toh Aani Me Ek Runanubandh (U/A) |last=BookMyShow |website=BookMyShow |access-date=2016-08-19}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2|{{dts|format=dmy||8|26}}
| ''[[Kanha (film)|Kanha]]''|| [[Avdhoot Gupte]]|| [[Gashmeer Mahajani]], [[Vaibbhav Tatwawdi]], Gauri Nalawade
||[[Drama film|Drama]]
||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/avadhoot-guptes-next-film-with-vaibhav-tatwawadi-1277421/ |title=अवधूत गुप्तेच्या दिग्दर्शनात वैभव तत्ववादी साकारणार भूमिका }}</ref>
|-
|''I Am Not Slumdog I Am Indian''
|[[Yuugg]]
|[[Usha Nadkarni]], [[Uday Sabnis]], [[Yuugg]]
|[[Drama film|Drama]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/i-am-not-slumdog-i-am-indian/ET00045659 |title=I Am Not Slumdog I Am Indian |last=BookMyShow |website=BookMyShow |access-date=2016-08-26}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2|{{dts|format=dmy||9|2}}
| ''Aata Majhi Hatli''|| Mahendra Devlekar|| [[Bharat Jadhav]], [[Ruchita Jadhav]]
|| [[Romcom]]
||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/aata-majhi-hatli/ET00045785 |title=Aata Majhi Hatli |last=BookMyShow }}</ref>
|-
| ''Faqt Tujhyach Sathi ''|| Jaganath Rangdhol|| Yash Kapoor, Siya Patil
|| [[Drama film|Drama]] ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/faqt-tujhyach-sathi/ET00042856 |title=Faqt Tujhyach Sathi (A) |last=BookMyShow }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2|{{dts|format=dmy||9|16}}
| ''[[Photocopy (film)|Photocopy]]''|| [[Vijay Maurya]]|| [[Parna Pethe]], Chetan Chitnis, [[Vandana Gupte]]
|| [[Romcom]] ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodtrade.com/trade-news/viacom-announces-the-release-date-of-its-marathi-rom-com-photo-copy/1707.htm |title=Viacom announces the release date of its Marathi rom com PHOTO COPY }}</ref>
|-
|''Yaari Dosti''
|[[Shantanu Anant Tambe]]
|Akash Waghmode, Hansraj Jagtap, Ashish Gade, Mitali Mayekar, Sumit Bhokase, Shreyas, Sandeep Gaikwad, Nisha Parulekar, Namrata Jadhav, Ashok Pawade
|[[Romcom]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/yaari-dosti-marathi-movie-1253337/ |title=मैत्रीची नवी परिभाषा सांगणारा 'यारी दोस्ती' |language=mr-IN |access-date=2016-09-13}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2|{{dts|format=dmy||9|23}} || ''[[One Way Ticket (2016 film)|One Way Ticket]]'' ||[[Amol Shetge]]||[[Gashmeer Mahajani]], [[Sachit Patil]], [[Amruta Khanvilkar]], [[Neha Mahajan]], [[Shashank Ketkar]] ||[[Suspense film|Suspense]], [[Thriller Film|Thriller]] ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Marathi-film-goes-to-Europe/articleshow/49046603.cms |title=Marathi film goes to Europe |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/theatre/Shashank-eyes-Eurotrip-for-debut-film/articleshow/49059978.cms |title=Shashank eyes Eurotrip for debut film |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mr & Mrs Unwanted]] ''|| Dinesh Anant|| Rajendra Shisatkar, [[Smita Gondkar]]
|| [[Drama film|Drama]]
||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/mr-and-mrs-unwanted-all-set-for-its-grand-release-1291247/ |title=मिस्टर अँड मिसेस अनवॉन्टेड }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=1|{{dts|format=dmy||9|30}}
| ''[[A Dot Com Mom]] ''|| Meena Nerurkar|| [[Vikram Gokhale]], Meena Nerurkar
|| [[Drama film|Drama]] ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/10-foreign-actors-in-first-Indo-American-Marathi-film/articleshow/47458620.cms |title=10 foreign actors in first Indo-American Marathi film |website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>
|-
|}

==October – December==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Opening
! Title
! Director
! Cast
! Genre
! Source
|-
| rowspan=3|{{dts|format=dmy||10|7}}
| '' [[Jaundya Na Balasaheb]]''|| [[Girish Kulkarni]]|| [[Girish Kulkarni]], [[Sai Tamhankar]], [[Manva Naik]], [[Mohan Joshi]], [[Reema Lagoo]]|| [[Comedy film|Comedy]]
||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Girish-Kulkarni-debuts-as-director-with-Ajay-Atul-film/articleshow/45951021.cms |title=Girish Kulkarni debuts as director with Ajay-Atul film |website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>
|-
| '' [[Family Katta]]''|| [[Chandrakant Kulkarni]]|| [[Vandana Gupte]], [[Sai Tamhankar]], [[Dilip Prabhavalkar]], [[Kiran Karmarkar]], [[Prateeksha Lonkar]], Gauri Nalawade, Alok Rajwade, Sachin Deshpande, [[Sulekha Talwalkar]]|| [[Comedy film|Comedy]], [[Drama film|Drama]]
||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Sai-does-a-cameo-in-Family-Katta/articleshow/48032267.cms |title=Sai does a cameo in Family Katta |website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>
|-
|''Bole India Jai Bhim''
|Subodh Nagdeve
|Shyam Bhimsaria, Sukanya Kulkarni, Jeetendra Doshi
|[[Drama film|Drama]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodtrade.com/regional/cabinet-minister-applauds-marathi-biopic/1556.htm |title=Cabinet Minister applauds Marathi Biopic - Regional : BollywoodTrade.com |website=bollywoodtrade.com |access-date=2016-10-12}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2|{{dts|format=dmy||10|14}}
| '' [[Ghantaa]]''|| [[Shailesh Shankar Kale]]|| [[Amey Wagh]], [[Saksham Kulkarni]], [[Aroh Welankar]], [[Shivani Surve]], [[Pushkar Shotri]], [[Murli Sharma]], [[Kishor Kadam]]|| [[Thriller Comedy]]
||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Amey-plays-a-loverboy-in-his-next/articleshow/47656313.cms |title=Amey plays a loverboy in his next |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|''Prem Sankat''
|Datta Mirkute
|Raj Surwade, Monalisa Bagal, Rahul Bhise, Ankita Parmar
|[[Romcom]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/prem-sankat/ET00047501 |title=Prem Sankat |last=BookMyShow |website=BookMyShow |access-date=2016-10-12}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3|{{dts|format=dmy||10|21}}
| '' [[Jalsa (2016 film)|Jalsa]]''|| Ashutosh Raj|| [[Bharat Ganeshpure]], Ashutosh Raj, Nikhil Wairagar, Sagar Karande, Abhijit Chavan, Girija JoshiJoshi|| [[Comedy film|Comedy]], [[Drama film|Drama]]
||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Marathi-filmdom-gears-up-for-Jalsa/articleshow/50901476.cms?from=mdr |title=Marathi filmdom gears up for Jalsa - The Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kaul Manacha (Marathi movie)|Kaul Manacha]]''
|Bhimrao Mude
|[[Amruta Patki]], [[Rajesh Shringarpure]], [[Sameer Dharmadhikari]], [[Vijay Gokhale]], [[Vijay Chavan]], Jaywant Wadkar, [[kamlesh Sawant]], Shweta Pendse, Maushumi Tondwalkar, Varsha Dandale
|[[Comedy film|Comedy]], [[Drama film|Drama]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Sonali-Bendre-wants-to-make-a-comeback-to-Marathi-films/articleshow/49722629.cms |title=Sonali Bendre to make a comeback to Marathi films? |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2016-09-11}}</ref>
|-
|''Nivdung''
|Munavar Shamim Bhagat
|[[Bhushan Pradhan]], [[Sanskruti Balgude]], Sara Shravan, Astaad Kale, Prajakta Dighe and Shekhar Phadke
|[[Drama film|Drama]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/sanskruti-balgude-lavani-in-marathi-movie-nivdung-1233147/ |title='निवडुंग'मध्ये संस्कृतीचे ठसकेबाज लावणी नृत्य |date=2016-04-29 |newspaper=Loksatta |language=mr-IN |access-date=2016-10-14}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=1|{{dts|format=dmy||11|4}}
|[[Ventilator (2016 film)|''Ventilator'']]
|[[Rajesh Mapuskar]]
|[[Ashutosh Gowariker]], [[Jitendra Joshi]], Sukanya Kulkarni, Sukanya Kulkarni, Nikhil Ratnaparkhi, [[Abhijeet Chavan]]
|[[Drama film|Drama]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/priyanka-chopras-first-marathi-production-goes-on-floors/ |title=Priyanka Chopra's first Marathi film as a producer goes on floors |date=2016-02-11 |access-date=2016-10-01}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=1|{{dts|format=dmy||11|11}}
|''[[Vazandar]]''
|[[Sachin Kundalkar]]
|[[Sai Tamhankar]], [[Priya Bapat]], [[Siddharth Chandekar]], Chirag Patil and Chetan Chitnis
|[[Comedy film|Comedy]], [[Drama film|Drama]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Sachin-Sai-and-Priya-in-Vidhi-Kasliwals-Vazandar/articleshow/50151708.cms |title=Sai and Priya team up for Sachin's next |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2016-09-13}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=1|{{dts|format=dmy||11|18}}
|''[[Kaul - A Calling]]''
|Aadish Keluskar
|Rohit Kokate, Deepak Parab, Makrand Kajrekar, Saudamini Tikle
|[[Realistic fiction]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://indiaindependentfilms.com/2015/10/23/kaul-interview-aadish-keluskar/ |title="Respect viewers by not thinking about them while making your film" |last=IIF |date=2015-10-23 |website=India Independent Films |access-date=2016-11-06}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=1|{{dts|format=dmy||12|2}}
|''[[Bhootkaal]]''
|Anil Waghmare
|[[Bhushan Pradhan]], Hemangi Kavi
|[[Horror film|Horror]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://glamgold.com/tag/bhootkaal/ |title=Bhootkaal {{!}} Glamgold |website=glamgold.com |access-date=2016-11-20}}</ref>
|-
|{{dts|format=dmy||12|3}}
|''Tathastu''
|Sahil Aabhay Tandel
|Sandeep Pathak, Madhavi Nimkar
|[[Silent film|Silent]] [[Horror film|Horror]]
|TV Release<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/trade-news/marathi/Get-set-for-first-silent-thriller-Marathi-film/articleshow/55773869.cms |title=Get set for first silent thriller Marathi film |website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=4|{{dts|format=dmy||12|9}}
|''Kshitij''
|Manouj Kadaamh
|[[Upendra Limaye]], Vaishnavi Tangde, [[Manoj Joshi (actor)|Manoj Joshi]], Vidyadhar Joshi, Sanjay Mone, Kanchan Jadhav, Rajkumar Tangde, Arnav Mandrupkar and Akansha Pingale.
|[[Drama film|Drama]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/music/Resul-Pookutty-records-on-location-music-of-Kshitij/articleshow/49960196.cms |title=Resul Pookutty records on-location music of 'Kshitij' |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=2016-11-08}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Nagpur Adhiveshan]]''
|Nilesh Raosaheb Jalamkar
|[[Ajinkya Deo]], [[Mohan Joshi]], [[Makarand Anaspure]], [[Bharat Ganeshpure]], Vinit Bhonde, Chetan Dalvi, Amol Taale, Sankarshan Karale, Dipali Jagtap, Sneha Chavhan
|[[Comedy film|Comedy]], [[Drama film|Drama]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/nagpur-adhiveshan-has-no-message-to-give-ajinkya-deo/story-wS5edUWrEiYX1d1BX3KYBL.html |title=Nagpur Adhiveshan... has no message to give: Ajinkya Deo |date=2015-11-21 |website=www.hindustantimes.com/ |access-date=2016-11-08}}</ref>
|-
|''Gulmohar''
|Sandesh Gaikwad
|[[Bhushan Pradhan]], [[Mrunmayee Deshpande]]
|[[Drama film|Drama]]
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/BOL-MB-news-about-upcoming-marathi-movie-gulmohar-5475328-PHO.html |title=मृण्मयी देशपांडे, भूषण प्रधानच्या अभिनयाने सजलेला 'गुलमोहर', शुक्रवारी होणार रिलीज |date=6 December 2016 }}</ref>
|-
|''Tu Bold Mee Cold''
|Rahul Pathak
|Anup Belwalkar, Seva More, Shilpa Pathak, Pooja Bhatjire, Siddharth Shah
|[[Romcom]]
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/tu-bold-mee-cold/ET00049291 |title=Tu Bold Mee Cold |last=BookMyShow }}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==

{{2016 films|state=collapsed}}
{{Indian film list|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Lists of Marathi films by year|2016]]
[[Category:Lists of 2016 films by language|Marathi]]
[[Category:2016 in Indian cinema]]
[[Category:2010s Marathi-language films| ]]

Bappa Rawal

2025-12-21T19:12:19Z

Breakoutbanglore: fixed references further and added references after review

{{Short description|Founder and Rawal of Mewar from 728-763}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Bappa Rawal
| birth_name =
| image = Bappa_Rawal.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Statue of Bappa Rawal at [[Mewar]]
| title = {{noitalic|{{ubl|[[Rawal (title)|Rawal]] of [[Mewar]]|Purana Purusha<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianculture.gov.in/history-mewar-earliest-times-1751-ad|author=Ram Vallabh Somani|title = History of Mewar: From earliest times to 1751 A.D.|publisher=C. L. Ranka |location=Jaipur|page=40}}</ref>}}}}
| succession = Ruler of [[Mewar]]
| reign = 728 CE–764 CE<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Tod |first1=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9BBTEAAAQBAJ&q=bappa+ |title=Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan (3 Vols): Or the Central and Western Rajput State of India |last2=Crooke |first2=William |date=2010-01-01 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0380-0 |page=281 |language=en}}"Bappa on the throne of Chitor S. 784 ( A.D. 728 ) , we will proceed to glean from the annals , from the period of his departure for Iran , S. 820 ( A.D. 764 )"</ref>
| dynasty = [[Guhila dynasty]]
| predecessor = [[Chitrangada Mori]]
| successor = Khumana I
| father =
| religion = [[Shaivism|Shaivite Hinduism]]
}}
'''Bappa Rawal,''' also known as '''Kālabhoja''', was the ruler of the [[Guhila dynasty|Guhila Rajput dynasty]] in the [[Kingdom of Mewar]]. While the early Guhila chiefs are mentioned in inscriptions, Bappa Rawal is identified as the first major ruler of [[Mewar]] region in the later chronicles and bardic traditions. He is credited in the chronicles with repelling [[Umayyad campaigns in India|Arab invasion]] in north-western India.

== Literary accounts ==

According to the 15th century text ''Ekalinga Mahatmya'' (also called ''Ekalinga Purana''), Bappa was the ninth descendant of the Guhila dynasty's founder Guhadatta. The text credits him with establishing the [[Mewar Kingdom]] in 728 CE, and with building the [[Eklingji]] temple.{{sfn|David Gordon White|2012|p=120}}
[[File:Bappa Rawal stands before Harit Rishi, detail of a genealogical scroll of the rulers of Mewar, Udaipur, ca.1730–40 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Bappa Rawal stands before Harit Rishi, detail of a genealogical scroll of the rulers of Mewar, Udaipur, ca.1730–40<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bose |first=Melia Belli |title=Royal Umbrellas of Stone: Memory, Politics, and Public Identity in Rajput Funerary Art |date=Aug 25, 2015 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004300569 |pages=254}}</ref>]]
The ''Ekalinga Mahatmya'' and other bardic chronicles state that Bappa's father Nagaditya and all other male members of his family were killed in a battle with the [[Bhil people|Bhils]] of [[Idar, Gujarat|Idar]].{{sfn|David Gordon White|2012|p=120}}{{sfn|Ram Vallabh Somani|1976|p=41}} He remained in disguise, accompanied by his two loyal Bhil attendants. He was brought up by a [[Brahmin]] lady of [[Nagda]], who employed him as a caretaker of cows. One day, he met the sage Harit Rashi.{{sfn|Ram Vallabh Somani|1976|p=41}} The sage agreed to initiate him into a [[Shaivite]] order, it is also said that Kaalbhoj went into extraordinary spirituality. After completing his [[Tapasya]], as directed by Harit Rashi, he defeated his father's killers, and established the [[Mewar]] Kingdom.{{sfn|David Gordon White|2012|p=120}}

According to legends the rishi also encouraged Bappa to build renowned [[Eklingji|Eklingji Temple]] at Nagda, which has been family deity of rulers of Mewar ever since.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hooja|first=Rima|title=A History of Rajasthan|publisher=Rupa Publication|year=2006|isbn=81-291-0890-9|location=New Delhi|page=158}}</ref>

Indologist [[David Gordon White]] notes that there is a similar legend involving the sage [[Gorakhnath]] and the [[Gorkha Kingdom|Gorkha]] king [[Prithvi Narayan Shah]]. The 11th century writer [[Al-Biruni]] has also recorded a similar legend involving the alchemist Vyadi and the king [[Vikramaditya]].{{sfn|David Gordon White|2012|p=311}}

== Historicity ==

=== Period ===

The exact period of Bappa Rawal is not certain. According to the ''Ekalinga Mahatmya'', Bappa Rawal established the Mewar Kingdom in 728 CE,{{sfn|David Gordon White|2012|p=120}} and abdicated the throne in 753 CE/764 CE.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Tod |first1=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9BBTEAAAQBAJ&q=bappa+ |title=Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan (3 Vols): Or the Central and Western Rajput State of India |last2=Crooke |first2=William |date=2010-01-01 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0380-0 |page=281 |language=en}}"Bappa on the throne of Chitor S. 784 ( A.D. 728 ) , we will proceed to glean from the annals , from the period of his departure for Iran , S. 820 ( A.D. 764 )"</ref> [[D. R. Bhandarkar]] and [[G. H. Ojha]] believed this to be an authentic date.{{sfn|Ram Vallabh Somani|1976|p=43}}

=== Identification ===

The word "Bappa" means "father", and Rawal is a royal title. Therefore, scholars such as [[C. V. Vaidya]], [[D. R. Bhandarkar]], [[G. H. Ojha]], and [[Kaviraj Shyamaldas]] believe that "Bappa Rawal" is not a proper noun.{{sfn|Ram Vallabh Somani|1976|p=41}}

Bappa Rawal is mentioned in some inscriptions that provide genealogical lists of the [[Guhila dynasty]], but other inscriptions containing such lists do not mention him. For example, he is mentioned in the 959 CE [[Unawas]] inscription and the 971 CE [[Eklingji|Ekling]] inscription. However, the 977 CE Atpur inscription and the 1083 CE Kadmal inscription do not mention him. Therefore, the historians have assumed that "Bappa Rawal" is an epithet for one of the Guhila rulers, and different scholars have tried to identify him with different Guhila kings.{{sfn|Ram Vallabh Somani|1976|p=42}}

According to the Atpur and Kadmal inscriptions, the Guhila ruler Mahendra was succeeded by Kalabhoja. Several historians, such as [[G. H. Ojha]], have identified Bappa Rawal as Kalabhoja, because the 977 CE Atpur inscription mentions Khumana as a son of Kalabhoja, and the 1404 CE Uparaganva (Dungarpur) inscription of Maharawal Pata names Khumana as the son of Bappa Rawal. R. V. Somani endorses this identification, but cautions that the evidence is not conclusive: Bappa Rawal may have been a different ruler who belonged to another branch of the Guhilas.{{sfn|Ram Vallabh Somani|1976|p=40-42}}

The Atpur inscription names Śila as the successor of Nāga, and predecessor of Aparājita. The 1460 CE Kumbhalgarh inscription names Bappa as the successor of Nāga, and predecessor of Aparājita.{{sfn|N. P. Chakravarti|1987|p=119}} This suggests that Bappa Rawal was another name for Shiladitya (Śila), the great-grandfather of Kalabhoja. Based on this evidence, [[Dasharatha Sharma]] and [[D. C. Sircar]] have identified Bappa Rawal with Shiladitya.{{sfn|Ram Vallabh Somani|1976|p=42}} However, R. V. Somani disputes this identification, arguing that this inscription contains several errors, including naming Bappa Rawal as the father of Guhadatta (who was the dynasty's founder according to some other inscriptions).{{sfn|Ram Vallabh Somani|1976|p=39}}

Some other historians, such as [[D. R. Bhandarkar]], identified Bappa Rawal with Kalabhoja's son Khumana, based on the calculation of average reign of the Guhila rulers.{{sfn|Ram Vallabh Somani|1976|p=42}}

== Military career ==
=== Siege of Chittor ===
According to some ancient records, Bappa Rawal captured famous Chitrakuta ([[Chittor Fort]]) from the [[mlechchhas]].{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1977|p=298-299}} Scholars such as [[R. C. Majumdar]] and R. V. Somani write on the basis of available records that the [[Caliphate campaigns in India|Arab invaders]] defeated the former rulers of Chittor, and Bappa Rawal gained control of Chittor after repulsing the Arab invaders. According to Majumdar, the Moris (Mauryas) were ruling at Chittor when the Arabs (mlechchhas) invaded north-western India around 725 CE.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1977|p=298-299}} The Arabs defeated the Moris, and in turn, were defeated by a confederacy that included Bappa Rawal.{{sfn|Ram Vallabh Somani|1976|p=45}}{{sfn|Khalid Yahya Blankinship|1994|p=188}} Majumdar believes that his heroics against the Arabs raised Bappa Rawal's status to such an extent that he wrongly came to be regarded as the founder of the dynasty.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1977|p=298-299}} R. V. Somani writes in his book that Bappa was a part of the anti-Arab confederacy formed by the [[Gurjara-Pratihara]] ruler [[Nagabhata I]].{{sfn|Ram Vallabh Somani|1976|p=45}}

Shyam Manohar Mishra of [[Lucknow University]] theorized that Bappa Rawal was originally a vassal of the Mori ruler Manuraja (Maan Maurya). He probably led the Mori campaign against the Arabs, which made him more famous than his overlord. Later, he either deposed Manuraja (Maan Maurya), or became the king after Manuraja died childless.{{sfn|Shyam Manohar Mishra|1977|p=48}}

After successful campaigns against Arabs, several conflicts occur in India most famously between [[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty| Pratiharas]] and [[Rashtrakuta dynasty|Rashtrakutas]], Rashtrakuta king [[Dantidurga]] occupied Ujjain and performed Hiranyagarbha ceremony there, however in short time, Rashtrakutas left and Nagabhata regained his power. Historian R.V. Somani theorizes that in these conflicts, Bappa Rawal also faced [[Dantidurga]]'s armies by helping Pratiharas in their struggle, and thus succeeded in capturing the eastern parts of Mewar region; he also contested with Karanatakas and the [[Chola dynasty|Cholas]] as described in the inscription of Chittor.{{sfn|Ram Vallabh Somani|1976|p=45}}

== Gold coins ==

Multiple gold coins, bearing the [[Nāgarī script|Nagari]] legend "Shri Voppa" or "Shri Vopparaja" have been attributed to Bappa Rawal. However, the identification of Voppa or Vopparaja with Bappa Rawal is disputed. These coins have been alternatively attributed to the king Vappuka of Surasena dynasty, who is mentioned in a 955 CE (1012 VS) inscription from [[Bayana]].<ref>{{cite book |publisher=Numismatic Society of India |title=The Journal of the Numismatic Society of India |volume=22-23 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i0NmAAAAMAAJ |year=1960 |page=279 |quote=But this attribution presents some difficulties because Mewar, in those days, had altogether a different currency and the Guhila rulers of Mewar never adopted the device of cow suckling a calf on the reverse of their coins. Still more, they never issued gold coins because Mewar was not a very big empire during that period. Therefore, it is not plausible to identify Voppa or Vopparaja of these gold coins with Bappa Rawal of Mewar or any other ruler of the neighbouring region. }}</ref>

One gold coin bears the legend "Shri Voppa", and features Shavite icons: a [[trishula]] (trident), a [[linga]], and a [[Nandi (bull)|bull]]. Below these is the image of a man in prostrate position. The man has features with large [[ear piercing|pierced ears]], and the holes are exaggerated. According to Indoligst [[David Gordon White]], this may be a representation of Bappa's initiation into a Shaivite sect, as ear piercing has been associated with the [[Nath|Nath Siddhas]] (a Shaivite sect), who were custodians of the Eklingji shrine before the 16th century.{{sfn|David Gordon White|2012|pp=120-121}} White, however, believes that Bappa is more likely to have been initiated into the [[Pashupata Shaivism|Pashupata]] sect. Pashupata names commonly ended in Rashi ([[IAST]]: Rāśi), and thus, Harit Rishi was likely a Pashupata sage. Moreover, "Rawal" (from [[Sanskrit]] ''rāja-kula'', "royal lineage") was the name of a clan among the Pashupatas in the 8th century: in the 13th century, this clan was absorbed into the Nath sect.{{sfn|David Gordon White|2012|p=121}}

One gold coin features a [[halo (religious iconography)|haloed]] [[Rama]] holding [[bow and arrow]], with a bull to his left, and an elephant to his right. The other side of the coin features an enthroned ruler with attendants on his sides, with the legend "Shri Voppa" below.{{sfn|Arthur L. Friedberg|Ira S. Friedberg|2017|p=481}}

Another gold coin features the legend "Shri Vopparaja", with the images of a bull, a trident, a linga, and an attendant. The other side features a cow with a suckling calf.{{sfn|Arthur L. Friedberg|Ira S. Friedberg|2017|p=481}}

== Monuments ==

* Shri Bappa Rawal Temple is dedicated to Bappa Rawal is in Mathatha, Rajasthan located close to the [[Eklingji]] temple, 24 kilometres north of [[Udaipur]].{{citation needed|date=January 2020}}

== In popular culture ==

The 1925 Indian silent ''Mewadpati Bappa Rawal'' portrayed Rawal's life on screen.<ref name="Mittal1975">{{cite book|author=Mahendra Mittal|title=Bhāratīya Calacitra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4P8vAAAAMAAJ|year=1975|publisher=Alankar Prakashan|page=208}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |author1=Arthur L. Friedberg |author2=Ira S. Friedberg |title=Gold Coins of the World |edition=9th |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VHZEDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA481 |year=2017 |publisher=Coin & Currency Institute |isbn=978-0-87184-009-7 }}
* {{cite book |author=David Gordon White |author-link=David Gordon White |title=The Alchemical Body: Siddha Traditions in Medieval India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pQuqAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA119 |year=2012 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-14934-9 |page=119}}
* {{cite book |author=Khalid Yahya Blankinship |title=The End of the Jihad State: The Reign of Hisham Ibn 'Abd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jz0Yy053WS4C&pg=PA188 |year=1994 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-7914-1827-7 |page=188 }}
* {{cite book |author=N. P. Chakravarti |author-link=N. P. Chakravarti |chapter=Appendix: Rajaprasasti Inscription of Udaipur (Continued from Vol. XXIX, Part V) |editor1=N. Lakshminarayan Rao |editor2=D. C. Sircar |title=Epigraphia Indica |volume=XXX |year=1987 |orig-date=1958 |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3XBDAAAAYAAJ }}
* {{cite book |author=Ram Vallabh Somani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NcIBAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Mewar, from Earliest Times to 1751 A.D. |publisher=Mateshwari |year=1976 |oclc=2929852 }}
* {{cite book |author=R. C. Majumdar |title=Ancient India |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1977 |isbn=978-81-208-0436-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNxiN5tzKOgC&pg=PA327 }}
* {{cite book |author=Shyam Manohar Mishra |title=Yaśovarman of Kanauj |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kZWgj-YMdVEC&pg=PA48 |year=1977 |publisher=Abhinav |oclc=557679616 }}
* {{cite book |author=S.B. Bhattacherje | title=Encyclopaedia of Indian events and dates |year=1922 |location=New Delhi |publisher=Sterling Publishers}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |first1=Omendra |last1=Ratnu |isbn= 9789355211644 |title=Maharanas: A Thousand Year War for Dharma}}

{{refend}}

{{Udaipur}}

[[Category:Monarchs of Mewar]]
[[Category:Guhila dynasty]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:Year of death uncertain]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]

Jat Sikh

2025-12-05T10:08:11Z

Breakoutbanglore: Updated formatting and improved readability

{{short description|Ethnoreligious subgroup on the Indian subcontinent}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Jat Sikh
| image =
| caption =
| total = 6–8 million (estimations) {{See below|[[#Demographics|below]]}}
| popplace = India
| langs = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and its [[Punjabi dialects and languages|dialects]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schreffler |first1=Gibb |title=Dhol : drummers, identities, and modern Punjab |date=2021 |location=Urbana |isbn=9780252053016 |quote=Whereas "Punjabi" functions as a cultural identity based on region, the degree to which it corresponds to an identity based on ethnicity is a question that this book explores through focus on the lives of peoples of Punjab origin who are pushed to the margins. The question is aggravated most prominently by a tendency to privilege a particular ethnic group, the Jatt, as the group most synonymous with Punjabi identity. The Jatt were a pastoral tribal people with origins in Central Asia who settled in Punjab and whose lifestyle, by the sixteenth century, had transformed into an agricultural one (Habib 2005, 66-68). As one of the well-established ethnicities of the region, they have greatly influenced cultural values. As a result especially of their role as landowners in a region where agriculture has been of great economic importance, Jatts, who also are the largest ethnic group, have become representative of Punjabi culture. It is telling that, in the seventeenth century, the language of the Sikh Gurus was described by a Persian-language author as "the language of the Jats of Punjab" (Grewal 2004a, 11)-even though the Gurus themselves were not Jatts. Further, when one combines ethnic and religious identity, one finds Jatt Sikhs occupy a perceived center, in international and mainstream Punjabi discourse, of the (India-based) Punjabi identity. Anthropologist Nicola Mooney has explored the intersection of both normative Jatt and Sikh identities, theorizing that Jatt Sikhs often participate in a "rural imaginary," a framework in which they imagine themselves as "central arbiter of [Punjab's] predominantly village-based culture" (2013, 279). It is not that Jatt Sikhs believe they are the only people with a claim to Punjabi identity. Rather, Jatt Sikh claims to Punjabi identity are unimpeachable, and they appear to be the group that most consistently and most exclusively identifies with Punjab.}}</ref> {{smaller|• [[Lahnda]] • [[Hindi]] • [[Urdu]]}}
| rels = [[Sikhism]]
| related = [[Jats|Jat people]]
| native_name = ਜੱਟ ਸਿੱਖ
| native_name_lang =
| flag =
| flag_caption =
}}

'''Jat Sikh''' or '''Jatt Sikh''' ({{langx|pa|ਜੱਟ ਸਿੱਖ}}, {{IPA|pa|d͡ʒəʈːə̆ sɪkːʰə̆|pron}}) is an [[Ethnoreligious group|ethnoreligious]] group, a subgroup of the [[Jats|Jat people]] whose traditional religion is [[Sikhism]], originating from the [[Indian subcontinent]]. They are one of the dominant communities in [[Punjab, India]], owing to their large land holdings.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Yeoman Jats of Punjab: Time, Expertise and the Colonial Construction of Jat Sikh Identity|author=Nicola Mooney|journal = Anthropologica|year=1995|volume = 55|issue = 2|pages = 277–290|publisher=Anthropologica, vol. 55, no. 2, 2013, pp. 277–290 |jstor = 24467328}}</ref> They constitute a substantial proportion of the Sikh population.

== Etymology ==
The [[New Indo-Aryan]] term ''jaṭṭ'' descends from the Prakrit form ''jaṭṭa'', itself from ''jarta'',<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chatterji |first1=Suniti Kumar |author1-link=Suniti Kumar Chatterji |title=Select Papers (Āṅgla-nibandhachayana) |date=1972 |publisher=People's Publishing House |page=319 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z_gtAAAAMAAJ&q=jarta+jatt}}</ref> or ''jartika'',<ref>{{cite book |last1=Turner |first1=Ralph Lilley |title=A Comparative Dictionary of Indo-Aryan languages |date=1962 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=London |page=280 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/soas_query.py?qs=ja%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact}}</ref> the name of a tribe stated in antiquity as residing in [[Bactria|Vahlika]].

==History==
[[File:Ajita Randhawa, early Jat follower of Nanak.jpg|thumb|[[Guru Nanak]] (left) seated and in-discussion with Ajita Randhawa (right), an early Jat disciple of [[Sikhism]]. [[Bhai Mardana|Mardana]] is in the foreground. Painting from the B-40 [[Janamsakhis|Janamsakhi]] and was painted in 1733 by Alam Chand Raj.]]
Initially, some Jats started to follow the teachings of [[Guru Nanak]], which did much to remove social barriers created by the ''sāvarṇa'' caste society.{{sfn|Singh|1981|pp=205-207}}<ref name="JagjitSingh">{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Jagjit |title=Perspectives on Sikh Studies |date=1985 |publisher=Guru Nanak Foundation |url=http://www.globalsikhstudies.net/pdf/per-sikh-studies.pdf |access-date=1 July 2009 |archive-date=8 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808053729/http://www.globalsikhstudies.net/pdf/per-sikh-studies.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{rp|59}} Jats were previously indifferent towards deep religious affairs.<ref name="JagjitSingh"/>{{rp|93}}

While followers important to Sikh tradition like [[Baba Buddha]] were among the earliest significant historical Sikh figures, and significant numbers of conversions occurred as early as the time of [[Guru Angad]] (1504–1552),<ref name=mandair/> the first large-scale conversions of Jats is commonly held to have begun during the time of [[Guru Arjan]] (1563–1606).<ref name=mandair/><ref>{{cite book | title=The Sikh Revolution: A Perspective View | publisher=Bahri Publications |last1=Singh |first1=Jagjit | date=1981 | location=New Delhi |url=https://archive.org/details/TheSikhRevolutionAPerspectiveView/page/n271/mode/2up | isbn=9788170340416}}</ref>{{rp|265}} While touring the countryside of eastern Punjab, he founded several important towns like [[Tarn Taran Sahib]], [[Kartarpur, India|Kartarpur]], and [[Sri Hargobindpur|Hargobindpur]] which functioned as social and economic hubs, and together with the [[dasvandh|community-funded]] completion of the [[Golden Temple|Darbar Sahib]] to house the [[Guru Granth Sahib]] and serve as a rallying point and center for Sikh activity, established the beginnings of a self-contained Sikh community, which was especially swelled with the region's Jat peasantry.<ref name=mandair>{{cite book |last1=Mandair |first1=Arvind-pal Singh |title=Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed |date=2013 |publisher=A&C Black |location=London, U.K. |isbn=9781441102317 |pages=36–42 |edition=illustrated |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ&q=Jat+peasantry}}{{rp|42}}</ref> They formed the vanguard of Sikh resistance against the [[Mughal Empire]] from the 18th century onwards. While [[W. H. McLeod]] was of the position that Jats only began to convert in large numbers to Sikhism and influence the community by the time of Guru Amar Das and certainly by the time of Guru Arjan, [[Pashaura Singh (Sikh scholar)|Pashaura Singh]] and Louis E. Fenech on the other hand opine that large scale conversions of Jats into Sikhism came about during Guru Nanak's time settled down in [[Kartarpur, Pakistan|Kartarpur]] and living an agricultural lifestyle.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Pashaura |title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |last2=Fenech |first2=Louis E. |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014 |isbn=9780199699308 |edition=1st |pages=40 |quote=McLeod's claims that Jats only later became a force in the nascent Sikh Panth in the tradition's development, during the time of Guru Amar Das (1479-1574) and especially by the time of Guru Arjan (1563-1606), is therefore questionable (McLeod 1976: 9-11). It is more likely, as Pashaura Singh has suggested, that Jats began to more robustly populate Sikh ranks well into the period of the first Guru, probably during that terminal phase of the first Master's guruship, the Kartarpur period (Pashaura Singh 2010: 54-6).}}</ref>
[[File:Painting of Bhagat Dhanna, from a folio within an illustrated manuscript of the Prem Ambodh Pothi.jpg|thumb|Painting of [[Bhagat Dhanna]], from a folio within an illustrated manuscript of the ''Prem Ambodh Pothi'']]
When [[Guru Arjan]] compiled the ''Adi Granth'', three verses (in [[Asa (raga)|Asa]] and [[Dhanashree]] ''[[Raga|ragas]]'') attributed to [[Bhagat Dhanna]] (born 1415), a Jat, were included in the scripture.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Singha |first=H. S. |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (Over 1000 Entries) |publisher=Hemkunt Press |year=2000 |isbn=9788170103011 |pages=60}}</ref>

It has been postulated, though inconclusively, that the increased militarisation of the Sikh panth following the martyrdom of [[Guru Arjan]] (beginning during the era of [[Guru Hargobind]] and continuing after) and its large Jat presence may have reciprocally influenced each other.<ref>{{cite book |quote=The Jats have long been distinguished by their martial traditions and by the custom of retaining their hair uncut. The influence of these traditions evidently operated prior to the formal inauguration of the Khalsa. |title=Who is a Sikh?: the problem of Sikh identity |first=W. H. |last=McLeod}}</ref>{{full citation needed|date=September 2014}}{{sfn|Singh|1981|pp=190, 265}}

[[Dharam Singh (Sikhism)|Dharam Singh]], one of the inaugural ''[[Panj Pyare|Panj Piare]]'' quintet, was a Jat.<ref name=":7" /> 18th century Sikh literature claims he was the reincarnation of Bhagat Dhanna.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fenech |first1=Louis E. |title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism |last2=McLeod |first2=W. H. |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2014 |isbn=9781442236011 |edition=3rd |pages=99}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Fenech |first=Louis E. |title=The Cherished Five in Sikh History |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2021 |isbn=9780197532843 |pages=53–54}}</ref>

At least nine of the 12 ''[[Misl]]s'' of the Sikh Confederacy were led by Jat Sikhs, who would form the vast majority of Sikh chiefs.<ref name="dhavan60" /><ref name="McLeod 2004">{{cite book |last=McLeod |first=W. H. |author-link=W. H. McLeod |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QhV5AAAAMAAJ |title=Sikhs and Sikhism |date=2004 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-566892-6 |page=18 |quote=It is obvious that their leadership was largely in Jaț hands and eventually {{underline|it was a Jaț misldār, Raňjīt Siṅgh,}} who secured total ascendancy. Individual chieftains such as Jassā Siṅgh Kalāl (later known as Jassā Siṅgh Ahlūwālīā) and his namesake Jassā Siṅgh Rāmgaṛhiā represent leadership derived from lower-status groups, but do not disturb the dominant pattern.}}</ref> Of the remaining three misls, the Ahluwalias were led by [[Kalwar (caste)|Kalals]] who claimed descent from Jats, the Ramgarhia Misl was founded by both Tarkhans and Jats, and the Dallewalia Misl was founded by both Khatris and Jats.<ref name="dhavan60" /><ref name="McLeod 2004" /> According to W. H. McLeod, the Jat Sikhs dominated the Sikh Confederacy during the 18th century.<ref name="McLeod 2004" /> The Jat states of the 18th century conducted marital alliances with one another, such as between the Sukerchakias and Jind.<ref name="Arora">{{cite book |last=Arora |first=A. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nDluAAAAMAAJ |title=Maharaja Ranjit Singh: Politics, Society, and Economy |publisher=[[Punjabi University]] |year=1984 |editor1-last=Singh |editor1-first=Fauja |page=[https://archive.org/details/maharajaranjitsi0000unse/page/86/mode/2up 86] |chapter=Ranjit Singh's Relations with the Jind State |oclc=557676461 |quote=Even before the birth of Ranjit Singh, cordial relations had been established between the Sukarchakia Misal and the Phulkian House of Jind. Though there was a distance of about 350 kilometers between the capitals of the two chiefships, which was not inconsiderable in those days when modern means of communication had not yet developed, {{underline|the two Sikh Jat chiefships}} had cultivated intimate relationship with each other by means of a matrimonial alliance. Maha Singh, the son of the founder of Sukarchakia Misal, Charat Singh, was married to Raj Kaur, the daughter of the founder of the Jind State, Gajpat Singh. |editor2-last=Arora |editor2-first=A. C.}}</ref>

[[Ranjit Singh]], the founder of the [[Sikh Empire]], was also of a Jat Sikh background.<ref name="McLeod 2004" /><ref name="Ganda">{{cite journal |last=Singh |first=Ganda |author-link=Ganda Singh (historian) |date=October 1980 |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Ganda |editor-link=Ganda Singh (historian) |title=Maharaja Ranjit Singh: A Short Life-sketch |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CgpDAAAAYAAJ |journal=The Panjab Past and Present |publisher=[[Punjabi University]] |volume=14 |issue=2 |page=7 |issn=0031-0786 |quote=The first ancestor of Maharaja Ranjit Singh to have joined the Sikh brotherhood was Buddha Singh, a ploughman {{underline|Jat of the village of Sukkarchak}} in the Majha tract of the Panjab. Buddha Singh was initiated into Sikhism by the Sixth Guru Hargobind.}}</ref><ref name="Singh2">{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Bhagat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BihuAAAAMAAJ |title=A History of the Sikh Misals |publisher=[[Punjabi University]] |year=1993 |edition=1st |page=175 |oclc=30513185 |quote=Budha Singh,1 an affluent {{underline|Jat farmer}} of the village of Sukarchak in the Majha tract of the Punjab, was the {{underline|first historically known ancestor of Maharaja Ranjit Singh}}. His original name was Desu.2 He was born in 1670.3 He possessed 25 acres of land and three ploughs and a well. On this land he had built a couple of houses for his family and cattle. The place was named Sukarchak. ''Sukar'' means small and narrow and ''chak'' signifies a petty tract of land.}}</ref><ref name="Fauja">{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Fauja |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nDluAAAAMAAJ |title=Maharaja Ranjit Singh: Politics, Society, and Economy |publisher=[[Punjabi University]] |year=1984 |editor1-last=Singh |editor1-first=Fauja |page=[https://archive.org/details/maharajaranjitsi0000unse/page/312/mode/2up 312] |chapter=The Cultural Basis of Maharaja Ranjit Singh's State |oclc=557676461 |quote=In order to understand the character, personality and policy formulation of Maharaja Ranjit Singh properly and in the correct historical perspective it is essential to look into social roots. {{underline|Ranjit Singh hailed from a Sikh Jat peasant family}} which, like other ordinary peasant families of the times, was little known outside the village Sukarchak to which it belonged. |editor2-last=Arora |editor2-first=A. C.}}</ref> Ranjit Singh was of peasant origins but formed a unified Sikh state with a powerful military and efficient administration.<ref name="Gupta">{{cite book |last=Gupta |first=Hari Ram |author-link=Hari Ram Gupta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zwFDAAAAYAAJ |title=History of the Sikhs. Vol. V: The Sikh Lion of Lahore, (Maharaja Ranjit Singh, 1799-1839) |publisher=[[Munshiram Manoharlal]] |year=1991 |isbn=978-8-12-150515-4 |edition=1st |page=xi |quote=Ranjit Singh was the one man of genius the {{underline|Sikh Jat tribe had produced}}. He converted the Sikhs into a unified community. He made them a ruling class consisting of the finest soldiers, great generals and successful administrators.}}</ref><ref name="Fauja" /> Ranjit Singh formed a sovereign state despite his Jat Sikh background and conflict from fellow Sikh misls.<ref name="Gandhi 2013">{{cite book |last=Gandhi |first=Rajmohan |author-link=Rajmohan Gandhi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GhYwnwEACAAJ |title=Punjab: A History from Aurangzeb to Mountbatten |publisher=[[Aleph Book Company]] |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38-227758-3 |page=137 |quote=Young Ranjit Singh’s willingness to become a king revealed boldness, for it went against {{underline|his Jat background and against Sikh tradition as well.}} It was also bound to invite hostility within his misl and from chiefs of rival misls. Ranjit Singh reckoned, however, that the populace, longing for a return of Mughal-era stability, would welcome a monarchy.}}</ref> By 1799, Ranjit Singh had conquered Lahore and much of Punjab, laying the groundwork for the empire.<ref name="Gandhi 1999">{{cite book |last=Gandhi |first=Rajmohan |author-link=Rajmohan Gandhi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xAASBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT178 |title=Revenge and Reconciliation: Understanding South Asian |date=1999 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-14-029045-5 |page=178 |quote=To those may be added the final defeat and death in 1799 of Britain’s principal foe in the South, Tipu Sultan; the 1799 takeover of Lahore and much of the Punjab by {{underline|the Jat Sikh chieftain Ranjit Singh,}} who two years later assumed the royal title of Maharaja; the defeat in 1803 of the Maratha power in central and northern India, which also brought Delhi under British control; and, in 1817, the snuffing out by the British in Poona of the last flicker of Peshwa defiance.}}</ref> Many prominent families of the Sikh Empire's court, such as the [[Majithia family|Majithias]] and [[Sandhawalia|Sandhawalias]], were also of Jat origin.<ref name="Samra">{{cite journal |last=Samra |first=Mandeep Kaur |date=1993 |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Ganda |editor-link=Ganda Singh (historian) |title=Socio -Cultural Conditions of Early to Mid-Nineteenth Century Punjab as Described by Baba Prem Singh Hoti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kzpuAAAAMAAJ |journal=The Panjab Past and Present |publisher=Punjabi University |volume=27 |issue=2 |page=63 |issn=0031-0786 |quote=Jats constituted the most important and powerful class among the Sikhs. Described as manly, hospitable, industrious virile but simple folk, the Jats were the 'fighting arm of the Sikh chivalry', their main professions were agriculture and soldiering. {{underline|Ranjeet Singh a Jat himself}} knew their potential for dash and courage and gave them important posts in the army. For example Desa Singh Majithia, Lehna Singh Sandhanwalia, Attar Singh Sandhanwalia, Ajit Singh Sandhanwalia, Sham Singh Attariwala and many others were Jat Sikhs.}}</ref>

According to censuses in gazetteers published during the colonial period in the early 20th century, further waves of Jat conversions, from Hinduism to Sikhism, continued during the preceding decades.<ref>The transformation of Sikh society — Page 92 by Ethne K. Marenco - ''The gazetteer also describes the relation of the Jat Sikhs to the Jat Hindus ...to 2019 in 1911 is attributed to the conversion of Jat Hindus to Sikhism. ...''</ref><ref>Social philosophy and social transformation of Sikhs by R. N. Singh (Ph. D.) Page 130 - ''The decrease of Jat Hindus from 16843 in 1881 to 2019 in 1911 is attributed to the conversion of Jat Hindus to Sikhism.'' ...</ref> The relationship between the Hindu, Muslim and Sikh communities of the Punjab region, and between communities such as the Jats and the [[Rajput]]s, has been ambiguous over many centuries. The various groups often claim similar origins while asserting their distinctiveness.<ref>{{cite book |title=When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699-1799 |first=Purnima |last=Dhavan |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2011 |isbn=9780199756551 |page=134 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aFvyzStjpf8C&pg=PA134}}</ref>

The [[Shiromani Akali Dal]] had two factions, one led by [[Fateh Singh (Sikh leader)|Sant Fateh Singh]] (supported by Jatts) and the other by [[Tara Singh (activist)|Master Tara Singh]] (supported by Khatris).<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Birinder Pal |title=The Sikh World |date=1 May 2023 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429848384 |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Pashaura |chapter=10. Sikhs in India: Caste in Sikhs |doi=10.4324/9780429455322-13 |quote= |editor-last2=Mandair |editor-first2=Arvind-Pal Singh}}</ref> Since the late 1960s, many Jatt Sikh youths in India started trimming their beards and wearing the turban with shorn/unshorn hair ([[Sikh diaspora|diasporic]] Jatt Sikhs in foreign countries also began not wearing turbans), where as Sikhs from other castes rarely do this.<ref name=":02" /> Jatt Sikhs and Mazhabi Sikhs are noted for the laxity in keeping an outward Sikh appearance, such as maintaining ''[[Kesh (Sikhism)|kesh]]'' and wearing a ''[[dastar]]'', when compared to other Sikh castes.<ref name=":02" /> There is a notable divide between the Jatts and Khatris, whom the Jatts refer to with the ''[[bhapa]]'' pejorative.<ref name=":02" /> The Jatt Sikhs had [[Sikhism and caste|caste-conflicts]] with [[Scheduled Castes in Punjab|scheduled-caste]] Sikh groups, resulting in the incident [[Talhan incident|regarding the management of a gurdwara at Talhan (Jalandhar district)]] in 2003 and the [[Vienna temple attack|assassination of the spiritual leader of Dera Sachkhand Balla]] in 2009.<ref name=":02" />

==Influence of Sikhism on Jats==
[[File:"Jut women & Sikh priest of Jalundhur reading Grunth" (Guru Granth Sahib) – Painting from 19th century Punjab 48.webp|thumb|"Jut women & [[Granthi|Sikh priest]] of [[Jalandhar district|Jalundhur]] reading Grunth" ([[Guru Granth Sahib]]), circa 1860 painting.]]
Irfan Habib has argued that Sikhism did much to uplift the social status of Jat people, who were previously regarded in the Punjab as being of ''[[shudra]]'' or ''[[vaishya]]'' status in the Hindu ritual ranking system of ''[[Varna (Hinduism)|varṇa]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.punjabiuniversity.ac.in/newspup/pages/archiveSep08.html |title=Punjabi university news bulletin|publisher=Punjabheritage.org |date=16 September 2008 |access-date=10 August 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127182238/http://punjabiuniversity.ac.in/newspup/pages/archiveSep08.html |archive-date=27 November 2010 |quote=It was Sikhism which uplifted the social status of Jat community of Punjab, who earlier were considered as Sudras and Vaishas}}</ref>

Kishan Singh says: {{blockquote|A serious contradiction afflicts the Jat farmer of the Punjab. He has unflinching faith in Guru Gobind Singh, yet at the same time he is imbued with traits typical of a Jat. There are two sides to the Jat's known traits. One has a positive effect in the sense that it saves him from feeling inferior; and the other side is negative. It makes him overbearing and arrogant which is a disease. A Jat's negative traits can be suppressed only through the true spirit of Sikhism.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://worldsikhnews.com/13%20August%202008/The%20Malaise%20of%20Jat%20Consciousness.htm |title=WSN-Op-Ed-The Malaise of Jat Consciousness |publisher=Worldsikhnews.com |date=13 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100124063735/http://worldsikhnews.com/13%20August%202008/The%20Malaise%20of%20Jat%20Consciousness.htm|archive-date=24 January 2010|access-date=10 August 2009}}</ref>}}

==Army recruits==
The Jat Sikh community has constituted an important source of recruits for the Indian Army.<ref>{{cite book
| title = The Garrison State: The Military, Government, and Society in Colonial Punjab, 1849–1947
| author = Tan Tai Yong
| publisher = [[SAGE Publications]]
| isbn = 978-0-7619-3336-6
| oclc = 57043090
| year = 2005
| page = 187
}}</ref> Many serve in the [[Indian Army]], including the [[Jat Regiment]], [[Sikh Regiment]], [[Rajputana Rifles]] and [[The Grenadiers]], where they have won many of the highest military awards for gallantry and bravery.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Ian Sumner|year=2001|pages=104–105|title=The Indian Army 1914–1947|location=London|publisher=Osprey|isbn=1-84176-196-6}}</ref>

== Agriculture ==

In [[Punjab (India)]], Jat Sikhs are associated with agricultural pursuits<ref>{{cite book|last=Leaf|first=Murray J.|title=Information and behavior in a Sikh village: social organization reconsidered|publisher=University of California|year=1972|pages=[https://archive.org/details/informationbehav0000leaf/page/219 219]|chapter=8|isbn=0-520-02115-0|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dQfPI3GtZT8C&pg=PA219|access-date=9 May 2010|url=https://archive.org/details/informationbehav0000leaf/page/219}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Singh |first=Jasbir|author2=SS Dhillon|title=Agricultural geography|publisher=Tata Mcgraw-Hill|year=2006|edition=3rd|pages=176|chapter=4|isbn=0-07-053228-1|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zBo_1ZJAQDAC&pg=PA176|access-date=9 May 2010}}</ref> and land ownership. They own more than 80%,<ref name="Taylor, S. 2007">Taylor, S., Singh, M., Booth, D. (2007) Migration, development and inequality: Eastern Punjabi transnationalism. School of Social Sciences and Law, University of Teesside, Middlesbrough, UK; Department of Sociology, Punjab University, Chandigarh, India.</ref> and possibly as much as 95%<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asiantribune.com/node/18221|title=Caste System Among Sikhs In Punjab|author=Ratan Saldi|date=6 June 2009|publisher=Asian Tribune}}</ref> of available agricultural land in Punjab. They often reside in the rural areas, and are economically influential in the state.<ref name="Taylor, S. 2007" /> A unique quirk among Jat Sikh clans is the agricultural practice of not allowing Jat Sikh women to work in the fields.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Pettigrew |first=Joyce |title=Robber Noblemen: A study of the political system of the Sikh Jats |date=31 March 2023 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781000858518 |chapter=Clan Affiliation Amongst the Jats}}</ref>

== Clans ==
[[File:Map of Sikh Districts.jpg|thumb|''Map of Sikh Districts, Showing the Distribution of Jat Sikh Tribes, With Various Other Tribes and Castes'' (1896) by Robert Worgan Falcon]]Jat Sikhs have various clans, known as a ''[[Gotra|got]]'' (clan or sub-caste; ''gotra'' in Hindi), which come under a particular ''[[Jāti|zaat]]'' ([[Baradari (brotherhood)|tribe]] or [[Caste system in India|caste]]; ''jati'' in Hindi), in Punjabi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=Challenging the rule(s) of law : colonialism, criminology and human rights in India |date=2008 |publisher=SAGE Publications |others=Kalpana Kannabirān, Ranbir Singh |isbn=978-81-321-0027-0 |location=Thousand Oaks, Calif. |pages=332 |oclc=501176322}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Bedi |first=Sohinder Singh Wanjara |title=Folklore of the Punjab |publisher=National Book Trust, India |year=1971 |series=Folklore of India series |volume=1 |pages=7}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sekhon |first=Iqbal S. |title=The Punjabis : the people, their history, culture and enterprise |date=2000 |publisher=Cosmo Publications |isbn=81-7755-052-7 |location=New Delhi |pages=9 |oclc=50420543}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=KESSINGER |first=TOM G. |title=VILYATPUR 1848-1968 : social and economic change in a north indian village. |date=2022 |publisher=UNIV OF CALIFORNIA PRESS |isbn=978-0-520-36696-1 |location=[S.l.] |pages=9 |oclc=1337855297 |quote=2. I will use tribe and caste interchangeably for the Punjabi term zat (Hindi jati) because this usage is common in the literature on the Punjab, particularly with reference to the landed groups. Similarly I will translate the Punjabi got (Hindi gotra) as both clan and sub-caste. Many authorities consider the got among the landed zat in Punjab to be fundamentally different from the gotra of the Brahmins. See Denzil Ibbetson, Punjab Castes (Lahore: Superintendent Government Printing, Punjab, 1916), pp. 20-22. While the two may differ in origin, they are identical in their place in the marriage system.}}</ref> These clans generally claim descent from a common male ancestor,<ref name=":1" /> are usually exogamous (with some exceptions),{{Efn|The Grewal clan is noted for marrying among themselves.|name=note 1|group=note}}<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Pettigrew |first=Joyce J. M. |title=ROBBER NOBLEMEN a study of the political system of the sikh jats. |date=2023 |publisher=ROUTLEDGE |isbn=978-1-000-85849-5 |location=[S.l.] |chapter=Chapter 4 Patterns of allegiance I |oclc=1367232807}}</ref> and historically entire villages, and even clusters of villages, were often inhabited by entirely by a single clan.<ref name=":0" /> The purpose for this was to provide protection for members of a clan by watching over each-other and uniting as a common group against any potential adversary.<ref name=":0" /> Another reason is that members of a clan socially preferred their neighbours to also be from the same background as them.<ref name=":0" /> However, modern Jat Sikhs no longer feel affinity to others just because they share the same clan, as clan solidarity has died-out as a practice.<ref name=":8" /> Some Jat Sikh clans overlap with [[Hindu Jat|Hindu]] and [[Jat Muslim|Muslim Jat]] clans and clans may also be shared with other caste groups, such as [[Rajput]]s.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |title=Himachal Pradesh |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |others=K. S. Singh, B. R. Sharma, A. R. Sankhyan |year=1996 |series=People of India: States series |volume=24 |pages=88}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Brard |first=Gurnam S. S. |title=East of Indus : my memories of old Punjab |date=2007 |publisher=Hemkunt Publishers |isbn=978-81-7010-360-8 |location=New Delhi |pages=264 |oclc=174134280 |quote=Family names, originally called gotra, or just gote in Punjabi, were not normally used in the village, as most landowners in our village had the same family name anyway. But in other places people added the family names for better identification. Everyone's gotra name was known to others because it indicated your lineage, and it generally determined your caste and excluded you from marrying someone from the same family. Literate people referred to family names as zaat (race, kind) or sub-caste; and in Punjab a family name could indicate your religion, caste, occupation, place of origin and possibly your social status. For example in Punjab, a Gaur, Kaushal or Sharma is a Brahman; a Sodhi or Khanna is a Kshatri; an Aggarwal, Goel or Gupta is a shopkeeper caste; while the family names Sidhu, Sandhu, Dhillon, Gill, Brard, Birk, Maan, Bhullar, Garewal, Dhaliwal, Deol, Aulakh, Chahal, Mahal, Cheema, or Randhawa, are Jat Sikhs. As a result of conversions in the past, some Muslim Jats with similar family names can be found in the Pakistan part of Punjab. Some educated people, especially writers and poets, gave themselves new last names (tukhallus) to indicate their town of origin, personalities or ideals rather than indicating their family or caste.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Fenech |first=Louis E. |title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism. |date=2014 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |others=W. H. McLeod |isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1 |edition=3rd |location=Lanham |pages=77–78 |oclc=881607325 |quote=CASTE. Sikhs explicitly reject caste in terms of status or privilege. Nanak denounced it, subsequent Gurus reinforced his message, and ritual observance confirms it. In gurdwaras all sit together, the only distinction being between men and women. All receive the same karah prasad and eat in the same langar, sitting in straight lines to do so. At Khalsa initiation all initiates must drink the same amrit. Caste is, however, retained within the Panth as a social order. The Gurus, who were all Khatris, married their children within the same caste. This convention has survived largely intact, and consequently virtually every Indian Sikh belongs to a particular caste (Hindi: jati; Punjabi: zat). Each zat is divided into a number of subcastes (Hindi: gotra, Punjabi: got), and Sikhs (like most other Indians) are endogamous by zat and exogamous by got. In terms of zat, an absolute majority are Jats. Other important castes with both Hindu and Sikh sections are the Khatri and Arora. Distinctive Sikh castes are the Ramgarhia, Ahluvalia, Mazhabi, and Ramdasia.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Cole |first=W. Owen |title=A popular dictionary of Sikhism |date=1997 |publisher=NTC Pub. Group |others=Piara Singh Sambhi |isbn=978-0-203-98609-7 |location=Lincolnwood, Ill. |pages=59 |oclc=648154652}}</ref> Clans can be further subdivided by ''muhin'' (sub-clan or locality) and ''[[Patti (subdivision)|patti]]'' (residential sub-unit).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shackle |first=Christopher |title=The Sikhs |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri |year=1984 |series=Issue 65 of Report (Minority Rights Group) |pages=149}}</ref> However, the practice of recognising and being cognizant of smaller sub-divisions of a ''got'' (clan) has since died-out in the present-age and is no longer commonly practised among Jat Sikhs.<ref name=":8" /> The only practical function of Jat Clans in this present-day are for the purposes of selecting a marriage partner.<ref name=":8" />

According to Joyce Pettigrew, the Jat Sikh clans traditionally claim patrilineal descent from a Rajput ancestor and purport to have settled in the Punjab in the 16th century.<ref name=":8" /> While Jat Sikhs as a whole marry endogamously within the Jat community, they marry exogamously based upon ''got'' (clan), meaning they marry other Jats belonging to a different clan.<ref name=":8" /> Furthermore, there is no established hierarchy of clans, even though the various clans are typically uneven in-size.<ref name=":8" /> Jat clans cannot also be linked to specific regions, as adjacent villages are often inhabited by different clans.<ref name=":8" /> Thus, the clan cannot be described as "localized kinship groupings".<ref name=":8" /> The "ranking" of a particular clan was evaluated in a specific category, not in a general sense.<ref name=":8" /> An example given by Pettigrew is the Grewal clan being renowned for having many of its members in military and administrative roles.<ref name=":8" /> While the Sidhus were prominent in the [[Malwa (Punjab)|Malwa]] region of the Punjab, with many ruling families of the [[cis-Sutlej states]], such as [[Patiala State]], belonging to this clan, and the ruling house of Attari in Majha also being Sidhus.<ref name=":8" /> The fact that many Sidhus were ruling polities increased the prestige of the clan in the eyes of their fellow Sikhs.<ref name=":8" /> Furthermore, there exists idiomatic phrases which propound upon the supposed superiority of one clan over another, an example being: ''Sandhu, Sidhu, ik baraabar, Gills tore uchera'' (meaning "Sandhus and Sidhus are equal but Gills are a bit superior to both").<ref name=":8" /> Another tradition regards the Mann, Chahal, and Bhullar clans as being ''asal Jats'' ("genuine Jats") since the rest of the clans were supposedly "degraded Rajputs".<ref name=":8" /> According to Pettigrew, groups such as the [[Mazhabi Sikh|Mazhabi]] have adopted Jat Sikh clan names in an attempt to seek higher social-status by affiliating themselves to Jats, a unique practice.<ref name=":8" />

Iftikhar Ahmed observes that the Jat clans of ''[[Zamindar|zamindars]]'' recorded in the late-16th century ''[[Ain-i-Akbari]]'' correspond to the population of the clans in particular tracts of the country, when compared with British census data recorded centuries later in the 19th century.<ref name=":9">Ahmed, Iftikhar. “TERRITORIAL DISTRIBUTION OF JATT CASTES IN PUNJAB c. 1595 - c. 1881.” ''Proceedings of the Indian History Congress'', vol. 45, 1984, pp. 428–34. ''JSTOR'', <nowiki>http://www.jstor.org/stable/44140224</nowiki>. Accessed 17 March 2025.</ref> Zamindars coming from particular clans tended to hold power in areas where the population of peasants from their same clan was high.<ref name=":9" /> By the time of the recording of the Ain-i-Akbari in circa 1595, around thirty-two per cent of the total ''[[Pargana|parganas]]'' were under Jat zamindars, making them the largest zamindar caste.<ref name=":9" /> Ahmed came to these findings after researching the Chima, Chatta, Ghumman, Bajwa, and Kahlon clans in the foothills west of Lahore (western submontane), the Langah, Kharral, and Marral clans located in the western plains west of Lahore but excluding the Salt Range and submontane tracts, and the Sidhu, Sindhu, and Bhular clans in the "Sikh Tract" (central district of the Punjab, the upper Sutlej, and the Sikh states to the east).<ref name=":9" />

=== List of common Jat Sikh clans ===

* [[Aulakh]]<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |title=Journal of Regional History |publisher=Department of History, Guru Nanak Dev University |year=1981 |volume=2 |pages=29}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Kumar Suresh |title=Communities, Segments, Synonyms, Surnames and Titles |date=1996 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |isbn=0-19-563357-1 |edition=Illustrated |series=People of India: National series |volume=8 |location=Delhi |pages=1355–1357 |chapter=Appendix B |oclc=35662663}}</ref>
* [[Bain (surname)|Bains]]<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" />
* Bains<ref name=":6" />
* [[Bajwa]]<ref name=":6" />
* Bal<ref name=":6" />
* Bhalli<ref name=":6" />
* [[Bharai]]<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6" />
* Bhullar<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6" />
* [[Brar]]<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6" />
* Buttar<ref name=":6" />
* Chahal<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":6" />
* Chatha<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" />
* [[Cheema (surname)|Cheema]]<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" />
* [[Deol]]<ref name=":4" />
* [[Dadwal (surname)|Dhadwal]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hanks |first1=Patrick |last2=Coates |first2=Richard |last3=McClure |first3=Peter |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Family Names in Britain and Ireland |date=17 November 2016 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-252747-9 |page=716 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0AyDDQAAQBAJ&dq=Dhadwal&pg=PA716 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Dhaliwal (surname)|Dhaliwal]]<ref name=":6" />
* [[Dhillon]]<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":6" />
* [[Dhindsa]]<ref name=":6" />
* [[Dhingra]]<ref name=":6" />
* Gandhi<ref name=":6" />
* [[Gill (name)|Gill]]<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hanks |first=Patrick |title=Dictionary of American Family Names: 3-Volume Set |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2003 |isbn=9780199771691 |pages=43 |quote=9. Indian (Panjab): Sikh name, probably from Panjabi gil 'moisture', also meaning 'prosperity'. There is a Jat tribe that bears this name; the Ramgarhia Sikhs also have a clan called Gill.}}</ref><ref name=":6" />
* [[Grewal]]<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":6" />
* Ghuman<ref name=":6" />
* Hundal
* Her<ref name=":6" />
* [[Kahlon]]<ref name=":5" />
* Kang<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" />
* Karg<ref name=":6" />
* Kars<ref name=":6" />
* [[Khaira (surname)|Khaira]]<ref name=":5" />
* [[Maan (surname)|Maan]]<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" />
* Margat<ref name=":6" />
* Mahal<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6" />
* Mangat<ref name=":6" />
* Odi<ref name=":6" />
* Pannu<ref name=":6" />
* Pavun<ref name=":6" />
* Punia<ref name=":6" />
* [[Randhawa]]<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" />
* Saharia<ref name=":6" />
* Sahi<ref name=":6" />
* [[Sandhu]]<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":6" />
* Sara<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" />
* Sarai<ref name=":5" />
* [[Sahota]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Webster |first=John C. B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lvqNDwAAQBAJ&q=sahota+&pg=PT33 |title=A Social History of Christianity: North-west India since 1800 |date=22 December 2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-909757-9 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Sidhu]]<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" />
* [[Sodhi]]<ref name=":6" />
* Sohal<ref name=":6" />
* Toor<ref name=":6" />
* [[Uppal (surname)|Uppal]]<ref name=":6" />
* [[Virk]]<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" />
* Virla<ref name=":6" />
* [[Warraich (clan)|Warraich]]<ref name=":6" />

== Demographics ==
Jat Sikhs form an estimated 20–25% of the population of the Indian state of Punjab.<ref name="India Today 2012">{{cite magazine |date=16 January 2012 |title=The Jats in Punjab comprise only 21 per cent population of the total 60 per cent Sikhs, yet they have been ruling and dominating politics in Punjab for decades. |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/dalit-votes-to-decide-ruling-party-of-punjab-89788-2012-01-15 |access-date=27 February 2016 |magazine=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pandher |first=Sarabjit |date=24 December 2013 |title=Parties in Punjab decry exclusion of Jat Sikhs from reservation |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/parties-in-punjab-decry-exclusion-of-jat-sikhs-from-reservation/article5497692.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209083132/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/parties-in-punjab-decry-exclusion-of-jat-sikhs-from-reservation/article5497692.ece |archive-date=9 December 2020 |access-date=18 December 2019 |work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Congress for OBC quota to Jat Sikhs |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Congress-for-OBC-quota-to-Jat-Sikhs/articleshow/14107198.cms |access-date=18 December 2019 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> They form at least half of the Sikh population in Punjab, with some sources estimating them to be about 60–66% of the Sikh population.<ref name="E. Marty 1991 6232">{{cite book |last=E. Marty |first=Martin |title=Fundamentalisms observed |author2=R. Scott Appleby |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |year=1991 |isbn=0-226-50878-1 |pages=623 |chapter=Chapter 10 |access-date=2 April 2010 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q_-yQsX6oRcC&pg=PA623}}</ref><ref name="Taylor, S. 2007" /><ref>Puri, H. K. (2003) The Scheduled Castes in the Sikh Community – A Historical Perspective. Economic & Political Weekly (28 June 2003); Dalits in Regional Context (2004).</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Judge |first=Paramjit S. |date=2015 |title=Caste Hierarchy, Dominance, and Change in Punjab |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26290720 |journal=Sociological Bulletin |volume=64 |issue=1 |pages=55–76 |doi=10.1177/0038022920150104 |issn=0038-0229 |jstor=26290720 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Martha Crenshaw |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z9GG4__JJNwC&pg=PA377 |title=Terrorism in context |publisher=Pennsylvania State University Press |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-271-01015-1}}</ref> Other scholars estimate they make-up around 33% of the Sikh population.<ref name="mdpi">{{Cite journal |last=Jodhka |first=Surinder S. |date=8 October 2024 |editor-last=Lochtefeld |editor-first=James |title=Sikh Religion and Contentions around Caste |journal=Religions |volume=15 |issue=10: Sikhi, Sikhs and Caste: Lived Experiences in a Global Context |page=1219 |doi=10.3390/rel15101219 |issn=2077-1444 |quote=The dominant social group in contemporary Sikhism is that of the Jats. Making up nearly one-third of the total Sikh population, they would be the largest caste group among the Sikhs. |doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Notable people==
*[[Baba Buddha]], first ''[[granthi]]'' (custodian and reader) of the [[Guru Granth Sahib]]<ref name="McLeod">{{cite book |last1=McLeod |first1=W. H. |last2=Fenech |first2=Louis E. |author-link1=W. H. McLeod |title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism |year=2014 |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |isbn=978-1-4422-3600-4 |page=73 |edition=3rd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA73 |quote=BUDDHA, BHAI or BABA (trad. 1506–1631). A Jat from Kathu Nangal, who was originally called Bura Randhava.|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Ranjit Singh]], the Jat Sikh<ref>Multiple sources: Tribalism in India, p 160, by Kamaladevi Chattopadhyaya, Edition: illustrated, Published by Vikas, 1978, Original from the University of Michigan Sociological Bulletin, p 97, by Indian Sociological Society, Published by Indian Sociological Society, 1952 Indian Librarian edited by Sant Ram Bhatia, p 220, 1964. Item notes: v.19–21 1964–67, Original from the University of Michigan The Sikhs in History, p 92, by Sangat Singh, Edition: 2, Published by S. Singh, 1995, Original from the University of Michigan Some Aspects of State and Society Under Ranjit Singh, p 5 By Fauja Singh, Published by Master Publishers, 1981, Original from the University of Michigan Preminder Singh Sandhawalia (1999). Noblemen and Kinsmen History of a Sikh Family: History of a Sikh Family. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. {{ISBN|81-215-0914-9}} Jean-Marie Lafont, Maharaja Ranjit Singh, Lord of the Five Rivers. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002).</ref> Emperor of the [[Sikh Empire]]
*[[Bhai Bala]], follower and companion of [[Guru Nanak]] (first Guru of Sikhism) and one of the most revered in Sikhism<ref name="Syan">{{cite book |last=Syan |first=Hardip Singh |editor1-last=Singh |editor1-first=Pashaura |editor2-last=Fenech |editor2-first=Louis E. |editor1-link=Pashaura Singh (Sikh scholar) |title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |year=2014 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-969930-8 |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199699308.013.030 |page=178 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7YwNAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA178 |chapter=Sectarian Works |quote=... the narrator of the ''Bala Janamsakhi'', Bhai Bala, a Sandhu Jat and ...}}</ref>
* [[Nawab Kapur Singh]], leader of [[Singhpuria Misl]].<ref name="dhavan60">{{cite book |last1=Dhavan |first1=Purnima |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-7HJ5idB8_QC&q=Kapur+Singh&pg=PA63 |title=When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699-1799 |date=3 November 2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |isbn=978-0-19-975655-1 |pages=60–63 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Baba Deep Singh]] first head of Misl Shaheedan Tarna Dal.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bhagata|first=Siṅgha|title=A History of the Sikh Misals|publisher=Publication Bureau, Punjabi University|year=1993|page= 241|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BihuAAAAMAAJ&q=sandhu+jat|quote=Deep Singh Shahid, a Sandhu Jat and resident of the village of Pohuwind of the ''pargana'' of Amritsar ...}}</ref>
* [[Kahn Singh Nabha]],<ref name="Singh">{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Satyindra |editor1-last=Siṅgh |editor1-first=Harbans |title=Kāhn Siṅgh, of Nābhā |date=1995 |publisher=Punjab University, Patiala, 2011 |location=Patiala, Punjab, India |isbn=9788173805301 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIiE-l/page/n423 409]-410 |edition=3rd |url=https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIiE-l |access-date=18 January 2020 |language=English |quote=...in a Dhillon Jatt family...}}</ref> Sikh scholar
*[[Heera Singh Sandhu]], founder of [[Nakai Misl]]<ref name="Sparrows"/>
*[[Sada Kaur]], chief of the [[Kanhaiya Misl]]<ref name="Sparrows">{{cite book |last1=Dhavan |first1=Purnima |title=When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699-1799 |date=3 November 2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |isbn=978-0-19-975655-1 |page=61 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-7HJ5idB8_QC&dq=Sada+Kaur+Jat&pg=PA61 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Datar Kaur]], queen consort of Maharaja Ranjit Singh<ref>{{cite book |last1=Murray |first1=Sandra Constance |title=All in the Family: A Study of Family Life in a Jat-Sikh Village |date=1984 |publisher=University of California, San Diego |page=162 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KMu2P3HM5R8C&q=jind+kaur+jat |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Jind Kaur]], regent of the Sikh Empire<ref>{{cite book |last1=Siṅgha |first1=Kirapāla |title=The Historical Study of Maharaja Ranjit Singh's Times |date=1994 |publisher=the University of Michigan |isbn=978-81-7116-163-8 |page=56 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6z5uAAAAMAAJ&q=Jind+Kaur+aulakh+jat}}</ref>
*[[Bhupinder Singh of Patiala|Bhupinder Singh]], Maharaja of the princely state of Patiala in British India from 1900 to 1938<ref>{{cite book |last1=Copland |first1=Ian |title=The Princes of India in the Endgame of Empire, 1917-1947 |date=16 May 2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-89436-4 |page=59 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h0QKqCA-QHIC&dq=Bhupinder+Singh+of+Patiala+jat+sikh&pg=PA59 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Rajinder Singh of Patiala|Rajinder Singh]], Maharaja of the princely state of Patiala in British India from 1876 to 1900<ref>{{cite book |last1=Falcon |first1=Robert Worgan |title=Handbook on Sikhs for the Use of Regimental Officers |date=1896 |publisher=Pioneer Press |page=64 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LLcbM7qePMwC&dq=phulkian+patiala+ruler+jat+sikh&pg=PA64}}</ref>
**[[M. S. Gill]], [[Indian Administrative Service]] officer who served as the [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports#Cabinet Ministers|Mnister of Sports and Youth Affairs]] and the [[Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation#Cabinet Ministers|Minister of Statistics and Programme Implementation]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Mitta |first1=M. |date=15 November 1993 |title=Manohar Singh Gill publicly questions legality of decisions taken by Election Commission |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19931115-manohar-singh-gill-publicly-questions-legality-of-decisions-taken-by-election-commission-811795-1993-11-14 |magazine=India Today |access-date=13 November 2025 |quote=The appointment of Manohar Singh Gill, 57, as an election commissioner is one such. The Jat Sikh, once additional chief secretary of Punjab ...}}</ref>
*[[Diljit Dosanjh]], Indian singer, actor and film producer <ref>{{Cite tweet |user=diljitdosanjh |author-link=Diljit Dosanjh |title=Vaise Tan I dnt Believe Jaat Paat But .. WT**** ... Mai Backward Ho Geyan 😳😳😳😳😳😳 |number=441139972847177728 |date=5 March 2014 |access-date=19 September 2024}}</ref>
*[[Sidhu Moose Wala]], Indian singer and rapper<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mateen |first=Zoya |date=6 July 2022 |title=Sidhu Moose Wala: The unsettling legacy of the rapper's protest music |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-61973643 |work=BBC |access-date=6 February 2025}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Jats]]
* [[Khalsa]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== Further reading ==
*{{cite book |last1=Mooney |first1=Nicola |title=Rural Nostalgias and Transnational Dreams: Identity and Modernity Among Jat Sikhs |date=2011 |publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]] |isbn=978-0802092571 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Hu4X3AOhS8C |access-date=1 April 2019}}
*{{cite book |author1=Pettigrew, Joyce J. M. |title=Robber noblemen: A study of the political system of the Sikh Jats |date=1975 |publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul |isbn=978-0710079992 |edition=1st |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YzEMAAAAIAAJ |access-date=30 April 2019}}

{{Gotras of Jats}}
{{Ethnic and social groups of the Punjab}}
{{Sikhism}}

[[Category:Social groups of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Jat]]
[[Category:Sikh communities]]
[[Category:Punjabi tribes]]
[[Category:Ethnoreligious groups in India]]

Philippos Stephanos Thottathil

2025-11-10T00:58:47Z

Breakoutbanglore: new new data

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}

{{Short description|Indian bishop (born 9 May 1952)}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type =
| honorific-prefix = [[His Excellency]], [[The Most Reverend]]
| name = Philipos Mar Stephanos Thottathil
| honorific-suffix =
| title = [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Eparchy of the United States of America and Canada|Eparch of St. Mary, Queen of Peace]]
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| church = [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Church]]
| archdiocese =
| diocese = [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Eparchy of the United States of America and Canada]]
| appointed = 5 August 2017
| enthroned = 28 October 2017
| retired =
| predecessor = [[Thomas Mar Eusebius]]
| successor =
| other_post =

| ordination = 27 April 1979
| ordained_by = Isaac Youhanon Koottaplakil
| consecration = 13 March 2010
| consecrated_by = [[Baselios Cleemis]], [[Thomas Mar Koorilos|Thomas Koorilos Chakkalapadickal]], and [[Yoohanon Mar Chrysostom|Yoohanon Chrysostom Kalloor]]

| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1952|05|09}}
| birth_place = [[Ranni, Kerala|Ranni]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| buried =
| nationality =
| alma_mater =
| previous_post = {{bulleted list| [[Auxiliary Eparch]] of [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Archeparchy of Tiruvalla|Tiruvalla]] and [[Titular Bishop]] of [[Sozopol|Sozopolis in Haemimonto]] (2010-2017) }}
| coat_of_arms =
| motto = Thy Kingdom Come
}}

{{Infobox bishopstyles
| name= Philipos Mar Stephanos Thottathil
| dipstyle=
*[[His Excellency]]
*[[The Most Reverend]]
| offstyle=[[His Excellency]]
| relstyle=[[Eparch]]
| image =
| image_size = 200px
}}

'''Philipos Mar Stephanos Thottathil ''' (born 9 May 1952) is an Indian [[Bishop]] of the [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Church]], in office since 2017. He is the second and current bishop of the [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Eparchy of the United States of America and Canada]], having previously served as [[Auxiliary Bishop|Auxiliary Eparch]] for the [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Archeparchy of Tiruvalla]] (2010-2017) .

==Biography==
On 27 April 1979, Stephanos Thottathil was ordained to the priesthood. [[Pope Francis]] appointed Stephanos Thottathil eparch for the [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Eparchy of the United States of America and Canada]] on 5 August 2017.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.usccb.org/news/2017/17-139.cfm |title= New Bishop of Syro-Malankara Eparchy of St. Mary Queen of Peace of the U.S. and Canada is Named; First Bishop of New Eparchy in Parassala, India also Named |accessdate= 5 August 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.news.va/en/news/377000 |title= Resignations and Appointments |accessdate= 5 August 2017 }}</ref> On 28 October 2017, Stephanos Thottathil was installed as eparch.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About the Bishop {{!}} St. Mary, Queen of Peace Syro-Malankara Catholic Eparchy in USA and Canada |url=https://mccna.org/content/about-bishop |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=mccna.org}}</ref>

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Catholic Church hierarchy]]
* [[Catholic Church in the United States]]
* [[Historical list of the Catholic bishops of the United States]]
* [[List of Catholic bishops of the United States]]
* [[Lists of patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
*[https://mccna.org/ Syro-Malankara Catholic Eparchy of the United States of America and Canada Official Site]

{{s-start}}
{{s-rel|ca}}

{{succession box
|title=[[Syro-Malankara Catholic Eparchy of the United States of America and Canada|Eparch of St. Mary, Queen of Peace]]
|before= [[Thomas Mar Eusebius]]
|after= Incumbent
|years= 2017 – present | }}
{{succession box
|title=[[Syro-Malankara Catholic Archeparchy of Tiruvalla|Auxiliary Eparch of Tiruvalla]]
|before= -
|after= -
|years= 2010-2017 | }}
{{s-end}}

{{Syro-Malankara Catholic Church Hierarchy}}
{{Catholicism}}
{{Syriac Christianity}}


{{Subject bar |portal1= Biography |portal2= Catholicism |portal3= India}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thottathil, Philipos Stephanos}}
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Pathanamthitta district]]
[[Category:Syro-Malankara bishops]]
[[Category:Eastern Catholic bishops in the United States]]
[[Category:21st-century Eastern Catholic bishops]]
[[Category:21st-century American bishops]]
[[Category:Indian Eastern Catholic bishops]]
[[Category:Converts to Eastern Catholicism from Oriental Orthodoxy]]
[[American people of Malayali descent]]
[[American people of Indian descent]]

List of Odia films of 1976

2025-09-15T05:47:04Z

Breakoutbanglore: Put up a article

{{Short description|None}}
{{Ollywood films}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
This is a list of films produced by the [[Ollywood]] film industry based in [[Bhubaneshwar]] and [[Cuttack]] in 1976:

==A-Z==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Genre !! Notes
|-
| {{Year header}} | '''[[1976 in film|1976]]'''
|-
| ''[[Amar Prem (1976 film)|Amar Prem]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Amar Prem|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0074129/|access-date=2019-02-02}} {{unreliable?|date=September 2022}}</ref>||[[Palash Bannerjee]], [[Gopal Ghosh]]|| [[Hemanta Das]], [[Suresh Mahapatra]], [[Banaja Mohanty]] ||Drama
|
|-
|''[[Bali Ghara]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Bali Ghara|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1404018/|access-date=2019-02-02}}</ref>||[[Abhiyatrik]]||[[Sadhu Meher]], [[Prashanta Nanda]], [[Preeti Ganguly|Preeti]] || ||
|-
|''[[Gapa Hele Bi Sata (1976 film)|Gapa Hele Bi Sata]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://odishatv.in/odisha/body-slider/gapa-hele-bi-sata-director-nagen-ray-passes-away-266226|title='Gapa Hele Bi Sata' director Nagen Ray passes away {{!}} OTV|date=2018-01-04|language=en-US|access-date=2019-02-02}}</ref>||[[Nageen Roy]]||[[Harish Mahapatra|Harish]], [[Banaja Mohanty]] || ||First Oriya [[color]] movie
|-
|''[[Hira Moti Manika]]''<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&dq=Hira+Moti+Manika+1976+film&pg=PA600 |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |date=2014-07-10 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-94318-9 |language=en}}</ref>||[[J. Adeni]] || [[Prashanta Nanda]], [[Mahasweta Roy]], [[Dhira Biswal]] || ||
|-
|''[[Krishna Sudama]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Krishna Sudama|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0249665/|access-date=2019-02-02}}</ref>||[[Nitai Palit]]|| [[Gobinda Tej]], [[Tripura Misra]], [[Anita Das]] || ||
|-
|''[[Shesha Shrabana]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Shesha Shrabana|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0246924/|access-date=2019-02-02}}</ref>||[[Prashanta Nanda]]||[[Prashanta Nanda]], [[Mahasweta Roy]], [[Hemanta Das]] || ||
|-
|''[[Sindura Bindu]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Sindura Bindu|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0242885/|access-date=2019-02-02}}</ref>||[[Sisir Misra]]||[[Shriram Panda]], [[Prashanta Nanda]], [[Tripura Misra]] ||Romance
|
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian film list}}
{{1976 films}}

[[Category:Lists of Odia films by year|1976]]
[[Category:Lists of 1976 films by language|Ollywood]]
[[Category:1976 in Indian cinema|Films, Ollywood]]
[[Category:1970s in Orissa]]

Deogarh, Rajasthan

2025-08-12T12:02:46Z

Breakoutbanglore: quick corrected formatting and improved wording after review

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Deogarh
| official_name = Deogarh Madaria
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Town]]
| translit_lang1_info =
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_seal =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.53|N|73.9|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Rajsamand district|Rajsamand]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Municipality]]
| leader_title = Nagarpalika Chairman
| leader_name = Shobha Lal Regar
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 638
| population_total = 17604
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics_type2 = Language
| demographics2_title1 = Regional
| demographics2_info1 = [[Marwari language|Marwadi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|RJ-IN]]
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#RJ.E2.80.94Rajasthan|RJ]]-
| blank_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank_info_sec1 = [[Udaipur]], [[Rajsamand]], [[Ajmer]], [[Bhilwara]], [[Beawar]], [[Pali]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani]]
}}
'''Deogarh''', also known as '''Devgarh,''' is a [[town]] and a [[municipality]], nearby [[Rajsamand|Rajsamand city]] in [[Rajsamand District]] in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Rajasthan]]. Formerly the town was an estate of the [[Chundawat]] [[Rajput]]s.

== Geography ==
Deogarh is located at {{Coord|25.53|N|73.9|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/24/Devgarh.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Devgarh]</ref> It has an average elevation of {{convert|638|m|ft|abbr=on}}, and is situated on the eastern side of the [[Aravali Range]]s on top of a small hill. A small pond rests at its base. The town is bordered by rocks in the east, Kali Ghati (Aravali Range) in the west, Nathdwara Ghats in the south and [[Ajmer]] in the north. It has spectacular animal and bird sanctuaries. There are many stone and granite mines and polish factories near the city.

== Demographics ==
As of the 2011 India [[census]], Deogarh had a population of 17,604 - 8,899 Males and 8,705 females. Deogarh has an average literacy rate of 76.83%, higher than the state average of 66.11%: male literacy is 89.08% and female literacy is 64.38%.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/800595-deogarh.html |title=Deogarh City Population Census |website=census2011.co.in |publisher=Census Population 2015 Data}}</ref>

== Transport ==
The town is located 4 km inside the NH-8 (Mumbai-Delhi Highway), the landmark is Kamlighat. As no broad gauge train is available, roads are often the quickest way of reaching the town. Nearby cities are [[Udaipur]] (140 km), [[Ajmer]] and [[Bhilwara]]. [[Udaipur]] also has an airport with regular flights from [[Delhi]] and [[Mumbai]].

A train can be taken anywhere between [[Mavli_Junction_railway_station| Mavli Junction]] to [[Marwar Junction]]. The route between Marwar Junction and Deogarh is scenic.

== Places of interest ==
Deogarh is a popular tourist destination, boasting a complex of luxurious heritage resorts managed by the erstwhile royal family of the Deogarh thikana. {{citation needed|date=August 2025}}

Apart from the palace there is also a meter gauge train from Deogarh to Marwar Junction which goes through the sanctuary and hills of Kali Ghati, where there are many bridges and tunnels constructed by the British. There are many wild animals in the region, and the plains of [[Marwar]] are visible from atop the mountains. {{citation needed|date=August 2025}}

In the heart of the town, is the Kunjbihari Mandir, which is famous for the many bats that live inside the roof of the building. There is one clock tower in the main central ''chowk'' (market) of the town at the top of Charbhuja Temple.{{citation needed|date=August 2025}}

Anjaneshwar Mahadev temple is also nearby (around 4–5 km), which is famous for its ''[[Sivalinga]]'' which formed naturally as a result of rain water dissolving calcium in the rocks. It was formed similarly to the ice ''sivalinga'' of [[Amarnath Temple]]. The temple is in a mountain cave with a small water body on top of it. The area is a common destination for picnics, and has a view of Deogarh because of its elevation. Situated on the Deogarh–Bhilwara route, it is easily accessible throughout the year. {{citation needed|date=August 2025}}

Other places like [[Nathdwara]], famous for the [[Shrinathji_Temple|Shrinath Ji Temple]], is just 90 km from Deogarh on the road to [[Udaipur]]. Ajmer is also just 150 km away on Jaipur–Delhi Route.

== Notable persons ==

* [[Lakshmi Kumari Chundawat]], author, scholar and former member of the [[Rajya Sabha]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* http://www.mapsofindia.com/india/where-is-devgarh.html

{{Rajsamand district}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Rajsamand district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Rajsamand district]]

Desna, Bihar

2025-08-06T17:33:51Z

Breakoutbanglore: small rework structure for consistency

{{Short description|Village in Bihar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2020}}
[[File:Desna Library.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Desna Library]]
[[File:Desna Village Gate.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Desna Village Gate]]
'''Desna''' is a very old village located on the banks of the River Jerain in [[Nalanda district]] of [[Bihar]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Pin Code of Desna in Nalanda, Bihar|url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/pincode/india/bihar/nalanda/desna.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515113139/http://www.mapsofindia.com:80/pincode/india/bihar/nalanda/desna.html |archive-date=15 May 2013 |access-date=|website=MapsofIndia.com}}</ref> It is approximately 2 miles (1 [[Kos (unit)|Kos]]) from [[Asthawan]] and 10 miles from [[Bihar Sharif]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Desna, Nalanda Map, Latitude and Longitude, Bihar |url=https://www.indiamapia.com/Nalanda/Desna.html |website=indiamapia.com}}</ref>

==History==
Desna was a Saadat village. Desna produced luminaries like [[Hakim Syed Jannat Hussian Sarbahadi,|Hakim Syed Jannat Hussian Sarbahadi]], [[Syed Tajammul Hussian Desnavi]] founding member of [[Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama]], [[Syed Sulaiman Nadvi]],<ref name="n18">{{cite news|title= बर्बादी की कगार पर है ये ऐतिहासिक लाइब्रेरी, कभी यहां पहुंचे थे राजेंद्र प्रसाद और जाकिर हुसैन|publisher=News18|access-date=2021-01-03|date=2019-12-22|author=Abhishek Kumar|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/bihar/nalanda-historical-desna-library-nalanda-ruin-dr-rajendra-prasad-zakir-husain-had-arrived-here-brsna-nodvkj-2710441.html}}</ref> Syed Mohammed Saeed Raza, Brigedier Malik Muhammad Mukhtar Karim,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Majid |first=Ayesha |url=https://www.academia.edu/38508642/Surviving_Father_of_Pakistan_Army_Aviation_Brigadier_Mokhtar_Karim |title=Surviving Father of Pakistan Army Aviation: Brigadier Mokhtar Karim |date=2017-01-01}}</ref> [[Abdul Qavi Desnavi]].<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|date=2012-03-08|title=Abdul Qavi Desnavi|url=http://litterateurabdulqavidesnavi.blogspot.com/2012/03/abdul-qavi-desnavi-november-11930-july.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107133825/http://litterateurabdulqavidesnavi.blogspot.com/2012/03/abdul-qavi-desnavi-november-11930-july.html |archive-date=7 January 2021 |access-date=|website=Litterateur Abdul Qavi Desnavi}}</ref>

Desna's library, established in 1892, had thousands of old [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Urdu]] manuscripts. After the [[partition of India]], during uncertain times of mass emigration to [[Pakistan]], the books were donated to [[Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Library|Khuda Bakhsh Khan Library in Patna]], where a Desna section was established to house these treasures.<ref name="n18"/>

Desna also had a wall with gates encircling the village, defending it from outsiders.<ref name="n18"/>

[[Rizvi]], Syeds, Zaidi and Mallicks were the prominent families living together.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Nalanda district}}
{{coord|25|14|N|85|38|E|display=title|region:IN_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}

[[Category:Villages in Nalanda district]]

Swadesh Darshan Scheme

2025-07-23T03:01:47Z

Breakoutbanglore: corrected lead per sources and updated info per sources

{{short description|Government scheme to promote tourism in India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Independent sources|date=February 2020}}{{Sources exist|date=February 2020}}
}}
{{Infobox project
| name = Swadesh Darshan Scheme
|native_name = स्वदेश दर्शन योजना
| image =
| country = India
| primeminister = [[Narendra Modi]]
| ministry = [[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Ministry of Tourism]]
| launched = {{start date and age|2015|df=y}}
| current_status = Active
}}

'''Swadesh Darshan Scheme''' ([[Hindi]] : स्वदेश दर्शन योजना) is a scheme of [[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Ministry of Tourism]] under [[Government of India]]. The scheme aims to promote, develop and harness the potential of tourism in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.india.gov.in/spotlight/swadesh-darshan |title=Swadesh Darshan - National Portal of India |access-date=20 October 2019}}</ref>

[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] has witnessed a remarkable resurgence in [[tourism]], driven by targeted infrastructure development under the [[Swadesh Darshan Scheme]] and the return of peace and normalcy following the abrogation of [[Article 370 of the Constitution of India|Article 370]] in 2019. According to data presented in the [[Lok Sabha]] on 21 July 2025, domestic tourist visits (DTVs) surged from 25.19 lakh in 2020 to over 2.35 crore in 2024 a nearly tenfold increase. International tourist arrivals, which had declined due to pandemic-related restrictions, rebounded from just 1,650 in 2021 to 65,452 in 2024, recording a compound annual growth rate of nearly 150%. The consistent rise in footfall highlights not only the impact of improved infrastructure but also the restored sense of security and stability in the region, marking [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]'s reintegration into [[India]]’s mainstream [[tourism]] landscape.<ref>{{Cite web |title= Tourism Boom in Jammu and Kashmir: Over Rs 500 Crore Spent on Projects Under Swadesh Darshan Scheme|url=https://kashmirlife.net/tourism-boom-in-jammu-and-kashmir-over-rs-500-crore-spent-on-projects-under-swadesh-darshan-scheme-397963/}}</ref>

==Circles==
The entire scheme is based on theme-based tourism. Each theme is called a "circuit" and composed of various tourist destinations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://swadeshdarshan.gov.in/|title=Swadesh Darshan|access-date=20 October 2019}}</ref>

===List===
# Buddhist circle
# Coastal circle
# Desert circle
# Eco circle
# Heritage circle
# Himalayan circle
# Krishna circle
# North-East circle
# Ramayan circuit
# Rural circle
# Spiritual circle
# Sufi circle
# Tirthankar circle
# Tribal circle
# Wildlife circle

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Tourism in India]]

Brahmkumar Bhatt

2025-05-31T03:27:05Z

Breakoutbanglore: small expanded structure to improve readability additionally and updated info

{{short description|Indian activist and socialist politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox politician
| name = Brahmkumar Bhatt
| image =
| office = Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha
| term_start = 1998
| term_end = 2004
| predecessor =
| successor =
| constituency = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Gujarat|Gujarat]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1921|10|08}}
| birth_place= [[Ahmedabad]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2009|01|06|1921|10|08}}
| death_place= [[Ahmedabad]]
| education = B.A., LL.B.
| party=[[Indian National Congress]]
| otherparty= [[Janata Party]]
| citizenship = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| spouse= Virbala
| children = Five daughters
}}
'''Brahmkumar Bhatt''' (8 October 1921 – 6 January 2009) was an [[Indian independence activist]], [[Mahagujarat movement]] activist and socialist politician from [[Gujarat]], [[India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Brahmkumar-Bhatt-passes-away/articleshow/3944078.cms|title=Brahmkumar Bhatt passes away|date=January 7, 2009|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-04-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://opinionmagazine.co.uk/details/3175/katokateemaam-jelwaasnaan-sambhaaranaan|title=કટોકટીમાં જેલવાસનાં સંભારણાં|website=opinionmagazine.co.uk|date=26 December 2017 |access-date=2020-04-04}}</ref> He was elected as [[Member Of Legislative Assembly]] in [[Bombay State]] and [[Gujarat]] from [[Khadia, Ahmedabad|Khadia]] constituent assembly.<ref name=":0" /> Later, he represented Gujarat as [[Member of parliament]] in [[Rajya Sabha]] during 1998–2004.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gujarati.news18.com/news/north-gujarat/gandhinagar-know-rajya-sabha-history-and-gujarat-congress-and-bjp-members-kp-961477.html|title=શું છે ગુજરાતની રાજ્યસભા બેઠકોનો ઇતિહાસ, જાણો અતથી ઇતિ|date=2020-02-27|website=News18 Gujarati|access-date=2020-04-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/gujarati/gujarat/rajyasabha-election-history-of-congress-rs-members-news-in-gujarati%C2%A0-86495|title=રાજ્યસભા ચૂંટણી: કોંગ્રેસમાંથી કોને મળશે ટિકિટ? જવાબ માટે ઈતિહાસ જાણવો જરૂરી|date=2020-03-04|website=Zee News Gujarati|language=en|access-date=2020-04-04}}</ref>

He also served as chairman of Gujarat Electricity Board and authored book named ''Le Ke Rahenge Mahagujarat'' which documentises the Mahagujarat movement.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bhatt|first=Brahmakumar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xrfyHAAACAAJ|title=Le ke rahenge Mahagujarat|date=1990|publisher=Adarsh|language=gu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/news/MGUJ-AHM-HMU-MAT-today39s-history-prof-arun-vaghela-055005-5667571-NOR.html|title=અાજનો ઈતિહાસ {{!}} પ્રો. અરુણ વાઘેલા|date=2019-10-08|website=divyabhaskar|access-date=2020-04-04}}</ref> He was member of [[Praja Socialist Party]] in his early life.<ref name=":0" /> He died on 6 January 2009.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhatt, Brahmkumar}}
[[Category:Gujarati people]]
[[Category:1921 births]]
[[Category:2009 deaths]]
[[Category:Politicians from Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Indian socialists]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Lok Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Praja Socialist Party politicians]]
[[Category:Janata Party politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Bombay State MLAs 1957–1960]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 1962–1967]]