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Mata Sulakhni

2026-05-05T16:47:35Z

BraydenBeeby640: data.

{{Short description|Wife of Guru Nanak (1473–1545)}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| name = Sulakhni
| honorific_prefix = Mata
| image = An Imaginary Meeting between Guru Nanak and Gobind Singh LACMA M.75.114.2.jpg
| caption = Sulakhni seated beside Guru Nanak in a circa 1780 painting from Mandi
| native_name = ਮਾਤਾ ਸੁਲਖਨੀ
| native_name_lang = pa
| birth_name = Ghummi Chona
| birth_date = 1473
| birth_place = Pakhoke
| death_date = 1545
| death_place = Kartarpur
| spouse = [[Guru Nanak]]
| children = [[Sri Chand]] (born 1494)<br>[[Lakhmi Das]] (born 1497)
| parents = Mūl Chand Chona (father)<br>Chando Rani (mother)
| religion = [[Sikhism]]
| birthname =
}}

'''Sulakhni''' (1473–1545), also known as '''Choni''' and often referred as '''Mata Sulakhni''' ("Mother Sulakhni"), was the wife of [[Guru Nanak]], the founder of [[Sikhism]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Nikky-Guninder Kaur |title=Sikhism |publisher=Infobase Publishing |year=2009 |isbn=9781438117799 |editor-last=O'Brien |editor-first=Joanne |edition=3rd |series=World Religions |pages=120–121 |editor-last2=Palmer |editor-first2=Martin}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Bhajan |title=The Guru Consorts |last2=Gill |first2=M.K. |publisher=Radha Publications |year=1992 |isbn=9788185484112 |pages=38–49 |chapter=5. Mata Sulakhni}}</ref>

== Name ==
In certain [[Janamsakhis|Janamsakhi]] traditions, such as the ''Merharban Wali Janamsakhi'', Mata Sulakhni is known as Ghummi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Gandhi |first=Surjit Singh |title=History of Sikh Gurus Retold: 1469-1606 C.E |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist. |year=2007 |isbn=9788126908578 |series=History of Sikh Gurus Retold |volume=1 |pages=84, 195}}</ref> In the ''Bala Janamsakhi'', her name is given as Sulakhni.<ref name=":1" /> Surjit Singh Gandhi theorized that Gummi is a corrupted form of Choni, the name of her [[Gotra|clan]] (Chona).<ref name=":1" /> He further speculates that she was known as Ghummi in her birth house but went by the name Sulakhni at her in-laws house.<ref name=":1" /> She is also known by the name of Kulamai.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Greenlees |first=Duncan |title=The Gospel of the Guru-Granth Sahib |publisher=Theosophical Publishing House |year=1960 |pages=xxxvi, xlvi}}</ref> According to [[Kahn Singh Nabha]] in his ''[[Mahan Kosh]]'', only girls with super characteristics were given the name of Sulakhni.<ref name=":5" />

== Biography ==

=== Family background ===
The father of Sulakhni was Mūl Chand, a Chona [[Khatri]], whilst her mother was Chando Rani.{{Efn|Her mother is also referred to as 'Mata Chando'.|group=note}}<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Singh |first=Bhupinder |date=October–December 2019 |title=Genealogy of Guru Nanak |url=https://sikhinstitute.org/oc_2019/colbhupindersingh.html |journal=Abstracts of Sikh Studies |publisher=Institute of Sikh Studies, Chandigarh |volume=21 |issue=4}}</ref> Her father held a minor revenue office in the village of Pakkhoke Randhave (Pakhokhi village) in what is today the [[Gurdaspur district|Gurdaspur]] district of the Punjab.{{Efn|The name of the village is alternatively spelt as 'Pakkhoke Randhawa'.|group=note}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Harbans |url= |title=The Encyclopaedia of Sikhism |date=2004 |publisher=Punjabi University, Patiala |others= |isbn=0-8364-2883-8 |edition=2nd |volume=4: S-Z |location=Patiala |pages=268–269 |oclc=29703420}}</ref> She was born into a [[Hindus|Hindu]] family in the village of Pakkhoke.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hawkins |first=John |title=The Story of Religion: The rich history of the world's major faiths |publisher=Arcturus Publishing |year=2016 |isbn=9781784287368 |quote=Sultanpur: When he was about 16 years old, Nanak left the village of Talwandi and set off for Sultanpur, a small town close to the Sutlej River. Nanak's married sister lived there and she helped her brother get a job as a tax collector for a local Muslim ruler. Over the next eight years, he combined his work with religious studies, and began to attract a group of followers. During this time, Nanak also married a Hindu girl, Sulakhni, and had two sons. Meanwhile, his fame was spreading. A large group of followers arrived in Sultanpur to join with Nanak in his hymns, prayers and contemplation.}}</ref>

=== Marriage ===
[[File:Wedding of Guru Nanak and Sulakhni.jpg|thumb|Wedding of Guru Nanak and Sulakhni. From the Unbound set of Janamsakhi paintings, ca.1755–1800]]
The marriage of Sulakhni to Nanak was arranged by Jai Ram, the brother-in-law of Nanak.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Patwant |title=The Sikhs |publisher=Crown Publishing Group |year=2007 |isbn=9780307429339 |quote=An increasing number of men and women were beginning to gravitate towards him. In a rented house near his place of work, where he lived with two boyhood companions, people congregated for recitations, prayers and contemplation. To Nanaki, an ardent admirer of her gifted brother, this was, however, only one side of his life. The other side, she felt, was incomplete without a wife and children. And since Nanak too believed that "the secret of religion lay in living in the world without being overcome by it," he was persuaded. Through Jairam's initiative a match was arranged with Sulakhni, the daughter of a Kshatriya named Mulchand, from the village of Pakhoke near Batala, and Nanak was married at the age of nineteen.}}</ref> She was selected by Nanak's father partly due to her apparently "comely" appearance.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bal |first=Sarjit Singh |title=Guru Nanak in the Eyes of Non-Sikhs |publisher=Publication Bureau, Panjab University |year=1969 |pages=x}}</ref> She was wedded to Guru Nanak on 24 September 1487.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" /> In that time period, it was custom for girls to be four to five years younger than the boy their marriage was arranged to.<ref name=":5" /> Nanak would have been around eighteen years old at the time of their marriage.<ref name=":5" /> The location the wedding itself occurred is disputed and given various locations amid Sikh sources but more likely took place in Batala.{{Efn|The ''Bhai Bala Janamsakhi'' states the wedding took place in Sultanpur (which is unlikely as per Khatri marriage customs of the time). The ''Nanak Bans Prakash'' states the wedding took place in Talwandi. The ''Meharban Janamsakhi'' and ''Gyan Ratnavali'' states the wedding took place in Batala.<ref name=":1" />|group=note}}<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

It is noted in Sikh lore that Mata Sulakhni's family had conflicts with Nanak, with an example of such regarding the manner of which the marriage ceremony would be performed.<ref name=":02" /> Sulakhni's father, Mul Chand Chona, was unwavering about his desire to have a traditional marriage ceremony for his daughter and was opposed to Nanak's innovations.<ref name=":02" /> He taunted Nanak to convince the [[Brahmins]] to agree to his proposals.<ref name=":02" /> Whilst talking with the Brahmins, Nanak is said to have been seated beside an frail mud wall (''kandh'') on a rainy day, which was dangerous as the wall could have collapsed as a result.<ref name=":02" /> Sulakhni warned Nanak through a courier about this but Nanak retorted that the wall will never fall down for centuries.<ref name=":02" /> A surviving portion of the wall is believed to be preserved within the Kandh Sahib Gurdwara encased in a glass shield.<ref name=":02" /> Nanak is said to have bested the Brahmins in the discourse and thus the marriage ceremony went along as per his design.<ref name=":02" />

When Nanak left for Sultanpur Lodhi for employment, Sulakhni remained at Talwandi until he earned enough and invited her to join him at Sultanpur in around the year 1488.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Mandair |first=Arvind-Pal Singh |title=Sikh Philosophy: Exploring gurmat Concepts in a Decolonizing World |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2022 |isbn=9781350202283 |series=Bloomsbury Introductions to World Philosophies |quote=Shortly after this episode Nanak left his ancestral village to find work at Sultanpur, where his brother-in-law procured a post for him as a village accountant. As Nanak began to earn his keep, he sent for his wife, Sulakhni, to join him. He was nineteen at the time. ... Twelve years passed in this way. Nanak and his wife settled into the comfortable life of the trading classes and had two sons. However, the regularity of this life was interrupted at around the age of thirty-three when Nanak failed to return from his morning ablutions near the river Bein. For three days no trace of Nanak could be found. The villagers believed that he had drowned. Then, on the fourth day Nanak reappeared as dramatically as he had disappeared, but his demeanour had changed. He had once again become silent and reclusive. When questioned about the state of his health, he responded with a perplexing statement: 'There is no Hindu; there is no Muslim', leading people to suspect he was possessed or had gone mad.}}</ref> After she came to Sultanpur, her and her husband moved into a new house in the locality.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dogra |first=R. C. |title=Encyclopaedia of Sikh Religion and Culture |last2=Mansukhani |first2=Gobind Singh |publisher=Vikas Publishing House |year=1995 |isbn=9780706994995 |pages=338}}</ref>

=== Life as a mother ===
[[File:Guru Nanak with wife and sons.jpg|thumb|Janamsakhi painting depicting Guru Nanak visiting Mata Sulakhni and his two sons]]
Sulakhni gave birth to two sons, [[Sri Chand]], in 1494 and [[Lakhmi Das]], in 1497.{{Efn|Other sources give Sri Chand's birth date as 1491 and Lakhmi Das' as 1496.<ref>{{cite book |title=Journal of Comparative Sociology, Issues 4-5 |date=1977 |publisher=Canada Sociological Research Centre |page=34}}</ref>|group=note}}<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> According to [[Udasi]] lore, it is said she had an envisage of [[Shiva]] whilst giving birth to Sri Chand.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ahuja |first=Jasbir Kaur |title=Prabuddha Bharata: Or Awakened India |publisher=Swami Smaranananda |year=1995 |volume=100 |pages=933–935 |chapter=Udasi Sampradaya}}</ref> Her son, Sri Chand, would later go on to become a renowned spiritual leader himself.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Prithi Pal |title=The History of Sikh Gurus |publisher=Lotus Press |year=2006 |isbn=9788183820752 |pages=6}}</ref> At some point, Nanak's father, [[Mehta Kalu]], tried to tempt his son with the possibility of taking on a second wife but Nanak purportedly refused to entertain the idea as he thought Sulakhni was the most suitable wife for him, having been chosen by God to be his partner, and wanted to stay with her until death.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Panjab Past and Present |publisher=Department of Punjab Historical Studies, Punjabi University |year=1969 |volume=3 |pages=288}}</ref> She lived an ordinary life of a trading-class housewife at Sultanpur until the year 1499 or 1502, when her husband's religious preaching began after the [[Kali Bein|River Bein]] episode.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jain |first=Pankaj |title=Science and Socio-Religious Revolution in India: Moving the Mountains |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2017 |isbn=9781317690108 |pages=69}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> After one of Guru Nanak's ''udasis'' (travels), it is said he met-up with Sulakhni, their sons, and his father-in-law in Pakhokhi village.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Johar |first=Surinder Singh |title=Holy Sikh Shrines |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. |year=1998 |isbn=9788175330733 |pages=61}}</ref> Sulakhni had expressed her desire to accompany Nanak but remained at home to tend to and raise their sons.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Trilochan |title=Guru Nanak - Founder of Sikhism: A Biography |publisher=Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee |year=1969 |pages=53}}</ref> She was reportedly a devouted wife and mother, who fully supported her husband's spiritual path and partook in it full-heatedly as a devotee herself.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Arneja |first=Simran Kaur |title=Ik Onkar One God |isbn=9788184650938 |pages=95 |chapter=Sikhism and Women}}</ref>

=== Kartarpur chapter ===
After the founding of [[Kartarpur, Pakistan|Kartarpur]] by Nanak, Sulakhni moved there with him and was responsible for providing food and ensuring a comfortable stay for the visitors who came to see her husband and those who decided to remain there to live with him.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gill |first=Mahinder Kaur |title=Guru Granth Sahib: The Literary Perspective |publisher=National Book Shop |year=2007 |isbn=9788171164646 |pages=154 |quote=Guru Nanak Dev came to Kartarpur and started the tradition of singing in the company of saints and Mata Sulakhni started looking after the arrangement of supplying food to people who stayed there.}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> Besides this, she also worked the farmland with her husband, was a cook, and served in the ''[[Langar (Sikhism)|langar]]'' (community kitchen).<ref>{{Cite book |title=Encyclopaedia of Social Work in India |publisher=Director, Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India |year=1987 |edition=2nd |volume=2 |pages=71}}</ref> When Nanak chose [[Guru Angad|Lehna]] as his successor rather than one of their sons, she was apparently displeased with the decision.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Duggal |first=Kartar Singh |title=Sikh Gurus: Their Lives and Teachings |publisher=Himalayan International Institute of Yoga Science and Philosophy of the U.S.A. |year=1987 |isbn=9780893891060 |pages=68–69}}</ref> She survived her husband for a few years and died in 1545 at Kartarpur.<ref name=":0" />

== Legacy ==
Nanak himself shared a close bond with his wife, which may have impacted his [[Women in the Guru Granth Sahib|egalitarian and progressive]] views [[Women in Sikhism|towards women]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Pashaura |title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |last2=Fenech |first2=Louis E. |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014 |isbn=9780191004117 |edition=1st |pages=615}}</ref>

[[Amrita Pritam]], a Punjabi poet, wrote the following poem about Sulakhni, specifically regarding her spiritual life as a wife of a religious man and raising of two sons alone when her husband was travelling:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Urubshurow |first=Victoria Kennick |title=Introducing World Religions |publisher=Journal of Buddhist Ethics |year=2009 |isbn=9780980163308 |pages=436–437}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|text=I was a shadow and am one still

I've travelled with the Sun on His course:

Have drunk of His glory

And bathed in a stream full of His light.|author=Amrita Pritam (1989; 116–117)|title=''Introducing World Religions'' (2009) by Victoria Kennick Urubshurow|source=pages 436–437}}

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sikhism}}

[[Category:1473 births]]
[[Category:1545 deaths]]
[[Category:Family members of the Sikh gurus]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian women]]

Deputy Commissioner's Office, Chandigarh

2026-05-03T14:53:29Z

BraydenBeeby640: Started Basic Stub First Draft - done

{{Short description|District administration office headed by the Deputy Commissioner of Chandigarh}}
{{Orphan|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox government agency
| name = Deputy Commissioner’s Office, Chandigarh
| native_name = उपायुक्त कार्यालय, चंडीगढ़
| type = District administration office
| jurisdiction = [[Chandigarh]] (Union Territory), India
| headquarters = Deputy Commissioner Office, Sector 17, Chandigarh (UT) – 160017<ref name="DCCContact">{{cite web |title=DC Office Contact |url=https://chandigarhdistrict.nic.in/contact-dc/ |website=Chandigarh District Administration |publisher=National Informatics Centre (NIC) |access-date=14 January 2026}}</ref>
| chief1_name = Nishant Kumar Yadav, IAS (Deputy Commissioner)<ref name="DCWho">{{cite web |title=Deputy Commissioner |url=https://chandigarhdistrict.nic.in/whoswho/deputy-commissioner/ |website=Chandigarh District Administration |publisher=National Informatics Centre (NIC) |access-date=14 January 2026}}</ref>
| parent_agency = [[Chandigarh Administration]]
| contact = +91 172 2700109<ref name="DCCContact" />
| website = https://chandigarhdistrict.nic.in/<ref name="DCSite">{{cite web |title=Chandigarh District Administration (Official website) |url=https://chandigarhdistrict.nic.in/ |website=Chandigarh District Administration |publisher=National Informatics Centre (NIC) |access-date=14 January 2026}}</ref>
}}

The '''Deputy Commissioner’s Office, Chandigarh''' (often called the '''DC Office Chandigarh''') is the district administration office for the Union Territory of [[Chandigarh]]. Headed by the Deputy Commissioner (DC), the office coordinates district-level administration and public service delivery, including grievance handling and inter-departmental enforcement actions in coordination with the [[Chandigarh Administration]].<ref name="DCSite" /><ref name="CIATribune">{{cite news |title=757 plaints resolved under new public hearing drive |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/757-plaints-resolved-under-new-public-hearing-drive/ |work=The Tribune |date=9 November 2025 |access-date=14 January 2026}}</ref>

== Location ==
The DC Office is located in Sector 17, Chandigarh (UT) – 160017.<ref name="DCCContact" />

== Role and functions ==
The Deputy Commissioner’s Office acts as the nodal district administration unit and, as reported in local press, has run public hearing and grievance-resolution initiatives to strengthen citizen interface mechanisms.<ref name="CIATribune" />

== Notable initiatives and actions ==
=== Citizen grievance and public hearing drive ===
In November 2025, ''The Tribune'' reported that the DC Office institutionalised a citizen interface through a Citizen Interaction and Assistance branch and that hundreds of complaints had been resolved under a public hearing drive.<ref name="CIATribune" />

=== Encroachment and removal orders ===
In May 2025, ''The Times of India'' reported that the Deputy Commissioner ordered removal action concerning unauthorised religious structures on government land, citing compliance with court directions and department-wise action taken reporting.<ref name="TOIEncroach">{{cite news |title=150 unauthorised religious structures on govt land, Chandigarh DC orders removal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/150-unauthorised-religious-structures-on-govt-land-chandigarh-dc-orders-removal/articleshow/121195844.cms |work=The Times of India |date=16 May 2025 |access-date=14 January 2026}}</ref>

=== Building safety and structural audits ===
In October 2025, ''The Tribune'' reported that the Chandigarh Administration ordered structural audits of old/dilapidated buildings and that an expert committee was set up under the Deputy Commissioner’s direction.<ref name="TribuneAudit">{{cite news |title=Chandigarh Administration orders structural audit of old, dilapidated buildings |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/chandigarh-administration-orders-structural-audit-of-old-dilapidated-buildings/ |work=The Tribune |date=3 October 2025 |access-date=14 January 2026}}</ref>

=== Proposed Integrated Deputy Commissioner Office Complex ===
In January 2026, ''The Tribune'' reported that the Chandigarh Administration sought Ministry of Home Affairs approval for an “Integrated Deputy Commissioner Office Complex” in Sector 17, with an estimated cost reported at around Rs 160 crore.<ref name="TribuneComplex">{{cite news |title=Chandigarh Admn seeks MHA approval for Rs 160-cr DC office complex |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/admn-seeks-mha-approval-for-160-cr-dc-office-complex/ |work=The Tribune |date=5 January 2026 |access-date=14 January 2026}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Chandigarh Administration]]
* [[Chandigarh]]
* [[Deputy commissioner (India)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://chandigarhdistrict.nic.in/}}
* {{Official website|https://chandigarh.gov.in/deputy-commissioners-office}}<ref name="ChdDCPage">{{cite web |title=Deputy Commissioners Office |url=https://chandigarh.gov.in/deputy-commissioners-office |website=Chandigarh Administration |publisher=Chandigarh Administration |access-date=14 January 2026}}</ref>

{{coord missing|Chandigarh}}

[[Category:Government buildings in India]]
[[Category:Government of Chandigarh]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Chandigarh]]

Tenali Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-29T02:09:54Z

BraydenBeeby640: adding the bio v1

{{Short description|Former constituency of Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Tenali
| type = LS
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| established = 1952
| abolished = 2008
| assembly_cons = Nidumolu<br>[[Avanigadda Assembly constituency|Avanigadda]]<br>[[Repalle Assembly constituency|Repalle]]<br>[[Vemuru Assembly constituency|Vemuru]]<br>[[Duggirala Assembly constituency|Duggirala]]<br>[[Tenali Assembly constituency|Tenali]]<br>[[Mangalagiri Assembly constituency|Mangalagiri]]
| reservation =
}}
'''Tenali''' was [[Lok Sabha]] constituency of [[Andhra Pradesh]]<ref name=delimitation1951>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3968-dpaco-1951/ |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1951 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=23 August 1951 |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref> till 2008.<ref>{{cite news|title=All eyes on Guntur Lok Sabha seat|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/all-eyes-on-guntur-lok-sabha-seat/article328754.ece|accessdate=16 October 2014|work=The Hindu|date=11 March 2009|location=Guntur}}</ref>

==Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Winner
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1951–52 Indian general election|1952]]
|[[Kotha Raghuramaiah]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|[[N. G. Ranga]]
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|Kolla Venkaiah
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|Lavu Balagangadhara Rao
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|[[Nageswararao Meduri]]<ref name=election1977>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4116-general-election-1977-vol-i-ii/ |title=General Election, 1977 (Vol I, II) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|[[M. Nageswara Rao]]
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|Venkataratnam Nissankararao
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|Basavapunnaiah Singam
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|[[Ummareddy Venkateswarlu]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[Sharada (actress)|Sarada Tadiparthi]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|[[P. Shiv Shankar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|[[Ummareddy Venkateswarlu]]<ref name=election1999>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4125-general-election-1999-vol-i-ii-iii/ |title=General Election, 1999 (Vol I, II, III) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[Balashowry Vallabhaneni]]<ref name=election2004/>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| colspan="4" |<small>Constituency abolished in 2008 after the [[Delimitation Commission of India]] Report. See: [[Guntur Lok Sabha constituency]]</small>
|}

==Election results==
===2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections]]: Tenali<ref name=election2004>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/4126-general-election-2004-vol-i-ii-iii/ |title=General Election 2004 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Balashowry Vallabhaneni]]
| votes = 366,843
| percentage = 54.47
| change = +13.15
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[Ummareddy Venkateswarlu]]
| votes = 288,287
| percentage = 42.81
| change = -9.82
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Dilip Raaja Donepudi
| votes = 5,694
| percentage = 0.85
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Venkateswarlu Palla
| votes = 5,679
| percentage = 0.84
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| candidate = Narasimha Reddy Tera
| votes = 4,183
| percentage = 0.62
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Duggirala Raja Ramkumar
| votes = 1,623
| percentage = 0.24
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Mandali Subrahmanyam
| votes = 1,153
| percentage = 0.17
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 78,556
| percentage = 11.66
| change = +22.97
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 673,462
| percentage = 76.55
| change = +7.90
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing = +13.15
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Tenali]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}

{{coord|16.2|80.6|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tenali Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Former Lok Sabha constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies established in 1952]]

Alambazar Math

2026-04-25T19:43:21Z

BraydenBeeby640: put up a entry needs work

{{short description|Second monastery of Ramakrishna Order, situated in Baranagar, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Alambazar Math
| image = Alambazar Math transparent Logo.jpg
| image_size = 220px
| caption = Logo
| formation = {{Start date and age|1892}}
| purpose =
| headquarters = [[Belur, West Bengal|Belur]]
| region_served =
| coordinates = {{coord|22.647352|N|88.364682|E|region:LK_type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| website = [http://alambazarmath.azurewebsites.net/ alambazarmath.azurewebsites.net]
}}

'''Alambazar Math''' is the second monastery of the [[Ramakrishna Order]] established in February 1892, which remained the order's headquarters till February 1898, when it was finally moved to [[Belur, West Bengal|Belur]] village on the bank of [[Ganges|Ganga]].<ref name="Alambazar Math">{{cite web|url=http://alambazarmath.com/ |title=AlambazarMath |publisher=alambazarmath.com |access-date=2014-01-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110085118/http://alambazarmath.com/ |archive-date=2014-01-10 }}</ref>

The Alambazar Math finally got merged with the Ramakrishna Math and Mission, Belur on 7 November 2022,on the holy Janmatithi(birth anniversary) of Srimat Swami Vijnananandaji Maharaj, a direct disciple of Sri Ramakrishna. The deed was signed by Swami Suviranandaji Maharaj, the general secretary of Ramakrishna Math.

It was earlier managed by Ramakrishna Satyanand Ashram and merging it with the Ramakrishna mission was a much awaited event.

==History==
[[File:Alambazar Math 1896.jpg|Alambazar Math 1896|thumb|right]]
After the demise of [[Sri Ramakrishna]], the 19th century mystic and saint, some of his younger disciples decided to stay together and perform spiritual practices following the ideology of saint. Prominent among them were Narendra Nath Dutta, later famous as [[Swami Vivekananda]] and Rakhal Chandra Ghosh, later Swami Brahmananda, who was also the first president of the Ramakrishna Order. The first monastery of the Ramakrishna order was established in [[Baranagar]], Calcutta and it came to be known as the [[Baranagar Math]]. The dilapidated building of Baranagar Math could not serve the monastery for long and hence in 1892, the Math was shifted to a new building in Alambazar, a place in [[Baranagar]]. The building was dis reputed as a haunted house as two persons had committed suicide there and hence it was available cheap.<ref name = "Alambazar Math"/>

===Building layout===
The house was fairly large, quadrangular, two storey building comprising two sections, outer and inner.<Ref Name = "History of Ramakrishna Order"> The Early History of Ramakrishna Movement, by Swami Prabhananda, [[Sri Ramakrishna Math, Chennai]], {{ISBN|81-7823-226-X}}</ref> The Ramakrishna shrine in the Alambazar Math was situated in the first floor of the building. The brother disciples slept together in the large hall in the ground floor.<ref name = "Alambazar Math"/> The building was adorned with a pond, several country wells and an orchard.<Ref Name = "History of Ramakrishna Order"/> There were balconies on the ground and first floor and the building overlooked the present Deshbandhu Road. There were two flights of stairs to reach the first floor. Near the shrine were three rooms used by [[Swami Nirmalananda]], [[Swami Abhedananda]], and [[Swami Ramakrishnananda]].<Ref Name = "History of Ramakrishna Order"/> Vivekananda stayed in the second room in the western side of the first floor.<ref name = "Alambazar Math"/>

===Members===
When the Math premises were shifted, at that time most of the brother disciples of Sri Ramakrishna, including Swami Vivekananda, were wandering monks in various parts of India. [[Swami Ramakrishnananda]] assisted for most part of the period by [[Swami Nirmalananda]] was the only person who stayed indoor throughout and took care of the activities of the monastery during this period.
Among the direct disciples of Sri Ramakrishna, Swami Brahmananda came back to Alambazar Math in 1895. [[Swami Turiyananda]] and [[Swami Shivananda]] returned to stay in the Math in 1894. [[Baburam Maharaj (Swami Premananda)|Swami Premananda]] came back a few days after the return of Swami Vivekananda. [[Swami Niranjananda]] returned to stay before the birth anniversary of Sri Ramakrishna in 1895. [[Swami Saradananda]] was a permanent resident from the beginning, from where he left for Europe in 1895. [[Swami Abhedananda]] also traveled widely before he settled in Alambazar Math in 1892. [[Swami Trigunatitananda]] stayed for about two years, from 1892 to 1894. Brahmachari Hariprasanna, later [[Swami Vijnanananda]], joined Alambazar Math after the return of Swami Vivekananda.<Ref Name = "History of Ramakrishna Order"/>
New members who joined as Brahmacharins or monks, who stayed in Alambazar monastery, included [[Swami Virajananda]] and Swami Nirbhayananda.

===Important visitors===
[[Durga Charan Nag]], better known as Nag Mahasay, an important householder disciple of Sri Ramakrishna, visited the Math.
[[Girish Chandra Ghosh]], the famous playwright and father of modern theater in India, used to visit the monastery as a devotee.
In 1896, Dr. Turnbull, who had heard Swami Vivekananda in Chicago and was an ardent fan, visited Alambazar Math.
[[Gopaler Ma]] and [[Gauri Ma]], two foremost women devotees of Sri Ramakrishna, were also occasional visitors.

===Important events===
Swami Vivekananda went to America in 1893 and participated in the parliament of religions when the monastery was located in Alambazar. He also came back to stay in Alambazar monastery. He wrote several letters to his brother disciples in Alambazar Math, several of which were addressed to Swami Ramakrishnananda, between 1894 and 1896. He advised them on management affairs, Governing Body and also the organization structure and activities of the proposed monastery.<ref name="Letters of Swami Vivekananda">[http://www.vivekananda.net/knownletters/1896London.html Letters of Swami Vivekananda] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217034153/http://www.vivekananda.net/knownletters/1896London.html |date=2013-12-17}}</ref>

The inmates of Alambazar Math, most notably [[Swami Abhedananda]] and [[Swami Yogananda (Yogin Maharaj)]] organized a public convention to declare Swami Vivekananda as the official representative of Hinduism in Calcutta Townhall, which was presided by Raja Pyarimohan Mukherjee and attended by the famous persons of Calcutta in 1894.<ref name = "Alambazar Math"/>

After his return from the West, [[Swami Vivekananda]], stayed for sometime in the Alambazar Math and here he framed the rules and guidelines for a future Ramakrishna Order.

An earthquake on [[1897 Assam earthquake|12 June 1897]] caused much damage to the building, and the monastery had to be shifted to Nilambar Mukherjee's garden house in Belur.

It is in this Math that Swamiji first taught systematic meditation to the disciples.

In this Math, Swamiji first gave the vow of Sannyasa to his disciples.

==Celebrations in the Math==
It is in this Math that the first birthday celebration of Sarada Devi was organized on 16 December 1897. Swami Prakashananda conducted the worship and the homa (fire) ceremony.[S.P: p. 92]

In October 1897 Durga Puja was celebrated in at this Math. It was conducted with a photo of Mother instead of the Durga image. On the Kali Puja night, the inmates performed "Guru Puja". Premananda performed the puja and homa.[S.P: p. 160]

Adbhutananda (Latu) and one Shivaratri night conducted the worship of Shiva throughout the four quarters of the night [Ghatanabali]

==Present state==
The building remained in a dilapidated state, was neglected for about seventy years and was forcefully occupied through illegal encroachments. Swami Satyananda, a disciple of Swami Abhedananda, first started the initiative to reclaim the historic building. A portion was finally purchased in 1968. The tenants opposed the establishment of the monastery, and they threatened the monks. Slowly all the rooms were occupied by the newly established Sri Ramakrishna Satyananda Ashrama and most of the tenants agreed to leave after being paid hefty compensation. In 2007 the remaining portion of the old monastery building was purchased, but it was still not completely encroachment free. As part of the celebration of 150 years of Swami Vivekananda, the Government of India has officially recognized the Alambazar Math as a national heritage structure and has initiated a project to restore the building and set up a Vivekananda Centre for Spiritual Culture. Prime Minister of India [[Dr. Manmohan Singh]] wrote an appreciation letter and with his help, the ministry of culture, Government of India's National Culture Fund, has come forward to help partially fund the restoration work. [[Archaeological Survey of India]] has taken up the restoration and reconstruction project.<ref Name = "Alambazar Math"/>

== See also ==

* [[Ramakrishna Mission]]
* [[Swami]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{cite web|url=http://alambazarmath.azurewebsites.net/ |title=Alambazar Math |publisher=Alambazar Math |access-date=2017-08-06 }}
* The Early History of Ramakrishna Movement, by Swami Prabhananda, Sri Ramakrishna Math, Chennai, {{ISBN|81-7823-226-X}}

{{Baranagar}}
{{Tourist attractions in Kolkata}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ramakrishna Math and Mission branches]]
[[Category:Baranagar]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in North 24 Parganas district]]

Narayan Singh Bhainsora

2026-04-20T05:39:21Z

BraydenBeeby640: new.

{{Short description|Indian politician and social worker (1939-2020)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Narayan Singh Bhainsora
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1939|02|10}}
| birth_place = [[Didihat]], [[Pithoragarh district|Pithoragarh]], [[Uttarakhand]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2020|06|17|1939|02|10}}
| death_place = [[Pithoragarh]], [[Uttarakhand]]
| office4 = [[Member of Legislative assembly]]
| constituency4 = [[Didihat Assembly constituency|Didihaat]]
| term_start4 = 1977
| term_end4 = 1980
| predecessor4 = [[Gopal Dutt Ojha]]
| successor4 = Chauru Chandra Ojha
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| other_party = [[Janata Party]]
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
| date =
| year =
| source =
| education = M.A. {{where|date=August 2025}}
}}
'''Narayan Singh Bhainsora''' (10 February 1939 – 17 June 2020) was an Indian politician and social worker who served as an MLA from [[Didihat Assembly constituency]] as a member of the Janata Party.<ref>[https://www.justdial.com/Pithoragarh/Narayan-Singh-Bhohra-Pith/9999P5964-5964-170524092926-W6T6_BZDET Narayan Singh Bhohra Pith]</ref>

He was influenced by the ideologies of [[Vinobha Bhave]] and RSS as a child.<ref>{{Cite web |title=पूर्व विधायक एवं जनसंघी नेता नारायण सिंह भैंसोड़ा का निधन - |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttarakhand/pithoragarh-former-mla-and-jana-sangh-leader-narayan-singh-bhainsoda-dies-20401267.html |access-date=2025-08-14 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

== Political career ==
*1962–1967 – Gram Pradhan of baltir village
*1967 – Elected to Didihat on Janata Party ticket
*1989 – Unsuccessfully contested from Didihat from a BJP ticket.
*1989 – Unsuccessfully contested from Didihat from a BJP ticket.
*1991 – He quit the BJP and rejoined the Janata Party. He later rejoined the BJP

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhainsora, Narayan Singh}}
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Pithoragarh district]]
[[Category:Politicians from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1977–1980]]

Nafees Fazal

2026-04-20T05:27:27Z

BraydenBeeby640: put up.

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1947)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Nafees Fazal
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1947|11|4}}<ref name="Karnataka Legislative Council">{{cite web |title=Nafessa Fazal |url=https://kla.kar.nic.in/council/members/exmembers/NafessaFazal.htm |website=Karnataka Legislative Council |access-date=2025-03-17}}</ref>
| birth_place =
| citizenship = [[India]]
| children = Nooraine Fazal <small>([[daughter]])</small>
| spouse = Mohammed Hassan Fazal <small>(m.1964)</small><ref name="Karnataka Legislative Council">{{cite web |title=Nafessa Fazal |url=https://kla.kar.nic.in/council/members/exmembers/NafessaFazal.htm |website=Karnataka Legislative Council |access-date=2025-03-17}}</ref>
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| profession = Social Worker and Fashion Designer<ref name="Karnataka Legislative Council">{{cite web |title=Nafessa Fazal |url=https://kla.kar.nic.in/council/members/exmembers/NafessaFazal.htm |website=Karnataka Legislative Council |access-date=2025-03-17}}</ref>
| office = [[Karnataka Legislative Council|Member of the Karnataka Legislative Council]]
| term_start = 1994
| term_end = 2006
| constituency = Elected by MLAs
| order1 =
| office1 = [[Minister of State]] for Science & Technology
| 4blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 4namedata1 = [[S. M. Krishna]]
| governor1 = {{Plainlist|
* [[V. S. Ramadevi]]
* [[T. N. Chaturvedi]]
}}
| term_start1 = 18 August 2001
| term_end1 = 28 May 2004
| predecessor1 = [[G. Parameshwara]]
| successor1 =
| order2 =
| office2 = [[Minister of State]] for [[Medical Education]]
| 4blankname2 = Chief Minister
| 4namedata2 = [[S. M. Krishna]]
| governor2 = {{Plainlist|
* [[Khurshed Alam Khan]]
* [[V. S. Ramadevi]]
}}
| term_start2 = 11 October 1999
| term_end2 = 18 August 2001
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 = [[G. Parameshwara]]
}}

'''Nafees Fazal''' (4{{nbsp}}November 1947) is an Indian politician who was the first Muslim woman to hold a ministerial post in [[South India]]. She was, at first, the minister of medical education and later became the minister of science & technology during the [[Krishna ministry]] in Karnataka. She was elected as a member of the [[Karnataka Legislative Council]] for two terms, from 1994 to 2006.<ref name="The New Indian Express">{{cite news |title=Against All Odds: Nafees Fazal's new book 'Breaking Barriers' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2022/Nov/01/againstall-oddsnafees-fazalsnew-book-breaking-barriers-2513996.html |access-date=17 March 2025 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=11 November 2022}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Nafees Fazal was born on 4 November 1947. She is the granddaughter of Khan Bahadur Mohammed Moosa Sait, a former sheriff of [[Chennai]].<ref name="The South First">{{cite news |title=Nafees Fazal, a Muslim woman in India's dirty politics |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/karnataka/nafees-fazal-a-muslim-woman-in-indias-dirty-politics/ |access-date=17 March 2025 |publisher=The South First |date=4 November 2022}}</ref> She went to a boarding school in [[Lovedale, India|Lovedale]] and [[Yercaud]].<ref name="The Indian Express">{{cite news |title=Nafees Fazal's Breaking Barriers documents the upswings and downturns of being a politician in India |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/books-and-literature/nafees-fazal-breaking-barriers-documents-upswings-and-downturns-politician-india-politics-8363648/ |access-date=17 March 2025 |publisher=The Indian Express |date=7 January 2023}}</ref>

== Political career ==

In 1983, she unsuccessfully contested the [[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike]] municipal elections from the [[Shivajinagar, Bengaluru|Shivajinagar]] ward on a [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] ticket.<ref name="The News Minute">{{cite news |title=As a glamorous politician, Nafees Fazal was the antithesis of a woman in public life |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/karnataka/glamorous-politician-nafees-fazal-was-antithesis-woman-public-life-169724 |access-date=17 March 2025 |publisher=The News Minute |date=8 November 2022}}</ref> Her political mentor was [[Margaret Alva]]. She was the president of the Bangalore wing of the [[All India Mahila Congress|Mahila Congress]].<ref name="The South First"/>

In 1994, she was elected to the [[Karnataka Legislative Council]] and was an MLC until 2006. During the [[Krishna ministry]], she served as the Minister of Medical Education and the Minister of Science & Technology.

== Personal life ==

In 1964, she married Hassan Fazal, whose family owned the Fazal's clothing store on [[Commercial Street, Bengaluru]].<ref name="The News Minute"/> They had 2 daughters. Her daughter, Nooraine Fazal is the CEO and Co-founder of [[Inventure Academy]] and a core committee member of the [[Bangalore Political Action Committee]].<ref name="Times of India">{{cite news |title=Pray, eat and love is family's way to celebrate |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/pray-eat-and-love-is-familys-way-to-celebrate/articleshow/15578540.cms |access-date=17 March 2025 |publisher=Times of India |date=21 August 2012}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* [https://kla.kar.nic.in/council/members/exmembers/NafessaFazal.htm Nafees Fazal]
* [https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/63260659-breaking-barriers Breaking Barriers: The Story of a Liberal Muslim Woman’s Passage in Indian Politics]
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fazal, Nafees}}
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Amour Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:14:57Z

BraydenBeeby640: put up some page needs work

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Amour
| type = SLA
| map_image = 56-Amour constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Bihar]]
| district =
| division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Kishanganj Lok Sabha constituency|Kishanganj]]
| constituency_no = 56
| established = 1951
| electors = 312,866
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| abolished = 
| mla = [[Akhtarul Iman]]
| party = {{Party index link|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Independent|shortname=None}}
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
| preceded_by =
}}

'''Amour Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Purnia district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]].

==Overview==
As per Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, No 56 Amour Assembly constituency is composed of the following: Amour and Baisa [[Community Development Block in India|community development blocks]].<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref>

Amour Assembly constituency is part of No 10 [[Kishanganj (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=commission/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
<ref name="election2019">{{Cite web|url=http://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/list%20of%20member.pdf|date=2019-10-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024171731/http://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/list%20of%20member.pdf|access-date=2019-10-24|archive-date=2019-10-24|title=Bihar Vidhan Sabha}}</ref><ref name="election2019-1">{{Cite web|url=http://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/ex%20mla/15.pdf|date=2019-10-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024172025/http://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/ex%20mla/15.pdf|access-date=2019-10-24|archive-date=2019-10-24|title=Bihar Vidhan Sabha}}</ref><ref name="election2019-2">{{Cite web|url=http://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/ex%20mla/14.pdf|date=2019-10-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024172116/http://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/ex%20mla/14.pdf|access-date=2019-10-24|archive-date=2019-10-24|title=Bihar Vidhan Sabha}}</ref><ref name="election2019-3">{{Cite web|url=http://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/ex%20mla/12.pdf|date=2019-10-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024172353/http://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/ex%20mla/12.pdf|access-date=2019-10-24|archive-date=2019-10-24|title=Bihar Vidhan Sabha}}</ref><ref name="election2019-4">{{Cite web|url=http://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/ex%20mla/11.pdf|date=2019-10-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024172534/http://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/ex%20mla/11.pdf|access-date=2019-10-24|archive-date=2019-10-24|title=Bihar Vidhan Sabha}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Amour Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/amour.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|[[Mohammad Tahir (politician)|Mohammad Tahir]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Mohammad Ismail
|{{party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Mohammad Alijan
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="3" |Hasibur Rahman
| {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|{{party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Chandrashekhar Jha
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Moijuddin Minshi
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Abdul Zalil Mastan]]
|{{party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|Muzaffar Hussain
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|1997
|[[Saba Zafar]]
|{{party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Abdul Zalil Mastan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|[[Saba Zafar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|[[Abdul Zalil Mastan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|rowspan=2|[[Akhtarul Iman]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Amour<ref name="election2025">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-15 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/ae/2025/16 |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|candidate = [[Akhtarul Iman]]
|votes = {{formatnum:100836}}
|percentage = 43.5
|change = {{decrease}}7.67
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = [[Saba Zafar]]
|votes = {{formatnum:61908}}
|percentage = 26.71
|change = {{increase}}3.99
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Abdul Zalil Mastan]]
|votes = {{formatnum:52791}}
|percentage = 22.77
|change = {{increase}}5.51
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Mohd Parvej Alam
|votes = {{formatnum:4585}}
|percentage = 1.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|candidate = Afaroj
|votes = {{formatnum:3802}}
|percentage = 1.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Md Muntazir Alam
|votes = {{formatnum:2310}}
|percentage = 1.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3187}}
|percentage = 1.37
|change = {{decrease}}1.32
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:38928}}
|percentage = 16.79
|change = {{decrease}}11.66
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:231808}}
|percentage = 74.09
|change = {{increase}}15.28
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2020]]: Amour<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-13 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12787-bihar-legislative-election-2020/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|candidate = [[Akhtarul Iman]]
|votes = {{formatnum:94459}}
|percentage = 51.17
|change = {{increase}}50.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = [[Saba Zafar]]
|votes = {{formatnum:41944}}
|percentage = 22.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Abdul Zalil Mastan]]
|votes = {{formatnum:31863}}
|percentage = 17.26
|change = {{decrease}}41.9
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)
|candidate = Kumar Gupta
|votes = {{formatnum:3164}}
|percentage = 1.71
|change = {{increase}}0.67
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janta Dal Rashtravadi
|candidate = Matiur Rahman
|votes = {{formatnum:1673}}
|percentage = 0.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4958}}
|percentage = 2.69
|change = {{increase}}0.85
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:52515}}
|percentage = 28.45
|change = {{decrease}}2.27
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:184606}}
|percentage = 58.81
|change = {{decrease}}1.44
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===

General Election to the Legislative Assembly of Bihar was held in 5 phases. Amour Assembly constituency had its polling in the last phase on 5 November 2015 and the result was declared on 8 November 2015.<ref name=election2015>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3904-bihar-2015/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2015 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021}}</ref>'''Candidates:'''

A total of 14 candidates filed their nominations, including one woman candidate. Out of those 14, one candidate withdraw his name from the candidature. 13 candidates contested the election, including the women candidate. Out of 13 candidates, 11 candidates' deposits were forfeited.<ref name=election2015/>'''Electors and voters:'''

Total number of 2,80,910 electors (1,49,626 male and 1,31,274 female) were registered. Out of those, only 1,69,281 (60.26%) voters turned out to cast their votes in 275 polling stations.<ref name=election2015/>'''Result:'''

Abdul Jalil Mastan of the [[Indian National Congress]] Party won the election by a margin of 51,997 votes (31.30% of total valid votes). The total votes cast in his favour was 1,00,135. Runner-up Saba Zafar of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] received 48,138 votes.<ref name=election2015/>
{{Election box begin|title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Amour<ref name="election2015"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Abdul Jalil Mastan
|votes = {{formatnum:100135}}
|percentage = 59.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Saba Zafar
|votes = {{formatnum:48138}}
|percentage = 28.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Shiv Sena
|candidate = Anima Das
|votes = {{formatnum:4393}}
|percentage = 2.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Md Nasim Akhter
|votes = {{formatnum:2458}}
|percentage = 1.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|candidate = Md Nawazish Alam
|votes = {{formatnum:1955}}
|percentage = 1.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)
|candidate = Babar Azam
|votes = {{formatnum:1763}}
|percentage = 1.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3106}}
|percentage = 1.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:51997}}
|percentage = 30.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:169250}}
|percentage = 60.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2010===
In the [[2010 Bihar legislative assembly election|November 2010 state assembly elections]], [[Saba Zafar]] of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] won the Amour assembly seat defeating his nearest rival Abdul Jalil Mastan of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]].<ref name="election2010">{{cite web| url = http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS0456.htm |title = Bihar - Amour |work =Bihar Assembly Elections Nov 2010 Results | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref> Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Abdul Jalil Mastan of Congress defeated Saba Jafar representing [[Samajwadi Party|SP]] in [[Bihar Assembly Election, Oct 2005|October 2005]], contesting as an Independent in [[Bihar Assembly Election, Feb 2005|February 2005]] and representing [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]] in 2000. Muzaffar Hussain of SP defeated Abdul Jalil Mastan of Congress in 1995. A. Jalil of Congress defeated Muzaffar Hussain of [[Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha|ICS (SCS)]]. Jalil, Independent, defeated Chandra Sekhar Jha of [[Janata Party|JP]] in 1985. M. Moijuddin Munshi of Congress defeated Nazmuddin of Janata Party (Secular – Raj Narain). Chandra Sekhar Jha of JP defeated Md. Moijuddin Munshi of Congress.<ref name="election1977">{{cite web |url = http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S04/partycomp136.htm |title = 136 - Amour Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-01-15 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120330235859/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S04/partycomp136.htm |archive-date = 2012-03-30 |url-status = dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Purnia Division topics}}
{{coord|25.97|87.72|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Purnia district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bihar]]

Shreeram Lagoo

2026-04-12T23:27:11Z

BraydenBeeby640: adding new post basic info

{{Short description|Indian actor (1927–2019)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name =
| image = Sriram Lagoo.jpg
| imagesize =
| alt =
| caption = Lagoo in 2010
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1927|11|16|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Satara district|Satara]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2019|12|17|1927|11|16|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| occupation = {{hlist|
[[Actor]]|
[[Theatre|Theatre Artist]]|[[Otorhinolaryngology|ENT Surgeon]]
}}
| yearsactive = 1927–2019
| education = M.B.B.S, M.S
| alma_mater = [[B. J. Medical College|B.J.M.C.]], Pune
| spouse = [[Deepa Lagoo]]
| honours = • [[Kalidas Samman]] (1997)<br/> • [[Punyabhushan|PunyaBhushan]] (2007)<br/> • [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]] (2010)
| website =
}}

'''Shreeram Lagoo'''<ref name=":0" /> (16 November 1927 – 17 December 2019) was an Indian film and [[theatre]] actor, in [[Hindi]] and [[Marathi language|Marathi]]. He was known for his character roles in films. He acted in over 250 films including Hindi and Marathi films as well as Hindi, Marathi and [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] plays, and directed over 20 Marathi plays. He won the 1978 [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor]] for the Hindi film ''[[Gharaonda]]''. His [[autobiography]] is titled ''Lamaan'' ({{lang|mr|लमाण}}; {{Translation|a carrier of goods}}). He is a recipient of two [[Filmfare Awards Marathi|Filmfare Marathi]] awards and a recipient of the [[Maharashtra State Film Awards|Maharashtra State Film Award]].<ref>{{lang|mr|[http://www.popularprakashan.com/-29.htm लमाण]}} [[Popular Prakashan]], 8 May 2013. {{dead link|date=October 2020}}</ref><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Yb9T1oUlyE#t=993s 100 years of Cinema]: [[Naseeruddin Shah]], 2 May 2013.</ref>

He was a very vocal and active figure in furthering progressive and rational social causes. In 1999, he and social activist [[G P Pradhan|G. P. Pradhan]] undertook a fast in support of anti-corruption crusader [[Anna Hazare]].<ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19990813/ige13005.html Support pours in for Hazare] [[Indian Express]],13 August 1999.</ref> Lagoo was also qualified as an ENT Surgeon.

== Early life ==

Shreeram Lagoo was born in [[Satara district]], [[Maharashtra]] to Balakrishna Chintaman Lagoo and Satyabhama Lagoo, and was the eldest of four children. He attended Bhave High School, [[Fergusson College]] and [[B. J. Medical College]], India and completed his [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|MBBS]] and [[Master of Surgery|MS]] qualifications.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fttNAAAAYAAJ&q=Shreeram+Lagoo|title=Encyclopedia of Asian Theatre: O-Z|editor-last=Leiter|editor-first=Samuel L.|date=2007|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=978-0-313-33531-0|volume=I|pages=364|chapter=Lagoo, Shreeram|last=Dharwadker|first=Aparna}}</ref>

== Career ==
Lagoo started acting in plays during his college years. Gaining further interest in theatre, he created a group "Progressive Dramatic Association", with like-minded senior friends like [[Bhalba Kelkar]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2001-10-13/pune/27239714_1_pda-amateur-theatre-theatre-festival|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928090100/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2001-10-13/pune/27239714_1_pda-amateur-theatre-theatre-festival|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 September 2012|title=Curtain goes up on a new act at PDA|date=13 October 2001|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=23 September 2011}}</ref>
Meanwhile, he received a degree in [[Otorhinolaryngology|ENT Surgery]] from University of Mumbai in the early fifties and practised in Pune for six years before going to [[Canada]] and [[England]] for additional training.<ref name="lamaan">{{cite book |last1=Lagoo |first1=Shreeram |title=Lamaan |date=1 January 2011 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-8171858989 |edition=Marathi }}</ref>

He practised medicine and surgery in [[Pune]], [[India]] and [[Tabora]], [[Tanzania]] in the sixties,<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2019-12-18 |title=Shriram Lagoo (1927-2019): 'Rare actor, highly intelligent, had logic to apply to character' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shriram-lagoo-dead-1927-2019-rare-actor-highly-intelligent-had-logic-to-apply-to-character-6172542/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108103810/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shriram-lagoo-dead-1927-2019-rare-actor-highly-intelligent-had-logic-to-apply-to-character-6172542/ |archive-date=2020-01-08 |access-date=2025-10-08 |work=The Indian Express |language=en-US}}</ref> but his theatre activity through Progressive Dramatic Association in Pune and "Rangaayan" in Mumbai continued when he was in India. In 1969, at the age of 42, he became a full-time actor. on Marathi stage, debuting in the play ''Ithe Oshalala Mrityu'' ({{Lang|mr|इथे ओशाळला मृत्यु}}; {{Translation|Where Death Shied Away}}), written by [[Vasant Kanetkar]].<ref name=":1" />

Lagoo finally started working as a full-time drama actor in the year 1969, from Vasant Kanetkar's play "Where Death Shied Away".{{citation needed|date=October 2020}} He played a leading role in the play 'Natsamrat' written by [[Kusumagraj|Kusumagraj (Vishnu Vaman Shirwadkar)]] and was best remembered for that role. He had a legendary status in [[Marathi cinema]]{{Citation needed|date=March 2010}}, where he did many memorable movies which included successes like ''Sinhasan'', ''[[Pinjra (film)|Pinjra]]'' and ''[[Mukta (film)|Mukta]]''. In 1980, his license was cancelled by [[Medical Council of India]] after he appeared in an advertisement of [[Chyavanprash]] by [[Dabur]].<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=11 February 2026 |title=As Sreeleela gets her MBBS degree, looking back at an actor whose medical license was cancelled because he did a Chayawanprash ad |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sreeleela-mbbs-degree-shriram-lagoo-medical-license-controversy-chyawanprash-10526840/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |location=New Delhi |access-date=12 April 2026}}</ref>

His wife, Deepa Lagoo, is also a noted theatre, TV, and film actress.<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/election/1999/aug/18hazare.htm Still Waters] [[Indian Express]], 20 April 1998.</ref> He had two sons and a daughter. Lagoo had instituted the prestigious Tanveer Samman, an award given to stalwarts in Indian theatre, in the memory of his bereaved son, Tanveer Lagoo.<ref name=":1" />

== Filmography ==

{{main|Shreeram Lagoo filmography}}

== Awards and recognition ==
*1974, [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Marathi]] for ''Sugandhi Katta''
*1975, [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Marathi]] for ''[[Samna (film)|Samna]]''
*1978, [[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Actor]] for ''Devkinandan Gopala''
* 1978, [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor]] for ''[[Gharaonda]]''
*1978, Nominated - Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor for ''[[Kinara (film)|Kinara]]''
*1981, Nominated - Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor for ''[[Insaf Ka Tarazu]]''
* 1997, [[Kalidas Samman]]
* 2006, Awarded the Master [[Dinanath Mangeshkar]] Smruti Pratisthan for his contribution to cinema and theater.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=9274a004-42bc-4537-b9f9-d290457b789e&&Headline=Dinanath+Mangeshkar+award+for+Aamir+Khan |title=Aamir Khan to receive special Dinanath Mangeshkar award |publisher=Hindustan Times |access-date=10 April 2008}}{{dead link|date=August 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
* 2007, [[Punyabhushan]] Puraskar<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070817173918/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=249089 ‘Marathi theatres’ pristine glory will be restored’] [[Indian Express]], 4 August 2007.</ref>
* 2010, [[List of Sangeet Natak Akademi fellows|Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]]<ref>{{cite press release |title=Declaration of Sangeet Natak Akademi fellowships (Akademi Ratna) and Akademi Awards (Akademi Puraskar) for the year 2009 |url=http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=57900 |publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]] |date=16 February 2010 |access-date=17 February 2010}}</ref>

== Religious beliefs ==
Shriram was a known non-religious rationalist.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Banerjee |first=Shoumojit |date=2019-12-18 |title=Shriram Lagoo had courage to stick with the unconventional |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/states/shriram-lagoo-had-courage-to-stick-with-the-unconventional/article30343229.ece |access-date=2025-10-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Once after being conferred with an award called [[Punyabhushan|Punyabhushan (Pride of Pune)]] on behalf of the organization called Tridal, he was interviewed by [[Sudhir Gadgil]]. In the interview, when asked about Jabbar Patel's play, wherein Lagoo had to stand before Lord Vitthal, "Did you stand there as a devotee or only as per the demand of the script?" Lagoo replied "I stood there as if I was standing in front of a stone idol that is known as Panduranga".{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}}

He wrote an article titled "Time to Retire God", which provoked hot discussions in the print media and other public platforms in India.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Goodbye, Natsamrat: Film and theatre legend Shreeram Lagoo dies aged 92 |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/cover-story/goodbye-natsamrat/articleshow/72861144.html |access-date=2025-10-08 |website=Mumbai Mirror |language=en}}</ref>

He was actively associated with the [[Antisuperstition|anti-superstition]] movement in Maharashtra. He was a close friend of [[Narendra Dabholkar]] and used to deliver lectures for some programs of the [[Maharashtra Andhashraddha Nirmoolan Samiti|ANS]], an organisation Dabholkar founded.<ref>[http://www.antisuperstition.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=48&Itemid=82, "Debates on Conscious Awakening" on Antisuperstition.Org]</ref> In 1991, Lagoo and Dabholkar were attacked with sticks by a mob in Sangli.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-08-21 |title=Last threat to Dabholkar: 'Remember Gandhi' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/last-threat-to-dabholkar-remember-gandhi/articleshow/21944884.cms |access-date=2025-10-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
[[File:Shreeram Lagoo Rang-avkash (SLR) (76370).jpg|thumb|Lobby of ''Shreeram Lagoo Rang-avkash'' in Pune]]

== Illness and death ==
Lagoo suffered from Parkinsons in the latter part of his life.<ref name=":2" /> He died at the age of 92, on 17 December 2019 in Pune due to age-related complications.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-12-18 |title=Actor Shriram Lagoo passes away |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/actor-shreeram-lagoo-dead-6172186/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200105155653/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/actor-shreeram-lagoo-dead-6172186/ |archive-date=2020-01-05 |access-date=2025-10-08 |work=The Indian Express |language=en-US}}</ref>

To honour his memory, the Maharashtra Culture Centre established an experimental theatre auditorium, ''Shreeram Lagoo Rang-Avkash,'' in Pune in 2024. The theatre was inaugurated by [[Naseeruddin Shah]] and [[Mohan Agashe]].<ref>* {{cite web |date=January 12, 2024 |title=Shreeram Lagoo Rang–Avakash: Experimental theatre gets second stage in city |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/shreeram-lagoo-rang-avakash-experimental-theatre-gets-second-stage-in-city-101705005178050.html |access-date=October 9, 2025 |website=Hindustan Times |ref={{sfnref|Hindustan Times|2024}}}}</ref>

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|0481362}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
*

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{SangeetNatakAkademiFellowship}}
{{FilmfareBestSupportingActorAward}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lagoo, Shreeram}}
[[Category:1927 births]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
[[Category:Savitribai Phule Pune University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian atheists]]
[[Category:Marathi actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]]
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi theatre]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:People from Satara district]]

Diya Menon

2026-04-04T20:54:54Z

BraydenBeeby640: Started New Data From Scratch - done

{{Short description|Indian television host}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Diya Menon
| image =
| caption = Official Picture of Diya
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age text| 27 December 1992}}
| birth_place = [[Ottapalam]], [[Kerala]], India
| occupation = actress, television host
| mother = Sindhu Muralidharan Menon
| father = Muralidharan Menon
| relatives = Dheepthi Kapil (elder sister)
| spouse = {{marriage|Karthik Subramanian|2016}}
| other_names = Krazy Kanmani
| children = 1
| citizenship = {{flag|India}}
}}

'''Diya Menon''' (born 27 December 1992),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Love and warmth leave birthday girl Diya Menon all emotional|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/love-and-warmth-leave-birthday-girl-diya-menon-all-emotional/articleshow/79992842.cms|access-date=2022-12-28 |website=[[Times Of India]]}}</ref> also known as VJ Diya, is an Indian [[actress]], [[television presenter]] and [[video jockey]]. She primarily works in Tamil and Malayalam-language television. Since 2013, she has hosted various award functions and programs with the [[Sun TV Network|Sun Network]]. She became known as a video jockey on [[Sun Music]], hosting shows such as ''Krazy Kanmani'', ''Call Mela Kasu'', ''[[Savaale Samali (TV series)|Savaale Samali]]'', ''[[Super Challenge]]'' and ''[[Vanakkam Tamizha]]''. In addition to her television career, Diya has hosted stage shows, corporate events and cultural programs in India and abroad, including events in [[Europe]].

==Early life==
Diya Menon was born on 27 December 1992 in [[Ottapalam]], [[Kerala]], India, to Muralidharan Menon and Sindhu Muralidharan Menon. She has an elder sister, Dheepthi Kapil, who is also a television actress.

She completed her primary education at Mrs. Bullmore School in Coonoor, Tamil Nadu, before her family relocated to Coimbatore. She completed her secondary schooling at Sri Nehru Vidyalaya, Coimbatore, graduating in 2010. She later pursued a Bachelor of Business Management degree at Sri Krishna Arts and Science College, Coimbatore, followed by a postgraduate degree in International Business.

== Career ==
Diya Menon started her career in 2015 appearing as a television host in the challenge-competition show ''[[Super Challenge]]'' hosting the show alongside other anchors [[Deepak Dinkar]], [[Rishi (Tamil actor)|Rishi]], [[Aadhavan (artist)|Aadhavan]] and Kavitha. She also hosted shows on [[Sun Music]] such as ''Krazy Kanmani'', ''Suda Suda Chennai'' and ''Call Mela Kasu''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Popular television anchor chills inside rooftop swimming pool pics go viral|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/tv-anchor-diya-menon-swimming-pool-pics-singapore-tamil-news-280562|access-date=2022-12-28 |website=www.indiaglitz.com}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Diya Menon married Karthik Subramanian, a cricketer on a Singapore state-level team. Diya and Karthik were in a three-year relationship before they were married. On 20 August 2022, Diya gave birth to a baby girl.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Popular VJ Diya Menon blessed with a baby girl|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/popular-vj-diya-menon-blessed-with-a-baby-girl/articleshow/93674634.cms|access-date=2022-12-28 |website=[[Times Of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title= Diya Menon, Husband Karthik Subramanian Announce Pregnancy|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/diya-menon-husband-karthik-subramanian-announce-pregnancy-5297959.html|access-date=2022-12-28 |website=www.news18.com}}</ref>

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Show
!Role
|-
|''Krazy Kanmani''
|Host
|-
|''[[Super Challenge]]''
|Host
|-
|''[[Vanakkam Tamizha]]''
|Host
|-
|''[[Savaale Samali (TV series)|Savaale Samali]]''
|Host
|-
|'' Pudhu Padam Eppadi Irukku''
|Host
|-
|'' Suda Suda Chennai''
|Host
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=11511640|name=Diya Menon}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Menon, Diya}}
[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television presenters]]
[[Category:Indian women television presenters]]
[[Category:Television personalities from Kerala]]
[[Category:Television personalities from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil television presenters]]

Visva-Bharati University

2026-03-25T14:47:35Z

BraydenBeeby640:

{{Short description|Central university in Shantiniketan, West Bengal, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more footnotes needed|date=November 2013}}
{{more citations needed|date=November 2013}}
{{Cleanup higher education|date=July 2020}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Visva-Bharati University
| image = Visva-Bharati University Logo.svg
| image_upright = .6
| motto = {{lang|sa|yatra viśvaṃ bhavatyekanīḍam}}
| mottoeng = Where the world makes a home in a single nest
| established = {{circa|{{start date and age|df=yes|1921}}}}
| founder = [[Rabindranath Tagore]]
| type = {{hlist|[[Central University (India)|Central University]]|[[Institute of National Importance]]}}
| chancellor = [[Prime Minister of India]]
| accreditation = {{hlist|[[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]] | [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research|ICAR]]}}
| vice_chancellor = Probir Kumar Ghosh<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ghosh |first1=Bishwanath |date=March 19, 2025 |title=Visva-Bharati, Bengal's only Central university, gets full-time V-C after 15 months |url=https://www.thehindu.com/education/visva-bharati-bengals-only-central-university-gets-full-time-v-c-after-15-months/article69348596.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=March 21, 2025}}</ref>
| rector = [[Governor of West Bengal]]
| head_label = [[Visitor]]
| head = [[President of India]]
| budget = {{INRConvert|367.71|c|1|lk=on}}<br />{{small|(2023{{ndash}}24)}}<ref name=nirf_stud />
| academic_staff = 469 ({{small|2025}})<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| students = 4,814 ({{small|2025}})<ref name=nirf_stud>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2025 |url=https://visvabharati.ac.in/file/NIRF%20Data%20-%202025%20(For%20the%20Year%202023-24)_rotated%20(1).pdf |publisher=Visva Bharati}}</ref>
| undergrad = 1,632 ({{small|2025}})<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| postgrad = 2,300 ({{small|2025}})<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| doctoral = 882 ({{small|2025}})<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| city = [[Shantiniketan]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|23|40|50.92|N|87|40|48.44|E|region:IN-WB_type:edu|display=inline, title}}
| campus = [[College town|Remote Town]]<br />{{Convert|4.57|sqkm|sqmi}}
| academic_affiliations = {{hlist|[[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]|[[Association of Indian Universities|AIU]]|[[Association of Commonwealth Universities|ACU]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.acu.ac.uk/membership/acu-members/asia |title=Association of Commonwealth Universities Membars-Asia |access-date=16 January 2019 |archive-date=16 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190116100430/https://www.acu.ac.uk/membership/acu-members/asia |url-status=dead }}</ref> | [[National Council of Teacher Education|NCTE]]}}
| colours = {{color box|#E49B0F}} Gamboge Yellow
| mascot = [[Deer]] (Gentleness and Oneness)
| free_label = Newspaper
| free = ''The Visva-Bharati News''
| logo = Visva-Bharati Badge.svg
| logo_upright = .8
| logo_size = 200px
| website = {{Official URL}}
{{Designation list
| embed = yes
| designation1 = WHS
| designation1_offname = Santiniketan
| designation1_criteria = {{UNESCO WHS type|(iv)(vi)}}(iv)(vi)
| designation1_date = 2023 <small>(45th [[World Heritage Committee|session]])</small>
| designation1_number = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1375 1375]
}}
}}

'''Visva-Bharati''' ([[IAST]]: ''Viśva-Bhāratī'') ({{IPA|bn|biʃːobʱaroti|lang}}) is a [[Public university|public]] [[Central University (India)|central university]] and an [[Institute of National Importance]] located in [[Shantiniketan]], [[West Bengal]], India. The foundation stone was laid on 8 [[Poush]] 1325 (24th December 1918) by [[Rabindranath Tagore]], who called it ''Visva-Bharati'', which means the communion of the world with India. Until independence it was a college. Soon after independence, the institution was given the status of a central university in 1951 by an act of the Parliament.

==Overview==
''[[The Hindu]]'' writes, "Santiniketan in many ways is still quite different compared to other universities in the country. Located at [[Bolpur]] in Birbhum district of West Bengal, the university still has the rural trappings that Tagore dreamt of. The classes are still held in the open under the shade of huge mango trees and students and tutors alike still travel by cycles to keep pollution at bay. The old buildings, even those that were made up of mud walls and thatched roofs, are still intact and find a place within the main campus. While some are preserved for historical value, others are functional in all aspects. While for tourists the place could only be place for sight-seeing, the studious and the academically-inclined can easily feel the scholastic vibrations. Many, especially the Bengalis, have deep reverence for the place and take the visit as a pilgrimage to pay their respects to Tagore. Almost every festival, be it the local 'Poush mela' or the more universal 'Raksha Bandhan' or 'Holi,' is celebrated in its originality by the students, locals and staff on the campus... Tagore visualised it as a ‘seat of learning', and his vision was taken forward by Gandhiji and Jawaharlal Nehru. Both played a stellar role in its becoming a Central University in 1951."<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.thehindu.com/features/education/college-and-university/tagores-vision-of-an-institution/article2987625.ece| title = Tagore's Vision of an Institution |work= Colleges |first=Sumit| last= Bhattacharjee| publisher = The Hindu, 26 March 2012 |access-date =11 September 2019| date = 26 March 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=9 February 2022 |title=Visva-Bharati : কেন বন্ধ হতে বসেছিল Visva-Bharati? গান্ধীজির সাহায্যে কিভাবে সঙ্কট দূর করেছিলেন কবিগুরু? |work=The Bengali Chronicle |url=https://thebengalichronicle.com/why-was-visva-bharati-university-close/ |access-date=10 August 2022 |language=bn |archive-date=10 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810115010/https://thebengalichronicle.com/why-was-visva-bharati-university-close/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:Visva-Bharati University 1971 stamp of India.jpg|left|thumb|upright=1.1|A 1971 stamp dedicated to the 50th anniversary of Visva-Bharati University, featuring [[Rabindranath Tagore]] and university building.]]
[[File:Santiniketan Prayer Hall.jpg|right|thumb|''Upasana Griha'' (prayer hall) in [[Santiniketan]], built by [[Debendranath Tagore]] in 1863.]]

==Campus==
Visva-Bharati University is located about {{cvt|170|km}} by road from [[Kolkata]] in the twin towns of Santiniketan and Sriniketan, in the district of [[Birbhum district|Birbhum, West Bengal]]. The nearest railway station is [[Bolpur Shantiniketan railway station|Bolpur (Santiniketan)]] on the Eastern Railway, the domestic air terminal is [[Kazi Nazrul Islam Airport]], Durgapur and the international air terminal is [[Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport]], Kolkata. The institute's buildings and departments are scattered among the two towns.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Santiniketan|url=https://www.visvabharati.ac.in/Santiniketan.html|access-date=27 November 2020|website=www.visvabharati.ac.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sriniketan|url=http://www.visvabharati.ac.in/Sriniketan.html|access-date=27 November 2020|website=www.visvabharati.ac.in}}</ref>

The twin towns of Santiniketan and Sriniketan are surrounded by [[Bolpur]] to the north, Kheya to the south, [[Surul]] to the east and [[Prantik railway station|Prantik]] to the west. The towns and the university are not far from the river Kopai which flows to the south.

===Satellite campus===
In 2018 at a cultural program in Indonesia, former officiating VC Sabuj Koli Sen in her tenure told to the then minister of [[Ministry of Education (India)|MHRD]], Shri [[Ramesh Pokhriyal]], about Tagore's connection with Ramgarh. He was immediately interested. On 8 July 2020, he announced the building of the new campus at [[Ramgarh, Uttarakhand|Ramgarh]] in [[Nainital district]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jha |first=Prashant |date=9 July 2020 |title=Rabindranath Tagore's Nainital retreat to house Visva Bharati's second campus: Ramesh Pokhriyal Nishank |work=[[The Times of India]] 12:12 IST |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/tagores-nainital-retreat-to-house-visva-bharatis-second-campus-pokhriyal/articleshow/76860803.cms |access-date=9 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710141137/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/tagores-nainital-retreat-to-house-visva-bharatis-second-campus-pokhriyal/articleshow/76860803.cms |archive-date=10 July 2020}}</ref> The University later responded to his suggestion and made preparations accordingly.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chakraborty |first=Snehamoy |date=8 October 2021 |title=V-B gears up to set up first satellite campus in Uttarakhand's Ramgarh |work=[[The Telegraph (India)]] 02:11 AM |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/visva-bharati-geares-up-to-set-up-first-satellite-campus-in-uttarakhand/cid/1833848 |access-date=8 October 2021}}</ref> [[Government of Uttarakhand]] has handed over 45 acres of land to the university free of cost to set up a campus. The university is keen to start five schools of studies at its first satellite centre in Nainital's Ramgarh from July 2022. Until the campus is ready, the university will function from a temporary campus. Ramgarh was one of Tagore's favourite holiday destinations, where he purchased a bungalow on a hilltop. Around 10 acres, on which the bungalow stands, is also likely to be given to the university, which plans to turn it into a museum to showcase Tagore's work. the centre would begin functioning with around 650 students in five schools of studies: language, art & culture, Himalayan studies, social science, public policy and good governance.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Gohain |first1=Manash Pratim |last2=Boral |first2=Someswar |date=8 January 2022 |title=Visva-Bharati University gets Uttarakhand land for satellite campus |work=[[The Times of India]] 06:34 IST |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/visva-bharati-university-gets-uttarakhand-land-for-satellite-campus/articleshow/88766916.cms |access-date=8 January 2022}}</ref>

==Organisation and administration==
===Governance===
The high officials of the university include the ''paridarshaka'' (visitor), ''pradhana'' (rector), ''acharya'' ([[Chancellor (education)|chancellor]]), and the ''upacharya'' ([[Chancellor (education)|vice-chancellor]]). The paridarshaka of this university is the [[president of India]], the pradhana is the [[governor of West Bengal]] while the acharya is the [[prime minister of India]]. The ''samsad'' or University Court is the supreme authority of the University and has the power to review the acts of the ''Karma Samity'' (Executive Council) and the ''Siksha Samity'' (Academic Council). The Executive Council is the highest executive body of the University. The Academic Council is the highest academic body of the University and is responsible for the maintenance of standards of instruction, education and examination within the university. It has the right to advise the Executive Council on all academic matters. The university is run by its ''Karma Samity'' (Executive Council) which is chaired by the acharya. The institutes and departments are located in both Santiniketan and Sriniketan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 May 1951 |title=THE VISVA-BHARATI ACT, 1951 |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/1652/3/A1951-29.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241218012452/https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/1652/3/A1951-29.pdf |archive-date=18 Dec 2024 |access-date=18 Dec 2024 |website=India Code}}</ref>

The campus security is provided by the [[Central Industrial Security Force|CISF]], since 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chopra |first=Ritika |date=30 October 2019 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/visva-bharati-v-c-bidyut-chakrabartywants-cisf-campus-security-loyal-to-trinamool-6093599/|title=Visva-Bharati V-C wants CISF: Campus security |work=The Indian Express |access-date=1 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/home-ministry-approves-cisf-cover-for-visva-bharati-university-in-bengal-2385751.html |title=Home Ministry Approves CISF Cover for Visva-Bharati University in Bengal |work=News18 |agency=PTI |date=13 November 2019 |access-date=1 September 2024}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable floatright plainrowheaders" style="background:#ffc; color:black width:20em;"
|+ class="nowrap" style="background:#fcc;"| List of All Vice-Chancellors
|-
!scope="col"| No.
!scope="col"| Name
!scope="col"| Tenure
|-
|1.
|[[Rathindranath Tagore]]
|1951–1953
|-
|–
|[[Kshitimohan Sen]] ''(acting)''
|1953–1954
|-
|2.
|[[Prabodh Chandra Bagchi]]
|1954–1956
|-
|–
|[[Indira Devi Chaudhurani]] ''(acting)''
|1956–1956
|-
|3.
|[[Satyendra Nath Bose|Satyendranath Bose]]
|1956–1958
|-
|–
|Kshitishchandra Chowdhury ''(acting)''
|1958–1959
|-
|4.
|[[Sudhi Ranjan Das]]
|1959–1965
|-
|5.
|[[Kalidas Bhattacharya]]
|1965–1970
|-
|6.
|[[Pratul Chandra Gupta]]
|1970–1975
|-
|7.
|[[Surajit Chandra Sinha]]
|1975–1980
|-
|8.
|[[Amlan Datta|Amlan Dutta]]
|1980–1984
|-
|9.
|[[Nemai Sadhan Basu]]
|1984–1989
|-
|–
|Ajit Kumar Chakraborty ''(acting)''
|1989–1990
|-
|10.
|Ashim Dasgupta
|1990–1991
|-
|–
|Sisir Mukhopadhyay ''(acting)''
|1991–1991
|-
|11.
|Sabyasachi Bhattacharya
|1991–1995
|-
|–
|Sisir Mukhopadhyay ''(acting)''
|1995–1995
|-
|–
|R. R. Rao ''(acting)''
|1995–1995
|-
|12.
|Dilip Kumar Sinha
|1995–2001
|-
|13.
|Sujit Kumar Bose
|2001–2006
|-
|14.
|[[Rajat Kanta Ray]]
|2006–2011
|-
|15.
|[[Sushanta Kumar Dattagupta]]
|Sep 2011–Feb 2016
|-
|16.
|[[Swapan Kumar Datta]]
|Feb 2016–Jan 2018
|-
|–
|Sabuj Koli Sen ''(acting)''
|Feb 2018–Oct 2018
|-
|17.
|[[Bidyut Chakrabarty]]
|Oct 2018–Nov 2023
|-
|–
|Sanjoy Kumar Mallik ''(acting)''
|Nov 2023–May 2024
|-
|–
|Arabinda Mandal ''(acting)''
|May 2024–Aug 2024
|-
|–
|Binoy Kumar Saren ''(acting)''
|Sep 2024–March 2025
|-
|18.
|Probir Kumar Ghosh
|March 2025–''Incumbent''
|}

===Institutes and centres===
The university is divided into institutes, centres, departments and schools. The respective departments are included in the institutes. The university's programmes dealing with its rich cultural heritage, as well as art and dance education, are funded by the Department of Science and Technology (DST), Government of India.
[[File:Kala Bhavan, Santiniketan.jpg|thumb|[[Kala Bhavana]], Santiniketan]]

*[[Kala Bhavana]] (Institute of Fine Arts)
*[[Sangit Bhavana]] (Institute of Dance, Drama & Music)
*[[Cheena Bhavana]] (Institute of Chinese Language and Culture)
*[[Palli Samgathana Vibhaga]] (Institute of Rural Reconstruction)
*'''Rabindra Bhavana (Institute of Tagore Studies and Research)''' was founded, immediately after the poet's death, in July 1942. It is the focal point of the university. It has among its treasures a major part of Tagore's manuscripts, correspondences, paintings and sketches. It houses a museum, archives, library, audio-visual unit and preservation unit. The museum in the Vichitra building is open to the public at specified hours and is being expanded continually.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.visvabharati.ac.in/RabindraBhavana.html | title = Rabindra Bhavana| publisher = Visva Bharati |access-date =23 August 2019}}</ref>
*'''Hindi Bhavana''' - The foundation stone was laid by [[Charles Freer Andrews|C.F. Andrews]] and [[Kshitimohan Sen]] and the tireless endeavour of [[Banarsidas Chaturvedi|Pandit Banarasidas Chaturvedi]] bore fruit with the completion of the Hindi-Bhavana building on 31 January 1939.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.visvabharati.ac.in/file/English-Chapter-I.pdf| title = From Bharmacharyashrama to Visva-Bharati: A Chronicle of Metamorphosis of a Tiny School into an Internationally-Acclaimed Centre of Learning|work= Chapter I, page 2| publisher = Visva Bharati |access-date =23 August 2019}}</ref> Hindi Bhavana was inaugurated by [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] in February 1939.<ref>{{cite book | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=Gr8kvZ-S258C&q=Hindi+Bhavana+Santiniketan&pg=PT338 | title = Rabindranath Tagre – An Interpretation by Sabyasachi Bhattacharya | publisher = Penguin Books |access-date =23 August 2019| isbn = 9788184755398 | date = 24 May 2017 }}</ref> [[Hazari Prasad Dwivedi]] helped in founding the Hindi Bhavana and was its head for many years.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.visvabharati.ac.in/HazariprasadDwivedi.html| title = Hazariprasad Dwivedi (1907-1979) | publisher = Visva Bharati |access-date =20 August 2019}}</ref>
*'''Nippon Bhavana (Centre for fostering Indo-Japanese relations)''' was formally inaugurated by [[Kocheril R. Narayanan|K. R. Narayanan]], then vice-president of India, on 3 February 1994.{{sfn|George|2010|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=hWUAbOHgjbUC&q=nippon+bhavana&pg=PA273 273]}} A 2-year certificate course and a 1-year diploma course were started in 1954. It was the first university in India to start Japanese language courses in India. In the initial stages Japanese Buddhism and language were taught in the department.{{sfn|George|2010|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=hWUAbOHgjbUC&q=Japanese+studies+at+Santiniketan&pg=PA259 259]}} As of 2019, the Department of Japanese Studies which is under Bhasha-Bhavana is housed at Nippon Bhavana. It has a library of its own consisting of books, mostly in Japanese, but also in English and other languages. The aim of the Bhavana is to build up a research centre.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.visvabharati.ac.in/NipponBhavana.html| title = Nippon Bhavana | publisher = Visva Bharati |access-date =9 September 2019}}</ref>
*'''Bangladesh Bhavana''' was inaugurated jointly by [[Narendra Modi]], Prime Minister of India, and [[Sheikh Hasina]], Prime Minister of Bangladesh, on 25 May 2018. Funded by the Bangladesh government, it has a 450-seat auditorium, the largest in the university. Housing a museum and a library, it is divided into four zones – Zone I : Undivided Bengal, Zone II: Chronicled phases of the language movement, Zone III: Bangladesh Liberation War and Zone IV: Rabindranath Tagore's life in Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2018/05/25/hasina-modi-open-bangladesh-bhavan-in-kolkata| title = Hasina, Modi open Bangladesh Bhavana at Visva-Bharati University in West Bengal | publisher = bdnews24.com, 25 May 2018 |access-date =22 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://currentaffairs.gktoday.in/bangladesh-bhavan-inaugurated-vishwa-bharti-university-santiniketan-05201855653.html | title = Bangladesh Bhavana inaugurated at Viswa Bharati at Santiniketan | publisher = GKToday, 26 May 2015 | access-date = 22 August 2019 | date = 26 May 2018 | archive-date = 22 August 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190822055612/https://currentaffairs.gktoday.in/bangladesh-bhavan-inaugurated-vishwa-bharti-university-santiniketan-05201855653.html | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.readersbuzz.com/bangladesh-bhavana-a-symbol-of-cultural-ties/| title = Bangladesh Bhavana a symbol of cultural ties| publisher = Readers Buzz| access-date = 22 August 2019| archive-date = 22 August 2019| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190822055613/https://www.readersbuzz.com/bangladesh-bhavana-a-symbol-of-cultural-ties/| url-status = dead}}</ref>
*'''Siksha Bhavana (Institute of Science)''' comprises eleven constituents: ten departments ([[biotechnology]], [[botany]], [[chemistry]], [[Computer science|computer]] & [[Systems science|system sciences]], [[environmental studies]], integrated science education & research, [[mathematics]], [[physics]], [[statistics]] and [[zoology]]) and one centre ([[Mathematics education|Mathematics Education]]) where both teaching and research programmes are running leading to award of [[Bachelor of Science|B.Sc.(Hons.)]], [[Master of Science|M.Sc.]], Integrated M.Sc. and [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D]]. degrees.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.visvabharati.ac.in/SikshaBhavana.html| title = Siksha Bhavana | publisher = Visva Bharati |access-date = 3 September 2019}}</ref> It offers B.Sc. (Hons) and M.Sc, courses.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.visvabharati.ac.in/BSC.html| title = B.Sc. Hons – 3 years |work = Siksha Bhavana | publisher = Visva Bharati |access-date = 3 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.visvabharati.ac.in/MSC.html| title = M.Sc. – 2 years|work = Siksha Bhavana | publisher = Visva Bharati |access-date = 3 September 2019}}</ref>
{{Anchor|Integrated Science Education and Research Centre}}
{{Infobox institute
| name = Integrated Science Education and Research Centre
| image = Integrated Science Education and Research Centre Logo and Watermark.png
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| latin_name =
| other_name = ISERC, Santiniketan
| motto = {{lang|sa|vidyāṃ dadāti vinayaṃ}}
| mottoeng =
| parent =
| founder =
| established = 2008
| founding director =
| mission =
| focus = [[Interdisciplinarity|Interdisciplinary]] [[scientific education]] and [[research]]
| president =
| chairman =
| head_label =
| head = Mahasweta Nandi
| faculty = 06
| adjunct_faculty =
| staff =
| key_people =
| budget =
| endowment =
| debt =
| num_members =
| subsidiaries = {{ubl|[[Department of Biotechnology]] | [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]]}}
| owner =
| slogan =
| former_name =
| address =
| location =
| city =
| state =
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|}}

*'''Vidya Bhavana (Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences)''' is the keystone of Tagore's concept of Visva-Bharati as a Centre of Indian Culture. It conducts under-graduate and post-graduate courses and has research facilities. It offers courses in Ancient Indian history, culture and archaeology, medieval & modern history, comparative religion, philosophy and economics & politics. It houses the centre for journalism and mass communication. A one-year integrated course on Indian culture and civilisation is offered to foreign students. It has a well-equipped Archaeological Museum.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.visvabharati.ac.in/VidyaBhavana.html| title = Vidya Bhavana | publisher = Visva Bharati |access-date =23 August 2019}}</ref> Vidya Bhavana offers certificate courses in Arabic, Assamese, Bengali, Chinese, French, German, Hindi, Italian, Japanese, Marathi, Odiya, Pali, Persian, Russian, Sanskrit, Santali, Tamil, Tibetan and Urdu.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.visvabharati.ac.in/fromVidyaBhavana.html| title = Vidya Bhavana| publisher = Visva Bharati |access-date =20 August 2019}}</ref>
*'''Centre for Modern European Languages, Literature and Culture Studies''' was established in 2014 to promote an understanding of European civilisation and its diverse impact on the world. It offers certificate, diploma and undergraduate courses in French, German, Italian and Russian, and offers scope for post-graduate studies and research.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.visvabharati.ac.in/CMELLCS.html| title = Centre for Modern European Languages, Literature and Culture Studies| publisher = Visva Bharati |access-date =23 August 2019}}</ref>
*'''Bhasa Bhavana (Institute of Languages, Literature and Culture)''' houses English, Indian language departments ([[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Hindi]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Sanskrit]], [[Santali language|Santali]]) and foreign language departments (Chinese, Japanese, Indo-Tibetan, Arabic, Persian). There are undergraduate and post graduate courses.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://visvabharati.ac.in/BhashaBhavan.html | title = Bhasa Bhavana | publisher = Visva Bharati |access-date = 23 August 2019}}</ref>
*'''Vinaya Bhavana (Institute of Education)''' was established in 1948 for training in art and craft and music and subsequently developed as a full-fledged Teachers Training College in 1951. It offers courses in education and physical education.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.visvabharati.ac.in/VinayaBhavana.html| title = Vinaya Bhavana| publisher = Visva Bharati|access-date = 22 August 2019}}</ref>
*'''Palli Siksha Bhavana (Institute of Agricultural Science)''' at [[Sriniketan]] imparts education in [[Agricultural science|Agricultural Sciences]]. It offers four-years (eight semesters) B Sc (Ag) Honours course and two-years M Sc (Ag) courses in [[agronomy]], [[plant protection]], [[agricultural extension]], [[soil science]] & [[agricultural chemistry]] and [[horticulture]]. There are facilities for research leading to PhD degree. It is also engaged in extension activities. It was established on 1 September 1963 as Palli- Siksha Sadana and renamed as Palli Siksha Bhavana in 1983.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.visvabharati.ac.in/PalliSikshaBhavana.html| title = Palli Siksha Bhabana| publisher = Visva Bharati |access-date = 9 September 2019}}</ref> All the courses offered by Palli Siksha Bhavana are accredited by [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research|ICAR]] and agricultural programs are designed according to ICAR's guidelines and standards.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 Jan 2021 |title=List of ICAR-accredited Agriculture Universities/ |url=https://cau.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Accridited-Colleges-programmes-by-ICAR-2021.pdf |access-date=1 Jan 2021 |website=cau.ac.in}}</ref>

==Academics==
===Ranking and Reputation===
{{Infobox university rankings
| USNWR_W = 1571 | USNWR_W_year = 2024-25 | USNWR_W_ref =<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/rankings|title=Best Global Universities Rankings (2025)|work=U.S. News Education|access-date=20 December 2024|language=en}}</ref>
| CWUR_W = 1134 | CWUR_W_year = 2020-21 | CWUR_W_ref =<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cwur.org/2020-21.php|title=World University Rankings 2020-2021|access-date=20 December 2020|work=Center for World University Rankingsg}}</ref>
}}
{{Infobox India university ranking
|NIRF_O_2024=151-200|NIRF_U_2024=101-150}}
The [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) ranked Visva-Bharati in the 151-200 band overall and 101-150 among universities in India in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MoE, National Institute Ranking Framework (NIRF) |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2024/OverallRanking200.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250102132152/https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2024/OverallRanking200.html |archive-date=2 January 2025 |access-date= |website=www.nirfindia.org |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MoE, National Institute Ranking Framework (NIRF) |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2024/UniversityRanking150.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250103133559/https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2024/UniversityRanking150.html |archive-date=3 January 2025 |access-date= |website=www.nirfindia.org |url-status=live }}</ref>

According to Best Global Universities 2020 ranking produced by [[U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking|U.S. News & World Report]], Visva- Bharati ranked 4th among Indian universities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/search?region=&country=india&subject=&name=|title=Best Global Universities, 2020 by ''U.S. News & World Report''}}</ref>
[[File:Visva-Bharati Central Library.jpg|thumb|210px|Visva-Bharati Central Library]]
[[File:Poush Mela Bazaar 2012.jpg|thumb|220px|Poush Mela Bazaar, 2012]]

== Controversy ==
The university terminated the services of the Professor of Economics, Sudipta Bhattacharya, for allegedly supporting the student protests against the then Vice-Chancellor Bidyut Chakraborty's undemocratic action and attempts of [[saffronisation]] of the university. The university, however, claimed that the removal of the professor was to prevent damaging the academic environment of the university. 261 academics came out in support of Prof. Bhattacharya, including [[Noam Chomsky]], [[Prabhat Patnaik]], [[Utsa Patnaik]], [[Amiya Kumar Bagchi]], etc.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Visva-Bharati Irks Students, Staff by Terming Agitation Against V-C a 'Brazen Display of Thuggery' |url=https://thewire.in/education/visva-bharati-irks-students-staff-by-terming-agitation-against-v-c-a-brazen-display-of-thuggery |access-date=15 January 2023 |work=The Wire |date=8 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title='Saga of Vendetta': 261 Academics Write to President Against Visva-Bharati Professor's Sacking |url=https://thewire.in/education/sudipta-bhattacharya-visva-bharati-university-academics |access-date=15 January 2023 |work=The Wire |date=11 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Visva Bharati hits back at academics for writing letter to President over sacking of professor |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/visva-bharati-hits-back-at-academics-for-writing-letter-to-president-droupadi-murmu-over-sacking-of-professor/cid/1909921 |access-date=15 January 2023 |work=The Telegraph |agency=PTI |date=14 January 2023}}</ref>

In April 2022, Sumit Basu, a professor in the Manipuri department of Visva-Bharati was arrested on charges of racially abusing a student.<ref>{{cite web |title=Visva Bharti University Professor Who Allegedly Racially Abused Student, Arrested |url=https://www.news18.com/news/education-career/visva-bharti-university-professor-who-allegedly-racially-abused-student-arrested-4970161.html |website=News18 |language=en |date=13 April 2022}}</ref>

==Notable alumni and faculties==
{{Main|Notable people associated with Santiniketan|List of Vice-Chancellors of Visva-Bharati University}}

==Gallery==
{{Gallery
|title=
|width=150 |height=200
|align=center
|File:Palli_Samgathana_Vibhaga,_Sriniketan.jpg|Palli Samgathana Vibhaga, Shantiniketan
|File:Santiniketan_Vidyalaygriho.jpg|Santiniketan Vidyalaygriho, Shantiniketan
|File:Mastermoshai_Studio_-_Kala_Bhavana_-_Shantiniketan_-_West_Bengal_-_India.jpg|Mastermoshai Studio, [[Kala Bhavana]], Shantiniketan
|File:Vidyalaya_Griha_-_1899_CE_-_Santiniketan_2014-06-29_5541.JPG|Vidyalaya Griha, Shantiniketan
}}

==See also==
* [[List of universities in India#West Bengal|List of universities in India]]
* ''[[The Last Harvest: Paintings of Rabindranath Tagore]]''

==References==
{{reflist}}

'''Sources'''
* {{cite book |last1=George |first1=P. A |title=Japanese Studies: Changing Global Profile |date=2010 |publisher=Northern Book Centre |isbn=978-81-7211-290-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hWUAbOHgjbUC}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{Official website}}
{{Portal bar|India|Education}}

{{IndianCentralUniv}}
{{Universities in West Bengal}}
{{Rabindranath Tagore}}
{{Santiniketan}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Visva-Bharati University| ]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Birbhum district]]
[[Category:Art schools in India]]
[[Category:Central universities in India]]
[[Category:Memorials to Rabindranath Tagore]]
[[Category:Academic institutions associated with the Bengal Renaissance]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1921]]
[[Category:1901 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1921 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:Universities in West Bengal]]

Sanjay Thumma

2026-03-13T09:26:22Z

BraydenBeeby640:

{{Short description|Indian chef}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sanjay Thumma
| image = Sanjay Thumma, The Vah Chef.jpg
| caption = Thumma in 2013
| native_name_lang = te
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1970|4|26}}
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], India
| occupation = Chef, Television Host, and Entrepreneur
| other_names = Washy, Washer, Thummer, Thumsy, Sanner
| spouse =
| education = Diploma in Hotel Management, IHM, Hyderabad
| website = http://www.vahrehvah.com
}}
'''Sanjay Thumma''' (born 26 April 1970) popularly known as '''Vah-Chef''', is an Indian [[celebrity chef]], [[entrepreneur]], restaurateur and television personality. He is the founder of the cooking website, vahrehvah.com.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Food/cooking-it-up-virtually/article4833999.ece | title=Cooking it up virtually | newspaper=The Hindu | date=20 June 2013 | first=Neeraja | last=Murthy | accessdate=25 February 2019 }}</ref> He is especially popular among the Indian-expatriate communities across the world, especially for his unique comedic style. He became known for his online recipe channel on [[YouTube]], which he started in 2007, with over 750 million views.<ref name=hin>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110427072812/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/04/25/stories/2009042557770600.htm It’s cooking on YouTube] [[The Hindu]], 25 April 2009.</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Joseph|first=Raveena|date=2016-04-28|title=Funny and full of flavour|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Food/celebrity-chef-sanjay-thumma-funny-and-full-of-flavour/article8532408.ece|access-date=2020-12-15|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Uddagiri|first=Nikisha|title=Following your passion can give you pursuit of happiness|url=https://telanganatoday.com/following-passion-pursuit-happiness|access-date=2020-12-15|website=Telangana Today|language=en-US}}</ref> He is one of the three judges in the [[MasterChef India – Telugu (season 1)|first season]] of ''[[MasterChef India – Telugu]]''.

== Early life ==
Sanjay Thumma was born in Hyderabad. His interest in the kitchen began when he was just 7 years old. His mother would engage him in the kitchen so that he would not annoy his siblings. His first dishes were dosa and scrambled eggs. His desire to cook increased when his mother was bedridden with a temporary illness and he had to cook for himself.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://chaibisket.com/vah-chef-sanjay-thumma-vah-reh-vah/|title=9 Things You Should Know About Vah Chef, Sanjay Thumma!|last=Vidya|first=Bisket|work=Chai Bisket|access-date=2017-11-05|language=en-US|archive-date=7 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107025648/http://chaibisket.com/vah-chef-sanjay-thumma-vah-reh-vah/|url-status=dead}}</ref> He eventually went on to get his diploma in Hotel Management from the [[Institute of Hotel Management]] in Hyderabad. He is married to Ragini, who is also a chef, with whom he has a son.

== Career ==
Thumma opened his first restaurant, Sizzle India, in Chicago in 1998. Over the next seven years, he opened three more. He eventually sold his restaurants as he felt that as a chef he hardly got a chance to cook.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ozy.com/performance/the-chef-who-gets-drunk-before-cooking/37739|title=The Chef Who Gets Drunk Before Cooking|last=Kokra|first=Sonali|work=OZY|access-date=2017-11-05|language=en}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=August 2019}}

In September 2007, he set up a studio in [[Chicago]] and started recording his first 150 recipes, which he posted on YouTube on his channel ''VahChef'', soon becoming a sensation,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Food/hot-on-accessories/article4653712.ece|title=Hot on accessories|last=Muthalaly|first=Shonali|date=21 May 2014|website=thehindu.com|accessdate=21 February 2016}}</ref> and each video reaching over a million views. His channel went on to become viral and gained a large following among Indian communities all over the world. His channel crossed 750 million views with 2.3 million subscribers and more than 2,000 videos. He adds 10 to 12 new videos each month, with thousands of views within hours.

He moved back to India in 2008 with his family and launched his own website, vahrehvah.com. In 2014, his channel had 1.45 million subscribers.<ref name="hin" /><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140715065204/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Super-chef-Samayal/2014/01/22/article2012502.ece?service=print Super-chef Samayal]</ref> As of June 2021, his YouTube channel has 2.39 million subscribers.

== Filmography ==

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Network
!Notes
|-
|2014–2019
|''Vah Re Vah''
| rowspan="2" |Host/Cook
|[[Zee Telugu]]
|
|-
|2016–present
|''Super Chef''
|[[ETV Network|ETV Abhiruchi]]
|
|-
|2020
|''Garam Garam Vantalu''
|Guest cook
|[[Sakshi TV]]
|Special episode
|-
|2021–2024
|[[MasterChef India – Telugu (season 1)|''MasterChef India'']]
|Judge
|[[Gemini TV]]{{Br}}[[SonyLIV]]
|<ref>{{Cite news|last=Murthy|first=Neeraja|date=2021-08-16|title=Sanjeev Kumar on directing the 'MasterChef' in four South Indian regional languages|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/sanjeev-k-kumar-director-interview-masterchef-telugu-kannada-tamil-malayalam/article35934754.ece|access-date=2021-08-18|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
|''[[Thulasivanam]]''
|Telugu Chef
|[[ETV Win]]
|
|-
|[[Bigg Boss (Telugu TV series) season 8|''Bigg Boss 8'']]
|Guest cook
|[[Star Maa]]
|
|}

== Awards ==

* 2018 – OSM Foodie/Chef of the Year at [[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook Social Media Awards]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.vahrehvah.com Official website]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thumma, Sanjay}}
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]
[[Category:Indian chefs]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Chefs of Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Indian television personalities]]

Nagina (2014 film)

2026-03-10T13:33:07Z

BraydenBeeby640: updated page

{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Nagina
| image = Nagina_Poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Movie poster
| native_name = Hindi: नगीना
| director = [[Rajkumar R. Pandey]]
| producer = [[Rajkumar R. Pandey]]
| writer =
| screenplay = Santosh Mishra
| story =
| based_on = 
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[Pradeep Pandey]] "Chintu" |[[Rinku Ghosh]]}}
| narrator =
| music = [[Rajkumar R. Pandey]]
| cinematography = Firoz Khan
| editing = Gurjant Singh
| studio = Saideep Films
| distributor = Saideep Films
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2014|12|12| India}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = {{unbulleted list|Hindi/[[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]}}
| budget =
| gross = 
}}

'''''Nagina''''' (Hindi: नगीना) is a 2014 Indian, [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] language film directed and produced by [[Rajkumar R. Pandey]], and associate directed by Manoj R Pandey, starring [[Pradeep Pandey]] "Chintu" and [[Rinku Ghosh]].<ref name="The Times of India">{{cite news|agency=Times News Network |date=4 July 2014 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/Pradeep-Pandey-and-Rinku-Ghosh-shoot-for-Nagina/articleshow/37965296.cms|title=Pradeep Pandey and Rinku Ghosh shoot for Nagina |work=The Times of India|accessdate=27 July 2015}}</ref> This film is a sequel of the Bhojpuri film ''[[Naagin (Bhojpuri film)|Naagin]]''.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/Nagina-running-full-house-in-Mumbai-Gujarat-and-Punjab/articleshow/44946634.cms | title='Nagina' running full house in Mumbai, Gujarat and Punjab | work=The Times of India | date=27 October 2014 | accessdate=27 July 2015 | author=TNN}}</ref>

==Plot==
{{no plot|date=May 2018}}

==Cast==
*[[Pradeep Pandey]] "Chintu"
*[[Rinku Ghosh]]
*[[Sambhavna Seth]] as [[item number]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt4906896}}

[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:2014 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2014 Indian films]]
[[Category:2010s Bhojpuri-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rajkumar R. Pandey]]
[[Category:2014 action films]]
[[Category:Films about snakes]]
[[Category:Films about shapeshifting]]

{{2010s-Hindi-film-stub}}

List of Malayalam films of 1989

2026-03-07T04:52:49Z

BraydenBeeby640: Expanded article with relevant info

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Malayalam films}}

The following is a list of [[Malayalam film]]s released in the year 1989.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! width="25%" | Film !! width="18%" | Director !! width="18%" | Screenplay !! width="18%" | Cast
|-
|''[[Mrugaya (1989 film)|Mrugaya]]''||[[I. V. Sasi]]|| [[A. K. Lohithadas]]
|[[Mammootty]], [[Sunitha (actress)|Sunitha]], [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]], [[Thilakan]]
|-
|''[[Maharajavu]]''|| P. Krisahnaraj || ||[[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]], [[Shari (actress)|Shari]], [[Captain Raju]]
|-
|''[[Crime Branch (film)|Crime Branch]]''||[[K. S. Gopalakrishnan]]|| [[Pappanamkodu Lakshmanan]]
|[[Jagathy Sreekumar]], P. C. George, [[Prameela]]
|-
|''[[Prabhatham Chuvanna Theruvil]]''|| N. P. Suresh || ||[[Ratheesh]], [[Anuradha (actress)|Anuradha]]
|-
|''[[Lal Americayil]]''||[[Sathyan Anthikkad]]|| [[Cochin Haneefa]]
|[[Mohanlal]], [[Prem Nazir]]
|-
|''[[Muthukkudayum Choodi]]''|| Biju Thomas || ||[[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]], [[Sithara (actress)|Sithara]], [[Jagathi Sreekumar]]
|-
|''[[Charithram]]''|| G. S. Vijayan || [[S. N. Swamy]]
|[[Mammootty]], [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]], [[Lizy (actress)|Lizy]], [[Shobana]]
|-
|''Pooram''||[[Nedumudi Venu]]|| [[Nedumudi Venu]]
| Vishnu Rajagopal, [[Maathu]]
|-
|''[[Douthyam]]''|| Anil || [[Gayathri Ashokan]]
|[[Mohanlal]], [[Suresh Gopi]], [[Lizy (actress)|Lizy]], [[Parvathy Jayaram|Parvathy]]
|-
|''[[Mudra (1989 film)|Mudra]]''||[[Sibi Malayil]]|| [[A. K. Lohithadas]]
| [[Mammootty]], [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]], [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]]
|-
|''[[Aksharathettu (film)|Aksharathettu]]''||[[I. V. Sasi]]|| || [[Suresh Gopi]], [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]], [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]]
|-
|''[[Swagatham (1989 film)|Swagatham]]''||[[Venu Nagavally]]|| [[Venu Nagavally]]
| [[Jayaram]], [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]], [[Parvathy Jayaram|Parvathy]], [[Ashokan (actor)|Ashokan]]
|-
|''[[Puthiya Karukkal]]''||[[Thampi Kannanthanam]]|| [[Cochin Haneefa]]
| [[Jayaram]], [[Parvathy Jayaram|Parvathy]]
|-
|''[[Adikkurippu]]''||[[K. Madhu]]|| [[S. N. Swamy]]
| [[Mammootty]], [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]], [[Jagathy Sreekumar|Jagathy]]
|-
|''[[Kodungallur Bhagavathi]]''|| C. Baby || ||
|-
|''[[Aval Oru Sindhu]]''|| P. K. Krishnan || || [[Sathaar]], [[Kuthiravattam Pappu|Pappu]], [[Ravi Menon]]
|-
|''[[Vaadaka Gunda]]''|| Gandikkuttan || || [[Jagathy Sreekumar]], [[Suresh Gopi]]
|-
|''[[Season (film)|Season]]''||[[P. Padmarajan]]|| [[P. Padmarajan]]
| [[Mohanlal]]
|-
|''[[Varavelpu]]''||[[Sathyan Anthikkad]]|| [[Sreenivasan]]
| [[Mohanlal]], [[Revathi]], [[Sreenivasan]]
|-
|''[[Oru Vadakkan Veeragatha]]''||[[Hariharan (director)|Hariharan]]|| [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]]
| [[Mammootty]], [[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]], [[Suresh Gopi]], [[Balan K. Nair]]
|-
|''[[Rathi (film)|Rathi]]''|| Jayadevan || ||[[Jayalalitha (actress)|Jayalalitha]]
|-
|''[[Kalpana House]]''||[[P. Chandrakumar]]|| || Abhilasha
|-
|''[[Utharam]]''||[[V. K. Pavithran]]|| [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]]
| [[Mammootty]], [[Suparna Anand|Suparna]], [[Sukumaran]], [[Parvathy Jayaram|arvathy]]
|-
|''[[Najangalude Kochu Doctor]]''||[[Balachandra Menon]]|| [[Balachandra Menon]]
| [[Srividya]], [[Thilakan]], [[Balachandra Menon]], [[Revathy]]
|-
|''[[Naduvazhikal]]''||[[Joshiy]]|| [[S. N. Swami]]
| [[Mohanlal]], [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]], [[Rupini]], [[Devan (actor)|Devan]], [[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]]
|-
|''[[New Year (1989 film)|New Year]]''||[[Viji Thampi]]|| [[Kaloor Dennis]]
| [[Jayaram]], [[Suresh Gopi]], [[Urvasi (actress)|Urvasi]], [[Sukumaran]]
|-
|''[[Aazhikkoru Muthu]]''||Sophy|| || [[Ratheesh]], [[Sukumaran]]
|-
|''Jeevitham Oru Raagam''|| U. V. Raveendranath || || [[Devan (actor)|Devan]], [[Shari (actress)|Shari]]
|-
|''[[Vadakkunokkiyantram]]''||[[Sreenivasan]]|| [[Sreenivasan]]
|[[Sreenivasan]], [[Parvathi]]
|-
|''[[Adharvam]]''||[[Dennis Joseph]]|| [[Shibu Chakravarthy]]
| [[Mammootty]], [[K. B. Ganesh Kumar|Ganesh Kumar]], [[Parvathy Jayaram|Parvathy]]
|-
|''[[Asthikal Pookkunnu]]''||[[P. Sreekumar]]|| || [[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]], [[Chithra]]
|-
|''[[Ammavanu Pattiya Amali]]''|| Augustin Prakash || || [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]], [[Thilakan]]
|-
|''[[Devadas (1989 film)|Devadas]]''||[[Crossbelt Mani]]|| || [[Venu Nagavally]], [[Ramya Krishna]]
|-
|''[[Peruvannapurathe Visheshangal]]''||[[Kamal (director)|Kamal]]|| [[Ranjith (director)|Ranjith]]
|[[Jayaram]], [[Parvathy Jayaram|Parvathy]]
|-
|''[[Miss Pameela]]''||[[Chellappan]]|| ||[[Silk Smitha]], [[Suresh Gopi]]
|-
|''[[Ivalente Kamuki]]''|| K. S. Sivachandran || ||
|-
|''[[Kireedam (1989 film)|Kireedam]]''||[[Sibi Malayil]]|| [[A. K. Lohithadas]]
| [[Mohanlal]], [[Thilakan]], [[Parvathy Jayaram|Parvathy]]
|-
|''[[Rugmini]]''||[[K. P. Kumaran]]|| || [[Nedumudi Venu]], [[Anju (actress)|Anju]]
|-
|''[[Anagha (1989 film)|Anagha]]''|| P. R. S. Babu || || [[Nedumudi Venu]], [[Parvathi Jayaram|Parvathi]]
|-
|''[[Carnivel]]''||[[P. G. Viswambaran]]|| [[S. N. Swamy]]
| [[Mammootty]], [[Parvathy Jayaram|Parvathy]], [[Sukumaran]]
|-
|''[[Artham]]''||[[Sathyan Anthikkad]]|| [[Venu Nagavally]]
| [[Mammootty]], [[Saranya Ponvannan|Saranya]], [[Sreenivasan]]
|-
|''[[Krooran]]''||[[K. S. Gopalakrishnan]]|| || [[Jagathy Sreekumar]], [[Priya (actress)|Priya]]
|-
|''[[Nagarangalil Chennu Raparkam]]''||[[Viji Thampi]]|| [[Ranjith (director)|Ranjith]]
| [[Jayaram]], [[Sreenivasan]], [[Suparna Anand|Suparna]]
|-
|''[[Ramji Rao Speaking]]''||[[Siddique-Lal]]|| [[Siddique-Lal]]
|[[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]], [[Mukesh (Malayalam actor)|Mukesh]], [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]], [[Rekha (Tamil actress)|Rekha]]
|-
|''[[Jaathakam]]''||[[Suresh Uniithan]]|| || [[Jayaram]], [[Shari (actress)|Shari]], [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]], [[Thilakan]]
|-
|''[[Piravi]]''||[[Shaji N. Karun]]|| || [[Premji]], [[Archana (actress)|Archana]]
|-
|''[[Aattinakkare]]''|| S. L. Puram Anand || || [[Sukumaran]], [[Lissy Priyadarsan|Lissy]]
|-
|''[[Chakkikotha Chankaran]]''||[[Krishnakumar]]|| [[V. R. Gopalakrishnan|VR Gopalakrishnan]]
| [[Jayaram]], [[Nedumudi Venu]], [[Thilakan]], [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]], [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]]
|-
|''[[Rathibhaavam]]''|| P. Chandra Kumar || ||
|-
|''[[My Dear Rosy]]''|| P. K. Krishnan || ||
|-
|''[[Pradeshika Varthakal]]''||[[Kamal (director)|Kamal]]|| [[Ranjith (director)|Ranjith]]
|[[Jayaram]], [[Parvathy Jayaram|Parvathy]]
|-
|''[[Chanakyan]]''||[[T. K. Rajeev Kumar]]|| Sab John
|[[Kamal Haasan]], [[Jayaram]], [[Thilakan]], [[Urmila Matondkar]]
|-
|''[[Vandanam]]''||[[Priyadarsan]]|| [[V. R. Gopalakrishnan]]
|[[Mohanlal]], [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]], [[Girija Shettar]], [[Nedumudi Venu]]
|-
|''[[Nair Saab]]''||[[Joshiy]]|| [[Dennis Joseph]] - [[Shibu Chakravarthy]]
|[[Mammootty]], [[Suresh Gopi]], [[Mukesh (Malayalam actor)|Mukesh]], [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]], [[Sumalatha]], [[Lizy (actress)|Lizy]]
|-
|''[[Oru Sayahnathinte Swapnam]]''||[[Bharathan]]|| [[John Paul Puthusery]]
| [[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]], [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]], [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]], [[Nedumudi Venu]]
|-
|''[[Ancharakkulla Vandi]]''|| Jayadevan || ||[[Jayalalitha (actress)|Jayalalitha]], [[Ravi Varma (East Godavari actor)|Ravi Varma]], Uma Maheswari, [[Priya (actress)|Priya]]
|-
|''[[Prayapoorthi Aayavarkku Mathram]]''||[[Suresh (actor, born 1963)|Suresh]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Bhadrachitta]]''||[[Prem Nazir]]|| || [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]], [[Sukumaran]], [[Devan (actor)|Devan]]
|-
|''[[Adhipan]]''||[[K. Madhu]]|| [[Jagadeesh]]
|[[Mohanlal]], [[Parvathy Jayaram|Parvathy]], [[Monisha]]
|-
|''[[Dasharatham]]''||[[Sibi Malayil]]|| [[A. K. Lohithadas]]
| [[Mohanlal]], [[Rekha Harris|Rekha]], [[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]]
|-
|''[[Mahayanam]]''||[[Joshiy]]|| [[A. K. Lohithadas]]
|[[Mammootty]], [[Seema (actress)|Seema]], [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]]
|-
|''[[Malayathippennu]]''||[[K. S. Gopalakrishnan]]|| || Suganthi, Bablu
|-
|''[[Mazhavilkavadi]]''||[[Sathyan Anthikkad]]|| [[Raghunath Paleri]]
|[[Jayaram]], [[Sithara (actress)|Sithara]], [[Urvasi (actress)|Urvashi]]
|-
|''Ashokante Aswathikuttikku''|| Vijayan Karote || [[Kaloor Dennis]]
| [[Ashokan (actor)|Ashokan]], [[Parvathi Jayaram|Parvathi]]
|-
|''[[Annakutty Kodambakkam Vilikkunnu]]''||[[Jagathi Sreekumar]]|| || [[Jagathy Sreekumar]], [[Suresh Gopi]], [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]], [[Sreeja]]
|-
|''[[Aayiram Chirakulla Moham]]''||Ashokan|| ||
|-
|''[[Varnam (1989 film)|Varnam]]''||[[Ashokan (actor)|Ashokan]]|| ||[[Jayaram]], [[Suresh Gopi]], [[Ranjini (actress)|Ranjini]]
|-
|''[[Eenam Thettatha Kattaru]]''|| P. Vinod Kumar || ||
|-
|''[[Kaalal Pada]]''||[[Viji Thampi]]|| [[Ranjith (director)|Ranjith]]
| [[Jayaram]], [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]], [[Suresh Gopi]], [[Ranjini (actress)|Ranjini]], [[Thilakan]]
|-
|''[[Naagapanchami]]''||[[J. Sasikumar|Sasikumar]]|| ||
|-
|''[[The News (1989 film)|The News]]''||[[Shaji Kailas]]|| || [[Suresh Gopi]], [[Lizy (actress)|Lizy]]
|-
|''[[Layanam]]''||[[Thulasidas]]|| ||[[Silk Smitha]], Abhilasha, Nandu
|-
|''[[Mizhiyorangalil]]''|| J. Williams || ||[[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]], [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]]
|-
|''[[Agnipravesham]]''|| || ||
|-
|''[[Jagratha]]''|| [[K. Madhu]]
| [[S. N. Swamy]]
| [[Mammootty]], [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]], [[Jagathy Sreekumar|Jagathy]], [[Parvathy Jayaram|Parvathy]]
|-
|''[[Alicinte Anveshanam]]''|| [[T. V. Chandran]]
| [[T. V. Chandran]]
| [[Jalaja]], Ravindranath, [[Nedumudi Venu]]
|-
|''[[Unni (1989 film)|Unni]]''|| [[G. Aravindan]]
| || [[Shankar (actor)|Shankar]], [[Shobana]]
|}

==Dubbed films==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! width="25%" | film !! width="18%" | Direction !! width="18%" | Story !! width="18%" | Screenplay !! width="18%" | Main Actors
|-
| ''Vanitha Reporter'' || Somu || || ||
|-
| ''Ithoru Bhookambam'' || Mohandas || || ||
|-
| ''Vajraayudham'' || [[Raghavendra]] || || ||
|}

==References==
{{No footnotes|date=February 2011}}
*{{cite web|title=Kerala Government Public Relations Department |url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/prd2/art/list.htm |access-date=24 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050828202957/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/prd2/art/list.htm |archive-date=28 August 2005 |url-status=dead }}
*{{cite web | title=Cinema of Malayalam | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050426081118/http://www.cinemaofmalayalam.net/ | archive-date=26 April 2005 | url=http://www.cinemaofmalayalam.net | access-date=18 September 2019 }}
*{{cite web | title=Official Site of Association of Malayalam Movie Artists | url=http://malayalamcinema.com | access-date=24 February 2011 }}

{{Malayalam films|horiz}}
{{Indian film list}}
{{1989 films}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Malayalam Films Of 1989}}
[[Category:1989 Malayalam-language films| 1989]]
[[Category:Lists of Malayalam films by year|1989]]
[[Category:Lists of 1989 films by language|Malayalam]]
[[Category:1989 in Indian cinema|Fil]]

Historic sites in Odisha

2026-03-06T16:43:59Z

BraydenBeeby640: quick add structure after review additionally and corrected details

{{Short description|None}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
This article lists monuments and sites of historic importance in [[Odisha]], India.

==Prehistoric==
{| class="wikitable sortable" width=100%
! Site
! Date(s)
!class="unsortable"| Picture
!class="unsortable"| Location
!class="unsortable"| Description
!class="unsortable"| References
|-
|[[Gudahandi]]
| c. 20000 BCE
|
| [[Kalahandi district]]
| Rock paintings from [[Upper Paleolithic]].
|
|-
| [[Vikramkhol]]
| c. 3000 BCE
|
| [[Jharsuguda]]
| Prehistoric human [[rock shelter]] with inscriptions.
| <ref name=vikramkhol>{{cite news|title=Ancient rock art starts to fade out: Engravings in Vikramkhol cave under threat|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111228/jsp/odisha/story_14932470.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104163603/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111228/jsp/odisha/story_14932470.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 November 2014|access-date=10 June 2014|work=[[The Telegraph (India)]]|date=27 December 2011}}</ref>
|}

==Ancient==

Singhapura (In Jajpur Dist): Some historians said that it was the capital of Singha Bahu, a Kalinga King who was contemporary of Lord Buddh and Bimbisar of Rajgrih. His exiled son Prince Vijaya established Sinhalese dynasty in Sri Lanka.

{| class="wikitable sortable" width=100%
! Site
! Date(s)
!class="unsortable"| Picture
!class="unsortable"| Location
!class="unsortable"| Description
!class="unsortable"| References
|-
| [[Dhauli]]
| 262 BCE
| [[File:Dhauli-Giri-Lion-King-Bhubaneswar-Orissa.jpg|200px|Dhauli hillock]]
| [[Dhauli]], [[Bhubaneswar]]
| Site of the [[Kalinga War]]
| <ref name="Kapoor2002">{{cite book|author=Subodh Kapoor|title=Indian Encyclopaedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k2So6CEC6ZEC&pg=PA1137|access-date=8 August 2014|year=2002|publisher=Cosmo Publications|isbn=978-81-7755-257-7|page=1137}}</ref>
|-
| [[Sisupalgarh]]
| c. 300 CE
| [[File:Sisupalagada Bhubaneswar.jpg|200px|Sisupalagada, Bhubaneswar]]
| [[Bhubaneswar]] <br> {{coord|20|13|35.9|N|85|51|11.0|E}}
| Ancient fort
| <ref name=sisupalgarh>{{cite book|author=Paul Yule|title=Early Historic Sites in Orissa (Delhi 2006) 19-22}}</ref>
|-
| [[Asurgarh]]
| c. 9th century BCE
|
| [[Kalahandi]]
| [[Asurgarh]] is an archaeological site in the Kalahandi district of Odisha, India. Asurgarh is one of the sites which has its beginning in around 8th-9th century BC and emerged as one of the early urban fortified settlements in the region and it is older than Sisupalgarh. Archaeologists have unearthed artefacts believed to be 2,300-year-old while carrying out excavation at the Asurgarh Fort in Odisha’s Kalahandi district. [[DB Gadanayak]], [[Archaeological Survey of India]], says Asurgarh is one of the sites which has its beginning in around 8th-9th century BC and emerged as one of the early urban fortified settlements in the region by the efforts of tribal and non-tribal inhabitants of the region.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-04-11 |title=‘Asurgarh fort settlement belongs to Iron Age, older than Sisupalgarh’ |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2022/apr/11/asurgarh-fort-settlement-belongs-to-iron-age-older-than-sisupalgarh-2440634.html |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> [[Lokesh Durga]], Department of History of [[Delhi University]], says Asurgarh settlement is older than Sisupalgarh and the first Urbanization process in Odisha started from Asurgarh.<ref name=":0" /><ref> {{Cite news |last=Barik |first=Satyasundar |date=2022-04-24 |title=Carbon dating finds Asurgarh is Odisha’s oldest fortified settlement |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/carbon-dating-finds-asurgarh-is-odishas-oldest-fortified-settlement/article65351205.ece |access-date=2024-09-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref> {{Cite web |title=Odisha Current Affairs 2024 : Download Free PDF & Practice Quiz |url=https://testbook.com/current-affairs/odisha-current-affairs |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=Testbook |language=en}}</ref>
|<ref> L K Durga, 2018. Process of Peripheralization of Settlements in Early Historic Odisha: An Archaeological Perspective, Vol. 6, ''Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology'' http://www.heritageuniversityofkerala.com/JournalPDF/Volume6/26.pdf</ref><ref>D B Garnayak, 2020. Excavation at Asurgarh: An Early Historic Fortified
Settlement in Odisha
, Vol. 8.2, ''Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology'', http://www.heritageuniversityofkerala.com/JournalPDF/Volume8.2/18.pdf </ref>
|-
|[[Bindusagar Tank]]
|c. 7-8th century CE
|[[File:View of Ananta Vasudeva Temple from Bindusagar - July 2007.jpg|200px|Bindusagar]]
| Old Town, Bhubaneswar
| A ritual tank with a shrine in the centre
|<ref name=bindusagar>{{cite web|title=Bindusagar Tank|url=http://ignca.nic.in/asi_reports/orkhurda026.pdf|website=Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts (IGNCA)|access-date=8 August 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[Chausath Yogini Temple, Ranipur Jharial|Chausath Yogini Temples]]
| c. 9th century CE
|[[File:Chausath Yogini Temple, Ranipur Jharial, Odisha (2018) 1.jpg|200px|Chausath Yogini Temples]]
| Jharial, [[Bolangir]]
| A [[hypaethral]] temple for 64 [[yogini]]s
| <ref name=64yogini>{{cite news |title=Ranipur-Jharial Yogini Temple: A Ninth Century Monument Remains in Ruins |url=http://m.newindianexpress.com/odisha/275326|access-date=10 June 2014|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=7 March 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140610120459/http://m.newindianexpress.com/odisha/275326 |archive-date=10 June 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[Chausathi Jogini Temple]]
| 9th century CE
| [[File:Chausath Yogini Temple - Outside.JPG|200px|Chausathi Jogini Temple]]
| Hirapur, [[Khordha district|Khurda]]
| [[Hypaethral]] temple for 64 [[Yogini]]s in the outskirts of [[Bhubaneswar]]
| <ref>{{cite news|title=Yogini temple of Hirapur|url=http://www.thehindu.com/fr/2003/10/17/stories/2003101701580900.htm|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=17 October 2003}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
|-
| [[Anantashayana Vishnu]]
| 9th century CE
|
| Sarang, [[Dhenkanal district|Dhenkanal]]
| 15 metre long rock cut image of [[Vishnu]] lying in rest.
| <ref name="Anantasayana Visnu">{{cite web|title=Anantasayana Visnu|url=http://ignca.nic.in/asi_reports/ordhenknl001.pdf|access-date=8 August 2014|website=Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts (IGNCA)}}</ref>
|}

==Medieval==

{| class="wikitable sortable" width=100%
! Site
! Date(s)
!class="unsortable"| Picture
!class="unsortable"| Location
!class="unsortable"| Description
!class="unsortable"| References
|-
| [[Ratnagiri, Odisha|Ratnagiri]]
| c. 10th century
| [[File:Ratnagiri (30).JPG|200px|Ratnagiri, Jajpur]]
| [[Jajpur]]
| [[Buddhist]] monastery built by the [[Bhauma-Kara dynasty]]
| <ref name=Ratnagiri>{{cite web|title=Excavated Buddhist site, Ratnagiri|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_orissa_es_ratnagiri.asp|website=[[Archaeological Survey of India]]|publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]]|access-date=10 June 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[Lalitgiri]]
| c. 10th century
| [[File:MulGandhakuti Lalitgiri.JPG|200px|Lalitgiri, Jajpur]]
| [[Cuttack]]
| A group [[Buddhist]] monasteries
| <ref name=lalit>{{cite web|title=Excavated Buddhist site, Lalitgiri|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_orissa_es_lalitagiri.asp|website=[[Archaeological Survey of India]]|publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]]|access-date=10 June 2014|ref=lalit|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140926160922/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_orissa_es_lalitagiri.asp|archive-date=26 September 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[Brahmeswara Temple]]
| 1058 CE
| [[File:Brahmeswara Temple, Bhubaneswar.JPG|200px|Brahmeswara Temple, Bhubaneswar]]
| [[Bhubaneswar]]
| [[Shiva]] temple built during reign of the [[Somavaṃśī dynasty|Somavamsis]]
| <ref name=Brahmeswara>{{cite web|title=Brahmeswara Temple|url=http://ignca.nic.in/asi_reports/orkhurda028.pdf|website=Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts (IGNCA)|access-date=8 August 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath Temple]]
| c. 1090
| [[File:Sri Jagannath Temple Puri, Orissa.jpeg|200px|Sri Jagannath Temple Puri, Orissa]]
| [[Puri]]
| [[Vaishnava]] temple built by [[Eastern Ganga dynasty]] kings
| <ref name="Mukherjee1981">{{cite book|author=Prabhat Mukherjee|title=The History of Medieval Vaishnavism in Orissa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7LFzfbhmJcMC|year=1981|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0229-8|pages=29–,32}}</ref>
|-
| [[Lingaraja Temple]]
| c. 1100
| [[File:Lingaraj.JPG|200px|Lingaraj Temple, Bhubaneswar]]
| [[Bhubaneswar]]
| Shiva temple built by Somavamsi kings
| <ref name="Nāẏaka2011">{{cite book|author=Pabitra Mohana Nāẏaka|title=Inscriptions of Orissa: With Special Reference to Subarnapur|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gv9mSu0qxSYC&pg=PR7|access-date=10 June 2014|year=2011|publisher=Readworthy|isbn=978-93-5018-042-6|page=vii}}</ref>
|-
| [[Gundicha Temple]]
| 12th century
| [[File:Puri-gundica-mandir.jpg|200px|Gundicha Temple]]
| [[Puri]]
| Built by the [[Eastern Ganga dynasty]]. Houses the main idols during the [[Ratha-Yatra (Puri)|Ratha Yatra]] festival
| <ref name=gundicha>{{cite web|title=Gundicha Temple|url=http://ignca.nic.in/asi_reports/orpuri071.pdf|access-date=8 August 2014|website=Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts (IGNCA)}}</ref><ref name=ratha-gundicha>{{cite news|title=Five Lakh Throng Gundicha Temple in Puri|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/Five-Lakh-Throng-Gundicha-Temple-in-Puri/2014/07/07/article2318331.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707060436/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/Five-Lakh-Throng-Gundicha-Temple-in-Puri/2014/07/07/article2318331.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 July 2014|access-date=8 August 2014|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=7 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[Barabati fort]]
| c. 1230
| [[File:Barabati durga Cuttack Barabati Fort Wide look-4.JPG|200px|Barabati Fort, Cuttack]]
| [[Cuttack]]
| Presumed to have been built by Anangabhimadev III of the [[Eastern Ganga dynasty]]
| <ref name=barabati>{{cite journal|author1=Hemanta K. Mohapatra|title=Remembering the Great Barabati Fort|journal=Orissa Review|publisher=[[Government of Odisha]]|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/jan2004/englishpdf/chapter8.pdf|access-date=10 June 2014|date=January 2004}}</ref>
|-
| [[Kapilash Temple]]
| 1246
| [[File:Kapilasa temple Dhenkanal Odisha4.jpg|200px|Kapilasa temple, Dhenkanal]]
| [[Dhenkanal district|Dhenkanal]]
| [[Shiva]] temple constructed by [[Narasingha Deva I]]
| <ref name=kapilash>{{cite web|title=Kapilash Temple|url=http://dhenkanal.nic.in/kapilas/kapilas.htm|website=District Portal: Dhenkanal|publisher=[[Government of Odisha]]|access-date=10 June 2014|ref=kapilash}}</ref>
|-
| [[Konark Sun Temple]]
| c. 1250
| [[File:Konark Temple.jpg|200px|Konark Sun Temple]]
| [[Konark]]
| Supposedly built by king [[Narasingha Deva I]] of [[Eastern Ganga Dynasty]] around 1250
| <ref name="konark">{{cite book|title=Indian History| year=1960 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X4j7Nf_MU24C&pg=SL2-PA3|access-date=8 August 2014|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education|isbn=978-0-07-132923-1|page=B3}}</ref>
|-
| [[Ananta Vasudeva Temple]]
| c.1278
| [[File:Ananta Vasudeva Temple.jpg|200px|Ananta Vasudeva Temple, Bhubaneswar]]
| [[Bhubaneswar]]
| [[Vaishnava]] temple built by Queen Chandrika, daughter of Anangabhimadeva III, of the [[Eastern Ganga dynasty]]
| <ref name="Mukherjee1981" /><ref name="Dash">{{cite book|author=Trilochan Dash|title=Story of Lord Sri Jagannatha in Srimandira at Sri Purusottam Kshetra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hd0rnGa72PsC&pg=PA31|access-date=10 June 2014|publisher=Trilochan Dash|page=31|id=GGKEY:Y2TR84PZ0DD}}</ref>
|-
| [[Atharanala]] Bridge
| c.1300
| [[File:Athara nala.JPG|200px|Atharanala, Puri]]
| [[Puri]] <br> {{coord|19|49|11|N|85|49|54.1|E}}
| Bridge with 18 [[arch]]es, purportedly built by Narasingha Deva II of [[Eastern Ganga Dynasty]]
| <ref name="Starza1993">{{cite book|author=O. M. Starza|title=The Jagannatha Temple at Puri: Its Architecture, Art, and Cult|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v4bV3beb0n8C&pg=PA8|access-date=10 June 2014|year=1993|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-09673-6|page=8}}</ref>
|-
| [[Biraja Temple|Biraja Temple, Jajpur]]
| 13th Century
|
| Built originally by Jajati Keshari of Soma Dynasty
|-
| [[Annakoteshvara Temple]]
| 16th Century
|
| Latadeipur, Gondia, [[Dhenkanal district|Dhenkanal]]
| [[Shiva]] temple built during the reign of the [[Gajapati Kingdom|Gajapati dynasty]]
| <ref name=ASI-orissa>{{cite web|title=Alphabetical List of Monuments - Orissa|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_orissa.asp|website=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI)|access-date=8 August 2014}}</ref><ref name=IGNCA-Annakotesvara>{{cite web|title=Annakotesvara Temple|url=http://ignca.nic.in/asi_reports/ordhenknl009.pdf|website=Indira Gandhi National Centre For The Arts (IGNCA)|access-date=8 August 2014}}</ref>
|-
|Alarnath Temple
|1610 AD
|
|Brahmagiri, Puri, 752011
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=alarnath temple - Google Search|url=https://www.google.com/search?q=alarnath+temple&tbm=isch&cshid=1595351210100#imgrc=gCNBQUM4weFCuM|access-date=2020-07-21|website=www.google.com}}</ref>
|[http://www.shreekhetra.com/alarnath.html]
|-
| [[Baladevjew Temple]]
| 1707
|
| [[Kendrapara]]
| Temple built during [[Maratha]] occupation of Odish
| <ref name=30lakhs>{{cite news|title=30 lakhs were granted for the renovation of Baldevjew and Mausi Maa temples under heritage conservation project.|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/archaeology-department-undertakes-renovation-of-mausi-maa-temple/|access-date=15 June 2014|work=The Indian Express|date=9 June 2014}}</ref>
|-
| Qadam-e-Rasool
| 1718
|
| [[Cuttack]]
| Mosque built by [[Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan]]. Purportedly contains a [[Qadam Rasul]] (footprint of [[Muhammad]]).
| <ref name=islamic_cuttack>{{cite journal|author1=Mohammed Yamin|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2011/may/engpdf/48-57.pdf|title=Islamic Monuments in Cuttack|journal=Orissa Review|date=May 2011|publisher=[[Government of Odisha]]|access-date=10 June 2014}}</ref>

|}

==Colonial==

{| class="wikitable sortable" width=100%
! Site
! Date(s)
!class="unsortable"| Picture
!class="unsortable"| Location
!class="unsortable"| Description
!class="unsortable"| References
|-
| [[Joranda Gadi]]
| Early 20th century
|
| Joranda, [[Dhenkanal district|Dhenkanal]]
| Contains the [[Samadhi (shrine)|samadhi]] of the founder of the [[Mahima Dharma]] sect.
| <ref name=joranda>{{cite web|title=Joranda Gadi|url=http://ignca.nic.in/asi_reports/ordhenknl013.pdf|website=Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts (IGNCA)|access-date=8 August 2014}}</ref>
|-
|Inchudi
| 1930
|
| [[Balasore]]
| Site of [[Salt Satyagraha]] in the state
|<ref name=inchudi>{{cite news|title=Satyagraha memory fades with time|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120912/jsp/odisha/story_15963791.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316063646/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120912/jsp/odisha/story_15963791.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 March 2014|access-date=10 June 2014|work=[[The Telegraph (India)]]|date=12 September 2012}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
* [[History of Odisha]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Odisha}}

[[Category:Archaeological sites in Odisha| ]]
[[Category:Lists of tourist attractions in Odisha]]

Meenava Nanban

2026-03-04T04:48:21Z

BraydenBeeby640: refined page further and improved wording per sources

{{Short description|1977 film by C. V. Sridhar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Meenava Nanban.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[C. V. Sridhar|Sridhar]]
| writer = Sridhar
| producer = K. R. Sadayappa Chettiar
| starring = [[M. G. Ramachandran]]<br />[[Latha (actress)|Latha]]<br />[[Vennira Aadai Nirmala]]
| cinematography = N. Balakrishnan
| editing = M. Umanath
| music = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| studio = Muthu Enterprise
| released = {{film date|df=y|1977|8|14}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Meenava Nanban''''' ({{Translation|Friend of fishermen}}) is a 1977 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action drama film]] written and directed by [[C. V. Sridhar|Sridhar]]. The film stars [[M. G. Ramachandran]] and [[Latha (actress)|Latha]], with [[Vennira Aadai Nirmala]], [[M. N. Nambiar]], [[Nagesh]] among others enacting supporting roles. It was released on 14 August 1977.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sri Kantha |first=Sachi |author-link=Sachi Sri Kantha |date=27 December 2019 |title=MGR Remembered – Part 54 {{!}} An Overview of the Final 31 movies of 1970s |url=https://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-54/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031005730/https://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-54/ |archive-date=31 October 2020 |access-date=5 April 2021 |website=[[Ilankai Tamil Sangam]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=April 2023}}
Kumaran, an adventurer comes to a fishing enclave who help him. He meets the arrogant daughter of Nagaraj, Kamali, who treats them with disrespect and reforms her as they fall in love with each other in the process. He then takes it upon himself to defend the fishermen exploited by Nagaraj. Together with Kamali, they reform Nagaraj while saving him from the bad guys, Arun and Selvaraj, he associates with who turn on him.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[M. G. Ramachandran]] as Kumaran
*[[Latha (actress)|Latha]] as Kamali
*[[Vennira Aadai Nirmala]] as Shanti
*[[Sachu]] as Muthamma
*[[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]] as Nagaraj
*[[M. N. Nambiar]] as Arun
*[[P. S. Veerappa]] as Selvaraj
*[[Nagesh]] as Ratnam
*[[Thengai Srinivasan]] as Manickam
*K. Kannan as Mahi
*[[K. K. Soundar]] as In charge of Coolie
*Karikol Raju as Fisherman
*[[T. K. S. Natarajan]] as Varadhan
*[[Loose Mohan]] as Fisherman
*[[Rangammal]]
}}

== Production ==
After the success of ''[[Urimaikural]]'' (1974), [[C. V. Sridhar|Sridhar]] decided to make another film with [[M. G. Ramachandran]] titled ''Naanum Oru Thozhilali'' ({{Translation|I too am a worker}}); however it got dropped after Sridhar felt it lacked a strong plot.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஸ்ரீதர் |first=டைரக்டர் |author-link=C. V. Sridhar |date=25 October 1992 |title=உரிமைக்குரலின் வெற்றி! |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki1992-10-25/kalki1992-10-25.pdf |access-date=2024-04-09 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=73–74 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Sadayappa Chettiar approached Sridhar expressing interest to produce a film with Ramachandran as lead actor and Sridhar directing. Sridhar named the film as ''Latchiya Kanavu'' ({{Translation|Ambitious dream}}) while simultaneously making another film with Ramachandran titled ''[[Anna Nee En Deivam]]''. Sridhar later changed the title from ''Latchiya Kanavu'' to ''Meenava Nanban'' as per Ramachandran's suggestion.<ref name="meenava" /> ''Meenava Nanban'' was the second and final collaboration of Ramachandran with Sridhar, after ''Urimaikural''. [[Santhana Bharathi]], who worked as assistant director, recalled that another famous director [[P. Vasu]] joined as assistant in the film's unit.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ashok Kumar |first=S.R. |date=16 November 2006 |title=This character artist's first love is direction |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/this-character-artists-first-love-is-direction/article3048491.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200403150421/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/this-character-artists-first-love-is-direction/article3048491.ece |archive-date=3 April 2020 |access-date=8 November 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |date=6 April 1997 |title=மாதா பிதா குரு நண்பன் தெய்வம்... |url=https://ibb.co/9401DRd |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602074545/https://ibb.co/9401DRd |archive-date=2 June 2023 |access-date=2 June 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=29–30 |language=Ta}}</ref> Angamuthu took care of art direction while Shyam Sunder handled the stunt choreography.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP372-6-23-1-31#?xywh=2282%2C5240%2C3761%2C2120&cv=2|date=31 July 1977|newspaper=Anna|access-date=3 May 2025|title=புரட்சித்தலைவரின் 'மீனவ நண்பன்'|language=ta}}</ref>

Ramachandran performed his own stunt in a scene by jumping from a {{Convert|12|m}} building, but sustained no injuries.<ref>{{Cite news |last=S |first=Srivatsan |date=15 June 2019 |title=When Sivaji Ganesan said 'MGR does better stunts' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/when-sivaji-ganesan-said-mgr-does-better-stunts/article27948761.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221223060435/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/when-sivaji-ganesan-said-mgr-does-better-stunts/article27948761.ece |archive-date=23 December 2022 |access-date=23 December 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> A few scenes of ''Meenava Nanban'' were shot at Manipal. The filming was stopped for a few months because Sridhar met with an accident, damaging his left eye.<ref name="meenava" /> After the operation, Sridhar restarted both films – ''Meenava Nanban'' and ''Anna Nee En Deivam'' – at the same time. During that time, Ramachandran won the 1977 elections and became the [[List of chief ministers of Tamil Nadu|chief minister of Tamil Nadu]], due to which ''Anna Nee En Deivam'' was shelved after canning few scenes but Sridhar completed ''Meenava Nanban'' with climax was shot in a set of a boat resembling flood in studio.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஸ்ரீதர் |first=டைரக்டர் |author-link=C. V. Sridhar |date=8 November 1992 |title=படத்தை முடித்து கொடுத்த முதல்வர்! |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki1992-11-08/kalki1992-11-08.pdf |access-date=2 June 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=59–61 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Ramachandran wore a wig to portray his character, and ensured it remained consistent throughout the course of production to preserve continuity.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kannan |first=Uma |date=27 June 2011 |title=Kollywood's make-up specialists of the 1960s |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/2011/jun/27/kollywoods-make-up-specialists-of-the-1960s-267023.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201100628/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/2011/jun/27/kollywoods-make-up-specialists-of-the-1960s-267023.html |archive-date=1 December 2021 |access-date=23 December 2022 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[M. S. Viswanathan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meenava Nanban Tamil Film EP Vinyl Record by M S Viswanathan |url=https://macsendisk.com/product/meenava-nanban-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-m-s-viswanathan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218030836/https://macsendisk.com/product/meenava-nanban-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-m-s-viswanathan/ |archive-date=18 December 2021 |access-date=24 September 2022 |website=Macsendisk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Meenava Nanban |url=https://gaana.com/album/meenava-nanban |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812033321/http://gaana.com/album/meenava-nanban |archive-date=12 August 2016 |access-date=5 April 2021 |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]}}</ref> [[Muthulingam (poet)|Muthulingam]] recalled that Ramachandran discovered that he did not write any song despite production being near completion, so he insisted him to write the song "Thangathil Mugam Eduthu".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Prasad |first=G. |date=22 March 2008 |title=Evergreen and universal appeal |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/Evergreen-and-universal-appeal/article15376009.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509174135/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/Evergreen-and-universal-appeal/article15376009.ece |archive-date=9 May 2021 |access-date=8 November 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The song "Pongum Kadalosai" is based on [[Valaji]] raga.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=16 August 2013 |title=Wake up to Valaji |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/wake-up-to-valaji/article5028958.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221223055812/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/wake-up-to-valaji/article5028958.ece |archive-date=23 December 2022 |access-date=23 December 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Nerukku Neraai
| extra1 = [[T. M. Soundararajan]]
| lyrics1 = [[Pulamaipithan]]
| length1 = 4:01
| title2 = Pongum Kadalosai
| extra2 = [[Vani Jairam]]
| lyrics2 = [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
| length2 = 4:36
| title3 = Thangathil Mugameduthu
| extra3 = [[K. J. Yesudas]], Vani Jairam
| lyrics3 = [[Muthulingam (poet)|Muthulingam]]
| length3 = 3:15
| title4 = Pattathu Rajavum
| extra4 = T. M. Soundararajan
| lyrics4 = Vaali
| length4 = 4:32
| title5 = Neram Pournami
| extra5 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], Vani Jairam
| lyrics5 = Vaali
| length5 = 4:26
| title6 = Kannazhagu Singarikku
| extra6 = T. M. Soundararajan, Vani Jairam
| lyrics6 = Pulamaipithan
| length6 = 3:07
| total_length = 23:57
}}

== Critical reception ==
''Anna'' reviewed the film in two halves; the first was published on 21 August 1977,<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 August 1977 |title=மீனவ நண்பன் |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_1_51/4.jp2/full/1000,1364/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/gQ2kA |archive-date=2 March 2025 |access-date=2 March 2025 |work=Anna |pages=4 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref> and the second the following day.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 August 1977 |title=மீனவ நண்பன் |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_1_52/4.jp2/full/1000,1367/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/tRvxD |archive-date=2 March 2025 |access-date=2 March 2025 |work=Anna |pages=4 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref>

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="meenava">{{Cite magazine |last=ஸ்ரீதர் |first=டைரக்டர் |author-link=C. V. Sridhar |date=1 November 1992 |title=எம்.ஜி.ஆருடன் வாக்குவாதம்! |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1992-11-01/page/n51/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240409141603/https://archive.org/details/kalki1992-11-01/page/n51/mode/2up |archive-date=2024-04-09 |access-date=17 December 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=50–51 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

</references>

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{C. V. Sridhar}}

[[Category:1970s action drama films]]
[[Category:1977 Indian films]]
[[Category:1977 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1977 films]]
[[Category:Films about fishermen]]
[[Category:Films directed by C. V. Sridhar]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by C. V. Sridhar]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Kasme Vaade

2026-03-03T23:26:11Z

BraydenBeeby640: minor reworked references after review further and updated info after review

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kasme Vaade
| image = Kasme Vaade 1978.jpg

| caption = Poster
| director = [[Ramesh Behl]]
| producer = Ramesh Behl
| writer = Mirza Brothers
| narrator =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Amitabh Bachchan]]|[[Raakhee]]|[[Randhir Kapoor]]|[[Neetu Singh]]|[[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]]}}
| music = [[R. D. Burman]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1978|04|21|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross = {{INR|4.7 crores}}(equivalent to {{INR|97 crores}} or {{USD|13.6 million}} in 2019)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.talkingmoviez.com/2018/06/amitabh-bachchan-hits-flops-and.html|title=Amitabh Bachchan Hits, Flops and Blockbusters : Box Office Analysis|date=20 December 2018|access-date=16 September 2019|archive-date=1 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901214506/http://www.talkingmoviez.com/2018/06/amitabh-bachchan-hits-flops-and.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

'''''Kasme Vaade''''' ({{Translation|Sworn promises}}) is a 1978 [[Hindi]]-language [[action drama film]] produced and directed by [[Ramesh Behl]]. The film stars [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Raakhee]], [[Randhir Kapoor]], [[Neetu Singh]] and [[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]]. [[Randhir Kapoor]] earned a [[Filmfare]] nomination as Best Supporting Actor, the only nomination for the film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://deep750.googlepages.com/FilmfareAwards.pdf|title=Filmfare awards|access-date=13 December 2007|archive-date=12 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612065210/http://deep750.googlepages.com/FilmfareAwards.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Rekha]] makes a guest appearance as a dancer. The music is by [[R. D. Burman]] and the lyrics by [[Gulshan Bawra]]. The film was the 4th highest earning bollywood film of 1978 after Muqaddar Ka Sikandar, Trishul and Don. It was declared clean hit by both Film Information and Trade Guide magazine after 8 months of release. It was the first bollywood film to celebrate golden jubilee with debutant director. The film was remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Chesina Basalu]]'' (1980) and in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''[[Dharmathin Thalaivan]]'' (1988).<ref name="BFTP">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/kasme-vaade-1978/article6938158.ece |title=Kasme Vaade (1978) |last=Lokapally |first=Vijay |date=27 February 2015 |work=The Hindu |access-date=18 December 2018 |archive-date=19 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219000819/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/kasme-vaade-1978/article6938158.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Plot==

Suman (Raakhee) and Amit (Amitabh Bachchan) love each other and plan to marry soon. Amit lives with his younger brother, Raju (Randhir Kapoor), and Raju already calls Suman "Bhabhi". Amit is a teacher in a college, but Raju is unemployed and a little bit spoiled by Amit and Suman's pamperings.

Neetu Singh has a small role as Raju's fiancée. Raju gets into bad company, and as a result, lands in trouble. When Amit comes to help Raju, he is killed. Suman dons the garb of a widow and plans not to marry again.

Then one day a look-alike of Amit, named Shankar enters Suman and Raju's life. Guilt-ridden, Raju thinks that he has gotten his brother back, and tries to make amends by hiring Shankar, not knowing that Shankar is a wanted criminal, and is looking for an escape route from the authorities. Suman and Raju's affection eventually wins Shankar over from his past evil ways. Shankar cannot escape his past though. Suman is kidnapped and Shankar forced to help kingpin to smuggle diamonds by using an international car rally championship as cover. With Raju's help, good prevails over evil.

==Cast==
*[[Amitabh Bachchan]] as Professor Amit/Shankar (Double role)
*[[Raakhee]] as Suman
*[[Randhir Kapoor]] as Raju
*[[Neetu Singh]] as Neeta
*[[Rekha]] (Guest appearance in song Pyar Ki Rang Se Tu Dil Ko)
*[[Vijayendra Ghatge]] as Kundan Ghanshyamdas
*[[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]] as Juda
* [[Sharat Saxena]]

==Soundtrack==

All the songs<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindigeetmala.net/movie/kasme_vaade.htm|title=Kasme Vaade : Lyrics and video of Songs from the Movie Kasme Vaade (1978)|website=HindiGeetMala|access-date=2 May 2020|archive-date=29 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729153751/http://www.hindigeetmala.net/movie/kasme_vaade.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> were composed by [[Rahul Dev Burman]] and lyrics were penned by [[Gulshan Bawra]]. The entire soundtrack is on [[Polydor]] now [[Universal Music Group]]. The song "Kal Kya Hoga Kisko Pata" is partly based on "Hafanana" by [[Afric Simone]].<ref name="filmcompanion">{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/how-a-1975-african-song-was-unofficially-tweaked-for-3-bollywood-films |title=How A 1975 African Song Was Unofficially Tweaked For 3 Bollywood Films |last=Srinivasan |first=Karthik |date=18 December 2018 |website=[[Film Companion]] |access-date=18 December 2018 |archive-date=19 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219000838/https://www.filmcompanion.in/how-a-1975-african-song-was-unofficially-tweaked-for-3-bollywood-films/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Title !! Singer(s)!! Duration
|-
|"Kasme Vaade Nibhayenge Hum" - I
|[[Kishore Kumar]], [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|04:45
|-
|"Kasme Vaade Nibhayenge Hum" - II
|Kishore Kumar, Lata Mangeshkar
|02:04
|-
|"Aati Rahengi Baharen" - I
|Kishore Kumar, [[Amit Kumar (singer)|Amit Kumar]], [[Asha Bhosle]]
|05:14
|-
|"Mile Jo Kadi Kadi"
|Kishore Kumar, Asha Bhosle, [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|05:48
|-
|"Aati Rahengi Baharen" - II
|Amit Kumar
|02:50
|-
|"Kal Kya Hoga"
|[[R.D.Burman]]
|04:59
|-
|"Pyar Ki Rang Se Tu Dil Ko"
|Asha Bhosle, Anand Kumar.C.
|08:11
|}

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0077792|Kasme Vaade}}

[[Category:1978 films]]
[[Category:1978 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1978 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by R. D. Burman]]
[[Category:Hindi films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Rose Audio Visuals]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ramesh Behl]]

Second Marriage Dot Com

2026-03-02T09:25:15Z

BraydenBeeby640: adding some entry more to come

{{refimprove|date=September 2012}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Second Marriage Dot Com
| image =
| alt = 
| caption =
| director = Gaurav Panjwani
| producer = Vinod Mehta
| story = Dinkar Sharma
| starring = [[Mohit Chauhan (actor)|Mohit Chauhan]]<br>[[Vishal Nayak]]<br>[[Charu Rahtogi]]<br>[[Sayani Gupta]]
| music = Mannan Munjal, Aditya Agarwal
| cinematography =
| editing = Rahul Sharma/Gaurav Panjwani
| studio = Vin Mehta Films Pvt Ltd.
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2012|8|10}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Second Marriage Dot Com''''' is a 2012 Hindi-language film directed by Gaurav Panjwani, art direction by Priyanka Agarwal, Segment Editing & VFX by Rahul Sharma featuring [[Mohit Chauhan (actor)|Mohit Chauhan]], [[Vishal Nayak]], [[Charu Rahtogi]] and [[Sayani Gupta]] in the lead roles. The film is produced by Vinod Mehta under the banner of Vin Mehta Films Pvt Ltd. and was released on 10 August 2012.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Second-Marriage-Dot-Com/movie-review/15433309.cms |title=Second Marriage Dot Com |newspaper=Times of India |date=10 August 2012 |accessdate=15 September 2012}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film kicks off when Akshay, a young IT professional from Delhi and only child of single parent Suneel Narang, embarks on a journey to get his father, a widower, married so to finally put an end to his prolonged loneliness. Coincidentally in Jaipur, a vibrant young girl, Poonam, is on the same hunt to find a partner for her mother, Shoma, whom she's seen as a divorcee since childhood. They get in touch with each other through a matrimonial website named 'secondmarriage.com' and after their parents' initial denial, they finally marry.

Poonam and Shoma then join Akshay and Suneel in a new adequate flat in Gurgaon. A distinguished family scenario arises for the four, filled with a new cook hailing from a rustic background, Bihaari and a north-eastern maid Flower. Suneel and Shoma are not at ease with each other to start with, but gradually sparks begin to fly. Poonam and Akshay who had become good friends from the start, and who themselves are lonely souls with bitter memories, are happy to discover a feeling which had always eluded them – the joy of a family.

Poonam and Akshay find themselves in love with each other after a night of irrepressible emotions which results in an inconceivable event; the happiness of the four goes for a toss. The story takes sharp turns and explores dark zones of the human psyche before the characters finally square up for an unaccustomed but fairly logical solution to their situation.

==Cast==
* [[Mohit Chauhan (actor)|Mohit Chauhan]] as Suneel
* [[Charu Rahtogi]] as Shoma
* [[Vishal Nayak]] as Akshay
* [[Sayani Gupta]] as Poonam
* [[Kanisha Malhotra]] as Nikita
* [[Akhilendra Mishra]]
* Ankit Sharma as Veeja
* [[Amit Mistry]]
* [[Mustaq Khan]]
* [[Arun Verma]]
* [[Rajat Rawail]]
* [[Anita Mudgal]] as Seeta
* [[Pankaj Sharma]] as Lakshman
* Mohit Baghel as Waiter

==Reception==
{{empty section|date=January 2018}}

==Soundtrack==
The soundtrack is composed by Mannan Munjal and Aditya Agarwal. The music has received generally positive reviews with songs like ''Manchala'', ''Barsaat'', ''Kamli'' and ''Balam'' receiving positive reviews. ''Balam'' is sung by Rekha Bharadwaj.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|2306721}}

[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:2012 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2012 Indian films]]

Darshanam Mogilaiah

2026-02-06T06:25:44Z

BraydenBeeby640: Started Basic Data W/ Sources - done

{{Short description|Indian tribal musician (1951–2024)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = 
| image = Darshanam Mogilaiah at Ugadi Celebrations in Ravindra Bharathi (08.04.2016).jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Mogilaiah in 2016

| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{birth date text|1951}}
| birth_place = Ausalikunta, [[Nagarkurnool district]], [[Hyderabad State (1948–1956)|Hyderabad State]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation =
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2022)
}}

'''Darshanam Mogilaiah''' (1951), also known as '''Kinnera Mogulaiah''', is an Indian artist from the state of [[Telangana]] and is one of the few surviving performers of a tribal musical instrument known by the name Kinnera.<ref name="Scroll">{{cite web |last1=Aruna Chandaraju |title=Fading sounds: An Indian musical instrument with a rich history is on the cusp of extinction |url=https://scroll.in/magazine/905049/fading-sounds-an-indian-musical-instrument-with-a-rich-history-is-on-the-cusp-of-extinction |website=Scroll.in |access-date=18 March 2022}}</ref> The kinnera is a stringed instrument much like a [[veena]] whose origin can be traced back to as early as the 4th century [[Common Era|CE]]. The instrument is indigenous to the [[nomadic tribe]]s and the [[Dalit]] communities in the [[Deccan Plateau]] such as the Dakkali, [[Madiga]] and the [[Chenchu]]. There are kinneras with different numbers of stairs or steps. Mogilaiah's forefathers were pioneers in making and playing kinneras having different numbers of stairs. His father had made a nine-stair kinnera. Mogilaiah is the first person to create a 12-stair kinnera and is the only artist who made and plays the 12-step kinnera.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Charan Teja |title=Telangana's last 12-step Kinnera player Mogulaiah wants govt to save dying art form |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/telanganas-last-12-step-kinnera-player-mogulaiah-wants-govt-save-dying-art-form-155991 |website=The News Minute |access-date=18 March 2022}}</ref> In 2022, the Govt. of India honoured him with the [[Padma Shri]] award for his contributions as a kinnera musician.<ref name="PadmaShri2022" />

== Life and work ==
Darshanam Mogilaiah hailed from a [[Madiga]] (Dalit) family in the Ausalikunta village of [[Lingal]] mandal in [[Nagarkurnool district]] of Telangana along the stretches of [[Nallamala Hills]]. He has had not much formal education and has had no steady job with an assured income. He has seen much hardships and his life had been very difficult eking out a living doing odd jobs like a daily wager in construction sites. He had worked as a laborer for 14 years in Adilabad, Karimnagar and Warangal. He had also worked at a construction site in Mumbai.<ref name="IE">{{cite web |last1=Rahul V Pisharody |title='Happy that people recognise my artform now': Padma Shri winner and folk singer Darshanam Mogulaiah |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/hyderabad/happy-that-people-recognise-my-artform-now-padma-shri-winner-and-folk-singer-darshanam-mogulaiah-7749982/ |website=The New Indian Express |access-date=21 March 2022}}</ref>

In a sense, Mogilaiah reinvented the kinnera. Kinnera is a two-stringed instrument made using indigenous materials like [[bamboo]], dried outer shell of round [[bottle gourd]], [[honeycomb]], bull horn, [[bead]]s, mirrors and [[peacock]] feathers. His ancestors made the kinnera with seven, eight or nine stairs. He was the first to make a kinnera with 12 stairs. His forefathers used women's hair, horse-tail hair and even animal nerves as the strings. He replaced the nerves with metal strings. Mogilaiah learned the art of playing kinnera from his father Yellaiah. He had started traveling with his father from the age of eight. Now, Mogilaiah has been singing folk tales of local heroes for over five decades, heroes who all helped the poor like Pandugolla Sayanna, Endavetla Pakiraiah and Miya Saab, all of whom helped the poor.<ref name="IE" />

Mogilaiah's forefathers are believed to have played the kinnera in the court of the [[Wanaparthy Samsthanam|Raja of Wanaparthy]] about 400 years ago. Wanaparthy Samsthanam or Raja of Wanaparthy was a vassal of the Nizam of Hyderabad. It was one of the three important Samsthanams, the other two being [[Gadwal Samsthanam]] and Jatprole Samsthanam. He has sung a part of the title song of the 2022 [[Telugu language]] action drama film, ''[[Bheemla Nayak]]'' directed by [[Saagar K Chandra]] and starring [[Pawan Kalyan]].<ref = name="IE"/>

Mogilaiah's second son Mahender accompanied his father for the kinnera performances in cultural programs held in different parts of the country. Mahendar later learnt to play kinnera and took his father's legacy forward.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/padma-shri-folk-artist-darshanam-mogilaiah-passes-away-at-73/articleshow/116464654.cms Padma Shri folk artist Darshanam Mogilaiah passes away at 73]</ref>

==Recognition==
*In the year 2022, the Government of India conferred the [[Padma Shri]] award, the third highest award in the Padma series of awards, on Darshanam Mogulaiah for his distinguished service in the field of art.<ref name="PadmaShri2022">{{cite web |title=Padma Awards 2022 |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/padmaawardees2022.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125143803/https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/padmaawardees2022.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2022 |url-status=live|website=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt of India |access-date=11 February 2022}}</ref> The award is in recognition of his service as a "Tribal Kinnera player and folk singer from [[Nagarkurnool]], last one to have mastered the 12 steps on the instrument."<ref name="PadmaShri2022Images">{{cite web |title=Padma Awards 2022 |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/AwardeeTickets2022.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129172910/https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/AwardeeTickets2022.aspx |archive-date=29 January 2022 |url-status=live|website=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt of India |access-date=11 February 2022}}</ref>

=== Other prizes and recognitions ===
*Ugadi Puraskaram, the highest State honor in Telangana State (2015)<ref name="Scroll"/>
*Darshanam Mogulaiah had an honored mention in the textbook for Social Studies for the Class VIII students of Telangana State. The textbook was first published by Telangana State Govt. in the year 2013.<ref>{{cite book |title=Social Studies CLASS VIII |date=2013 |publisher=Telangana State Govt |location=[[Hyderabad]] |page=243 |url=https://scert.telangana.gov.in/pdf/publication/ebooks2019/8th%20social%20em.pdf |access-date=21 March 2022}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Padma Shri award recipients (2020–2029)#Padma Shri Award recipients in the year 2022|Padma Shri Award recipients in the year 2022]]

==External links==
* {{IMDb name| 12971799}}
* [[:te:దర్శనం మొగులయ్య|Darshanam Mogiliahah on Telugu Wikipedia]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mogilaiah, Darshanam}}
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Musicians from Telangana]]
[[Category:Artists from Telangana]]
[[Category:People from Nagarkurnool district]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Okhla landfill

2026-02-04T07:19:46Z

BraydenBeeby640: Creating A Details Nd Citations

{{Short description|Landfill in Delhi, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
'''Okhla landfill''' is a dumping ground in [[Okhla]], Delhi.<ref>{{citation |last=Pundir |first=Pallavi |title=Redefining public spaces with street art: Tughlakabad container depot gets graffiti makeover |date=31 January 2016 |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/redefining-public-spaces-with-street-art-tughlakabad-container-depot-gets-graffiti-makeover |work=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Manohar |first=Mayank |title=South Delhi Municipal Corporation to set up new plant at Okhla landfill |date=24 May 2016 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/South-Delhi-Municipal-Corporation-to-set-up-new-plant-at-Okhla-landfill/articleshow/52420959.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Spread across an area of 40 acres, the site was commissioned in 1996 for the use of [[South Delhi Municipal Corporation]] (SDMC). Of the 3,500 tonnes of waste collected by SDMC everyday, 1,200 tonnes were being dumped in the Okhla Landfill despite the site was declared exhausted in 2010. After reaching a height of 55 meters, thrice the permissible limit, the site was finally decommissioned in 2018. The civic agency now aims to complete the remediation of the Okhla landfill within one-and-a-half years to convert it into a green cover.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Vibha |date=11 March 2018 |title=South corporation finally stops dumping at saturated Okhla landfill |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/south-corporation-finally-stops-dumping-at-saturated-okhla-landfill/story-mVJm6Al0PcPc7uUNsqlktJ.html |access-date=2019-01-31 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

In 2025, the [[Municipal Corporation of Delhi]] (MCD) authorities have set a target to clear and flatten the Okhla landfill by July 2026 as part of a broader plan to eliminate major landfill mounds in the city and reclaim them for future use.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-02 |title=MCD’s Biggest 2026 Challenge: Flattening Of 2 Of Its 3 Landfills |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/mcds-biggest-2026-challenge-flattening-of-2-of-its-3-landfills/articleshow/126293831.cms |access-date=2026-02-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2025-09-20 |title=MCD seeks proposals for reuse of reclaimed landfill sites |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/mcd-seeks-proposals-for-reuse-of-reclaimed-landfill-sites/articleshow/124005182.cms |access-date=2026-02-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The MCD has been conducting [[biomining]] and scientific waste-processing operations at Okhla, inckuding other sites such as [[Bhalswa landfill|Bhalswa]] and [[Ghazipur landfill|Ghazipur]], and has invited proposals for the reuse of reclaimed landfill land for greener, sustainable developments for when the cleanup is completed.<ref name=":0" /> Administrative oversight and periodic inspections by the municipal officials aim to maintain progress and ensure that the July 2026 deadline is met, while consultations continue to identify additional sites for diverting fresh waste to accelerate legacy-waste removal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-22 |title=MCD seeks ideas for reuse of the reclaimed landfill land |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/mcd-seeks-ideas-for-reuse-of-the-reclaimed-landfill-land-101758476718466.html |access-date=2026-02-04 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
==See also==
* [[Bhalswa landfill]]
* [[Mavallipura]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite report |title=Okhla, Landfill Site, N.C.T Delhi |url=https://www.cgwb.gov.in/cgwbpnm/public/uploads/documents/1745024508325286356file.pdf |publisher=Central Ground Water Board, Ministry of Jal Shakti, Government of India |date=2025 |access-date=24 May 2025}}

{{coord|28.512|77.283|display=title}}

{{Landfills in india}}

[[Category:Landfills in India]]
[[Category:Delhi]]

{{delhi-geo-stub}}

Daryaganj

2026-02-02T15:30:03Z

BraydenBeeby640: slightly improved content per sources further and improved wording for consistency

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Daryaganj
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Darya Ganj
| settlement_type = subdivision
| image_skyline = Sunday Book Market, Daryaganj, Delhi.jpg
| image_caption = Sunday Book Market
| image_map = 1863 Dispatch Atlas Map of Delhi, India - Geographicus - Delhi-dispatch-1867.jpg
| map_caption = Historic map of [[Shahjahanabad]] (now called [[Old Delhi]]), 1863, showing Daryaganj
| pushpin_map = India New Delhi
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Delhi, India
| coordinates = {{coord|28.6443|N|77.2420|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Delhi]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Central Delhi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| governing_body = [[Municipal Corporation of Delhi]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 123459-3459807
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = [http://www.citypincode.in/PinCodeOf.jsp?area=Darya%20Ganj%20&district=Central%20Delhi 110 002]
| blank1_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Municipal Corporation of Delhi|MCD]]
| website =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[English language|English]], [[Urdu]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
}}

'''Daryaganj''' (literally "A market near a river") is a neighbourhood of [[Delhi]] inside the walled city of [[Old Delhi]]. The "darya" (lit. "River") refers to the river [[Yamuna]] which was just outside the walled city. Daryaganj is one of the three sub-divisions and also the administrative headquarters of the [[Central Delhi]] District. It starts at [[Delhi Gate, Delhi|Delhi Gate]], at the edge of Netaji Subhash Road, which goes towards [[Red Fort]].

==History==
[[File:City Wall Darya Gunj.JPG|left|210px|thumb|Portion of city wall of the walled city of [[Shahjahanabad]], Ansari Road, Daryaganj]]
During the [[Mughal Empire]] era aristocrats and nobles had their mansions in Daryaganj, some examples include the famous late Mughal era kothi of the [[Jhajjar|Nawab of Jhajjar]] and the haveli of Walidad Khan, father in law of [[Mughal emperor]] [[Bahadur Shah Zafar]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dalrymple |first=William |date=April 22, 2007 |title='The Last Mughal' |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/22/books/chapters/0422-1st-dalr.html}}</ref> After 1803, a native regiment of Delhi [[garrison]] was stationed, which was later shifted to Ridge area. Now known as New Darya Ganj, it once formed part of the British Darya Ganj Cantonment, one of the earliest establishments of the British in Old Delhi. The New Darya Ganj market was earlier known as ''Faiz Bazaar'' until the partition, when present traders moved into the area.<ref>{{cite news |title=Darya Ganj has colonial facade |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Darya-Ganj-has-colonial-facade/articleshow/5798874.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511032007/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-04-14/delhi/28118287_1_facade-mcd-proposal |url-status=live |archive-date=11 May 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=14 April 2010}}</ref>

East of Daryaganj was Raj ghat Gate of the walled city, opening at [[Raj Ghat]] on [[Yamuna River]].<ref>[[#Fa|Fanshawe, p. 67]]</ref> The ''Phool Mandi'' (Flower Market) of Daryaganj was established around 1869, and even today despite serving a small geographical area, it is of great importance, due to dense population.<ref>{{cite book |title=Urban transport: planning and management|author=Ashok Kumar Jain|publisher=APH Publishing|year=2009|isbn=978-81-313-0441-9 |page=176 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ye0fMoARJ2YC&q=Darya+Ganj&pg=PA176 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citypincode.in/PinCodeOf.jsp?area=Darya%20Ganj%20&district=Central%20Delhi |title=Pin Code of Daryaganj Delhi |publisher=citypincode.in |access-date=2014-03-09}}</ref>

As the new capital [[New Delhi]] was being built after 1911, Daryaganj along with [[Paharganj]] were only two buffer areas between the new city, and the older city, which started being called the "walled city" by 1931, with Daryaganj sitting at the edge of the walled city near ''Dilli Gate''.<ref name=ht>{{cite news|title=A tale of two cities |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/A-tale-of-two-cities/Article1-740282.aspx |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=1 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702164816/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/A-tale-of-two-cities/Article1-740282.aspx |archive-date=2015-07-02 }}</ref>

==Overview==
[[File:Dr. Shroff's Charity Eye Hospital, Delhi.jpg|left|250px|thumb|Dr. Shroff's Charity Eye Hospital, estd. 1926, one of the many eye hospitals here]]
Daryaganj continues to be a major commercial hub of modern Old Delhi. Netaji Subhash Road that begins from [[Delhi Gate, Delhi|Delhi Gate]] and goes towards the historic [[Red Fort]], [[Jama Masjid, Delhi|Jama Masjid]] and [[Chandni Chowk]], passes through the middle of the area, which is a short walk away.
[[File:Zinat-ul-Masjid.jpg|thumb|[[Zeenat-ul-Masajid]], a [[Mughal empire|Mughal]] era [[mosque]] which was converted into a bakery by the British after the [[Siege of Delhi]] in 1857|250px]]

The area also has a number of eye hospitals and clinics, including [[Dr._Shroff’s_Charity_Eye_Hospital|Dr. Shroff's Charity Eye Hospital]], which opened in 1917. The district bustles with shoppers from Monday to Saturday, and on Sunday is home to India's largest platform market for magazines and second-hand books.

Daryaganj is also famous for its all-time favourite markets like the ''Sunday Book Market'' or the Kitab [[Bazaar]] (Book Market) that is held every Sunday on street pavements, (Sunday being weekly holiday for the shops). The market established around 1964,<ref name=ht2010>{{cite news|title=Daryaganj Book Bazaar vs Khan Market bookstores |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/Books/Daryaganj-Book-Bazaar-vs-Khan-Market-bookstores/Article1-629583.aspx |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=22 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513235700/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/Books/Daryaganj-Book-Bazaar-vs-Khan-Market-bookstores/Article1-629583.aspx |archive-date=2013-05-13 }}</ref> today stretches almost for 2 kilometers,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.roaddistance.in/delhi/daryaganj-book-bazar-new-delhi-to-khan-market-distance/by-road/|title=Daryaganj Book Bazar New Delhi and Khan Market by Road, Distance Between Daryaganj Book Bazar New Delhi and Khan Market, Distance by Road from Daryaganj Book Bazar New Delhi and Khan Market with Travel Time, Khan Market Distance from Daryaganj Book Bazar New Delhi, Driving Direction Calculator from daryaganj book bazar new delhi and khan market|access-date=22 June 2016|archive-date=4 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104004752/https://www.roaddistance.in/delhi/daryaganj-book-bazar-new-delhi-to-khan-market-distance/by-road/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and one may find books on virtually any topic, here at throwaway prices.<ref>{{cite news |title=Delhi- 100 years as the Capital |url=http://www.hindu.com/yw/2011/02/01/stories/2011020150210200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616135042/http://www.hindu.com/yw/2011/02/01/stories/2011020150210200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 June 2011 |work=[[The Hindu]]|date=1 Feb 2011 }}</ref>
Books of all streams, genres are available in this Sunday Book Market.
The former [[President of Pakistan]], [[Pervez Musharraf]] was born and used to live at Nehar Wali Haveli in Daryaganj before migrating to [[Pakistan]] after the [[Partition of India]] in 1947.<ref>[https://archive.today/20120903212718/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080060523 The life and times of P.Jawahar Lal Nehru] [[NDTV]]</ref><ref>{{cite news
| title = Consistent inconsistencies|work= The Hindu | url = http://www.thehindu.com/sunday-anchor/sunday-anchor-indiapakistan-relations-consistent-inconsistencies/article6345377.ece |date=24 August 2014| access-date = 2014-08-24 | first = Suhasini | last = Haidar }}</ref>

Darya Ganj today is quite well known all over the country, thanks to the number of book publishers who have their offices here. Ranging from S. Chand & Co. to Prentice Hall India, to [[Oxford University Press]], mostly on Ansari Road, an inner road on the eastern side Daryaganj and is neighboring areas.<ref>[http://in.local.yahoo.com/ansari-road-delhi/publishers/s/kwq-1/ Publishers on Ansari Road, Delhi] Yahoo.</ref> Daryaganj is also home the ''[[Hans (magazine)|Hans]]'', a Hindi literary magazine, restarted by writer [[Rajendra Yadav]] in 1986, founded by [[Premchand]], a pioneer in Hindi literature.<ref>{{cite news |title=Swan's song: Celebrating 25 years of a landmark Hindi literary magazine|url=http://www.livemint.com/2011/12/27210710/Swan8217s-song.html |publisher=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=27 December 2011 }}</ref>

Darya Ganj has one major cinema hall called ''Golcha'', which opened in 1954, one of oldest cinemas of Delhi.<ref>[http://delhilog.com/?p=16 Golcha] Delhilog.</ref><ref>[http://www.golchacinema.com/] Golcha Cinema Website {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030939/http://www.golchacinema.com/|date=4 March 2016}}</ref> It was closed in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Revisiting abodes of silver-screen magic in Delhi |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2022/jul/02/revisiting-abodes-of-silver-screen-magic-in-delhi-2472130.html |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=The New Indian Express|date=2 July 2022 }}</ref>

== Demographics ==
According to the most recent census, Daryaganj has a total population of 271,108, with 143,293 males (52.9%) and 127,815 females (47.1%). The area is characterized by a diverse religious composition, with Muslims constituting the majority at 175,501 individuals (64.7%). Hindus make up the second-largest group, numbering 89,320 (32.9%). Other religious communities include Christians (1,548, 0.6%), Sikhs (1,061, 0.4%), Buddhists (130, 0.05%), and Jains (2,926, 1.1%).<ref>{{Cite web |title=C-01: Population by religious community - NCT of Delhi |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11371/download/14484/DDW07C-01%20MDDS.XLS |access-date=Nov 1, 2024 |website=Census of India}}</ref>
{{Pie chart
|caption = Religious Demographics of Daryaganj (2021 Census)
|label1 = Muslims |value1 = 64.7 |color1 = green
|label2 = Hindus |value2 = 32.9 |color2 = orange
|label3 = Christians |value3 = 0.6 |color3 = blue
|label4 = Sikhs |value4 = 0.4 |color4 = purple
|label5 = Buddhists |value5 = 0.05 |color5 = pink
|label6 = Jains |value6 = 1.1 |color6 = yellow
|thumb = right
}}

==Cuisine==
Daryaganj also has what was once the only restaurant of Old Delhi, the ''[[Moti Mahal Delux|Moti Mahal]]'' founded by Kundan Lal Jaggi, Thakur Das Mago and Kundan Lal Gujral,<ref>{{cite news |title=100 years of Dilli Khana |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/features/life/article2071297.ece |publisher=[[Business Line]] |year=2011 }}</ref> most known for the invention of [[butter chicken]] and modern ''[[dal makhani]]''.<ref>[http://www.virsanghvi.com/vir-world-ArticleDetail.aspx?ID=451 The modern ''dal makhani'' was invented by Moti Mahal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301092256/http://www.virsanghvi.com/vir-world-ArticleDetail.aspx?ID=451 |date=1 March 2012 }} [[Vir Sanghvi]] website.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Sources==
* {{Cite web |title=History Of Daryaganj, Delhi |url=https://www.moscowbatteries.com/history-of-daryaganj/ |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=Moscow Batteries |language=en-US |ref=History Of Daryaganj}}
* {{cite book |title=Delhi, past and present|author= H.C. Fanshawe|publisher=Asian Educational Services|year= 1998|isbn=81-206-1318-X |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vJ4HFt5S8CcC&q=Daryaganj&pg=PA67|ref=Fa}}

==External links==
*{{commonscat-inline}}

* {{cite Q|Q19092211|The leather-workers of Daryaganj|The leather-workers of Daryaganj}}

{{Neighborhoods of Delhi}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Delhi]]
[[Category:District subdivisions of Delhi]]
[[Category:Subdivisions of Central Delhi district]]

List of international cricket five-wicket hauls by Danish Kaneria

2026-01-31T19:22:57Z

BraydenBeeby640: quick adjusted formatting based on references after review

{{Short description|none}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=September 2017}}
[[File:Danish Kaneria 2.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[Danish Kaneria]] took ten wickets in a Test match twice.<ref name="Profile">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/pakistan/content/player/40043.html |title=Danish Kaneria |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=18 November 2012}}</ref>|alt=Danish Kaneria in January 2005]]

In [[cricket]], a [[five-wicket haul]] (also known as a "five–for" or "fifer") refers to a [[Bowling (cricket)|bowler]] taking five or more [[wicket#Dismissing a batsman|wicket]]s in a single [[innings]].<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://sport.scotsman.com/sport/Swinging-it-for-the-Auld.4398695.jp | work = [[The Scotsman]] | access-date =18 November 2012|date =17 August 2008|title = Swinging it for the Auld Enemy – An interview with Ryan Sidebottom| url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627100427/http://www.scotsman.com/sport/swinging-it-for-the-auld-enemy-an-interview-with-ryan-sidebottom-1-1436381 |archive-date=27 June 2015 |df=dmy-all |quote=... I'd rather take fifers (five wickets) for England ...}}</ref> This is regarded by critics as a notable achievement,<ref>{{cite book|last=Pervez|first=M. A.|title=A Dictionary of Cricket|publisher=[[Orient Blackswan]] |year=2001|page=31|isbn=978-81-7370-184-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VwYsHe-F-IUC&pg=PA31 |access-date=18 November 2012}}</ref> and {{As of|2024|10|lc=yes}}, only 54 bowlers have taken 15 or more five-wicket hauls at international level in their cricketing careers.<ref name=most5wickets>{{Cite web | url = http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283825.html | title = Records – Combined Test, ODI and T20I records – Bowling records – Most five-wickets-in-an-innings in a career | access-date=18 November 2012|publisher =ESPNcricinfo }}</ref> [[Danish Kaneria]], a right-arm [[leg spin]]ner, represented the [[Pakistan national cricket team]] in 61 [[Test cricket|Tests]] between 2000 and 2010.<ref name="Profile"/> He took 15 five-wicket hauls during his career in international cricket.<ref name=most5wickets/><ref name=overall1>{{Cite web | url = http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283354.html |title =Records – Test matches – Bowling records – Most five-wickets-in-an-innings in a career |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=18 November 2012}}</ref> Kaneria was described by the [[BBC]] as a "match-winner with his leg-breaks".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/4322310.stm |title=Pakistan profiles: Danish Kaneria |publisher=[[BBC]] |date=14 October 2005 |access-date=18 November 2012}}</ref>

Kaneria made his Test debut in 2000 against [[England cricket team|England]] at the [[Iqbal Stadium]], [[Faisalabad]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63900.html |title=England in Pakistan Test Series – 2nd Test |work=Cricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=18 November 2012}}</ref> His first Test five-wicket haul came the following year against [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]] at the [[Multan Cricket Stadium]] during the [[2001–02 Asian Test Championship]]. Kaneria went on to take his second five-wicket haul in the same match, the only instance in his career where he did so. He accumulated 12 wickets for 94 [[Run (cricket)|runs]] in the match, and the performance earned him the [[Player of the Match awards (cricket)|man of the match]] award.<ref name="1st5er">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63946.html |title=Asian Test Championship, 2001/02 – 1st match |work=Cricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=18 November 2012}}</ref> Kaneria's best [[bowling analysis|bowling figures]] in an innings were 7 wickets for 77 runs against Bangladesh at the [[Bangabandhu National Stadium]], [[Dhaka]], in January 2002.<ref name="BBI">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63972.html|title=Pakistan in Bangladesh Test Series – 1st Test |work=Cricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=18 November 2012}}</ref> He was most successful against [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] and Bangladesh, claiming three five-wicket hauls against each of them.<ref name="Aussie fifer list">{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=11;filter=advanced;opposition=2;orderby=five_wickets;template=results;type=bowling;wicketsmin1=5;wicketsval1=wickets|title=Combined Test, ODI and T20I records – Five-wicket hauls against Australia|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=18 March 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007180849/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=11%3Bfilter%3Dadvanced%3Bopposition%3D2%3Borderby%3Dfive_wickets%3Btemplate%3Dresults%3Btype%3Dbowling%3Bwicketsmin1%3D5%3Bwicketsval1%3Dwickets|archive-date=7 October 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Bangla fifer list">{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=11;filter=advanced;opposition=25;orderby=five_wickets;template=results;type=bowling;wicketsmin1=5;wicketsval1=wickets|title=Combined Test, ODI and T20I records – Five-wicket hauls against Bangladesh|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=18 March 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060014/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=11%3Bfilter%3Dadvanced%3Bopposition%3D25%3Borderby%3Dfive_wickets%3Btemplate%3Dresults%3Btype%3Dbowling%3Bwicketsmin1%3D5%3Bwicketsval1%3Dwickets|archive-date=21 September 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Having made his [[One Day International]] (ODI) debut in 2001 against [[Zimbabwe national cricket team|Zimbabwe]] at the [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65905.html|title=Khaleej Times Trophy – 5th match |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=18 November 2012}}</ref> Kaneria played 18 matches for Pakistan and took 15 wickets in the format.<ref name="Profile"/> His best bowling figures in ODIs were 3 wickets for 31 runs against [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]] at the [[Rangiri Dambulla International Stadium]] in 2003.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/66362.html|title=Bank Alfalah Cup – 6th match |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=18 November 2012}}</ref> Kaneria never played [[Twenty20 International]] matches.<ref name="Profile"/> {{As of|2017}}, he has taken 15 five-wicket hauls in international cricket; he ranks seventh in the list for Pakistan in all formats of the game combined.<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_5wi_career.html?class=11;id=7;type=team | title = Cricket Records – Records – Pakistan – Combined Test, ODI and T20I – Most five-wickets-in-an-innings | access-date = 21 October 2012 | publisher = ESPNcricinfo | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140812010727/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_5wi_career.html?class=11%3Bid%3D7%3Btype%3Dteam | archive-date = 12 August 2014 | df = dmy-all }}</ref>

==Key==
[[File:Multan Cricket Stadium.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Kaneria took three of his five-wicket hauls at the [[Multan Cricket Stadium]].<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/40043.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=five_wickets;template=results;type=bowling;view=ground;wicketsmin1=5;wicketsval1=wickets | title = Statistics – Statsguru – Danish Kaneria – Five-wicket hauls by ground | publisher = ESPNcricinfo | access-date = 21 October 2012 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170913092845/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/40043.html?class=1%3Bfilter%3Dadvanced%3Borderby%3Dfive_wickets%3Btemplate%3Dresults%3Btype%3Dbowling%3Bview%3Dground%3Bwicketsmin1%3D5%3Bwicketsval1%3Dwickets | archive-date = 13 September 2017 | df = dmy-all }}</ref>|alt=Multan Cricket Stadium at night.]]
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" border="1"
|+ Key
|-
! scope="col" style="width:50px" | Symbol
! scope="col" style="width:425px" | Meaning
|-
! scope="row" | Date
| Day the [[Test cricket|Test]] started
|-
! scope="row" | Inn
| [[Innings]] in which the five-wicket haul was taken
|-
! scope="row" | Overs
| Number of [[Over (cricket)|overs]] bowled in that innings
|-
! scope="row" | Runs
| [[Run (cricket)|Runs]] conceded
|-
! scope="row" | Wkts
| Number of [[Wicket#Dismissing a batsman|wickets]] taken
|-
! scope="row" | Econ
| [[Cricket statistics#Bowling statistics|Runs conceded per over]]
|-
! scope="row" | Batsmen
| [[Batting (cricket)|Batsmen]] whose wickets were taken
|-
! scope="row" | Result
| [[Result (cricket)|Result]] for the [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]] team
|-
! scope="row" | {{asterisk}}
| One of two five-wicket hauls by Kaneria in a match
|-
! scope="row" | {{dagger}}
| 10 or more wickets taken in the match
|-
! scope="row" | {{double-dagger}}
| Kaneria was selected as [[Man of the match#Cricket|man of the match]]
|}

==Test cricket five-wicket hauls==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+ Five-wicket hauls in Test cricket by Danish Kaneria<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/40043.html?class=1;filter=advanced;template=results;type=bowling;view=innings;wicketsmin1=5;wicketsval1=wickets | title = Statistics – Statsguru – Danish Kaneria – Test matches | publisher = ESPNcricinfo | access-date = 21 October 2012 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150220120045/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/40043.html?class=1%3Bfilter%3Dadvanced%3Btemplate%3Dresults%3Btype%3Dbowling%3Bview%3Dinnings%3Bwicketsmin1%3D5%3Bwicketsval1%3Dwickets | archive-date = 20 February 2015 | df = dmy-all }}</ref>
|-
! scope="col" style="width:5%;"|No.
! scope="col" style="width:15%;"|Date
! scope="col" style="width:25%;"|Ground
! scope="col" style="width:10%;"|Against
! scope="col" style="width:5%;"|Inn
! scope="col" style="width:5%;"|Overs
! scope="col" style="width:5%;"|Runs
! scope="col" style="width:5%;"|Wkts
! scope="col" style="width:5%;"|Econ
! scope="col" style="width:25%;" class="unsortable"|Batsmen
! scope="col" style="width:5%;"|Result
|- align=center
|| 1 || {{dts|format=dmy|2001|08|29}} {{asterisk}} {{dagger}} {{double-dagger}}<span style="display: none">1</span> || [[Multan Cricket Stadium]], [[Multan]] || {{cr|Bangladesh}} || {{nts|1}} || {{nts|13}} || {{nts|42}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|06003|6}}
|| {{nts|3.23}} || align=left |
*[[Mehrab Hossain (cricketer, born 1978)|Mehrab Hossain]]
*[[Naimur Rahman]]
*[[Akram Khan (cricketer)|Akram Khan]]
*[[Enamul Haque (cricketer, born 1966)|Enamul Haque]]
*[[Khaled Mashud]]
*[[Hasibul Hossain]]
| Won<ref name="1st5er"/>
|- align=center
|| 2 || {{dts|format=dmy|2001|08|29}} {{asterisk}} {{dagger}} {{double-dagger}} || [[Multan Cricket Stadium]], [[Multan]] || {{cr|Bangladesh}} || {{nts|3}} || {{nts|15}} || {{nts|52}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|06002|6}}
|| {{nts|3.46}} || align=left |
*[[Aminul Islam (cricketer, born 1968)|Aminul Islam]]
*[[Akram Khan (cricketer)|Akram Khan]]
*[[Naimur Rahman]]
*[[Khaled Mashud]]
*[[Enamul Haque (cricketer, born 1966)|Enamul Haque]]
*[[Hasibul Hossain]]
| Won<ref name="1st5er"/>
|- align=center
|| 3 || {{dts|format=dmy|2002|01|09}} || [[Bangabandhu National Stadium]], [[Dhaka]] || {{cr|Bangladesh}} || {{nts|3}} || {{nts|19.4}} || {{nts|77}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|07004|7}}
|| {{nts|3.91}} || align=left |
*[[Mehrab Hossain (cricketer, born 1978)|Mehrab Hossain]]
*[[Habibul Bashar]]
*[[Sanwar Hossain]]
*[[Khaled Mashud]]
*[[Enamul Haque (cricketer, born 1966)|Enamul Haque]]
*[[Mohammad Sharif (cricketer)|Mohammad Sharif]]
*[[Fahim Muntasir]]
|| Won<ref name="BBI"/>
|- align=center
|| 4 || {{dts|format=dmy|2002|05|01}} || [[Gaddafi Stadium]], [[Lahore]] || {{cr|New Zealand}} || {{nts|3}} || {{nts|32}} || {{nts|110}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|05006|5}}
|| {{nts|3.43}} || align=left |
*[[Lou Vincent]]
*[[Stephen Fleming]]
*[[Craig McMillan]]
*[[Robbie Hart (cricketer)|Robbie Hart]]
*[[Daryl Tuffey]]
|| Won<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63989.html|title=New Zealand in Pakistan Test Series – 1st Test |work=Cricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=18 November 2012}}</ref>
|- align=center
|| 5 || {{dts|format=dmy|2003|10|17}} {{double-dagger}} {{#tag:ref|Kaneria shared the [[man of the match]] award with [[Taufeeq Umar]].|group=N}} || [[Gaddafi Stadium]], [[Lahore]] || {{cr|South Africa}} || {{nts|3}} || {{nts|28.3}} || 46
! scope="row" | {{sort|05008|5}}
|| {{nts|1.61}} || align=left |
*[[Neil McKenzie]]
*[[Gary Kirsten]]
*[[Mark Boucher]]
*[[Shaun Pollock]]
*[[Paul Adams (cricketer)|Paul Adams]]
|| Won<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64050.html|title=South Africa in Pakistan Test Series – 1st Test |work=Cricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=18 November 2012}}</ref>
|- align=center
|| 6 || {{dts|format=dmy|2004|10|28}} {{dagger}} {{double-dagger}} || [[National Stadium, Karachi|National Stadium]], [[Karachi]] || {{cr|Sri Lanka}} || {{nts|3}} || {{nts|60}} || {{nts|118}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|07003|7}}
|| {{nts|1.96}} || align=left |
*[[Sanath Jayasuriya]]
*[[Marvan Atapattu]]
*[[Mahela Jayawardene]]
*[[Thilan Samaraweera]]
*[[Jehan Mubarak]]
*[[Romesh Kaluwitharana]]
*[[Farveez Maharoof]]
|| Won<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64106.html|title=Sri Lanka in Pakistan Test Series – 2nd Test|work=Cricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=18 November 2012}}</ref>
|- align=center
|| 7 || {{dts|format=dmy|2004|12|26}} || [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]], [[Melbourne]] || {{cr|Australia}} || {{nts|2}} || {{nts|39.3}} || {{nts|125}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|05005|5}}
|| {{nts|3.16}} || align=left |
*[[Justin Langer]]
*[[Damien Martyn]]
*[[Michael Clarke (cricketer)|Michael Clarke]]
*[[Adam Gilchrist]]
*[[Glenn McGrath]]
|| Lost<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64114.html|title=Pakistan in Australia Test Series – 2nd Test|work=Cricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=18 November 2012}}</ref>
|- align=center
|| 8 || {{dts|format=dmy|2005|01|02}} || [[Sydney Cricket Ground]], [[Sydney]] || {{cr|Australia}} || {{nts|2}} || {{nts|49.3}} || {{nts|188}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|07001|7}}
|| {{nts|3.79}} || align=left |
*[[Matthew Hayden]]
*[[Damien Martyn]]
*[[Michael Clarke (cricketer)|Michael Clarke]]
*[[Adam Gilchrist]]
*[[Shane Watson]]
*[[Shane Warne]]
*[[Glenn McGrath]]
|| Lost<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64115.html|title=Pakistan in Australia Test Series – 3rd Test |work=Cricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=18 November 2012}}</ref>
|- align=center
|| 9 || {{dts|format=dmy|2005|03|08}} || [[Punjab Cricket Association IS Bindra Stadium]], [[Mohali]] || {{cr|India}} || {{nts|2}} || {{nts|53.4}} || {{nts|150}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|06001|6}}
|| {{nts|2.79}} || align=left |
*[[Gautam Gambhir]]
*[[Sourav Ganguly]]
*[[V. V. S. Laxman]]
*[[Irfan Pathan]]
*[[Lakshmipathy Balaji]]
*[[Zaheer Khan]]
|| Drawn<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64125.html|title=Pakistan in India Test Series – 1st Test |work=Cricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=18 November 2012}}</ref>
|- align=center
|| 10 || {{dts|format=dmy|2005|03|24}} || [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]] || {{cr|India}} || {{nts|2}} || {{nts|39}} || {{nts|127}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|05004|5}}
|| {{nts|3.25}} || align=left |
*[[Virender Sehwag]]
*[[Rahul Dravid]]
*[[Sourav Ganguly]]
*[[Harbhajan Singh]]
*[[Lakshmipathy Balaji]]
|| Won<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64127.html|title=Pakistan in India Test Series – 3rd Test|work=Cricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=18 November 2012}}</ref>
|- align=center
|| 11 || {{dts|format=dmy|2005|06|03}} {{double-dagger}} || [[Sabina Park]], [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]] || {{cr|West Indies}} || {{nts|4}} || {{nts|20}} || {{nts|46}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|05009|5}}
|| {{nts|2.30}} || align=left |
*[[Devon Smith]]
*[[Ramnaresh Sarwan]]
*[[Brian Lara]]
*[[Shivnarine Chanderpaul]]
*[[Daren Powell]]
|| Won<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/210368.html|title=Pakistan in West Indies Test Series – 2nd Test|work=Cricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=18 November 2012}}</ref>
|- align=center
|| 12 || {{dts|format=dmy|2006|11|19}} || [[Multan Cricket Stadium]], [[Multan]] || {{cr|West Indies}} || {{nts|2}} || {{nts|46}} || {{nts|181}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|05002|5}}
|| {{nts|3.93}} || align=left |
*[[Chris Gayle]]
*[[Daren Ganga]]
*[[Brian Lara]]
*[[Dwayne Bravo]]
*[[Dave Mohammed]]
|| Drawn<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/257766.html|title=West Indies in Pakistan Test Series – 2nd Test|work=Cricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=18 November 2012}}</ref>
|- align=center
|| 13 || {{dts|format=dmy|2009|07|20}} || [[Sinhalese Sports Club Ground]], [[Colombo]] || {{cr|Sri Lanka}} || {{nts|2}} || {{nts|20.3}} || {{nts|62}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|05007|5}}
|| {{nts|3.02}} || align=left |
*[[Mahela Jayawardene]]
*[[Angelo Mathews]]
*[[Chaminda Vaas]]
*[[Tillakaratne Dilshan]]
*[[Rangana Herath]]
|| Drawn<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/403369.html|title=Pakistan in Sri Lanka Test Series – 3rd Test|work=Cricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=18 November 2012}}</ref>
|- align=center
|| 14 || {{dts|format=dmy|2009|12|11}} || [[McLean Park]], [[Napier, New Zealand|Napier]] || {{cr|New Zealand}} || {{nts|2}} || {{nts|53}} || {{nts|168}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|07002|7}}
|| {{nts|3.16}} || align=left |
*[[Tim McIntosh (cricketer)|Tim McIntosh]]
*[[Martin Guptill]]
*[[Ross Taylor]]
*[[Daniel Flynn (cricketer)|Daniel Flynn]]
*[[Tim Southee]]
*[[Iain O'Brien]]
*[[Chris Martin (cricketer)|Chris Martin]]
|| Drawn<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/423780.html|title=Pakistan in New Zealand Test Series – 3rd Test |work=Cricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=18 November 2012}}</ref>
|- align=center
|| 15 || {{dts|format=dmy|2010|01|03}} || [[Sydney Cricket Ground]], [[Sydney]] || {{cr|Australia}} || {{nts|3}} || {{nts|47.5}} || {{nts|151}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|05003|5}}
|| {{nts|3.15}} || align=left |
*[[Phillip Hughes]]
*[[Marcus North]]
*[[Brad Haddin]]
*[[Mitchell Johnson (cricketer)|Mitchell Johnson]]
*[[Doug Bollinger]]
|| Lost<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/406200.html|title=Pakistan in Australia Test Series – 2nd Test |work=Cricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=18 March 2012}}</ref>
|}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=N}}

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

==External links==
* {{Cite web | url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/10/10275/10275.html | title=Profile of Danish Kaneria | publisher=CricketArchive}}
* {{Cite web | url=http://cricket.yahoo.com/player-profile/danish-kaneria_905 | title=Profile of Danish Kaneria | publisher=[[Yahoo! Cricket]]}}

{{International cricket five-wicket hauls}}

{{featured list}}

[[Category:Lists of Pakistani cricket records and statistics|Kaneria]]
[[Category:Lists of international cricket five-wicket hauls by player|Kaneira, Danesh]]

Subhash Nagar metro station (Delhi)

2026-01-18T22:10:34Z

BraydenBeeby640: adding basic article initial version

{{Short description|Metro station in Delhi, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Delhi Metro logo.svg|50px]]<br />Subhash Nagar
| type = {{Delhi Metro Infobox station line|line=Blue}}
| image = Subhash Nagar (Delhi) metro station.jpg
| style = Delhi Metro
| address = Najafgarh Rd, Meenakshi Garden, Ashok Nagar, New Delhi, 110018
| coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| line = {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}}
| other =
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double-track railway|Double-track]]
| platform = {{ubl|[[Side platform]]|Platform-1 → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Blue|R|type=main}} / {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Blue|R|type=branch}}|Platform-2 → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Blue|L}}}}
| depth =
| levels = 2
| tracks = 2
| parking = {{parking symbol}} Available <ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/Parking_Details.aspx|title=Parking_Details| website=Delhi Metro Rail}}</ref>
| bicycle =
| opened = {{start date and age|df=yes|2005|December|31}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} through [[Overhead line|overhead catenary]]
| accessible = Yes {{Access icon}}
| code = {{#property:P296}}
| status = Staffed, Operational
| owned = [[Delhi Metro]]
| operator = [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]] (DMRC)
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers = 18,782/day<br />582,235/ Month average <ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/otherdocuments/867/RidershipDetails.pdf|title=Ridership_Details| website=Delhi Metro Rail}}</ref>
| pass_year = Jan 2015
| pass_rank =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Delhi Metro|line=Blue|left=Tilak Nagar|right=Tagore Garden}}
| route_map = {{Delhi Metro Blue Line Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Delhi Metro|Blue}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}
The '''Subhash Nagar''' metro station is located on the [[Blue Line (Delhi Metro)|Blue Line]] of the [[Delhi Metro]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html |title=Station Information |access-date=26 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100609165230/http://www.delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html |archive-date=9 June 2010}}</ref>

Subhash Nagar is a place between [[Rajouri Garden]], Tagore Garden on one side [[Ashok Nagar (Delhi)|Ashok Nagar]] on other side in west part in New Delhi. Subhash Nagar is a part of Hari Nagar assembly constituency and West Delhi parliamentary constituency. It is authorised and being developed by the Delhi Government.

==History and culture==
Subhash Nagar is originally a refugee colony with people who migrated from [[Punjab, Pakistan|West Punjab]], [[Sindh]] and [[Northwest Frontier Province]]. It has also seen recent migration from [[Uttarakhand]], [[Rajasthan]], [[West Bengal]], [[Punjab, India|East Punjab]] and [[South India]]. The [[Postal Index Number|PIN code]] of Subhash Nagar is 110027.

==The station==
===Station layout===
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|<small>[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}</small>
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|<span style=color:#{{rcr|Delhi Metro|Blue}}>'''Platform 1'''<br/>'''Eastbound'''</span>
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|Towards → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Blue|R|type=main}} / {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Blue|R|type=branch}}<br><small>'''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|Tagore Garden}}</small>
|-
|<span style=color:#{{rcr|Delhi Metro|Blue}}>'''Platform 2'''<br/>'''Westbound'''</span>
|<span style=color:white></span>Towards ← {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Blue|L}}<br><small>'''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|Tilak Nagar}}</small>
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;text-align:center;" colspan=2|<small>[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}</small>
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Concourse
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;border-top:solid 1px grey;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100 valign=top|Street Level
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|}

===Malls and the multiplexes===
Pacific mall in Subhash Nagar Extn. metro station was inaugurated recently. Ajanta Mall & Multiplexes is under construction on the same site where the famous old Ajanta Movie Theatre is situated in Ajay Enclave Extension, which is adjacent a residential colony called Ajay Enclave.

==Neighbourhood==
Rajouri Garden, Ashok Nagar, Hari Nagar, Manak Vihar, Tagore Garden, Khayala, Maya Enclave, [[Mayapuri]] and Ajay Enclave.

==Connections==
===Bus===
[[Delhi Transport Corporation]] bus routes number 234, 308, 410, 801, 810, 813, 813CL, 816, 816A, 817, 817A, 817B, 823, 832, 833, 847, 861A, 871, 871A, WDM (-) Subhash Nagar serves the station from outside metro station stop.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect,/DOIT_DTC/dtc/home| title=Department of Delhi Transport Corporation| website=Govt.of NCT of Delhi}}{{Dead link|date=June 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no}}</ref>

===Metro Connectivity===
Subhash Nagar is nearby two metro stations: Tagore Garden metro station and the Tilak Nagar Metro Station.

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[Delhi]]
*[[List of Delhi Metro stations]]
*[[Transport in Delhi]]
*[[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]]
*[[Delhi Suburban Railway]]
*[[Delhi Monorail]]
*[[Delhi Transport Corporation]]
*[[West Delhi]]
*[[New Delhi]]
*[[National Capital Region (India)]]
*[[List of rapid transit systems]]
*[[List of metro systems]]
{{div col end}}
{{Clear}}
{{Portal bar|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Delhi Metro}}
{{Wikivoyage|Delhi}}
* [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/ Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (Official site)]
* [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/annual_report.aspx/ Delhi Metro Annual Reports]
* {{cite web|title=Station Information|work=Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (DMRC)|url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619035828/http://delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html|archive-date=19 June 2010}}
* [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – Descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.
*{{Google maps|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Subhash+Nagar/@28.6404013,77.1027305,685m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x390d03619afc85f3:0xf8190a082b834f70!8m2!3d28.6404013!4d77.1049192|title= Subhash Nagar metro station}}

{{Delhi Metro}}
{{Delhi & NCR Metro stations|blue line=yes}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2005]]
[[Category:Delhi Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in West Delhi district]]

{{Delhi-metro-stub}}
{{Delhi-railstation-stub}}

Pandu Naik

2026-01-13T21:09:52Z

BraydenBeeby640: Creating Initial Post W/ Refs.

{{short description|Indian politician and social worker (1940–2016)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Pandu Naik
| image = Pandu Naik.jpg
| image_size = 150px
| caption = Official portrait in 1994
| birth_name = Pandu Vassu Naik
| birth_date = {{birth date|1940|8|31|df=y}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2016|8|1|1940|8|31|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Sanguem]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]]
| death_place = [[Curchorem]], Goa, India
| office1 = [[Goa Legislative Assembly|Member of Goa Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Sanguem Assembly constituency|Sanguem]]
| predecessor1 = [[Gurudas Naik Tari]]
| successor1 = [[Ranu Prabhu Desai]]
| education = [[Formal education|Formal]]
| office3 = Minister of Forest and Mines<br/>[[Government of Goa]]
| 1blankname3 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata3 = [[Wilfred de Souza]]
| governor3 = [[J. F. R. Jacob]]
| term_start3 = 1998<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2022/04/11/opinions/opinion/finally-sanguem-gets-a-cabinet-minister/|title=Finally, Sanguem gets a cabinet minister|work=Navhind Times|date=10 April 2022}}</ref>
| term_end3 = unknown
| term_start1 = 1984
| term_end1 = 1989
| term_start2 = 1994
| term_end2 = 1999
| predecessor2 = Ranu Prabhu Dessai
| constituency2 = Sanguem
| successor2 = [[Prabhakar Gaonkar]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]] (1984–1994)
| children = 3
| spouse = Kishori Naik
| occupation = {{hlist|Politician|businessperson}}
| profession = [[Social worker]]
| committees = {{plainlist|
* Public Undertakings
* Library
* Estimates
* Government Assurances}}
| portfolio = {{plainlist|
* Forest
* Mines}}
}}

'''Pandu Vassu Naik''' (31 August 1940 – 2 August 2016) was an Indian politician, businessperson and social worker from [[Goa]]. He was a former member of the [[Goa Legislative Assembly]], representing the [[Sanguem Assembly constituency]] from 1984 to 1989 and 1994 to 1999.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Goa Legislative Assembly |url=https://www.goavidhansabha.gov.in/member_detail.php?mem_id=189 |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=www.goavidhansabha.gov.in}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ex-Sanguem MLA Naik passes away |url=https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/exsanguem-mla-naik-passes-away/21339.html |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en}}</ref>

==Early and personal life==
Pandu Vassu Naik was born at Benwado, [[Sanguem]]. He completed his [[formal education]]. He was married to Kishori Naik, the couple has two sons and a daughter. Naik loved participating in [[dramas]] and reading. He had a special interest to be part of the politics. He also practiced [[social work]] and resided at Bazarwada, Sanguem.<ref name=":0" />

==Death==
On 1 August 2016 at 2:45 pm IST, Naik died from a brief illness, aged 75. His [[last rites]] were held the next day at 10:00 pm IST.<ref name=":1" />

==Positions held==
* Director of Goa State Co-operative Bank Ltd.
* Member of State Transport Authority
* Member of Public Undertakings Committee 1995–96
* Chairman of Library Committee 1995–96
* Member of Estimates Committee 1995–96
* Member of Government Assurances Committee 1995–96
* Former Chairman of Goa Housing Board<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Naik, Pandu}}
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:Goa MLAs 1984–1989]]
[[Category:People from South Goa district]]
[[Category:Goa MLAs 1994–1999]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Goa]]

{{Goa-politician-stub}}

Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Bhubaneswar Superfast Express

2026-01-13T16:20:30Z

BraydenBeeby640:

{{Short description|Indian superfast train}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Lokmanya Tilak Terminus - Bhubaneswar Superfast Express
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]]
| locale =
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2009|02|25}}
| last =
| operator = [[East Coast Railway zone]]
| ridership =
| start = [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]] ('''LTT''')
| stops = 20
| end = {{rws|Bhubaneswar}} ('''BBS''')
| distance = {{convert|1790|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 31h
| frequency = bi-weekly{{efn|Runs two days in a week for every direction.}}
| class = AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| seating =
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board Catering <br> E-Catering
| observation =
| entertainment = No
| baggage = No
| other facilities= Below the seats
| stock = LHB Coaches
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 12879/12880
| speed = {{convert|58|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, including halts
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The '''Lokmanya Tilak Terminus - Bhubaneswar Superfast Express''' is a [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]] train belonging to [[East Coast Railway zone]] that runs between [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]] and [[Bhubaneswar railway station|Bhubaneswar]] in [[India]]. It is currently being operated with 12879/12880 train numbers on bi-weekly basis.<ref>[http://www.cr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=3592&did=147212423139494FFC51C990027B60C8AC29989075677.web107 HALT TO MAIL/EXPRESS TRAINS]</ref><ref>[http://www.cr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&dcd=2598&id=0,4,268 50% TATKAL TICKETS on DYNAMIC PRICING IN ANOTHER 20 TRAINS]</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Costlier-tatkal-tickets-in-four-more-trains/articleshow/46789866.cms | title=Costlier tatkal tickets in four more trains | date=3 April 2015 | newspaper=The Times of India | access-date=13 January 2019 }}</ref>

==Service==

The 12879/Lokmanya Tilak Terminus - Bhubaneswar SF Express has an average speed of 58 km/h and covers 1790 km in 31h. The 12880/Bhubaneswar - Lokmanya Tilak Terminus SF Express has an average speed of 59 km/h and covers 1790 km in 30h 25m.

== Route and halts ==

The halts of the train are:

* [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]]
* {{rws|Thane}}
* {{rws|Kalyan Junction}}
* {{rws|Nasik Road}}
* {{rws|Manmad Junction}}
* {{rws|Bhusaval Junction}}
* {{rws|Akola Junction}}
* {{rws|Nagpur Junction}}
* {{rws|Raipur Junction}}
* {{rws|Bilaspur Junction}}
* {{rws|Champa Junction}}
* {{rws|Raigarh}}
* {{rws|Belpahar}}
* {{rws|Jharsuguda Road}}
* {{rws|Sambalpur Junction}}
* {{rws|Angul}}
* {{rws|Talcher road}}
* {{rws|Dhenkanal}}
* {{rws|Cuttack Junction}}
* {{rws|Bhubaneswar}}

==Coach composite==

The train has Modern LHB rakes with a maximum speed of 110 km/h. The train consists of 22 coaches :

* 1 AC II Tier
* 4 AC III Tier
* 11 Sleeper Coaches
* 1 Pantry Car
* 3 General Unreserved
* 2 EOG

==Traction==

Both trains are hauled by an [[Electric Loco Shed, Vadodara]] based [[WAP-4E]] or [[Electric Loco Shed, Bhilai|Bhilai Loco Shed]] based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive from [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]] to [[Bhubaneswar]].

== Rake sharing ==

The train shares its rake with 12819/12820 [[Odisha Sampark Kranti Express]] and 22879/22880 [[Bhubaneswar - Tirupati Superfast Express]].

==Direction reversal==

Train Reverses its direction twice:

* {{rws|Jharsuguda Junction}} (Discontinued w.e.f. 15 October 2019. Stoppage replaced by {{rws|Jharsuguda Road}})
* {{rws|Sambalpur Junction}} (Temporarily discontinued w.e.f. 21.09.2024 to 01.02.2025 due to Yard restructuring. Stoppage provided at {{rws|Sambalpur City}})

== Notes ==

{{notelist}}

== See also ==

* [[Bhubaneswar railway station]]
* [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]]
* [[Odisha Sampark Kranti Express]]
* [[Bhubaneswar - Tirupati Superfast Express]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/5903 12879/Mumbai LTT - Bhubaneswar SF Express]
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/5890 12880/Bhubaneswar - Mumbai LTT SF Express]

{{Railway lines in Eastern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lokmanya Tilak Terminus - Bhubaneswar Superfast Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Transport in Bhubaneswar]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Odisha]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2009]]
[[Category:2009 establishments in India]]

Samsaya

2025-12-26T05:54:31Z

BraydenBeeby640: further adjusted information for consistency also and updated info as per guidelines

{{Infobox musical artist
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Samsaya
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Musikk for Gaza, Oslo 3.9.2014 Samsaya.jpg
| image_size =
| landscape = 
| alt =
| caption = Photo: Jarle Vines.
| background = solo_singer
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name = Sampda Sharma
| alias =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1979|11|3}}
| birth_place = [[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh|Hamirpur]], Himachal Pradesh, India
| origin = [[Ellingsrud]], [[Oslo]], Norway
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| genre = Pop, dance-pop, [[contemporary R&B|R&B]]
| occupation =
| instrument = Vocals
| years_active = 2004–present
| label =
| website = {{URL|www.samsaya.com/}}

| module =
| module2 =
| module3 =
}}

'''Sampda Sharma''' (born 1979), better known by her stage name '''Samsaya''', is a Norwegian singer and actress.

==Background==
Samsaya was born Sampda Sharma in [[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh|Hamirpur]] to a [[Norwegian people|Norwegian]] father and an Indian mother, Aruna Sharma, in the northern Indian state of [[Himachal Pradesh]]. She lived in India with her family and moved to Norway at the age of only eleven months. She grew up on [[Ellingsrud]] in Oslo and went to Ellingsrudåsen skole and played football.

Growing up she was influenced by [[hip-hop]] and listened to [[Public Enemy (group)|Public Enemy]]. She appeared with her first band at the age of nineteen. After several years of making music with other urban musicians in [[Oslo]], she got her breakthrough as an actress in the Norwegian movies, ''Folk flest bor i Kina'', the horror movie ''[[Villmark]]'' and ''[[Hawaii Oslo]]''.

In 2020 she was one of the signatories of the "Call for Inclusive Feminism," a document which led to the establishment of the [[Initiative for Inclusive Feminism]].<ref name=opprop>{{cite web |url =https://www.dagbladet.no/kultur/opprop-for-inkluderende-kvinnekamp/72234921 |title =Opprop for inkluderende kvinnekamp |date = 12 March 2020 |work =Dagbladet }}</ref>

==Career==

===Music===
In 2004 she released her debut album ''Shedding Skin''. She also released a video of the hit track "Ever been had?". After touring Norway, she took a break, and a couple of years later she set off to New York City. After spending a year in New York, she launched her single "Special blend" by Prayon, in collaboration with Levi's Norway.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.vg.no/musikk/artikkel.php?artid=130527 | title=Levi's hjelper Samsaya | author= Alexander Nyhagen | language=no | newspaper=[[Verdens Gang]] | date=15 September 2006}}</ref>

In 2008 she released a new single called "Change", produced by [[Andre Lindal]] and Geir Hvidsten, which went to second place on the Norwegian singles chart, [[VG-lista]]. She was then signed to [[Bonnier Amigo]],<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.vg.no/musikk/artikkel.php?artid=570952l | title=Samsaya fikk platekontrakt | author=Cathrine Gonsholt Ighanian | language=no | newspaper=[[Verdens Gang]] | date=17 March 2009}}</ref> the same record label as [[Madcon]], [[Paperboys (group)|Paperboys]] and [[Mira Craig]].

Her track "Dodge it" (Eve Nelson/Samsaya) was used in the [[Academy Award|Oscar-nominated]] movie ''[[The Wrestler (2008 film)|The Wrestler]]''. In 2009 she released the two singles "Money" produced by Jarl Aanestad and co-produced by Andre Lindal and "ADHD" produced by Jarl Aanestad.

Samsaya released her single "Stereotype" from the upcoming album ''[[Bombay Calling (Samsaya album)|Bombay Calling]]'', produced by Roc Nation-producer Fred Ball. She has also signed a worldwide deal with BMG Chrysalis.

In 2012 she collaborated with fellow Norwegian [[Bertine Zetlitz]] on the song and video "Electric Feet".<ref>{{Citation|last=Carlos Ascue|title=Bertine Zetlitz – Electric Feet feat Samsaya (videoclip oficial) 2012|date=13 October 2012|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZI8IW3eKC8c |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/ZI8IW3eKC8c |archive-date=2021-12-15 |url-status=live|accessdate=24 July 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

===Movies and television===
Samsaya has had several roles in [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] movies. She has also been on several Norwegian shows on television and radio. In 2008 Samsaya was a VJ on the program ''Topp 10'' on the TV Music Channel [[The Voice TV Norway]]. The popular show was seen by Norwegian teenagers on weekdays.

In 2009, Samsaya has been on the front cover of magazines such as ''[[Henne (magazine)|Henne]]'' and TV shows such as the Norwegian version of ''[[Clash of the Choirs|The Clash of the Choirs]]'', ''4-stjerners middag halv åtte'' on [[TVNorge|TV Norge]] and ''Zebra Grand Prix'' on [[TV 2 (Norway)|TV2]].

==Discography==

===Albums===
*2015: [[Bombay Calling (Samsaya album)|''Bombay Calling'']]
*2004: ''Shedding skin''

===Singles===
{| class="wikitable"
| 2015 || "Beginning at the End" || Single track
|-
| 2013 || "Stereotype" || Single track
|-
| 2012 || "Breaking Bad" || Single track
|-
| 2010 || "Good With the Bad" || Single track
|-
| 2009 || "ADHD (Love Me) / (Love Me Not)" ( Lindal / Steimler / Aanestad / Samsaya) || Single track
|-
| 2009 || "Money" (Lindal / Aanestad / Samsaya) || Single track
|-
| 2008 || "Change" (Lindal / Hvidsten, Nelson & Samsaya) || Single track
|-

| 2007 || "Special Blend" (Prayon)|| Released with Levi's Norway
|-

| 2003 || "Feel What I Feel" – Oslo Fluid feat. Samsaya|| Single track
|}

===Soundtrack===
*2008; "Dodge it" (Nelson / Samsaya) (Soundtrack from ''[[The Wrestler (2008 film)|The Wrestler]]'')

==Selected filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|Year || Title || Type || Character
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Varg Veum]] Begravde hinder ''||Film (Norwegian) || Alex
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Jul i Svingen]]''||Barne-TV (Norwegian) ||Dyrlege
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Hawaii Oslo|Hawaii, Oslo]]'' ||Film (Norwegian)
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Villmark]]''||Film (Norwegian, Thriller) || Sara
|-
| 2002 || ''Folk flest bor i Kina''||Film (Norwegian) || Gunn – Segment 'RV'
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.samsaya.com Samsaya's official Website and Blog]
* [https://www.youtube.com/samsayaofficial Samsaya's official Youtube Channel]
* [https://twitter.com/samsaya Samsaya on Twitter]
* [http://www.myspace.com/samsayamusic Samsaya at Myspace]

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Samsaya}}
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Norwegian Hindus]]
[[Category:Norwegian people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Norwegian film actresses]]
[[Category:Norwegian pop singers]]
[[Category:Norwegian television presenters]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Norway]]
[[Category:Singers from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Hamirpur district, Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:21st-century Norwegian women singers]]
[[Category:Norwegian women television presenters]]

Goliath heron

2025-12-21T06:21:50Z

BraydenBeeby640: refine layout per sources for consistency

{{Short description|Species of bird}}
{{speciesbox
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2016 |title=''Ardea goliath'' |volume=2016 |article-number=e.T22697017A93598961 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22697017A93598961.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>
| image = Ardea goliath -Lake Baringo, Kenya-8.jpg
| image_caption = Goliath heron in [[Lake Baringo]], Kenya
| range_map = Ardea goliath map.svg
| genus = Ardea
| species = goliath
| authority = [[Philipp Jakob Cretzschmar|Cretzschmar]], 1829
| synonyms = ''Garza goliath''
}}
[[File:Héron goliath MHNT.jpg|thumb| ''Ardea goliath'' egg]]

The '''Goliath heron''' ('''''Ardea goliath'''''), also known as the '''giant heron''',<ref>{{cite book|author=Ali, S.|year=1993|title=The Book of Indian Birds|publisher=Bombay Natural History Society|location=Bombay|isbn=0-19-563731-3}}</ref> is a very large wading [[bird]] of the [[heron]] family, Ardeidae. It is found in [[sub-Saharan Africa]], with smaller, declining numbers in [[Southwest Asia|Southwest]] and [[South Asia]].

==Description==

This is the world's largest living heron (the extinct [[Bennu heron]] was larger).<ref>{{cite book |author=Krienitz, L. | year=2018 | title=Lesser Flamingos: Descendants of Phoenix | page=104 | publisher=Springer | isbn=978-3-662-58162-9 }}</ref> The height of the goliath heron is {{convert|120|–|152|cm|ftin|0|abbr=on}}, the wingspan is {{convert|185|–|230|cm|ftin|0|abbr=on}} and the weight is {{convert|4|–|5|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref>[http://www.oiseaux.net/birds/goliath.heron.html Goliath heron – Ardea goliath]. Oiseaux.net (2009-10-25). Retrieved on 2012-08-23.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1647/2003-003|title=Use of a Liposomal Formulation of Amphotericin B for Treating Wound Aspergillosis in a Goliath Heron (''Ardea goliath'')|year=2004|last1=Bonar|first1=Christopher J.|last2=Lewandowski|first2=Albert H.|journal=Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery|volume=18|issue=3|page=162|s2cid=86605251}}</ref> The [[Tarsus (skeleton)|tarsus]] measures from {{convert|21.2|to|25.5|cm|in|abbr=on}} and the [[Wing chord (biology)|wing chord]] averages around {{convert|60.7|cm|in|abbr=on}} in length. The [[Culmen (bird)|culmen]] measures from {{convert|18|to|20|cm|in|abbr=on}}, while the bill from the [[gape]] measures around {{convert|24|cm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref>[http://avis.indianbiodiversity.org/ciconiiformes-ardeidae-bitterns-herons-and-egrets/goliath-heron-ardea-goliath.html Goliath heron – Ardea goliath] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130415030635/http://avis.indianbiodiversity.org/ciconiiformes-ardeidae-bitterns-herons-and-egrets/goliath-heron-ardea-goliath.html |date=2013-04-15 }}. Avis.indianbiodiversity.org. Retrieved on 2012-08-23.</ref> In flight it has a slow and rather ponderous look and, unlike some other herons, its legs are not held horizontally. Male and female look similar, with an overall covering of slate gray and chestnut feathers. The head and its bushy crest, face, back and sides of the neck are chestnut. The chin, throat, foreneck and upper breast are white, with black streaks across the foreneck and upper breast. The lower breast and belly are buff with black streaks. The back and upper wings are slate-grey, with a chestnut shoulder patch at the bend of the wings when they're closed. The under-wing is pale chestnut. The upper mandible is black and the lores and orbital areas are yellow with a greenish tinge. The eyes are yellow while the legs and feet are black. Juveniles look similar to adults, but are paler. The only heron with somewhat similarly colored plumage, the widespread [[purple heron]], is much smaller than the Goliath. Despite the shared plumage characteristics with the purple species, the closest extant relatives of the Goliath are considered to be the [[great-billed heron|great-billed]] and the [[white-bellied heron]]s of Southern Asia. Due to their large size, this species trio is sometimes referred to as the "giant herons".<ref name= ADW/>

The Goliath heron has a distinct deep bark, often described as ''kowoork'', audible from a distances of up to 2 km. A disturbance call (''arrk''), sharper and higher, can also occasionally be heard. A ''huh-huh'' is given during the crouched stage, while a ''krooo'' may be heard with the neck extended. Organ-like duetting has been reported at nest sites but has not been confirmed.

==Habitat==
The Goliath heron is very aquatic, even by heron standards, rarely venturing far from a water source and preferring to fly along waterways rather than move over land. Important habitats can include lakes, swamps, [[mangrove]] [[wetlands]], [[reef]]s with few cool water, sometimes [[river delta]]s. It typically is found in shallows, though can be observed near deep water over dense water vegetation. Goliath herons can even be found in small watering holes. They have ranged in elevation from sea level to {{convert|2100|m|ft|abbr=on}}. They tend to prefer pristine wetlands and generally avoid areas where human disturbances are a regular occurrence.

==Diet and behaviour==
Goliath herons are solitary foragers and are highly territorial towards other herons entering their feeding territories.<ref>(Whitfield and Blaber 1978, Mock and Mock 1980)</ref> On occasions, two may be seen together but these are most likely to be a breeding pair or immatures. A diurnal and often rather inactive feeder, this heron often hunts by standing in the shallows, intently watching the water at its feet. This is a typical feeding method among large ''[[Ardea (genus)|Ardea]]'' herons and it can forage in deeper waters than most due to its larger size. It may also perch on heavy floating vegetation, to prevent water from rippling around them.<ref name= ADW>[http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Ardea%20goliath.html University of Michigan- Ardea goliath: INFORMATION]. Animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu. Retrieved on 2012-08-23.</ref> As prey appears, the heron rapidly spears it with open [[mandibles]], often spearing both mandibles through the fish's body, and then swallows it whole. It is possible that the bill is used in a lure-like fashion occasionally, attracting fish to the static, large object submerged in the water. The handling period is long, with herons often placing their struggling prey on floating vegetation while preparing to swallow it. Due to its generally slow movements and handling time, the goliath is frequently vulnerable to [[kleptoparasitism]]. In Africa, [[African fish eagle]]s frequently pirate food caught by goliaths, although other large birds such as [[saddle-billed stork]]s and [[pelican]]s may also steal their prey.

{{Easy CSS image crop|Image=Goliath Heron, Marievale, Nigel, South Africa imported from iNaturalist photo 601031978.jpg|desired_width=250|align=right|caption=With an [[African sharptooth catfish]], which was subsequently swallowed whole|crop_left_perc=35|crop_right_perc=35|crop_top_perc=40|crop_bottom_perc=20}}

Prey almost entirely consists of [[fish]]. The Goliath heron specializes in relatively large fish, with an average prey weight range of {{convert|50|-|980|g|lb|abbr=on}}, averaging {{convert|500|-|600|g|lb|abbr=on}} and length of {{convert|30|cm|in|abbr=on}}. Fish exceeding {{convert|1|kg|lb|abbr=on}} are usually rejected, though there is a report that the heron managed to swallow {{convert|1.4|kg|lb|abbr=on}} fish.<ref name = Mock>Mock, Douglas W., and Karilyn C. Mock. "Feeding behavior and ecology of the Goliath Heron." The Auk 97.3 (1980): 433-448.</ref><ref name= world>Del Hoyo, Josep, et al. Handbook of the birds of the world. Vol. 1. No. 8. Barcelona: Lynx edicions, 1992.</ref> Small fish are generally ignored and the average Goliath catches around 2 or 3 fish a day. [[Sparidae|Breams]], [[Mullet (fish)|mullet]], [[Sarotherodon|tilapia]] and [[Barbus|carp]] have locally been recorded as preferred species. Any other small animals that they come across may be eaten, including [[frogs]], [[prawn]]s, [[Mammal|small mammals]], [[lizard]]s, [[snake]]s, [[insects]] and even [[carrion]].<ref name= ADW/><ref name = Mock/><ref name= world/>

==Breeding==
[[image:Goliath Heron, Ardea goliath at Marievale Nature Reserve, Gauteng, South Africa (29321456312).jpg|thumb|right|Adult transporting nesting material]]
[[image:Goliath Heron (Ardea goliath) (6011656959).jpg|thumb|right| Fledglings in the [[Kruger National Park]]]]
Its breeding season coincides generally with the start of the rainy season, which is around November to March. In some areas, breeding is year around, with no discernable peak season. Breeding may not occur every year. Fairly adaptable in their nesting site selection, Goliath herons generally prefer to nest on islands or islands of vegetation. The birds may abandon a nesting site if the island becomes attached to the mainland. Lakes or other large bodies of water usually hold colonies. They nest fairly low in variously sedge, reeds, bushes, trees or even on rocks or large tree stumps. The nesting dispersal seems highly variable as everything from a solitary pair (with no other Goliath nests anywhere near) to fairly large colonies have been observed, with no seeming local geographical preferences. Occasionally, they may join mixed-species colonies including other [[heron]] species, [[cormorant]]s, [[darter]]s, [[ibis]]es and [[gull]]s. The breeding displays are not well known and may be subdued, due in part to breeding pairs possibly reunited year after year. The nests are large but often flimsy (depending on available vegetation around the nesting site), often measuring around {{convert|1|to|1.5|m|ft|abbr=on}} in diameter.

Eggs are pale blue, averaging {{convert|72|by|54|mm|in|abbr=on}} and weighing around {{convert|108|g|oz|abbr=on}}. The clutch size can range from 2 to 5 (usually 3 or 4). Incubation lasts 24 to 30 days. Although they can sometimes replace clutches, often only around 25% of eggs succeed in hatching due to various environmental conditions or predation. The young are fed by regurgitation in the nest and, after a few weeks, can bill jab and practice defensive postures against each other. At around five weeks they leave the nest completely. The parents continue to tend to them for variously 40 to 80 days. Around 62% of fledglings who successfully leave the nest survive to adulthood. Locally, the [[white-tailed eagle]] and the African fish eagle may be a predator in colonies. Despite their ponderous movements, Goliath herons can think quickly and often take flight before danger approaches. Also, due to its size and formidable bill, the full-grown Goliath heron may not have any regular predators.<ref name= ADW/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite journal| journal = Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery| volume = 18| pages = 162–166| year = 2004
| doi = 10.1647/2003-003 | title = Use of a Liposomal Formulation of Amphotericin B for Treating Wound Aspergillosis in a Goliath heron (Ardea goliath)| first1 = Christopher J.| last1 = BonarVMD | first2 = Albert H.| last2= Lewandowski| issue = 3| s2cid = 86605251}}
*{{cite journal|title = Feeding Behavior and Ecology of the Goliath heron| first1 = Douglas W.| last1 = Mock| first2 = Karilyn C.| last2 = Mock| journal =The Auk| volume = 97 | date = July 1980| pages= 433–448| jstor = 4085837| issue = 3}}
*{{Cite journal| title = Parasitofauna of the Egyptian aquatic birds. II. Trematode parasites of the giant heron (Ardea goliath) in Assiut governorate| last1 = El-Naffar| first1 = M. K.| last2 = Khalifa| first2 = R. M.| last3 = Sakla| first3 = A. A.| journal = Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology| year = 1980| volume = 10| pages = 107–116| issn = 1110-0583| url = http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/19800871646.html;jsessionid=CD39C9955A239D294EE01510D8EA2BCD| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130414103141/http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/19800871646.html;jsessionid=CD39C9955A239D294EE01510D8EA2BCD| archive-date = 2013-04-14| issue = 1}}
*{{cite journal| journal = Waterbirds| volume = 27| pages = 312–313| year = 2004 | doi = 10.1675/1524-4695(2004)027[0312:GHFWAA]2.0.CO;2 | title = Goliath heron fishing with an artificial bait? | first1 = Malcolm L.| last1= Hunter Jr.| first2 = Aram | last2 = Calhoun| first3 = David S. | last3 = Wilcove| issn = 1524-4695| issue = 3| s2cid = 85948753}}
*{{cite journal|title = Feeding behavior and ecology of the Goliath heron| first1 = Douglas W.| last1 = Mock| first2 = Karilyn C.| last2 = Mock| journal =The Auk| volume = 97 | year = 1980| pages= 433–448| jstor = 4085837| issue = 3}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20170514123811/http://www.heronconservation.org/styled-5/styled-25/ Heron Conservation- Goliath heron species profile]
* Goliath heron – [http://sabap2.adu.org.za/docs/sabap1/064.pdf Species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q118608}}

[[Category:Ardea (bird)|Goliath heron]]
[[Category:Herons|Goliath heron]]
[[Category:Birds of the Middle East]]
[[Category:Birds of Sub-Saharan Africa]]
[[Category:Birds of India]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1827|Goliath heron]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Philipp Jakob Cretzschmar|Goliath heron]]

Agatti Island

2025-12-17T12:42:06Z

BraydenBeeby640:

{{Short description|Island in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox islands
| name = Agatti
| sobriquet =
| image_name = File:Agatti Airstrip.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = Agatti Airport
| image_alt =
| map_alt =
| map_width =
| map = India3#India Lakshadweep
| map_caption = Location of Agatti Atoll in [[Lakshadweep]]
| coordinates = {{coord|10.85|N|72.19|E|region:IN-LD_type:isle_dim:50000_source:GNS-enwiki|display=inline,title}}
| etymology =
| location = [[Arabian Sea]]
| island_type = [[Atoll]]
| archipelago = [[Lakshadweep]]
| waterbody = [[Indian Ocean]]
| total_islands = 2
| major_islands = {{hlist|Agatti Island|[[Kalpatti Island]]}}
| area_km2 = 3.226
| area_footnotes = <ref name="cit">{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/lakshadweep/data%20sheet.pdf |title=Islandwise Area and Population - 2011 Census |publisher=Government of Lakshadweep |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160722061135/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/lakshadweep/data%20sheet.pdf |archivedate=2016-07-22 }}</ref>
| rank =
| length_km = 7.6
| width_km = 0.85
| coastline_km = 17
| elevation_m = 2
| highest_mount =
| country = {{flag|India}}
| country_admin_divisions_title = [[States and union territories of India|Territory]]
| country_admin_divisions = [[Union territory]] of [[Lakshadweep]]
| country_admin_divisions_title_1 = [[List of districts in India#Lakshadweep (LD)|District]]
| country_admin_divisions_1 = [[Lakshadweep]]
| country_admin_divisions_title_2 = [[Island group]]
| country_admin_divisions_2 = [[Laccadive Islands]]
| country_admin_divisions_title_3 = [[Tehsils of India]]
| country_admin_divisions_3 = [[Kavaratti]]
| country_admin_divisions_title_4 = [[Subdivisions of India]]
| country_admin_divisions_4 = Agatti Island
| country_largest_city = Agatti
| country_largest_city_population = 7500
| population = 7700
| population_as_of = 2014
| population_footnotes =
| population_rank =
| population_rank_max =
| density_km2 = 2386
| density_rank =
| density_footnotes =
| ethnic_groups = [[Malayali]], [[Mahl people|Mahls]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| timezone1_DST =
| utc_offset1_DST =
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 682553
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 04894
| website = {{URL|http://www.lakshadweep.gov.in/}}
| iso_code_type = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|ISO code]]
| iso_code = IN-LD-06<ref>Registration Plate Numbers added to ISO Code</ref>
|additional_info = {{Infobox|child=yes
| label2 = Literacy | data2 = 84.4%
| label3 = Avg. summer temperature| data3 ={{convert|32.0|°C|°F}}
| label4 = Avg. winter temperature| data4 ={{convert|28.0|°C|°F}}
| label5 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]| data5 = 1.059[[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
}}
}}

'''Agatti Island''' ({{IPA|ml|ɐɡɐt̪ːi|lang}}) is a 7.6 km long island, situated on a [[coral]] [[atoll]] called Agatti atoll in the [[Union Territory]] of [[Lakshadweep]], [[India]]. It is {{convert|459|km|abbr=on}} west of the city of [[Kochi]].

==Geography==
Agatti is located about 364 km off [[Kannur]], 394 km off [[Kozhikode]], and 459 km (285 mi) off [[Kochi]] in the mainland and 7 km to the southwest of [[Bangaram Atoll|Bangaram]], the nearest island. Agatti is 531 km away from [[Kollam]] and 529 km away from [[Kollam Port]].<ref>[https://www.google.co.in/?gws_rd=ssl#q=agatti+island+to+kollam+distance Kollam to Agatti]</ref> [[Kavaratti]], the closest inhabited island, lies 54 km to the SE and [[Suheli Par]] atoll 76 km to the south. Agatti Atoll's total land area is {{convert|3.226|km2|abbr=on}} (of it, the main island has {{convert|3.141|km2|abbr=on}} and the small [[Kalpatti Island]] has {{convert|0.085|km2|abbr=on}}. Kalpatti is located at the southern end on the same reef.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oceandots.com/indian/lakshadweep/agatti.php |title=Oceandots - Agatti |accessdate=2011-11-08 |url-status=usurped |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101223043232/http://www.oceandots.com/indian/lakshadweep/agatti.php |archivedate=2010-12-23 }}</ref>
The [[lagoon]] area is {{convert|24.84|km2|abbr=on}}.

==Climate==
{{Weather box
| location = Agatti Island ([[Agatti Airport]]) 1991–2020, extremes 1996–2012
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y
| width = auto
| Jan record high C = 35.3
| Feb record high C = 35.3
| Mar record high C = 38.0
| Apr record high C = 37.8
| May record high C = 37.0
| Jun record high C = 37.8
| Jul record high C = 32.7
| Aug record high C = 34.8
| Sep record high C = 33.3
| Oct record high C = 35.0
| Nov record high C = 35.0
| Dec record high C = 36.3
| year record high C = 38.0
| Jan record low C = 22.5
| Feb record low C = 23.5
| Mar record low C = 24.2
| Apr record low C = 23.2
| May record low C = 22.1
| Jun record low C = 22.3
| Jul record low C = 22.7
| Aug record low C = 22.5
| Sep record low C = 22.7
| Oct record low C = 22.2
| Nov record low C = 22.1
| Dec record low C = 22.8
| year record low C = 22.1
|Jan high C = 31.2
|Feb high C = 31.5
|Mar high C = 32.4
|Apr high C = 33.2
|May high C = 33.0
|Jun high C = 31.3
|Jul high C = 30.6
|Aug high C = 30.6
|Sep high C = 30.6
|Oct high C = 31.0
|Nov high C = 31.5
|Dec high C = 31.4
| year high C = 31.5
|Jan low C = 25.8
|Feb low C = 26.0
|Mar low C = 26.9
|Apr low C = 28.0
|May low C = 27.8
|Jun low C = 26.0
|Jul low C = 25.8
|Aug low C = 25.7
|Sep low C = 25.7
|Oct low C = 26.1
|Nov low C = 26.3
|Dec low C = 26.1
| year low C = 26.4
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 11.0
| Feb rain mm = 3.4
| Mar rain mm = 5.6
| Apr rain mm = 8.0
| May rain mm = 155.9
| Jun rain mm = 340.1
| Jul rain mm = 315.3
| Aug rain mm = 229.3
| Sep rain mm = 172.4
| Oct rain mm = 167.4
| Nov rain mm = 95.8
| Dec rain mm = 68.7
| year rain mm = 1572.9
| Jan rain days = 0.7
| Feb rain days = 0.2
| Mar rain days = 0.6
| Apr rain days = 0.9
| May rain days = 6.0
| Jun rain days = 16.1
| Jul rain days = 15.5
| Aug rain days = 12.8
| Sep rain days = 10.6
| Oct rain days = 9.4
| Nov rain days = 5.0
| Dec rain days = 2.8
| year rain days = 80.4
|time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 69
| Feb humidity = 69
| Mar humidity = 68
| Apr humidity = 68
| May humidity = 71
| Jun humidity = 80
| Jul humidity = 80
| Aug humidity = 79
| Sep humidity = 78
| Oct humidity = 76
| Nov humidity = 75
| Dec humidity = 71
|year humidity = 74
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240408025145/https://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| archive-date = 8 April 2024
| url = https://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| title = Station: Agatti Climatological Table 1991–2020
| work = Climatological Normals 1991–2020
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| access-date = 7 July 2024}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archivedate = 5 February 2020
| url = http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M112
| accessdate = 29 February 2020}}</ref>
}}

==Population==
{{pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion in Agatti Island (2011)<ref name="Agatti Population">{{cite web|url=https://www.censusindia2011.com/lakshadweep/lakshadweep/agatti-population.html|title=Agatti Island population|work=Census India 2011|accessdate=15 January 2024}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Islam]]
|value1 = 96.8
|color1 = Green
|label2 = [[Hinduism]]
|value2 = 2.68
|color2 = DarkOrange
|label3 = [[Christianity]]
|value3 = 0.28
|color3 = Blue
|label4 = Not Stated
|value4 = 0.24
|color4 = Black
}}

Its population in the 2011 census was 7,560, and Islam is the main religion of the islanders.<ref>[http://www.webindia123.com/territories/lakshadweep/land/islands.htm Web123India]</ref> Islamic religion is said to have been brought by Arab traveller [[Ibn Batuta]]. Most people speak [[Malayalam]], [[English language|English]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]]. Agatti has its own 100 kW powerhouse which uses fuel to generate electricity. There is a [[desalination]] unit which provides desalinated water to the islanders.

==Transportation==
===Sea===
Lakshadweep is connected to Cochin by sea route. Seven passenger ships operate between the two ports and it takes 14–20 hours for the passage.<ref>{{cite web |title= How to reach Lakshadweep |url= http://lakshadweep.nic.in/howtoreach.html |publisher= Official Website of Union Territory of Lakshwadeep |accessdate= 29 December 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141231102317/http://lakshadweep.nic.in/howtoreach.html |archive-date= 31 December 2014 |url-status= dead |df= dmy-all }}</ref>

===Air===
The {{convert|1400|m|ft}} [[Agatti Airport]] {{airport codes|AGX|VOAT}} is the only airport in Lakshadweep.<ref>{{cite web|title=Alliance Air |url=http://www.airindia.in/alliance-air.htm|accessdate=29 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= How to reach Lakshadweep |url= http://lakshadweep.nic.in/howtoreach.html |publisher= Official Website of Union Territory of Lakshadweep |accessdate= 29 December 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141231102317/http://lakshadweep.nic.in/howtoreach.html |archive-date= 31 December 2014 |url-status= dead |df= dmy-all }}</ref>

==Tourism==
Agatti is one of the Lakshadweep islands open to tourism. Visitors, however, are allowed to the Island under certain restrictions. They are required to obtain Entry Permit from the Lakshadweep Administration for entering or visiting the island. Entry Permit is issued based on the visitor having a confirmed place to stay. There are only two hotels or resorts in Agatti: Agatti Island Beach Resort (AIBER)<ref>[http://www.agattiislandresorts.com/ Resort] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506123758/http://www.agattiislandresorts.com/ |date=6 May 2016 }}</ref> and the other is Sea Shells Beach Resort.<ref>[http://shells-beach-resort-agatti-lakshadweep.hotelsgds.com/ Resort]</ref><ref>[http://www.indiatravelite.com/kerala/seashellsbeachresortagatti.htm Resort] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006215726/http://www.indiatravelite.com/kerala/seashellsbeachresortagatti.htm |date=6 October 2015 }}</ref> A road runs through the island, which can be best enjoyed by hiring a bicycle available at many places.
[[File:The Army personnel scuba diving during the ongoing Bison Blue Waters Expedition in Agatti, Lakshadweep.jpg|thumb|Scuba in Agatti]]
Water sports activities such as [[scuba diving]], [[wind surfing]], [[snorkeling]], [[surfing]], [[kayaking]], [[canoeing]], [[water skiing]], [[sportfishing]], [[yachting]] and night sea voyages are popular activities among tourists. Tourists flock to these islands throughout the year, except during the [[southwest monsoon]] months when seas are extremely rough.

==Administration==
The island belongs to the [[Subdivisions of India|township]] of Agatti Island of [[Kavaratti]] [[Tehsils of India|Tehsil]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110721163348/http://lakshadweep.gov.in/Area-Population.PDF Tehsils info]</ref>

== References ==
{{portal|India|Islands}}
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070927005548/http://www.pandeyji.com/agatti/agatti.cfm Agatti Island Review]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150714094422/http://www.nswamy.com/dawn/2011/i-speak/agatti-kavaratti-lakshadweep/ Lakshadweep a Photo Essay]
*{{wikivoyage inline|Lakshadweep}}
{{Lakshadweep}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Agatti Island}}
[[Category:Islands of Lakshadweep]]
[[Category:Atolls of India]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Lakshadweep district]]
[[Category:Populated places in India]]

HMIS Sind

2025-12-14T17:26:32Z

BraydenBeeby640: Starting the post w/ infobox!

{{short description|Modified Flower-class corvette of the Royal Navy, Royal Indian Navy and Royal Thai Navy}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
|image=HMS Betony FL2011.jpg
|image_caption=HMS Betony underway
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
|hide_header=
|country=United Kingdom
|flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|naval}}
|name=''Betony''
|ordered=8 December 1941
|awarded=
|builder=[[Alexander Hall and Sons]]
|laid_down=26 September 1942
|launched=22 April 1943
|christened=
|acquired=
|commissioned=24 August 1945
|recommissioned=
|decommissioned=
|in_service=
|out_of_service=1947
|renamed=
|reclassified=
|refit=
|captured=
|struck=
|reinstated=
|identification=[[Pennant number]]: K274
|fate=*Loaned to the Indian Navy 1945
*Sold to the Royal Thai Navy 1947
|homeport=
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/career
|hide_header=title
|country=British India
|flag={{shipboxflag|British India|naval}}
|name=''Sind''
|christened=
|acquired=24 August 1945
|commissioned=24 August 1945
|recommissioned=
|decommissioned=
|in_service=
|out_of_service=17 May 1946
|renamed=
|reclassified=
|refit=
|captured=
|struck=
|reinstated=
|identification=[[Pennant number]]: K274
|fate=Transferred back to the Royal Navy
|homeport=
}}

|section4={{Infobox ship/career
|hide_header=title
|country=Thailand
|flag={{shipboxflag|Thailand|naval}}
|name=''Prasae''
|namesake=[[Prasae River]]
|christened=
|acquired=1947
|commissioned=1947
|recommissioned=
|decommissioned=
|in_service=
|out_of_service=7 January 1951
|renamed=
|reclassified=
|refit=
|captured=
|struck=
|reinstated=
|fate=Scuttled
|homeport=
}}

|section5={{Infobox ship/characteristics
|hide_header=
|header_caption=
|class={{sclass2|Flower|corvette}} (modified)
|type=
|tonnage=
|displacement={{convert|1015|LT|t ST|lk=in}}
|length={{convert|208|ft|m|2|abbr=on}}[[Length overall|o/a]]
|beam={{convert|33|ft|m|2|abbr=on}}
|height=
|draught={{convert|11|ft|m|2|abbr=on}}
|draft=
|depth=
|hold_depth=
|decks=
|deck_clearance=
|ramps=
|ice_class=
|power=
|propulsion=Single shaft, 2× oil fired water tube boilers, 1 triple-expansion reciprocating steam engine, {{convert|2750|ihp|abbr=on}}
|sail_plan=
|speed={{convert|16|kn|km/h|1}}
|range={{convert|3500|nmi|km|0}} at {{convert|12|kn|km/h|1}}
|endurance=
|test_depth=
|boats=
|capacity=
|troops=
|complement=90
|crew=
|time_to_activate=
|sensors=One Type 271 SW2C radar, one Type 144 sonar
|EW=
|armament=*1 × [[BL 4 inch Mk IX naval gun|{{convert|4|in|mm|abbr=on|0}}]] BL Mk.IX single gun
*1 × [[QF 2-pounder naval gun#QF 2-pounder Mark VIII|2-pounder Mk.VIII]] single "pom-pom"
*2 × [[Oerlikon 20 mm cannon|20 mm]] Oerlikon single
*1 × [[Hedgehog (weapon)|Hedgehog A/S mortar]]
*4 × Mk.II [[depth charge]] throwers
*2 Depth charge rails with 70 depth charges
|armour=
|armor=
|aircraft=
|aircraft_facilities=
|notes=
}}
}}

'''HMS ''Betony''''' was a {{sclass2|Flower|corvette}} of the British [[Royal Navy]]. She was ordered in 1941, and commissioned in August 1945. She was immediately transferred to the [[Royal Indian Navy]], where she was commissioned as '''HMIS ''Sind'''''.<ref name=u-sind>{{cite web|url=http://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/7906.html|title=HMIS ''Sind'' (ii) (K 274)|publisher=Uboat.net|access-date=2012-03-28}}</ref> She was transferred back to the Royal Navy in May 1946, as the war ended just days after her transfer. She was then sold to the [[Royal Thai Navy]] in 1947 as '''HTMS ''Prasae''''' ({{langx|th|เรือหลวงประเเส}}), and eventually scuttled in 1951.

==History==
''Betony'' was ordered from [[Alexander Hall and Sons]] for the [[Royal Navy]] in 1941.

She was transferred to the Royal Indian Navy and the [[Eastern Fleet]] immediately upon commissioning in August 1945 and served as HMIS ''Sind''. She developed engine trouble soon after her transfer.<ref name=nh-1945>{{cite web|url=http://www.naval-history.net/xDKWD-EF1945.htm|title=Eastern Fleet War Diary|publisher=naval-history.net|access-date=2012-03-28}}</ref> With the end of World War II just days after her transfer and the imminent independence of India, she was transferred back to the Royal Navy in 1946.
[[File:80-G-432568.jpg|thumb|left|HTMS ''Prasae'' aground on the Korean east coast, January 1951]]
In 1947, she was sold to the Royal Thai Navy and commissioned as HTMS ''Prasae''. On 7 January 1951, while serving in the [[Korean War]] during a snowstorm, she was beached near [[Yangyang]] on the east coast of [[North Korea]]. After unsuccessful attempts to pull her off the beach, she was scuttled.

==See also==
*[[Thailand in the Korean War]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Flower class corvette|modified}}
{{1951 shipwrecks}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sind (K274)}}
[[Category:Flower-class corvettes of the Royal Indian Navy]]
[[Category:1943 ships]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1951]]

Lhasa Newar

2025-11-29T01:43:52Z

BraydenBeeby640: stub.

[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 135-S-10-04-32, Tibetexpedition, Karawane vor Chomolhari.jpg|thumb|A caravan crossing the Tuna Plain in Tibet, Mt. Chomolhari in background.]]
{{Location map many | China
| AlternativeMap = China edcp relief location map.jpg
| width = 300
| caption = Map of Asia showing the trade network of the Lhasa Newars.
| float = right
| label = Kathmandu
| pos = bottom
| marksize = 8
| lat_deg = 27.7
| lon_deg = 85.33
| label2 = Lhasa
| pos2 = right
| mark2size = 8
| lat2_deg = 29.65
| lon2_deg = 91.11
| label3 = Kolkata
| pos3 = bottom
| mark3size = 8
| lat3_deg = 22.56
| lon3_deg = 88.36
| label4 = Ladakh
| pos4 = right
| mark4size = 8
| lat4_deg = 34.17
| lon4_deg = 77.58
}}
'''Lhasa Newar''' (or '''Lhasa Newah'''; {{Langx|new|ल्हासा नेवा}}) were the expatriate [[Newar]] traders and artisans who traveled between the [[Kathmandu Valley]] and [[Tibet]] from centuries ago. These [[Nepalis|Nepalese]] merchants conducted trade between [[Nepal]], Tibet and [[Bengal]], [[India]] over the [[Silk Road]], and acted as a bridge for economic and cultural exchanges between [[South Asia]] and [[Central Asia]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Lewis|first=Todd T|title=Buddhism, Himalayan Trade, and Newar Merchants|url=http://buddhim.20m.com/8-4.htm/|accessdate=31 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Turin|first=Mark|title=Banjas along the Barkhor|url=http://www.nepalitimes.com/issue/34/Review/9639|accessdate=19 September 2012|newspaper=Nepali Times|date=16 March 2001}}</ref>

Along with the merchants, there were colonies of artisans in various parts of Tibet who were engaged in creating [[Buddhist]] art. They were major players in the exchange of art styles across the [[Himalaya]].<ref>{{cite journal | last = Lo Bue| first = Erberto F| title = Cultural Exchange and Social Interaction between Tibetans and Newars from the Seventh to the Twentieth Century| journal =International Folklore Review| year=1988}} Pages 86-114.</ref><ref>{{cite web | last =Huc| first =M| url = http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/3/3/2/6/33269/33269-h/33269-h.htm| title =Travels in Tartary, Thibet and China during the Years 1844-5-6. Volume 2| publisher =London: Office of the National Illustrated Library | accessdate = 31 October 2011}} Page 147.</ref>

The thousand-year-old Lhasa Newar tradition came to an end after the caravan route linking India and Tibet through [[Sikkim]] was shut down by the [[Sino-Indian War]] in 1962. Subsequently, the merchants and craftsmen based in Tibet closed up shop and returned home to Nepal for the last time.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/2013/06/2013623123438887107.html |title = Renewed Nepali trade route draws regional ire |last = Kaye|first = Melati |date = 29 June 2013 |website = Al Jazeera |accessdate= 7 July 2013}}</ref>

==History==
According to folklore, [[Singha Sartha Aju]] was the first merchant to travel to Tibet. The history of the Lhasa Newars officially dates from the seventh century with the marriage of Nepalese Princess [[Bhrikuti]] with Tibetan King [[Songtsän Gampo]]. The traders and artisans who accompanied Bhrikuti to Lhasa as part of her retinue established commercial and cultural ties between Nepal and Tibet.

In the 1640s, a treaty was negotiated under which Newar merchants were allowed to establish 32 business houses in Lhasa. It was also agreed that Nepal would mint coins for Tibet.<ref>Rose, Leo E. (1971) ''Nepal: Strategy for Survival.'' University of California Press, Berkeley. {{ISBN|978-0-520-01643-9}}. Page 14.</ref> By this time, the number of traders had risen considerably. Eighteenth-century traveller [[Ippolito Desideri]] noted that merchants of Nepal were "numerous" in Lhasá.<ref>Desideri, Ippolito and De Filippi, Filippo (reprinted 1996), ''An Account of Tibet: The Travels of Ippolito Desideri, 1712-1727'', Asian Educational Services. {{ISBN|978-81-206-1019-4}}. Pages 133, 136.</ref>

The Newars were also organized into "pala" ({{Langx|new|पाला}}) societies which arranged the celebration of festivals and provided a place for get-togethers. The merchants celebrated [[Mohani]] and other feasts like they did in Kathmandu. There were 10 "palas" originally in Lhasa, and seven remained active until recent times—Chyatangya, Chhusingsyar, Ghorasyar, Jhwala, Lhakam, Kun and Tarunsyar. The Newars in Shigatse and other places in Tibet had their own "palas". Returning merchants and craftsmen were called "Lhasa Newars". Most of them were Buddhist Newars like the [[Uray (caste group)|Uray]], [[Bajracharya]], [[Shakya]] and Dhakhwa. There were also many [[Shrestha]]s and [[Maharjan]]s among them.

==Trade==
[[File:Nepalese picnic lhasa.jpg|thumb|Newar traders listening to the gramophone and playing Chinese dominoes (bha), Lhasa, 1921.]]
[[File:Ghorashar letterhead 1958.jpg|thumb|Letterhead of Ghorashar business house dated 1958.]]
Newar traders exported finished products from Nepal and India to Tibet and brought back goods from Tibet and other parts of [[Central Asia]]. Metal utensils, sacred statues and rice from Nepal, and textiles and other factory products from India were the main exports to Tibet. The Lhasa Newars brought back gold dust, wool, musk pods, pelts and yak tails which were forwarded to Kolkata. The older generation in the village of [[Sankhu]] also regularly play [[Mahjong]] brought from Tibet.

Mule, donkey and yak caravans transported the trade goods over the Himalaya and across the Tibetan Plateau. In Nepal, porters carried the loads over the mountains on their backs.<ref>{{cite web | last = Hodgson| first = Brian Houghton| url = https://archive.org/details/essaysonlanguage00hodg| title = Essays on the Languages, Literature, and Religion of Nepál and Tibet | publisher = London: Trubner & Co| year=1874| accessdate = 1 November 2011}} Page 97.</ref>

The trade route connecting India and Tibet goes over the Himalaya. The Lhasa Newars used the '''[[Zongga|Gyirong]]''' (Kyirong, [[Nepali language|Nepali]]: {{lang|ne|केरुङ}}, {{Transliteration|ne|''kerung''}}) and ''Kuti'' ([[Nepali language|Nepali]]: {{lang|ne|कुती}}) ('''[[Nyalam Tong La]]''') passes to the north of Kathmandu to travel to Lhasa. From the 1930s, a new caravan route over the lower [[Nathu La]] and [[Jelep La]] passes on the border between Sikkim and Tibet became more popular. These passes were approached through [[Gangtok]] in Sikkim and [[Kalimpong]] in [[West Bengal]], India.

The Lhasa Newars lived in [[Lhasa]], [[Shigatse]] and [[Gyantse]] in Tibet and in [[Kolkata]] and Kalimpong in India for years at a time.<ref>Bell, Sir Charles (1992), ''Tibet Past & Present'', Motilal Banarsidass Publ. {{ISBN|978-81-208-1048-8}}. Page 233.</ref><ref>{{cite web | last = Candler | first = Edmund | url = http://www.gutenberg.org/files/33359/33359-h/33359-h.htm#CHAPTER_XIV | title = The Unveiling of Lhasa | publisher = London: Edward Arnold | year=1905| accessdate = 24 October 2012}} Page 273.</ref> Lhasa, as a center on the Silk Road, attracted merchant caravans from across Central Asia with whom the Lhasa Newars engaged in trade. A few business houses also maintained shops in [[Leh]], [[Ladakh]] which lies on the caravan route to [[Kashgar]] in Chinese Central Asia.<ref>{{cite news|last=Tuladhar|first=Kamal Ratna|title=Long ago in Ladakh|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2012/03/09/features/the-first-word--long-ago-in-ladakh/232460.html|accessdate=14 March 2012|newspaper=The Kathmandu Post|date=10 March 2012}}</ref> Kolkata was a center of wholesale trade.

==Art==
[[File:Kumbum eyes.jpg|thumb|Painted eyes and writing in Nepalese script below on the Kumbum Stupa in Gyantse.]]
Lhasa Newar artisans created statues, painted [[paubha]]s and frescoes and built temples in Tibet and other parts of Central Asia,<ref>{{cite web| last = Lo Bue| first = Erberto| url = https://www.scribd.com/doc/33444121/Newar-Sculptors-and-Tibetan-Patrons-in-the-20th-Century| title = Newar Sculptors and Tibetan Patrons in the 20th Century| publisher = Scribd| year = 2011| accessdate = 1 November 2011| archive-date = 5 March 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160305153250/https://www.scribd.com/doc/33444121/Newar-Sculptors-and-Tibetan-Patrons-in-the-20th-Century| url-status = dead}}</ref> and were instrumental in the spread and development of Buddhist art throughout the region.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lieberman|first=Marcia R.|title=The Artistry of the Newars|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/04/09/travel/the-artistry-of-the-newars.html|accessdate=1 November 2011|newspaper=The New York Times|date=9 April 1995}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.tibetanart.com/NewarArt.asp| title =What is Newar Art?| work = Tibetan Buddhist & Newar Tantric Art| accessdate = 31 October 2011}}</ref> The [[Jokhang]] Temple in Lhasa and the [[Kumbum]] Stupa in Gyantse are examples of their artistic legacy in Tibet.<ref>{{cite web | last =Slusser| first =Mary Shepherd|author-link=Mary Shepherd Slusser| url = http://www.asianart.com/articles/jokhang/index.html| title =The Lhasa gTsug lag khang ("Jokhang")| publisher =Asianart.com| date=7 February 2006| accessdate = 31 October 2011}}</ref> The White Dagoba in [[Beijing]], [[China]], built by [[Arniko]] in the 13th century, is another specimen of the artistry of the Lhasa Newars.

Newar artists were the most sought after among the foreign artists living in Tibet. French missionary traveller [[Évariste Régis Huc]] has written that it is they who construct for the Buddhist temples those fine roofs of gilt plates, which resist all the inclemencies of the seasons and always retain a marvellous freshness and glitter. They are so skilful at this class of work that they are sent to the very interior of Tartary to decorate the Lamaseries.<ref>Évariste Régis Huc, Gabet (reprinted 2004), ''Travels in Tartary, Thibet and China, 1844-1846, Volume 2'', Routledge. {{ISBN|978-0-415-34484-5}}. Page 182.</ref>

Newar artists gained importance after the destruction of Indian Buddhism in 1203 as they were the only remaining experts in traditional Buddhist art. Tibetan artists thus turned to them for inspiration and learned the Newar style, or Beri as it is now known. The style prevailed for more than four centuries, and reached its peak from 1360 to 1460 when it was adopted as Tibet's universal painting style.<ref>{{cite web| url =http://rmanyc.org/exhibitions/view/682| title =The Nepalese Legacy in Tibetan Painting| publisher =Rubin Museum of Art| accessdate =16 November 2011| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20111120102024/http://www.rmanyc.org/exhibitions/view/682| archive-date =20 November 2011}}</ref>

The period from the 14th to the 16th centuries is considered a golden age of Nepalese art. During this time, Newar artists travelled widely and left their mark on the artistic styles of Tibet, Bhutan, [[China]] and Mongolia.<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.newarkmuseum.org/museum_pages.aspx?id=12506| archive-url =https://archive.today/20120904184128/http://www.newarkmuseum.org/museum_pages.aspx?id=12506| url-status =dead| archive-date =4 September 2012| title =From the Sacred Realm| publisher =Newark Museum| year =2011| accessdate =16 November 2011}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
Lhasa Newars have been the subject of ballads, epic poetry and novels in [[Nepal Bhasa]] and other languages, mostly on the theme of loneliness and couples forced to endure long periods of separation.

* The best known epic is [[Ji Waya La Lachhi Maduni (song)|Ji Waya La Lachhi Maduni]] ("It hasn't been a month since I came"), written in the late 18th century, about a trader who leaves for Tibet despite the pleas of his newly wedded wife. One day, a false message arrives that he has died in Tibet, and the wife burns herself on the funeral pyre in grief. Years later, the husband returns. Upon being told of her death, he goes away and becomes an ascetic.<ref>Lienhard, Siegfried (1992). ''Songs of Nepal: An Anthology of Nevar Folksongs and Hymns.'' New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidas. {{ISBN|81-208-0963-7}}. Page 84.</ref> This poem was the source of "[[Muna Madan]]", a short epic story in the [[Nepali language]] composed by [[Laxmi Prasad Devkota]] in 1936.<ref>Hutt, Michael (1991). ''Himalayan Voices: An Introduction to Modern Nepali Literature.'' University of California Press. {{ISBN|9780520070486}}. Page 41.</ref><ref>{{cite web| last = Von Bohlen| first = Dominik| url = http://ecs.com.np/feature_detail.php?f_id=571| title = Muna Madan| publisher = ECS Nepal| date = December 2012| accessdate = 5 February 2013| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121226055408/http://ecs.com.np/feature_detail.php?f_id=571| archive-date = 26 December 2012}}</ref>
* In the song "My beloved has gone abroad", a wife longs for her husband who has gone to Tibet on business. One day, she is elated to receive a message from Tibet, however, the message contains news of his death.<ref>Lienhard, Siegfried (1992). ''Songs of Nepal: An Anthology of Nevar Folksongs and Hymns.'' New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidas. {{ISBN|81-208-0963-7}}. Page 59.</ref>
* Another song, "Oh husband, how shall I live" was written towards the end of the 19th century. In this song, a woman expresses her sadness as her husband leaves for Tibet soon after their marriage.<ref>Lienhard, Siegfried (1992). ''Songs of Nepal: An Anthology of Nevar Folksongs and Hymns.'' New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidas. {{ISBN|81-208-0963-7}}. Page 60.</ref>
* ''Bhrikuti'', a novel by [[Dharma Ratna Yami]], was awarded the Shrestha Sirapa in 1959. Another novel ''Ang Lhamo'' recounts the saga of a Tibetan girl amid a backdrop of the Chinese entry into Tibet. The first edition, published in 1970 by Pasa Muna, was banned by the Nepalese government. A second edition appeared in 1992, published by Paleswan Pithana, Kathmandu.
* ''Mimmanahpau'' ("Unburnt Letter") by [[Chittadhar Hridaya]] is a novel in the form of a letter from a merchant in Lhasa to his wife in Kathmandu. The husband misses home so much that he regrets the life of a trader. Published in 1968, the novel has been translated into English by [[Kesar Lall]].<ref>Lall, Kesar (2002). ''Mimmanahpau: Letter from a Lhasa Merchant to his Wife by Chittadhar Hridaya.'' New Delhi: Robin Books. {{ISBN|81-87138-55-6}}.</ref>
* In the novel ''The Oriental Casebook of [[Sherlock Holmes]]'', the famed detective befriends Gorashar, a Newar merchant in Lhasa, and travels with him to Kathmandu during the course of his journeys in Asia to unravel varied mysteries.<ref>Riccardi, Ted (2003). ''The Oriental Casebook of Sherlock Holmes.'' Random House. {{ISBN|978-1-4000-6065-8}}.</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Bundesarchiv Bild 135-KA-06-085, Tibetexpedition, Marktplatz in Lhasa.jpg|<div align ="center">Barkhor market in Lhasa, 1938.</div>
File:Nepalese Chamber1943.jpg|<div align ="center">Nepalese Chamber of Commerce, Lhasa, 1947.</div>
File:Kmt and krt on bsa.jpg|<div align ="center">Merchants on a BSA Bantam in Lhasa, 1952.</div>
File:Lhasa newar merchants.jpg|<div align ="center">Newar traders in Tibetan and Western wear, 1945.</div>
File:Sarbagya man tuladhar.jpg|<div align ="center">Trader wearing a [[Mauser]] pistol, Lhasa, 1946.</div>
File:Bundesarchiv Bild 135-S-12-35-20, Tibetexpedition, Lhasa, Markt.jpg|<div align ="center">A Lhasa Newar (far left) on the Barkhor, 1938.</div>
File:Bundesarchiv Bild 135-S-18-10-26, Tibetexpedition, Gyantse, Chörten.jpg|<div align ="center">Kumbum Stupa (left) in Gyantse, 1938.</div>
File:Miaoyingsi baita.jpg|<div align ="center">[[Miaoying Temple]] in [[Beijing]], China, 13th century.</div>
File:Newar caravan in tibet.jpg|<div align ="center">Mule caravan of Newar merchants, 1943.</div>
File:Bundesarchiv Bild 135-BB-082-12, Tibetexpedition, Floß bei Chagsam.jpg|<div align ="center">Yak hide boat on the Yarlung Tsangpo, 1938.</div>
File:Nepalese mohar 816.jpg|<div align ="center">Nepalese coin of Bhupatindra Malla, 1696.</div>
File:Tibet-6048 - Largest Sitting Maitreya Buddha.jpg|<div align ="center">Maitreya Buddha at [[Tashilhunpo Monastery]].</div>
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Nepalese Chamber of Commerce, Lhasa]]
*[[Newa people]]
*[[Singha Sartha Aju]] (legendary trader)
*[[Uray (caste group)]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* Hilker, DS Kansakar (2005), ''Syamukapu: The Lhasa Newars of Kalimpong and Kathmandu'', Kathmandu: Vajra Publications. {{ISBN|99946-644-6-8}}.
* Lall, Kesar (2007), ''The Newar Merchants of Lhasa'', Kathmandu: Ratna Pustak Bhandar. {{ISBN|99933-0-187-6}}.
* Tuladhar, Kamal Ratna (second edition 2011), ''[[Caravan to Lhasa|Caravan to Lhasa: A Merchant of Kathmandu in Traditional Tibet]]'', Kathmandu: Lijala and Tisa. {{ISBN|99946-58-91-3}}.

{{Trade route 2}}

[[Category:Buddhist culture]]
[[Category:Himalayas]]
[[Category:History of international trade]]
[[Category:Lhasa]]
[[Category:Nepalese merchants]]
[[Category:Newar]]
[[Category:Silk Road]]
[[Category:History of Tibet]]
[[Category:Trade routes]]

2003 AP Tourism Hyderabad Open

2025-11-27T22:55:29Z

BraydenBeeby640: put up new page w/ refs

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{TennisEventInfo|2003|AP Tourism Hyderabad Open|
| date=3–9 February
| edition=1st
| category=[[WTA Tier IV tournaments|Tier IV]]
| draw=32S / 16D
| prize_money=$140,000
| surface=[[Hard court|Hard]] / outdoor
| location=[[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], India
| champs={{flagicon|THA}} [[Tamarine Tanasugarn]]
| champd={{flagicon|RUS}} [[Elena Likhovtseva]] / {{flagicon|UZB}} [[Iroda Tulyaganova]]
| main_name = WTA Indian Open
}}

The '''2003 [[AP Tourism Hyderabad Open]]''' was the first edition of the [[WTA Tour|WTA]] tournament held in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India organized for women's professional [[tennis]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-22 |title=Sania Mirza's initial statement of intent: The Hyderabad Open title |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/top-stories/sania-mirzas-initial-statement-of-intent-the-hyderabad-open-title/articleshow/98146493.cms |access-date=2025-07-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It was held from 3 February until 9 February 2003 on outdoor [[hardcourt]]s. Second-seeded [[Tamarine Tanasugarn]] won the singles title. Indian player Sania Mirza made her debut at this tournament in her hometown Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joshi |first=Akshat |date=2022-02-28 |title=Sania Mirza: Height, Age, Net Worth, Cars Collection, Controversies, Unknown Facts And More |url=https://thesportslite.com/tennis/sania-mirza-height-age-net-worth-cars-collection-controversies-unknown-facts-and-more/ |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=The SportsLite |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Finals==
===Singles===
{{main|2003 AP Tourism Hyderabad Open – Singles}}
{{flagicon|THA}} [[Tamarine Tanasugarn]] defeated {{flagicon|UZB}} [[Iroda Tulyaganova]] 6–4, 6–4
* It was Tanasugarn's only singles title of the year and the 1st of her career.

===Doubles===
{{main|2003 AP Tourism Hyderabad Open – Doubles}}
* {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Elena Likhovtseva]] / {{flagicon|UZB}} [[Iroda Tulyaganova]] defeated {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Eugenia Kulikovskaya]] / {{flagicon|BLR}} [[Tatiana Poutchek]] 6–4, 6–4

==WTA entrants==
===Seeds===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Seed
! width="65"| Country
! width="150"| Player
! Rank
|-
|1
|{{flag|ARG}}
|[[Clarisa Fernández]]
|28
|-
|2
|{{flag|THA}}
|[[Tamarine Tanasugarn]]
|32
|-
|3
|{{flag|RUS}}
|[[Elena Likhovtseva]]
|36
|-
|4
|{{flag|FRA}}
|[[Mary Pierce]]
|49
|-
|5
|{{flag|UZB}}
|[[Iroda Tulyaganova]]
|57
|-
|6
|{{flag|ESP}}
|[[Cristina Torrens Valero]]
|66
|-
|7
|{{flag|INA}}
|[[Angelique Widjaja]]
|62
|-
|8
|{{flag|CRO}}
|[[Silvija Talaja]]
|79
|}
* Rankings as of 25 January 2003.

===Other entrants===
The following players received wildcards into the main draw:
* {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Elena Likhovtseva]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sania Mirza]]

The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
* {{flagicon|UKR}} [[Yuliya Beygelzimer]]
* {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Maria Kirilenko]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Manisha Malhotra]]
* {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zheng Jie]]

The following players received entry through the lucky loser spot:
* {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Sun Tiantian]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://wtafiles.blob.core.windows.net/pdf/draws/archive/2003/1015.pdf WTA tournament draws]
* [https://www.itftennis.com/en/tournament/hyderabad/ind/2003/w-t4-ind-01a-2003/draws-and-results/ ITF tournament edition details]

{{2003 WTA Tour}}

[[Category:2003 WTA Tour]]
[[Category:Bangalore Open]]
[[Category:2003 in Indian tennis]]

Ooty bus stand

2025-11-27T04:45:07Z

BraydenBeeby640: cleaned up article based on references per standard format

{{Short description|Central Bus station in Ooty, Tamil Nadu (India)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Udhagamandalam Central Bus Stand
| cta_header =
| type = [[Bus station]]
| style =
| image = Ooty bus stand.JPG
| image_caption =
| rr =
| mr =
| address = Kathadimattam, [[Ooty]]<br>[[Tamil Nadu]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|11.4035|76.6963|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|2210|m|ft}}
| line =
| other =
| structure =
| platform = 10
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks =
| parking = Yes
| bicycle = Yes
| opened = 
| closed = N/A 
| rebuilt =
| electrified =
| accessible =
| code = OTY
| owned = [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
| operator = [[Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation|TNSTC]] Coimbatore
| zone = [[Department of Transport (Tamil Nadu)|Tamil Nadu]]
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services =
| map_locator =
| route_map =
| map_state =
}}
'''Ooty Bus Stand''', also known as '''Udhagamandalam Central Bus Stand''' is a [[bus station]] located in the town of [[Ooty]]. It serves as main bus stand for [[The Nilgiris District|The Nilgiris]] district, [[Tamil Nadu]], apart from bus stands in [[Coonoor]], [[Kotagiri]] and [[Gudalur (Nilgiris district)|Gudalur]].

==Location==
[[File:Ooty town of Tamil Nadu 09.jpg|thumb|Ooty bus stand]]
It is located near the [[Udhagamandalam Railway Station|Udhagamandalam railway station]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.incredibletamilnadu.com/hillstation/Ooty/default.shtml|title=TOURIST SPOTS - OOTY|work=Incredible Tamilnadu|accessdate=30 September 2011|archive-date=22 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111022121604/http://www.incredibletamilnadu.com/hillstation/Ooty/default.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> The land on which the bus stand stands on now was originally occupied by the [[Ooty lake]], which was later reclaimed to build the bus stand.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://upasikvk.org/aboutnilgiris.html|title=Places to stay in Nilgiri Hills|work=upasikvk.org|accessdate=30 September 2011|archive-date=2 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402165118/http://upasikvk.org/aboutnilgiris.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Services==
The bus stand having about 10 platforms serves [[:Category:Cities and towns in Nilgiris district|nearby towns of the district]]. The major operators from the bus stand are state–run [[Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation|TNSTC]] ([[Coimbatore]], [[Kumbakonam]], [[Tirupur]], [[Erode]] and [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]]),<ref>{{cite news|last=R Haldorai|title=Now, tour the queen of hills for just Rs 90|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/article379391.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304222904/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/article379391.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 March 2016|accessdate=25 January 2014|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=16 May 2012}}</ref> [[State Express Transport Corporation (Tamil Nadu)|SETC]] ([[Trichy]], [[Kanyakumari]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]] and [[Chennai]]),<ref>{{cite news|last=R. Y. Narayanan|title=Reaching Ooty – an uphill task|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2002/05/07/stories/2002050702541700.htm|accessdate=25 January 2014|newspaper=[[Business Line]]|date=7 May 2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=D. Radhakrishnan|title=Town bus stand in Udhagamandalam waiting for a facelift|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/06/26/stories/2006062603770300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140204013349/http://www.hindu.com/2006/06/26/stories/2006062603770300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 February 2014|accessdate=25 January 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=26 June 2006}}</ref> [[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation]] ([[Bengaluru]], [[Mysuru]], [[Mercara]] and [[Hassan, Karnataka|Hassan]])<ref>{{cite news|title=Bus service to Ooty|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/02/10/stories/2008021057120300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080214080211/http://www.hindu.com/2008/02/10/stories/2008021057120300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 February 2008|accessdate=25 January 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=10 February 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Services to Ooty from Bengaluru|url=http://www.ksrtc.in/site/sites/all/themes/ksrtc/pdf/volvomap/oty.pdf|work=[[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation]]|accessdate=25 January 2014|archive-date=1 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201204018/http://www.ksrtc.in/site/sites/all/themes/ksrtc/pdf/volvomap/oty.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Fly-bus to connect BIA to Mysore|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/Fly-bus-to-connect-BIA-to-Mysore/2013/06/03/article1617609.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130608005855/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/Fly-bus-to-connect-BIA-to-Mysore/2013/06/03/article1617609.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 June 2013|accessdate=25 January 2014|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=3 June 2013}}</ref> and [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation]] ([[Sulthan Bathery]], [[Kannur]] and [[Malappuram]]).<ref>{{cite news|title=Demand to resume KSRTC service to Ooty|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/demand-to-resume-ksrtc-service-to-ooty/article3492130.ece|accessdate=25 January 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=5 June 2012}}</ref>
To deposit luggage cloak room facility available in bus stand, 10 Rs per bag 8 hrs.
No private operators were allowed to ply within the district.<ref>{{cite news|title=No pvt bus service in Ooty: Nehru|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/article15848.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221191249/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/article15848.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 February 2014|accessdate=25 January 2014|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=14 May 2012}}</ref>

==Depots==
This bus stand also has TNSTC-OOTY Regional office & OOTY-1, OOTY-2 depots of TNSTC.

==See also==
* [[Charring cross, Ooty]]
* [[Adam's fountain]]
* [[Glenmorgan, Ooty]]
{{Portal bar|Buses}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Ooty]]
[[Category:Bus stations in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Transport in Ooty]]

National Board of Examinations in Medical Sciences

2025-11-13T07:30:20Z

BraydenBeeby640: new.

{{Short description|Board governing medical licensure in India}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox government agency
| name = National Board of Examinations in Medical Sciences
| type = [[Government agency|Agency]]
| seal = National_Board_of_Examinations_(NBE)_logo.png
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| image_alt =
| formed = {{Start date and age|1975}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Formed in the Year 1975 |url=https://www.natboard.edu.in/aboutus?page=aboutus&key=gd439o308d93h9dj3203hd98uy3209d}}</ref>
| agency_type = Autonomous body
| jurisdiction = [[India]]
| status = Active
| headquarters = [[New Delhi]]
| coordinates = {{coord|28.5778207|N|77.0608008|E|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IN-DL|display=inline,title}}
| motto =
| employees =
| budget =
| parent_department =
| parent_agency = [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]]
President:Dr.Abhijat Sheth, NBEMS
Executive Director:
Dr. Minu Bajpai, NBEMS <ref> {{citeweb |title=NBEMS President and Executive director |url=https://www.natboard.edu.in/}}</ref>
| parent_agency_type = Ministry
| website = {{URL|https://www.natboard.edu.in/}}
}}
'''National Board of Examinations in Medical Sciences''' ('''NBEMS''') is an autonomous body under the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (India)|Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]], [[Government of India]], and established in 1975 at [[New Delhi]] as a Society under Delhi Society registration act, to standardizing postgraduate medical education and examination in India.<ref>{{cite news |title=India to specialise in infectious diseases|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-01-08/india/27887153_1_dengue-and-chikungunya-infectious-diseases-fellowship |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811052056/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-01-08/india/27887153_1_dengue-and-chikungunya-infectious-diseases-fellowship |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 August 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 Jan 2007 }}</ref><ref name=hi>{{cite news |title=President of National Board of Examinations |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/06/09/stories/2004060903111300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040628111924/http://www.hindu.com/2004/06/09/stories/2004060903111300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 June 2004 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=9 Jun 2004 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= New Office building of National Board of Examinations|url=http://pib.nic.in/release/rel_print_page.asp?relid=33935 |date=11 December 2007 |publisher=Press Information Bureau, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Doctors' lobby against renomination |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19980216/04750304.html |publisher=[[Indian Express]]|date=16 February 1998 }}</ref>

The postgraduate degree awarded by the National Board of Examinations is called the [[Diplomate of National Board]] (DNB) for specialty and Doctorate of National Board (DrNB) for superspecialty. The list of recognised qualifications awarded by the Board in various specialties and super-specialties are approved by the [[Government of India]] and are included in the First Schedule of [[Indian Medical Council Act]], 1956. The National Board of Examinations conducts the largest portfolio of examinations in the field of medicine in India <ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-04-21 |title=Study reveals poor state of medical research |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/study-reveals-poor-state-of-medical-research/articleshow/51920662.cms |access-date= |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Examinations==
The National Board of Examinations in Medical Sciences conducts the following examinations:

===Entrance exams===
* [[National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Postgraduate)|NEET-PG]] for admission to MD/MS/DNB postgraduate medical courses across India <ref>{{cite news |title=Entrance to PG, Super-specialty courses through NEET from this year: Prof (Dr) Bipin Batra, NBE|url=http://medicaldialogues.in/entrance-to-specialty-super-specialty-courses-through-neet-from-this-year-prof-dr-bipin-batra/ |publisher=Medical Dialogues|date=1 June 2016 }}</ref>
* NEET-MDS for admission to postgraduate dental courses across India<ref>{{cite news |title=NEET MDS 2017: Exclusive Discussion with Dr. Bipin Batra, Executive Director, NBE|url=http://medicaldialogues.in/neet-mds-2017-exclusive-discussion-with-dr-bipin-batra-nbe/ |publisher=Medical Dialogues|date=20 September 2016 }}</ref>
* [[National Eligibility cum Entrance Test – Super Specialty (NEET-SS)|
NEET-SS]] for admission to DM/Mch/DrNB superspecialty medical courses across India <ref>{{cite news |title=NEET SS 2017 decoded with Dr Bipin Batra, NBE|url=http://medicaldialogues.in/neet-ss-2017-decoded-with-dr-bipin-batra-executive-director-nbe/ |publisher=Medical Dialogues|date=16 December 2016 }}</ref>
* Fellowship Entrance Test (FET) for admission to Fellow of National Board (FNB)/Fellow of National Board - Post Doctoral (FNB-PD) courses.
* DNB-PDCET for admission to various post diploma DNB courses in broad specialty subjects.
* [[Graduate Pharmacy Aptitude Test]] (GPAT) for admission to [[Master of Pharmacy|M. Pharm]].

===Screening tests===
* [[Foreign Medical Graduate Examination]] (FMGE) for Indians graduated from foreign countries to practice in India.
* Foreign Dental Screening Test (FDST) for Indians holding BDS or MDS/PG Diploma to practice in India
**FSDT (BDS)
**FSDT (MDS & PGD)

The screening test is governed by the screening test regulations as notified by the [[Medical Council of India]] with previous approval of [[Central Government of India]] and the judgments of the [[Supreme Court of India]].

===Exit exams===
* DNB/DrNB – Final, exit examination leading to the award of DNB/DrNB.
* FNB Exit, exit examination leading to the award of FNB/FNB-PD.

==See also==
*[[The National Council for Human Resource in Health in India]]
*[[All India Institute of Medical Sciences]]
*[[Medical Council of India Screening Test]]
*[[Compulsory Rotating Medical Internship]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.natboard.edu.in/ National Board of Examinations] - Official Website

{{Standardized tests in India}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:National Board Of Examinations}}
[[Category:Higher education in India]]
[[Category:Medical education in India]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1975]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Delhi]]
[[Category:College accreditors in India]]
[[Category:Examinations in India]]
[[Category:Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]]
[[Category:1975 establishments in Delhi]]

Central University of Kerala

2025-11-08T21:47:24Z

BraydenBeeby640: general add page after review

{{Short description|Central University in Kerala, India}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Central University of Kerala
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Central University of Kerala Logo.png
| image_size = 200px
| image_alt =
| caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position = upward
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|12.393|75.092|type:edu_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| latin_name =
| other_name =
| former_name = 
| motto = Amritam Tu Vidya
| motto_lang = Sanskrit
| mottoeng = Knowledge is Eternal
| type = [[Central university (India)|Central University]]
| established = {{start date and age|2009}}
| closed =
| founder =
| parent =
| affiliation =
| religious_affiliation =
| academic_affiliation =
| endowment =
| budget =
| officer_in_charge =
| chairman =
| chairperson =
| chancellor = S. V. Seshagiri Rao
| vice_chancellor = Siddu Payappa Algur
| principal =
| dean =
| director =
| head_label = [[Visitor]]
| head = [[President of India]]
| academic_staff =
| administrative_staff =
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| other =
| city = [[Kasaragod]]
| state = [[Kerala]]
| province =
| country = India
| coor =
| campus = Suburban
| language = English and Hindi
| free_label =
| free =
| colors = 
| athletics =
| sports =
| athletics_nickname = 
| mascot = 
| sporting_affiliations =
| website = {{URL|http://www.cukerala.ac.in/}}
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| footnotes =
}}
[[File:Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod.jpg|alt=|thumb|Central University Periya]]

'''The Central University of Kerala (CUKerala)''' is located in [[Periya, Kasaragod|Periya]], on the Tejaswini Hills, in [[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod]], the northernmost district of [[Kerala]], India.The main campus is 9.8 km from [[Kanhangad]] and 20 km south of [[Kasaragod]]. The university began at a temporary campus in Vidyanagar, with its humanities schools and other facilities.<ref name="site_ref1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20101129024129/http://www.cukerala.ac.in/ Description on official website]</ref><ref name="foo">[https://web.archive.org/web/20130722022223/http://www.cukerala.ac.in/docs/Prospectus-2013-Central-University-of-Kerala.pdf Prospectus of Central University of Kerala]</ref>

The university was established under '''''The Central Universities Act, 2009''''', which created 15 central universities in India for teaching and research.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 24, 2016 |title=Central Universities Act 2009 & Statutes |url=https://www.cuhimachal.ac.in/admin/assets/uploads/docs/cen_univ_Act.pdf |website=Central University of Himachal Pradesh}}</ref>
[[File:CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF KERALA.jpg|thumb|Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod]]

==Organisation and administration ==
===Schools and departments===
'''School of Biological Sciences'''
* Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
*Department of Genomic Science
*Department of Plant Science
*Department of Zoology
'''School of Business Studies'''
*Department of Commerce & International Business
*Department of Management Studies
*Department of Tourism Studies
'''School of Cultural Studies'''
*Mahathma Ayyankali Centre for Kerala Studies
'''School of Earth Science Systems'''
*Department of Environmental Science
*Department of Geology
'''School of Economics'''
*Department of Economics
'''School of Education'''
*Department of Education
*E Sreedharan Centre for Life Skills Education
'''School of Global Studies'''
*Department of International Relations (Capital Centre, Trivandrum)
*Department of International Relations and Politics
'''School of Languages and Comparative Literatures'''
*Department of English and Comparative Literature
*Department of Hindi
*Department of Kannada
*Department of Linguistics
*Department of Malayalam
'''School of Legal Studies'''
*Department of Law (Thiruvalla campus)
'''School of Medicine and Public Health'''
*Department of Public Health and Community Medicine
*Department of Yoga
'''School of Physical Sciences'''
*Department of Chemistry
*Department of Computer Science
*Department of Mathematics
*Department of Physics
'''School of Social Sciences'''
*Department of Public Administration and Policy Studies
*Department of Social Work
==Academics==
===Academic programmes===
====Undergraduate programs====
The university offers a 6-semester BA program in International Relations, available at the Capital Center Campus in Thiruvananthapuram. It is the only institution in Kerala offering this program.

Academic year 2023-24 onwards, the university also began a four-year Integrated Teacher Education Program (ITEP), which includes BA-B.Ed., BSc-B.Ed., and BCom-B.Ed. The ITEP consists of eight semesters, covering field-based experiences, teaching practice, and internships. The program includes general studies such as Mathematics, Science, Social Sciences, Humanities, and Commerce, along with professional studies in education, curriculum, and teaching methods.<ref name="foo" />

====Postgraduate programs====
The duration of the postgraduate programme is 4 semesters. Each semester has a duration of 16–18 weeks, with 5 working days and 30 instructional hours per week.

The programmes are organised under Choice Based Credit and Semester (CBCS) pattern. Students are offered two types of courses:
* Core courses, identified by each department, providing a broad base in the subject of study;
* Elective courses, chosen by the students in consultation with the Faculty Advisor.

In addition to these, each student does a Dissertation/Project emphasising the application of knowledge to real problems. The minimum total credits required for the successful completion of a PG programme is 72 credits within 4 semesters. Out of the 72 credits, a student has to secure a minimum of 48 but not more than 60 credits, including that of the Dissertation for Core courses, and a minimum of 12 but not more than 24 credits for Elective courses.<ref name="foo" />

====Ph.D programme====
Most of the departments of the university offers Ph.D. programmes.
KILA is the research center of International Relations & Political Science

===Rankings===
[[NIRF]] has ranked the university in the 101-150 band in University rankings and in 151-200 band in the Overall category in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NIRF 2024 University rankings |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2024/UniversityRanking150.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=NIRF 2024 Overall ranking |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2024/OverallRanking200.html}}</ref>

{{Infobox India university ranking
| type = University and college
|NIRF_O_2024=151-200|NIRF_U_2024=101-150}}

==Student life==

===Cankama===
Cankama- The Art Festival of CUK is the most important cultural event of campus which consist of three days of competitions where students compete under each school. Cankama was started in 2015 by then students council and ever since this stands as the most important event of CUK students' life.

===Scholarships/Financial Support===
CUK used to offer scholarships to its PG Students. It was withdrawn from the 2017 academic year onwards despite student protest.

===Hostel Facility===
As of 2024-25, the Central University of Kerala Periya campus has adequate accommodation facilities with separate hostels for girls and boys. The men's hostel block is situated right outside the University compound and consists of three functional hostels. The four ladies' hostels are within the University enclosures. More hostels are under construction and nearing completion. .<ref name="foo" />

===Transportation Facility===
Transport is available to all students from their hostels to the university campuses at subsidised rates.<ref name="foo" />

===University Library===
Central University of Kerala has a full-fledged library at Sindhu Block featuring newspapers, magazines, and a vast collection of books across genres. The library includes a computer lab that has access to most major and minor research publications as well as offers services like plagiarism checking, printing services, etc. The construction of a dedicated Central Library Building is nearing completion.<ref name="foo" />

===Students’ Council===
The Students’ Council is a student body comprising 54 student representatives of which all members are elected through elections conducted in 27 constituencies. Voters of each constituency are students of undergraduate and postgraduate programs and research scholars. The council also has an executive committee composed of 10 members. The President, two Vice Presidents, the General Secretary, two Joint Secretaries and four Executive Committee Members are the office bearers of the Students’ Council.<ref name="foo" />

==Image gallery==
<gallery>
File:Central University of Kerala Campus 23.jpg|campus view
File:Central University of Kerala Campus view from top.jpg|Central University of Kerala Campus view
File:Central University of Kerala Campus 10.jpg|Central University of Kerala Campus
File:Central University of Kerala Campus central Library.jpg|Central University of Kerala Campus central Library
File:Central University of Kerala Campus stone.jpg|Central University of Kerala-Foundation stone
File:Central University of Kerala Campus 22.jpg|Central University of Kerala Campus
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.cukerala.ac.in Official website]

{{commons category|Central University of Kerala}}

{{IndianCentralUniv}}
{{Universities in Kerala}}
{{Kerala}}
{{Education in Kerala}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Central University Of Kerala}}
[[Category:Education in Kasaragod]]
[[Category:Central universities in India]]
[[Category:Universities in Kerala]]
[[Category:2009 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2009]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Kasaragod district]]

Mandalam

2025-10-29T18:18:08Z

BraydenBeeby640:

{{distinguish|mandala|mandal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
[[File:Chera kingdom, chieftaincies, and Chola mandalams c. 11th century (zoom).svg|thumb|400px|The mandalams of the Chola empire, {{circa|11th century}}.{{sfn|Karashima|2014|p=132}}]]
A '''mandalam''' (''maṇḍalam'' meaning ''circle'';{{sfn|Champakalakshmi|1993|p=187}} also known as '''pāḍi''') was the largest territorial division during the [[Chola dynasty]]. At its height, the state was divided into nine mandalams which included areas in [[Sri Lanka]] and other conquered areas.{{sfn|Karashima|2014|p=133}} The two core mandalams were Chola-mandalam and [[Tondaimandalam|Jayangondachola-mandalam]].{{sfn|Karashima|2014|p=131}}

==Administrative divisions under the Cholas==
The term mandalam had been in use as a designation of territory even during the [[Sangam period|Classical Age]] where it had been used to refer to the [[Chera dynasty|Chera]], Chola, and [[Pandyan dynasty|Pandiya]] mandalams.{{sfn|Stein|1977|p=18}} Under [[Raja Raja Chola I]], the concept was evolved to organise the various politico-cultural subregions of the Tamil country that had been unified under the Cholas. Each of these historically significant regions largely continued to maintain its own distinctive cultural characteristics as mandalams.{{sfn|Champakalakshmi|1993|p=187}}

The mandalam was the largest of the Chola territorial divisions and was divided into smaller units named {{Transliteration|sa|nāḍu}}). Each nadu functioned as an agrarian production unit and comprised around ten villages and possibly one or two towns ({{Transliteration|sa|nagaram}}). Raja Raja Chola I introduced an intermediate division named {{Transliteration|sa|vaḷanāḍu}}) to centralise the administration of the state. Chola-mandalam was divided into ten {{Transliteration|sa|valanadus}} which, through bifurcation and rearrangement, increased to fifteen by early 12th century.{{sfn|Karashima|2014|pp=133,135}}

At the peak of their powers, the Chola country was divided into nine mandalams which included conquered regions such as Sri Lanka.{{sfn|Karashima|2014|pp=131,132|ps=: The names and number of the mandalams varies from source to source.}}

===Cholamandalam===
One of the core mandalams of the Cholas, Cholamandalam comprised the modern districts of [[Thanjavur district|Tanjavur]], [[Tiruchirappalli district|Tiruchirapalli]], and [[South Arcot]]. The capitals at various points of Chola history are located here at [[Uraiyur]], [[Tanjavur]], and [[Gangaikondacholapuram]].{{sfn|Ramaswamy|2007|p=138}}

===Parkavan Mandalam===
The Districts of Perambalur, Ariyalur, Salem, Attur, Kallakurichi, Part of Nammakal, Dharmapuri, Chidambaram, Villupuram, Cudalore, Trichy, Tanjore, Pudukottai, Sivagangai and Ramanathapuram are called Parkavan Mandalam.

===Tondaimandalam / Jayankondacholamandalam===
{{Main|Tondaimandalam}}
Tondaimandalam was another of the core mandalams of the Cholas and was previously a territory of the [[Pallavas]]. When it passed into the hands of the Cholas {{circa|880}}, it was renamed Jayankondacholamandalam (literally "the land victoriously absorbed into the Chola country"; also spelt ''Jayangondacholamandalam'').{{sfn|Ramaswamy|2007|p=XLVII}} Tondaimandalam broadly covers the modern districts of [[Chingleput District (Madras Presidency)|Chingleput]], South Arcot, and [[North Arcot]] in Tamil Nadu and portions of [[Chittoor district|Chittoor]] and [[Nellore district|Nellore]] districts in [[Andhra Pradesh]]. When under the control of the Pallavas between the fifth and ninth centuries, [[Kanchipuram]] was their capital.{{sfn|Ramaswamy|2007|pp=140,141}}

===Kongumandalam===
Kongumandalam was a region bounded on all sides by hills and consisted of the present-day districts of
[[Coimbatore]], [[The Nilgiris District|Nilgiri]], [[Erode]], [[Tirupur|Tiruppur]], [[Karur]], [[Krishnagiri]], [[Dindigul district|Dindigul]], [[Salem district|Salem]], [[Namakkal]], [[Dharmapuri]] and small parts of [[Tiruchirappalli district|Tiruchirappalli]]([[Thuraiyur taluk]]), [[Perambalur district|Perambalur]], [[Tirupathur district|Tirupathur]] ([[Kalrayan Hills]]), [[Palakkad district]] and [[Chamarajanagar district]].{{sfn|Ramaswamy|2007|pp=138,139}}

===Pandyamandalam===
Pandyamandalam or Rajarajapandimandalam{{sfn|Karashima|2014|p=132}} was the land traditionally under the control of the [[Pandya dynasty]]. The region covered much of the southeastern portion of the Tamil country with its seat at [[Madurai]].{{sfn|Ramaswamy|2007|pp=139,140}}

===Gangapadi===
This mandalam was also known as Mudikondacholamandalam.{{sfn|Karashima|2014|p=132}}

===Tadigaipadi===
This mandalam was also known as Vikramacholamandalam.{{sfn|Karashima|2014|p=132}}

===Nulambapadi===
This mandalam was also known as Nigarilicholamandalam.{{sfn|Karashima|2014|p=132}}

===Marayapadi===
Marayapadi{{sfn|Karashima|2014|p=132}} was one of the northern mandalams and included parts of modern-day [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]].

===Mummudicholamandalam / Ilamandalam===
When Raja Raja Chola I annexed the northern part of Sri Lanka, he named the area Mummudicholamandalam which was also known as Ilamandalam or Izhamandalam. [[Anuradhapura]] and [[Polonnaruwa]] were the major settlements in the region.{{sfn|Karashima|2014|p=132}}

===Naduvilmandalam===
Not always considered a full-fledged mandalam, this region was called so as it lay between (''naduvil'') Cholamandalam and Tondaimandalam. The region was never associated with any particular ruling dynasty and consequently never gained in importance. Naduvilmandalam consisted of the area between the mouths of the [[South Pennar]] and North [[Vellar River|Vellaru]] rivers.{{sfn|Ramaswamy|2007|p=139}}

==See also==
* [[Rajamandala]]
* [[Mandala (political model)]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Karashima|editor1-first=Noboru|editor1-link=Noboru Karashima|title=A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations|date=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780198099772|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fpdVoAEACAAJ|language=en}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Champakalakshmi|first1=R.|authorlink1=R. Champakalakshmi|title=The Urban Configurations of Toṇḍaimaṇḍalam: The Kāñcīpuram Region, c. A.D. 600-1300|journal=Studies in the History of Art|date=1993|volume=31|pages=185–207|jstor=42620479}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Stein|first1=Burton|authorlink1=Burton Stein|title=Circulation and the Historical Geography of Tamil Country|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|date=1977|volume=37|issue=1|pages=7–26|doi=10.2307/2053325|jstor=2053325}}
* {{cite book|last1=Ramaswamy|first1=Vijaya|title=Historical dictionary of the Tamils|date=2007|publisher=Scarecrow Press|location=Lanham, Md.|isbn=9780810864450 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H4q0DHGMcjEC}}

[[Category:Chola Empire]]
[[Category:Former subdivisions of India]]
[[Category:Former subdivisions of Sri Lanka]]

Cholas of Nellore

2025-10-26T12:36:45Z

BraydenBeeby640:

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
[[File:Telugu Chodas of Nellore. Bhoja II. 1216-1316 CE. Uniface flan with central lion standing left, four additional lion, two śri, uncertain, and bhujabha in Kananda punchmarks.jpg|thumb|300px|Coinage of the Nellore Chodas. King Bhoja II, 1216-1316 CE. Uniface flan with central lion standing left, four additional lion, two śri, uncertain, and ''bhujabha'' legend in Telugu punchmarks]]

'''Cholas of Nellore''', also known as '''Nellore Chodas''' or '''Nellore Cholas''', were one of the branch of [[Telugu Chodas|Telugu Chola]] families who ruled over parts of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in the 11th and 14th centuries. They were chieftains to [[Chola Empire|Imperial Cholas]], [[Kakatiya Empire|Kakatiyas]] and [[Western Chalukya Empire|Western Chalukyas]] and ruled over the [[Nellore]] region. The dominance of Nellore Cholas grew towards the end of the Velanandu Chola dynasty, they claimed descent from the early Chola Tamil king [[Karikala Chola]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.201713/page/n441/mode/1up?q=karikala&view=theater|title=The History Of Andhra Country 1000 A D 1500 A D|author=Yashoda Devi|page=444|year=1993}}</ref>

Mostly their records are found in Tamil, Telugu, Sanskrit and Grantha.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.201713/page/n441/mode/1up?q=karikala&view=theater|title=The History Of Andhra Country 1000 A D 1500 A D|author=Yashoda Devi|page=443|year=1993}}</ref>

==Rulers==
Twelve rulers of the line ruled for more than two centuries, and at times, their power expanded over the majority of Andhra region and beyond into the Hoysala and Imperial Chola kingdoms.
* Bijjana Choda
* Manumasiddharasa I
* Dayabhima and Nallasiddharasa
* Errasiddha
* Manumasiddharasa II
* Tammusiddhi
* Tikka Choda I or Thirukalatti
* Allutikka, Manumasiddharasa III and [[Vijaya Gandagopala|Vijayagandagopala]]
* Tikka Choda II
* Manumagandagopala or Nallasiddharasa III
* Rajagandagopala or Ranganatha
* Viragandagopala<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.201713/page/n441/mode/1up?q=karikala&view=theater|title=The History Of Andhra Country 1000 A D 1500 A D|author=Yashoda Devi|page=443-465|year=1993}}</ref>

==History==
These Chodas claimed their descent from the famous early Chola ruler, [[Karikala]]. They ruled over their kingdom consisting of the [[Nellore]], [[Cuddapah]], [[Chittoor]] and Chengalput districts with Vikramasimhapuri (modern [[Nellore]]) as their capital.

Choda Bijjana was the first important chief in the Nellore Choda clan. As a feudatory of [[Someshvara I|Someswara I]] of [[Western Chalukyas]], he took part in the wars of the Chalukyas and [[Later Cholas]]. In recognition of the loyalty and services of his descendants to the Chalukyas of Kalyani, [[Vikramaditya II|Vikramadiya II]] appointed them as rulers of Pakanadu.

Later Choda Tikka (1223–1248), the father of the famous Manumasiddhi, extended his kingdom to as far south as the river [[Kaveri]]. He owed nominal allegiance to the already crippled [[Later Cholas]]. Along with the [[Hoysala]] [[Vira Narasimha II|Vira Narasimha]], he helped the [[Later Cholas]] ruler [[Rajaraja Chola III]] in restoring him back to his throne by repulsing the attacks of Aniyanka Bhima, [[Kopperunchinga II]] and the [[Pandyas]].

Subsequently, when the Hoyasala Vira Narasimha's successor Somesvara, desirous of making the [[Later Chola]] ruler a puppet in his hands, joined hands with the Pandyas and attacked Rajendra III, Choda Tikka came to the rescue of the Chola emperor. He defeated both the Hoyasala and the Pandyan forces and got thereby the Tondaimandalam region for himself. He even assumed the title ''Cholasthapanacharya''. During the reign of Tikka's son and successor [[Vijaya Gandagopala]] (1248–1263), the power of the Nellore Cholas was at its low ebb. Vijayagandagopala and his brothers Manumasiddha III and Allutikka were ruling Nellore kingdom together.

In 1260 AD, [[Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan I]] overran Vijaya Gandagopala's territory and marched as far as Nellore where he performed 'Virabhisheka'. He anointed himself as king of Kanchi. About the same year, a dangerous feud broke out between Manumasiddhi III and Katamaraju, the chief of Erragaddapadu in Kanigiri region. The feud was on the issue of the rights of the two princes to use certain wide meadows as grazing grounds for their flocks of cattle. It led to the fierce engagement of the two sides and the bloody battle was fought at Panchalingala on the Paleru river. Manumasiddhi's forces led by Khadga [[Tikkana]], the cousin of poet [[Tikkana]] won the battle, but the leader perished. This feud and the consequent battle formed the theme of the popular ballad entitled "Katamaraju Katha". Shortly after this disastrous battle, Manumasiddhi died.

With the death of Manumasiddhi III, the Nellore kingdom lost its individuality, became a battle ground between the [[Kakatiyas]] and the [[Pandyas]] and changed hands frequently. In the reign of Kakatiya Prataparudra II, the Nellore region became part and parcel of the Kakatiya empire and lost its political significance.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.201713/page/n441/mode/1up?q=karikala&view=theater|title=The History Of Andhra Country 1000 A D 1500 A D|author=Yashoda Devi|page=443-465|year=1993}}</ref>

==Religion==
The region during this period witnessed both [[Saivism]] and [[Vaishnavism]].

==Literature==
[[File:Telugu Chodas. Manuma II. Circa 1250-1291.jpg|thumb|Coinage of King Manuma II of the Telugu Chodas. Circa 1250-1291 CE.]]
The period of rule of the Telugu Chodas was in particular significant for the development it received in the [[Telugu literature]] under the patronage of the rulers. It was the age in which the great Telugu poets [[Tikkana]], [[Mulaghatika Ketana|Ketana]] and Marana enriched the literature with their remarkable contributions. Tikkana Somayaji was a minister of Manumasiddhi II of Nellore. This great poet had for his credit two important works in Telugu. The first one is ''Nirvachanottara Ramayanamu''. Though a highly Sanskritised style was employed, it is characterised by excellent literary qualities and abounding elements of Pathos and heroism. However it is the ''Andhra Mahabharata'' which brought for Tikkana undying fame and made him one of the immortals.{{Citation needed|date=March 2010}} Though it is a translation of the last fifteen volumes of the Mahabharata, left out by his predecessor Nannaya, yet Tikkana put life and blood into it with an avowed objective of making it an epic. His delineation of character, dramatic dialogue and lucid and at the same time suggestive exposition of facts are masterly in nature.{{Citation needed|date=March 2010}} His broad spiritual outlook, lofty idealism, high imagination and splendid diction made him ''Kavi Brahma'' (The Supreme Creator among poets).

They have released several stone inscriptions and copper plate inscriptions in Tamil, Telugu, Sanskrit and Grantha languages.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.201713/page/n441/mode/1up?q=karikala&view=theater|title=The History Of Andhra Country 1000 A D 1500 A D|author=Yashoda Devi|page=443|year=1993}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Epic of Katamaraju]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* Durga Prasad, History of the Andhras up to 1565 A. D., P. G. PUBLISHERS, GUNTUR (1988)
* South Indian Inscriptions - http://www.whatisindia.com/inscriptions/

[[Category:Dynasties of India]]
[[Category:Former monarchies of India]]
[[Category:Chola dynasty]]
[[Category:History of Andhra Pradesh]]

C. S. A. Swami

2025-10-18T06:12:33Z

BraydenBeeby640: Started Initial Info V1 - done

{{short description|Indian long-distance runner}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox athlete
| name = C. S. A. Swami
| birth_name =
| image =
| caption =
| nationality = Indian
| sport = Long-distance running
| event = Marathon
| club = Indian National Olympic Team
| birth_date = {{birth date|1913|12|31|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Ooty|Ootacamund]] (Ooty), [[Madras Presidency]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|1997|10|22|1913|2|18|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Coimbatore]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| height = 165 cm<ref name=olymp/>
| weight = 54 kg<ref name=olymp/>
}}

'''Christopher Sebastian Arul Swami''' (31 December 1913 – 22 October 1997), better known as '''C. S. A. Swami''', was an Indian journalist and athlete.<ref name=olymp>{{cite web|url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/71451 |title=Arul Swami |work=Olympedia |accessdate=7 July 2020}}</ref> He competed in the [[Athletics at the 1936 Summer Olympics – Men's marathon|marathon]] at the [[1936 Summer Olympics]].<ref name="SportsRef">{{cite Sports-Reference |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/sw/arul-swami-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418002014/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/sw/arul-swami-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 April 2020 |title=Arul Swami Olympic Results |accessdate=30 April 2017}}</ref> Aged 22 in 1936, he was the youngest participant for India at the 1936 Berlin Summer Games.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200417090716/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/IND/summer/1936/ATH/ Youngest participant of India at 1936 Berlin Summer Games]</ref>

At the time of the Olympics, Swami had a personal best of 2 hours and 47 seconds in the marathon.<ref>[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/136519357/ India relies on 28 at the Olympics], Star-Phoenix, 24 July, 1936 (via newspapers.com)</ref> During the journey to Berlin, Swami caught [[Paratyphoid fever|paratyphoid]] in [[Malta]]. In Berlin, he was stretchered to the Olympic Village and then stayed in a hospital for three weeks. <ref>[https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/swamis-demise-loss-to-sport/ Swami’s demise, loss to sport], Indian Express, 23 October, 1997</ref> The 100-pound Swami was described as the "smallest athlete in the games" by [[Lawson Robertson]], the head coach of the American athletics team.<ref>[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/136519499 St Louis Post-Dispatch], Lawson Robertson, 25 July, 1936 (via newspapers.com) </ref>

Despite being frail, Swami started the Olympic marathon. Halfway through the race, he became ill. He collapsed at the finish and was carried back to the hospital.<ref name=gulu/> Swami had a time of 3:10:44.0 and he was 37th among the 42 runners who completed the course. A further 18 runners, including the defending champion [[Juan Carlos Zabala]], did not complete the race.<ref name=Olympedia>{{cite web |url=https://www.olympedia.org/results/58231 |work=Olympedia |title=Marathon, Men |access-date=27 August 2020}}</ref>

Besides being a runner over several distances, Swami was a shooter, football coach and referee. He had a journalistic career in the [[Free Press Journal]],[[Times of India]] and [[Indian Express]]. He joined Indian Express in 1947 and retired as the Chief Sports Editor in 1984.<ref name=gulu> [[Gulu Ezekiel|Ezekiel, Gulu]], Myths and Mysteries : Indian Sport Behind the Headlines, Rupa Publications, 2023 </ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{sports links}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Swami, Arul}}
[[Category:1913 births]]
[[Category:1997 deaths]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1936 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Indian men long-distance runners]]
[[Category:Indian men marathon runners]]
[[Category:Olympic athletes for India]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing]]

{{India-athletics-bio-stub}}

Dr. Syama Prasad Mookerjee Tunnel

2025-09-18T21:16:03Z

BraydenBeeby640: Started A Data From Scratch - done

{{Short description|Road tunnel in Jammu and Kashmir, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox tunnel
|name = Chenani-Nashri Tunnel
|image = File:Chenani-Nashri Highway Tunnel Night.jpg
|image_size =270px
|caption = The Tunnel at night
|official_name=
|other_name = {{Unbulleted list|Chenani-Nashri Tunnel<br />Patnitop Tunnel}}
|location = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]] {{flagicon|India}}
|coordinates =
|os_grid_ref =
|route = [[File:NH44-IN.svg|20px|link=|alt=C2]] [[National Highway 44 (India)|National Highway 44]]
|crosses = [[Patnitop]], [[Kud]], and [[Batote]]
|status = {{green|Active}}
|start = [[Chenani]]
|end = Nashri, Ramban District
|startwork = July 2011 <ref name="The Hindu 2011">{{cite news|title=Centre unveils Rs 10,000 cr road projects for J&K – The Hindu|newspaper=The Hindu |date=25 July 2011 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/centre-unveils-rs-10000-cr-road-projects-for-jk/article2293238.ece|accessdate=3 April 2017}}</ref>
|opened = 2 April 2017 <ref name="The Hindu 2017">{{cite news|title=PM Modi inaugurates Indias longest road tunnel in J&K – The Hindu|newspaper=The Hindu |date=2 April 2017 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/pm-narendra-modi-inaugurates-indias-longest-road-tunnel-chenaninashri-in-jammu-and-kashmir/article17762274.ece|accessdate=3 April 2017}}</ref>
|owner = [[National Highways Authority of India]]
|traffic = Automotive (except fuel tanker)
|character = Passenger and freight
|toll =
|vpd =
|engineer = [[Infrastructure Leasing & Financial Services|IL&FS Transportation Networks Ltd]]
|construction =
|length = {{convert|9.28|km|mi}}<ref name="PP"/>
|lanes = 2<ref name="PP">{{cite web|title=IL&FS Transportation Networks Ltd – Chenani-Nashri Tunnel Project Page|url=http://www.itnlindia.com/projects_details.aspx?page_id=17&sec_id=4&ProjectID=26|accessdate=24 March 2017}}</ref>
|speed = 50km/h<ref name = "HT1"/>
|hielevation = {{convert|1200|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
|lowelevation =
|height =
|width = {{convert|13|m|ft||abbr=on}}
|grade =
}}
'''Dr. Syama Prasad Mookerjee Tunnel''', also known as '''Chenani-Nashri Tunnel''', is a {{convert|9.28|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}} [[road tunnel]] connecting the towns of [[Chenani]] and [[Ramban, Jammu and Kashmir|Nashri]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]]. It carries two lanes of [[National Highway 44 (India)|National Highway 44]].

This all-weather tunnel bypasses an old section of Highway which is full of hair-pin bends and snowfall and avalanche prone areas in winter at places like [[Patnitop]], [[Kud]], and [[Batote]] that obstructed the highway every winter and caused long queues of vehicles; sometimes for days.<ref name = "HT1"/>

It is India's longest road tunnel with a length of {{convert|9.28|km|1|abbr=on}},<ref name = "HT1">{{cite web|title=PM Narendra Modi to inaugurate India's longest tunnel: 10 facts about the 'engineering marvel'|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/modi-to-inaugurate-india-s-longest-tunnel-10-facts-about-the-engineering-marvel/story-YwLJXwkDDVtc79oJEgvYmO.html|website=Hindustan Times|accessdate=27 March 2017|language=en|date=27 March 2017}}</ref> and the country's first tunnel with a fully integrated tunnel control system.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/chennai-nashri-tunnel-through-the-heart-of-the-himalayas-a-shorter-safer-route-to-the-valley-4591701/|title=Chenani-Nashri tunnel: Through the heart of the Himalayas, a shorter, safer route to the Valley|date=30 March 2017|work=The Indian Express|access-date=3 April 2017|language=en-US}}</ref> It reduces the distance between [[Jammu]] and [[Srinagar]] by 30 km and travel time by two hours. It is named after [[Syama Prasad Mookerjee]], who served as the Minister for Industry and Supply in Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru's cabinet and later founded the [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]].

==Location==
The tunnel is located on the lower Himalayan range at an altitude of {{convert|1200|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name = "HT1"/> The southern portal (end) of the tunnel is at {{coord|33.0463|75.2793|scale:500000|display=inline}} and the northern portal (end) of the tunnel is at coordinates {{coord|33.1285|75.2928|scale:500000|display=inline}}. The tunnel has been excavated starting from about {{convert|2|km|0|abbr=on}} from [[Chenani|Chenani town]] south of [[Patnitop]] to Nashri village north of Patnitop.

== Construction ==
The foundation was laid for the project in July 2011 by the then [[List of chief ministers of Jammu and Kashmir|Jammu and Kashmir Chief Minister]] [[Omar Abdullah]] with [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|Union Health Minister]] [[Ghulam Nabi Azad]], under the ruling [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]] government. However the project stalled for the next few year and saw wide fluctuations in estimates with funding difficulties.<ref name="The Hindu 2011" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/news/centre-unveils-rs-10-000-cr-road-projects-for-jk/99658.html|title=CENTRE UNVEILS RS 10,000 Cr ROAD PROJECTS FOR JK|work=[[Greater Kashmir]]|access-date=3 April 2017}}</ref> The original estimate to build this two-lane tunnel was {{INRConvert|2520|c|lk=on|year=2011}}, but escalated to a total of {{INRConvert|3720|c}}.<ref name=KLTunnel>{{Cite web|url=https://www.highwaymonks.com/facts-about-chenani-nashri-tunnel-jk/1411/|title=PM to inaugurate Chenani Nashri tunnel, read the facts|accessdate=19 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320052628/https://www.highwaymonks.com/facts-about-chenani-nashri-tunnel-jk/1411/|archive-date=20 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name = "HT1"/> The scheduled date of completion for the project was May 2016. Later, due to a dispute between the construction workers and the executing agency, the work was delayed and the next planned date was then further extended to July 2016.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://m.greaterkashmir.com/news/jammu/story/230732.html|title=9-km Chenani-Nashri tunnel to be thrown open in November|work=[[Greater Kashmir]]|access-date=3 April 2017}}</ref>

On 12 October 2016, it was reported that almost all the work had been completed due to pressure from Modi's office and the remaining work was planned to be finished in a few days and that "''98 percent civil work including construction of 9 km tunnel and its approach road has been completed while the installation of equipment and gadgets like sound diffusers, ventilators, fans, firefighter equipment, electrical panels, transformers, lighting etc. inside the tunnel is under progress and likely to be completed in next 20–30 days.''" They added that after the completion of remaining work, it has to pass the quality and commuters’ safety tests, and that the entire process would be completed by last week of November and authorities will inaugurate the "ambitious" project in the first week of December.

However on 3 February 2017, official sources said that the project was getting delayed due to bad weather conditions and snowfall on the highway, which snapped the electricity supply to the area and so the executing agency was unable to continue with the required testing and inspection processes.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/front-page/finally-light-at-end-of-chenani-nashri-tunnel/240432.html|title=Finally, light at end of Chenani-Nashri tunnel|work=[[Greater Kashmir]]|access-date=3 April 2017}}</ref>

According to a news article on 1 March 2017, the Independent Engineers (IEs) reported that the [[2016 Indian banknote demonetisation|demonetisation]] on 8 November 2016 resulted in work getting affected as the contractors failed to pay the labour involved in the work. The Construction Company's Executive, Shafaq Syed also confirmed, "''Demonetisation crippled our working. We were unable to make payments to our subcontractors.''."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kashmirlife.net/demonization-delayed-opening-chenani-nashri-tunnel-133809/|title=Demonization delayed opening of Chenani-Nashri tunnel|website=[[Kashmir Life]]|date=March 2017 |language=en-GB|access-date=3 April 2017}}</ref>

The tunnel was inaugurated by the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] on 2 April 2017. The construction involved nearly 1,500 engineers, geologists and labourers, besides skilled workers. The [[National Highways Authority of India]] has spent ₹3,720 crore on the project.<ref name="The Hindu 2017" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/srinagar/new-tunnel-between-srinagar-jammu-to-shorten-distance-by-2-hours/articleshow/57934494.cms?|title=New tunnel between Srinagar, Jammu to shorten distance by 2 hours – Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=3 April 2017}}</ref>

== Features and benefits ==
Tunnel comprises two tubes that run parallel to each other — the main traffic tunnel of diameter 13 m and a separate safety or escape tunnel of diameter 6 m alongside. The two tubes — each approximately 9 km long — are connected by 29 cross passages at regular intervals of every 300 metres along the entire length of the tunnel. These passages add up to about 1 km of tunnel length, and the main and escape tubes, plus the cross passages make up about 19 km of tunnel length. Since such a long tunnel could present the problem of lack of oxygen, to ensure that there is no excessive carbon-dioxide build-up inside, there are several exhaust metres that will check the air all through the length of the tunnel. With inlets, every 8 metres, bringing fresh air into the main tube, and exhaust outlets every 100 m opening into the escape tube, the tunnel is the country’s first, and the world’s sixth, road tunnel with a transverse ventilation system.

Transverse ventilation will keep tailpipe smoke inside the tunnel at a minimum level in order to prevent suffocation and keep visibility at acceptable levels, especially since the tunnel is so long. The 29 cross passages between the two tunnels will be used to evacuate, through the escape tunnel, a user who might be in distress or to tow away any vehicle that might have broken down in the main tunnel. A total of 124 cameras and a linear heat detection system inside the tunnel will alert the Integrated Tunnel Control Room (ITCR) located outside the tunnel to the need for intervention. In the case of a traffic violation, the Control Room informs the traffic police deployed outside the tunnel, who shall impose a fine on errant drivers on the spot.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="HT1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sharedmachine.in/gyan/knowledge-base/the-chenani-nashri-all-weather-tunnel-a-true-engineering-marvel/|title=Asia's Longest Bi-directional Tunnel – Chenani-Nashri-Tunnel|last=Upadhyay|first=Abhishek|website=Shared Machine}}</ref>

SOS boxes installed every 150 m will act as emergency hotlines for commuters in distress. To connect to the ITCR to seek help, one would only need to open the door of the SOS box and say ‘Hello’, said an executive of the project. Commuters can use their mobile phones inside the tunnel. To prevent diminution of vision as a result of change in the light while going in or coming out of the tunnel, the lighting inside has been adjusted at a gradient of luminous strength. The tunnel is built with fire safety measures. As soon as sensors detect fire, a safety protocol will kick in, and the pushing of fresh air will stop and only exhausts will function. Longitudinal exhaust fans installed at regular intervals will concentrate on 300 m on either side of the fire, pushing the smoke upward. Ambulances or vehicles carrying foam will rush through the escape tunnel to evacuate commuters and fight the fire.<ref name=":1" />

The heat detection system inside the tunnel will record rises in temperature in the tunnel — the result of excessive emissions which may be caused by one or more vehicles. In such cases, the ITCR will get in touch with staff inside the tunnel, and the offending vehicle will be pulled over into a lay-by and subsequently removed by a crane through the parallel escape tunnel.<ref name=":1" />

The tunnel is located at an altitude of nearly 4,000 feet in difficult [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] terrain. Despite having been excavated in such geographic conditions, both tubes are completely waterproof.<ref name=":1" />

Because of this two-lane tunnel, the distance between [[Chenani]] and Nashri and hence between Jammu and Srinagar is reduced by 30 km and travel time is cut by two hours. The tunnel bypasses 44 avalanche and landslide-prone spots on the highway. It is an "all-weather" tunnel and enables an increase in trade and tourism in the state. The tunnel also has parking spots in case of vehicle breakdowns.<ref name=":2" />

==See also==
* [[Jawahar Tunnel]]
* [[Banihal Qazigund Road Tunnel]]
* [[Nandni tunnels]]
* [[Pir Panjal Railway Tunnel]]
* [[Zoji-la Tunnel]]
* [[Z-Morh Tunnel]]
* [[Atal Tunnel]]
* [[Chattergala Tunnel]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal|author1=M. Palomba|author2=G. Russo|author3=F. Amadini|author4=G. Carrieri|author5=A.R. Jain|title=Chenani-Nashri Tunnel, the longest road tunnel in India: a challenging case for design-optimization during construction|journal=World Tunnel Congress 2013 Geneva|url=http://www.webalice.it/giordandue/chenani%20mpl.pdf|language=en-gb}}

[[Category:Road tunnels in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Tunnels completed in 2017]]
[[Category:Ramban district]]
[[Category:Udhampur district]]
[[Category:2017 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]

Horadandia brittani

2025-09-17T17:50:34Z

BraydenBeeby640: Starting initial post v1

{{Short description|Species of fish}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Horadandia brittani.jpg
| image_caption =
| status =
| status_system =
| status_ref =
| taxon = Horadandia brittani
| display_parents = 3
| authority = [[Karunakaran Rema Devi|Rema Devi]] & [[Ambat Gopalan Kutty Menon|Menon]], 1992
| synonyms = ''Horadandia atukorali brittani'' <small>Rema Devi & Menon, 1992</small>
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=CoF/>
}}

'''''Horadandia brittani''''' is a species of very small freshwater ray-finned fish belonging to the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Danionidae]]. This species is [[Endemism|endemic]] to coastal floodplains in [[South India]].<ref name=FishBase>{{FishBase |genus= Horadandia |species= brittani| month = February | year = 2021}}</ref> Originally [[species description|described]] as a [[subspecies]] of ''[[Horadandia atukorali|H. atukorali]]'', it was elevated to species level in 2013.<ref name=CoF/><ref name=Batuwita2013>{{cite journal |author=Batuwita, S. |author2=de Silva, M. |author3=Edirisinghe, U. |year=2013 |title=A review of the danionine genera ''Rasboroides'' and ''Horadandia'' (Pisces: Cyprinidae), with description of a new species from Sri Lanka |journal=Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=121–140}}</ref> It can grow to {{convert|2|cm|abbr=on}} [[Fish measurement|standard length]].<ref name=FishBase/>

==Etymology==
The fish is named in honor of American ichthyologist [[Martin R. Brittan]] (1922–2008), who provided the specimens, the biometric data and the literature, and for critically reviewing the authors’ manuscript regarding the description.<ref name = ETYFish>{{cite web | url = http://www.etyfish.org/danionidae/ | title = Family DANIONIDAE: Bleeker 1863 (Danios) | access-date= 6 February 2025 | author1 = Christopher Scharpf | author2 = Kenneth J. Lazara | name-list-style = amp | work = The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database | publisher = Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara | date = 22 September 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=CoF>{{Cof record |spid=63397 |title=''Horadandia brittani'' |access-date=10 June 2021}}</ref>
}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q21273316}}

[[Category:Danios]]
[[Category:Horadandia|brittani]]
[[Category:Freshwater fish of India]]
[[Category:Fish described in 1992]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Karunakaran Rema Devi]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Ambat Gopalan Kutty Menon]]

{{Danioninae-stub}}

Ravindra Reddy

2025-09-14T01:48:33Z

BraydenBeeby640: Creating Basic Stub More To Come

{{more citations needed|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ravindra Reddy
| birth_date = 24 June 1938
| birth_place = [[Nellore district]]
| death_date = 21 January 2016
| education = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Anantapur]]
| alma_mater = [[Indian Institute of Science]]
}}
'''P. Ravindra Reddy''' (24 June 1938 – 21 January 2016) was an Industrialist, pioneer in indigenization and invention of several critical technologies for [[India]] in the fields of Space, Nuclear Power, Defense, Oil, and Gas Exploration, among others. He was founder Chairman of [[MTAR]] Technologies Private Limited and was also Director of the Governing Body of the [[Antrix Corporation]], from its inception in 1992 until 2013.

==Early life==
Ravindra Reddy was born in Alluru village, [[Madras Presidency]], (now in [[Nellore district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]), India. He graduated with a [[Bachelor of Engineering|B.E.]] in 1958 from College of Engineering, now [[Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Anantapur]] with specialization in [[Mechanical Engineering]]. After his graduation, Ravindra Reddy briefly attended [[Indian Institute of Science]], Bengaluru.{{citationneeded|date=July 2024}}

==Career==
Ravindra Reddy was a leading technologist in the field of precision manufacturing and has made a significant contribution to the indigenous development of several technologies, from multi-stage [[Satellite Launch Vehicle|satellite launch vehicles]] to achieving self-reliance for India in several areas of Nuclear Power generation, Missile technologies, Oil and Gas exploration among others.<ref>{{cite news|work=[[Live Mint]]|title = MTAR to set up arm to make oilfield equipment|url = https://www.livemint.com/Money/i8BbuGRydRaMYy0tXHWISK/MTAR-to-set-up-arm-to-make-oilfield-equipment.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=[[Business Standard]]|title = P Ravinder Reddy, Chairman, MTAR Technologies Pvt Ltd|url = https://wap.business-standard.com/article-amp/sme/q-a-p-ravinder-reddy-chairman-mtar-technologies-pvt-ltd-111062100080_1.html}}</ref> After starting his career at [[HMT (company)|HMT]], Hyderabad, Reddy became an entrepreneur founding MTAR (Machine Tool Aids and Reconditioning), in Balanagar, Hyderabad, India. As Founder and visionary behind this small machine shop of 10 employees, Ravindra Reddy was instrumental in developing MTAR into a world-class precision Engineering firm that currently employs over 1,200 highly skilled workers across 7 divisions. His Organization manufactures sophisticated Liquid Propulsion Engines/Cryogenic Engine Systems that routinely launch [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle]]s, that powered India's prestigious and pioneering [[Mars Orbiter Mission]] Mangalyaan and also PSLV-C37 that successfully launched 104 Satellites in a single flight setting a world record.<ref>{{cite news|work=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]]|title = Manna from Mars|url = https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/features/india-maiden-mars-orbiter-mission-companies-role/story/200601.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=[[The Hans India]]|title = What the Mars Mission means to India|url = https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Hans/2014-09-28/What-the-Mars-Mission-means-to-India/109538}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=[[Media of India]]|title = A good weather forecast for Indian Space industry?|url = https://mediaindia.eu/business-politics/isro-launching-new-satellite-and-boosting-the-manufacturing-of-more/}}</ref> He was also key to indigenizing many key components used in several Indian Nuclear Power Projects including [[Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor]].<ref>{{cite news|work=Syed Akbar|title = MTAR Technologies develops grid plate for prototype fast breeder reactor|url = https://syedakbarindia.blogspot.com/2003/03/mtar-technologies-develops-grid-plate.html}}</ref> Ravindra Reddy's MTAR is recognized as a key private partner in Defence Industry contributing to some important indigenous development of ICBMs such as Agni-V.<ref>{{cite news|work=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]]|title = Hyderabad-based company MTAR plays an important role in Agni projects|url = https://www.businesstoday.in/current/corporate/tars-role-in-agni-5-launches/story/24238.html}}</ref>

Ravindra Reddy's contributions to an important area for India's self-reliance was recognized by Awards such as one presented by Nobel Prize winner [[Mohamed ElBaradei]], Director General IAEA, Vienna, in 2004 at Indian Nuclear Society, Mumbai, for significant contributions in the nuclear field through innovative technologies and management approaches. He is also a recipient of “Defence Technology Absorption Award" in 2004, in recognition of the outstanding contribution made by the firm in technology absorption in the area of Agni Missiles, presented by Prime Minister of India Dr. [[Manmohan Singh]]. He was also awarded “Prof Y. Nayudamma Memorial Gold Medal” on 25 June 1993 by the Andhra Pradesh Academy of Sciences. Under his stewardship, a 100% EOU Division of MTAR Technologies was started which currently exports high-value assemblies to technologically advanced countries such as the USA, Israel, among others.{{citationneeded|date=July 2024}}

Ravindra Reddy was Chairman and main brain in establishing Samuha Engineering Industries Limited group Companies promoted for developing Aero Park/Aerospace and Precision Engineering SEZ at Adibatla, Hyderabad. He helped develop the infrastructure and now many industries are operational. He was also a member in Chief Minister Advisory Committee of combined Andhra Pradesh.{{citationneeded|date=July 2024}}

He is the Fellow of [[Indian National Academy of Engineering]]. And director of [[Antrix Corporation]], commercial arm of [[Indian Space Research Organisation]]<ref>{{cite news|work=[[The Hindu]]|title = 4 independent directors on Antrix board|url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/4-independent-directors-on-antrix-board/article5571914.ece}}</ref>

==Awards==
Ravindra Reddy has been awarded the following:
*Dr. Yelavarthy Nayudamma Memorial Award- 1993{{citationneeded|date=July 2024}}
*INS Industrial Excellence Award 2003{{citationneeded|date=July 2024}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian industrialists]]

Sainath Thotapalli

2025-08-25T04:43:51Z

BraydenBeeby640: adding a info first draft

{{Short description|Indian screenwriter}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
'''Sainath Thotapalli''' (born 27 April 1956) is a well-known writer from the Telugu film industry (also known as Tollywood) and has written for 98 Telugu movies so far including Sitara, Swathimutyam, [[Swarnakamalam]], Swayamkrushi, Sirivennela, Prema, Challenge, Marana Mrudangam, Pavitra Prema and Rakhi among others. He was also long associated with the Mumbai film industry (also known as Bollywood) for movies such as Criminal and Gundagardi.

He worked on Padiappa, Veetilo Viseshamga, Madrasi and Villain for the Chennai film industry (also known as Kollywood). Sainath's contribution to Kannada language films (Years 1995–2000) include the only two films that the ex-chief minister Ramakrishna Hegde acted in – Prajashakthi and Marana Mrudanga. His association with the Kannada film industry has been for 14 Kannada films so far including Halunda Tavaru, Lion Jagapathi Rao among others.

==Biography==

Sainath is the fourth born to TSS Sharma and Susheela in Ananthapur from their seven children. Thanks to his father's job as a railway station master, he travelled extensively during his formative years and did his schooling from Chennai (then Madras), Rajahmundry, Anaparthi, Gudivada, Ongole and Nellore before going to Vijayawada. He did his graduation in BSc from SRR and CVR Government College at Vijayawada.

His writing skills started showing right from his school days when he wrote his first drama in class 7th and continued this work in the form of writing short stories during college. His first serious association with the creative industry started with his joining Kalabharathi, founded by Jandhyala Subramanya Sastry (who he considers his guru) in 1972. Here, he started acting in various plays and wrote his first playlet "Konark Vastunondi" in 1973. His play "Chaitanyam" was aired on All India Radio in 1974 and Vennela Keretam in 1976.

In 1979, he was taken by Jandhyala Subramanya Sastry as his writing assistant. In a span of nine months thereon, he worked on fourteen films as a writing assistant, both for Jandhyala and Satyanand. In 1982, he started his real work in the film industry as a script associate for Amayaka Chakrayavarthi for Janardhan Vallabhaneni (Producer: Vijay Bapineedu).

In 1984, Vamsi's Sitara was a major hit for which he debuted as dialogue writer,[1] and he continued his work for some of the most successful movies of the time until 2009. Some of the films include Swathi Muthyam, Swayamkrushi, Sirivennela, Challenge, Punya Stree, Swarnakamalam, Prema, Criminal and Krishna Vamsi's Rakhi among 92 films in Telugu. His strong association with the television medium gave several outputs in the form of soaps Anubandham, Kalisiundaam Raa for Balaji Telefilms and Gayatri for Radon Media Ltd. He wrote for Janani produced by Jayasudha and Manase Mandiram for Kutty Padmini.

He is writer and director for Saakshi TV through Goli Soda, a political satire during 2008 General Elections. He was writer director for "Mixture Bandi" on TV5 during 2009, a weekly satire on political and film related developments during each week. Sainath is currently associated with his longtime associate K Vishwanath and working with Larsco Entertainment.
Sainath lives with his wife Aruna in Hyderabad with his son Sai Charan and daughter Sameera T.

==Filmography==

===Telugu===
* [[Sitaara]] (1984)
* [[Swati Mutyam]] (1984)
* [[Challenge (1984 film)|Challenge]] (1984)
* [[Punyasthree]] (1985)
* [[Sirivennela]] (1985)
* [[Swayamkrushi]] (1986)
* [[Marana Mrudangam]] (1987)
* [[Swarnakamalam]] (1988)
* [[Prema Yuddham]] (1988)
* [[Prema (1989 film)|Prema]] (1989)
* [[Shanti Kranti]] (1991)
* Rao Gari Intlo Rowdy (1990)
* [[Rakhi (2006 film)|Rakhi]] (2006)
* [[Pavitra Prema]]
* [[Criminal (1995 film)|Criminal]] (1995)
* Pelli Gola
* Pichhodi Cheti lo Rai
* Sanchalanam
* Amma-Naanna Kaavaali
* Khaidi Dada
* Saakshi
* Ukku Sankellu
* Lady James Bond
* Punnami Raatri
* Maa Vaari Gola
* Babai Hotel
* Kongu Chaatu Krishnudu
* Paaripoyina Khaideelu
* Anna Tammudu
* [[Donga Garu Swagatham]]
* Krishna Gari Abbai
* Vastaad
* Yama Dootalu
* Swethanaagu (2004)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-swethanaagu.html|title = Telugu cinema Review - Swetha Naagu - Soundarya, Abbas - Sanjeevi - CV Reddy}}</ref>
* Slokam (2005)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-slokam.html|title = Slokam - Telugu cinema Review - Sai Kumar, Madhu Sharma}}</ref>
* Sivaram
* Villain (2003)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-villain.html|title=Telugu cinema Review - Villain - Raja Sekhar, Neha Dhupia, Tulip Joshi - KS Ravi Kumar}}</ref>
* Todu Needa
* Viyyala Vari Kayyalu
* [[Subhapradam]] (2010)
* 2011 Edukondalavadu
* 2012 Tuniga Tuniga
* 2014-15 Krishnamma Kalipindi Iddarini
* 2015 [[Bahubali]]

===Hindi===
* 1995 [[Criminal (1995 film)|Criminal]] (Mukesh Bhatt, Mahesh Bhatt, Nagarjuna, Manisha Koirala, Ramya Krishna)
* 1997 [[Gundagardi]] (KC Bokadia, Dharmendra, Vijay Shanthi, Simran, Aditya Panc

===Tamil===
* 1999 [[Padayappa]](KS Ravi Kumar, Rajnikanth, Ramya Krishna, Soundarya)

===Kannada===
* 1990 ''[[Lion Jagapathi Rao]]'' (Vijay Kumar, Sai Prakash, Vishnu Vardhan, Lakshmi, Bhavya)
* 1992 Prajashakthi (Chidambar Shetty, D Rajendra Babu, Ramakrishna Hegde, Malasree)
* 1993 ''[[Marana Mrudanga]]'' (Chidambar Shetty, Rama Murthy, Ramakrishna Hegde, Malasree)
* 1994 ''[[Halunda Thavaru]]'' (Vizag Raju, D Rajendra Babu, Vishnu Vardhan, Sitara)
* 2015 Untitled. R Chandru directing, script underway
* 2015 "Lady Singham", Vijay Kumar as Producer, Sai Prakash as Director, production planning
* Other Kannada Movies include: Jagadeka Veera, Roll Call Ramakrishna, Vyuha, Pradhama Sparsa, Soma, [[Jeevanadhi]], Raja, Swaranjali among others.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thotapalli, Sainath}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:People from Anantapur district]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Telugu screenwriters]]
[[Category:Kannada screenwriters]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]

Konganapuram

2025-08-19T22:45:57Z

BraydenBeeby640: minor cleanup

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Konganapuram
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Panchayat town]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|11.58|N|77.92|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Salem district|Salem]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 9.6
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 9286
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Konganapuram''' is a [[panchayat town]] in [[Idappadi taluk]] of [[Salem district]] in the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is one of the 31 panchayat towns in the district. Spread across an area of {{cvt|9.6|km2}}, it had a population of 9,286 individuals as per the [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]].

== Geography and administration ==
Konganapuram is located in [[Idappadi taluk]] of [[Salem district]] in the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="TP">{{cite web|url=https://www.townpanchayat.in/Konganapuram|title=Konganapuram|work=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cra.tn.gov.in/tn_gvillages.pdf|title=Villages of Tamil Nadu|work=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> Spread across an area of {{cvt|9.6|km2}},<ref name="Pop">{{cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/india/tamilnadu/salem/3340816000__konganapuram/|title=Konganapuram|work=Citypopulation.de|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> it is one of the 31 [[panchayat town]]s in the district.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tn.gov.in/dtp/townpanchayats.pdf|title=Town panchayats in Tamil Nadu|work=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> The region has a [[tropical climate]] with hot summers and mild winters. The highest temperatures are recorded in April and May, with lowest recordings in December-January.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://weatherspark.com/y/108972/Average-Weather-in-Kongan%C4%81puram-Tamil-Nadu-India-Year-Round|title=Climate|work=Weather spark|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>

The town panchayat was established in 1954. It was upgraded to second grade in 1967, first grade in 1981, and selection grade in 1985. It is sub-divided into 15 wards.<ref name="TP"/> The town panchayat is headed by a chairperson, who is elected by the members, who are chosen through direct elections.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://knowindia.india.gov.in/profile/local-government.php|title=Local Government|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 January 2023|page=1|archive-date=4 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004071216/https://knowindia.india.gov.in/profile/local-government.php|url-status=live}}</ref> The town forms part of the [[Edappadi Assembly constituency]] that elects its member to the [[Tamil Nadu legislative assembly]] and the [[Salem Lok Sabha constituency]] that elects its member to the [[Parliament of India]].<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/web/pslist/english/Salam_eng.pdf|title=Polling stations in Salem district|work=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>

==Demographics==
As per the [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]], Konganapuram had a population of 9,286 individuals across 2,614 households.<ref name="Census">{{cite report|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/api/tables/data/2011/PC11_PCA-TV/255?_source=dt&labels=indicator&state=33&district=608&subdistrict=5738&town_village=803457&geo_level=4&format=csv|title=Geo level data: Census of India 2011|access-date=1 June 2025|publisher=[[Census Commission of India]]}}</ref> The population saw a marginal increase compared to the previous census in [[2001 Census of India|2001]] when 8,084 inhabitants were registered. The population consisted of 4,721 males and 4,565 females.<ref name="Pop"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=16 June 2004|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=1 June 2008|publisher=[[Census Commission of India]]}}</ref> About 928 individuals were below the age of six years.<ref name="Census"/> About 36% of the population belonged to [[scheduled castes]]. The entire population is classified as urban. The town has an average literacy rate of 72.1%.<ref name="Pop"/><ref name="Census"/>

About 42.9% of the eligible population were employed, of which majority were involved in [[agriculture]] and allied activities.<ref name="Pop"/><ref name="Census"/> [[Hinduism]] was the majority religion which was followed by 99% of the population, with [[Christianity]] (0.7%) and [[Islam]] (0.2%) being minor religions.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11392/download/14505/DDW33C-01%20MDDS.XLS|title=Religion: Census of India 2011|access-date=1 June 2025|publisher=[[Census Commission of India]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Salem district]]

Hisri

2025-07-23T16:31:43Z

BraydenBeeby640: Starting initial data more to come!

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Hisri
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.4514|N|84.6113|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jharkhand|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Lohardaga district|Lohardaga]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Federalism in India|Federal democracy]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 3914
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages *
| demographics1_title1 = [[Official language|Official]]
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 835302
| area_code_type = Telephone/ [[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD code]]
| area_code = 06526
| registration_plate = JH 08
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 62.09%
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Lohardaga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Lohardaga]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Lohardaga (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Loharadaga]]
| website = {{URL|lohardaga.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Hisri''' is a village in the [[Kisko block|Kisko]] [[Community development block in India|CD block]] in the Lohardaga Sadar subdivision of the [[Lohardaga district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=320| height=300| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|23|28|0|N|84|42|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in Lohardaga district in South Chotanagpur Division'''<br/>M: municipality, R: rural/ urban centre, B: Bauxite mining centre<br/>Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly

|mark-coord1={{coord|23|21|45|N|84|47|55|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1= Bhandra| numbered1=R| mark-title1=[[Bhandra, Lohardaga]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|27|6|N|84|49|39|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Kairo| numbered2=R| mark-title2=[[Kairo, Lohardaga]] (R)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|31|6|N|84|39|56|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3= Kisko| numbered3=R| mark-title3=[[Kisko, Lohardaga]] (R)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|32|39|N|84|49|9|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4= Kuru| numbered4=R| mark-title4=[[Kuru, Lohardaga]] (R)
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|33|37|N|84|33|20|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5= Peshrar| numbered5=R| mark-title5=[[Peshrar]] (R)
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|23|12|N|84|39|5|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6= Senha| numbered6=R| mark-title6=[[Senha]] (R)
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|26|24|N|84|40|48|E}} | label-pos7=top|label7=Lohardaga| numbered7=M| mark-title7= [[Lohardaga]] (M) |label-color7=#800000
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|28|24|N|84|37|27|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Bagru | numbered8=B| mark-title8=[[Bagru, Lohardaga]] (B) |shape-color8= #A40000
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|27|5|N|84|36|40|E}} | label-pos9=left|label9= Hisri | numbered9=B| mark-title9= Hisri (B) |shape-color9=black| label-size9=13|label-color9=black 
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|34|12|N|84|36|56|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Pakhar | numbered10=B| mark-title10=[[Pakhar, Lohardaga]] (B) |shape-color10= #A40000
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|26|40|N|84|46|0|E}} |label11= South Koel |labela11= River |label-color11 = #77A1CB| label-angle11= -5| label-pos11=top| label-size11=10| mark-size11=0| mark-title11 =none}}

===Location===
Hisri is located at {{coord|23.4514|N|84.6113|E|display=inline}}

===Area overview===
The map alongside shows an undulating plateau area with the hilly tract in the west and north-west. Three [[Bauxite mining]] centres are marked. It is an overwhelmingly rural district with 87.6% of the population living in the rural areas.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2011_PART_A_DCHB_LOHARDAGA.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Lohardaga, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Page 9: Physical features, Page 22: Census findings |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 23 October 2021}}</ref>

<small>Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the district. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.</small>

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Hisri had a total population of 3,914, of which 1,962 (50%) were males and 1,952 (50%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 680. The total number of literate persons in Hisri was 2,008 (62.09% of the population over 6 years).<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2011_PART_B_DCHB_LOHARDAGA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Lohardaga, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Rural PCA-C.D. blocks wise Village Primary Census Abstract, location no. 362,864, pages 56-57|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 22 October 2021}}</ref>

(*For language details see [[Kisko block#Language and religion]])

==Bauxite mines==
Lohardaga district has large reserves of world class bauxite across Pakhar, Hisari, Rudhali Pat, Khamar Pat and the mining area also extends to neighbouring districts.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://lohardaga.nic.in/mines-and-minerals/ | title = Lohardaga, Mines and Minerals| publisher = District administration | access-date = 22 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url =https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2011_PART_A_DCHB_LOHARDAGA.pdf | title= District Census Handbook Lohardaga, 2011, Series 21, Part XII A | work= Page 10 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand| access-date = 22 October 2021}}</ref>

[[Hindalco Industries|Hindalco]] is developing a new Bauxte mining project at Hisri.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.hindalco.com/upload/pdf/hisri_comp_oct12_mar13.pdf | title = Compliance Status Report on EC clearance for Hisri New Bauxite Mining Project| publisher = Hindalco | access-date = 22 October 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{South Chotanagpur Division}}

[[Category:Villages in Lohardaga district]]
[[Category:Mining communities in Jharkhand]]

Revathy S. Varmha

2025-06-14T15:03:50Z

BraydenBeeby640: Creating Basic Pg From Scratch.

{{short description|Indian film director}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Revathy S Varmha
| image = Revathy S Varmha.jpg
| caption =
| native_name =
| birth_place = [[New Delhi]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Film director|screenwriter}}
| other_names =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| years_active = 2006–present
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
}}

'''Revathy S Varmha''' is an Indian [[film directing|director]].

==Career==
===Advertisements===
Varmha began to write scripts for commercials at age 16. Living in [[New Delhi]], she began directing commercials in the 1990s when she took over for the director of a [[Rexona]] spot and by 2005 had directed more than 480 commercials, including spots for [[Cadbury]], [[Parker Pen Company|Parker Pens]], [[Nakshatra Jewellery]] and the [[Hyundai Santro]].<ref name="TheHindu">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/on-a-road-less-travelled/article4265187.ece |title=On a road less travelled |first=Shilpa Nair |last=Anand |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=2 January 2013 | accessdate=18 September 2019}}</ref>
Around 60 novelettes in English, Hindi and Tamil is to her credit.

===Film career===
In 2005 Varmha began directing movies.<ref name="TheHindu" /> Her debut was the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] family film ''[[June R]]'', which release in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/ladies-special-news-tamil-kkfv3gbibii.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806004541/http://www.sify.com/movies/ladies-special-news-tamil-kkfv3gbibii.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 August 2015 |title=Ladies special! |date=30 June 2005 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The film stars [[Jyothika]] in the title role which was her 25th Tamil film along with the supporting cast [[Khushbu Sundar]], [[Saritha]] and [[Biju Menon]].The film was initially scheduled for release in June 2005 but was later pushed back to release in the Diwali season of 2005 so the film could be promoted more heavily.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/june-r-for-diwali-news-tamil-kkfv0afcidg.html|title='June R' for Diwali|website=[[Sify]] |date=20 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120115032/http://www.sify.com/movies/june-r-for-diwali-news-tamil-kkfv0afcidg.html|archive-date=20 November 2015}}</ref> The film was also caught up when Kushboo's films were temporarily banned after her comments on pre-marital sex angered Indian political parties.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/ban-on-kushboo-films-to-be-lifted-news-tamil-kkfvxWajijc.html|title=Ban on Kushboo films to be lifted|website=[[Sify]] |date=1 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701214432/http://www.sify.com/movies/ban-on-kushboo-films-to-be-lifted-news-tamil-kkfvxWajijc.html|archive-date=1 July 2016}}</ref>

After the release of ''June R'', she began to direct two more films, the [[Bollywood]] remake of ''June R'' entitled ''[[Aap Ke Liye Hum]]'', and the Sri Lankan film ''[[Cinema of Sri Lanka|Yasoda Kanna]]'', which was criticized for its political stance.The film ''Aap Ke Liye Hum'' had the Bollywood star cast [[Jaya Bachchan]], [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Manisha Koirala]], [[Raveena Tandon]], [[Ayesha Takia Azmi]] and [[Ranvir Shorey]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/award/filmfare-award/2009-2/ |title=Vidya Malvade replaces Urvashi Sharma in Aap Ke Liye Hum |author=Subhash K Jha|authorlink=Subhash K. Jha |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |accessdate=2008-09-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/interviews/article579807.ece |title=Director Revathy S Varma, on 'Mad Dad' |first=Navamy |last=Sudhish |date=31 July 2012 |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=22 March 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304222945/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/interviews/article579807.ece |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2012 she directed ''[[Maad Dad]]'', her first [[Malayalam]] film, with a second Malayalam film in pre-production in December 2012.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Revathy-S-Varmha-gears-up-for-next/articleshow/17502806.cms |title=Revathy S Varmha gears up for next |first=Sanjith |last=Sidhardhan | date=6 December 2012 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It also had [[ensemble cast]] including [[Lal (actor)|Lal]], [[Nazriya Nazim]], [[Meghana Raj]], [[Lalu Alex]], [[Padmapriya Janakiraman|Padmapriya]] and [[Pooja Gandhi]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Date clashes delay 'Maad Dad'|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/others/news-interviews/Date-clashes-delay-Maad-Dad/articleshow/12556784.cms|newspaper=Times of India|accessdate=21 May 2012 |last1=Kurian |first1=Shiba }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tikkview.com/movies/3141-maad-dad |title=Maad Dad - tikkview.com{{!}} Find what you like |website=www.tikkview.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114223100/http://www.tikkview.com/movies/3141-maad-dad |archive-date=2013-01-14}}</ref>

In 2014 She started pre-production works for the legend Olympian's biopic ''[[The Golden Girl, P T Usha]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://inshorts.com/en/news/priyanka-keen-to-play-pt-usha-in-biopic-im-making-revathy-1507126820098|title=Priyanka keen to play P T Usha in biopic I'm making : Revathy| date=4 October 2017|website=inshorts.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/director-revathy-s-varmah-puts-an-end-to-speculations-on-pt-ushas-biopic/articleshow/69072321.cms|title=Director Revathy S Varmah puts an end to speculations on PT Usha's biopic| date=29 April 2019|newspaper=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/852893/ive-nurtured-this-dream-for-more-than-a-decade-says-the-director-of-pt-usha-biopic|title=I've nurtured this dream for more than a decade, says the director of PT Usha biopic| date=5 October 2017|website=scroll.in}}</ref>

This Pandemic descending time she started a quick Malayalam movie [[E valayam|''e Valayam'']] addressing a subject having a contemporary value.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/movies-first-look-poster-of-the-movie-e-valayam-released-mm-508951.html|title=E Valayam {{!}} 'E circle' with the essential questions of the time; First look poster| date=12 February 2022|website=malayalam.news18.com}}</ref>

==Filmography==

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! Director
! Screenwriter
! language
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| Notes
! Ref.
|-
| 2006
| ''[[June R]]''
| {{Ya}}
| {{Ya}}
| [[Tamil Language|Tamil]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/16894.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051202092402/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/16894.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 December 2005|title = Tamil Cinema News | Tamil Movie Reviews | Tamil Movie Trailers - IndiaGlitz Tamil}}</ref>
|-
|2012
|''[[Maad Dad]]''
|{{Ya}}
| {{Ya}}
|[[Malayalam]]
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/malayalamContentView.do?contentId=13228655&tabId=3&BV_ID |title=Manorama Online {{!}} Home {{!}} |website=www.manoramaonline.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130720043938/http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/malayalamContentView.do?contentId=13228655&tabId=3&BV_ID |archive-date=2013-07-20}}</ref>
|-
| 2025 || ''[[E Valayam]]''
|{{Ya}}
| {{Ya}}
|[[Malayalam]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/movies-first-look-poster-of-the-movie-e-valayam-released-mm-508951.html|title=E Valayam | കാലത്തിന്റെ അനിവാര്യമായ ചോദ്യങ്ങളുമായി 'e വലയം'; ഫസ്റ്റ് ലുക്ക് പോസ്റ്റർ|date=12 February 2022|website=News18 Malayalam}}</ref>
|-
| TBA
|''[[Aap Ke Liye Hum]]''
| {{Ya}}
| {{Ya}}
| [[Hindi Language|Hindi]]
|
|<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ENTERTAINMENT/Bollywood/News-Interviews/Chaasni-will-be-my-comeback-Raveena/articleshow/4807907.cms |title=Chaasni will be my comeback: Raveena |newspaper=[[Times of India]] |accessdate=2008-07-23 }} {{Dead link|date=September 2011|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref>
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Varmha, Revathy S.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women film directors]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Kuldeep Handoo

2025-05-26T02:02:48Z

BraydenBeeby640: Starting some data w/ infobox!

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Short description|Indian Wushu player}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Kuldeep Handoo
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| image_size = 
| alt =
| caption =
| headercolor =
| textcolor = 
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name =
| full_name = Kuldeep Kumar Handoo
| nickname =
| nationality = Indian
| national_team = 
| citizenship = Indian
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Srinagar]], India
| hometown =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Wushu coach, former [[Wushu (sport)|Wushu]] player, Police officer
| years_active =
| employer = [[Jammu and Kashmir Police]]
| agent =
| height = 
| weight =
| spouse = Bhavneet Handoo
| life_partner =
| other_interests =
| website = 
| module = 
| country = {{IND}}
| sport = [[Wushu (sport)|Wushu]]
| position =
| disability =
| disability_class =
| weight_class =
| weight_class_type =
| rank =
| event =
| event_type = Sanda
| universityteam =
| collegeteam =
| league =
| league_type =
| club =
| team = Indian Wushu team
| turnedpro =
| turnedpro_type =
| partner =
| former_partner =
| coach =
| retired =
| coaching =
| module2 = 
| worlds =
| regionals =
| nationals =
| olympics =
| paralympics =
| commonwealth =
| highestranking =
| pb = 
| show-medals =
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport |[[Wushu (sport)|Wushu]]}}
{{MedalCountry |{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|South Asian Wushu Championship}}
{{MedalGold |2000 Kathmandu|}}
{{MedalCompetition|South Asian Wushu Championship}}
{{MedalGold |2003 New Delhi|}}
{{MedalCompetition | [[Asian Wushu Championships]]}}
{{MedalBronze| 2004 Myanmar|}}
{{MedalCompetition | [[National Games of India]]}}
{{MedalGold| [[2007 National Games of India|2007 Assam]]|}}
}}

'''Kuldeep Handoo''' is an Indian coach and a former [[Wushu (sport)|Wushu]] player, who is the current national chief coach of the [[Wushu (sport)|Wushu]] team in India.<ref name=indiatoday/> He was honored with the [[Dronacharya Award]], becoming the first person to receive it from [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu And Kashmir]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dutta |first1=Subhayan |title=Wushu coach Kuldeep Handoo becomes first Kashmiri to win Dronacharya Award |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/indian-wushu-coach-kuldeep-handoo-jammu-kashmir-dronacharya-award |publisher=[[Olympics.com]] |date=24 August 2020}}</ref>

In December 2020, he was nominated by the Prime Minister of India as the Ambassador of [[Fit India Movement]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Dronacharya Awardee Kuldeep Handoo from J&K appointed PM's 'Fit India' Movement Ambassador |url=http://indiastatestimes.in/india/dronacharya-awardee-kuldeep-handoo-from-jk-appointed-pms-fit-india-movement-ambassador/ |publisher=India States Times |date=2 December 2020}}</ref> He was born in [[Srinagar]], India, and is a [[Kashmiri Pandit]].<ref name=indiatoday/>

== Career ==
Kuldeep Handoo represented [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)]] at various national sports events. He won gold medals at the National Wushu Championship from 1995 to 2005. He had won a gold medal at the National Wushu Championship, which was held in [[Mizoram]] in the year 1995. In 1998, Kuldeep Handoo received a job as a sub-inspector in [[Jammu and Kashmir Police]] through sports quota. In 2000, he also won a bronze medal in boxing for the [[Jammu and Kashmir Police]] in the All India Police Games. He won a gold medal in the [[National Games of India|2007 National Games]]. He won gold medals at the South Asian Wushu Championship in 2000 and 2003. In 2004, he won a bronze medal at the [[Asian Wushu Championships]], held in [[Myanmar]].<ref name=indiatoday>{{cite news |last1=Bhat |first1=Sunil |title=Meet Wushu coach Kuldeep Handoo — the first Dronacharya Award recipient from J&K |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/wushu-coach-kuldeep-handoo-dronacharya-award-recipient-jammu-kashmir-1722930-2020-09-18 |publisher=[[India Today]] |date=18 September 2020}}</ref>

In 2006, he became a coach and was first appointed as the coach of the junior national Wushu team, later in the year 2010, he became the national chief coach of the Indian Wushu team. Under his guidance, India won three gold medals in the World Championships and one in the World cup, 27 silver and 57 bronze medals at various Wushu competitions including the [[Asian Games]], [[World Wushu Championships]], and World Cup.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Khajuria |first1=Ravi Krishnan |title=Dronacharya Award for J&K coach Kuldeep Handoo |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/dronacharya-award-for-j-k-coach-kuldeep-handoo/story-6Y6mESn0WnjoqxPmQVUOPM.html |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=22 August 2020}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Handoo is married to Bhavneet and has a son named, Bhavkul Born in 2012.<ref name=indiatoday/>

== Awards and recognition ==
* [[Dronacharya Award]], by [[Government of India]], 2020
* Sher-I-Kashmir Sports Award by the [[Government of Jammu and Kashmir]]
* [[Police Medal (India)|Jammu and Kashmir Police Medal]] for meritorious service
* The Parshuram Award, the highest award in the field of sports given by the [[Government of Himachal Pradesh|J&K State Sports Council]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Handoo, Kuldeep}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian wushu practitioners]]
[[Category:Indian male martial artists]]
[[Category:Indian police officers]]
[[Category:People from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Srinagar]]
{{India-martialart-bio-stub}}

{{India-martialart-bio-stub}}

Manav Suthar

2025-04-04T01:02:29Z

BraydenBeeby640: put up.

{{short description|Indian cricketer (born 2002)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Manav Suthar
| image =
| country =
| fullname = Manav Jagdusakumar Suthar
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2002|8|3|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Sri Ganganagar]], [[Rajasthan]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| batting = Left-handed
| bowling = [[Slow left-arm orthodox]]
| role = Bowling [[all-rounder]]

| club1 = [[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]]
| year1 = 2022–present
| club2 = [[Gujarat Titans]]
| year2 = 2024–present

| columns = 3
| column1 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches1 = 23
| runs1 = 734
| bat avg1 = 25.31
| 100s/50s1 = 0/5
| top score1 = 96[[not out|*]]
| deliveries1 = 5,274
| wickets1 = 95
| bowl avg1 = 27.50
| fivefor1 = 4
| tenfor1 = 2
| best bowling1 = 8/33
| catches/stumpings1 = 8/–

| column2 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches2 = 17
| runs2 = 181
| bat avg2 = 18.10
| 100s/50s2 = 0/1
| top score2 = 57
| deliveries2 = 950
| wickets2 = 22
| bowl avg2 = 29.40
| fivefor2 = 0
| tenfor2 = –
| best bowling2 = 3/32
| catches/stumpings2 = 5/–

| column3 =[[Twenty20|T20]]
| matches3 = 15
| runs3 = 36
| bat avg3 = 6.00
| 100s/50s3 = 0/0
| top score3 = 16
| deliveries3 = 256
| wickets3 = 10
| bowl avg3 = 30.10
| fivefor3 = 0
| tenfor3 = –
| best bowling3 = 2/10
| catches/stumpings3 = 2/–
| date = 20 March 2025
| source = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/manav-suthar-1175426 ESPNcricinfo]
}}
'''Manav Jagdusakumar Suthar''' (born 3 August 2002) is an Indian [[cricket]]er who plays for [[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]] in domestics and [[Gujarat Titans]] in the [[Indian Premier League]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1175426.html |title=Manav Suthar |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=5 October 2024}}</ref> He made his [[first-class cricket|first-class]] debut against [[Andhra cricket team|Andhra]] in the [[2021–22 Ranji Trophy]] on 17 February 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1280416.html |title=Rajasthan vs Andhra at Thumba- February 17 - 20, 2022, Ranji Trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=5 October 2024}}</ref> He made his [[Twenty20 cricket|T20]] debut against [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]] on 11 October 2022 in the [[2022–23 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1332924.html|title=Madhya Pradesh vs Rajasthan at Rajkot- October 11, 2022, Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=5 October 2024}}</ref>

==Career==
In July 2023, he was named in India A squad for the [[2023 ACC Emerging Teams Asia Cup]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=5 October 2024 |title= India A squad for ACC Men’s Emerging Teams Asia Cup 2023 announced|url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2023/news/55556012/india-a-squad-for-acc-men-s-emerging-teams-asia-cup-2023-announced?type=Latest |work=Board of Control for Cricket in India}}</ref> He made his [[List A cricket|List A]] debut for [[India A cricket team|India A]] against UAE A in the ACC Emerging Teams Asia Cup.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1387006.html |title=UAE A vs India A at Colombo (SSC)- July 14, 2023 |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=5 October 2024}}</ref>

He also played for [[Gujarat Titans]] in the [[2024 Indian Premier League]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://crictoday.com/cricket/series/manav-suthar/ |title=Manav Suthar: The promising allrounder for Gujarat Titans |work=Crictoday |access-date=5 October 2024}}</ref> In September 2024, he was named in India C squad for the [[2024–25 Duleep Trophy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/cricket/2024/Sep/11/long-spells-in-chennai-league-skill-camp-at-nca-how-manav-suthar-got-ready-for-duleep-trophy |title=Long spells in Chennai league, skill camp at NCA: How Manav Suthar got ready for Duleep Trophy |work=The New India Express |accessdate=5 October 2024}}</ref> He played a 82 run innings against India B.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/duleep-trophy-2024-25-1445823/india-b-vs-india-c-4th-match-1445835/match-report-2 |title=Suthar proves all-round chops in India C's imposing total |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=5 October 2024}}</ref> He also took 7 wickets in an innings against India D in the tournament.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/manav-suthars-seven-for-rattles-india-d-as-india-c-win-in-duleep-trophy-9555352/ |title=Manav Suthar’s seven-for rattles India D as India C win in Duleep Trophy |work=The Indian Express |access-date=5 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/manav-suthar-auditions-for-spinners-role-with-a-7-wicket-haul-in-duleep-trophy-2595503-2024-09-07 |title=Manav Suthar auditions for spinner's role with a 7-wicket haul in Duleep Trophy |work=India Today |access-date=5 October 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{ESPNcricinfo|id=1175426}}

{{Gujarat Titans squad}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Suthar, Manav}}
[[Category:2002 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Rajasthan cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Gujarat Titans cricketers]]

Mastram (TV series)

2025-03-02T21:18:45Z

BraydenBeeby640: done.

{{Short description|Indian erotic drama television series}}
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=September 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Mastram (web series).jpg
| image_upright = 1
| caption = Promotional poster
| creator =
| starring = [[#Cast|see Cast section]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| genre = [[Erotic fiction|Erotic]]<br>[[Drama film|Drama]]
| story =
| director =
| num_seasons = 1 
| num_episodes = 10 
| list_episodes =
| music = Ashish Chhabra <br/> Ulluminati
| editor = Bhupesh Micky Sharma
| executive_producer = Prabhleen Kaur
| runtime = 30–40 minutes
| company = Almighty Motion Picture
| network = [[MX Player]]<br/>[[Ullu]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2020|4|30|df=y}}
}}
'''''Mastram''''' is a 2020 Indian [[Erotic fiction|erotic]] [[Drama film|drama]] [[streaming television]] series on [[MX Player]]. Which has been removed now because of the adultery after IT Rules 2021 came into effect.The series after removal from MX Player was bought by [[Ullu]] Platform.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/mastram/seasonreview/75874034.cms|title=Mastram review:Pallabi Dey Purkayastha|newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=2021-02-02|archive-date=2023-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829114617/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/mastram/seasonreview/75874034.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/streaming-sites-gain-from-adult-content-during-covid-11595232814075.html|title=Streaming sites gain from adult content during covid|date=20 July 2020 |access-date=2021-02-02|archive-date=2021-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203211521/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/streaming-sites-gain-from-adult-content-during-covid-11595232814075.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It stars [[Anshuman Jha]], [[Tara Alisha Berry]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/when-audience-get-used-to-erotica-shown-aesthetically-there-will-be-more-demand-of-intimacy-directors-anshuman-jha/articleshow/76066901.cms|title=Anshuman Jha: When films treat intimate scenes artistically, audience perceptions change too|newspaper=The Times of India |date=28 May 2020 |access-date=2021-02-03|archive-date=2022-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428205406/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/when-audience-get-used-to-erotica-shown-aesthetically-there-will-be-more-demand-of-intimacy-directors-anshuman-jha/articleshow/76066901.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/why-mastram-is-a-special-show-for-anshuman-jha/1823339|title=Why ''Mastram'' is a special show for Anshuman Jha|access-date=2021-02-02|archive-date=2021-02-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207200454/https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/why-mastram-is-a-special-show-for-anshuman-jha/1823339|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/rani-chatterjee-looks-drop-dead-gorgeous-in-her-latest-post/articleshow/77369881.cms|title=Rani Chatterjee looks drop-dead gorgeous in her latest post|newspaper=The Times of India |date=5 August 2020 |access-date=2021-02-02|archive-date=2022-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630184544/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/rani-chatterjee-looks-drop-dead-gorgeous-in-her-latest-post/articleshow/77369881.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title='Mastram' trailer: Anshuman Jha plays the 1980s Hindi erotica writer in MX Player series |date=27 April 2020 |url=https://scroll.in/reel/960370/mastram-trailer-anshuman-jha-plays-the-1980s-hindi-erotica-writer-in-mx-player-series |access-date=2021-02-02 |archive-date=2020-11-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124174708/https://scroll.in/reel/960370/mastram-trailer-anshuman-jha-plays-the-1980s-hindi-erotica-writer-in-mx-player-series |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=With social distancing the norm, the future of screen intimacy ... |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/lights-camera-but-no-action-social-distancing-is-killing-the-sex-scene/articleshow/76255290.cms |access-date=2021-02-02 |archive-date=2021-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225001328/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/lights-camera-but-no-action-social-distancing-is-killing-the-sex-scene/articleshow/76255290.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Plot==
===Season 1===
The story is about Rajaram who is an aspiring writer in the 1980s, living in a remote valley and writing a book that is dismissed as boring. Frustrated, he meets his friend, who takes him to a shady theatre and watches [[soft porn]] for the first time in his righteous life. Rajaram exits the theatre with disgust, his friend tells him that this is what public wants to read. Remembering his past experiences, he comes to a conclusion that he will write those stories when going to home via bus. He finds his first character for the story, named Rani, who tried to flirt and seduce him at the same morning, when she enters into the bus he plots a story named "Khali bus ka suhana safar" in his imagination where there is no one except driver, conductor, Rajaram and Rani, by taking advantage he and Rani had sex and enjoyed to its extent. Editor agrees on this story and gives him money. When he was in search of next character, his eyes gets stuck on a college girl named Madhu and he falls in love with her. After then like first story, he recalling his school life, he confessed to his friend that he had sex with a hot teacher named Rita, for which he was beaten by danda. He inspired by this writes second story named "master ji ka danda". Meanwhile, his marriage gets fixed with Madhu, but because of mischief done by his maternal uncle initially it was rejected. Rajaram inspired by his neighbour's sex life writes third story named "mallu aunty ka malmal". At that same night, when Rajaram clarified the situation to Madhu, she comes to Rajaram's home and agrees for marriage. Rajaram handles both the thing his erotic stories and his love life very well. Meanwhile, actress named Indulekha recognises Rajaram as Mastram, when Rajaram meets her as her fan and Mastram's friend. Indulekha agrees with Rajaram to keep his identity secret, but on one condition. When Indulekha was telling condition and shakes hand for approval of condition, one photographer captures photo and gets it published in newspaper. This causes some problems to Mastram in his personal life and love life. Madhu on her friend's suggestion, sends Rajaram to her friend's home to take the test, where both of her friends tries to seduce him, but Rajaram leaves from there with erotic story and its characters in mind. Madhu's friend informs her about good nature of Rajaram, which makes Madhu guilty; meanwhile, Rajaram's friend who was searching for Rajaram to inform him about the plan of Madhu and her friends, finally meets Rajaram after Rajaram leaves Madhu's friend's home and after knowing that Rajaram has been passed in the test without any information of Madhu's plan, tells Rajaram truth, which makes Rajaram upset and he tries to break the relationship formally, but reconciles with Madhu after learning his mistake. They say sorry to each other. In the meantime, some producer wants to meet the first three characters of Mastram, for which he approaches editor of Mastram. Now, editor forces Rajaram to meet the producer in Mumbai and write for him as Mastram. Rajaram departs for Mumbai with Madhu and his other relatives, when he was entering in his compartment, he observes lady ticket checker. After sometime, when lady TC tells him to come into her cabin as his ticket has some date issue and she will correct the problem and give him new ticket. Rajaram gets new story and character in form of lady TC. When he finishes the story, because of his exhaustion, he forgets to hide the pages. Madhu wakes up in the midnight and out of curiosity checks those pages and she realises that Rajaram himself is "Mastram".

==Episodes==
{{Series overview
| color1 = #CCCCFF
| link1 = #Season 1
| episodes1 = 10
| start1 = {{Start date|df=yes|2020|4|30}}
| end1 = {{End date|df=yes|2020|4|30}}
| network1 = [[MX Player]]
}}

=== Season 1 ===
{{Episode table |EpisodeNumber = | EpisodeNumber2 = |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |country=In |episodes=
{{Episode list/sublist|Gandii Baat
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|EpisodeNumber2 = 1
|Title =
Khali Bus Ka Suhana Safar
|DirectedBy =
|WrittenBy = Aryan Sunil
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|4|30|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|Gandii Baat
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|EpisodeNumber2 = 2
|Title = Master Ji Ka Danda
|DirectedBy =
|WrittenBy = Aryan Sunil
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|4|30|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|Gandii Baat
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|EpisodeNumber2 = 3
|Title = Mallu Aunty Ka Malmal
|DirectedBy =
|WrittenBy = Aryan Sunil
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|4|30|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|Gandii Baat
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|EpisodeNumber2 = 4
|Title = Baniye Ka Lollypop
|DirectedBy =
|WrittenBy = Aryan Sunil
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|4|30|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|Gandii Baat
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|EpisodeNumber2 = 5
|Title = Bua Ke 56 Aasan
|DirectedBy =
|WrittenBy = Aryan Sunil
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|4|30|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|Gandii Baat
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|EpisodeNumber2 = 6
|Title = Vaibhav Ki Didi
|DirectedBy =
|WrittenBy = Aryan Sunil
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|4|30|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|Gandii Baat
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|EpisodeNumber2 = 7
|Title = Abhineteri Ka Nirman
|DirectedBy =
|WrittenBy = Aryan Sunil
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|4|30|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|Gandii Baat
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|EpisodeNumber2 = 8
|Title = Madhu Ki Do Saheliyan
|DirectedBy =
|WrittenBy = Aryan Sunil
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|4|30|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|Gandii Baat
|EpisodeNumber = 9
|EpisodeNumber2 = 9
|Title = Sonu Ka Joban
|DirectedBy =
|WrittenBy = Aryan Sunil
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|4|30|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|Gandii Baat
|EpisodeNumber = 10
|EpisodeNumber2 = 10
|Title = All
|DirectedBy =
|WrittenBy = Aryan Sunil
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|4|30|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
}}

==Cast==
* [[Anshuman Jha]] as Rajaram
* [[Tara Alisha Berry]] as Madhu
* [[Jagat Rawat|Jagat Singh Rawat]] as Mamaji
* [[Aakash Dabhade]] as Gopal
* [[Rani Chatterjee]] as Rani
* Kenisha Awasthi as Miss Rita
* [[Aabha Paul]] as Sarita Nair
* Ashmita Jaggi as Inspector Gayatri "Geetu"
* [[Garima Jain]] as Abhinetri Indurekha
* Isha Chhabra as Madhu's Bua
* Amrita Das Gupta as Chhoti Bahu
* Kamalika Chanda as Secretary
* Harshitha Khuswaha as Asha
* Nehal Vadoliya as Nanda
*[[Vipin Sharma]] as Durga Prasad
*Ravi Sharma as Vishambar (Madhu's Father)
*Vivek Jha as Golu dhobi
*victoria as english teen girl.
*Benieal as benny

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|tt12196626}}

[[Category:2020 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language web series]]
[[Category:Indian web series]]
[[Category:Pornography in India]]
[[Category:Indian drama web series]]
[[Category:Television series set in the 1980s]]
[[Category:Television series based on actual events]]
[[Category:Television controversies in India]]
[[Category:Obscenity controversies in television]]
[[Category:Censored television series]]
[[Category:Censorship of broadcasting]]
[[Category:Rating controversies in television]]
[[Category:Online obscenity controversies]]

Bhor (2021 film)

2025-02-11T10:02:32Z

BraydenBeeby640: fix layout additionally and improved wording after review

#REDIRECT [[Bhor (film)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Aranghata

2024-12-21T10:10:38Z

BraydenBeeby640: corrected page and added references for consistency

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Aranghata
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = Aranghata railway station 01.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Aranghata railway station
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23|14|34.03|N|88|36|27.87|E|display=title,inline}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = Nadia
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 17.525
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 21552
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], Hindi [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 741501
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
| imagesize =
}}
'''Aranghata''' is a village and a [[gram panchayat]] in the [[Ranaghat II]] [[community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Ranaghat subdivision]] of the [[Nadia district]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. It is situated {{convert|78|km|mi|abbr=on}} north of [[Calcutta]] and about {{convert|9|km|mi|abbr=on}} north of [[Ranaghat]] town.

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=400| height=250| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|23|14|0|N|88|32|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in Ranaghat subdivision of Nadia district'''<br/> M: municipal town/ city/notified area, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre.<br/>Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|13|53|N|88|23|15|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1=Nrisinghapur | numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Nrisinghapur]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|14|0|N|88|25|0|E}} | label-pos2=bottom|label2=Ghoralia | numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Ghoralia]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|15|15|N|88|28|52|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3= Harinadibhastsala | numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Harinadibhastsala]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|13|50|N|88|28|7|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= Beharia | numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Beharia, Nadia]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|12|5|N|88|30|22|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5= Phulia | numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Phulia]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|20|40|N|88|38|38|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6= Bagula | numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Bagula]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|18|45|N|88|31|48|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7= Badkulla | numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[Badkulla]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|18|50|N|88|30|55|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Patuli | numbered8=CT| mark-title8= [[Patuli, Nadia]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|17|20|N|88|31|47|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Gangni | numbered9=CT| mark-title9= [[Gangni]] (CT)
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|13|50|N|88|33|20|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Kamgachhi | numbered10=CT| mark-title10= [[Kamgachhi]] (CT)
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|12|55|N|88|33|40|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11= Raghabpur | numbered11=CT| mark-title11= [[Raghabpur, Nadia]] (CT)
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|12|0|N|88|32|18|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12= Panpara | numbered12=CT| mark-title12= [[Panpara]] (CT)
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|11|15|N|88|33|32|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13= Aistala | numbered13=CT| mark-title13= [[Aistala]] (CT)
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|8|55|N|88|33|2|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14= Satigachha | numbered14=CT| mark-title14= [[Satigachha]] (CT)
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|8|15|N|88|33|6|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15= Anulia | numbered15=CT| mark-title15= [[Anulia]] (CT)
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|6|55|N|88|32|44|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16= Gopalpur | numbered16=CT| mark-title16= [[Gopalpur, Nadia]] (CT)
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|6|10|N|88|33|20|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Parbbatipur | numbered17=CT| mark-title17= [[Parbbatipur]] (CT)
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|12|45|N|88|35|18|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Halalpur Krishnapur | numbered18=CT| mark-title18= [[Halalpur Krishnapur]] (CT)
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|11|15|N|88|35|0|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19= Hijuli | numbered19=CT| mark-title19= [[Hijuli, Nadia]] (CT)
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|9|40|N|88|34|44|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20= Ranaghat (CT) | numbered20=CT| mark-title20= [[Ranaghat (CT)]] (CT)
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|8|5|N|88|34|24|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21= Nasra | numbered21=CT| mark-title21= [[Nasra, Ranaghat]] (CT)
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|7|51|N|88|38|38|E}} | label-pos22=right|label22= Gangnapur | numbered22=CT| mark-title22= [[Gangnapur]] (CT)
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|5|50|N|88|31|45|E}} | label-pos23=left|label23= Belgharia | numbered23=CT| mark-title23= [[Belgharia, Nadia]] (CT)
|mark-coord24={{coord|23|10|30|N|88|31|40|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24= Ranaghat |label-size24=13 | numbered24=M| mark-title24= [[Ranaghat]] (M)|label-color24=#800000
|mark-coord25={{coord|23|16|4|N|88|26|13|E}} | label-pos25=left|label25= Shantipur |label-size25=13 | numbered25=M| mark-title25= [[Shantipur]] (M)|label-color25=#800000
|mark-coord26={{coord|23|15|25|N|88|33|29|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26= Birnagar |label-size26=13 | numbered26=M| mark-title26= [[Birnagar]] (M)|label-color26=#800000
|mark-coord27={{coord|23|8|50|N|88|35|21|E}} | label-pos27=right|label27= Cooper's Camp |label-size27=11 | numbered27=M| mark-title27= [[Cooper's Camp]] (M)|label-color27=#800000
|mark-coord28={{coord|23|16|25|N|88|32|8|E}} | label-pos28=right|label28= Taherpur |label-size28=11 | numbered28=M| mark-title28= [[Taherpur]] (M)|label-color28=#800000
|mark-coord29={{coord|23|13|34|N|88|40|30|E}} | label-pos29=right|label29= Panikhali| numbered29=R| mark-title29= [[Panikhali]] (R)| shape-color29=#C40000
|mark-coord30={{coord|23|14|34|N|88|35|50|E}} | label-pos30=right|label30= Aranghata| numbered30=R| mark-title30= Aranghata (R)|shape-color30=black| label-size30=13|label-color30=black 
|mark-coord31={{coord|23|14|44|N|88|42|21|E}} | label-pos31=top|label31= Duttapulia| numbered31=R| mark-title31= [[Duttapulia]] (R)| shape-color31=#C40000
|mark-coord32={{coord|23|22|3|N|88|36|4|E}} | label-pos32=left|label32= Hanskhali| numbered32=R| mark-title32= [[Hanskhali]] (R)| shape-color32=#C40000
|mark-coord33={{coord|23|9|45|N|88|30|38|E}} | label-pos33=left|label33= Habibpur| numbered33=R| mark-title33= [[Habibpur, Nadia]] (R)| shape-color33=#C40000
|mark-coord34={{coord|23|11|58|N|88|37|50|E}} | label-pos34=right|label34= Dhantala| numbered34=R| mark-title34= [[Dhantala]] (R)| shape-color34=#C40000
|mark-coord35={{coord|23|10|27|N|88|35|48|E}} | label-pos35=right|label35= Nokari| numbered35=R| mark-title35= [[Nokari]] (R)| shape-color35=#C40000
|mark-coord36={{coord|23|6|50|N|88|31|25|E}} | label-pos36=left|label36= Payradanga| numbered36=R| mark-title36= [[Payradanga]] (R)| shape-color36=#C40000
|mark-coord37={{coord|23|18|0|N|88|21|0|E}}|label37= Bhagirathi| labela37=River|label-color37 = #77A1CB| label-angle37=-75| label-pos37=top| label-size37=11| mark-size37=0| mark-title37=none
|mark-coord38={{coord|23|19|40|N|88|35|0|E}}|label38= Churni |labela38 = River| label-color38 = #77A1CB| label-angle38=-65| label-pos38=top| label-size38=11| mark-size38=0| mark-title38=none
|arc-coordA={{coord|23|22|30|N|88|46|0|E}}|arc-textA= BANGLADESH| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=70| arc-gapA=3.0| arc-radiusA=0.35}}

===Location===
Aranghata is located at {{coord|23|14|34.03|N|88|36|27.87|E|display=inline}}.

===Area overview===
Nadia district is mostly alluvial plains lying to the east of [[Hooghly River]], locally known as Bhagirathi. The alluvial plains are cut across by such distributaries as Jalangi, Churni and Ichhamati. With these rivers getting silted up, floods are a recurring feature.<ref>Gangopadhyay, Basudev, ''Paschimbanga Parichay'', 2001, {{in lang|bn}}, p. 70, Sishu Sahitya Sansad</ref> The Ranaghat subdivision has the [[Hooghly River|Bhagirathi]] on the west, with [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]] and [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]] districts lying across the river. Topographically, Ranaghat subdivision is spread across the Krishnanagar-Santipur Plain, which occupies the central part of the district, and the Ranaghat-Chakdaha Plain, the low-lying area found in the south-eastern part of the district. The [[Churni River|Churni]] separates the two plains. A portion of the east forms the boundary with [[Bangladesh]]. The lower portion of the east is covered by a portion of the [[North 24 Parganas district]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1910_PART_A_DCHB_NADIA.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Nadia, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 13,14 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 16 October 2020}}</ref> The subdivision has achieved reasonably high urbanisation. 41.68% of the population lives in urban areas and 58.32% lives in rural areas.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Nadia | work = Table 2.2, 2.4(a) | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 16 October 2020}}</ref>

<small>Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map. All the four subdivisions are presented with maps on the same scale – the size of the maps vary as per the area of the subdivision.</small>

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Aranghata Narayanpur had a total population of 21,552, of which 11,064 (51%) were males and 10,448 (49%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 1,976. The total number of literate persons in Aranghata Narayanpur was 15,806 (80.74% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 5 October 2020}}</ref>

==Transport==
Aranghata is served by the [[Ranaghat railway station]]. Ranaghat Junction is a major station on the [[Sealdah]]-Gede railway section.
Other than rail transport through [[Aranghata railway station]] in [[Sealdah railway station|Sealdah]] - [[Gede railway station|Gede]] branch line, the village also has bus route to [[Ranaghat]], Nrishangopur Ghat, Mayapur, Boira (north 24 Paragans), Duttaphulia, and district sadar [[Krishnanagar, Nadia|Krishnanagar]]. The Churni river connects to [[Hanshkhali]], Mamjoan.<ref>[http://www.india9.com/i9show/Aranghata-74978.htm Aranghata in India]. India9.com. Retrieved on 2008-06-27.</ref><ref>[http://www.india9.com/i9show/-West-Bengal/Ranaghat-Junction-Railway-Station-57676.htm Ranaghat Junction Railway Station]. India9.com. Retrieved on 2008-06-27.</ref>

==Education==
[[Pritilata Waddedar Mahavidyalaya]] was established at [[Panikhali]] in 2007. It was founded as a women's college but later became co-educational. It is a government aided general degree college.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://pwm.ac.in/ | title = Pritilata Waddedar Mahavidyalaya| publisher = PWM, Panikhali |access-date = 26 May 2017}}</ref>

==Culture==
Aranghata is famous for its ''Jugol Kishore Mela'' on the bank of the [[Churni River]] and the Hindu festival [[Kali Puja]]. ''Maha Samsan Ghat'' (burning ghat) is also on the bank of the river. People of [[Bahirgachhi]], Panchberia, Salua, Bankimnagar, Bhaina, Bahirgachi, Math narayanpur do trades in Aranghata Bazar. This place is known for country culture also.

==Healthcare==
Aranghata Rural Hospital, with 30 beds at Aranghata, is the major government medical facility in the Ranaghat II CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work= Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher = Government of West Bengal |access-date = 6 October 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.india9.com/i9show/Aranghata-74978.htm Aranghata in India] at India9.com

{{Nadia District}}

[[Category:Villages in Nadia district]]

Viji Palithodi

2024-11-19T19:34:26Z

BraydenBeeby640: Created a bio

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Viji Penkoottu
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1968}}
| birth_place = Calicut
| death_date =
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| citizenship = [[India]]
| occupation = Union Leader, Tailor
| spouse = Suresh.k
| children = Amrutha .k and Anandhu .k
| parents = Second daughter of K.sahadevan and P.kamala
}}
'''Viji Palithodi''' ('''P.Viji'''; born 1968) created the women's union, Asanghaditha Mekhala Thozhilali Union (Union for workers of unorganised sectors) as a part of women's group '''Penkoottu''', in [[Kerala]], India and won basic rights for women working as saleswomen, including the right to sit during working hours. She is part of [[BBC]]'s list of [[100 Women (BBC)|100 inspiring and influential women from around the world]] for 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-46225037|title=BBC 100 Women 2018: Who is on the list?|date=2018-11-19|access-date=2019-12-01|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-44896374|title=How saleswomen in India finally won the 'right to sit'|date=2018-07-23|access-date=2019-12-01|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/activist-p-viji-on-bbcs-100-women-list/articleshow/66703670.cms | title=Activist P Viji on BBC's '100 women' list | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=20 November 2018 | accessdate=29 November 2020}}</ref>

She fought for the ‘[[Right to Sit]]’ for female shop workers particularly in the textile industry as they were made to stand all day in the shop.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://in.makers.yahoo.com/these-indian-women-activists-are-driving-change-with-their-passion-030003468.html | title=These Indian Women Activists are Driving Change with their Passion | publisher=Makers | accessdate=29 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.edexlive.com/people/2020/mar/01/the-first-thread-of-revolution-10374.html | title=The Viji Penkoottu story: Meet the mother of Kerala's female labour unions | publisher=The New Indian Express | work=Azmia Riaz | date=1 March 2020 | accessdate=29 November 2020}}</ref>

== Life ==
Viji worked as a volunteer at the National Women's Conference held in 1992 in [[Kozhikode]], where she found her political inspiration and direction in [[feminism]]. At the age of 16, Viji started her first job in a tailor's shop. At the time, as part of the motivation towards her future movements, whilst most of the family members in the home worked for money for the family, her father worked and spent money for parties and social events.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/meet-viji-p-who-fought-for-saleswomens-right-to-sit/320677|title=Meet Viji P, Who Fought For Saleswomen’s Right To Sit|website=Outlook (India)|access-date=2019-12-01}}</ref> In the early 2000s, she organized meetings where women would compare salaries and working conditions at the biggest commercial area in Kozhikode, Mittayitheru. At the time some were not allowed to drink water during summers, and others not able to go to the bathroom. Even if there were no customers in the store, women would be paid less if they were caught sitting down on the security cameras.<ref name=":0" />

It was after seeing this injustice, Viji created [https://www.facebook.com/penkoottu/ Penkoottu], a women's group named after the local word for 'a crowd of/ a friendship between women' or more commonly, 'women for each other', that spread through several districts in Kerala. They were able to successfully fight for further rights like the right to sit for saleswomen. After a law was passed winning several rights for working women on July 4, 2018, Viji still fights for many rights that have yet to be won. She currently is the leader for the women-centric labour organization [[Asanghaditha Mekhala Thozhilali Union]] (AMTU), formed in 2014, translating to ‘Union of Workers in the Unorganized Sector’. This was created to aid in the lack of adequate space for women, and their issues, in traditional [[trade union]]s. There have been disagreements from other union organizations however that state there is a space, and more women need to come forward.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://feminisminindia.com/2018/12/24/2018-feminist-moments/|title=18 Moments That Made 2018 Super Feminist!|last=Team|first=F. I. I.|date=2018-12-23|website=Feminism In India|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-01}}</ref>

Viji also pushes for the use of the word 'worker' over 'staff', due to the higher associated strength in the word.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
<references />

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Penkoottu, Viji}}
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian feminists]]
[[Category:Indian trade union leaders]]
[[Category:Right to sit]]
[[Category:Workers' rights activists]]
[[Category:Working-class feminism]]

Jakpur railway station

2024-10-15T05:12:07Z

BraydenBeeby640:

{{short description|Railway station in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Jakpur
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]] station
| style = Kolkata Suburban Railway
| image = Jakpur railway station 04.jpg
| caption = Jakpur railway station
| address = [[Jakpur]], [[Paschim Medinipur district]], [[West Bengal]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.362181|N|87.389572|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|27|m|ft}}
| line = [[Howrah–Kharagpur line]]
| other =
| structure = Standard on-ground station
| platform = 4
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks =
| parking = No
| bicycle = yes
| opened = 1900
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = 1967–69
| accessible =
| code = JPR
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| zone = [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]]
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| map_type = India West Bengal
| map_dot_label = Jakpur
| map_size = 300
| map_caption = Location in West Bengal
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Kolkata Suburban Railway|line=South Eastern|left=Kharagpur|right=Madpur|to-left=Midnapore|to-right=Howrah Junction|type=[[Howrah–Kharagpur line]]}}
| route_map = {{Howrah–Kharagpur line}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

{{main article|Howrah–Kharagpur line}}

The '''Jakpur railway station''' in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]], serves [[Jakpur]], India in [[Paschim Medinipur district]]. It is on the [[Howrah–Kharagpur line]]. It is {{convert|107|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} from [[Howrah Station]].<ref>Combined suburban Time Table – Eastern Railway, Metro Railway, South Eastern Railway</ref>

==History==
Jakpur railway station is situated in Jakpur [[Kharagpur]], West Bengal. The station code is JPR. It is a small railway station located between [[Howrah]] and [[Kharagpur]]. Neighbouring stations are [[Kharagpur Junction railway station|Kharagpur]] Junction and Madpur, with Kharagpur Junction being the nearest major railway station. Local EMU trains such as Howrah–Kharagpur local, Santragachi–Kharagpur local, Kharagpur–Howrah local, Kharagpur–Santragachi local, Howrah–Midnapore Local train stop here. The [[Howrah–Kharagpur line]] was opened in 1900.<ref name=ser>{{cite web | url = http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1 | title = Major events in formation of S.E.Railway | publisher = South Eastern Railway | access-date = 10 April 2013 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130401151628/http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0%2C1 | archive-date = 1 April 2013 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> The Howrah–Kharagpur stretch has three tracks,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.indiarailinfo.com/blog/post/395400 |title=Howrah–Pune AC Duronto Express |publisher=indiarailinfo |access-date=10 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118224023/http://m.indiarailinfo.com/blog/post/395400 |archive-date=18 November 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and there are plans to build a fourth line for the Santragachi–Panskura–Kharagpur stretch.<ref name=serprojects>{{cite web|url=http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,2,412,753,764 |title=Upcoming projects in South Eastern Railway |publisher=South Eastern Railway |access-date=10 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401094258/http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in//view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0%2C2%2C412%2C753%2C764 |archive-date=1 April 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
The Howrah–Kharagpur line was electrified between 1967 and 1969.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html |title = History of Electrification | publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 10 February 2013}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/jakpur-jpr/5974 Trains at Jakpur]

{{Kolkata Suburban Railway, South Eastern}}
{{Paschim Medinipur topics}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1900]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Paschim Medinipur district]]
[[Category:Kolkata Suburban Railway stations]]

{{WestBengal-railstation-stub}}