Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Khalilullah Masjid

2023-09-16T13:24:27Z

Brantone5: New content.

{{Short description|Mosque in Delhi}}
{{Infobox mosque
| religious_affiliation = [[Islam]]
| image =
| state = [[New Delhi]]
| status = [[Active]]
| ownership = [[Delhi Waqf Board]]
}}

'''Khalilullah Masjid''' is a historical mosque in the Batla House area of [[Delhi]], India. It has a 50-year-old mosque. This mosque is situated on Batla Stand.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dead body found in Batla House again, 2nd in 24 hours (video) - The Okhla Times |url=https://www.theokhlatimes.com/dead/ |access-date=2023-09-15 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='This Is Like Killing Us': DDA Demolition Leaves Hundreds of Batla House Slum Dwellers Homeless |url=https://thewire.in/rights/batla-house-slum-demolition-dda-yamuna |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=The Wire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |first=Jyoti |last=Punwani |title=The Tricolour flies high at Batla House |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/the-tricolour-flies-high-at-batla-house/articleshow/65408379.cms |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=Mumbai Mirror |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-71iYkSXfBYC&q=khalilullah+masjid |title=Parliamentary Debates, House of the People: Official Report |publisher=Parliament Secretariat |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[List of mosques in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Mosques in Delhi]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures in Delhi]]

Maa Jaleshwari Temple

2023-07-19T21:27:19Z

Brantone5: Published a captivating publication.

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Bihar, India}}

{{Use Indian English}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple|name=Maa Jaleshwari Temple|image=Maa Jaleshwari Temple Bhawanpura - Aug 2022.png|image_alt=|caption=|map_type=India Bihar|map_caption=Location in Bihar|coordinates={{coord|25|25|35.1|N|86|59|51.6|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}|country=[[India]]|state=[[Bihar]]|district=[[Bhagalpur district]]|location=[[Bhawanpura]]|elevation_m=|deity=Maa Jaleshwari|festivals=[[Makar Sankranti]], [[Navaratri]],[[Vijayadashami]]|architecture=|temple_quantity=|monument_quantity=|inscriptions=|established=|creator=|temple_board= Maa Jaleshwari Mandir Committee|website=}}{{Hinduism}}'''Maa Jaleshwari Temple''' is a [[Shakti]] temple located on the bank of [[Kosi River|River Kosi]] in [[Bhawanpura]], [[Bhagalpur district|Bhagalpur]] in the Indian state of [[Bihar]]. It is a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] pilgrimage centre devoted to Maa Jaleshwari ([[Durga|Maa Durga]]).<ref>{{Citation |title=Bhawanpura |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhawanpura&oldid=1165468525 |work=Wikipedia |access-date=2023-07-15 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=भवनपुरा Bhawanpura, Bhagalpur,माँ जलेश्वरी Durga Mata Mandir🙏🏻🌺 |url=https://sw-ke.facebook.com/groups/bhawnpuradurgamata/posts/2486951234719119/ |access-date=2023-07-15 |website=sw-ke.facebook.com |language=sw}}</ref> She is regarded as "'''Goddess Of Water" .'''

The main attraction of the temple is the idol of the goddess Jaleshwari, a form of Shakti who originated from Jal, the water of the nearby river. According to devotees, the idol of Jaleshwari increases in height slightly every year. It is believed that the village of Bhawanpura is safe from the anger of [[Kosi River|Kosi]] because of the blessings of Maa Jaleshwari. She blesses prosperity and happiness in the life of her devotees with a pure soul.

== History ==
The idol of Maa Jaleshwari was established in the centre of the village of Bhawanpura in a hut like temple, which was later built up into one of the largest temples in the [[Bihpur]] of Bhagalpur.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maa Jaleshwari Mandir, Bhagalpur, bihar, India |url=https://indiasthan.com/place/bihar/290880/maa-jaleshwari-mandir |access-date=2023-07-16 |website=indiasthan.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Events and Description ==
The temple sees an increase of pilgrims during [[Durga Puja]]([[Navaratri]]) and almost all Hindu festivals. People of Bhawanpura start every good work in the name of Maa Jaleshwari. There is '''Jaleshwar Mahadev Shiv Temple''' and other Hindu idols situated next to it in the same temple campus.It is situated at the bank of [[Kosi River]].

== How to reach Maa Jaleshwari Temple ==
People of other parts of Bihar can reach here by taking train to [[Naugachia railway station|Naugachia Railway Station]] which is 5 km away from the temple after which they can take any auto or tuk-tuk which will take to the village in 15–25 minutes.

Nearby villages can visit here by crossing the [[Ratanpura-Bhawanpura Bridge]], a short bridge over Kosi.

People of Other side of Ganga which includes the district headquarters of Bhagalpur can visit by crossing the [[Vikramshila Setu]] .

[[Deoghar Airport]] is the Nearest functional Airport to the temple about 3.5–5 hours away by road.

== See also ==

* [[Budhanath temple|Budhanath Temple]]
* [[Bhawanpura]]
* [[Maa Tara Chandi Temple]]
* [[Durga]]
* [[Shiva]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

{{Hindu Culture and Epics}}
{{Hindudharma}}
{{Shaktism}}

__FORCETOC__
__INDEX__

[[Category:Hindu temples in Bhagalpur District]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Bihar]]
[[Category:Shakti temples]]
[[Category:Shakti temples in Bihar]]
[[Category:Durga temples]]
[[Category:Kharik]]

Sadhvi (name)

2023-07-14T01:56:15Z

Brantone5: Created an influential manuscript.

[[Sadhu]], or sadhvi, is a religious ascetic, mendicant or any holy person in [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], and [[Jainism]]. People with this name include:

*[[Sadhvi Kanakprabha]], eighth head nun of [[Jain]] Shwetamber Terapanth religious order
*[[Niranjan Jyoti]], also called Sadhvi Niranjan Jyoti, Indian Minister of State for Rural Development
*[[Pragya Singh Thakur]], also called Sadhvi Pragya, member of the Lok Sabha
*[[Sadhvi Krishnapriya]], Indian motivational speaker, social worker and devotional singer
*[[Sadhvi Siddhali Shree]], Jain monk, TEDx speaker, and activist
*[[Sadhvi Prachi]], Hindutva politician and member of the Vishwa Hindu Parishad
*[[Sadhvi Rithambara]], founder-chairperson of Durga Vahini

{{given name}}

Dilip Kondepudi

2023-07-13T13:14:01Z

Brantone5: Constructed a fresh page.

{{Short description|Indian scientist}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{notability|1=Academics|date=July 2023}}
{{BLP sources}}
}}
{{Infobox scientist
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Dilip Kondepudi
| honorific_suffix =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image =
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| birth_date = 1952
| birth_place = [[India]]
| death_date =
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| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| other_names =
| siglum =
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| citizenship = [[India]], [[USA]]
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| fields =
| workplaces = [[University of North Carolina]]
| patrons = [[Ilya Prigogine]]
| education =
| alma_mater = [[University of Madras]]
| thesis_title =
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'''Dilip Kumar Kondepudi''' (born 1952) is an Indian scientist and professor of [[physical chemistry]] at the [[University of North Carolina]], known for his work on [[chiral]] [[biomolecules]].

== Biography ==
In 1971 he completed his [[bachelor's degree]] at the [[University of Madras]], received his [[PhD]] in physics in 1973 from the [[Indian Institute of Technology]] in [[Bombay]], and defended his doctorate in physics on the topic "The influence of external fields on [[non-equilibrium systems]]" under the guidance of [[Nobel laureate]] I. R. Prigogine in 1979 at the [[University of Texas at Austin]]. It is considered the first to introduce the term "[[Gibbs energy]] flow" into scientific circulation. He teaches at the University of North Carolina.

== Publications ==
* ''[[Ilya Prigogine|Prigogine I. R.]]'', ''Kondepudi D.'' Modern thermodynamics — from thermal engines to dissipative structures. (Translated by ''{{ill|Yulyi Danilov|ru|Данилов, Юлий Александрович}}'', ''[[Viacheslav Belyi]]'', edited by ''{{ill|Evgeny Ageev (scientist)|lt=Evgeny Ageev|ru|Агеев, Евгений Петрович}}''). [[Mir Publishers]], 2002. ISBN 5-03-003538-9.<ref>{{cite book | url=http://search.rsl.ru/ru/record/01000962359 | isbn=9785030035383 | title=Современная термодинамика. От тепловых двигателей до диссипативных структур | year=2002 | publisher=Мир }}</ref><ref>[http://search.sl.nsw.gov.au/primo-explore/fulldisplay/SLNSW_ALMA21119380020002626/SLNSW Search items] {{dead link}}</ref><ref>[http://download.e-bookshelf.de/download/0002/9324/39/L-G-0002932439-0005507887.pdf Book shelf] {{dead link}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sudoc.fr/034274936 | title=Modern thermodynamics : From heat engines to dissipative structures / Dilip Kondepudi,... Ilya Prigogine,... - Sudoc }}</ref>

== References ==
{{refs}}

== Links ==
* [http://www.eoht.info/page/Dilip%20Kondepudi Dilip Kondepudi short biography]
* [http://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjB46vmFT783y4hBj3Jcmq.html Dilip Kondepudi] at [[WorldCat]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:Indian physicists]]
[[Category:American physicists]]

{{Physicist-stub}}

Joseph Pandarasseril

2023-07-13T13:02:07Z

Brantone5: Published unique article content.

{{Short description|Syro-Malabar bishop}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| name = Joseph Pandarasseril
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = April 18, 1961
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality =
| other_names =
| title = [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Kottayam|Auxiliary of Kottayam]]
| website =
| see =
| honorific_prefix = Mar
| honorific_suffix =
| church = Syro-Malabar Catholic Church
| archdiocese = [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Kottayam|Kottayam]]
| predecessor =
| rank =
| type = Metropolitan Archbishop
| appointed = September 21, 2006
| ordination = December 28, 1987
| consecrated_by = [[Kuriakose Kunnacherry]], [[Mathew Moolakkatt]], and [[Baselios Cleemis]]
| consecration = October 28, 2006
| birth_place = [[Ettumanoor]],[[Kottayam]]
}}Mar '''Joseph Pandarasseril''' is the [[Auxiliary bishop]] of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Kottayam]] . He was elected by the [[synod]] of the [[Syro-Malabar Church|Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]] as the Auxiliary Bishop on September 21, 2006.

== Early Ministry and Education ==
Prior to his appointment, He served as Chancellor, Eparchial Judge, Eparchial Consulter, and the Vicar General for the Syro Malabar Knanaya Faithful.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kids |first=Baby |title=MAR JOSEPH PANDARASSERIL {{!}} Mariagiri English Medium Residential School at Peerumedu, Idukki, Kerala |url=http://mariagirischool.org/mar-joseph-pandarasseril/ |access-date=2023-07-13 |language=en-US}}</ref> He studied [[Canon law|Canon Law]] at [[Pontifical University of the Holy Cross]] in Rome and took [[Licentiate (degree)|Licentiate]] Degree in 1995.

== Auxiliary Bishop ==
He was appointed on September 21, 2006, to succeed the new Archbishop [[Mathew Moolakkatt]] as his successor in the role of Auxiliary Bishop. He was consecreated by the Catholicos of the [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Church]] [[Baselios Cleemis]], Archbishop Emeritus [[Kuriakose Kunnacherry]], and Moolakkatt.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Photo Album of the Episcopal Ordination {{!}} Knanayology |url=https://www.knanayology.org/2021/11/25/photo-album-of-the-episcopal-ordination/ |access-date=2023-07-13 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pandarasseril, Joseph}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Eastern Catholic bishops]]
[[Category:1961 births]]

{{India-RC-bishop-stub}}

Aurangpur Tara

2023-07-09T11:24:42Z

Brantone5: Designed an original page.

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Orphan}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Aurangpur Tara
| settlement_type = village
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India
| pushpin_map_caption =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|..Uttar Pradesh Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bijnor district|Bijnor]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = {{start date and age|1909}}
| founder =
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_ha = 16000.13
| population_total = 2006
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_footnotes =
| coordinates =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|UP 20]]
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]] , [[Urdu]]
| government_type = [[Gram Panchayat]] [[Pradhan]]
| leader_title = [[Pradhan]]
| leader_name =
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =
| footnotes = Aurangpur Tara saf sutra humara
| demographics1_title1 = Officials
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
}}
'''Aurangpur Tara''' is a large village in [[Bijnor district]] in Uttarpradesh in India Block [[Mohammadpur Deomal]] near by Bijnor city 6 km and historical village census 2011 India people 2006<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aurangpur Tara Village Population - Bijnor - Bijnor, Uttar Pradesh |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/112259-aurangpur-tara-uttar-pradesh.html |access-date=2023-07-08 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aurangpur Tara, Bijnor, Bijnor, Uttar Pradesh, India - Geolysis Local |url=https://geolysis.com/p/in/up/bijnor/bijnor/aurangpur-tara |access-date=2023-07-08 |website=geolysis.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aurangpur Tara village |url=https://m.mapsofindia.com/villages/uttar-pradesh/bijnor/bijnor/aurangpur-tara.html |url-status=live |website=Maps of india}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PinCodeArea |title=Postal Code: AURANGPUR, Post Waha BO (Agra, Uttar Pradesh) |url=https://pincodearea.in/AURANGPUR-Pincode-PO-Waha-BO |access-date=2023-07-08 |website=PinCodeArea |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Bijnor district]]

{{Bijnor-geo-stub}}

Chalukya Dynasty

2022-09-15T11:31:22Z

Brantone5: Added a new release to the platform.

#REDIRECT [[Chalukya dynasty]] {{R from other capitalisation}}

Indian literature

2022-05-08T13:44:40Z

Brantone5: Published an informative piece.

{{Short description|Indian regional literature}}
{{For|the journal|Indian Literature (journal)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More footnotes}}
{{Cleanup|reason=Vaguely discursive prose without significant analysis or commentary, Cryptic references.}}
}}
{{Use Indian English}}
{{Use dmy dates}}

{{Culture of India}}
{{Indian literature}}
{{History of literature by era}}

'''Indian literature''' refers to the literature produced on the [[Indian subcontinent]] until 1947 and in the [[India|Republic of India]] thereafter. The Republic of India has 22 officially recognised [[Languages of India|languages]].

The earliest works of Indian literature were [[oral literature|orally]] transmitted. [[Sanskrit literature]] begins with the [[oral literature]] of the [[Rig Veda]], a collection of literature dating to the period 1500–1200 BCE. The Sanskrit epics ''[[Ramayana]]'' and ''[[Mahabharata]]'' were subsequently codified and appeared towards the end of the 2nd millennium BCE. [[classical language|Classical Sanskrit]] literature developed rapidly during the first few centuries of the first millennium BCE,<ref>{{cite journal | title=A Brief on Indian Literature and Languages | author=Narayanrao, H.L. | journal=Journal of Education and Practice | volume=2 | issue=3 | pages=46 | issn=2222-288X}}</ref> as did the [[Pāli Canon]] and [[Tamil Language|Tamil]] [[Sangam literature]].
In the medieval period, literature in [[Kannada literature|Kannada]] and [[Telugu literature|Telugu]] appeared in the 9th and 10th centuries respectively.<ref>"Kannada literature", ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', 2008. Quote: "The earliest literary work is the Kavirajamarga (c. AD 900), a treatise on poetics based on a Sanskrit model."</ref> Later, literature in [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Odia language|Odia]], and [[Maithili language|Maithili]] appeared. Thereafter literature in various dialects of [[Hindi]], [[Persian literature|Persian]] and [[Urdu]] began to appear as well. In 1913, [[Bengali poetry|Bengali poet]] [[Rabindranath Tagore]] became [[Nobel laureates of India|India's first Nobel laureate in literature]]. In contemporary Indian literature, there are two major literary awards; these are the [[List of Sahitya Akademi fellows|Sahitya Akademi Fellowship]] and the [[Jnanpith Award]]. Eight Jnanpith Awards each have been awarded in Hindi and [[Kannada language|Kannada]], followed by five in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], four in [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Urdu language|Urdu]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jnanpith.net/|title=Jnanpith {{!}} Home|website=jnanpith.net|access-date=2019-07-31}}</ref><ref name=award2008>{{cite news|url=http://www1.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Delhi/Kunwar_Narayan_to_be_awarded_Jnanpith/articleshow/3752703.cms|title=Kunwar Narayan to be awarded Jnanpith|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2008-11-25|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121205234801/http://www1.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Delhi/Kunwar_Narayan_to_be_awarded_Jnanpith/articleshow/3752703.cms|archive-date=5 December 2012}}</ref> two each in [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]], and one each in [[Sanskrit]] and Kashmiri۔

==In archaic Indian languages==
{{History of literature by region or country}}

===Vedic literature===
{{main|Vedas}}
Examples of early works written in [[Vedic Sanskrit]] include, the core [[Vedas]] and [[Upanishads]]. Other examples include the [[Sulba Sutras]], which are some of the earliest texts on [[geometry]].

===Epic Sanskrit literature===
{{main|Indian epic poetry}}
[[Ved Vyasa]]'s ''[[Mahabharata]]'' and [[Valmiki]]'s ''[[Ramayana]]'', written in Epic Sanskrit, are regarded as the greatest Sanskrit epics.

===Classical Sanskrit literature===
{{main|Sanskrit literature}}
The famous poet and playwright [[Kālidāsa]] wrote one epic: ''[[Raghuvamsha]]'' (''Dynasty of Raghu''); it was written in Classical Sanskrit rather than Epic Sanskrit. Other examples of works written in Classical Sanskrit include the [[Pāṇini]]'s ''[[Ashtadhyayi]]'', which standardised the grammar and phonetics of Classical Sanskrit. The ''[[Manusmriti|Laws of Manu]]'' (मनुस्मृति) is a famous text in Hinduism. [[Kālidāsa]] is often considered to be the greatest playwright in Sanskrit literature and one of the greatest poets in Sanskrit literature; his ''[[Abhijñānaśākuntalam|Recognition of Shakuntala]]'' (अभिज्ञानशाकुन्तलम्) and ''[[Meghaduuta]]'' are Kalidasa's most famous play and poem respectively. Other famous plays include ''[[Mṛcchakatika|Mricchakatika]]'' by [[Shudraka]], ''[[Svapnavasavadattam|Svapna Vasavadattam]]'' by [[Bhasa]], and ''Ratnavali'' by Sri Harsha. Later poetic works include ''[[Gita Govinda]]'' by [[Jayadeva]]. Some other famous works are [[Chanakya]]'s ''[[Arthashastra]]'' and [[Vatsyayana]]'s ''[[Kamasutra]]''.

===Prakrit literature===
The most notable [[Prakrit]] languages were the [[Jain Prakrit]] (Ardhamagadhi), [[Pali]], [[Gandhari language|Gāndhārī]]''',''' [[Maharashtri]] and [[Shauraseni language|Shauraseni]].

One of the earliest extant Prakrit works is [[Hāla]]'s anthology of poems in Maharashtri, the [[Gaha Sattasai|Gāhā Sattasaī]], dating to the 3rd to 5th century CE. [[Kālidāsa]] and [[Harsha]] also used Maharashtri in some of their plays and poetry. In [[Jainism]], many [[Svetambara]] works were written in Maharashtri.

Many of [[Aśvaghoṣa]]'s plays were written in Shauraseni as were a sizable number of Jain works and [[Rajashekhara (Sanskrit poet)|Rajasekhara]]'s ''Karpuramanjari''. Canto 13 of the [[Bhaṭṭikāvya]]<ref>Fallon, Oliver. 2009. Bhatti's Poem: The Death of Rávana (Bhaṭṭikāvya). New York: [[Clay Sanskrit Library]][http://www.claysanskritlibrary.org/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707040843/http://www.claysanskritlibrary.org/}}. {{ISBN|978-0-8147-2778-2}} | {{ISBN|0-8147-2778-6}} |</ref> is written in what is called "like the vernacular" (''bhāṣāsama''), that is, it can be read in two languages simultaneously: Prakrit and [[Sanskrit]].<ref>Narang, Satya Pal. 2003. An Analysis of the Prākṛta of Bhāśā-sama of the Bhaṭṭi-kāvya (Canto XII). In: Prof. Mahapatra G.N., Vanijyotih: Felicitation Volume, Utkal University, *Bhuvaneshwar.</ref>

The surviving [[Gandhāran Buddhist texts|Gāndhāran Buddhist texts]] are written in the Gāndhārī language, a northwestern prakrit spoken in [[Gandhāra]].

===Pali literature===
{{Main|Pali Canon|Pali literature}}

The [[Theravada]] Buddhist [[Tripiṭaka|Tipitaka]] (Triple Basket) in the [[Pali|Pali language]] is mostly of Indian origin. Later [[Pali literature]] however was mostly produced outside of the mainland [[Indian subcontinent]], particularly in [[Sri Lanka]] and [[Southeast Asia]].

The canonical Pali literature includes [[Buddhist]] [[Sutta Piṭaka|discourses]] (''suttas''), [[Abhidharma]] works, poetry, works on monastic discipline (''[[vinaya]]''), and the ''[[Jataka tales]]''. There are also later post-canonical works written in India, such as the ''[[Milinda Panha|Milindapanha]]'', a dialogue between a Buddhist monk and an Indo-Greek King.

===Tamil Sangam literature===
{{Main|Sangam literature}}

The '''Sangam literature''' ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]: சங்க இலக்கியம், ''Sanga ilakkiyam)'' is the ancient [[Tamil literature]] of the period in the [[history of south India]] (known as the [[Thamizhagam]] or the [[Tamilagam]]) spanning from {{Circa|300 BCE}} to 300 CE ([[Akananuru]] (1, 15, 31, 55, 61, 65, 91, 97, 101, 115, 127, 187, 197, 201, 211, 233, 251, 265, 281, 311, 325, 331, 347, 349, 359, 393, 281, 295), [[Kuṟuntokai|Kurunthogai]] (11), [[Naṟṟiṇai|Natrinai]] (14, 75) are dated before 300 BCE).<ref>There are some who claim earlier dates (up to 600 BCE). Others cite as late as 2BCE. The date of 300 BCE may represent a middle-of-the road consensus view; e.g. see the well-received textbook ''Ancient India'', [[Upinder Singh]], 2009, p. 15. However, it is quite likely that the songs existed in oral tradition well before this date.</ref><ref>Kamil Veith Zvelebil, ''Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature'', p. 12</ref><ref>K.A. Nilakanta Sastry, ''A History of South India,'' OUP (1955) p. 105</ref><ref>[http://www.ciil-classicaltamil.org/project1.html Classical Tamil] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707000020/http://www.ciil-classicaltamil.org/project1.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://jainology.blogspot.com/2009/07/history-vandalised.html|title=Jain History of Tamil Nadu vandalised|author=T.S. Subramanian|access-date=2011-06-03|quote=The six Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions of the 2nd century B.C. on the brow of five caverns on the Kazhugumalai hill near Mankulam, 38 km from Madurai, are the most ancient ones in Tamil Nadu and establish the historical facts that the Pandyan king Nedunchezhiyan ruled in the 2nd century B.C. and that Sangam literature dates back to the same period.}}</ref> This collection contains 2381 poems in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] composed by 473 poets, some 102 of whom remain anonymous.<ref>George L. Hart III, ''The Poems of Ancient Tamil,'' U of California P, 1975.</ref>

Most of the available Sangam literature is from the [[Third Sangam]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uu3QelRpmsgC&q=third+sangam&pg=PR8|title=Shilappadikaram: (The Ankle Bracelet)|last=Iḷaṅkōvaṭikaḷ|publisher=New Directions Publishing|isbn=9780811200011|language=en}}</ref> this period is known as the [[Sangam period]], which refers to the prevalent Sangam legends claiming literary academies lasting thousands of years, giving the name to the corpus of literature.<ref>''Irayanaar Agapporul'' dated to c 750 AD first mentioned the Sangam legends. An inscription of the early tenth century AD mentions the achievements of the early [[Pandya]] kings of establishing a ''Sangam'' in [[Madurai]]. See K.A. Nilakanta Sastry, ''A History of South India'', OUP (1955) p. 105</ref><ref>"The latest limit of ''[[Ettutokai]]'' and ''[[Pattupattu]]'' may be placed around 700 AD...." – Vaiyapuri Pillai, ''History of Tamil language and literature'' p. 38.</ref><ref>"...the Tamil language of these brief records achieved a flowering during the first centuries of the Common Era, culminating in the emergence of a poetic corpus of very high quality [...] To this corpus the name ''sangam poetry'' was added soon afterwards...." [[Burton Stein]], ''A History of India'' (1998), Blackwell p. 90.</ref> The Only religious poems among the shorter poems occur in ''[[paripaatal]]''. The rest of the corpus of Sangam literature deals with human relationship and emotions.<ref>See K.A. Nilakanta Sastri, ''A History of South India, OUP (1955) pp. 330–335''</ref>

Sangam literature deals with emotional and material topics such as love, war, governance, trade and bereavement.<ref>Chera, Chola, Pandya: Using Archaeological Evidence to Identify the Tamil Kingdoms of Early Historic South India – Abraham, Shinu Anna, Asian Perspectives – Volume 42, Number 2, Fall 2003, pp. 207–223 University of Hawaii Press</ref> Some of the greatest Tamil scholars, like [[Thiruvalluvar]], who wrote on ethics, and on the various issues of life like virtue, wealth and love, or the Tamil poet [[Mamulanar]], who explored historical incidents that happened in India, lived during the Sangam period.<ref>Morality and Ethics in Public Life by Ravindra Kumar p.92</ref><ref>Essays on Indian Society by Raj Kumar p.71</ref>

==In common Indian languages==

===Assamese literature===
{{unreferenced section}}
{{main|Assamese literature}}
{{see also|:Category:Assamese-language books|Buranjis|Assamese poetry}}
[[File:Laksminath_Bezbaruah.jpg|thumb|{{center|[[Lakshminath Bezbaroa]], Assamese poet, novelist and playwright of modern [[Assamese literature]]}}]]
The Buddhist [[Charyapada]]s are often cited as the earliest example of Assamese literature. The Charyapadas are [[Vajrayana]] Buddhist songs composed in the 8th to 12th centuries.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The writers of the Charyapada, the Mahasiddhas or Siddhacharyas, belonged to the various regions of Assam, Bengal, Orissa and Bihar.|url=https://sites.google.com/site/charyapada/|access-date=2020-07-14|website=sites.google.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Shaw|first1=Miranda|title=Passionate Enlightenment::Women in Tantric Buddhism|last2=Shaw|first2=Miranda|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-01090-8}}</ref> These writings bear similarities to Oriya and Bengali languages as well. The phonological and morphological traits of these songs, some of which are extant, bear very strong resemblance to Assamese.

After the Charyapadas, the period may again be split into (a) Pre-[[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavite]] and (b) Vaishnavite sub-periods. The earliest known Assamese writer is [[Hema Saraswati]], who wrote a small poem "Prahlada Charita". In the time of the King Indranarayana (1350–1365) of Kamatapur the two poets Harihara Vipra and Kaviratna Saraswati composed Asvamedha Parva and Jayadratha Vadha respectively. Another poet named Rudra Kandali translated Drona Parva into Assamese. But the most well-known poet of the Pre-Vaishnavite sub period is [[Madhav Kandali]], who rendered Valmiki's Ramayana into Assamese verse ([[Kotha Ramayana]], 11th century) under the patronage of Mahamanikya, a Kachari king of Jayantapura.

Assamese writers of Vaishnavite periods had been [[Srimanta Sankardev]], [[Madhabdev]], [[Damodardev]], Haridevand [[Bhattadev]]. Among these, [[Srimanta Sankardev]] has been widely acknowledged as the top Assamese littérateur of all-time, and generally acknowledged as the one who introduced drama, poetry, classical dance form called [[Satriya]], classical music form called [[Borgeet]], art and painting, stage enactment of drama called [[Bhaona]] and [[Satra]] tradition of monastic lifestyle. His main disciples Madhabdev and Damodardev followed in his footsteps, and enriched Assamese literary world with their own contributions. Damodardev's disciple Bhattadev is acknowledged as the first Indian prose writer, who introduced the unique prose writing style in Assamese.

Of the post-Vaishnavite age of Assamese literature, notable modern Assamese writers are [[Lakshminath Bezbaruah]], [[Padmanath Gohain Baruah]], [[Hemchandra Goswami]], [[Hem Chandra Barua]], [[Atul Chandra Hazarika]], [[Nalini Bala Devi]], [[Birendra Kumar Bhattacharya]], [[Amulya Barua]], [[Navakanta Barua]], [[Syed Abdul Malik]], [[Bhabananda Deka]], [[Jogesh Das]], Homen Borgohain, [[Bhabendra Nath Saikia]], [[Lakshmi Nandan Bora]], [[Nirmal Prabha Bordoloi]], [[Mahim Bora]], [[Hiren Gohain]], [[Arun Sharma (dramatist)|Arun Sharma]], Hiren Bhattacharyya, [[Mamoni Raisom Goswami]], [[Nalini Prava Deka]], [[Nilamani Phukan]], [[Arupa Kalita Patangia]], [[Dhrubajyoti Bora]], Arnab Jan Deka, [[Rita Chowdhury]], [[Anuradha Sharma Pujari]], Manikuntala Bhattacharya, Sananta Tanty, Nabakanta Barua, Samir Tanty, and several others.{{cn}}

A comprehensive introductory book ''Assamese Language-Literature & Sahityarathi Lakshminath Bezbaroa'' originally authored by leading Assamese littérateur of ''Awahon-Ramdhenu Era'' and pioneer Assam economist [[Bhabananda Deka]] together with his three deputies, Parikshit Hazarika, Upendra Nath Goswami and [[Prabhat Chandra Sarma]], was published in 1968. This book was officially released in New Delhi on 24 Nov 1968 by then President of India Dr [[Zakir Husain]] in commemoration of the birth centenary celebration of doyen of Assamese literature [[Lakshminath Bezbaroa]]. After almost half a century, this historic book has been recovered and re-edited by Assamese award-winning short-story writer & novelist Arnab Jan Deka, which was published by Assam Foundation-India in 2014.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sentinel|first1=The|title=Documentary film, books on Bhabananda–Nalini Prava|url=http://www.sentinelassam.com/ghy_city/story.php?sec=1&subsec=0&id=211080&dtP=2014-12-04&ppr=1#.VJpNfsAHI|access-date=24 December 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924100737/http://www.sentinelassam.com/ghy_city/story.php?sec=1&subsec=0&id=211080&dtP=2014-12-04&ppr=1#.VJpNfsAHI|archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref> This second enlarged edition was officially released on 4 December 2014 on the occasion of 150th birth anniversary of [[Lakshminath Bezbaroa]] and 8th Death Anniversary of [[Bhabananda Deka]] by Great Britain-based bilingual magazine ''Luit to Thames'' (''Luitor Pora Thamsoloi'') editor Dr Karuna Sagar Das.

===Bengali literature===
{{main|Bengali literature}}
{{see also|Bengali novels|Bengali poetry|Bengali science fiction}}
[[File:Rabindranath Tagore in 1909.jpg|thumb|[[Rabindranath Tagore]], the author of many works, including [[Gitanjali]] and India's national anthem '[[Jana Gana Mana]]'. He was awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] in 1913 for "his profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse, by which, with consummate skill, he has made his poetic thought, expressed in his own English words, a part of the literature of the West." He was the first person of non-European lineage to win a Nobel Prize.]]
[[File:Bankim chandra chatterjee.jpg|thumb|[[Bankim Chandra Chatterjee]], the author of India's National Song '[[Vande Mataram]]'.]]

The first evidence of Bengali literature is known as Charyapada or Charyageeti, which were Buddhist hymns from the 8th century. Charyapada is in the oldest known written form of Bengali. The famous Bengali linguist [[Hara Prasad Shastri]] discovered the palm leaf Charyapada manuscript in the Nepal Royal Court Library in 1907.
The most internationally famous [[Bengali language|Bengali]] writer is Nobel laureate [[Rabindranath Tagore]], who received the [[Nobel Prize for Literature]] in 1913 for his work "Gitanjali". He wrote the national anthem of India and Bangladesh namely, "Jana Gana Mana" and "Amar Sonar Bangla", respectively. He was the first Asian who won the Nobel Prize.
Rabindranath has written an enormous number of poems, songs, essays, novels, plays and short stories. His songs remain popular and are still widely sung in Bengal.

[[Kazi Nazrul Islam]], who is one generation younger than Tagore, is also equally popular, valuable, and influential in socio-cultural context of the [[Bengal]], though virtually unknown in foreign countries. And among later generation poets, [[Jibanananda Das]] is considered the most important figure.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ccrtindia.gov.in/literaryarts.htm |title=Indian Literature Through the Ages |publisher=Ccrtindia.gov.in |access-date=2013-04-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515213735/http://www.ccrtindia.gov.in/literaryarts.htm |archive-date=15 May 2013 }}</ref>
Other famous Indian Bengali writers were [[Sharat Chandra Chattopadhyay]], [[Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay]], [[Michael Madhusudan Dutt]], [[Jasimuddin]], [[Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay]] etc.

[[Sukanta Bhattacharya]] (15 August 1926 – 13 May 1947) was a Bengali poet and playwright. Along with Rabindranath Tagore and Kazi Nazrul Islam, he was one of the key figures of modern Bengali poetry, despite the fact that most of his works had been in publication posthumously. During his life, his poems were not widely circulated, but after his death his reputation grew to the extent that he became one of the most popular Bengali poet of the 20th century.

Bengali is the second most commonly spoken language in India (after Hindi).
As a result of the [[Bengal Renaissance]] in the 19th and 20th centuries, many of India's most famous, and
relatively recent, literature, poetry, and songs are in Bengali.

In the history of Bengali literature there has been only one pathbreaking literary movement by a group of poets and artists who called themselves [[Hungryalists]].

===Bhojpuri literature===
{{main|Bhojpuri literature}}

===Chhattisgarhi literature===
Literature in Chhattisgarh reflects the regional consciousness and the evolution of an identity distinct from others in Central India. The social problems of the lower castes/untouchables were highlighted in the writings of Khub Chand Baghel through his plays ''Jarnail Singh'' and ''Unch Neech''.

===English literature===
{{main|Indian English literature}}
{{further|Indian English}}
In the 20th century, several Indian writers have distinguished themselves not only in traditional [[Languages of India|Indian languages]] but also in English, a language inherited from [[British raj|the British]]. As a result of British colonisation, India has developed its own unique dialect of English known as [[Indian English]]. Indian English typically follows British spelling and pronunciation as opposed to American, and books published in India reflect this phenomenon. Indian English literature, however, tends to utilise more internationally recognisable vocabulary then does colloquial Indian English, in the same way that American English literature does so as compared to American [[slang]].

India's only Nobel laureate in literature was the [[Bengali language|Bengali]] writer [[Rabindranath Tagore]], who wrote some of his work originally in English, and did some of his own English translations from Bengali. India's best selling English-language novelists of all-time are the contemporary writers like [[Chetan Bhagat]], [[Manjiri Prabhu]] and [[Ashok Banker]]. More recent major writers in English who are either Indian or of Indian origin and derive much inspiration from Indian themes are [[R. K. Narayan]], [[Vikram Seth]], [[Salman Rushdie]], [[Arundhati Roy]], [[Raja Rao]], [[Amitav Ghosh]], [[Rohinton Mistry]], [[Vikram Chandra (novelist)|Vikram Chandra]], [[Mukul Kesavan]], [[Raj Kamal Jha]], [[Vikas Swarup]], [[Khushwant Singh]], [[Shashi Tharoor]], [[Nayantara Sehgal]], [[Anita Desai]], [[Kiran Desai]], [[Ashok Banker]], [[Shashi Deshpande]], Arnab Jan Deka, [[Jhumpa Lahiri]], [[Kamala Markandaya]], [[Gita Mehta]], [[Manil Suri]], [[Manjiri Prabhu]], [[Ruskin Bond]], [[Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni]] and [[Bharati Mukherjee]].

In category of Indian writing in English is poetry. [[Rabindranath Tagore]] wrote in Bengali and English and was responsible for the translations of his own work into English. Other early notable poets in English include [[Henry Louis Vivian Derozio|Derozio]], [[Michael Madhusudan Dutt]], [[Toru Dutt]], [[Romesh Chunder Dutt]], [[Sri Aurobindo]], [[Sarojini Naidu]], and her brother [[Harindranath Chattopadhyay]].

In the 1950s, the [[Writers Workshop]] collective in Calcutta was founded by the poet and essayist [[P. Lal]] to advocate and publish Indian writing in English. The press was the first to publish [[Pritish Nandy]], [[Sasthi Brata]], and others; it continues to this day to provide a forum for English writing in India. In modern times, Indian poetry in English was typified by two very different poets. [[Dom Moraes]], winner of the [[Hawthornden Prize]] at the age of 19 for his first book of poems ''A Beginning'' went on to occupy a pre-eminent position among Indian poets writing in English. [[Nissim Ezekiel]], who came from India's tiny [[Bene Israel]] Jewish community, created a voice and place for Indian poets writing in English and championed their work.

Their contemporaries in English poetry in India were [[Jayanta Mahapatra]], [[Gieve Patel]], [[A. K. Ramanujan]], [[Arun Kolatkar]], [[Dilip Chitre]], [[Arvind Krishna Mehrotra]], [[Eunice De Souza]], [[Kersi Katrak]], [[P. Lal]] and [[Kamala Das]] among several others.

Younger generations of poets writing in English include [[G. S. Sharat Chandra]], [[Hoshang Merchant]], [[Makarand Paranjape]], [[Anuradha Bhattacharyya]], [[Arundhathi Subramaniam]], [[Jeet Thayil]], [[Ranjit Hoskote]], [[Sudeep Sen]], [[Abhay K]], [[Jerry Pinto]], [[K Srilata]], [[Gopi Kottoor]], [[Tapan Kumar Pradhan]], Arnab Jan Deka, [[Anju Makhija]], [[Robin Ngangom]], [[Rukmini Bhaya Nair]], [[Smita Agarwal]] and [[Vihang A. Naik]] among others.

A generation of exiles also sprang from the Indian diaspora. Among these are names like [[Agha Shahid Ali]], [[Sujata Bhatt]], [[Richard Crasta]], [[Yuyutsu Sharma]], [[Shampa Sinha]], [[Tabish Khair]] and [[Vikram Seth]].

In recent years, English-language writers of Indian origin are being published in the West at an increasing rate.

[[Salman Rushdie]], [[Arundhati Roy]], [[Kiran Desai]] and [[Arvind Adiga]] have won the prestigious [[Booker Prize]], with Salman Rushdie going on to win the [[Booker of Bookers]].

===Hindi literature===
{{main|Hindi literature}}
Hindi literature started as religious and philosophical poetry in medieval periods in dialects like [[Avadhi]] and [[Brij]]. The most famous figures from this period are [[Kabir]] and [[Tulsidas]]. In modern times, the [[Dehlavi dialect]] of the [[Hindi Belt]] became more prominent than [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]].

''Chandrakanta'', written by [[Devaki Nandan Khatri]], is considered to be the first work of prose in Hindi. [[Munshi Premchand]] was the most famous Hindi novelist. The ''chhayavadi'' poets include [[Suryakant Tripathi 'Nirala']], Prem Bajpai, [[Jaishankar Prasad]], [[Sumitranandan Pant]], and [[Mahadevi Varma]]. Other renowned poets include [[Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar']], [[Maithili Sharan Gupt]], [[Agyeya]], [[Harivansh Rai Bachchan]], and [[Dharmveer Bharti]].

===Gujarati literature===
{{main|Gujarati literature}}
[[File:Suresh Joshi in 1955.jpg|left|thumb|[[Suresh Joshi]] is known as father of modern [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] literature.]]
Gujarati literature's history may be traced to 1000 AD. Since then literature has flourished till date. Well known laureates of Gujarati literature are [[Hemchandracharya]], [[Narsinh Mehta]], [[Mirabai]], [[Akho]], [[Premanand Bhatt]], [[Shamal Bhatt]], [[Dayaram]], [[Dalpatram]], [[Narmad]], [[Govardhanram Tripathi]], [[Gandhi]], [[K. M. Munshi]], [[Umashankar Joshi]], [[Suresh Joshi]], [[Pannalal Patel]] and [[Rajendra Keshavlal Shah]].

[[Gujarat Vidhya Sabha]], [[Gujarat Sahitya Sabha]], and [[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]] are Ahmedabad based literary institutions promoting the spread of Gujarati literature.
[[Umashankar Joshi]], [[Pannalal Patel]], [[Rajendra Keshavlal Shah]] and [[Raghuveer Chaudhary]] have won the [[Jnanpith Award]], the highest literary award in India.

===Kannada literature===
[[File:U R Ananthamurthy.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Kannada writer and [[Jnanpith Award]] winner for the year 1994, [[U. R. Ananthamurthy]]]]
{{main|Kannada literature}}
The oldest existing record of Kannada prose is the [[Halmidi inscription]] of 450 CE, and poetry in ''tripadi'' metre is the [[Kappe Arabhatta]] record of 700 CE. The folk form of literature began earlier than any other literature in Kannada. ''Gajashtaka'' (800 CE) by King Shivamara II, ''Chudamani'' (650 CE) by Thumbalacharya are examples of early literature now considered extinct. ''[[Kavirajamarga]]'' by King Nripatunga [[Amoghavarsha]] I (850 CE) is the earliest existing literary work in Kannada. It is a writing on literary criticism and poetics meant to standardise various written Kannada dialects used in literature in previous centuries. The book makes reference to Kannada works by early writers such as King [[Durvinita]] of the 6th century and Ravikirti, the author of the Aihole record of 636 CE. An early [[Extant literature|extant]] prose work, the ''Vaddaradhane'' by Shivakotiacharya of 900 CE provides an elaborate description of the life of Bhadrabahu of [[Shravanabelagola]]. Since the earliest available Kannada work is one on grammar and a guide of sorts to unify existing variants of Kannada grammar and literary styles, it can be safely assumed that literature in Kannada must have started several centuries earlier.<ref name="extinct_works5">{{cite web |title=History of the Kannada Literature-I |url=http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/kar/literature/history1.htm |author=Jyotsna Kamat |publisher=Kamat's Potpourri |work=Kamat's Potpourri, 4 November 2006 |access-date=2006-11-25}}</ref>
[[Adikavi Pampa|Pampa]] who popularised [[Champu]] style which is unique to Kannada wrote the epic "[[Vikramarjuna Vijaya]]". He also wrote "[[Adipurana]]". Other famous poets like Ponna wrote "shantinatapurana", "Bhuvanaikaramabhyudaya", "Jinaksharamale", and "gatapratyagata". Ranna wrote "Shantipurana" and "Ghadayudha". The Jain poet [[Nagavarma II]] wrote "Kavyavalokana", "Karnatabhashabhushana" and "Vardhamanapurana" . Janna was the author of "Yashodhara Charitha". Rudhrabhatta and Durgashima wrote "Jagannatha Vijaya" and "Panchatantra" respectively. The works of the medieval period are based on [[Jainism|Jain]] and [[Hinduism|Hindu]] principles. The [[Vachana|Vachana Sahitya]] tradition of the 12th century is purely native and unique in world literature.<ref name="classical">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/05/27/stories/2005052703230500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070105151817/http://www.hindu.com/2005/05/27/stories/2005052703230500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 January 2007|title=Declare Kannada a classical language|access-date=2007-06-29|location=Chennai, India|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> It is the sum of contributions by all sections of society. Vachanas were pithy comments on that period's social, religious and economic conditions. More importantly, they held a mirror to the seed of social revolution, which caused a radical re-examination of the ideas of caste, creed and religion. Some of the important writers of Vachana literature include [[Basavanna]], [[Allama Prabhu]] and [[Akka Mahadevi]]. [[Kumara Vyasa]], who wrote the ''Karnata Bharata Katamanjari'', has arguably been the most famous and most influential Kannada writer of the 15th century. The [[Bhakti movement]] gave rise to [[Dasa Sahitya]] around the 15th century which significantly contributed to the evolution of [[Carnatic music]] in its present form. This period witnessed great [[Haridasa]]s like [[Purandara Dasa]] who has been aptly called the ''Pioneer of Carnatic music'', [[Kanaka Dasa]], [[Vyasathirtha]] and [[Vijaya Dasa]]. Modern Kannada in the 20th century has been influenced by many movements, notably ''Navodaya'', ''Navya'', ''Navyottara'', ''Dalita'' and ''Bandaya''. Contemporary Kannada literature has been highly successful in reaching people of all classes in society. Works of Kannada literature have received Eight [[Jnanpith|Jnanpith awards]], which is the highest number awarded for the literature in any Indian language. It has also received forty-seven [[Sahitya Academy]] awards.

{{see also|Medieval Kannada literature|Kannada poetry}}

===Kashmiri literature===
{{main|Kashmiri literature}}

===Kodava literature===
When Kodava was written, it was usually with Kannada script, sometimes with minor modifications. ... The language had no significant written literature until the twentieth century. Appachcha Kavi, a playwright, and Nadikerianda Chinnappa, a folk compiler, are the two important poets and writers of the Kodava language.

===Konkani literature===
Konkani is a language with a complex and much-contested history. It is one of the few Indian languages to be written in five scripts—Roman, Nagari, Kannada, Persian-Arabic and Malayalam-and also has an extensive oral literature. The first modern Konkani novel, 'Kristanv ghorabo', was written by Eduardo Jose Bruno De Souza, while 'Mhaji ba khãya geli?' by Shenoy Goembab is the first modern short story in [[Konkani literature]]. Other prominent Konkani writers include Ravindra Kelekar, Bakibab Borkar, Chandrakant Keni, Damodar Mauzo, Arvind Mhambro, C. F. D'Costa, Pundalik Naik, Hema Naik, Bonaventure D'Pietro, Dilip Borkar, Mahabaleshwar Sail, V. J. P. Saldana, Meena kakodkar, Jess Fernandes, K. M. Sukhthankar, Nayana Adarkar.

===Malayalam literature===
{{main|Malayalam literature}}
Even up to 500 years since the start of the [[Malayalam calendar]] which commenced in 825 AD, Malayalam literature remained in preliminary stage. During this time, Malayalam literature consisted mainly of various genres of songs. ''Ramacharitham'' written by ''Cheeramakavi'' is a collection of poems written at the end of preliminary stage in Malayalam literature's evolution, and is the oldest Malayalam book available. [[Thunchaththu Ramanujan Ezhuthachan]] (17th century) is considered as the Father of the [[Malayalam language]], because of his influence on the acceptance of the Malayalam alphabet and his extremely popular poetic works like [[Adhyathmaramayanam]]. Several noted works were written during the 19th century, but it was in the 20th century the Malayalam literary movement came to prominence. Malayalam literature flourished under various genres and today it is a fully developed part of Indian literature.

===Maithili literature===
{{main|Maithili literature}}

Maithili literature is the entire collection of poetry, novels, short stories, documents and other writings in the [[Maithili language]]. The most famous literary figure in [[Maithili language|Maithili]] is the poet [[Vidyapati]] (1350–1450), who wrote his poems in the language of the people, i.e., Maithili, at a time when state's official language was [[Sanskrit]] and Sanskrit was being used as a literary language. The use of Maithili, instead of Sanskrit, in literature became more common after Vidyapati.
Jyotirishwar mentions Lorika. Vachaspati II in his ''Tattvachintamani'' and Vidyapati in his ''Danavakyavali'' have profusely used typical Maithili words of daily use.

The Maithili script, Mithilakshara or Tirhuta as it is popularly known, is of a great antiquity. The ''[[Lalitavistara]]'' mentions the Vaidehi script. Early in the latter half of the 7th century A.D., a marked change occurred in the northeastern alphabet, and the inscriptions of Adityasena exhibit this change for the first time. The eastern variety develops and becomes the Maithili script, which comes into use in Assam, Bengal, and Nepal. The earliest recorded epigraphic evidence of the script is found in the Mandar Hill Stone inscriptions of Adityasena in the 7th century A.D., now fixed in the Baidyanath temple of [[Deoghar]].<ref>Choudhary, R. (1976). [https://books.google.com/books?lr=&id=C0f898HDLAYC&pg=PA1 ''A survey of Maithili literature'']. Ram Vilas Sahu.</ref>

The language of the Buddhist [[Songs of realization|dohas]] is described as belonging to the mixed Maithili—Kamrupi language.<ref>{{cite book |author=Barua, K. L. |year=1933 |title=Early history of Kamarupa |location=Shillong |publisher=Published by the Author |url=https://archive.org/details/EarlyHistoryOfKamarupa}}</ref>

===Meitei literature===
{{main|Meitei literature}}
Meitei literature is literature written in the [[Meitei language]] (Manipuri, Meiteilon), including literature composed in Meitei by writers from Manipur, Assam, Tripura, Myanmar and Bangladesh. The history of Meitei literature can be traced back to thousands of years with the flourish of Meitei civilization. Despite massive devastation and the burning of Meitei scriptures, such as the Puya Meithaba, Meitei literature survived. The resilience that Meiteis would demonstrate in the event of devastation proves their ability to survive throughout history. Most of the early literary works found in Meitei literature were in poetry and prose or a combination of both. One of the most famous Meitei writers of the twentieth century is [[M. K. Binodini Devi]].

===Marathi literature===
{{main|Marathi literature}}
[[Marathi language|Marathi]] literature began with saint-poets like [[Dnyaneshwar]], [[Tukaram]], [[Samarth Ramdas|Ramdas]], and [[Eknath]]. Modern Marathi literature was marked by a theme of social reform. Well-known figures from this phase include [[Mahatma Jyotiba Phule]], [[Lokhitwadi]], and others. Prominent modern literary figures include [[Jnanpith Award]] winners [[Vishnu Sakharam Khandekar]], [[Vishnu Vaman Shirvadakar]] (''Kavi Kusumagraj'') and [[Govind Vinayak Karandikar]]. Though the earliest known Marathi inscription found at the foot of the statue at Shravanabelgola in Karnataka is dated c. 983 CE, the Marathi literature actually started with the religious writings by the saint-poets belonging to Mahanubhava and Warkari sects. Mahanubhava saints used prose as their main medium, while Warkari saints preferred poetry as the medium. The early saint-poets were Mukundaraj who wrote Vivekasindhu, Dnyaneshwar (1275–1296) (who wrote Amrutanubhav and Bhawarthadeepika, which is popularly known as Dnyaneshwari, a 9000-couplets long commentary on the Bhagavad Gita) and Namdev. They were followed by the Warkari saint-poet Eknath (1528–1599). Mukteswar translated the great epic Mahabharata into Marathi. Social reformers like saint-poet Tukaram transformed Marathi into an enriched literary language. Ramdas's (1608–1681) Dasbodh and Manache Shlok are well-known products of this tradition.

In the 18th century, some well-known works like Yatharthadeepika (by Vaman Pandit), Naladamayanti Swayamvara (by Raghunath Pandit), Pandava Pratap, Harivijay, Ramvijay (by Shridhar Pandit) and Mahabharata (by Moropant) were produced. However, the most versatile and voluminous writer among the poets was Moropanta (1729–1794) whose Mahabharata was the first epic poem in Marathi. The historical section of the old Marathi literature was unique as it contained both prose and poetry. The prose section contained the Bakhars that were written after the foundation of the Maratha kingdom by Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj. The poetry section contained the Povadas and the Katavas composed by the Shahirs. The period from 1794 to 1818 is regarded as the closing period of the Old Marathi literature and the beginning of the Modern Marathi literature.

====Modern period (after 1800)====
The period of the late 19th century in Maharashtra is the period of colonial modernity. Like the corresponding periods in the other Indian languages, this was the period dominated by the English educated intellectuals. It was the age of prose and reason. It was the period of reformist didacticism and a great intellectual ferment.

The first English book was translated in Marathi in 1817. The first Marathi newspaper started in 1835. Many books on social reforms were written by Baba Padamji (Yamuna Paryatana, 1857), Mahatma Jyotiba Phule, Lokhitwadi, Justice Mahadev Govind Ranade, Hari Narayan Apte (1864–1919) etc. Lokmanya Tilak's newspaper Kesari, set up in 1880, provided a platform for sharing literary views. V.D. Savarkar's '1857 Che Swatantryasamar' (The Indian War of Independence 1857) served as a Bible for Revolutionaries throughout India. Marathi at this time was efficiently aided by Marathi Drama. Here, there also was a different genre called 'Sangit Natya' or musicals. The first play was V.A. Bhave's ''Sita Swayamvar'' in 1843. Later Kirioskar (1843–85) and G.B. Deval (1854-19l6) brought a romantic aroma and social content. But [[Krushnaji Prabhakar Khadilkar|Krishnaji Prabhakar Khadilkar]] (1872~1948) with his banned play ''Kichaka-Vadh'' (1910) set the trend of political playwriting. Later on this "stage" was ably served by stalwarts like Ram Ganesh Gadkari and Prahlad Keshav Atre. The drama flourished in the 1960s and 70s with few of the best Indian actors available to take on a variety of protagonists. Mohan Agashe, Sriram Lagoo, Kashinath Ghanekar, Prabhakar Panshikar playing many immortal characters penned by greats like Vasant Kanetkar, Kusumagraj, vijay Tendulkar to name a few. This drama movement was ably supported by Marathi films which did not enjoy a continuous success. Starting with [[V.Shantaram]] and before him the pioneer DadaSaheb Phalke, Marathi cinema went on to influence contemporary Hindi cinema. Director [[Raja Paranjape]], Music director [[Sudhir Phadke]], lyricist [[G.D. Madgulkar]] and actor [[Raja Gosavi]] came together to give quite a few hits in later period. Marathi language as spoken by people here was throughout influenced by drama and cinema along with contemporary literature. Modern Marathi poetry began with Mahatma Jyotiba Phule's compositions. The later poets like Keshavsuta, Balakavi, Govindagraj, and the poets of Ravi Kiran Mandal like Madhav Julian wrote poetry which was influenced by the Romantic and Victorian English poetry. It was largely sentimental and lyrical. Prahlad Keshav Atre, the renowned satirist and a politician wrote a parody of this sort of poetry in his collection Jhenduchi Phule. Sane Guruji (1899–1950) contributed to the children's literature in Marathi. His major works are ''Shyamchi Aai'' (Shyam's Mother), ''Astik'' (Believer), ''Gode Shevat'' (The Sweet Ending) etc. He translated and simplified many Western classics and published them in a book of stories titled ''Gode Goshti'' (Sweet Stories).

===Mizo literature===
{{main|Mizo literature}}
'''Mizo literature''' is the [[literature]] written in [[Mizo language|Mizo ṭtawng]], the principal language of the [[Mizo peoples]], which has both [[Written language|written]] and [[oral tradition]]s. It has undergone a considerable change in the 20th century. The language developed mainly from the [[Lushai language]], with significant influence from [[Lai languages|Pawi language]], [[Paite language]] and [[Hmar language]], especially at the literary level.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanglaini.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=12917:mizo-tihin-tawng-a-nei-lo-tih-kha&catid=105:articles&Itemid=466/|title=Vanglaini|website=vanglaini.org|access-date=2019-07-31|archive-date=13 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113115510/https://www.vanglaini.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=12917%3Amizo-tihin-tawng-a-nei-lo-tih-kha&catid=105%3Aarticles&Itemid=466%2F|url-status=dead}}</ref> All [[Mizo languages]] such as [[Lai languages|Pawi language]], [[Paite language]] etc. remained unwritten until the beginning of the 20th century. However, there was unwritten secular literature in the form of folktales, war chants etc. passed down from one generation to another. And there was rich religious literature in the form of sacerdotal chants. These are the chants used by the two types of priests, namely ''Bawlpu'' and ''Sadâwt''. This article is about the written literature.

===Nagpuri literature===
{{Main|Nagpuri literature}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
Nagpuri literature refers to literature in the [[Nagpuri language]], the language of [[Jharkhand]], [[Chhattisgarh]] and [[Odisha]]. The earliest literature started in the nagpuri language when the [[Nagvanshis of Chotanagpur|Nagvanshi]] king and king of [[Ramgarh Raj]] started writing poetry in the 17th century. Since then, various literature has been written.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/giant-new-chapter-for-nagpuri-poetry/cid/362632|title=Giant new chapter for Nagpuri poetry|website=telegraphindia|access-date=6 October 2022}}</ref> Although in the present century, Nagpuri was never considered worthy of literary development, a small but dedicated writers have engaged in writing short stories, plays and poetry.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342833425|title=JOURNAL OF CRITICAL REVIEWS A Study of the Special Features of Nagpuri Language of Jharkhand|publisher=research gate|access-date=6 October 2022}}</ref>

===Nepali literature===
{{main|Nepali literature}}

===Odia literature===
{{main|Odia literature}}
Odia language literary history started with the charyapadas written in the 8th century AD. Odia has a rich literary heritage, the medieval period dating back to the 13th century. [[Sarala Das]] who lived in the 14th century is known as the [[Vyasa]] of Odisha. He translated the [[Mahabharata]] into Odia. In fact the language was initially standardised through a process of translation of classical Sanskrit texts like the [[Mahabharata]], the [[Ramayana]] and the [[Srimad Bhagavatam]]. Jagannatha Das translated the Srimad Bhagavatam into Odia and his translation standardised the written form of the language. Odia has had a strong tradition of poetry, especially that of devotional poetry. Some other eminent ancient Odia Poets include [[Kabi Samrat Upendra Bhanja]] and [[Kavisurya Baladev Rath]].

Odia language is replete in classicism. Various forms of poetry like champu, chhanda, bhajan, janan, poi, chautisha etc. were written during the medieval ages.

In the 19th century, Swabhab Kavi [[Gangadhar Meher]] (1862-1924), [[Fakir Mohan Senapati]] (1843–1918), Gouri Shankar Ray, [[Gopal Chandra Praharaj]], Pandit Nilmani Vidyaratna, [[Kabibar Radhanath Ray]] were few of the prominent figures in prose and poetry writings of [[Odia literature]]. In the 20th century Godabarish Mohapatra, Kalindi Charana Panigrahi, [[Kanhu Charan Mohanty]] (1906–1994), [[Godabarish Mishra]], [[Gopinath Mohanty]] (1914–1991), [[Sachidananda Routray]] (1916–2004), [[Sitakant Mahapatra]] (born 17 September 1937), [[Surendra Mohanty]], [[Manoj Das]], [[Kishori Charan Das]], [[Ramakanta Rath]] (born 13 December 1934), Binapani Mohanty, [[Jagadish Mohanty]], [[Sarojini Sahoo]], Rajendra Kishore Panda, Padmaj Pal, Ramchandra Behera, [[Pratibha Satpathy]], [[Nandini Sahu]], Debaraj Samantray are few names who created [[Odia literature]]. Recently{{when}} the [[Government of India]] accorded classical status to [[Odia language|Odia]] in 2014.
There was a time when [[Bengali language|Bengali]] tried to overpower [[Odia Language]]. Along with [[West Bengal]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]] tookaway many parts of [[Odisha]] letting Odisha into nothingness and despair. Mostly the Bengalis claimed that Odia is the derived form of Bengali and so the language cannot independently exist.The famous Bengali Pandits like Kantilal Bhattacharya and Rajendra Mitra claimed that "Odia ekta swotontro bhasa hobena", i.e., Odia cannot withstand as an independent language. But they were unaware of the fact that Odia language is older than Bengali and even one of the oldest languages in the World. It is one of the classical languages. Owing to the immense contributions and sacrifices of pioneers like [[Fakirmohan Senapati]], [[Gopabandhu Das]], [[Madhusudan Das]], [[Nilakantha Das]], [[Gourishankar Ray]], [[Maharaja]] [[Krushna Chandra Gajapati]] and many more, Odisha and Odia language got back its special identity and has stood tall among the best in the country.
The current state Odisha and the language Odia have evolved through many contributions and sacrifices.

===Punjabi literature===
{{main|Punjabi literature}}
The history of Punjabi literature starts with advent of Aryans in Punjab.
Punjab provided them the perfect environment in which to compose the ancient texts. The Rig-Veda is first example in which references are made to the rivers, flora and fauna of Punjab. The Punjabi literary tradition is generally conceived to commence with Fariduddin Ganjshakar (1173–1266).[2]. Farid's mostly spiritual and devotional verse were compiled after his death in the Adi Granth.

The Janamsakhis, stories on the life and legend of Guru Nanak (1469–1539), are early examples of Punjabi prose literature. Nanak himself composed Punjabi verse incorporating vocabulary from Sanskrit, Arabic, Persian, and other Indic languages as characteristic of the Gurbani tradition. Sufi poetry developed under Shah Hussain (1538–1599), Sultan Bahu (1628–1691), Shah Sharaf (1640–1724), Ali Haider (1690–1785), and Bulleh Shah (1680–1757). In contrast to Persian poets who had preferred the ghazal for poetic expression, Punjabi Sufi poets tended to compose in the Kafi.[3].

Punjabi Sufi poetry also influenced other Punjabi literary traditions particularly the Punjabi Qissa, a genre of romantic tragedy which also derived inspiration from Indic, Persian and Qur'anic sources. The Qissa of Heer Ranjha by Waris Shah (1706–1798) is among the most popular of Punjabi qisse. Other popular stories include Sohni Mahiwal by Fazal Shah, Mirza Sahiba by Hafiz Barkhudar (1658–1707), Sassi Punnun by Hashim Shah (1735?-1843?), and Qissa Puran Bhagat by Qadaryar (1802–1892).

The Victorian novel, Elizabethan drama, free verse and Modernism entered Punjabi literature through the introduction of British education during colonial rule. The setting up of a Christian mission at Ludhiana in 1835 (where a printing press was installed for using Gurmukhi fonts, and which also issued the first Punjabi grammar in 1838), the publication of a Punjabi dictionary by Reverend J. Newton in 1854 and the ripple-down effect of the strengthening and modernizing the education system under the patronage of the Singh Sabha Movement in the 1860s, were some of the developments that made it possible for 'modernism' to emerge in Punjabi literary culture. It needs to be pointed out here that 'modernism' is being used here as an umbrella term to cover a whole range of developments in the Punjabi literary culture, starting with the break from tradition or the past to a commitment to progressive ideology, from the experimental nature of the avant-garde to the newness of the forward-looking.

===Rajasthani literature===
{{main|Rajasthani literature}}

===Sindhi literature===
{{main|Sindhi literature}}


===Tamil literature===
{{main|Tamil literature}}
[[Tamil language|Tamil]] literature has a rich and long literary tradition spanning more than 2500 years ([[Sangam period]]: 5th century BC-3rd century CE.) [[Tolkaappiyam]] (3rd century BC) has been credited as the oldest work in Tamil available today. The history of Tamil literature follows the [[history of Tamil Nadu]], closely following the social and political trends of various periods. The [[secular]] nature of the early [[Sangam Literature|Sangam]] poetry gave way to works of religious and didactic nature during the Middle Ages. [[Tirukkural]] is a fine example of such work on human behaviour and political morals. A wave of religious revival helped generate a great volume of literary output by [[Saivite]] and [[Vaishnavite]] authors. [[Jain]] and [[Buddhist]] authors during the medieval period and [[Muslim]] and European{{citation needed}} authors later also contributed to the growth of Tamil literature.

A revival of Tamil literature took place from the late 19th century when works of religious and philosophical nature were written in a style that made it easier for the common people to enjoy. Nationalist poets began to utilise the power of poetry in influencing the masses. Short stories and novels began to appear. The popularity of [[Tamil Cinema]] has also provided opportunities for modern Tamil poets to emerge.

===Telugu literature===
{{main|Telugu literature}}
Telugu, the Indian language with the third largest number of speakers (after Hindi & Bengali), is rich in literary traditions.
The earliest written literature dates back to the 7th century. The epic literary tradition started with [[Nannayya]] who is acclaimed as Telugu's ''Aadikavi'' meaning the first poet. He belongs to the 10th or 11th century.

[[Vemana]] was a prince, also called Pedakomati or Vemaa Reddy, who lived in the 14th century and wrote poems in the language of the common man. He questioned the prevailing values and conventions and religious practices in his poems. His philosophy made him a unique poet of the masses.

[[Viswanadha Satyanarayana]] (''Veyipadagalu'') (1895–1976), a doyen of conventional yet creative literature, was the first to receive the [[Jnanpith Award]] for Telugu followed by [[C. Narayana Reddy]] and [[Ravuri Bharadwaja]].

[[Srirangam Srinivasarao]] or '''Sri Sri''' (1910–1983) was a popular 20th century poet and lyricist. Srisri took the "Telugu literary band wagon that travelled in roads of kings and queens into that of muddy roads of common man".

====Literary movements====

=====Old Era=====
Telugu literature has been enriched by many literary movements, like the Veera Shaiva movement which gave birth to dwipada kavitvam (couplets). The Bhakti movement gave rise to compilations by Annamayya, [[Kshetrayya]] and Tyagaraja and kancharla Gopanna (Ramadasu). The renaissance movement heralded by Vemana stands for the old Telugu literary movements.

=====New Era=====
The Romantic Movement (led by Krishnasashtri, Rayaprolu, Vedula), Progressive Writers Movement, [[:te:దిగంబర కవులు|Digambara Kavitvam]] (Nagnamuni, Cherabanda Raju, Jwalamukhi, [[:te:నిఖిలేశ్వర్|Nikhileswar]], Bhairavayya and Mahaswapna Revolutionary Writers' Movement, Streevada Kavitvam and Dalita Kavitvam all flourished in Telugu literature. Telugu literature has been the standard bearer of Indian literature in these respects.

Fiction and prose literature:

Kandukuri Veeresalingam is said to be the father of Modern Telugu fiction. Kodavatiganti Kutumba Rao laid the foundation for the realistic modern Telugu novel and short story, and Rachakonda and Kalipatnam carried the flag in to excellency.

[[Annamaya]], [[Gurajada Appa Rao]], [[Kandukuri Veeresalingam|Kandukuri]], [[Devulapalli Krishnasastri|Devulapalli]], [[Gurram Jashuva|Jashuva]], Unnava Laxminarayana (''Malapalli''), Bucchi Babu, [[Tripuraneni Gopichand]], Maa Gokhale, [[Papineni Sivasankar]] and many more had a profound impact on Telugu literature.

===Tripuri literature===
{{main|Tripuri literature}}

Tripuri(Kokborok/Tiprakok) is the native language of Tripuri people in present Tripura state in North East of India. During 20th centuries many of Royal family and its officials contributes to develop the Kokborok Language in many ways.

A significant hint for the antiquity of the Kokborok language can be found in the lines in the "Rajmala", the chronicle which mentions that "Rajmala" was first written in Kokborok(Tripuri).

===Tulu literature===
{{main|Tulu literature}}
The written literature of Tulu is not as large as the literature of other literary Dravidian languages such as Tamil.[46] Nevertheless, Tulu is one of only five literary Dravidian languages, the other four being Tamil, Telugu, Kannada and Malayalam. The earliest available Tulu literature that survives to this date is the Tulu translation of the great Sanskrit epic of Mahabharata called Mahabharato (ಮಹಾಭಾರತೊ). It was written by Arunabja (1657 AD), a poet who lived in Kodavur near Udupi[47] around late 14th to early 15th century AD.[48] Other important literary works in Tulu are:

Devi Mahatmyam's (ಶ್ರೀ ದೇವಿ ಮಹಾತ್ಮೆ) 1200 AD - Tulu translation
Sri Bhagavata (ಶ್ರೀ ಭಾಗವತೊ) 1626 AD - written by Vishnu Tunga
Kaveri (1391 AD)
This script was mainly used to write religious and literary works in Sanskrit.[49][50] Even today the official script of the eight Tulu monasteries (Ashta Mathas of Udupi) founded by Madhvacharya in Udupi is Tulu.[51][52] The pontiffs of the monasteries write their names using this script when they are appointed.[52]

Modern-day Tulu literature is written using the Kannada script. Mandara Ramayana is the most notable piece of modern Tulu literature. Written by Mandara Keshava Bhatt, it received the Sahitya Academy award for best poetry.[53] Madipu, Mogaveera, Saphala and Samparka are popular Tulu periodicals published from Mangalore. The Tulu Sahitya Academy, established by the state government of Karnataka in 1994, as also the Kerala Tulu Academy established by the Indian State Government of Kerala in Manjeshwaram in 2007, are important governmental organisations that promote Tulu literature. Nevertheless, there are numerous organisations spread all over the world with significant Tulu-migrated populations that contribute to Tulu literature. Some notable contributors of Tulu literature are Kayyar Kinhanna Rai, M. K. Seetharam Kulal, Amruta Someshwara, B. A. Viveka Rai, Kedambadi Jattappa Rai, Venkataraja Puninchattaya, Paltadi Ramakrishna Achar, Dr. Sunitha M. Shetty, Dr. Vamana Nandavara, Sri. Balakrishna Shetty Polali.

===Urdu literature===
{{main|Urdu literature}}
Among other traditions, Urdu poetry is a fine example of linguistic and cultural synthesis. [[Arab]] and [[Persian language|Persian]] vocabulary based on the Hindi language resulted in a vast and extremely beloved class of ghazal literature, usually written by Muslims in contexts ranging from romance and society to philosophy and Tassawuf (Sufism). Urdu soon became the court language of the Mughals and in its higher forms was once called the "[[Kohinoor]]" of Indian languages. It is surely the most refined, enriched, sophisticated and ripended language and literature, producing poets like, [[Mir Taqi Mir|Mir]], [[Ghalib]], [[Muhammad Iqbal|Iqbal]], [[Mohammad Ibrahim Zauq|Zauq]] and [[Faiz Ahmad Faiz|Faiz]]. The poetry of Mohammed Iqbal invoked a spirit of freedom among the Muslims of India, thus contributing a pivotal role in the making of Pakistan.

In Urdu literature fiction has also flourished well. Umrao Jaan Ada of Mirza Hadi Ruswa is the first significant Urdu novel. Premchand is treated as father of modern Urdu fiction with his novel Godan and short stories like Kafan. The art of short story was further taken ahead by Manto, Bedi, Krishn Chander and a host of highly acclaimed writers. Urdu novel reached further heights in the 1960s with novels of [[Qurratulain Haider]] and Abdullah Hussain. Towards the end of the 20th century Urdu novel entered into a new phase with trend setter novel MAKAAN of Paigham Afaqui. Urdu ghazal has also recently changed its colour with more and more penetration in and synchronization with modern and contemporary issues of life.

==In foreign languages==

===Indian Persian literature===
{{main|Persian language in the Indian subcontinent}}
During the early Muslim period, Persian became the official language of the northern part of Indian subcontinent, used by most of the educated and the government. The language had, from its earliest days in the 11th century AD, been imported to the subcontinent by various culturally Persianised [[Central Asia]]n [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] and [[Afghans|Afghan]] dynasties.<ref>Sigfried J. de Laet. [https://books.google.com/books?id=PvlthkbFU1UC&dq=persian+language+in+anatolia&pg=PA734 ''History of Humanity: From the seventh to the sixteenth century''] UNESCO, 1994. {{ISBN|9231028138}} p 734</ref> Several Indians became major Persian poets later on, the most notable being [[Amir Khusro]] and, in more modern times, Muhammad Iqbal. Much of the older [[Sanskrit]] literature was also translated into Persian. For a time, it remained the court language of the [[Mughals]], soon to be replaced by Urdu. Persian still held its status, despite the spread of Urdu, well into the early years of the [[British India|British]] rule in India. Most British officials had to learn Persian on coming to India and concluded their conversations in Persian. In 1837, however, the British, in an effort to expand their influence, made a government ruling to discontinue the use of Persian and commence the use of English instead. Thus started the decline of Persian as most of the subcontinent's official governmental language, a position to be taken up by the new language of the [[British Raj]], English. Many modern Indian languages still show signs of relatively heavy Persian influence, most notably Urdu and Hindi.

===Literature from North East India===
{{main|Literature from North East India}}

[[Literature from North East India|English literature from North East India]] refers to the body of work by English-language writers from [[North-East India]].They included many sub-categories, such as Naga literature, [[Assamese literature]], [[Meitei literature|Meitei or Manipuri literature]], among others. Ancient India has many intensive examples, like that of the incredible verses translated from the [[Ramayana]], named ''Saptakanda Ramayana''. Choral songs known as [[Oja-Pali]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ojapali – A performing art form of Assam|url=https://www.oknortheast.com/2012/03/ojapali-performing-art-form-of-assam.html?m=1|access-date=2021-01-22|website=www.oknortheast.com}}</ref> and theater performances, known as ''Panchali'', were also an extensive part of [[Assamese literature]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Barua|first=Hem|title=Assamese literature|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23328613|journal=Indian Literature|volume=1|issue=1|pages=65–68|jstor=23328613 |issn=0019-5804}}</ref>

==Awards==
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi fellows|Sahitya Akademi Fellowship]]
* [[Jnanpith Award]]
* [[Sahitya Akademi Award]]
* [[Vyas Samman]]
* [[Saraswati Samman]]

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Literature}}
*[[Indian epic poetry]]
*[[List of ancient Indian writers]]
*[[Indian Literature (journal)|''Indian Literature'' (journal)]]
*[[Indian poetry]]
*[[Literature from North East India]]
*[[Stephanian School of Literature]]

==Footnotes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.indohistory.com/literature.html Indian Literature on Indohistory]
*[http://indianreview.in Indian Literature, Fiction and Poetry Magazine]
*[http://lawpark.jimdo.com/other-lists-1/south-asian-canonical-texts/ South Asian Canonical Texts]{{dead link|bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*[http://www.worldrecordsindia.com/2014/06/longest-poem-on-indian-constitution/ Bhas - Longest Poem on Indian Constitution set World Record]

{{India topics}}
{{Asian topic|| literature}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Literature}}
[[Category:Indian literature| ]]