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Banswada Assembly constituency

2026-05-04T16:46:18Z

BrandonNewquist: Added the entry with sources.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Telangana legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Banswada
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Telangana (14-Banswada highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Banswada Assembly constituency within Telangana
| mla = [[Pocharam Srinivas Reddy]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| established = 1951
| state = [[Telangana]]
| district = [[Kamareddy district|Kamareddy]]
| electors = 1,50,444
| incumbent_image = Pocharam Srinivas Reddy (cropped).jpg
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 14
| loksabha_cons = [[Zahirabad Lok Sabha constituency|Zahirabad]]
}}

'''Banswada Assembly constituency''' is a constituency of the [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is one of the constituencies of Telangana with nine mandals, out of which six are in [[Nizamabad district]] and the other three in [[Kamareddy district]]. It is part of [[Zahirabad Lok Sabha constituency]].

[[Pocharam Srinivas Reddy]] of [[Indian National Congress]] is currently representing the constituency.

==Mandals==
The assembly constituency presently comprises the following mandals:
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
!District
|-
|[[Banswada]]
|[[Kamareddy district]]
|-
|[[Birkoor]]
|[[Kamareddy district]]
|-
|Nasrullabad
|[[Kamareddy district]]
|-
|[[Varni, India|Varni]]
|[[Nizamabad district]]
|-
|[[Kotgiri]]
|[[Nizamabad district]]
|-
|[[Rudrur]]
|[[Nizamabad district]]
|-
|Chandur
|[[Nizamabad district]]
|-
|Mosra
|[[Nizamabad district]]
|-
|Pothangal
|[[Nizamabad district]]
|}

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#BB8ED0" | [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || [[Sangam Laxmi Bai]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[1957 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Seetakumari
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Sreenivasa Reddy
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || rowspan="3" | M. Sreenivasa Rao
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || Kishan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || Suryadevara Venkata || {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || Kathera Gangadhar
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || rowspan="2" | [[Pocharam Srinivas Reddy]]
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || [[Bajireddy Goverdhan]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || rowspan="5" | [[Pocharam Srinivas Reddy]] || {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[2011 elections in India#Andhra Pradesh|2011 By-election]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
| [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|}
{{legend|#BB8ED0|{{small|Hyderabad State}}|invert=yes}}
{{legend|#c2f3d9|{{small|Andhra Pradesh}}|invert=yes}}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]] : Banswada }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Pocharam Srinivas Reddy]] |party = Bharat Rashtra Samithi |votes = 76,278 |percentage = 47.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Eanugu Ravinder Reddy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 52,814 |percentage = 32.99% |change = {{decrease}}8.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Laxmi Narayana Yendala |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 23,685 |percentage = 14.80% |change = {{increase}}12.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Putta Bhaskar |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,671 |percentage = 2.29% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Neeradi Eshwar |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,435 |percentage = 0.90% |change = {{increase}}0.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,012 |percentage = 0.63% |change = {{decrease}}0.45 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 23,464 |percentage = 14.66% |change = {{increase}}1.84 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 160,146 |percentage = 81.96% |change = {{decrease}}2.18 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 160,079}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 195,384 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.71 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharat Rashtra Samithi |loser = Bharat Rashtra Samithi |swing = {{decrease}}6.39 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]] : Banswada }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Pocharam Srinivas Reddy]] |party = Bharat Rashtra Samithi |votes = 77,943 |percentage = 54.04% |change = {{increase}}5.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Balaraju Kasula |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 59,458 |percentage = 41.22% |change = {{increase}}10.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Prakash Naidu |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 2,998 |percentage = 2.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kondani Anjaiah |party = Pyramid Party of India |votes = 2,409 |percentage = 1.67% |change = {{increase}}0.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,555 |percentage = 1.08% |change = {{increase}}0.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Bheem Rao Gaikwad |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 871 |percentage = 0.60% |change = {{decrease}}2.24 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,485 |percentage = 12.82% |change = {{decrease}}4.67 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 145,870 |percentage = 84.14% |change = {{increase}}6.77 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 144,242}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 173,356 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}3.41 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharat Rashtra Samithi |swing = {{increase}}5.90 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]] : Banswada <ref>{{cite web |url=http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/PartyWiseResultS01.htm?st=S01 |title=General Election to Vidhan Sabha Trends & Result 2014 - Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=eciresults.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 18 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518213039/http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/PartyWiseResultS01.htm?st=S01}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Pocharam Srinivas Reddy]] |party = Bharat Rashtra Samithi |votes = 65,868 |percentage = 48.14% |change = {{decrease}}19.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Balaraju Kasula |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 41,938 |percentage = 30.65% |change = {{increase}}3.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Badya Naik Rathod |party = Telugu Desam Party |votes = 19,692 |percentage = 14.39% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Narahari Gangaram |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 3,890 |percentage = 2.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramesh Chandra Benarji Kaki |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,861 |percentage = 2.09% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,316 |percentage = 0.96% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kondani Anjaiah |party = Pyramid Party of India |votes = 944 |percentage = 0.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 23,930 |percentage = 17.49% |change = {{decrease}}23.11 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 138,854 |percentage = 77.37% |change = {{increase}}0.45 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 136,835}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 179,477 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.36 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharat Rashtra Samithi |swing = {{decrease}}19.61 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly By-election 2011 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2011 elections in India#Andhra Pradesh|2011 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Banswada <ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/detailed-bye-election-results/ |title=Bye-Election Results - Election Commission of India |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Pocharam Srinivas Reddy]] |party = Bharat Rashtra Samithi |votes = 83,245 |percentage = 67.75% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. G. Sangem |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 33,356 |percentage = 27.15% |change = {{decrease}}6.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. K. Venigalla |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,840 |percentage = 2.31% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhaskar Jajula |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,313 |percentage = 1.07% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate |candidate = Giridhar. R |party = MTP |votes = 1,273 |percentage = 1.04% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Chandraiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 844 |percentage = 0.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 49,889 |percentage = 40.60% |change = {{increase}}20.25 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 122,871 |percentage = 76.92% |change = {{decrease}}2.46 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 122,871}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 159,732 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}1.24 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharat Rashtra Samithi |loser = Telugu Desam Party |swing = {{increase}}13.28 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Banswada <ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4054-andhra-pradesh-2009/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 14 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Pocharam Srinivas Reddy]] |party = Telugu Desam Party |votes = 69,857 |percentage = 54.47% |change = {{increase}}13.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Bajireddy Goverdhan]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 43,754 |percentage = 34.12% |change = {{decrease}}17.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Balaraj Kasulawar |party = Praja Rajyam Party |votes = 6,347 |percentage = 4.95% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mohan Reddy Ryala |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 2,671 |percentage = 2.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Avusali Gangadhar |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,624 |percentage = 1.27% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nagaiah Macharla |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,490 |percentage = 1.16% |change = {{decrease}}5.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Geetha Murthy |party = Lok Satta Party |votes = 1,300 |percentage = 1.01% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bejugam Shanker |party = Pyramid Party of India |votes = 1,211 |percentage = 0.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 26,103 |percentage = 20.35% |change = {{increase}}10.13 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 128,382 |percentage = 79.38% |change = {{increase}}4.20 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 128,254}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 161,732 |ref = |change = {{increase}}0.64 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Telugu Desam Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}3.29 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Banswada <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AP_2004.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 4 Mar 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070304113812/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AP_2004.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Bajireddy Goverdhan]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 61,819 |percentage = 51.18% |change = {{increase}}15.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Srinivas Reddy Parige (Pocharam) |party = Telugu Desam Party |votes = 49,471 |percentage = 40.96% |change = {{decrease}}22.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. Gangaram |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 7,481 |percentage = 6.19% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rajaram Kateke |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,171 |percentage = 1.80% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,348 |percentage = 10.22% |change = {{decrease}}17.65 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 120,814 |percentage = 75.18% |change = {{increase}}0.44 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 120,783}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 31 |percentage = 0.03% |change = {{decrease}}2.98 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 160,708 |ref = |change = {{increase}}2.46 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Telugu Desam Party |swing = {{decrease}}12.30 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Banswada <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AP99.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 11 Dec 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105732/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AP99.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Pocharam Srinivas Reddy]] |party = Telugu Desam Party |votes = 72,179 |percentage = 63.48% |change = {{decrease}}11.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kishan Singh |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 40,495 |percentage = 35.61% |change = {{increase}}16.35 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 31,684 |percentage = 27.87% |change = {{decrease}}27.42 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 117,233 |percentage = 74.74% |change = {{decrease}}0.84 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 113,704}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 3,529 |percentage = 3.01% |change = {{increase}}0.62 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 156,857 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.33 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Telugu Desam Party |swing = {{decrease}}11.08 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Banswada <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-AP94.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 11 Dec 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105732/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-AP94.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Pocharam Srinivas Reddy]] |party = Telugu Desam Party |votes = 77,495 |percentage = 74.56% |change = {{increase}}29.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Srimathi Beena Devi |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,023 |percentage = 19.26% |change = {{decrease}}23.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sridhar Raju Saksena |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 4,675 |percentage = 4.50% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. V. L. Narasimha Rao |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,042 |percentage = 1.00% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. A. Razzak |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 701 |percentage = 0.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 57,472 |percentage = 55.29% |change = {{increase}}52.81 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 106,485 |percentage = 75.58% |change = {{decrease}}0.56 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 103,943}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,542 |percentage = 2.39% |change = {{decrease}}2.84 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 140,891 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.06 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Telugu Desam Party |swing = {{increase}}29.57 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Banswada <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatRep_AP_89.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 11 Dec 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105732/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatRep_AP_89.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Kathera Gangadhar |party = Telugu Desam Party |votes = 44,377 |percentage = 44.99% |change = {{decrease}}9.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Reddygari Venkatarama Reddy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 41,934 |percentage = 42.51% |change = {{decrease}}0.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shaik Mahboob |party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen |votes = 10,031 |percentage = 10.17% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nalla Laxman |party = Independent politician |votes = 719 |percentage = 0.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,443 |percentage = 2.48% |change = {{decrease}}8.47 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 104,092 |percentage = 76.14% |change = {{increase}}2.25 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 98,646}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 5,446 |percentage = 5.23% |change = {{increase}}3.43 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 136,711 |ref = |change = {{increase}}19.37 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Telugu Desam Party |swing = {{decrease}}9.05 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Banswada <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20andhra%20pradesh.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 11 Dec 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105732/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20andhra%20pradesh.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Suryadevara Venkata |party = Telugu Desam Party |votes = 44,904 |percentage = 54.04% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Venkatarama Reddy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 35,804 |percentage = 43.09% |change = {{increase}}9.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Yadav Bosu Babu |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,029 |percentage = 1.24% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Veeragandham Venkateshwara Rao |party = Independent politician |votes = 777 |percentage = 0.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,100 |percentage = 10.95% |change = {{decrease}}5.34 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 84,620 |percentage = 73.89% |change = {{decrease}}0.16 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 83,095}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,525 |percentage = 1.80% |change = {{decrease}}0.63 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 114,528 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.37 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Telugu Desam Party |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}4.24 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Banswada <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%20Andhra%20Pradesh%201983.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 11 Dec 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105732/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%20Andhra%20Pradesh%201983.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Kishan Singh |party = Independent politician |votes = 36,346 |percentage = 49.80% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Sreenivasa Rao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 24,459 |percentage = 33.51% |change = {{increase}}20.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ailapuram Narendera Reddy |party = Independent politician |votes = 10,425 |percentage = 14.28% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dowulaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,752 |percentage = 2.40% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,887 |percentage = 16.29% |change = {{decrease}}10.69 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 74,803 |percentage = 74.05% |change = {{decrease}}3.39 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 72,982}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,821 |percentage = 2.43% |change = {{decrease}}1.45 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 101,023 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.45 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{increase}}6.08 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Banswada <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Andhra%20Pradesh.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 11 Dec 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105732/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Andhra%20Pradesh.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = M. Sreenivasa Rao |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 31,178 |percentage = 43.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Narayan Rao Jadav |party = Independent politician |votes = 11,940 |percentage = 16.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Vithal Reddy |party = Janata Party |votes = 10,880 |percentage = 15.26% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Balarajiah Nagulagama |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 9,154 |percentage = 12.84% |change = {{decrease}}23.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. V. L. Narasimha Rao |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,169 |percentage = 4.44% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chandra Bhanu |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,094 |percentage = 4.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bheem Rao |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,653 |percentage = 2.32% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 19,238 |percentage = 26.98% |change = {{increase}}22.28 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 74,190 |percentage = 77.44% |change = {{increase}}10.85 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 71,308}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,882 |percentage = 3.88% |change = {{increase}}3.88 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 95,805 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.31 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}6.94 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Banswada <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/Statittical%20Report%20Andhra%20Pradesh%201972.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 11 Dec 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105732/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/Statittical%20Report%20Andhra%20Pradesh%201972.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = M. Sreenivasa Rao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,279 |percentage = 36.78% |change = {{decrease}}19.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rajaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 17,687 |percentage = 32.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Saya Goud |party = Independent politician |votes = 15,195 |percentage = 27.56% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gangaram Tammala |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,975 |percentage = 3.58% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,592 |percentage = 4.70% |change = {{decrease}}16.22 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 57,317 |percentage = 66.59% |change = {{increase}}2.30 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 55,136}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 86,071 |ref = |change = {{increase}}20.67 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}19.54 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Banswada <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Andhra%20Pradesh%201967.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 11 Dec 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105732/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Andhra%20Pradesh%201967.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = M. Sreenivasa Rao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 24,198 |percentage = 56.32% |change = {{increase}}2.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. L. N. Goud |party = Independent politician |votes = 15,208 |percentage = 35.40% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Baswayya |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,560 |percentage = 8.29% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,990 |percentage = 20.92% |change = {{increase}}13.33 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 45,856 |percentage = 64.29% |change = {{increase}}1.17 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 42,966}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 71,330 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.26 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}2.52 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Banswada <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_AP_1962.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 11 Dec 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105732/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_AP_1962.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Sreenivasa Reddy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 21,418 |percentage = 53.80% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Narla Rajiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 18,395 |percentage = 46.20% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,023 |percentage = 7.59% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 41,591 |percentage = 63.12% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 39,813}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 65,890 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Banswada <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_AP_1957.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 11 Dec 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105732/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_AP_1957.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link |candidate = Seetakumari |party = Indian National Congress |percentage = |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 60,014 |ref = |change = {{increase}}34.97 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election]] : Banswada <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Hyderabad |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606161433/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf|archive-date=6 June 2016|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Sangam Laxmi Bai]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 14,667 |percentage = 58.89% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kishan Rao |party = Independent politician |votes = 10,238 |percentage = 41.11% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,429 |percentage = 17.78% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 24,905 |percentage = 56.01% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 24,905}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 44,464 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Telangana Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|18.38|77.88|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Telangana}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Telangana]]
[[Category:Kamareddy district]]
[[Category:Politics of Telangana]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]

Madhu Azad

2026-05-03T09:11:01Z

BrandonNewquist: done - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}

'''Madhu Azad''' is an Indian politician from [[Haryana]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. In the 2017 [[Gurgaon Municipal Corporation]] election, she was elected as the mayor of [[Gurgaon]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-04 |title=BJP's Madhu Azad, a scheduled caste nominee, voted as Gurugram's first woman mayor |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/bjps-madhu-azad-a-schedule-caste-nominee-voted-as-gurugrams-first-woman-mayor-4192529.html |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-05-19 |title=Mayor, councillors to approach Haryana CM for action against MCG chief engineer |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/gurugram-news/mayor-councillors-to-approach-haryana-cm-for-action-against-mcg-chief-engineer-101652899489684.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401153138/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/gurugram-news/mayor-councillors-to-approach-haryana-cm-for-action-against-mcg-chief-engineer-101652899489684.html |archive-date=1 April 2023 |access-date=2025-01-05 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref> She is first woman mayor of Gurugram.<ref>{{Cite web |title=श्रीमती मधु आज़ाद – Bhartiya Janata Party |url=https://www.bjpgurugram.org/madhu-azad/ |access-date=2024-12-13 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-03 |title=Gurgaon civic polls: BJP's Madhu Azad becomes city's first ever female mayor |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/city-others/gurgaon-civic-polls-bjps-madhu-azad-becomes-citys-first-ever-female-mayor-4921153/ |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-03 |title=Madhu Azad becomes Gurgaons first woman mayor |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/madhu-azad-becomes-gurgaons-first-woman-mayor-1075844-2017-11-03 |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Her term as mayor ended in 2022. The election was delayed as the delimitation exercise was not yet completed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shukla |first=Prabhat |date=2024-09-12 |title=Gurgram battles civic woes as municipal polls pending for two years |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2024/Sep/12/gurgram-battles-civic-woes-as-municipal-polls-pending-for-two-years |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

She is from Gurugram, Haryana. She married Ashok Azad, a BJP party worker for over two decades.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=BJP's Madhu Azad elected G'gram Mayor unopposed |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/haryana/bjp-s-madhu-azad-elected-g-gram-mayor-unopposed-491918 |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

She made her electoral debut representing the BJP and won from Ward Number 7 in 2017 election and became a unanimous candidate after BJP president [[Subhash Barala]] held meetings with other party councillors and an all-woman team was formed.<ref name=":1" />

In November 2017, BJP won 14 seats in the 35 wards and with the mayor seat reserved for women belonging to Scheduled Caste in 2017, Azad won the post unopposed.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2021-09-11 |title=Mayor: If someone has seen my son in my chair, let them show evidence |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/mayor-if-someone-has-seen-my-son-in-my-chair-let-them-show-evidence/articleshow/86101669.cms |access-date=2024-12-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=मधु आजाद मेयर तो प्रमिला कबलाना बनीं सीनियर डिप्टी मेयर |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/ncr/story-madhu-azad-becomes-new-mayor-of-gurugram-1625153.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171103120406/http://www.livehindustan.com/ncr/story-madhu-azad-becomes-new-mayor-of-gurugram-1625153.html |archive-date=3 November 2017 |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=Live Hindustan |language=hi |url-status=live }}</ref> In the elections held to the Municipal Corporation of Gurgaon in September 2017, 20 independent candidates won and BJP managed to secure the support of 12 councillors and won the Mayor post.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Agencies |date=2017-11-03 |title=BJP-backed councillor Madhu Azad takes over as Ggn Mayor |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/delhi/bjp-backed-councillor-madhu-azad-takes-over-as-ggn-mayor-269498 |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=www.millenniumpost.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Controversies ==
In December 2019, 19 councillors wrote to the divisional commissioner demanding removal of the mayor and her deputies, under Haryana Municipal Corporation Act 1994 section 74, for allegedly running the corporation without taking the councillors into confidence.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-04 |title=Mayor vs councillors in MCG: 19 boycott House meet, seek her removal |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/delhi/gurgaon-mayor-councillors-mcg-boycott-house-meet-seek-her-removal-6149290/ |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In September 2021, she had differences with the superintending engineer of MCG regarding a blocked drain in ward 22, and following her complaint, the engineer was suspended by the Haryana home and [[Municipal governance in India|urban local bodies]] minister [[Anil Vij]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Kartik |date=19 May 2022 |title=Mayor, councillors to approach Haryana CM for action against MCG chief engineer |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/gurugram-news/mayor-councillors-to-approach-haryana-cm-for-action-against-mcg-chief-engineer-101652899489684.html |access-date=6 January 2025 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> It resulted in a protest by the municipal corporation workers that went on for three weeks.<ref>{{Citation |last=Vaddiraju |first=Anil Kumar |title=Urban Governance, Local Democracy and the Future |date=2020-12-13 |work=Urban Governance and Local Democracy in South India |pages=72–89 |url=https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429281907-5 |access-date=2025-01-05 |publisher=Routledge India |doi=10.4324/9780429281907-5 |isbn=978-0-429-28190-7|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In turn, the engineering department workers raised allegations of her son attending the council meetings but she denied them, saying any resident could attend the civic meetings and raise the issues of their wards.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Azad, Madhu}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Politicians from Haryana]]
[[Category:Women mayors of places in Haryana]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Haryana]]
{{Haryana-BJP-politician-stub}}

Sumitra Devi (actress)

2026-05-02T11:24:43Z

BrandonNewquist: new new bio - done

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sumitra Devi
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = bn
| image = Actress Sumitra Devi.jpg
| caption = Sumitra Devi
| birth_name = Nilima Chattopadhyay<ref name=":2" />
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1923|07|22}}<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fridaymoviez.com/celebrity/biography/sumitra-devi|title=Sumitra Devi|website=Friday Moviez|access-date=2018-08-24|archive-date=24 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824065057/http://www.fridaymoviez.com/celebrity/biography/sumitra-devi|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| death_date = {{death date and age|1990|08|28|1923|07|22|df=y}}<ref name=":2" />
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[India]]
| citizenship = [[India]]n
| occupation = Actress
| spouses = {{ubl
|{{marriage|[[Devi Mukherjee]]|1946|1947|reason=death}}<ref name=":2" />
|{{marriage|J. L. Sharma|1952}}
}}
| yearsactive = {{ubl|1944–1964|1974–1977}}
| notable works = {{ubl|''[[Sandhi (1944 film)|Sandhi]]''|''[[Meri Bahen]]''|''[[Pather Dabi (film)|Pather Dabi]]''|''[[Pratibad (1948 film)|Pratibad]]''|''Devi Chowdhurani''|''Swami''|''[[Mamta (1952 film)|Mamta]]''|''[[Saheb Bibi Golam (Film)|Saheb Bibi Golam]]''|''[[Jagte Raho]]''|''Andhare Alo''|''Joutuk''|''Kinu Gowalar Gali''}}
| awards = [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Best Actress Award|BFJA Awards]]<ref name=":2" />
| birth_place = [[Suri, Birbhum|Shiuri]], [[Birbhum]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]<ref name=":2" />
| children = 1
| alma_mater = Deshbandhu Girls' High School, Kolkata<ref name=":2" />
| alt =
| era = 1940s 1950s
}}

'''Sumitra Devi''' ({{audio|LL-Q9610 (ben)-Titodutta-সুমিত্রা দেবী.wav|listen}}; 22 July 1923 – 28 August 1990) was an Indian actress who is recognised for her work in [[Bollywood|Hindi]] as well as [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali cinema]] during the 1940s and 1950s.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/people/sumitra-devi-81397|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215024056/https://www.cinestaan.com/people/sumitra-devi-81397|url-status=live|archive-date=15 February 2018|title=Sumitra Devi movies, filmography, biography and songs - Cinestaan.com|website=Cinestaan|access-date=2018-02-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lyricstashan.com/category/actors/best-sumitra-devi-songs-lyrics-watch-online|title=Best Sumitra Devi song lyrics collection - LyricsTashan|last=lyricstashan.com|website=lyricstashan.com|access-date=2018-01-15}}</ref> Widely regarded as one of the greatest actresses of her time, she is best remembered for her role in the 1952 [[Bollywood|Hindi]] film ''[[Mamta (1952 film)|Mamta]]'' directed by Dada Gunjal.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bangla |first=Jago |date=2022-06-18 |title=হারানো দিনের স্মরণীয় নায়িকা, বিবি পটেশ্বরীতেই বাজিমাত সুমিত্রা দেবীর |url=https://jagobangla.in/memorable-heroine-sumitra-devi/ |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=JagoBangla |language=en-US}}</ref> She was the recipient of [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Best Actress Award|BFJA Award for Best Actress]] for three times.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":2" /> She was one of the exquisite beauties of her time and has been regarded as the most beautiful woman of her time by veterans such as [[Pradeep Kumar (actor)|Pradeep Kumar]] and [[Uttam Kumar]].<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|title=GoldenFrames: Sumitra Devi, the queen bee of Bengali cinema|url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/goldenframes-sumitra-devi-the-queen-bee-of-bengali-cinema-/articleshow/84667720.cms|access-date=15 October 2021|website=photogallery.indiatimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mywordsnthoughts.com/myworld/bollywood/sumitra-devi-the-sedative-and-gorgeous-indian-actress-of-1940s-to-1960s/|title=Sumitra Devi – The sedative and gorgeous Indian actress of 1940s to 1960s|date=2019-06-18|website=My Words & Thoughts|language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-23}}</ref>

In 1943 she was summoned for an interview and look test in the office of [[New Theatres]] and was finally cast opposite [[K. L. Saigal]] in Hemchander Chander's ''[[Meri Bahen]]'' (1944).<ref name=":1" /> During the making of this film she was offered to play the lead in Apurba Mitra's bilingual film ''[[Sandhi (1944 film)|Sandhi]]'' (1944) which happened to be her debut film and a major commercial success, earning her the [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Best Actress Award|BFJA Award for Best Actress]] in 1945.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> She became a top-billed actress of Bengali cinema because of the commercial success of her films such as ''Abhijog'' (1947), ''[[Pather Dabi (film)|Pather Dabi]]'' (1947), ''[[Pratibad (1948 film)|Pratibad]]'' (1948), ''Jayjatra'' (1948), ''Swami'' (1949) and ''Devi Chowdhurani'' (1949).<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.whatsuplife.in/kolkata/blog/best-bengali-actresses-kolkata/|title=Best Bengali Actresses Of All Times, Who Have Created Ripples!|work=What's Up Kolkata|access-date=2018-08-19|language=en-us}}</ref> She went on to star in a number Bollywood films such as ''Mashal'' (1950), ''[[Mamta (1952 film)|Mamta]]'' (1952), ''[[Deewana (1952 film)|Deewana]]'' (1952), ''Ghungroo'' (1952), ''[[Mayurpankh]]'' (1954), ''Chor Bazaar'' (1954), ''Raj Yogi Bharthari'' (1954) and ''[[Jagte Raho]]'' (1956).<ref name=":2" /> She is idolized for her role as the beautiful alcoholic wife of a landlord in Kartik Chattopadhyay's cult classic ''[[Saheb Bibi Golam (Film)|Saheb Bibi Golam]]'' (1956) which is an adaptation of [[Bimal Mitra]]'s classic novel of the same name.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" /> Her portrayal of Bijali, a [[nautch]] girl with a bereaved heart in Haridas Bhattacharya's [[National Film Award|National Award]] winning Bengali film ''Aandhare Alo'' (1957) earned an overwhelming critical acclaims.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm5thNFAAward.aspx|title=Directorate of Film Festival|website=iffi.nic.in|access-date=2017-05-01}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> She was also acclaimed for her roles in films such as ''Ekdin Ratre'' (1956), ''Khela Bhangar Khela'' (1957), ''[[Nilachaley Mahaprabhu]]'' (1957), ''Joutuk'' (1958) and ''Kinu Gowalar Gali'' (1964).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" /> In the late fifties, she was invited to the [[Asian Film Festival]] in China as a delegate from India.<ref name=":0" />

== Early life ==
Sumitra Devi was born on 22 July 1923 at [[Suri, Birbhum|Shiuri]], in [[Birbhum district|Birbhum]], [[West Bengal]]. Her original name was Nilima Chattopadhyay. Her father Murali Chattopadhyay was an advocate.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://cineplot.com/sumitra-devi-interview-1952/|title=Sumitra Devi – Interview (1952)|website=cineplot.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-02}}</ref> Her brother's name was Ranajit Chattopadhyay. She was brought up in [[Muzaffarpur]], [[Bihar]]. In 1934, her family settled in Calcutta after their house and estate in [[Muzaffarpur]] was demolished in the [[1934 Nepal–India earthquake|earthquake]].<ref name=":0" /> After her marriage she settled in Bhagalpur. She quit her marriage and left Bhagalpur to pursue a film career.

==Career==
During her teenage, she was immensely influenced by the beauty and stature of the veteran actresses like [[Chandrabati Devi]] and [[Kanan Devi]] and aspired to be an actress.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Ten Most Beautiful Actresses of Bengali Cinema|url=https://filmsack.jimdo.com/|access-date=2017-03-18|website=filmsack.jimdo.com|language=en-US|archive-date=6 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406112148/https://filmsack.jimdo.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

She decided to send an application letter along with a photograph of her own to the office of [[New Theatres]]. As her father was conservative, she decided to do it secretly and to make her plan fruitful, she sought the help of her younger brother Ranajit, who agreed to cooperate with her.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ritambangla.com/national/sumitra-devi-was-not-only-an-great-actress-but-a-good-human-being-as-well/|title=সকলকে আপন করে নেওয়ার ক্ষমতা ছিল সুমিত্রা দেবীর|date=2019-08-28|website=BAARTA TODAY|language=en-US|access-date=24 October 2019}}</ref> Her letter was answered and she was summoned for an interview and look test. At the office of [[New Theatres]], she was asked to read lines from [[Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay]]'s ''[[Ganadevata (novel)|Ganadevata]]'' and she mesmerized everyone present there with her beauty as well as her lucid, euphonic voice. She was chosen for the leading role opposite [[K. L. Saigal]] in [[New Theatres]]'s ''[[Meri Bahen]]'' (1944).<ref name=":9" /> Nilima adopted her screen name ''Sumitra Devi''.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rF8ABAAAQBAJ&q=sumitra+devi&pg=PA1994-IA432|title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema|last1=Rajadhyaksha|first1=Ashish|last2=Willemen|first2=Paul|date=2014-07-10|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781135943257|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QPQ6CwAAQBAJ&q=sumitra+devi+actress&pg=PT124|title=K. L. Saigal: The Definitive Biography|last=Nevile|first=Pran|date=2011-05-11|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=9789352141609|language=en}}</ref>
Though ''[[Meri Bahen]]'' was supposed to be the debut film of Sumitra Devi, she finally made her debut with Apurba Mitra's bilingual film ''[[Sandhi (1944 film)|Sandhi]]'' (1944), which became a major financial success.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiancine.ma/documents/DSP/4|title=Indiancine.ma|website=Indiancine.ma|access-date=2017-07-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2YpvBQAAQBAJ&q=sadhi+1944&pg=PA13|title=Hindi Cinema Ke 150 Sitare|last=Viplav|first=Vinod|date=19 January 2021 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=9789350482957|language=hi}}</ref> There are different speculations regarding how she attained her role in ''Sandhi'' (1944). [[Anandalok]] wrote that she was stalled on her way to the shooting floor of ''[[Meri Bahen]]'', by Apurba Mitra who offered her to act in his directorial venture.<ref name=":7">বাংলা ছবির রূপসী নায়িকারা by [https://www.anandalok.com/ Anandalok] (August, 2005 ed.)</ref> Cineplot claimed that it was actually Sumitra Devi herself who proposed [[Debaki Bose]] to act in his film and it was [[Debaki Bose|Bose]] who finally cast her in his nephew Apurba Mitra's directorial venture. According to the source, Bose wanted to enquire whether she had her father's consent to step into filmdom. She confessed that she did not have and her father was too conservative to provide his consent to this. As Bose was keen to cast her, he requested [[Birendranath Sircar|B. N. Sircar]] to persuade her father, Murali Chattopadhyay to give his consent. As B. N. Sircar was the son of Sir M. N. Sirkar, an eminent advocate{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}} and a close friend to Murali Chattopadhyay, he finally yielded to Sircar's imploration and reluctantly gave his consent.<ref name=":8" /> After the film released, she was applauded for her unlaboured acting skill as well as credited as having an "outstanding luminous screen presence".<ref name=":0" /> The film revolves around the oscillating relationship between a father and his son as the latter marries Rekha instead of marrying a girl whom his father chose for him. She portrays Rekha who takes initiative in the reunion of the father-son duo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=সন্ধি |url=https://banglacinema100.com/movie-details/ZVhneE1XZ3hjSFprUVM5MmN6ZDFjMWxWZURsTWR6MDk= |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=banglacinema100.com |language=bn}}</ref> The film won her the [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Best Actress Award|Bengal Film Journalists' Association - Best Actress Award]] in 1945.{{Citation needed|date=February 2022}} ''[[Meri Bahen]]'' (1944) achieved remarkable success upon release. It became the fourth highest-grossing film of the year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=149&catName=MTk0NA==|title=Boxofficeindia.com|date=2013-10-16|access-date=2018-05-15|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016220247/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=149&catName=MTk0NA==|archive-date=16 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Sumitra featured in Soumyen Mukhopadhyay's Hindi film W''asiyatnama'' (1945) which was originally an adaptation of veteran Bengali author [[Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay|Bamkim Chandra Chattopadhyay]]'s famous novel ''Krishnakanter Will''.<ref name=":6" /> In this film, she played Rohini the beautiful widow who seduces Govindlal to elope with him and ultimately gets killed by him. She earned rave reviews for her enticing as well as doleful performance in the film.<ref name=":0" /> Filmstaan wrote, "She had that melancholia which she manipulated together with her beauty to vitalize the character of Rohini."<ref name=":6">''অদম্য ছিল তার আকর্ষণ'' by Snehashish Chattopadhyay. Bhashyo (2007, November ed.)</ref>

Her next big turn was Satish Dasgupta and Digambar Chattopadhay's directorial venture ''[[Pather Dabi (film)|Pather Dabi]]'' (1947) which was an adaptation of the renowned Bengali author [[Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay]]'s novel of the [[Pather Dabi|same name]] and also starred Debi Mukherjee in lead.<ref name=":6" /> She played [[Pather Dabi|Bharati]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=1947 - pather dabi.pdf |url=https://docs.google.com/viewerng/viewer?url=https://banglacinema100.com/uploads/individualmovie/503/pdf/1947+-+pather+dabi.pdf?v%3D2 |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=docs.google.com}}</ref> The film was a massive success at box office as its content dealt with the various aspects of contemporary Indian freedom movement.<ref name=":6" /> She attained positive review from critics for her performance in the film.<ref name="Mon" /> She was again paired with Mukherjee in Sushil Majumdar's ''Abhijog'' (1947), which became another huge success at box office.<ref name=":0" /> Her next turn was Hemchandra Chandra's bilingual venture ''Oonch Neech'' (1948) whose Bengali version was released under the title ''Pratibad''. The film achieved an enormous commercial success on both the national and regional front.<ref name=":6" /> She appeared in Niren Lahiri's bilingual film ''Vijay Yatra'' (1948) whose Bengali version was released under the title ''Joyjatra''.<ref name=":6" /> Her next big turn was Satish Dasgupta's ''Devi Chowdhurani'' (1949) which was an adaptation of the renowned Bengali author [[Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay]]'s classic novel of the same name.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-26 |title=সুমিত্রা দেবী 'দেবী চৌধুরাণী' হয়েছিলেন সুচিত্রা সেনের আগেই {{!}} TheWall |url=https://www.thewall.in/entertainment/special-feature-story-about-sumitra-debi-who-played-debi-choudhurani-before-suchitra-sen/ |access-date=2023-02-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> She delineated the character of a Prafulla who is abandoned by her clink, gets kidnapped by some ruffians but manages to escape and hides herself in a lone forest where she meets a person who trains her as the leading figure of his gang of robbers. Indian columnist [[Rinki Bhattacharya]] appreciated her performance.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Rinki |title=Give the Bollywood woman some respect! |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/column/give-the-bollywood-woman-some-respect/20120717.htm |access-date=2023-09-23 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref> The film was a major success at box office.

In 1950, she appeared in Nitin Bose's Hindi film ''Mashaal'', which is based on ''Rajani'', a famous Bengali novel by the veteran author [[Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay|Bankim Chandra Chottopadhyay]]. She played the character of Tarangini who is in love with the character of Samar, played by [[Ashok Kumar]], but is compelled by her father to marry a wealthy landlord.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://myviewsonbollywood.wordpress.com/2016/11/09/when-bollywood-actresses-portrayed-blind-characters/|title=WHEN BOLLYWOOD ACTRESSES PORTRAYED BLIND CHARACTERS|last=findshars|date=2016-11-09|website=My Views On Bollywood|access-date=2017-07-16}}</ref> The film achieved critical as well as commercial success.<ref name="Mon">Inside the mind of an antress there was a bereaved Heart. Treatise on Sumitra Devi by Kamalaksha Dutta. Montage (1974, November ed.)</ref> The year 1952 saw four of her [[Bollywood]] releases ''[[Deewana (1952 film)|Deewana]]'', ''Ghunghroo'', ''[[Mamta (1952 film)|Mamta]]'', ''Raja Harischandra''. ''[[Deewana (1952 film)|Deewana]]'' and ''Ghunghroo'' received remarkable success at box office.<ref name="Mon" /> Her other releases were ''[[Mayurpankh]]'' (1954), ''Chor Bazaar'' (1954), Rajyogi Bharathi (1954), ''[[Jagte Raho]]'' (1956)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/JAGTE-RAHO1956/article15388343.ece|title=JAGTE RAHO1956|date=2008-08-30|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-02-15|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and ''Delhi Darbar'' (1956), to name a few.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiancine.ma/grid/year/name=Sumitra_Devi|title=Indiancine.ma|website=Indiancine.ma|access-date=2017-07-19}}</ref>

In 1955, she appeared in Ardhendu Mukhopadhyay's Bengali film ''Dasyu Mohan'', which became a huge hit at the box office.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thecinemaholic.com/best-bengali-actresses/|title=10 Greatest Bengali Actresses of All Time|date=2017-12-03|work=The Cinemaholic|access-date=2017-12-11|language=en-US}}</ref> In 1956, she appeared in Pinaki Mukhopadhyay's Bengali film ''Asabarna'' (1956) and Kartik Chattopadhyay's blockbuster ''[[Saheb Bibi Golam (Film)|Saheb Bibi Golam]]'' (1956), which is an adaptation of [[Bimal Mitra]]'s classic novel of the same name. She plays the character of a beautiful, alcoholic wife of an aristocrat, who forms a loving yet platonic relationship with the protagonist Bhootnath.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://m.washingtonbanglaradio.com/?url=http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/94492512-saheb-bibi-golam-1956-king-queen-knave-uttam-kumar-sumitra-devi-old-kolkata-bengali|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020135248/http://m.washingtonbanglaradio.com/?url=http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/94492512-saheb-bibi-golam-1956-king-queen-knave-uttam-kumar-sumitra-devi-old-kolkata-bengali|url-status=usurped|archive-date=20 October 2017|title=Saheb Bibi Golam (1956) - King, Queen, Knave: Uttam Kumar - Sumitra Devi Old Kolkata Bengali Classic Movie by Kartik Chatterjee {{!}} WBRi {{!}} Washington Bangla Radio on internet|access-date=2017-07-16}}</ref> She has been most remembered for her role in this film. Director Kartik Chattopadhyay was keen to cast her in the role of the beautiful, eeyorish mistress of the junior landlord, but felt on edge at the same time as he thought that she might be repulsed by this role as it mirrored her conjugal life to some extent. He found his breath when Sumitra Devi gave her consent.
{{cquote
| author = Kartik Chattopadhyay during an interview session with Ekaal<ref name=":1"/>
| width = 80%
| "Initially I was getting befogged whether she would love the script or reject it. I kept narrating on and she was there with those inert eyes, patiently sitting on her couch and listening to me. Once in a while she was enquiring into something but that was all. Overall she became reticent. As I went on, I saw her altering her posture with her elbow supported on the armrest of her couch and I envisioned the scenario at once, the scenario of Bhootnath sitting before a prepossessing Pateshwari boozing over her elbow rested on her lavish cushion."
}}
The film was released on 9 March 1956 and turned out as a massive hit at the box office.{{Citation needed|date=February 2022}} In 1957, she appeared in Kartik Chattopadhyay's another blockbuster ''[[Nilachaley Mahaprabhu]].'' She was further adulated for her role as a [[nautch]] girl in Haridas Bhattacharya's [[National Film Award|National Award]] winning film ''Aandhare Alo'' (1957).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bangla |first=Jago |date=2022-06-18 |title=হারানো দিনের স্মরণীয় নায়িকা, বিবি পটেশ্বরীতেই বাজিমাত সুমিত্রা দেবীর |url=https://jagobangla.in/memorable-heroine-sumitra-devi/ |access-date=2023-06-25 |website=JagoBangla |language=en-US}}</ref>
{{quote box
|author = - Haridas Bhattacharya during on an interview session with Ekaal<ref name=":1"/>
|quote= "I was certain that, with those transfixing attributes, she would be the best choice for the role of Bijali. I didn’t have to direct her at all. She herself figured it out how to render Bijali, how to interpret her journey from an enticing, playful coquette to an ardent devotee of love."
|source=
|bgcolor=#CCDDFF
|align=right
|salign=right
|width=16em
}}
In 1958, she was paired with [[Uttam Kumar]] in Jiban Gangopadhgay's ambitious venture ''Joutuk''. Sumitra Devi's reign began to slow down in the sixties. In 1964, she rendered the character of [[Draupadi]] in Chandrakant Gor's Hindi film ''Veer Bhimsen''. In O. C. Gangopadhyay's ''Kinu Gowalar Gali'' (1964), she enacted the role of Shanti who is desperate to win back her husband's love for her.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-24 |title=কিনু গোয়ালার গলি চলচ্চিত্র - Acting Gurukul [ অভিনয় গুরুকুল ] GOLN |url=https://actinggoln.com/%e0%a6%95%e0%a6%bf%e0%a6%a8%e0%a7%81-%e0%a6%97%e0%a7%8b%e0%a6%af%e0%a6%bc%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%b2%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%b0-%e0%a6%97%e0%a6%b2%e0%a6%bf-%e0%a6%9a%e0%a6%b2%e0%a6%9a%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%9a%e0%a6%bf/ |access-date=2024-05-05 |website=actinggoln.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Her performance in the film won critical favour.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://filmsack.jimdo.com/sumitra-devi-an-unsurpassable-beauty-of-bengali-cinema/|title=Sumitra Devi : An Unsurpassable beauty of Bengali cinema|website=filmsack.jimdo.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-07-16|archive-date=7 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107175528/https://filmsack.jimdo.com/sumitra-devi-an-unsurpassable-beauty-of-bengali-cinema/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9uJkAAAAMAAJ&q=editions:ISBN8123006462|title=Indian cinema|date=1998-01-01|publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|isbn=9788123006468|language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Sumitra Devi left her first marriage in Bhagalpur as her in-laws opposed her aspiration to become an actress. She married actor [[Devi Mukherjee]] on 21 October 1946.<ref name=":2" /> On 1 December 1947, she gave birth to her son Bulbul and on 11 December 1947, Mukherjee passed away.<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ugbGBQAAQBAJ&q=sumitra+devi+actress&pg=PT199|title=Bengali Cinema: 'An Other Nation'|last=Gooptu|first=Sharmistha|date=2010-11-01|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781136912160|language=en}}</ref> Afterwards, she married J. L. Sharma, the producer of ''[[Mamta (1952 film)|Mamta]]''.<ref name=":10" />

==Legacy==
{{cquote
| author = [[Shammi Kapoor]] on Sumitra Devi<ref name=":0"/>
| width =
| float =
| bgcolor =
| qcolor =
| small =
| align = |I think I would walk out of a lot of due compliments if I just use the term ‘beautiful’ to describe Sumitra Devi. She has the face that can arrest an unblinking gaze for long. She is marvellous. At the same time, I hold regards to the noble way she demonstrates herself. It is her etiquette and politeness that brighten up her beauty.
}}
Sumitra Devi was known for her exquisite beauty and subtle administration of seduction. It was said that she often cast her spell on the actors, directors, producers and journalists of her time.<ref name="Mon" /> Her ''Dasyu Mohan'' co-actor [[Pradeep Kumar (actor)|Pradeep Kumar]], who described her as an "instance of the perfect harmonization of beauty and glory", used to come to the set of the film even when he had no schedule of shooting and spend his time sitting by and watching her raptly.<ref name=":7" /> [[Uttam Kumar]] too, was spellbound before her on the set of Kartik Chattopadhyay's ''[[Saheb Bibi Golam (Film)|Saheb Bibi Golam]].''<ref name="Mon" /> [[Raj Kapoor]] said: "Sumitra Devi doesn't need any reference; she is beautiful than anything else." [[Shammi Kapoor]] said: "She has the face that can arrest an unblinking gaze for long."<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Stobok |date=2017-06-01 |title=Sumitra Devi – An Unsurpassable Beauty Before the Genre of Suchitra Sen |url=https://filmzack.wordpress.com/2017/06/01/sumitra-devi-an-unsurpassable-beauty-before-the-genre-of-suchitra-sen/ |access-date=2017-07-15 |website=Filmzack}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TdM2Ben3alIC&q=sumitra+devi+actress|title=Wanted Cultured Ladies Only!: Female Stardom and Cinema in India, 1930s-1950s|last=Majumdar|first=Neepa|date=2010-10-01|publisher=University of Illinois Press|isbn=9780252091780|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hN6mBAAAQBAJ&q=sumitra%20devi%20actress|title=Bollywood: A History|last=Bose|first=Mihir|date=2008-05-09|publisher=Roli Books Private Limited|isbn=9789351940456|language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Hindi Films===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Director
!Note
!{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |1944
!''[[Sandhi (1944 film)|Sandhi]]''
|Rekha
|Apurba Mitra
|
|
|-
! scope="row" |'''''[[Meri Bahen]]'''''
|Krishna
|[[Hemchander Chunder]]
|
|<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/meri-bahen-14028|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515193949/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/meri-bahen-14028|url-status=live|archive-date=15 May 2018|title=Meri Bahen (1944) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos|website=Cinestaan|access-date=2018-05-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://osianama.com/film-titles/meri-bahen-1944|title=Meri Bahen|website=osianama.com|language=en|access-date=2017-07-09}}</ref>
|-
|1945
!scope="row"|'''''Wasiyatnama'''''
|Rohini
|Soumyen Mukherji
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/wasiatnama-1176|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515185427/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/wasiatnama-1176|url-status=live|archive-date=15 May 2018|title=Wasiatnama (1945) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos|website=Cinestaan|access-date=2018-05-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldfilmcatalogueindia.com/details_page.aspx?RequestId=369509|title=WFC World Film Catalogue|website=www.worldfilmcatalogueindia.com|language=en|access-date=2018-01-12|archive-date=12 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112162342/http://www.worldfilmcatalogueindia.com/details_page.aspx?RequestId=369509|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|1948
!scope="row"|'''''[[Pratibad (1948 film)|Oonch Neech]]'''''
|Madhvi
|Hemchander Chunder
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/oonch-neech-1468|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515190932/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/oonch-neech-1468|url-status=live|archive-date=15 May 2018|title=Oonch Neech (1948) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos|website=Cinestaan|access-date=2018-05-15}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|'''''Vijay Yatra'''''
|Jayanti
|[[Niren Lahiri]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://osianama.com/film-titles/vijay-yatra-1948|title=Vijay Yatra|website=osianama.com|language=en|access-date=2018-02-27}}</ref>
|-
|1950
!scope="row"|'''''Mashaal'''''
|
|[[Nitin Bose]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/mashal-14254|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515192437/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/mashal-14254|url-status=live|archive-date=15 May 2018|title=Mashal (1950) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos|website=Cinestaan|access-date=2018-05-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://osianama.com/film-titles/mashal-1950|title=Mashal|website=osianama.com|language=en|access-date=2017-07-09}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |1952
!scope="row"|'''''[[Diwana (1952 film)|Diwana]]'''''
|
|[[Abdur Rashid Kardar]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/diwana-7328|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028095604/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/diwana-7328|url-status=live|archive-date=28 October 2017|title=Diwana (1952) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos|website=Cinestaan|access-date=2018-05-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://osianama.com/film-titles/diwana-1952|title=Diwana|website=osianama.com|language=en|access-date=2018-02-27}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|'''''[[Mamta (1952 film)|Mamta]]'''''
|
|Gunjal
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/mamta-1889|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515193945/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/mamta-1889|url-status=live|archive-date=15 May 2018|title=Mamta (1952) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos|website=Cinestaan|access-date=2018-05-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://osianama.com/film-titles/mamta-1952|title=Mamta|website=osianama.com|language=en|access-date=2017-07-09}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|'''''Raja Harischandra'''''
|
|Raman B. Desai
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/raja-harishchandra-1884|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515193942/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/raja-harishchandra-1884|url-status=live|archive-date=15 May 2018|title=Raja Harishchandra (1952) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos|website=Cinestaan|access-date=2018-05-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://osianama.com/film-titles/raja-harischandra-1952|title=Raja Harischandra|website=osianama.com|language=en|access-date=2017-07-15}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|'''''Ghungroo'''''
|
|Hiren Bose
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/ghungroo-1905|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127064316/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/ghungroo-1905|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 November 2020|title=Ghungroo (1952) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos|website=Cinestaan|access-date=2018-05-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://osianama.com/film-titles/ghungroo-1952|title=Ghungroo|website=osianama.com|language=en|access-date=2017-07-09}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |1954
!scope="row"|'''''[[Mayurpankh]]'''''
|
|[[Kishore Sahu]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://osianama.com/film-titles/mayur-pankh-1954|title=Mayur Pankh|website=osianama.com|language=en|access-date=2017-07-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&q=sumitra+devi+actress&pg=PA337|title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema|date=2014-07-10|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781135943189|language=en}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|'''''Chor Bazaar'''''
|
|P. N. Arora
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/chor-bazar-2109|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515193952/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/chor-bazar-2109|url-status=live|archive-date=15 May 2018|title=Chor Bazar (1954) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos|website=Cinestaan|access-date=2018-05-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://osianama.com/film-titles/chor-bazaar-1954|title=Chor Bazaar|website=osianama.com|language=en|access-date=2017-07-15}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|'''''Raj Yogi Bharthari'''''
|
|Raman B. Desai
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://osianama.com/film-titles/raj-yogi-bharthari-1954|title=Raj Yogi Bharthari|website=osianama.com|language=en|access-date=2017-07-09}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |1955
!scope="row"|'''''Ganga Maiya'''''
|
|[[Chandrakant Gaur]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://osianama.com/film-titles/ganga-maiya-1955|title=Ganga Maiya|website=osianama.com|language=en|access-date=2017-07-09}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|'''''Chirag-E-Chin'''''
|
|Chimanlal Trivedi
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://osianama.com/film-titles/chirag-e-chin-1955|title=Chirag E Chin|website=osianama.com|language=en|access-date=2017-07-09}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |1956
!scope="row"|'''''[[Jagte Raho]]'''''
|
|Amit Maitra
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://osianama.com/film-titles/jagte-raho-1956|title=Jagte Raho|website=osianama.com|language=en|access-date=2018-02-14}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|'''''Sati Ansuya'''''
|
|Dhirubhai Desai
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://osianama.com/film-titles/mahasati-ansuya-1956|title=Mahasati Ansuya|website=osianama.com|language=en|access-date=2017-07-15}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|'''''Delhi Darbar'''''
|
|Chandrakant Gaur
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://osianama.com/film-titles/delhi-darbar-1956|title=Delhi Darbar|website=osianama.com|language=en|access-date=2017-07-15}}</ref>
|-
|1958
!scope="row"|'''''Hum Bhi Kuchh Kam Nahin'''''
|
|Raman B. Desai
|
|
|-
|1962
!scope="row"|'''''Kailashpati'''''
|
|Dhirubhai Desai
|
|
|-
|1963
!scope="row"|'''''Mere Arman Mere Sapne'''''
|
|Arabind Sen
|
|
|-
|1964
!scope="row"|'''''Veer Bhimsen'''''
|
|Chandrakant Gaur
|
|
|-
|1974
!''Har Har Mahadev''
|
|Chandrakant Gaur
|{{Small|Cameo}}
|
|-
|1976
!''[[Bajrangbali (film)|Bajrangbali]]''
|
|Chandrakant Gaur
|
|
|-
|1977
!''Bolo He Chakradhari''
|
|
|{{Small|Cameo}}
|
|}

===Bengali films===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Director
!Note
!{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|1944
!scope="row"|'''''[[Sandhi (1944 film)|Sandhi]]'''''
|Rekha
|Apurba Mitra
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1947
!scope="row"|'''''[[Pather Dabi (film)|Pather Dabi]]'''''
|[[Pather Dabi|Bharati]]
|Satish Dasgupta, Digambar Chattopadhyay
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/pather-daabi-35362|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228163345/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/pather-daabi-35362|url-status=live|archive-date=28 February 2018|title=Pather Daabi (1947) - Cinestaan.com|website=Cinestaan|access-date=2018-02-27}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|'''''Abhijog'''''
|Basanti
|Sushil Majumdar
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiancine.ma/EOL/info|title=Abhijog (1947)|website=Indiancine.ma|access-date=2017-07-16}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |1948
!scope="row"|'''''[[Pratibad (1948 film)|Pratibad]]'''''
|Madhabi
|Hemchandra Chandra
|
|
|-
!scope="row"|'''''Joyjatra'''''
|Jayanti
|Niren Lahiri
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiancine.ma/AKSF/info|title=Jayjatra (1948)|website=Indiancine.ma|access-date=2017-07-16}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |1949
!scope="row"|'''''Devi Chowdhurani'''''
|Prafulla
|Satish Dasgupta
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moviebuff.com/debi-choudhrani-1949-hindi|title=Debi Choudhrani on Moviebuff.com|website=www.moviebuff.com|access-date=2017-07-16}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|'''''Swami'''''
|Soudamini
|Pashupati Chattopadhyay
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiancine.ma/FRR/info|title=Swami (1949)|website=Indiancine.ma|access-date=2017-07-22}}</ref>
|-
|1950
!scope="row"|'''''Samar'''''
|
|[[Nitin Bose]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moviebuff.com/samar-1950-hindi|title=Samar on Moviebuff.com|website=www.moviebuff.com|access-date=2017-07-16}}</ref>
|-
|1951
!scope="row"|'''''Niyoti'''''
|
|Naresh Mitra
|
|-
|1955
!scope="row"|'''''Dasyu Mohan'''''
|
|Ardhendu Mukhopadhyay
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiancine.ma/HMZ/info|title=Dashyumohan (1955)|website=Indiancine.ma|access-date=2017-07-16}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |1956
!scope="row"|'''''Asabarna'''''
|
|Pinaki Mukhopadhyay
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiancine.ma/HVP/info|title=Asabarna (1956)|website=Indiancine.ma|access-date=2017-07-16}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|'''''[[Saheb Bibi Golam (Film)|Saheb Bibi Golam]]'''''
|Pateshwai
|Kartik Chattopadhyay
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiancine.ma/IDA/info|title=Saheb Bibi Golam (1956)|website=Indiancine.ma|access-date=2017-07-16}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|'''''Ekdin Ratre'''''
|
|Sambhu Mitra, Amit Maitra
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |1957
!scope="row"|'''''Aandhare Alo'''''
|
|Haridas Bhattacharya
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiancine.ma/IFS/info|title=Andhare Alo (1957)|website=Indiancine.ma|access-date=2017-07-16}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|'''''Garer Math'''''
|
|Aaj Productions Unit
|
|
|-
!scope="row"|''Khela Bhangar Khela''
|
|Ratan Chattopadhyay
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiancine.ma/IJE/info|title=Khela Bhangar Khela (1957)|website=Indiancine.ma|access-date=2017-07-16}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|'''''[[Nilachaley Mahaprabhu]]'''''
|
|Kartik Chattopadhyay
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiancine.ma/ILI/info|title=Neelachaley Mahaprabhu (1957)|website=Indiancine.ma|access-date=2017-07-16}}</ref>
|-
|1958
!scope="row"|'''''Joutuk'''''
|
|Jiban Gangopadhyay
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiancine.ma/ISI/info|title=Joutuk (1958)|website=Indiancine.ma|access-date=2017-07-16}}</ref>
|-
|1959
!scope="row"|'''''Thakur Haridas'''''
|Lakshaheera
|Gobinda Ray
|
|
|-
|1964
!scope="row"|'''''Kinu Gowalar Gali'''''
|
|O. C. Gangopadhyay
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiancine.ma/LEJ/info|title=Kinu Goyalar Gali (1964)|website=Indiancine.ma|access-date=2017-07-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R-hkAAAAMAAJ|title=Bengali Film Directory|last1=Sur|first1=Ansu|last2=Goswami|first2=Abhijit|date=1999|publisher=Nandan, West Bengal Film Centre|language=en}}</ref>
|}

==Note==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{Cite book |title=Wanted Cultured Ladies Only! |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Wanted_Cultured_Ladies_Only/TdM2Ben3alIC?hl=en|publisher=University of Illinois Press |author=Neepa Majumdar |language=En |isbn=9780252091780 |access-date=6 February 2026}}
* {{Cite book |title=Satrang |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.265011/page/n4/mode/1up |publisher=Deep Prakashan |author=Rabi Basu |volume=1 |language=Bn |date=1996|access-date=8 January 2026}}
* {{Cite book |title=Cinemapara Diye |url=https://www.bengalfilmarchive.com/book-details.php?i=Nzcz |publisher=Dey's Publishing |author=[[Tarun Majumder]] |language=Bn |access-date= 3 February 2026}}
* {{Cite book |title=Bengali Cinema |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Bengali_Cinema/DcUtCgAAQBAJ?hl=en |publisher=Taylor and Francis |isbn=9781136912177 |author=Sharmistha Gooptu |language=En |access-date=6 February 2026}}
* {{Cite book |title=Sonar Dag |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Son%C4%81ra_d%C4%81ga/GKrnAAAAMAAJ?hl=en |publisher=Yogomaya Prakashani |author=Gouranga Prasad Ghosh |volume=1 |language=Bn |asin=B0B5RM7D37 |date=1982 |access-date=20 March 2026}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sankalan |first=Anandabazar Patrika |title=Anandasangi |publisher=Ananda Publishers |volume=1 |language=Bn |ISBN=978-8172153793 |date=2013}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*{{IMDb title|0222494}}
*[https://www.facebook.com/Sumitra-Devi-491185254267901/ Sumitra Devi] on [https://www.facebook.com/ Facebook]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Devi, Sumitra}}
[[Category:Bengali actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from West Bengal]]
[[Category:1923 births]]
[[Category:1990 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Birbhum district]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Bengali cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]

Sajanwasi

2026-05-01T23:58:01Z

BrandonNewquist: new a data

{{Short description|Village in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sajanwasi
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| pushpin_label_position = Right
| coordinates = {{coord|27.7320|N|73.7318|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bikaner District|Bikaner]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil|Sub-District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Jasrasar]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Assembly Constituency]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Dungargarh Assembly constituency|Dungargarh]]
| government_type = [[Panchayati Raj]]
| governing_body = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 = 8.12
| population_total = 2304
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products__rajasthan.html|title=Census of India : Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011 : Rajasthan|last=ORGI}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official Language
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 334802
| registration_plate = RJ-50, RJ-07
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=12 January 2021|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
}}
'''Sajanwasi''' is a village in [[Jasrasar]] Tehsil within the [[Bikaner]] district of the Indian state of [[Rajasthan]].
Villagers primarily rely on [[agriculture]], and many of them own their own enterprises.

==Demographics==

As per the [[2011 census of India|2011 Census]], the population numbered 2,304, including 1,216 males and 1,088 females. The Literacy rate of this village is 60.75%.<ref>{{cite web |title= Census of Sajanwasi village. |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/69646-sajanwasi-rajasthan.html |access-date=18 November 2024}}</ref>

100% of the village follows [[Hinduism]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population by religious community - Bikaner District |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11390/download/14503/DDW08C-01%20MDDS.XLS}}</ref>

{{Bar box|float=right|title=Religion in Sajanwasi Village (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion - Rajasthan|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11390/download/14503/DDW08C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>|titlebar=#Fcd117|left1=Religion|right1=Percent|bars={{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|99.8}}
|caption=Distribution of religions in Sajanwasi Village}}

[[Bagri language|Bagri]], a dialect of [[Rajasthani Language|Rajsthani]] is the most spoken language here. The village administration follows [[Hindi Language|Hindi]] as their official language.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Languages in Sajanwasi village|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10234/download/13346/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-0800.XLSX}}</ref>

{{Pie chart|thumb=left|value1=96|value2=3.9|value3=0.10|color1=yellow|color2=red|color3=Pink|caption=Languages of Sajanwasi village(2011)|label1=[[Bagri language|Bagri]]|label2=[[Hindi]]|label3=[[English Language|English]]}}

==Transport==

Sajanwasi is located near the Bikaner-Napasar-Ladnun Highway, [[State Highway 20B (Rajasthan)|SH-20(B)]].<ref>{{cite web |title= SH-20(B) Project, Bikaner-Napasar-Ladnun Highway |url=https://www.pioneerinfraindia.com/52-dpr-package-5/ |date=20 October 2024}}</ref> The roads are in good condition. No railway services reaches the village. Inhabitants travel to [[Nokha railway station|Nokha]] or [[Bikaner railway station|Bikaner]] for railway transportation.<ref>{{cite web |title=Overview Of Bikaner Division |url=https://nwr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1436959747628-An%20Overview%20of%20Bikaner%20Division%20update%20on%20June%202015.pdf |website=nwr.indianrailways.gov.in |access-date=18 November 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Bikaner district]]

{{Bikanerdivision-geo-stub}}

Bhubaneswar–SMVT Bengaluru Weekly Superfast Express

2026-04-30T22:39:44Z

BrandonNewquist: Added new info from scratch

{{short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Bhubaneswar–SMVT Bengaluru Weekly Superfast Express
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]]
| locale =
| first =
| last =
| operator = [[East Coast Railway zone]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Bhubaneswar}} ('''BBS''')
| stops = 16
| end = {{stnlnk|Sir M. Visvesvaraya Terminal, Bengaluru}} ('''SMVB''')
| distance = {{convert|1511|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 27h 20m
| frequency = Weekly {{efn|Runs one day in a week for every direction.}}
| class = AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper class, General Unreserved
| seating = No
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering E-catering
| observation = [[ICF coach]]
| entertainment = No
| baggage = No
| other facilities= Below the seats
| stock = 2
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 12845/12846
| speed = {{convert|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, including halts
| map = [[File:(Bhubaneswar - Yesvantpur) Express Route map.jpg|300px]]
| map_state =
}}

'''Bhubaneswar–SMVT Bengaluru Weekly Superfast Express''' is a [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]] train belonging to [[East Coast Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Bhubaneswar}} and [[Sir M. Visvesvaraya Terminal, Bengaluru]] in India. It is currently being operated with 12845/12846 train numbers on a weekly basis.<ref>[http://www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,5,268&dcd=8794&did=14918224602276B07F10DCF25F33025BB54352085C29E.web91 Trains Rescheduled/Partially Cancelled due to Traffic Block]</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/passengers-furious-over-yeswantapur-special-delay/article19153202.ece Passengers furious over Yeswantapur special delay]</ref><ref>[https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2016/feb/01/south-central-railway-regulates-trains-in-rajahmundry-vizag-section-886933.html South Central Railway Regulates Trains in Rajahmundry-Vizag Section]</ref>

== Service==

The 12845/Bhubaneswar–Bengaluru Cantt. Superfast Express has an average speed of 49 km/h and covers 1511 km in 27h 20m. The 12845/Bhubaneswar–Bengaluru Cantt. Superfast Express has an average speed of 56 km/h and covers 1511 km in 26h 45m.

== Route and halts ==

The important halts of the train are:

* {{stnlnk|Bhubaneswar}}
* {{stnlnk|Khurda Road Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Brahmapur}}
* {{rws|Vizianagaram Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Visakhapatnam Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Vijayawada Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Rajahmundry}}
* {{stnlnk|Renigunta Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Tirupati}}
* {{stnlnk|Jolarpettai Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Whitefield|India}}
* {{stnlnk|Krishnarajapuram}}
* [[Sir M. Visvesvaraya Terminal]]

==Coach composition==

The train has standard LHB rakes with max speed of 110 kmph. The train consists of 23 coaches:

* 2 AC II Tier
* 3 AC III Tier
* 11 Sleeper coaches
* 1 Pantry car
* 4 General Unreserved
* 2 Seating cum Luggage Rake

== Traction==

Both trains are hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Visakhapatnam|Visakhapatnam Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-4]] electric locomotive from Bhubaneswar to [[Visakhapatnam]]. From Visakhapatnam trains are hauled by an [[Electric Loco Shed, Erode|Erode Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-4]] electric locomotive from Bhubaneswar and vice versa.

==Rake sharing==

The train shares its rake with 12829/12830 [[Bhubaneswar–Chennai Central Express]].

==Direction reversal==

The train reverses its direction 1 times:

* {{stnlnk|Visakhapatnam Junction}}

== Schedule ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Train number !! Station code !! Departure station !! Departure time !! Departure day !! Arrival station !! Arrival time !! Arrival day
|-
| 12845 || BBS || Bhubaneswar || 7:30 AM || Sunday || Bangalore Cantonment || 10:50 AM || Monday
|-
| 12846 || BNC || Bangalore Cantonment || 8:25 AM || Tuesday || Bhubaneswar || 11:15 AM || Wednesday
|}

== See also ==

* [[Bangalore Cantonment railway station]]
* [[Bhubaneswar railway station]]
* [[Bhubaneswar–Chennai Central Express]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/1768 12845/Bhubaneswar–Bengaluru Cantt. Superfast Express] India Rail Info
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/194 12846/Bengaluru Cantt.–Bhubaneswar Superfast Express] India Rail Info

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhubaneswar-Bangalore Cantonment Superfast Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Bhubaneswar]]
[[Category:Transport in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Superfast Express trains]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Odisha]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Karnataka]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

K Moses Chalai

2026-04-24T18:58:16Z

BrandonNewquist: Made The Entry W/ Refs - done

{{Short description|Secretary in Ministry of Finance of India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = K Moses Chalai
| honorific_suffix = [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| image = K Moses Chalai IAS.jpg
| caption =
| office = [[Secretary to the Government of India|Secretary of]] [[Ministry of Finance (India)#Department of Public Enterprises|Department of Public Enterprises Ministry of Finance of India]]
| predecessor = Ali Raza Rizvi
| appointer = [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]]
| term_start = 18 April 2025
| appointer1 = [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]]
| office1 = [[Secretary to the Government of India|Secretary of]] [[Inter-State Council|Inter-State Council Secretariat of]] [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs of India]]
| successor1 = Ashish Srivastava
| term_end1 = 18 April 2025
| term_start1 = 28 February 2024
| appointer2 = [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]]
| office2 = [[Secretary to the Government of India|Secretary of]] [[North Eastern Council]] [[Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region]]
| predecessor2 = [[Ram Muivah]]
| successor2 = Satinder Kumar Bhalla
| term_end2 = 4 February 2024
| term_start2 = 1 November 2019
| appointer3 = [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]]
| office3 = [[Additional Secretary to the Government of India|Additional Secretary of]] [[Ministry of Women and Child Development]]
| term_end3 = 22 April 2019
| term_start3 = 31 October 2019
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1968|02|01|df=y}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 October 2014|title=List of IAS Officers in Manipur |url=https://manipur.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/list-of-ias-officers-in-manipur-as-on-03-10-2014.pdf |access-date=10 November 2025|publisher=[[Government of Manipur]]|language=en}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Senapati district]], [[Manipur]], [[India]]<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=27 October 2019 |title=Senior IAS officer K Moses Chalai appointed as new NEC Secretary, to succeed Ram Muivah |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2019/10/27/Senior-IAS-officer-from-Manipur-and-former-Senapati-DC-K-Moses-Chalai-IAS-has-been-appointed-as-the-Secretary-to-the-prestigious-North-East-Council-NEC-under-Ministry-of-DONER-.amp.html|access-date=11 November 2025|website=The Sangai Express |language=en}}</ref>
| occupation = [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS officer]]
| alma_mater = ([[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]]) ([[Master of Arts|M.A.]]) [[Kirori Mal College]] [[Delhi University]]
| profession = [[Bureaucrat]]
}}

'''K Moses Chalai''' (born 1 February 1968<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |date=3 October 2014|title=List of IAS Officers in Manipur |url=https://manipur.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/list-of-ias-officers-in-manipur-as-on-03-10-2014.pdf |access-date=10 November 2025|publisher=[[Government of Manipur]]|language=en}}</ref> ) is a 1990 batch [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS officer]] from [[Manipur]] cadre. He is currently serving as the [[Secretary to the Government of India|Secretary of]] [[Ministry of Finance (India)#Department of Public Enterprises|Department of Public Enterprises]] since April 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|title=K Moses Chalai|url=https://thesecretariat.in/bureautrack/k-moses-chalai-01mn014000 |access-date=9 November 2025|website=The Secretariat|language=en}}</ref> He hails from [[Mao people (India)|Mao Naga Community]] of [[Manipur]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipur's Naga body demands Moses Chalai as state Chief Secretary, writes to Amit Shah|date=4 January 2025|url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/India/manipur-s-naga-body-demands-moses-chalai-as-state-chief-secretary-writes-to-amit-shah/ar-AA1wWr4F?ocid=BingNewsVerp&apiversion=v2&noservercache=1&domshim=1&renderwebcomponents=1&wcseo=1&batchservertelemetry=1&noservertelemetry=1 |access-date=10 November 2025 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
K Moses Chalai was born on 1 February 1968 in [[Senapati district]] of [[Manipur]], [[India]].<ref name="auto"/> He hails from [[Mao people (India)|Mao Naga Community]], which is a [[Scheduled Tribe]] community in Manipur.
He completed his [[Bachelor of Arts]] and [[Master of Arts]] both degrees in [[political science]] from [[Kirori Mal College]] of [[Delhi University]].<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |title=Shri K Moses Chalai |url=https://nlmc.dpe.gov.in/home/SecyDPE_KMosesChalai_ERSheet.pdf |access-date=9 November 2025 |publisher=[[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Civil Service career==
Moses Chalai is an [[Indian Administrative Service|Indian Administrative Service officer]] of 1990 batch from the [[Manipur]] cadre. He has served in various positions in the [[Government of Manipur]].
As the [[principal secretary (India)|principal secretary]], he served in the [[Cooperative]] Department at the Agricultural Ministry of the [[Government of Manipur]] from 2012 to 2016.<ref name="auto1"/> Before that, he had served as joint secretary in various ministries of the [[Government of Manipur]], such as joint secretary in the Health and Family Welfare Ministry, and joint secretary in Human Resource Ministry of the state.<ref name="auto2"/>

He has been on Central Deputation for central government since August 2016, where he first served as the [[Joint Secretary to the Government of India|joint secretary]] in [[Ministry of Women and Child Development]] and then as [[Additional Secretary to the Government of India|Additional Secretary]] in the same ministry in 2019.<ref name="auto2"/>

From 2019 to 2024 he served as the [[Secretary to the Government of India|secretary of]] [[North Eastern Council]] in [[Shillong]] under the [[Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region]]. His tenure in the region saw the implementation of various projects, such as the 5G Application initiative, digital designing, and Animation and Digital Tourism. Initiatives like NETMOS, NESAC projects, and 3D printing technology contributed to the growth of the region. He also played a crucial role in the establishment of the APJ Abdul Kalam Center for Policy Research and Analysis at [[IIM Shillong]].
He was also given a farewell ceremony by the council for his contributions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 May 2024 |title=Nec- Newsletter|url=https://necouncil.gov.in/sites/default/files/NEC%20Newsletter%20vol2%20issue1_0.pdf |access-date=9 November 2024|publisher=[[North Eastern Council]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 October 2019|title=Senior IAS officer K Moses Chalai appointed as NEC secretary succeeding Ram Muivah|url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2019/10/27/Senior-IAS-officer-from-Manipur-and-former-Senapati-DC-K-Moses-Chalai-IAS-has-been-appointed-as-the-Secretary-to-the-prestigious-North-East-Council-NEC-under-Ministry-of-DONER-.html#/google_vignette|access-date=9 November 2025|website=|language=en}}</ref> He then served as the [[Secretary to the Government of India|Secretary of]] [[Inter-State Council]] in [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Home Affairs Ministry]] from 2024 to 2025.<ref name="auto2"/>

In April 2025 he was appointed as the [[Secretary to the Government of India|Secretary of]] the [[Ministry of Finance (India)#Department of Public Enterprises|Department of Public Enterprises]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Finance Ministry Gets New Secretaries In Major Bureaucratic Reshuffle |url=https://www.businessworld.in/article/finance-ministry-gets-new-secretaries-in-major-bureaucratic-reshuffle-554203 |access-date=9 November 2025 |website=BW Business World|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 April 2025 |title=2 IAS officers from Manipur appointed secretaries in Finance Ministry|url=https://northeastlivetv.com/around-ne/manipur/2-ias-officers-from-manipur-appointed-secretaries-in-finance-ministry/|access-date=9 November 2025|website=North East Live|language=en}}</ref>

After the retirement of Ajay Seth in July 2025, it is speculated that Chalai is the next to be appointed to the [[Finance Secretary of India]] if the rule of age convention is followed. If appointed, he could serve until 31 January 2028 until his retirement. Chalai would be first person from the North eastern community and from [[Scheduled Tribe]] that would appointed at such a higher post.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 June 2025|title=Is K Moses Chalai Going To Be Next Finance Secy? |url=https://thesecretariat.in/article/is-k-moses-chalai-going-to-be-next-finance-secy|access-date=9 November 2025|website=The Secretariat|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2025 |title=IAS Officer K Moses Chalai from Manipur May Become First Northeast Bureaucrat to Head Finance Ministry – Details Inside|url=https://indianmasterminds.com/news/ias-officer-k-moses-chalai-from-manipur-may-become-first-northeast-bureaucrat-to-head-finance-ministry-details-inside-135853/ |access-date=9 November 2025|website=India Masterminds|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 July 2025|title=Finance Ministry in limbo awaiting new Finance Secretary|url=https://www.indianmandarins.com/news/finance-ministry-in-limbo-awaiting-new-finance-secretary/31083 |access-date=10 November 2025|website=Indian Mandarins|language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Ministry of Finance (India)]]
* [[North Eastern Council]]
* [[Manipur]]
* [[Indian Administrative Service]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Kirori Mal College alumni]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Manipur]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:1968 births]]

Narayan Ram Arya

2026-04-23T06:24:42Z

BrandonNewquist: stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Narayan Ram Arya
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (since 2022)
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]] (until 2022)
| office = Member of [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2012
| term_end = 2017
| predecessor = [[Joga Ram Tamta]]
| successor = Meena Gangola
| constituency = [[Gangolihat Assembly constituency|Gangolihaat]]
| term_start1 = 2002
| term_end1 = 2007
| constituency1 = [[Gangolihat Assembly constituency|Gangolihaat]]
| predecessor1 = Constituency established
| successor1 = [[Joga Ram Tamta]]
| birth_place = [[Gangolihat]], [[Pithoragarh district|Pithoragarh]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|7 September 1952|df=y}}
| education = [[M.A.]] and [[B.Ed]] from [[Kumaun University]]
}}

'''Narayan Ram Arya''' (born 7 September 1952) is an Indian politician.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Members of First Legislative Assembly |url=https://ukvidhansabha.uk.gov.in/dpages/members-of-first-legislative-assembly |website=ukvidhansabha.uk.gov.in}}</ref> Arya was a member of the [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]] from [[Gangolihat Assembly constituency]] in [[Pithoragarh district]] from 2002 to 2007 and again from 2012 till 2017 as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114065248/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref> He also served as a cabinet minister rank official in the state government during the tenure of [[N.D. Tiwari]] and [[Harish Rawat]].

== Education ==
He is a post graduate and has a degree of M.A and B.Ed which he attained from the [[Kumaun University]] in 1982.

== Political career ==
Arya first entered the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly in 2002, winning the [[Gangolihat Assembly constituency]] as an [[Indian National Congress]] candidate by defeating BJP's [[Joga Ram Tamta]] with a margin of 470 votes. During his tenure, he served as a cabinet minister-rank official in the government led by Chief Minister [[N. D. Tiwari|N.D. Tiwari]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2022-01-26 |title=कांग्रेस के पूर्व MLA नारायण राम आर्य ने हरीश रावत पर लगाया कैद में रखने का आरोप, निर्दलीय लड़ेंगे |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/uttarakhand/state/pithoragarh/former-congress-mla-narayan-ram-arya-accused-harish-rawat-of-keeping-him-in-captivity/uttarakhand20220126101017059 |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}</ref>

In the 2007 assembly elections, Arya lost to BJP candidate [[Joga Ram Tamta]] by 2,790 votes. He regained the seat in 2012, defeating BJP's Geeta Thakur by 7,880 votes and was again appointed as a cabinet minister level official in the Congress government. However, in the 2017 elections, he lost to BJP's Meena Gangola by a narrow margin of 805 votes. In 2022, he left the Congress after being denied a ticket and decided to contest as an independent candidate from Gangolihaat but he later withdrew his candidature and joined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Uttarakhand Election: Gangolihat Assembly Constituency 2022 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/uttarakhand-assembly-election/gangolihat-875947536}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Gangolihat Election Result 2022 LIVE: How to check Gangolihat Legislative Assembly election (Vidhan Sabha) winners, losers, vote margin, news updates. - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/gangolihat-election-result-2022-live-how-to-check-gangolihat-legislative-assembly-election-vidhan-sabha-winners-losers-vote-margin-news-updates-12594582.htm |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source=Gangolihat Assembly constituency}}

===Assembly Election 2017 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Gangolihat<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2017 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630093109/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-date=30 June 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Meena Gangola |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=20,418 |percentage=37.06% |change={{increase}}2.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Narayan Ram Arya |party=Indian National Congress |votes=19,613 |percentage=35.60% |change={{decrease}}14.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khajan Chandra Guddu |party=Independent politician |votes=10,763 |percentage=19.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dinesh Kumar |party=Bahujan Sangharshh Dal |votes=958 |percentage=1.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=865 |percentage=1.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sumitra Devi |party=Independent politician |votes=841 |percentage=1.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Deepak Kumar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=668 |percentage=1.21% |change={{decrease}}5.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harish Prashad |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=550 |percentage=1.00% |change={{decrease}}2.23 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=805 |percentage=1.46% |change= {{decrease}}14.67 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=55,092 |percentage=54.92% |change= {{decrease}}0.55 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,00,315 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.90 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}13.40 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2012 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Gangolihat<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2012 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929115647/https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-date=29 September 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Narayan Ram Arya |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,648 |percentage=50.46% |change={{increase}}16.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Geeta Thakur Gowal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=16,768 |percentage=34.33% |change={{decrease}}8.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Narayan Ram Sanguri |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=3,120 |percentage=6.39% |change={{increase}}0.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dinesh Arya |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=1,576 |percentage=3.23% |change={{decrease}}0.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harish Prashad |party=Independent politician |votes=1,186 |percentage=2.43% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jyoti Rani |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=788 |percentage=1.61% |change={{decrease}}0.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bachi Ram Koli |party=Uttarakhand Raksha Morcha |votes=493 |percentage=1.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,880 |percentage=16.13% |change= {{increase}}8.11 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=48,849 |percentage=55.46% |change= {{increase}}0.70 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 88,073 |ref = |change= {{increase}}38.76 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}8.01 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2007 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Gangolihat<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114082304/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Joga Ram Tamta]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=14,755 |percentage=42.45% |change={{increase}}10.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Narayan Ram Arya |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,965 |percentage=34.42% |change={{increase}}0.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Fakir Ram Tamta]]|party=Independent politician |votes=3,089 |percentage=8.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anuli |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,050 |percentage=5.90% |change={{increase}}1.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dhaniram |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=1,253 |percentage=3.60% |change={{decrease}}2.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raj Kumar |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=870 |percentage=2.50% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashok Kumar |party=Vishwa Vikas Sangh |votes=779 |percentage=2.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,790 |percentage=8.03% |change= {{increase}}6.24 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=34,761 |percentage=54.77% |change= {{increase}}6.32 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 63,472 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.59 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}8.71 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Gangolihat<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114065248/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Narayan Ram Arya |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,898 |percentage=33.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Joga Ram Tamta]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=8,428 |percentage=31.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Geeta Thakur Gowal |party=Independent politician |votes=3,286 |percentage=12.46% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harish Prashad |party=Independent politician |votes=2,501 |percentage=9.48% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hari Ram Agari |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=1,513 |percentage=5.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sunder Ram |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,158 |percentage=4.39% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Narayan Ram |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=590 |percentage=2.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=470 |percentage=1.78% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=26,374 |percentage=48.48% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 54,441 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shekhar, Chandra}}
[[Category:People from Pithoragarh district]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Uttaranchal MLAs 2002–2007]]
[[Category:Uttarakhand MLAs 2012–2017]]
[[Category:Kumaun University alumni]]
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Pinkvilla Screen and Style Icons Awards

2026-04-19T18:49:49Z

BrandonNewquist: put up new post needs work

{{Short description|Annual awards for achievements in film & television}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox award
|name=
|awardname= Screen and Style Icons Awards
|image=
|caption=
|type=
|awarded_for= Achievement in the fields of film, television, business, sports, fashion, and politics
|date=
|venue=
|location=
|site=
|country= India
|presenter= [[Pinkvilla]]
|host=
|hosts=
|year=
|website= {{url|Pinkvilla.com}}
|runtime=
|ratings=
|producer= [[Pinkvilla]] Across Media Solutions Cinema Waale Film and Television Productions
|director=
|viewership=}}

'''Pinkvilla Screen and Style Icons Awards''', previously known as '''Pinkvilla Style Icons Awards''', was constituted in June 2022 as the first on-ground independent event of entertainment and lifestyle brand [[Pinkvilla]]. It rates and honors Indian achievers across the fields of film & television, business, sports, fashion, and politics among other sectors.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-25 |title=Pinkvilla Style Icons Awards: Shri Conrad Sangma wins 'Super Stylish Politician' |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/pinkvilla-style-icons-awards-shri-conrad-sangma-wins-super-stylish-politician-1150044 |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref>

The first edition of the awards was held in [[Mumbai]] to commemorate 15 years of Pinkvilla's inception. The event was attended by actors, sportspersons, political leaders, fashion models, fashion designers and entrepreneurs.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Pinkvilla hosts maiden Style Icons Awards - Exchange4media |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/industry-briefing-news/pinkvilla-hosts-maiden-style-icons-awards-120953.html |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=Exchange4media |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Chirali |date=2022-06-17 |title=Bollywood Recreated The Iconic Oscar Selfie While Dancing To JugJugg Jeeyo's The Punjaabban Song |url=https://edtimes.in/bollywood-recreated-the-iconic-oscar-selfie-while-dancing-to-jugjugg-jeeyos-the-punjaabban-song/ |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=ED Times {{!}} Youth Media Channel |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pinkvilla Style Icons Awards: Nakuul Mehta and Jankee Parekh twin in stylish black attires for the gala |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/tv/pinkvilla-style-icons-awards-nakuul-mehta-and-jankee-parekh-twin-in-stylish-black-attires-for-the-gala/ar-AAYzBi9 |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=MSN |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Editions==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Year
! Ceremony
! Host
! Reference
|-
|2022
|1st PSSI Awards
|
|
|-
|2023
|2nd PSSI Awards
|
|
|-
|2024
|3rd PSSI Awards
|[[Manish Paul]] [[Neha Dhupia]] [[Sophie Choudry]]
|
|-
| 2025
| 4th PSSI Awards
|
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Pinkvilla Screen & Style Icons Awards 2025 Winners List - National Film Awards |url=https://www.nationalfilmawards.in/award/pinkvilla-screen-style-icons-awards-2025-winners-list.html |access-date=27 July 2025 |work=nationalfilmawards.in}}</ref>
|-
| 2026
| 5th PSSI Awards
| [[Neha Dhupia]]
|
|}

==Background==
The maiden edition of the Pinkvilla Style Icons was held on 16 June 2022 at [[JW Marriott Hotels|JW Marriott]] – in [[Juhu|Juhu, Mumbai]]. Actors including [[Ranveer Singh]], [[Kartik Aaryan]], [[Kriti Sanon]], [[Varun Dhawan]], [[Kiara Advani]],<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |first2= |title=Kiara Advani In A Sequin Halter Neck Gown Is The Definition Of Red Carpet Glamour |url=https://swirlster.ndtv.com/style/kiara-advani-in-a-sequin-halter-neck-gown-is-the-definition-of-red-carpet-glamour-at-pinkvilla-style-icons-2022-3075317 |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=swirlster.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref> [[Sidharth Malhotra]], [[Parineeti Chopra]], [[Ayushmann Khurrana]], [[Arjun Kapoor]], [[Anil Kapoor]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-17 |title=Ranveer Singh, Anil Kapoor show off their dance moves on red carpet, fans get 'Dil Dhadakne Do, Gallan Goodiyan feels' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ranveer-singh-anil-kapoor-show-off-their-dance-moves-on-red-carpet-fans-get-dil-dhadakne-do-gallan-goodiyan-feels-watch-101655428997912.html |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> [[Sara Ali Khan]], [[Janhvi Kapoor]];<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pinkvilla Style Icons Awards Night:एक-दूसरे को देख झेंप गए कार्तिक और सारा |url=https://www.jansatta.com/entertainment/kartik-aryan-and-sara-ali-khan-felt-awkward-to-see-each-other-at-pinkvilla-style-icons-awards-night/2228326/ |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=Jansatta |language=hi}}</ref> cricketer [[Shikhar Dhawan]], fashion designer [[Masaba Gupta]], film director [[Karan Johar]] were among the guests who attended the event.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-21 |title=Kartik Aaryan and Karan Johar spotted chatting, laughing at recent event, fans wonder if 'rift' is now over. Watch |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/kartik-aaryan-and-karan-johar-spotted-chatting-laughing-at-recent-event-watch-101655804173076.html |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-16 |title=Pinkvilla Style Icons Awards: Shikhar Dhawan, Anusha Dandekar, Maniesh Paul & others set red carpet on fire |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/pinkvilla-style-icons-awards-shikhar-dhawan-anusha-dandekar-maniesh-paul-others-set-red-carpet-fire-1144973 |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref> [[List of chief ministers of Meghalaya|Chief Minister of Meghalaya]] [[Conrad Sangma]] was also present to receive the award for the Super Stylish Politician. He was awarded by Pinkvilla CEO & Founder [[Pinkvilla|Nandini Shenoy]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pinkvilla Style Icons Awards: Shri Conrad Sangma wins "Super stylish Politician" - Uttar Pradesh Live - Uttar Pradesh News Today Hindi Latest UP News यूपी न्यूज़ उत्तर प्रदेश समाचार |url=https://www.uttarpradeshlive.com/pinkvilla-style-icons-awards-shri-conrad-sangma-wins-super-stylish-politician/ |access-date=2022-10-04 |language=en-US}}</ref> The event was hosted by former VJs [[Anusha Dandekar]] and [[Manish Paul|Maniesh Paul]].<ref name=":0" />

== Jury members ==
With nominees spread across 35+ categories, the event was presided over by a panel of jury members namely [[Karisma Kapoor]], [[Urmila Matondkar]], [[Malaika Arora]], [[Milind Soman]], [[Ali Abbas Zafar]], [[Vikram Phadnis]], and [[Eka Lakhani]]. Two Reader's Choice categories were also announced & opened for public voting by Pinkvilla on its website.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Style Icon Awards में इंडस्ट्री के इन सितारों ने बिखेरा फैशन का जलवा |url=https://www.newsnationtv.com/entertainment/bollywood/kiara-advani-sidharth-malhotra-sara-ali-khan-kartik-aaryan-janhvi-kapoor-at-pinkvilla-style-icon-awards-284295.html |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=News Nation |language=hi}}</ref>

==Winners and nominees==
===2022===
Winners of the first edition (2022) of the Pinkvilla Style Icons Awards: <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-17 |title=Pinkvilla Style Icons Awards में हुए समानित यह स्टार्स, देखे लिस्ट |url=https://www.hindirush.com/news/these-stars-were-honored-at-the-pinkvilla-style-icons-awards-see-the-list-217808/ |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=Hindi Rush |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-17 |title=Pinkvilla Style Icons Awards Winners List: Find out who won what at the starry night |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/pinkvilla-style-icons-awards-winner-list-find-out-who-won-what-at-the-starry-night-1145089 |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Category
!Name
|-
|Super Stylish Mega Performer
|[[Ranveer Singh]]
|-
|Super Stylish Actor Male (Popular Choice)
|[[Sidharth Malhotra]]
|-
|Super Stylish Actor Female (Popular Choice)
|[[Sara Ali Khan]]'''<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Subhash |date=2022-07-20 |title=Pinkvilla Style Icons 2022 Premiere Today, Where & When to Watch? |url=https://en.janbharattimes.com/entertainment/pinkvilla-style-icons-2022-premiere-where-when-watch |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=JanBharat Times |language=en-US}}</ref>'''
|-
|Super Stylish Showbiz Icon
|'''[[Karan Johar]]'''
|-
|Super Stylish Host
|[[Manish Paul|'''Maniesh Paul''']]
|-
|Super Stylish Movie Honcho
|'''[[Bhushan Kumar]]'''
|-
|Super Stylish Actor (Male)
|'''[[Kartik Aaryan]]'''<ref name=":1" />
|-
|Super Stylish Actor (Female)
|'''[[Kiara Advani]]'''
|-
|''Super Stylish Universal Star''
|[[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]]'''<ref name=":1" />'''
|-
|''Super Stylish Actor (Male) Reader's Choice''
|[[Ayushmann Khurrana]]<ref name=":1" />
|-
|''Super Stylish Actor (Female) Reader's Choice''
|'''[[Kriti Sanon]]'''
|-
|''Super Stylish Youth Idol (Female)''
|[[Janhvi Kapoor]]<ref name=":1" />
|-
|''Super Stylish Inspirational Youth Idol (Male)''
|'''[[Varun Dhawan]]'''
|-
|''Super Stylish Mould-Breaker (Male)''
|[[Arjun Kapoor]]<ref name=":1" />
|-
|''Super Stylish Mould-Breaker (Female)''
|[[Parineeti Chopra]]<ref name=":1" />
|-
|''Super Stylish Timeless Icon''
|'''[[Anil Kapoor]]'''
|-
|''Super Stylish Breakthrough Star''
|'''[[Nushrratt Bharuccha|Nushrat Bharuccha]]'''
|-
|''Super Stylish Emerging Talent (Male)''
|'''[[Abhimanyu Dassani]]'''
|-
|''Super Stylish Emerging Talent (Female)''
|'''[[Manushi Chhillar]]'''
|-
|''Super Stylish Glam Star''
|'''[[Sunny Leone]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=पिंकविला स्टाइल आइकॉन अवार्ड्स में इन सितारों ने की शिरकत, देखें तस्वीरें |url=https://ndtv.in/photos/these-stars-attended-the-pinkvilla-style-icon-awards-see-pics-102626 |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=ndtv.in}}</ref>
|-
|''Super Stylish Maverick Star''
|[[Radhika Madan]]<ref name=":1" />
|-
|''Super Stylish Filmmaker''
|[[Kabir Khan (director)|'''Kabir Khan''']]
|-
|''Super Stylish TV Star Award (Male)''
|'''[[Nakuul Mehta]]'''
|-
|''Super Stylish Swag Icon''
|'''[[Jackie Shroff]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pinkvilla Style Icons Awards: Jackie Shroff wins Super Stylish Swag Icon |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/other/pinkvilla-style-icons-awards-jackie-shroff-wins-super-stylish-swag-icon/ar-AAYBQQk |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=MSN |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|''Super Stylish TV Star (Female)''
|'''[[Nia Sharma]]'''<ref>{{Cite news |title=Pinkvilla Style Icons Awards: Glamorous Nia Sharma wins the Super Stylish Female TV Star Award |work=newsdeal |url=https://newsdeal.in/pinkvilla-style-icons-awards-glamorous-nia-sharma-wins-the-super-stylish-female-tv-star-award/}}</ref>
|-
|''Super Stylish TV Couple''
|'''[[Karan Kundrra]]''' '''[[Tejasswi Prakash]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prabhasakshi |date=2022-06-17 |title=Pinkvilla Style Icons Awards के रेड कार्पेट पर नजर आई TejRan की रोमांटिक केमिस्ट्री, वायरल हुई तस्वीरें |url=https://www.prabhasakshi.com/bollywood/tejran-romantic-chemistry-on-pinkvilla-style-icons-awards-red-carpet-pics-viral |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=Prabhasakshi}}</ref>
|-
|''Super Stylish Music Personality''
|'''[[Jasleen Royal]]'''
|-
|''Super Stylish Haute Stepper''
|'''[[Vaani Kapoor]]'''
|-
|''Super Stylish Politician''
|'''[[Conrad Sangma]]'''
|-
|''Super Stylish Businessperson''
|'''[[Aman Gupta]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chiu |first=Fengyen |date=2022-06-17 |title=As Shark Tank India's Aman Gupta Bags Super Stylish Businessperson Award, The Internet Goes, 'Guptaji Ka Ladka Rocks' |url=https://in.mashable.com/entertainment/33531/as-shark-tank-indias-aman-gupta-bags-super-stylish-businessperson-award-the-internet-goes-guptaji-ka |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=Mashable India |language=en-in}}</ref>
|-
|''Super Stylish Sports Star''
|'''[[Shikhar Dhawan]]'''
|-
|''Super Stylish Fashion Designer''
|'''[[Masaba Gupta]]'''
|-
|''Super Stylish Chef''
|'''[[Ranveer Brar]]'''
|-
|''Super Stylish Charismatic Diva''
|'''[[Hina Khan]]'''
|-
|''Super Stylish Eternal Legend''
|'''[[Asha Parekh]]'''
|}

=== 2023 ===
Winners of the second edition (2023) of the Pinkvilla Style Icons Awards:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/pinkvilla-style-icons-awards-2023-bhumi-pednekar-is-the-stylish-pathbreaker-ananya-bags-most-glamorous-icon-1215865|title=Pinkvilla Style Icons Edition 2 Winners list: Kiara Advani, Janhvi to Kartik Aaryan, a look at who won what!|date=7 April 2023|website=PINKVILLA}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
!Category
!Name
|-
|''Most Glamorous Icon''
|'''[[Ananya Pandey]]'''
|-
|''Super Stylish Entertainer Of The Year''
|'''[[Kartik Aaryan]]'''
|-
|''Style Icon Of The Year''
|'''[[Kiara Advani]]'''
|-
|''Glamorous Trendsetter Of The Year - Male''
|'''[[Ayushmann Khurrana]]'''
|-
|''Glamorous Trendsetter Of The Year - Female''
|'''[[Disha Patani]]'''
|-
|''Style Icon Of The Year - Reader's Choic''
|'''[[Janhvi Kapoor]]'''
|-
|''Super Stylish Charismatic Diva''
|'''[[Vaani Kapoor]]'''
|-
|''Stylish Game Changer - Male''
|'''[[Adivi Sesh]]'''
|-
|''Stylish Game Changer - Female''
|'''[[Pooja Hegde]]'''
|-
|''Stunningly Stylish Actor (TV)''
|'''[[Karan Kundra]]'''
|-
|''Stunningly Stylish Actress (TV)''
|'''[[Tejasswi Prakash]]'''
|-
|''Super Stylish Charming Diva''
|'''[[Shehnaaz Gill]]'''
|-
|''Most Elegant Personality''
|'''[[Sivakarthikeyan]]'''
|-
|''Mould-Breaker - Male''
|'''[[Rohit Saraf]]'''
|-
|''Mould-Breaker - Female''
|'''[[Mouni Roy]]'''
|-
|''Super Stylish Youth Idol''
|'''[[Rakul Preet Singh]]'''
|-
|''Super Stylish Haute Stepper''
|'''[[Sunny Leone]]'''
|-
|''Stylish Music Personality''
|'''[[Devi Sri Prasad]]'''
|-
|''Super Stylish Versatile Personality''
|'''[[Sharad Kelkar]]'''
|-
|''Fashion Trailblazer''
|'''[[Nora Fatehi]]'''
|-
|''Timeless Style Icon''
|'''[[Kajol]]'''
|-
|''Timeless Style Icon Male''
|'''[[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]]'''
|-
|''Presents Stylish Pathbreaker - Male''
|'''[[Arjun Kapoor]]'''
|-
|''Presents Stylish Pathbreaker - Female''
|'''[[Bhumi Pednekar]]'''
|-
|''Eternally Stylish Star''
|'''[[Vidya Balan]]'''
|-
|''Stunningly Stylish Culinarian of the Year''
|'''[[Kunal Kapur]]'''
|-
|''Super Stylish Role Model''
|'''[[Rani Mukerji]]'''
|-
|''Glam Squad of the Year''
|'''[[Neelam Kothari]], Bhavna Pandey, Maheep Kapoor, Seema Sajdeh'''
|-
|''Super Glam Sports Star of the Year''
|'''[[Sania Mirza]]'''
|-
|''Trailblazing Fashion Designer of the Year''
|'''[[Anamika Khanna]]'''
|}

===2024===
Winners of the third edition (2024) of the Pinkvilla Screen and Style Icons Awards:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/pinkvilla-screen-and-style-icons-awards-complete-list-of-winners-ft-kiara-advani-akshay-kumar-karan-johar-and-more-1287517?amp|title=Pinkvilla Screen & Style Icons Awards: Complete list of winners ft. Kiara Advani, Akshay Kumar, Karan Johar and more|website=Pinkvilla|access-date= 19 March 2024}}</ref>

{| class=wikitable style="width=100%"
|-
!style="width=90%"|Best Film (Popular Choice)
!style="width=10%"|Best Film (Jury's Choice)
|-
| valign="top" |
*'''''[[OMG 2]] – [[Cape of Good Films]]'', [[Viacom18 Studios]], Wakaoo Films'''
**''[[12th Fail]]'' – [[Vinod Chopra Films]], [[Zee Studios]]
**''[[Animal (2023 Indian film)|Animal]]'' – [[T-Series Films]], Cine1 Studios, Bhadrakali Pictures
**''[[Jawan (film)|Jawan]]'' – [[Red Chillies Entertainment]]
**''[[Pathaan (film)|Pathaan]]'' – [[Yash Raj Films]]
**''[[Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani]]'' – [[Dharma Productions]], [[Viacom18 Studios]]
|colspan=3; valign=top|
*'''''[[12th Fail]]'' – [[Vinod Chopra Films]], [[Zee Studios]]'''
**''[[Animal (2023 Indian film)|Animal]]'' – [[T-Series Films]], Cine1 Studios, Bhadrakali Pictures
**''[[Jawan (film)|Jawan]]'' – [[Red Chillies Entertainment]]
**''[[OMG 2]]'' – [[Cape of Good Films]], [[Viacom18 Studios]], Wakaoo Films
**''[[Pathaan (film)|Pathaan]]'' – [[Yash Raj Films]]
**''[[Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani]]'' – [[Dharma Productions]], [[Viacom18 Studios]]
|-
!style="width=90%"|Best Actor (Popular Choice)
!style="width=10%"|Best Actor (Jury's Choice)
|-
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Ranbir Kapoor]] – ''[[Animal (2023 Indian film)|Animal]]'' as Ranvijay Singh and Aziz Haque'''
**[[Ranveer Singh]] – ''[[Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani]]''
**[[Kartik Aaryan]] – ''[[Satyaprem Ki Katha]]''
**[[Shah Rukh Khan]] – ''[[Jawan (film)|Jawan]]''
**[[Sunny Deol]] – ''[[Gadar 2]]''
**[[Vicky Kaushal]] – ''[[Sam Bahadur (film)|Sam Bahadur]]''
|colspan=3; valign=top|
*'''[[Vikrant Massey]] – ''[[12th Fail]]'' as [[Manoj Kumar Sharma]]'''
**[[Abhishek Bachchan]] – ''[[Ghoomer]]''
**[[Manoj Bajpayee]] – ''[[Joram (film)|Joram]]''
**[[Rajkumar Rao]] – ''[[Bheed]]''
**[[Pankaj Tripathi]]– ''[[OMG 2]]''
**[[Vicky Kaushal]] – ''[[Sam Bahadur (film)|Sam Bahadur]]''
|-
!style="width=90%"|Best Actress (Popular Choice)
!style="width=10%"|Best Actress (Jury's Choice)
|-
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Kiara Advani]] – ''[[Satyaprem Ki Katha]]'' as Katha Kapadia'''
**[[Alia Bhatt]] – ''[[Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani]]''
**[[Shraddha Kapoor]] – ''[[Tu Jhoothi Main Makkaar]]''
**[[Deepika Padukone]] – ''[[Pathaan (film)|Pathaan]]''
**[[Nayantara]] – ''[[Jawan (film)|Jawan]]''
|colspan=3; valign=top|
*'''[[Medha Shankar]] – ''[[12th Fail]]'' as [[Shraddha Joshi Sharma|Shraddha Joshi]]'''
**[[Alia Bhatt]] – ''[[Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani]]''
**[[Kiara Advani]] – ''[[Satyaprem Ki Katha]]''
**[[Adah Sharma]] – ''[[The Kerala Story]]''
**[[Yami Gautam Dhar]] – ''[[OMG 2]]''
**[[Saiyami Kher]] – ''[[Ghoomer]]''
|-
!style="width=90%"|Best Actor In A Negative Role
!style="width=10%"|Best Actor In A Comic Role
|-
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Bobby Deol]] – ''[[Animal (2023 Indian film)|Animal]]'''''
|colspan=3; valign=top|
*'''[[Ayushmann Khurrana]] – ''[[Dream Girl 2]]'''''
|-
!style="width=90%"|Best Supporting Actor
!style="width=10%"|Best Supporting Actress
|-
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Angad Bedi]] – ''[[Ghoomer]]'''''
|colspan=3; valign=top|
*'''[[Shabana Azmi]] – ''[[Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani]]'''''
|-
!style="width=90%"|Best Director (Popular Choice)
!style="width=10%"|Best Director (Jury's Choice)
|-
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Atlee (director)|Atlee]] – ''[[Jawan (film)|Jawan]]'''''
|colspan=3; valign=top|
*'''[[Karan Johar]] – ''[[Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani]]'''''
|-
!style="width=90%"|Best Debut Actor (Popular Choice)
!style="width=10%"|Best Debut Actress (Popular Choice)
|-
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Vedang Raina]] – ''[[The Archies (film)|Archies]]'''''
|colspan=3; valign=top|
*'''[[Alizeh Agnihotri]] – ''[[Farrey]]'''''
|}

{| class="wikitable"
!Category
!Name
|-
|Fan Favorite Superstar
|[[Shraddha Kapoor]]
|-
|Stylish Action Star
|[[Tiger Shroff]]
|-
|Designer of The Year
|[[Manish Malhotra]]
|-
|Trendsetter of The Year
|[[Mrunal Thakur]]
|-
|Most Stylish Couple
|[[Jackky Bhagnani]] & [[Rakul Preet Singh]]
|-
|Timeless Fashion Icon
|[[Karisma Kapoor]]
|-
|Versatile Personality
|[[Manish Paul]]
|-
|Stylish Game Changer
|[[Disha Patani]]
|-
|Stylish Fitness Icon
|[[Shilpa Shetty]]
|-
|Stylish Glam Star
|[[Vaani Kapoor]]
|-
|Fashion Forward Star
|[[Arjun Kapoor]]
|-
|Stylish Haute Stepper
|[[Shehnaaz Gill]]
|-
|Stylish POP DIVA
|[[Sophie Choudry]]
|-
|Stylish Risk Taker
|[[Neha Dhupia]]
|-
|Best TV Actor Male
|[[Dilip Joshi]]
|-
|Best TV Actor Female
|[[Rupali Ganguly]]
|-
|Stylish TV Actor Male
|[[Mohsin Khan (Indian actor)|Mohsin Khan]]
|-
|Stylish TV Actor Female
|[[Ankita Lokhande]]
|-
|Stylish TV Couple
|[[Ankit Gupta]] & Priyanka Choudhary
|}

===2025===
Winners of the fourth edition (2025) of the Pinkvilla Screen and Style Icons Awards:<ref>{{cite news |title=Pinkvilla Screen & Style Icons Awards 2025: Complete list of winners |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/other/pinkvilla-screen-style-icons-awards-2025-complete-list-of-winners-ft-ananya-panday-akshay-kumar-karan-johar-kajol-shahid-kapoor-and-more/ar-AA1BNFRE |access-date=27 July 2025 |work=www.msn.com}}</ref>

===2026===
Winners of the fifth edition (2026) of the Pinkvilla Screen and Style Icons Awards:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/cinema/pinkvilla-screen-style-icons-awards-2026-complete-list-of-winners-ft-kiara-advani-ajay-devgn-kriti-sanon-vicky-kaushal-kajol-akshay-kumar-and-more-1401784%3famp|title=Pinkvilla Screen & Style Icons Awards 2026: Complete list of winners ft. Kiara Advani, Ajay Devgn, Kriti Sanon, Kajol, Akshay Kumar and more|website=Pinkvilla|access-date= 26 March 2026}}</ref>

===Film edition===
{| class="wikitable"
!Category
!Name
|-
|Best Dialogue
|[[Milap Zaveri]]
|-
|Best Lyrics
|[[Irshad Kamil]]
|-
|Musical Powerhouse
|[[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]
|-
|Best Producer
|[[Dinesh Vijan]]
|-
|Best Music Composer
|Faheem Abdullah, Arslan Nizami and [[Tanishk Bagchi]]
|-
|Best Debut Director
|Karan Singh Tyagi
|-
|Best Film (Jury)
|''[[Kesari Chapter 2]]''
|-
|Best Director (Jury)
|[[Mohit Suri]]
|-
|Best Actor Female (Jury)
|[[Yami Gautam]]
|-
|Best Actor Male (Jury)
|[[Akshay Kumar]]
|-
|Special Award Best Film (Jury)
|''[[Homebound (2025 film)|Homebound]]''
|-
|Best Screenplay
|[[Aditya Dhar]], Shivkumar V. Panicker and Ojas Gautam
|-
|Best Playback Singer Female
|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|-
|Best Playback Singer Male
|Faheem Abdullah
|-
|Best Director (Popular Choice)
|[[Aditya Dhar]]
|-
|Best Actor in a Comic Role
|[[Riteish Deshmukh]]
|-
|Best Actor Male (Popular Choice)
|[[Vicky Kaushal]]
|-
|Best Actor Female (Popular Choice)
|[[Kriti Sanon]]
|-
|Best Supporting Actor Male
|[[Rakesh Bedi]]
|-
|Best Actor in a Negative Role
|[[Arjun Rampal]] and [[Akshaye Khanna]]
|-
|Best Debut Male
|Ahaan Panday
|-
|Best Debut Female
|[[Aneet Padda]]
|-
|Best Film (Popular Choice)
|''[[Dhurandhar]]'' and ''[[Saiyaara (film)|Saiyaara]]''
|-
|Breakthrough Performance Of The Year
|[[Ishaan Khatter]]
|-
|Best Supporting Actor Male
|Vineet Kumar Singh
|-
|Best Supporting Actor Female
|[[Ananya Panday]]
|-
|Best BGM
|Shashwat Sachdev (Dhurandhar)
|-
|Best Music Album
|''[[Saiyaara (film)|Saiyaara]]''
|-
|Best Cinematography
|Vikash Nowlakha (Dhurandhar)
|}

===Style edition===
{| class="wikitable"
!Category
!Name
|-
|Fashion Icon of the Year
|[[Kiara Advani]]
|-
|Stylish Entrepreneur of the Year
|[[Shilpa Shetty]]
|-
|Timeless Fashion Icon Male
|[[Suniel Shetty]]
|-
|Best Reality Show Personality - Male
|[[Amaal Mallik]]
|-
|Best Reality Show Personality - Female
|[[Jasmin Bhasin]]
|-
|Most Stylish Actor TV
|[[Gaurav Khanna]]
|-
|Most Stylish Emerging Actor
|[[Aaishvary Thackeray]]
|-
|Stylish Rising Force
|[[Ahan Shetty]]
|-
|Stylish Creator
|[[Prajakta Koli]]
|-
|Style Sensation
|[[Shehnaaz Gill]]
|-
|Stylish Filmmaker
|[[Kiran Rao]]
|-
|Most Stylish Couple of the Year TV
|[[Nakuul Mehta]] and Jankee Mehta
|-
|Stylish Glam Star
|[[Disha Patani]]
|-
|Stylish Mould-Breaker Female
|[[Shriya Saran]]
|-
|Stylish Mould-Breaker Male
|[[Ali Fazal]]
|-
|Super Stylish Pathbreaker Of The Year
|[[Rakul Preet Singh]]
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Official website|https://www.pinkvilla.com/style-icons/}}

[[Category:Indian film awards]]
[[Category:Indian television awards]]
[[Category:Fashion awards]]
[[Category:Indian awards]]

Bhojraj Nag

2026-04-18T23:50:56Z

BrandonNewquist: Added new page and citations.

{{Short description|Member of the Lok Sabha}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Bhojraj Nag
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1972|4|7|df=y}}
| birth_place = Himoda, [[Kanker District|Kanker]], [[Chhattisgarh]]
| birth_name = Bhojraj Nag
| party = {{flagicon image|BJP flag.svg}}[[Bharatiya Janta Party]]
| occupation = Agriculture
| spouse = Sadhna Nag
| children = 3 (2 sons, 1 daughter)
| education = 9th Pass
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Kanker Lok Sabha constituency|Kanker]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| predecessor = [[Mohan Mandavi]]
| successor =
| office1 = Member of [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 2014
| term_end1 = 2018
| predecessor1 = [[Vikram Usendi]]
| successor1 = Anoop Nag
| constituency1 = [[Antagarh Assembly constituency]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}
'''Bhojraj Nag''' (born 7 April 1972) is an Indian politician. He has been elected to Lok Sabha from [[Kanker Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Kanker, Chhattisgarh Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 Highlights: Bhojraj Nag Wins the Contest |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/story/kanker-chhattisgarh-lok-sabha-election-results-2024-live-updates-clse-2548115-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Kanker Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Lok Sabha Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MP, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/kanker-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-lok-sabha-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mp-margin-8917057.html |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He is a member of [[Bharatiya Janta Party]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Lok Sabha Elections 2024: Kanker constituency result |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/india/lok-sabha-elections-2024-kanker-constituency-result-3030486-3030486 |access-date=2024-07-03 |newspaper=Deccan Herald |language=en | date=3 June 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nag, Bhojraj}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:People from Kanker]]
[[Category:1972 births]]

Tri Nagar Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T23:44:00Z

BrandonNewquist: new new stub

{{Short description|Constituency of the Delhi legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Tri Nagar
| mla = [[Tilak Ram Gupta]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|latest_election_year = [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
| established = 1993
| state = [[Delhi]]
| district = [[Chandni Chowk]]
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 16
}}
'''Tri Nagar Assembly constituency''' is one of the seventy [[Delhi Legislative Assembly|Delhi assembly]] constituencies of [[Delhi]] in [[North India|northern India]]. Tri Nagar assembly constituency is a part of [[Chandni Chowk (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1993 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Nand Kishore Garg]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1998 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
| [[2003 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
| rowspan="2" | Anil Bhardwaj
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| [[Nand Kishore Garg]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
| [[Jitender Singh Tomar]]
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
| [[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
| [[Preeti Tomar]]
|-
| [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|[[Tilak Ram Gupta]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2025]]: Tri Nagar<ref name="Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Tri Nagar Assembly">{{cite news |title=Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Tri Nagar Assembly |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0516.htm |access-date=8 March 2025 |work= |agency= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=8 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250308170029/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0516.htm |archive-date=8 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Tri Nagar Constituency Election Results 2025">{{cite news |title=Tri Nagar Constituency Election Results 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/constituency-show/tri-nagar |access-date=8 March 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=8 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250308170033/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/constituency-show/tri-nagar |archive-date=8 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Tilak Ram Gupta]]|votes=59,073|percentage=53.36|change={{Increase}}10.57}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = [[Preeti Tomar]]
| votes = 43,177
| percentage = 39.0
| change = {{decrease}}13.38
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Satendra Sharma|votes=6,897|percentage= 6.2|change={{Increase}}2.55}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=NOTA|candidate=None of the above|votes= 688|percentage=0.4|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes= 15,896|percentage= 14.4|change={{Increase}}4.81}}
{{Election box turnout|votes= 1,10,009|percentage= 62.4|change={{decrease}}4.15}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| loser = Aam Aadmi Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2020"/>

=== 2020 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2020"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2020]]: Tri Nagar <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12027-general-legislative-election-2020/|title = General Legislative Election 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = [[Preeti Tomar]]
| votes = 58,504
| percentage = 52.38
| change = -3.32
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Tilak Ram Gupta]]
| votes = 47,794
| percentage = 42.79
| change = +6.81
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Kamal Kant Sharma
| votes = 4,075
| percentage = 3.65
| change = -3.37
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Aruna
| votes = 272
| percentage = 0.24
| change = -0.04
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None of the above
| votes = 516
| percentage = 0.46
| change = +0.10
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 10,710
| percentage = 9.59
| change = -10.13
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,11,793
| percentage = 66.55
| change = -4.64
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| swing = -3.32
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2020"/>

=== 2015 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2015"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2015]]: Tri Nagar}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = [[Jitender Singh Tomar]]
| votes = 63,006
| percentage = 55.70
| change = +22.64
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Nand Kishore Garg]]
| votes = 40,699
| percentage = 35.98
| change = +0.20
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Anil Bharadwaj]]
| votes = 5,939
| percentage = 2.02
| change = -17.14
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Nityanand Singh
| votes = 317
| percentage = 0.28
| change = -2.09
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None
| votes = 407
| percentage = 0.36
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 22,307
| percentage = 19.72
| change = +16.98
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,13,196
| percentage = 71.24
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing = +22.64
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2015"/>

=== 2013 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2013"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2013]]: Tri Nagar}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Nand Kishore Garg]]
| votes = 36,970
| percentage = 35.78
| change = -8.31
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = [[Jitender Singh Tomar]]
| votes = 34,161
| percentage = 33.06
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Anil Bharadwaj
| votes = 24,962
| percentage = 24.16
| change = -22.10
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Ravi Raj Yadav
| votes = 2,451
| percentage = 2.37
| change = -0.96
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Dharmender Kumar Ray
| votes = 2,313
| percentage = 2.24
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Samajwadi Party
| candidate = Mohmad Zuber
| votes = 347
| percentage = 0.34
| change = -1.37
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam
| candidate = M S Subramanian
| votes = 298
| percentage = 0.29
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Pawan
| votes = 257
| percentage = 0.25
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Shiv Prakash Bansal
| votes = 253
| percentage = 0.24
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
| candidate = K Kannan
| votes = 157
| percentage = 0.15
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Narender Singhal
| votes = 122
| percentage = 0.12
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Rashtravadi Janata Party
| candidate = Sukhdev Paswan
| votes = 100
| percentage = 0.10
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Tek Chand
| votes = 96
| percentage = 0.09
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Dal (United)
| candidate = Suleman Khan
| votes = 91
| percentage = 0.09
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian Bahujan Samajwadi Party
| candidate = Iliyash
| votes = 74
| percentage = 0.07
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Rashtriya Krantikari Samajwadi Party
| candidate = Sunder Singh Khatri
| votes = 74
| percentage = 0.07
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Peace Party of India
| candidate = Sikandar Ali
| votes = 61
| percentage = 0.06
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = [[None of the Above]]
| votes = 548
| percentage = 0.53
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 2,809
| percentage = 2.74
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 103,657
| percentage = 70.85
| change = +7.48
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2013"/>

=== 2008 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2008"/> <section end="Assembly Election 2008"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2008]]: Tri Nagar<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2008/stats_DL_2008.pdf 2008 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Anil Bharadwaj
| votes = 41,891
| percentage = 46.26
| change = -10.21
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Nand Kishore Garg
| votes = 39,222
| percentage = 44.09
| change = +2.39
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Puran Mal Goel
| votes = 5,073
| percentage = 5.60
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Samajwadi Party
| candidate = Lalit Kumar Sharma
| votes = 1,547
| percentage = 1.71
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Jan Shakti
| candidate = Sunder Singh Khatri
| votes = 461
| percentage = 0.51
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Sanjay Kumar Gautam
| votes = 299
| percentage = 0.33
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Jai Bhagwan
| votes = 291
| percentage = 0.32
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Nationalist Congress Party
| candidate = Raj Kumar
| votes = 254
| percentage = 0.28
| change = -0.22
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Sheela Devi
| votes = 239
| percentage = 0.26
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Lok Jan Shakti Party
| candidate = Anuj Kumar Singh
| votes = 235
| percentage = 0.26
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Babu Lal
| votes = 138
| percentage = 0.15
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Anil Kumar
| votes = 78
| percentage = 0.09
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Anil Kumar
| votes = 71
| percentage = 0.08
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Om Prakash
| votes = 46
| percentage = 0.05
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 1,969
| percentage = 2.17
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 90,547
| percentage = 63.37
| change = +3.27
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2003 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2003 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2003]]: Tri Nagar<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_DEL_Nov2003.pdf 2003 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Anil Bhardwaj
| votes = 32,449
| percentage = 56.47
| change = +9.91
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Nand Kishore Garg]]
| votes = 23,958
| percentage = 41.70
| change = -9.39
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Hamayun Khan
| votes = 393
| percentage = 0.68
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Nationalist Congress Party
| candidate = Raj Kumar
| votes = 289
| percentage = 0.50
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Satish Bhati
| votes = 197
| percentage = 0.34
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Dal (United)
| candidate = Vijay Sharma
| votes = 172
| percentage = 0.30
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 8,491
| percentage = 14.77
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 57,458
| percentage = 60.11
| change = +7.22
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1998 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 1998]]: Tri Nagar<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-DEL98.pdf 1998 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Nand Kishore Garg]]
| votes = 25,576
| percentage = 51.09
| change = -4.46
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Chattar Singh]]
| votes = 23,493
| percentage = 46.56
| change = +7.70
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Samajwadi Party
| candidate = Shiv Kumar
| votes = 543
| percentage = 1.08
| change = +0.66
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Vikram Singh Khari
| votes = 244
| percentage = 0.48
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Samata Party
| candidate = Nathu Singh Garg
| votes = 200
| percentage = 0.40
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Ram Mala Verma
| votes = 149
| percentage = 0.30
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Yad Ram Bokolia
| votes = 32
| percentage = 0.06
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Rajender Kumar
| votes = 16
| percentage = 0.03
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 2,283
| percentage = 4.53
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 50,453
| percentage = 52.89
| change = -16.52
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1993 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1993 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 1993]]: Tri Nagar<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatRep_DL_93.pdf 1993 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Nand Kishore Garg]]
| votes = 28,872
| percentage = 55.55
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Deep Chand Sharma]]
| votes = 20,199
| percentage = 38.86
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Dal
| candidate = Nathu Singh Garg
| votes = 1,202
| percentage = 2.31
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Shiv Sena
| candidate = Raj Kumar Goel
| votes = 497
| percentage = 0.96
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Suresh Kumar
| votes = 339
| percentage = 0.65
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Samajwadi Party
| candidate = Rakesh Kumar
| votes = 217
| percentage = 0.42
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Party
| candidate = Ram Lal Jain
| votes = 138
| percentage = 0.27
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Raj Kumar Garg
| votes = 121
| percentage = 0.23
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Dayan Singh Nirmal
| votes = 62
| percentage = 0.12
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Paravati
| votes = 62
| percentage = 0.12
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Sushil Kumar
| votes = 55
| percentage = 0.11
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Lal Chand Adlakha
| votes = 46
| percentage = 0.09
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Pram Prakash Mittal
| votes = 33
| percentage = 0.06
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Satnam Singh
| votes = 31
| percentage = 0.06
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Sanjay Kumar
| votes = 28
| percentage = 0.05
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Harvinder Singh
| votes = 25
| percentage = 0.05
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Doordarshi Party
| candidate = Raghw Prsad
| votes = 21
| percentage = 0.04
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = All India Forward Bloc
| candidate = Ravinder Kumar Bhatnagar
| votes = 13
| percentage = 0.03
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Karan Singh Jain
| votes = 10
| percentage = 0.02
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Brijesh Dutt Pandey
| votes = 8
| percentage = 0.02
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 8,673
| percentage = 16.69
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 51,979
| percentage = 69.42
| change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of New Delhi}}
{{coords|28.682|77.157|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Delhi]]
[[Category:Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Politics of Delhi]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1993]]
[[Category:1993 establishments in Delhi]]

TIDEL Park Pattabiram

2026-03-29T19:26:52Z

BrandonNewquist: new details

{{short description|Tech Park in Chennai, India}}
{{For|another place|TIDEL Park|TIDEL Park Coimbatore}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox building
| name = TIDEL Park Pattabiram, Avadi
| native_name =
| image = Tidel Park Pattabiram.png
| image_size = 250px
| caption = View of TIDEL park from CTH Road
| alternate_names =
| location = [[Pattabiram]], [[Avadi]], [[Chennai]], [[India]]
| address = 43F6+G73, Chennai–Tiruvallur High Road, Pattabiram, Avadi, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 072, India
| latd =
| longd =
| highest_prev =
| highest_next =
| construction_start_date = 2020
| completion_date = 2024
| inauguration_date = 22 November 2024
| building_type = Information Technology Park
| antenna_spire =
| roof = {{convert|60|m|abbr=on}}
| top_floor = 20
| floor_count = 21
| elevator_count =
| architectural_style =
| cost = {{INR}} 3,300 million<ref name="TH_CMInaugurates">{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| title = T.N. CM Stalin inaugurates new TIDEL Park near Chennai
| location = Chennai
| date = 22 November 2024
| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tn-cm-stalin-inaugurates-new-tidel-park-near-chennai/article68897703.ece/
| newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
| access-date = 20 December 2024}}</ref>
| floor_area = {{convert|5,57,000|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}
| architect =
| structural_engineer =
| main_contractor =
| developer = [[TIDCO]] and [[ELCOT]]
| owner = TIDEL Park Ltd
| operator =
| references =
}}

'''TIDEL Park Pattabiram, Avadi''' is an [[information technology]] (IT) park in situated in the city of [[Chennai]], [[India]]. The name ''TIDEL'' is a portmanteau of [[TIDCO]] and [[ELCOT]]. It became operational in November 2024 to foster the growth of information technology in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]] by the TIDEL Park Ltd, a joint venture of TIDCO and ELCOT.

==History and Location==
The third TIDEL Park is located on the [[Chennai–Tiruvallur High Road]] in [[Pattabiram]], [[Avadi]] a western suburb of Chennai. The idea of this TIDEL park was conceived in 2016 by the then Chief Minister [[J. Jayalalithaa]] and a 45-acre plot was selected at the suburb.<ref name="TOI_ToComeUp">{{cite news
| last = Chitra
| first = Rachel
| title = Tidel Park to come up in Pattabiram
| location = Chennai
| date = 28 September 2016
| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Tidel-Park-to-come-up-in-Pattabiram/articleshow/54570113.cms
| newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
| access-date = 20 December 2024}}</ref> The construction began in 2020 and was completed in 2024. The IT park was inaugurated in 2024 by the chief minister of Tamil Nadu [[M. K. Stalin]].<ref name="TH_CMInaugurates"/>

==Infrastructure==
The Pattabiram TIDEL Park is a 21-storied building constructed on a 11.41-acre plot. The building has a built-up area of {{convert|557,000|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}.<ref name="TH_CMInaugurates"/>

The IT park is capable of accommodating 6000 employees and has provisions for office spaces ranging from 6,000 sq. ft. to 100,000 sq. ft. Provisions in the building include complete DG backup, open car parking, auditorium, promotional spaces, meditation hall, EV charging stations, a medical center, and a multi-cuisine food court in a separate block on the campus. The building also features large murals in the main lobby, a gym and indoor games on the 12th floor, and a hanging garden between the 15th and 19th floors.<ref name="ET_TidelParkInPattabiram">{{cite news| last = Kabirdoss| first = Yogesh| title = Tidel Park in Chennai's Pattabiram to have 'hanging garden' | newspaper = The Economic Times| location = Chennai| publisher = EconomicTimes| date = 31 December 2019| url = https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/productline/building-materials/tidel-park-in-chennais-pattabiram-to-have-hanging-garden/articleshow/73043020.cms | access-date = 13 September 2020}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Architecture}}
* [[List of tallest buildings in Chennai]]
* [[Architecture of Chennai]]
* [[Software industry in Chennai|Software Industry in Chennai]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|TIDEL Park}}
*[http://www.tidelpark.com/ Official homepage]
{{Chennai Topics}}
{{High-technology business districts in Chennai}}

{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Software technology parks in Chennai]]
[[Category:Office highrises in Chennai]]

S. S. Vasan

2026-03-28T09:33:50Z

BrandonNewquist:

{{Short description|Indian journalist and film producer}}
{{Indian patronymic|Srinivasan or by his screen name S. S. Vasan|Subramaniam}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = S. S. Vasan
| caption =
| birth_name = Subramaniam Srinivasan
| image = Stamp of India - 2004 - Colnect 158526 - SS Vasan.jpeg
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1904|01|04}}
| birth_place = [[Thiruthuraipoondi]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1969|08|26|1904|01|04}}
| death_place = [[Madras]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| module = {{Infobox officeholder
| embed = yes
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| constituency = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Tamil Nadu|Madras]]
| term_start = 3 April 1964
| term_end = 26 August 1969
|successor = [[Kanchi Kalyanasundaram]]
}}
}}

'''Subramaniam Srinivasan''' (4 January 1904 – 26 August 1969), popularly known by his screen name '''S. S. Vasan''', was an Indian journalist, writer, advertiser, film producer, director and business tycoon. He was the founder of the Tamil-language magazine ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' and the film production company [[Gemini Studios]], Gemini Film Laboratories and Gemini Picture Circuit. He was a member of parliament (Rajya Sabha) from 1964 until he died in 1969.

Vasan was born in [[Thiruthuraipoondi]] in the then [[Thanjavur District]] but was forced to migrate to [[Madras]] following the death of his father at an early age. Vasan discontinued his studies before graduation and set up a flourishing mail order and advertising business.

In 1928, Vasan purchased a struggling Tamil magazine ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' that had been published by Budalur Vaidyanadhaiyar since February 1926 and had stopped publication in December 1927. Vasan bought the publication in January 1928 and relaunched it with the same name but in a different format from February 1928. ''Ananda Vikatan'', subsequently, emerged as the leading Tamil magazine in the then [[Madras Presidency]] and continues to be the oldest and most respected Tamil magazine till this day.<ref name="pasupathy">{{cite web|url=http://s-pasupathy.blogspot.in/2015/03/2.html|title=S. S. Vasan|language=ta|author=S. Pasupathy|date=10 March 2003|access-date=14 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314135650/http://s-pasupathy.blogspot.in/2015/03/2.html|archive-date=14 March 2017}}</ref>

Vasan entered the Tamil film industry in 1936 when his novel ''Sathi Leelavathi'' was made into a film.

In 1940, he purchased the Motion Picture Producers Combine, a film studio and renamed it [[Gemini Studios]]. Gemini Studios made a number of successful Tamil, Telugu and Hindi movies from 1940 to 1969, notable ones being {{Lang|ta-latn|[[Mangamma Sapatham (1943 film)|Mangamma Sapatham]]}}, {{Lang|ta-latn|[[Apoorva Sagodharargal (1949 film)|Aboorva Sagotharargal]]}}, ''[[Nandanaar]]'', ''[[Bala Nagamma (1942 film)|Bala Nagamma]]'', ''[[Miss Malini]]'', ''[[Chandralekha (1948 film)|Chandralekha]]'', {{Lang|ta-latn|[[Vanjikkottai Valiban]]}}, ''[[Nishaan]]'', ''[[Mangala (film)]]'', ''[[Sansar (1951 film)|Sansar]]'', {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Insaniyat (1955 film)|Insaniyat]]}}, {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Paigham]]}}, {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Raj Tilak (1958 film)|Raj Tilak]]}}, ''[[Ghunghat (1960 film)|Ghunghat]]'', ''[[Grahasti]]'', ''[[Gharana]]'', {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Zindagi (1964 film)|Zindagi]]}}, {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Aurat (1967 film)|Aurat]]}}, ''[[Shatranj]]'', {{Lang|ta-latn|[[Vazhkai Padagu]]}}, ''[[Motor Sundaram Pillai]]'', {{Lang|ta-latn|[[Olivilakku]]}}, ''[[Chakradhari (1954 film)|Chakradhari]]'', ''[[Avvaiyar (film)|Avvaiyar]]'' and {{Lang|ta-latn|[[Irumbu Thirai (1960 film)|Irumbu Thirai]]}}. Vasan also directed some of his later movies, the first being ''Chandralekha'', which is considered by critics and film historians to be a milestone in Indian cinema. Vasan died in Madras on 26 August 1969, at the age of 65.

Vasan was an accomplished writer and translator and a hugely successful journalist. As a director, Vasan was known for his grandiose sets and innovative techniques that he introduced. Film historian [[Randor Guy]] hailed Vasan as the "[[Cecil B. De Mille]] of India".

He was the first film and media personality to be invited to be a member of parliament in India's Rajya Sabha where he advocated the granting of industry status to the film trade (a battle still being fought). He was one of the founders of [[Film Federation of India|Film Federation India]], [[Producers Guild of India|Producer's Guild of India]] and the [[South Indian Film Chamber of Commerce]]. He was awarded the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 1969, the year of his death, by the government of India for his extraordinary contribution to Indian media.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2015 | access-date=21 July 2015 | archive-date=15 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref> The Government of India and the Postal department released postage stamps bearing his likeness on 26 August 2004, the year of his centenary.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/08/27/stories/2004082702091300.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040911165749/http://www.hindu.com/2004/08/27/stories/2004082702091300.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=11 September 2004 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Stamp on S.S. Vasan released | date=27 August 2004}}</ref>

==Early life==
Vasan was born in the town of [[Thiruthuraipoondi]], [[Thanjavur District]] into a poor family. While his official date of birth is listed as 10 March 1903, according to his family, he was born on 4 January 1904. Film historian [[Randor Guy]] suggested that Vasan's date of birth may have been [[age fabrication|deliberately fabricated]] to help in his school admission.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/05/23/stories/2003052301510600.htm|title=With a finger on people's pulse|date=23 May 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130901175833/http://hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/05/23/stories/2003052301510600.htm|archive-date=1 September 2013|work=[[The Hindu]]|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==''Ananda Vikatan''==
By the late 1920s, Vasan had begun to make considerable profits and one of the magazines he advertised in (almost dominated) was a local Tamil humour magazine ''Ananda Bodhini'' with a circulation of about 2000. During this period, Vasan wrote a number of short stories for the Tamil magazines he brought advertisements for, with mixed success. He also translated popular English fiction and ran a successful mail order business.<ref name="madras">{{Cite book | title=Madras Rediscovered| last=Muthiah| first=S.| year=2004| author-link=S. Muthiah| publisher=East West Books (Madras) Pvt Ltd| isbn=81-88661-24-4|chapter=From the mall to the mount|pages=84–87}}</ref>

In 1928, Vasan purchased a struggling Tamil magazine ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' that was published by Pudhoor Vaidyanadhaiyar since February 1926 and has stopped publication in December 1927. Vasan bought the publication in January 1928 and relaunched it with the same name but in a different format from February 1928.<ref name=pasupathy /> He completely revamped it by introducing serial stories and crossword puzzles. Vasan followed a rigorous marketing strategy which eventually saw the emergence of ''Ananda Vikatan'' as the best selling Tamil magazine of the time.<ref name="madras" /> with a readership touching 30,000 within a few months and growing to hundreds of thousands of readers in the following decades. In 1933, he started a humour magazine in English called ''The [[Merry Magazine]]'' and in 1934, a Tamil weekly called ''Naradhar'' devoted to arts, politics, literature and social issues, both of which were successful.<ref name="madras" /> In 1934, ''Ananda Vikatan'' became the first Tamil magazine to advertise in the British periodicals ''Advertiser's Review'' and ''Advertiser's Weekly''.<ref name="madras" /> A key to Vasan's success was his ability to find and nurture talent and one of the biggest breaks came in the early 1930s when Vasan found a new writer [[Kalki Krishnamurthy]] in whose writing he saw great potential. Kalki was living at the time with his family in Mayiladuthurai and Vasan without having met him in person unhesitatingly sent him money and tickets to move to Madras with his family and take up the role of the editor of his new magazine. Kalki and Vasan created history in the decade or so where they were professionally aligned and remained close friends for life. Another part of this successful team was [[Kalki Sadasivam]] who was a dynamic ad-man and was able to follow through Vasan's vision for marketing strategy. Sadasivam was also the legendary M.S. Subbulakshmi's husband. MS and Mrs Vasan were extremely close friends till the end of their days. ''Ananda Vikatan'' remained the foremost Tamil magazine without serious competition until 1941, when the editor ''Kalki Krishnamurthy'' and the dynamic marketing manager ''Kalki Sadasivam'' left the ''Ananda Vikatan'' to participate in the freedom struggle and hence got imprisoned. They then started the ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]''.<ref name="madras" />

''Ananda Vikatan'', a part of the Vikatan group today continues to be one of the leading names in Tamil households and celebrates 97 years of publishing being the oldest vernacular magazine in the country. It now encompasses seven print magazines under its umbrella and has been the starting point of many major writers, artists and media personalities in South India.

==Movies==
{{more citations needed section|date=November 2022}}
In 1936, Vasan's Tamil novel ''Sathi Leelavathi'' was made into [[Sathi Leelavathi (1936 film)|a film]] by Manorama Films. Two years later, he became a film distributor when he obtained the distribution rights for films made by the Madras United Artists' Association. He was the financier-distributor of the film [[Thyagabhoomi]] in 1939 that set new trends in various arenas. Thyagabhoomi was a serial novel written by Kalki in Ananda Vikatan while simultaneously being made as a film by noted film producer [[K Subrahmanyam]] who was also a close friend. Causing ripples and becoming a huge success, it was subsequently banned by the then British government for its strong theme of the Indian freedom movement in addition to other social issues. The film was a milestone in the annals of Tamil film history in many fronts.

When a fire broke out in 1940 in the premises of the Motion Picture Producers Combine, a prominent film studio owned by K Subrahmanyam, damaging it completely, Vasan purchased the studio, rebuilt and renamed it as the [[Gemini Studios]]. It is purported that the name was chosen because Vasan was an extremely successful punter, involved in horse racing at that time and owned a successful race horse named Gemini Star.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5naGSo7scgwC&q=gemini+studios+racehorse&pg=PA261 |title=Themes in Indian History |year=1992 |publisher=V.K. (India) Enterprises|isbn=9788189611620 }}</ref> However, his family cite the reason to choose "Gemini" as it was the natal moon sign of Vasan's wife Pattamal, who was not only his strongest supporter but who brought his family great luck. An interesting point of note was that the "model" for the Gemini twins logo was inspired on the day the name was coined when Vasan was visiting his friend K Subrahmanyam and his toddler son Balakrishnan ran out in his underwear and stood holding a bugle.

That very year, the Gemini Studios produced their first movie, ''[[Madanakamarajan]]'', which was a box-office success. Vasan followed it with {{Lang|ta-latn|[[Mangamma Sapatham (1943 film)|Mangamma Sapatham]]}} and ''[[Miss Malini]]'' both of which were successful. ''Miss Malini'', based on the story ''Mr. Sampath'' by [[R. K. Narayan]], launched the career of [[Gemini Ganesan]], who later became a leading actor in the Tamil film industry. The Hindi version of this film was ''Mr Sampath'' in Hindi and, these films are the only adaptation of his novels that the famous writer [[R. K. Narayan]] was involved in the scripting of the screenplay. ''Mangamma Sabatham'' launched [[Vasundhara Devi]], the mother of actor-politician [[Vyjayanthimala Bali]] as the lead and created a craze making her a huge star in just one film. The picture was directed by [[Acharya]], one of the early brilliants of Tamil cinema. In 1942, Gemini also made [[Bala Nagamma (1942 film)|Bala Nagamma]], a silver jubilee hit in Telugu based on a popular folk tale which captured the imaginations of the audience and was hugely successful. It was the last film to star Kanchanamala and was an important film in the career of [[Pushpavalli]]. Bala Nagamma was later adapted into Hindi with [[Madhubala]] playin the lead and [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] making her Hindi debut as [[Bahut Din Huwe]] with the addition of the climax borrowed from another Gemini Film, ''[[Avvaiyar (film)|Avvaiyar]]'' which used elephants to the rescue. This was especially hugely successful in Maharashtra with their devotion to Lord Ganesha. Other successes during the period leading to independence included comedy capers like Kannama En Kadhali, Daasi Aparanji – a period social satire and {{Lang|ta-latn|[[Apoorva Sagodharargal (1949 film)|Apoorva Sagotharargal]]}}, an adaptation of the story of the Corsican Brothers – a tale of co-joined twins separated at birth. It was one of the first films in India and one of the first few in the world that had a double role for the lead [[M. K. Radha]] who played both brothers. It also set the trend for innumerable successful films in India that had siblings, especially look-alike ones that were separated at birth and grew up in two different circumstances a la Prince and the Pauper or Man in the Iron Mask only to be switched or join forces to exact revenge. The actor-politician, [[M. G. Ramachandran]] picked this film to remake as "Neerum Neruppum" as a tribute and homage to Vasan in 1971 and earlier in 1968 had done his 100th film ''Oli Vilakku'', particular that it be a Gemini production. Another successful film in this period, a devotional ''Nandanaar'' was a controversial story of a harijan man overcoming the shackles of the caste oppression to gain admittance into the Chidambaram Nataraja temple with divine sanction, hence becoming a Nayanmar shaivite saint. This starred the famous singer [[Dandapani Desikar]] with the film and soundtrack becoming a runaway superhit in Tamil Nadu. Technically, it was the first film in India that used playback singing in a portion where a divine song, a call to the saint in a heavenly voice rings out of the ether – this of course set a trend for playback singers and revolutionised the necessity to use singer-actors for films that had been the norm through the 1930s and early 1940s.

Vasan's involvement in films eventually led him to direct his first movie, ''[[Chandralekha (1948 film)|Chandralekha]]''. He was really preparing his big post-independence break. The 1948 Tamil [[Tamil cinema|Chennai film industry]] classic ''[[Chandralekha (1948 film)|Chandralekha]]'' was rereleased in Hindi and Tamil.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Indian Popular Cinema: A Narrative of Cultural Change|last=K. Moti Gokulsing|first=K. Gokulsing, [[Wimal Dissanayake]]|publisher=Trentham Books|year=2004|isbn=1-85856-329-1|page=132}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title=Contemporary World Cinema: Europe, the Middle East, East Asia and South Asia | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qOXoeyesZOIC&pg=PA149| last=Shohini Chaudhuri| year=2005| page=149| publisher=Edinburgh University Press| isbn=0-7486-1799-X}}</ref> While the film was original begun under the direction of Acharya who had earlier directed landmark Gemini films like Mangamma Sabatham, differences of opinion between Vasan and Acharya led to the director stepping down from the film. Vasan then donned the role of director in addition to being the producer of the epic movie. The film, a spectacle, is remembered for its drum dance and extensive sword fight sequence. 603 prints of Chandralekha were made and the film was even released in the United States as ''Chandra'' with English subtitles – the first Indian film to do so! Even now, a print exists in the Library of Congress as representative of classic Indian cinema. Vasan encouraged his dear friend [[Tarachand Barjatya]] to found Rajshri Pictures in 1947 and assigned him the distribution of ''Chandralekha'' in the North, the first project distributed by Rajshri and one of the biggest successes of its time thus spurring off the growth stories of one of the biggest distributors and producers of Indian cinema today.

Released in 1948, after five years in production, the film became a highly acclaimed film of the period. It had the first drum-dance and the longest sword-fight sequence captured on film in the world. It was the costliest Indian film made until then and was the first major Indian film to be dubbed into English and released internationally. Made for a budget of Rs 3.6 million in 1948, the budget adjusted for inflation (equaling approximately Rs 1.62 billion today) makes it one of the most expensive films ever made for half a century in India. The Hindi version of the film was one of the first South Indian productions that found all India success and can be hailed as one of the first pan-Indian major blockbuster. Following the success of ''Chandralekha'', Gemini Studios made several films in Hindi that include {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Insaniyat (1955 film)|Insaniyat]]}}, {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Aurat (1967 film)|Aurat]]}}, [[Paigham]], [[Gharana (1961 film)|Gharana]], ''Grahasti'', ''Ghoongat'', [[Zindagi (1964 film)|Zindagi]], ''Mr Sampat'', ''Sansar'', ''Lakhon Mein Ek'', ''Raj Tilak'', ''Nishan'', ''Mangala'', ''Bahut Din Hue'', ''Teen Bahuraniyan'' and ''Shatranj'' that all found Box office success. Insaniyat was one of the only films to star both [[Dilip Kumar]] and [[Dev Anand]] and Gemini films first begun the practice of making popular ensemble cast films with multiple leading men. Although films have been made by Gemini and Vasan with almost all the top leading heroes of the time including [[Raaj Kumar]], Rajendra Kumar, Manoj Kumar, Ashok Kumar, Dilip Kumar and Dev Anand, there was no picture that Gemini made with Raj Kapoor while there were two that had Prithviraj Kapoor making a comeback in strong supporting roles in ''Teen Bahuraniyan'' and ''Zindagi''. Aurat had one of [[Rajesh Khanna]]'s first major on-screen roles before he got his major break as a leading man. Similarly, Amitabh Bachchan got his opportunity to become introduced as the male lead man opposite Mala Sinha in a Gemini production (produced and directed by S.S. Balan, Vasan's son), ''Sanjog'' shortly after ''Saat Hindustani'' and just before his success with ''Zanjeer''. Many technicians, writers, directors, producers and artistes across India were introduced into the media world by Gemini and even personally encouraged or mentored by Vasan and later by his son Balan. In the 1950s Gemini Pictures came out with films both in Tamil and Hindi in addition to Telugu and other regional languages. Popular Hindi films include ''Mr. Sampat'' (1952), [[Insaniyat (1955 film)|Insaniyat]] (1955), [[Raj Tilak (1958 film)|Raj Tilak]] (1958) and [[Paigham]] (1959).

In 1958, he established Gemini Colour Laboratories and believed in establishing the Film Trade on professional lines. His vision saw establish one of the first media conglomerates in the world that were vertically aligned that included the Gemini Picture Circuit – one of the largest film distributors in the country that saw a variety of Indian and foreign films release under its umbrella across the nation. He noted that success of a film depended on its distribution and found its validation with the success of the GPC. The Gemini Studios was also the location of choice for various film shootings across the country and also boasted of having the first air-condition floors in addition to the largest sound stages in Asia at the time. Some famous and milestone films shot at Gemini studios include [[Uday Shankar]]'s [[Kalpana (1948 film)|Kalpana]], a dance and visual extravaganza that was being made simultaneously with Chandralekha and in fact inspired the drum dance sequence. Meticulously organised, Gemini Studios ran like a factory churning out successful films in multiple languages for 30 years under his dynamic vision. The distribution network was spread across South Asia and even had trade links with Hollywood, London and Russia. Additionally, the ownership and popularity of the magazine Ananda Vikatan under his aegis completed the vertical alignment of the media empire. Major films in Tamil include ''Avvaiyyar'' (1952) on the life of the poet-saint that was directed and produced by Vasan at lavish cost and that found everlasting success starring [[K. B. Sundarambal]] who was persuaded to act in the film (as she had been widowed a few years earlier) for a whopping sum or Rs 100,000 rupees which was the highest ever fee for an actor in India at the time. Other extremely successful Tamil films produced and some directed by him include ''Mangamma Sabatham'', ''Vazhkai Padagu'', ''Nandanaar'', ''Motor Sundaram Pillai'', "Oli Vilakku", ''Chakradhari'', ''Aboorva Sagotharargal'', [[Vanji Kottai Valipan]], [[Irumbu Thirai (1960 film)|Irumbu Thirai]].

Vasan was the President of the [[Film Federation of India]] for two terms, helping found it and was even nominated to the Rajya Sabha (the first film producer to be an MP of the Rajya Sabha). He also helped found the South Indian Film Chamber. He pushed for extensive reforms of the film trade, gave up cash transactions in film financing as early as the 1950s and was one of the first pioneers to ask for industry status. He was the given the Padma Bhushan by the Govt. of India in 1969, the year of his death. His son S. S. Balan was mentored by him, and ran the flourishing Gemini Studios and Vasan Publications (''Ananda Vikatan'') till the concept of movie studios themselves were threatened in the 1970s. Balan had been a successful director promoting independent cinema and having written as well as directed successful movies prior to the 1970s. However, an expensive production in 4 languages (Tamil, Telugu, Hindi and Kannada) in the mid 1970s that failed to make its mark at the box office dealt a fatal blow to the studios that were then sold in the 1980s. The Gemini banner now continues to be owned by the [[L. V. Prasad]] family of Prasad Studios. Balan continued as editor and managing director of ''Ananda Vikatan'' and launched the first Tamil investigative journal, ''Junior Vikatan'', which became very successful till 2006, and he is now Chairman of the Vikatan Group. At the time in the media and film world, especially since many had come from the mentorship of either Gemini or Vikatan, everyone used to address Mr Vasan, "Boss" (including his own son) and that is how he was universally referred to – indicating his power and the respect he inspired.

Gemini Pictures declined in the 1970s although it has remained successful as a studio and equipment rental business though no longer held by his family. ''Ananda Vikatan'' under Vasan Publications has branched off into being one of the largest media groups in Tamil Nadu and continues to be privately held within family.

==Legacy==
{{unreferenced section|date=November 2022}}
[[File:SS Vasan 2004 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|Vasan on 2004 stamp of India]]
Vasan believed that films were meant to entertain and were meant to be catered to the ordinary man. Colossal production values, huge sets, mammoth dances, thousands of extras were his hallmark. It can be said that a direct development of the use of song, dance and pageantry in film became almost a hallmark of Indian/Bollywood cinema and gave rise to the Madras formula of success. In more recent decades, this unfortunately overshadowed all the other cinematic values to have become almost the blueprint for formula films of India. Gemini was also the first to pioneer innovative marketing and PR plans for the release of films including the first to use the concept of giant 'cut-outs' and billboards beginning with Chandralekha. A vast number of reigning film and media professionals came out from the mentorship or employment of Gemini Studios.

{{cquote|Lavishness in production, splashing money in promoting, packaging and publicising a picture, he was a pioneer in Indian Cinema and had no equals, then, and now. 'Be wise and advertise!' He had a character speak in his film "Miss. Malini" (1947), giving expression to one of his personal beliefs. And he showed what one could achieve with punch-plus publicity.|40px|40px|- Film historian [[Randor Guy]] on S.S. Vasan}}

==Filmography==
{{unreferenced section|date=November 2022}}
Selected and available filmography has been listed.

===As director===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Year !! Film !! Language !! Cast !! Notes
|-
| 1948 || [[Chandralekha (1948 film)|Chandralekha]] || Tamil || Ranjan, T. R. Rajakumari, [[N. S. Krishnan]], Maduram || A superhit which revolutionised Tamil cinema. Vasan's first directorial venture.
|-
| 1948 || [[Chandralekha (1948 film)|Chandralekha]] || Hindi || Ranjan, T. R. Rajakumari, M. K. Radha || Bollywood version of S. S. Vasan's Tamil film ''Chandralekha''. Vasan's first directorial venture in Hindi
|-
| 1949 || Nishan || Hindi || Bhanumathi, J. S. Casshyap, Ranjan, R. Nagendra Rao, M. K. Radha ||
|-
| 1950 || Mangala || Telugu || Ranjan, Bhanumathi ||
|-
| 1950 || Mangala || Hindi || Ranjan, Bhanumathi || Remake of [[Mangamma Sapatham (1943 film)|Mangamma Sapatham]]
|-
| 1951 || [[Samsaram (1951 film)|Samsaram]] || Tamil || [[M. K. Radha]], [[Pushpavalli]], Swaraj, Vanaja||
|-
| 1951 || [[Samsaram (1951 film)|Sansar]] || Hindi || [[M. K. Radha]], [[Pushpavalli]], Swaraj, Vanaja ||
|-
| 1952 || [[Mr. Sampat]] || Hindi || Motilal, Padmini, Kanhaiyalal, Swaraj, Vanaja and Agha || Film version of [[R. K. Narayan]]'s novel
|-
| 1954 || [[Bahut Din Huwe]] || Hindi || [[Madhubala]], Swaraj||
|-
| 1955 || [[Insaniyat (1955 film)|Insaniyat]] || Hindi ||[[Dilip Kumar]], [[Dev Anand]], [[Bina Rai]], [[Jayant (actor)|Jayant]] || Remake of 1950 Telugu hit film [[Palletoori Pilla]]
|-
| 1958 || [[Vanjikkottai Valiban]] || Tamil ||[[Gemini Ganesan]], [[Vyjayanthimala]], [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]], [[P.S. Veerappa]] ||
|-
| 1958 || [[Raj Tilak (1958 film)|Raj Tilak]] || Hindi ||[[Gemini Ganeshan]], [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]], [[Vyjayanthimala]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]] || Remake of [[Vanjikkottai Valiban]]
|-
| 1959 || [[Paigham]] || Hindi || [[Dilip Kumar]], [[Vyjayanthimala]], [[Raaj Kumar]], [[B. Saroja Devi]], [[Motilal Rajvansh|Motilal]], [[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]], [[Pandari Bai]], [[Vasundhara Devi]] ||
|-
| 1960 || [[Irumbu Thirai (1960 film)|Irumbu Thirai]] || Tamil || [[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[Vyjayanthimala]], [[B. Saroja Devi]], [[K. A. Thangavelu]], [[S. V. Ranga Rao]], [[Pandari Bai]], [[Vasundhara Devi]] || Remake of [[Paigham (1959 film)|Paigham]]
|-
| 1961 || [[Gharana (1961 film)|Gharana]] || Hindi || [[Rajendra Kumar]], [[Raaj Kumar]] and [[Asha Parekh]]||
|-
| 1967 || [[Aurat (1967 film)|Aurat]] || Hindi ||[[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]], [[Feroz Khan (actor)|Feroz Khan]], [[Rajesh Khanna]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]], Kanhaiyalal, David, O P Ralhan, Nazima, [[Lalita Pawar]] and [[Leela Chitnis]] ||
|-
| 1968 || [[Teen Bahuraniyan]] || Hindi ||[[Prithviraj Kapoor]], [[Kanchana (actress)|Kanchana]], [[Sowcar Janaki]], [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]] ||
|-
| 1969 || [[Shatranj (1969 film)|Shatranj]] || Hindi ||[[Rajendra Kumar]], [[Waheeda Rehman]], [[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood]] ||
|}

===As producer===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Year !! Film !! Language !! Cast !! Director !! Notes
|-
| 1941 || [[Madanakamarajan]] || Tamil || V. V. Satakopan, K. L. V. Vasantha ||B. N. Rao|| Vasan's first film as producer, but not officially produced by Gemini. It was advertised as "Produced for Dindugal Amirtham Talkies at Gemini Studios".
|-
| 1942 || [[Nandanar (1942 film)]] || Tamil || Dandapani Desikar, Kothamangalam Subbu, Serukalathur Sama||Murugadasa|| A controversial bhakti film playing the life of harijan saint Nandanar and immense hit.
|-
| 1942 || [[Bala Nagamma (1942 film)|Bala Nagamma]] || Telugu || Kanchanamala, Pushpavalli, Dr. Govindarajula Subbarao ||Chittajulla Pullaya|| A cult silver jubilee film made based on a folk legend.
|-
| 1943 || [[Mangamma Sapatham (1943 film)|Mangamma Sapatham]] || Tamil || [[Ranjan (actor)|Ranjan]], [[Vasundhara Devi]], [[N. S. Krishnan]] || T. G. Raghavanchari || First "colossal" hit of South Indian cinema, Vasan's first, which made him one of the biggest names in Tamil cinema<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/cp/2007/11/23/stories/2007112350421600.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071201090231/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2007/11/23/stories/2007112350421600.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 December 2007 |last=Guy|first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy|title=blast from the past|date=23 November 2007 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref>
|-
| 1944 || [[Dasi Aparanji]] || Tamil || [[Pushpavalli]], [[M. K. Radha]], [[Kothamangalam Subbu]], [[M. S. Sundari Bai]] || A cult hit
|-
| 1945 || [[Kannamma En Kadhali]] || Tamil || M. K. Radha, [[M. S. Sundari Bai|Sundari Bai]] ||[[Kothamangalam Subbu]] || Coming at the height of the Second World War, this was in support of Britain's war effort.
|-
| 1947 || [[Miss Malini]] || Tamil ||[[Pushpavalli]], [[Kothamangalam Subbu]], V. Gopalakrishnan, [[Gemini Ganesan]] || [[Kothamangalam Subbu]] || Gemini Ganesan's first hit film
|-
| rowspan="2"| 1948 || [[Chandralekha (1948 film)|Chandralekha]] || Tamil || Ranjan, T.R.Rajakumari, M.K.Radha, N.S.Krishnan, T.A.Maduram || S.S.Vasan || A milestone in Tamil cinema. The film was another colossal hit of Vasan's and was known for its colossal sets and the unforgettable drum-dance.
|-
|| [[Chandralekha (1948 film)|Chandralekha]] || Hindi || Ranjan, T.R.Rajakumari, M. K. Radha || S. S.Vasan || Hindi version of Tamil film 'Chandralekha'. S.S.Vasan's first [[Bollywood]] production
|-
| 1948 || [[Chakradhari (Tamil Film)|Chakradhari]] || Tamil || [[V. Nagayya]], [[Pushpavalli]], Surya Prabha, [[Gemini Ganeshan]] || K. S. Gopalakrishnan || Story of a Krishna devotee. Successful film
|-
| 1949 || [[Apoorva Sagodharargal (1949 film)|Apoorva Sahodarargal]] || Tamil || [[M. K. Radha]], [[P. Bhanumathi]], [[R. Nagendra Rao]] || 'Acharya' T.D. Raghavacharyal ||
|-
| 1949 || Nishan || Hindi || [[Ranjan (actor)|Ranjan]], [[P. Bhanumathi]], [[R. Nagendra Rao]] || S. S.Vasan || Hindi Version of ''[[Apoorva Sagodharargal (1949 film)|Apoorva Sahodarargal]]''
|-
| rowspan="4"|1951 || Mangala || Hindi || Ranjan, Bhanumathi || ||
|-
| Mangala || Telugu || Ranjan, Bhanumathi || ||
|-
| [[Samsaram (1951 film)|Samsaram]] || Tamil || [[M. K. Radha]], [[Pushpavalli]], Kumari Vanaja, Sriram, [[T. R. Ramachandran]] || Chandru ||
|-
|| [[Samsaram (1951 film)|Sansar]] || Hindi || [[M. K. Radha]], [[Pushpavalli]], Vanaja, Swaraj, [[Agha (actor)|Agha]] || S. S. Vasan || Hindi Version of ''[[Samsaram (1951 film)|Samsaram]]''
|-
| rowspan="2"|1952 || Mr. Sampath || Hindi || Motilal, Padmini, Kanhaiyalal, Swaraj, Vanaja and Agha || S.S.Vasan || Film version of [[R. K. Narayan]]'s novel
|-
| [[Moondru Pillaigal]] || Tamil || M. K. Radha, R. Nagendra Rao, P. Kannamba, Gemini Ganesan || R. Nagendra Rao ||
|-
| 1953 || [[Avvaiyyar (film)|Avvaiyar]] || Tamil || [[Gemini Ganesan]], [[K. B. Sundarambal]] || [[Kothamangalam Subbu]] ||A classic. The story of Tamil saint Avvaiyar, the film was known for its wonderful songs.
|-
| 1954 || [[Rajee En Kanmani]] || Tamil || [[T. R. Ramachandran]], [[Sriranjani Jr.]], [[S. V. Ranga Rao]] || K. J. Mahadevan || An adaptation of the Charlie Chaplin classic [[City Lights]]
|-
| 1954 || Raji Naa Pranam || Telugu || [[T. R. Ramachandran]], [[Sriranjani Jr.]], [[S. V. Ranga Rao]] || K. J. Mahadevan ||
|-
| 1954 || Bahut Din Huye || Hindi || [[Madhubala]], [[Savitri Kommareddy]]|| S.S.Vasan ||
|-
| 1955 || [[Insaniyat (1955 film)|Insaniyat]] || Hindi || [[Dilip Kumar]], [[Dev Anand]], [[Bina Rai]], [[Jayant (actor)|Jayant]] and [[Shobhana Samarth]]|| S.S.Vasan ||
|-
| 1958 || [[Vanjikkottai Valiban]] || Tamil ||[[Gemini Ganesan]], [[Vyjayanthimala]], [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]], [[P.S. Veerappa]] || S. S. Vasan ||
|-
| 1958 || [[Raj Tilak (1958 film)|Raj Tilak]] || Hindi ||[[Gemini Ganesan]], [[Vyjayanthimala]], [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]] || S. S. Vasan || Remake of [[Vanjikkottai Valiban]]
|-
| 1959 || [[Paigham (1959 film)|Paigham]] || Hindi || [[Dilip Kumar]], [[Vyjayanthimala]], [[Raaj Kumar]], [[B. Saroja Devi]], [[Motilal Rajvansh|Motilal]], [[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]], [[Pandari Bai]], [[Vasundhara Devi]] || S. S. Vasan ||
|-
| 1960 || [[Irumbu Thirai (1960 film)|Irumbu Thirai]] || Tamil || [[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[Vyjayanthimala]], [[B. Saroja Devi]], [[K. A. Thangavelu]], [[S. V. Ranga Rao]], [[Pandari Bai]], [[Vasundhara Devi]] || S. S. Vasan || Remake of [[Paigham (1959 film)|Paigham]]
|-
| 1960 || [[Ghunghat (1960 film)|Ghunghat]] || Hindi || [[Bharat Bhushan]], [[Leela Chitnis]], [[Pradeep Kumar (actor)|Pradeep Kumar]], [[Bina Rai]], [[Asha Parekh]], [[Helen Jairag Richardson|Helen]], [[Rajendranath]], [[Rehman (actor)]] and Agha || [[Ramanand Sagar]] ||
|-
| 1961 || [[Gharana (1961 film)|Gharana]] || Hindi || [[Rajendra Kumar]], [[Raaj Kumar]] and [[Asha Parekh]]|| S.S. Vasan ||
|-
| 1963 || [[Grahasti (film)|Grahasti]] || Hindi || [[Bipin Gupta]], [[Rajshree]], [[Iftekhar]], [[Gajanan Jagirdar]], [[Kanhaiyalal (actor)|Kanhaiyalal]], [[Shubha Khote]], [[Manmohan Krishna]], [[Ashok Kumar]], [[Manoj Kumar]], Sudesh Kumar, Bharati Malwankar, [[Mehmood Ali|Mehmood]], [[Indrani Mukherjee]] || [[Kishore Sahu]] ||
|-
| 1964 || [[Zindagi (1964 film)|Zindagi]] || Hindi || [[Vyjayanthimala]], [[Rajendra Kumar]] || [[Ramanand Sagar]] ||
|-
| 1965 || [[Vaazhkai Padagu]] || Tamil || [[Gemini Ganesan]], [[Deivka]], [[S. V. Ranga Rao]], [[K. Balaji]], [[R. Muthuraman]], [[R. S. Manohar]], [[M. V. Rajamma]] || C. Srinivasan ||
|-
| 1967 || [[Aurat (1967 film)|Aurat]] || Hindi || [[Rajesh Khanna]], [[Feroz Khan (actor, born 1939)|Feroz Khan]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]], [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]], [[Kanhaiyalal (actor)|Kanhaiyalal]], David, [[O P Ralhan]], [[Nazima]], [[Lalita Pawar]] and [[Leela Chitnis]] || S.S.Balan & S.S.Vasan ||
|-
| 1968 || Teen Bahuraniyan || Hindi ||[[Prithviraj Kapoor]], Agha, [[Kanchana (actress)|Kanchana]], [[Sowcar Janaki]], [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]] || S.S.Vasan ||
|-
| 1968 || Oli vilakku || Tamil || [[M.G.Ramachandran]], [[J.Jayalalithaa]], [[Sowcar Janaki]]
||
|-
| 1969 || Shatranj || Hindi || [[Rajendra Kumar]], [[Waheeda Rehman]], [[Mehmood Ali|Mehmood]]||S.S.Vasan ||
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://geminiindia.in/history/ S.S Vasan Biography]
* [http://www.upperstall.com/people/ssvasan.html Biography of S.S.Vasan]
* {{IMDb name|0890320}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20030908045941/http://hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/05/23/stories/2003052301510600.htm 'With a finger on people's pulse' Article on S.S.Vasan by Randor Guy, ''The Hindu'', ''Friday Review'', 23 May 2003]

{{Gemini Studios}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1960–69}}
{{S. S. Vasan}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vasan, S. S.}}
[[Category:1904 births]]
[[Category:1969 deaths]]
[[Category:Age controversies]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian mass media owners]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Tamil-language film directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Film producers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:People from Tiruvarur district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts]]
[[Category:Tamil film producers]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Tamil Nadu]]

Diamond

2026-03-28T08:08:28Z

BrandonNewquist: quick update

{{Short description|Form of carbon}}
{{About|diamond as a mineral|the use of diamond as a gemstone|Diamond (gemstone)|other uses}}
{{Featured article}}
{{Protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Pp-move}}
{{Use American English|date=October 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox mineral
|name = Diamond
|category = [[Native element minerals|Native minerals]]
|boxwidth =
|boxbgcolor =
|image = Rough Diamond.jpg
|imagesize = 260px
|alt = An irregular shaped brownish diamond
|caption = A [[rough diamond]]{{efn|The brownish hue is due to superficial ferrous impurities that constitute evidence of the geological sedimentary context in which it was found. This diamond is potentially colorless.<ref>{{cite web|website=Royal Treasure Museum|title=Gold and Diamonds from Brazil|url=https://www.tesouroreal.pt/en/pages/b9ed8b00-ouro-e-diamantes-do-brasil|access-date=April 18, 2025}}</ref>}}
|formula = [[Carbon|C]]
| IMAsymbol = Dia<ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Warr LN |date=2021|title=IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols|journal=Mineralogical Magazine|volume=85|issue=3|pages=291–320|doi=10.1180/mgm.2021.43|bibcode=2021MinM...85..291W|s2cid=235729616|doi-access=free| issn=0026-461X}}</ref>
|molweight = {{val|12.01|ul=g/mol}}
|strunz = 1.CB.10a
|dana = 1.3.6.1
|color = Typically yellow, brown, or gray to colorless. Less often blue, green, black, translucent white, pink, violet, orange, purple, and red.
|habit = [[Octahedral]]
|system = [[Cubic crystal system|Cubic]]
|class = Hexoctahedral (m{{Overline|3}}m) [[H-M symbol]]: (4/m {{Overline|3}} 2/m)
|symmetry = ''F''d{{overline|3}}m (No. 227)
|twinning = Spinel law common (yielding "macle")
|cleavage = 111 (perfect in four directions)
|fracture = Irregular/Uneven
|mohs = 10 (defining mineral)
|luster = [[Adamantine lustre|Adamantine]]
|polish = Adamantine
|refractive = 2.418 (at 500 nm)
|opticalprop = Isotropic
|birefringence = None
|dispersion = 0.044
|pleochroism = None
|streak = Colorless
|melt = [[Carbon#Characteristics|Pressure dependent]]
|gravity = {{val|3.52|0.01}}
|density = {{val|3.5|-|3.53|ul=g/cm3}}
{{val|3500|-|3530|ul=kg/m3}}
|diaphaneity = [[Transparency (optics)|Transparent]] to subtransparent to translucent
|references =<ref name=mindat/><ref>{{cite web|publisher=WebMineral|title=Diamond|url=http://webmineral.com/data/Diamond.shtml|access-date=July 7, 2009|archive-date=January 7, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107071332/http://webmineral.com/data/Diamond.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref>
|SMILES = C1(C2(C7))C3(C89)C(C4(C0))C5CC1C(C1)C(C5(C5))C36C3(C21)C(C78)C(C1)C(C90)C6(C54)CC1C3
|Jmol = C1(C2(C7))C3(C89)C(C4(C0))C5CC1C(C1)C(C5(C5))C36C3(C21)C(C78)C(C1)C(C90)C6(C54)CC1C3
}}
[[File:Diamant gisements.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Main diamond producing countries]]

'''Diamond''' is a [[Allotropes of carbon|solid form of the element carbon]] with its atoms arranged in a [[crystal structure]] called [[diamond cubic]]. Diamond is a tasteless, odorless, strong, brittle solid, a poor conductor of electricity, colorless in pure form, and insoluble in water. Another solid form of carbon known as [[graphite]] is the [[Chemical stability|chemically stable]] form of carbon at [[Standard temperature and pressure|room temperature and pressure]], but diamond is [[metastable]] and converts to it at a negligible rate under those conditions. Diamond has the highest [[Scratch hardness|hardness]] and [[thermal conductivity]] of any natural material, properties that are used in major industrial applications such as cutting and polishing tools.

Because the arrangement of atoms in diamond is extremely rigid, few types of impurity can contaminate it (two exceptions are [[boron]] and [[nitrogen]]). Small numbers of [[lattice defect|defects]] or impurities—about one per million of lattice atoms—can color a diamond blue (boron), yellow (nitrogen), brown (defects), green (radiation exposure), purple, pink, orange, or red. Diamond also has a very high [[refractive index]] and a relatively high [[optical dispersion]].

Most natural diamonds have ages between 1 billion and 3.5 billion years. Most were formed at depths between {{convert|150|and|250|km}} in the Earth's [[mantle (geology)|mantle]], although a few have come from as deep as {{convert|800|km}}. Under high pressure and temperature, carbon-containing fluids dissolved various minerals and replaced them with diamonds. Much more recently (hundreds to tens of million years ago), they were carried to the surface in [[volcanic eruption]]s and deposited in [[igneous rock]]s known as [[kimberlite]]s and [[lamproite]]s.

[[Synthetic diamond]]s can be grown from high-purity carbon under high pressures and temperatures or from [[hydrocarbon]] gases by [[chemical vapor deposition]] (CVD). Natural and synthetic diamonds are most commonly distinguished using optical techniques or thermal conductivity measurements.

== Etymology, earliest use and composition discovery ==
The name ''diamond'' is derived from {{langx|grc|ἀδάμας}} (''adámas''), 'proper, unalterable, unbreakable, untamed', from [[:wiktionary:ἀ-|ἀ-]] (''a-''), 'not' + {{langx|grc|δαμάω}} (''damáō''), 'to overpower, tame'.<ref>{{cite web |vauthors=Liddell HG, Scott R |title=Adamas |work=A Greek-English Lexicon |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%231145 |publisher=[[Perseus Project]] |access-date=February 20, 2021 |archive-date=November 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109174330/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/invalidquery.jsp?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=entry=#1145 |url-status=live }}</ref> Diamonds are thought to have been first recognized and mined in [[India]], where significant [[alluvial deposit]]s of the stone could be found many centuries ago along the rivers [[Penner River|Penner]], [[Krishna River|Krishna]], and [[Godavari River|Godavari]]. Diamonds have been known in India for at least 3,000{{nbsp}}years but most likely 6,000{{nbsp}}years.<ref name=hershey>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=35eij1e1al8C&pg=PA23 |vauthors=Hershey W |title=The Book of Diamonds |publisher=Hearthside Press |location=New York |year=2004|edition=Reprint|orig-date=1940 |pages=22–28 |isbn=978-1-4179-7715-4 |access-date=November 9, 2020 |archive-date=November 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109174422/https://books.google.com/books?id=35eij1e1al8C&pg=PA23 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Diamonds have been treasured as gemstones since their use as [[icon|religious icons]] in [[Kingdoms of Ancient India|ancient India]]. Their usage in engraving tools also dates to early [[human history]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Pliny the Elder|author-link=Pliny the Elder|title=Natural History: A Selection|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|page=371|year=2004|isbn=978-0-14-044413-1}}</ref><ref name=ancient_China>{{cite news|title=Chinese made first use of diamond|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4555235.stm|work=BBC News|date=May 17, 2005|access-date=March 21, 2007|archive-date=March 20, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070320064349/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4555235.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> The popularity of diamonds has risen since the 19th century because of increased supply, improved cutting and polishing techniques, growth in the world economy, and innovative and successful advertising campaigns.<ref name=sell>{{cite web|vauthors=Epstein EJ|title=Have You Ever Tried To Sell a Diamond?|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/issues/82feb/8202diamond1.htm|work=[[The Atlantic]]|year=1982|access-date=May 5, 2009|archive-date=May 17, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517125715/http://www.theatlantic.com/issues/82feb/8202diamond1.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1772, the French scientist [[Antoine Lavoisier]] used a lens to concentrate the rays of the sun on a diamond in an atmosphere of [[oxygen]], and showed that the only product of the combustion was [[carbon dioxide]], proving that diamond is composed of carbon.<ref>See: {{unbulleted list citebundle
|1 = {{Citation |vauthors=Lavoisier A |orig-date=1772 (part 2) |date=October 15, 2007 |title=Premier mémoire sur la destruction du diamant par le feu |trans-title=First memoir on the destruction of diamond by fire |work=Histoire de l'Académie royale des sciences, avec les Mémoires de Mathématique & de Physique, tirés des registres de cette Académie |trans-journal=History of the Royal Academy of Sciences, with the Memoirs of Mathematics & Physics, drawn from the records of this academy] |via=Gallica |publisher=Académie des sciences |pages=564–591 |language=fr |issn=1967-4783 |id=ark:/12148/bpt6k35711 |url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k35711/f739.image |access-date=July 1, 2022 |archive-date=May 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509130518/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k35711/f739.image |url-status=live }}
|2 = {{Citation |vauthors=Lavoisier A |orig-date=1772 (part 2) |date=October 15, 2007 |title=Second mémoire sur la destruction du diamant par le feu |trans-title=Second memoir on the destruction of diamond by fire |work=Histoire de l'Académie royale des sciences, avec les Mémoires de Mathématique & de Physique, tirés des registres de cette Académie |via=Gallica |publisher=Académie des sciences |pages=591–616 |language=fr |issn=1967-4783 |id=ark:/12148/bpt6k35711 |url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k35711/f766.image |access-date=July 1, 2022 |archive-date=July 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710231047/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k35711/f766.image |url-status=live }} 
}}</ref> Later, in 1797, the English chemist [[Smithson Tennant]] repeated and expanded that experiment.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Smithson T |orig-date=December 15, 1797 |title=On the nature of the diamond |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London |year=1797 |volume=87 |pages=123–127 |doi=10.1098/rstl.1797.0005 |s2cid=186213726 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vlBFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA123 |access-date=July 1, 2022 |doi-access=free |archive-date=February 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219072828/https://books.google.com/books?id=vlBFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA123 |url-status=live }}</ref> By demonstrating that burning diamond and graphite releases the same amount of gas, he established the chemical equivalence of these substances.<ref name=hazen/>

== Properties ==
{{Main|Material properties of diamond}}
Diamond is a solid form of pure carbon with its atoms arranged in a crystal. Solid carbon comes in different forms known as [[allotrope]]s depending on the type of chemical bond. The two most common [[allotropes of carbon|allotropes of pure carbon]] are diamond and [[graphite]]. In graphite, the bonds are sp2 [[orbital hybridisation|orbital hybrids]] and the atoms form in planes, with each bound to three nearest neighbors, 120 degrees apart. In diamond, they are sp3 and the atoms form tetrahedral, with each bound to four nearest neighbors.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Delhaes P |chapter=Polymorphism of carbon | veditors = Delhaes P |title=Graphite and precursors |date=2000 |publisher=Gordon & Breach |isbn=978-90-5699-228-6 |pages=1–24}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Pierson HO |title=Handbook of carbon, graphite, diamond, and fullerenes: properties, processing, and applications |date=2012 |publisher=Noyes Publications |isbn=978-0-8155-1739-9 |pages=40–41}}</ref> Tetrahedra are rigid, the bonds are strong, and, of all known substances, diamond has the greatest number of atoms per unit volume, which is why it is both the hardest and the least [[compressibility|compressible]].<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Angus JC |chapter=Structure and thermochemistry of diamond |pages=9–30 | veditors = Paoletti A, Tucciarone A |title=The physics of diamond |date=1997 |publisher=IOS Press |isbn=978-1-61499-220-2}}</ref><ref name=ChemThermo>{{cite book | vauthors = Rock PA |title=Chemical Thermodynamics |date=1983 |publisher=University Science Books |isbn=978-1-891389-32-0 |pages=257–260}}</ref> It also has a high density, ranging from 3150 to 3530 kilograms per cubic metre (over three times the density of water) in natural diamonds and 3520 kg/m{{sup|3}} in pure diamond.<ref name=mindat>{{cite web |publisher=Mindat |title=Diamond |url=https://www.mindat.org/min-1282.html |access-date=July 7, 2009 |archive-date=May 6, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090506083109/http://www.mindat.org/min-1282.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In graphite, the bonds between nearest neighbors are even stronger, but the bonds between parallel adjacent planes are weak, so the planes easily slip past each other. Thus, graphite is much softer than diamond. However, the stronger bonds make graphite less flammable.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Gray T |title=Gone in a Flash |url=https://www.popsci.com/diy/article/2009-08/burn-diamonds-torch-and-liquid-oxygen/ |journal=Popular Science |date=October 8, 2009 |access-date=October 31, 2018 |archive-date=March 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200307065622/https://www.popsci.com/diy/article/2009-08/burn-diamonds-torch-and-liquid-oxygen/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Diamonds have been adopted for many uses because of the material's exceptional physical characteristics. It has the highest [[thermal conductivity]] and the highest sound velocity. It has low adhesion and friction, and its coefficient of [[thermal expansion]] is extremely low. Its optical transparency extends from the [[far infrared]] to the deep [[ultraviolet]], and it has high [[optical dispersion]]. It also has high electrical resistance. It is chemically inert, not reacting with most corrosive substances, and has excellent biological compatibility.<ref>{{cite book
| last1 = Chen
| first1 = Y.
| last2 = Zhang
| first2 = L.
| title = Polishing of diamond materials: mechanisms, modeling and implementation
| publisher = Springer Science & Business Media
| year = 2013
| pages = 1–2
| isbn = 978-1-84996-408-1
}}</ref>

=== Thermodynamics ===
[[File:Carbon-phase-diagramp.svg|thumb|Theoretically predicted [[phase diagram]] of carbon]]
The equilibrium pressure and temperature conditions for a transition between graphite and diamond are well established theoretically and experimentally. The equilibrium pressure varies linearly with temperature, between {{val|1.7|ul=GPa}} at {{val|0|u=K}} and {{val|12|u=GPa}} at {{val|5000|u=K}} (the diamond/graphite/liquid [[triple point]]).<ref name=Bundy>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bundy P, Bassett WA, Weathers MS, Hemley RJ, Mao HK, Goncharov AF |title=The pressure-temperature phase and transformation diagram for carbon; updated through 1994 |journal=Carbon |date=1996 |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=141–153 |doi=10.1016/0008-6223(96)00170-4|bibcode=1996Carbo..34..141B }}</ref><ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Wang CX, Yang GW |chapter=Thermodynamic and kinetic approaches of diamond and related nanomaterials formed by laser ablation in liquid| veditors = Yang G |title=Laser ablation in liquids: principles and applications in the preparation of nanomaterials |date=2012 |publisher=Pan Stanford |isbn=978-981-4241-52-6 |pages=164–165}}</ref> However, the phases have a wide region about this line where they can coexist. At [[standard temperature and pressure]], {{convert|20|C|K}} and {{convert|1|atm|MPa}}, the stable phase of carbon is graphite, but diamond is [[metastable]], with a significant kinetic energy barrier that the atoms must overcome to reach the lower energy state,<ref name=baird>{{cite web | title=Why do diamonds last forever? | website=Science Questions with Surprising Answers|first=Christopher S.|last=Baird|publisher=West Texas A&M University| date=December 17, 2013 | url=https://www.wtamu.edu/~cbaird/sq/2013/12/17/why-do-diamonds-last-forever/}}</ref> and its rate of conversion to graphite is negligible, with a timescale of millions to billions of years.<ref name=ChemThermo/><ref name=baird/> However, at temperatures above about {{val|4500|u=K}}, diamond rapidly converts to graphite. Experiments have found that diamond, in the presence of {{chem2|H2O}} passes through an intermediate linear carbon phase.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=O'Bannon | first1=E. | last2=Xia | first2=G. | last3=Shi | first3=F. | last4=Wirth | first4=R. | last5=King | first5=A. | last6=Dobrzhinetskaya | first6=L. | title=The transformation of diamond to graphite: Experiments reveal the presence of an intermediate linear carbon phase | journal=Diamond and Related Materials | volume=108 | date=2020 | doi=10.1016/j.diamond.2020.107876 | doi-access=free | article-number=107876 | bibcode=2020DRM...10807876O | osti=1631913 | url=https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1631913}}</ref>

Rapid conversion of graphite to diamond requires pressures well above the equilibrium line: at {{val|2000|u=K}}, a pressure of {{val|35|u=GPa}} (about 350,000 standard atmospheres) is needed.<ref name=Bundy/>

Above the graphite–diamond–liquid carbon triple point, the melting point of diamond increases slowly with increasing pressure, but at pressures of hundreds of GPa, it decreases.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wang X, Scandolo S, Car R | title = Carbon phase diagram from ab initio molecular dynamics | journal = Physical Review Letters | volume = 95 | issue = 18 | article-number = 185701 | date = October 2005 | pmid = 16383918 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.185701 | bibcode = 2005PhRvL..95r5701W }}</ref> At high pressures, [[silicon]] and [[germanium]] have a BC8 [[Cubic crystal system|body-centered cubic]] crystal structure, and a similar structure is predicted for carbon at high pressures. At {{val|0|u=K}}, the transition is predicted to occur at {{val|1100|u=GPa}}.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Correa AA, Bonev SA, Galli G | title = Carbon under extreme conditions: phase boundaries and electronic properties from first-principles theory | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 103 | issue = 5 | pages = 1204–1208 | date = January 2006 | pmid = 16432191 | pmc = 1345714 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0510489103 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2006PNAS..103.1204C }}</ref>

Results published in ''[[Nature Physics]]'' in 2010 suggest that, at ultra-high pressures and temperatures (about 10 million atmospheres or 1 TPa and 50,000 °C), diamond melts into a metallic fluid. The extreme conditions required for this to occur are present in the [[ice giant]] [[planet]]s [[Neptune]] and [[Uranus]], both of which are made up of approximately 10 percent carbon and could hypothetically contain oceans of liquid carbon. Since large quantities of metallic fluid can affect the magnetic field, this could serve to explain why the geographic and magnetic poles of the two planets are not aligned.<ref>{{cite news |title=Diamond oceans possible on Uranus, Neptune | vauthors = Bland E |newspaper=Discovery News |date=January 15, 2010| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311163132/http://news.discovery.com/space/diamond-oceans-jupiter-uranus.html | archive-date=March 11, 2012|url=http://news.discovery.com/space/diamond-oceans-jupiter-uranus.html |access-date=January 16, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Diamond: Molten under pressure |vauthors=Silvera I |journal=Nature Physics |volume=6 |pages=9–10 |year=2010 |issue=1 |bibcode=2010NatPh...6....9S |url=http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:9121282 |doi=10.1038/nphys1491 |s2cid=120836330 |access-date=November 9, 2020 |archive-date=July 30, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730040414/https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/9121282 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Crystal structure ===
{{See also|Crystallographic defects in diamond}}
[[File:Diamond structure.gif|thumb|Diamond unit cell, showing the tetrahedral structure]]
The most common crystal structure of diamond is called [[diamond cubic]]. It is formed of [[unit cell]]s (see the figure) stacked together. Although there are 18 atoms in the figure, each corner atom is shared by eight unit cells and each atom in the center of a face is shared by two, so there are a total of eight atoms per unit cell.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Rajendran V |title=Materials science |date=2004 |publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Pub |isbn=978-0-07-058369-6 |page=2.16}}</ref> The length of each side of the unit cell is denoted by ''a'' and is 3.567 [[angstrom]]s.<ref name=Ashcroft>{{cite book | vauthors = Ashcroft NW, Mermin ND |title=Solid state physics |date=1976 |publisher=Holt, Rinehart and Winston |isbn=978-0-03-083993-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/solidstatephysic00ashc/page/76 76] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/solidstatephysic00ashc/page/76 }}</ref>

The nearest neighbor distance in the diamond lattice is 1.732''a''/4 where ''a'' is the lattice constant, usually given in Angstrøms as ''a'' = 3.567 Å, which is 0.3567 nm.

A diamond cubic lattice can be thought of as two interpenetrating [[face-centered cubic]] lattices with one displaced by {{frac|1|4}} of the diagonal along a cubic cell, or as one lattice with two atoms associated with each lattice point.<ref name=Ashcroft/> Viewed from a {{math|<1 1 1>}} [[Miller index|crystallographic direction]], it is formed of layers stacked in a repeating ABCABC ... pattern. Diamonds can also form an ABAB ... structure, which is known as hexagonal diamond or [[lonsdaleite]], but this is far less common and is formed under different conditions from cubic carbon.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Molecular models of porous carbons| vauthors = Bandosz TJ, Biggs MJ, Gubbins KE, Hattori Y, Iiyama T, Kaneko T, Pikunic J, Thomson K | veditors = Radovic LR |title=Chemistry and physics of carbon |volume=28 |date=2003 |publisher=Marcel Dekker |isbn=978-0-8247-0987-7 |pages=46–47}}</ref>

=== Crystal habit ===
[[File:Diamond face trigons scale.jpg|thumb|alt=A triangular facet of a crystal having triangular etch pits with the largest having a base length of about {{Convert|0.2|mm}}|One face of an uncut octahedral diamond, showing trigons (of positive and negative relief) formed by natural chemical etching]]
Diamonds occur most often as [[euhedral]] or rounded [[octahedron|octahedra]] and [[crystal twinning|twinned]] octahedra known as ''[[macle]]s''. As diamond's crystal structure has a cubic arrangement of the atoms, they have many [[facet]]s that belong to a [[cube (geometry)|cube]], octahedron, [[rhombicosidodecahedron]], [[tetrakis hexahedron]], or [[disdyakis dodecahedron]]. The crystals can have rounded-off and unexpressive edges and can be elongated. Diamonds (especially those with rounded crystal faces) are commonly found coated in ''nyf'', an opaque gum-like skin.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Webster R, Read PG |title=Gems: Their sources, descriptions and identification |edition=5th |page=17 |publisher=[[Butterworth-Heinemann]] |location=Great Britain |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-7506-1674-4}}</ref>

Some diamonds contain opaque fibers. They are referred to as ''opaque'' if the fibers grow from a clear substrate or ''fibrous'' if they occupy the entire crystal. Their colors range from yellow to green or gray, sometimes with cloud-like white to gray impurities. Their most common shape is cuboidal, but they can also form octahedra, dodecahedra, macles, or combined shapes. The structure is the result of numerous impurities with sizes between 1 and 5 microns. These diamonds probably formed in kimberlite magma and sampled the volatiles.<ref name=Cartigny>{{cite journal | vauthors = Cartigny P, Palot M, Thomassot E, Harris JW |title=Diamond Formation: A Stable Isotope Perspective |journal=Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences |date=May 30, 2014 |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=699–732 |doi=10.1146/annurev-earth-042711-105259 |bibcode=2014AREPS..42..699C|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Diamonds can also form polycrystalline aggregates. There have been attempts to classify them into groups with names such as [[boart]], [[ballas]], stewartite, and framesite, but there is no widely accepted set of criteria.<ref name=Cartigny/> [[Carbonado]], a type in which the diamond grains were [[sintering|sintered]] (fused without melting by the application of heat and pressure), is black in color and tougher than single crystal diamond.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Fukura S, Nakagawa T, Kagi H |title=High spatial resolution photoluminescence and Raman spectroscopic measurements of a natural polycrystalline diamond, carbonado |journal=Diamond and Related Materials |date=November 2005 |volume=14 |issue=11–12 |pages=1950–1954 |doi=10.1016/j.diamond.2005.08.046 |bibcode=2005DRM....14.1950F}}</ref> It has never been observed in a volcanic rock. There are many theories for its origin, including formation in a star, but no consensus.<ref name=Cartigny/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mohammad G, Siddiquei MM, Abu El-Asrar AM | title = Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase mediates diabetes-induced retinal neuropathy | journal = Mediators of Inflammation | volume = 2013 | issue = 2 | article-number = 510451 | year = 2006 | pmid = 24347828 | doi = 10.1086/510451 | pmc = 3857786 | arxiv = physics/0608014 | s2cid = 59405368 | bibcode = 2006ApJ...653L.153G }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Diamonds from Outer Space: Geologists Discover Origin of Earth's Mysterious Black Diamonds |url=https://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=108270&org=NSF |publisher=[[National Science Foundation]] |date=January 8, 2007 |access-date=October 28, 2007 |archive-date=December 9, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071209203456/http://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=108270&org=NSF |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Mechanical ===
==== Hardness ====
[[File:Vickers anvil diamons.jpg|thumb|The extreme hardness of diamond in certain orientations makes it useful in materials science, as in this pyramidal diamond embedded in the working surface of a [[Vickers hardness test]]er.]]
Diamond is the hardest material on the [[qualitative property|qualitative]] [[Mohs scale of mineral hardness|Mohs scale]]. To conduct the [[unit of measurement|quantitative]] [[Vickers hardness test]], samples of materials are struck with a pyramid of standardized dimensions using a known force – a diamond crystal is used for the pyramid to permit a wide range of materials to be tested. From the size of the resulting indentation, a Vickers hardness value for the material can be determined. Diamond's great hardness relative to other materials has been known since antiquity, and is the source of its name. This does not mean that it is infinitely hard, indestructible, or unscratchable.<ref>{{Cite web|date=December 16, 2015|title=Diamonds Are Indestructible, Right?|url=https://dominionjewelers.com/diamonds-are-indestructible-right/|access-date=October 31, 2020|website=Dominion Jewelers|language=en-US|archive-date=September 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926001227/https://dominionjewelers.com/diamonds-are-indestructible-right/|url-status=live}}</ref> Indeed, diamonds can be scratched by other diamonds<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Seal M |title=The abrasion of diamond |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society A |volume=248 |issue=1254 |date=November 25, 1958 |pages=379–393 |doi=10.1098/rspa.1958.0250|bibcode=1958RSPSA.248..379S }}</ref> and worn down over time even by softer materials, such as vinyl [[phonograph record]]s.<ref>{{cite web |vauthors=Weiler HD |title=The wear and care of records and styli |orig-date=1954 |date=April 13, 2021 |via=Shure Applications Engineering |url=https://service.shure.com/s/article/stylus-wear-and-record-wear?language=en_US |access-date=August 25, 2024 |archive-date=March 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326031532/https://service.shure.com/s/article/stylus-wear-and-record-wear?language=en_US |url-status=live }}</ref>

Diamond hardness depends on its purity, crystalline perfection, and orientation: hardness is higher for flawless, pure crystals oriented to the [[Miller index#Case of cubic structures|<111>]] direction (along the longest diagonal of the cubic diamond lattice).<ref>{{cite book|pages=142–147|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jtC1mUFZfQcC&pg=PA143|title=Properties, Growth and Applications of Diamond|vauthors=Neves AJ, Nazaré MH|publisher=[[Institution of Engineering and Technology]]|year=2001|isbn=978-0-85296-785-0|access-date=November 9, 2020|archive-date=February 19, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219072829/https://books.google.com/books?id=jtC1mUFZfQcC&pg=PA143|url-status=live}}</ref> Therefore, whereas it might be possible to scratch some diamonds with other materials, such as [[boron nitride]], the hardest diamonds can only be scratched by other diamonds and [[Aggregated diamond nanorod|nanocrystalline diamond aggregates]].

The hardness of diamond contributes to its suitability as a gemstone. Because it can only be scratched by other diamonds, it maintains its polish extremely well. Unlike many other gems, it is well-suited to daily wear because of its resistance to scratching—perhaps contributing to its popularity as the preferred gem in [[engagement ring|engagement]] or [[wedding ring]]s, which are often worn every day.

The hardest natural diamonds mostly originate from the [[Copeton Dam|Copeton]] and [[Bingara]] fields located in the [[New England (Australia)|New England]] area in [[New South Wales]], Australia. These diamonds are generally small, perfect to semiperfect octahedra, and are used to polish other diamonds. Their hardness is associated with the [[crystal growth]] form, which is single-stage crystal growth. Most other diamonds show more evidence of multiple growth stages, which produce inclusions, flaws, and defect planes in the crystal lattice, all of which affect their hardness. It is possible to treat regular diamonds under a combination of high pressure and high temperature to produce diamonds that are harder than the diamonds used in hardness gauges.<ref>{{cite magazine|vauthors=Boser U|title=Diamonds on Demand|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/diamonds-on-demand.html|magazine=[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]]|volume=39|issue=3|pages=52–59|year=2008|access-date=June 13, 2009|archive-date=March 2, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302163915/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/diamonds-on-demand.html}}</ref>

Diamonds cut glass, but this does not positively identify a diamond because other materials, such as quartz, also lie above glass on the [[Mohs scale]] and can also cut it. Diamonds can scratch other diamonds, but this can result in damage to one or both stones. Hardness tests are infrequently used in practical gemology because of their potentially destructive nature.<ref name=read/> The extreme hardness and high value of diamond means that gems are typically polished slowly, using painstaking traditional techniques and greater attention to detail than is the case with most other gemstones;<ref name="hazen">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNJQok6N9_MC&pg=PA7|pages=7–10|title=The diamond makers| vauthors = Hazen RM |publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1999|isbn=978-0-521-65474-6}}</ref> these tend to result in extremely flat, highly polished facets with exceptionally sharp facet edges. Diamonds also possess an extremely high refractive index and fairly high dispersion. Taken together, these factors affect the overall appearance of a polished diamond and most [[diamantaire]]s still rely upon skilled use of a [[loupe]] (magnifying glass) to identify diamonds "by eye".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jm3FwBiHaI4C&pg=PA37|pages=34–37|title=Synthetic, Imitation and Treated Gemstones| vauthors = O'Donoghue M |publisher=Gulf Professional |year= 1997|isbn=978-0-7506-3173-0}}</ref>

==== Toughness ====
Somewhat related to hardness is another mechanical property ''toughness'', which is a material's ability to resist breakage from forceful impact. The [[toughness]] of natural diamond has been measured as 50–65 [[Megapascal|MPa]]·m1/2.{{contradictory inline|reason=Unit of toughness as given at the article on toughness is newton-metres per cubic metre, dimensionally equivalent to newtons per square metre i.e. pascals. What is this factor of m^{1/2} doing here? Should we actually be talking about and linking to [[Fracture toughness]] (which unfortunately doesn't have a discussion of units)?|date=October 2023}}<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Lee J, Novikov NV |title=Innovative superhard materials and sustainable coatings for advanced manufacturing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EXGcDYj8HvEC&pg=PA102|page=102|publisher=Springer|year=2005|isbn=978-0-8493-3512-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Marinescu ID, Tönshoff HK, Inasaki I |title=Handbook of ceramic grinding and polishing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QCvqtRJJ4XwC&pg=PA21|page=21|publisher=William Andrew|year=2000|isbn=978-0-8155-1424-4}}</ref> This value is good compared to other ceramic materials, but poor compared to most engineering materials such as engineering alloys, which typically exhibit toughness over 80{{nbsp}}MPa·m1/2. As with any material, the macroscopic geometry of a diamond contributes to its resistance to breakage. Diamond has a [[cleavage plane]] and is therefore more fragile in some orientations than others. [[Diamond cutting|Diamond cutters]] use this attribute to cleave some stones before faceting them.<ref name=harlow/> "Impact toughness" is one of the main indexes to measure the quality of synthetic industrial diamonds.

==== Yield strength ====
Diamond has a compressive [[yield strength]] of 130–140{{nbsp}}GPa.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Eremets MI, Trojan IA, Gwaze P, Huth J, Boehler R, Blank VD |title=The strength of diamond |journal=Applied Physics Letters |date=October 3, 2005 |volume=87 |issue=14 |article-number=141902 |doi=10.1063/1.2061853|bibcode=2005ApPhL..87n1902E}}</ref> This exceptionally high value, along with the hardness and transparency of diamond, are the reasons that [[diamond anvil]] cells are the main tool for high pressure experiments.<ref name=Dubrovinsky>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dubrovinsky L, Dubrovinskaia N, Prakapenka VB, Abakumov AM | title = Implementation of micro-ball nanodiamond anvils for high-pressure studies above 6 Mbar | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 3 | issue = 1 | article-number = 1163 | date = October 23, 2012 | pmid = 23093199 | pmc = 3493652 | doi = 10.1038/ncomms2160 | bibcode = 2012NatCo...3.1163D }}</ref> These anvils have reached pressures of {{val|600|u=GPa}}.<ref name="Wogan2012">{{Cite web |vauthors=Wogan T |publisher=Nature Communications |url=http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2012/nov/02/improved-diamond-anvil-cell-allows-higher-pressures-than-ever-before |title=Improved diamond anvil cell allows higher pressures than ever before |work=[[Physics World]] |date=November 2, 2012 |access-date=July 1, 2022 |archive-date=January 2, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102123446/http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2012/nov/02/improved-diamond-anvil-cell-allows-higher-pressures-than-ever-before |url-status=live }}</ref> Much higher pressures may be possible with [[nanocrystalline material|nanocrystalline]] diamonds.<ref name=Dubrovinsky/><ref name="Wogan2012"/>

==== [[Elasticity (physics)|Elasticity]] and [[tensile strength]] ====
Usually, attempting to deform bulk diamond crystal by tension or bending results in brittle fracture. However, when single crystalline diamond is in the form of micro/nanoscale wires or needles (~100–300{{nbsp}}nanometers in diameter, micrometers long), they can be elastically stretched by as much as 9–10 percent tensile strain without failure,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dang C, Chou JP, Dai B, Chou CT, Yang Y, Fan R, Lin W, Meng F, Hu A, Zhu J, Han J, Minor AM, Li J, Lu Y | display-authors = 6 | title = Achieving large uniform tensile elasticity in microfabricated diamond | journal = Science | volume = 371 | issue = 6524 | pages = 76–78 | date = January 2021 | pmid = 33384375 | doi = 10.1126/science.abc4174 | doi-access = | bibcode = 2021Sci...371...76D | osti = 1755275 | s2cid = 229935085 }}</ref> with a maximum local tensile stress of about {{nowrap|89–98 GPa}},<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Banerjee A, Bernoulli D, Zhang H, Yuen MF, Liu J, Dong J, Ding F, Lu J, Dao M, Zhang W, Lu Y, Suresh S | display-authors = 6 | title = Ultralarge elastic deformation of nanoscale diamond | journal = Science | volume = 360 | issue = 6386 | pages = 300–302 | date = April 2018 | pmid = 29674589 | doi = 10.1126/science.aar4165 | doi-access = | bibcode = 2018Sci...360..300B | s2cid = 5047604 }}</ref> very close to the theoretical limit for this material.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = LLorca J | title = On the quest for the strongest materials | journal = Science | volume = 360 | issue = 6386 | pages = 264–265 | date = April 2018 | pmid = 29674578 | doi = 10.1126/science.aat5211 | arxiv = 2105.05099 | s2cid = 4986592 | bibcode = 2018Sci...360..264L }}</ref>

=== Electrical conductivity ===
Other specialized applications also exist or are being developed, including use as [[semiconductor]]s: some [[blue diamond]]s are natural semiconductors, in contrast to most diamonds, which are excellent [[insulator (electricity)|electrical insulators]]. The conductivity and blue color originate from boron impurity. Boron substitutes for carbon atoms in the diamond lattice, donating a hole into the [[valence band]].<ref name="boron">{{cite journal | vauthors = Collins AT |title=The Optical and Electronic Properties of Semiconducting Diamond |journal=[[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A]] |volume=342 |pages=233–244 |year=1993 |doi=10.1098/rsta.1993.0017 |issue=1664 |bibcode=1993RSPTA.342..233C |s2cid=202574625}}</ref>

Substantial conductivity is commonly observed in nominally [[doping (semiconductor)|undoped]] diamond grown by [[chemical vapor deposition of diamond|chemical vapor deposition]]. This conductivity is associated with [[hydrogen]]-related species adsorbed at the surface, and it can be removed by [[annealing (metallurgy)|annealing]] or other surface treatments.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Landstrass MI, Ravi KV |title=Resistivity of chemical vapor deposited diamond films |journal=[[Applied Physics Letters]] |volume=55 |pages=975–977 |year=1989 |doi=10.1063/1.101694 |issue=10 |bibcode=1989ApPhL..55..975L}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhang W, Ristein J, Ley L | title = Hydrogen-terminated diamond electrodes. II. Redox activity | journal = Physical Review E | volume = 78 | issue = 4 Pt 1 | article-number = 041603 | date = October 2008 | pmid = 18999435 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevE.78.041603 | bibcode = 2008PhRvE..78d1603Z }}</ref>

Thin needles of diamond can be made to vary their electronic [[band gap]] from the normal 5.6 eV to near zero by selective mechanical deformation.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Shi Z, Dao M, Tsymbalov E, Shapeev A, Li J, Suresh S | title = Metallization of diamond | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 117 | issue = 40 | pages = 24634–24639 | date = October 2020 | pmid = 33020306 | pmc = 7547227 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.2013565117 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2020PNAS..11724634S }}</ref>

High-purity diamond wafers 5 cm in diameter exhibit perfect resistance in one direction and perfect conductance in the other, creating the possibility of using them for quantum data storage. The material contains only 3 parts per million of nitrogen. The diamond was grown on a stepped substrate, which eliminated cracking.<ref>{{Cite web | vauthors = Irving M |date=April 28, 2022 |title=Two-inch diamond wafers could store a billion Blu-Ray's worth of data |url=https://newatlas.com/electronics/2-inch-diamond-wafers-quantum-memory-billion-blu-rays/ |access-date=April 29, 2022 |website=New Atlas |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Surface property ===
Diamonds are naturally [[lipophilicity|lipophilic]] and [[hydrophobe|hydrophobic]], which means the diamonds' surface cannot be wet by water, but can be easily wet and stuck by oil. This property can be utilized to extract diamonds using oil when making synthetic diamonds. However, when diamond surfaces are chemically modified with certain ions, they are expected to become so [[hydrophile|hydrophilic]] that they can stabilize multiple layers of [[ice|water ice]] at [[human body temperature]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wissner-Gross AD, Kaxiras E | title = Diamond stabilization of ice multilayers at human body temperature | journal = Physical Review E | volume = 76 | issue = 2 Pt 1 | article-number = 020501 | date = 27 August 2007 | pmid = 17929997 | doi = 10.1103/physreve.76.020501 | url = http://www.alexwg.org/link?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alexwg.org%2Fpublications%2FPhysRevERapidComm_76-020501.pdf | url-status = dead | s2cid = 44344503 | bibcode = 2007PhRvE..76b0501W | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110724214405/http://www.alexwg.org/publications/PhysRevERapidComm_76-020501.pdf | archive-date = July 24, 2011 }}</ref>

The surface of diamonds is partially oxidized. The oxidized surface can be reduced by heat treatment under hydrogen flow. That is to say, this heat treatment partially removes oxygen-containing functional groups. But diamonds (sp3C) are unstable against high temperature (above about {{convert|400|C}}) under atmospheric pressure. The structure gradually changes into sp2C above this temperature. Thus, diamonds should be reduced below this temperature.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Fujimoto A, Yamada Y, Koinuma M, Sato S | title = Origins of sp(3)C peaks in C1s X-ray Photoelectron Spectra of Carbon Materials | journal = Analytical Chemistry | volume = 88 | issue = 12 | pages = 6110–6114 | date = June 2016 | pmid = 27264720 | doi = 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01327 | bibcode = 2016AnaCh..88.6110F | doi-access = free }}</ref>

=== Chemical stability ===
At room temperature, diamonds do not react with any chemical reagents including strong acids and bases.

In an atmosphere of pure oxygen, diamond has an [[ignition point]] that ranges from {{convert|690|C}} to {{convert|840|C}}; smaller crystals tend to burn more easily. It increases in temperature from red to white heat and burns with a pale blue flame, and continues to burn after the source of heat is removed. By contrast, in air the combustion will cease as soon as the heat is removed because the oxygen is diluted with nitrogen. A clear, flawless, transparent diamond is completely converted to carbon dioxide; any impurities will be left as ash.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Bauer M |title=Precious Stones | volume = 1 |date=2012 |publisher=Dover Publications |isbn=978-0-486-15125-0 |pages=115–117}}</ref> Heat generated from cutting a diamond will not ignite the diamond,<ref>{{cite web |title=Diamond Care and Cleaning Guide |url=https://www.gia.edu/diamond-care-cleaning |publisher=Gemological Institute of America |access-date=August 1, 2019 |language=en |archive-date=August 1, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801170616/https://www.gia.edu/diamond-care-cleaning |url-status=live }}</ref> and neither will a cigarette lighter,<ref>{{cite web |vauthors=Jones C |title=Diamonds are Flammable! How to Safeguard Your Jewelry |url=http://www.dmia.net/diamonds-are-flammable/ |website=DMIA |access-date=August 1, 2019 |date=August 27, 2016 |archive-date=August 1, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801170616/http://www.dmia.net/diamonds-are-flammable/ |url-status=live }}</ref> but house fires and blow torches are hot enough. Jewelers must be careful when molding the metal in a diamond ring.<ref>{{cite web |vauthors=Baird CS |title=Can you light diamond on fire? |url=https://wtamu.edu/~cbaird/sq/2014/03/27/can-you-light-diamond-on-fire/ |website=Science Questions with Surprising Answers |access-date=August 1, 2019 |archive-date=August 1, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801170618/https://wtamu.edu/~cbaird/sq/2014/03/27/can-you-light-diamond-on-fire/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Diamond powder of an appropriate grain size (around 50{{nbsp}}microns) burns with a shower of sparks after ignition from a flame. Consequently, [[pyrotechnic composition]]s based on [[synthetic diamond]] powder can be prepared. The resulting sparks are of the usual red-orange color, comparable to charcoal, but show a very linear trajectory which is explained by their high density.<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Lederle F, Koch J, Hübner EG |title=Colored Sparks|journal=European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry|date=February 21, 2019|volume=2019|issue=7|pages=928–937|doi=10.1002/ejic.201801300|bibcode=2019EJIC.2019..928L |s2cid=104449284}}</ref> Diamond also reacts with fluorine gas above about {{convert|700|C}}.

=== Color ===
{{Main|Diamond color}}
[[File:National Museum of Natural History Gold Colored Diamonds.JPG|alt=A museum display of jewelry items. Three brooches each consist of a large brown central gem surrounded by many clear small stones. A necklace has a large brown gem at its bottom and its string is all covered with small clear gems. A cluster-shaped decoration contains many brown gems.|upright=1.35|thumb|Brown diamonds at the [[National Museum of Natural History]] in [[Washington, D.C.]]]]
[[File:The Hope Diamond - SIA.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.35|alt=Picture of a diamond|The most famous colored diamond, the [[Hope Diamond]]]]
Diamond has a wide [[band gap]] of {{val|5.5|ul=eV}} corresponding to the deep [[ultraviolet]] wavelength of 225{{nbsp}}nanometers. This means that pure diamond should transmit visible light and appear as a clear colorless crystal. Colors in diamond originate from lattice defects and impurities. The diamond crystal lattice is exceptionally strong, and only atoms of [[nitrogen]], [[boron]], and [[hydrogen]] can be introduced into diamond during the growth at significant concentrations (up to atomic percents). Transition metals [[nickel]] and [[cobalt]], which are commonly used for growth of synthetic diamond by high-pressure high-temperature techniques, have been detected in diamond as individual atoms; the maximum concentration is 0.01% for nickel<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Collins AT, Kanda H, Isoya J, Ammerlaan CA, Van Wyk JA |title=Correlation between optical absorption and EPR in high-pressure diamond grown from a nickel solvent catalyst |journal=Diamond and Related Materials |volume=7 |pages=333–338 |year=1998 |doi=10.1016/S0925-9635(97)00270-7 |issue=2–5 |bibcode=1998DRM.....7..333C }}</ref> and even less for cobalt. Virtually any element can be introduced to diamond by ion implantation.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1103/PhysRevB.61.12909 |title=Vibronic spectra of impurity-related optical centers in diamond |year=2000 | vauthors = Zaitsev AM |journal=Physical Review B |volume=61 |pages=12909–12922 |issue=19 |bibcode=2000PhRvB..6112909Z}}</ref>

Nitrogen is by far the most common impurity found in gem diamonds and is responsible for the yellow and brown color in diamonds. Boron is responsible for the blue color.<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Walker J |title=Optical absorption and luminescence in diamond|journal=Reports on Progress in Physics|volume=42|pages=1605–1659|year=1979|doi=10.1088/0034-4885/42/10/001|issue=10|bibcode=1979RPPh...42.1605W|url=http://accreditedgemologists.org/lightingtaskforce/OpticalAbsorptionand.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906142645/http://accreditedgemologists.org/lightingtaskforce/OpticalAbsorptionand.pdf |archive-date=September 6, 2015 |url-status=live|citeseerx=10.1.1.467.443|s2cid=250857323 }}</ref> Color in diamond has two additional sources: irradiation (usually by alpha particles), that causes the color in green diamonds, and [[plastic deformation]] of the diamond crystal lattice. Plastic deformation is the cause of color in some brown<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Hounsome LS, Jones R, Shaw MJ, Briddon PR, Öberg S, Briddon P, Öberg S |title=Origin of brown coloration in diamond |journal=[[Physical Review B]] |volume=73 |article-number=125203|year=2006|doi=10.1103/PhysRevB.73.125203 |issue=12|bibcode=2006PhRvB..73l5203H}}</ref> and perhaps pink and red diamonds.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Wise RW |title=Secrets Of The Gem Trade, The Connoisseur's Guide To Precious Gemstones|publisher=Brunswick House Press|pages=223–224|year=2001|isbn=978-0-9728223-8-1}}</ref> In order of increasing rarity, yellow diamond is followed by brown, colorless, then by blue, green, black, pink, orange, purple, and red.<ref name=harlow/> "Black", or [[carbonado]], diamonds are not truly black, but rather contain numerous dark inclusions that give the gems their dark appearance. Colored diamonds contain impurities or structural defects that cause the coloration, while pure or nearly pure diamonds are transparent and colorless. Most diamond impurities replace a carbon atom in the [[crystal lattice]], known as a [[carbon flaw]]. The most common impurity, nitrogen, causes a slight to intense yellow coloration depending upon the type and concentration of nitrogen present.<ref name=harlow/> The [[Gemological Institute of America]] (GIA) classifies low saturation yellow and brown diamonds as diamonds in the ''normal color range'', and applies a grading scale from "D" (colorless) to "Z" (light yellow). Yellow diamonds of high color saturation or a different color, such as pink or blue, are called ''fancy colored'' diamonds and fall under a different grading scale.<ref name=harlow/>

In 2008, the [[Wittelsbach Diamond]], a {{convert|35.56|carat|g|adj=on}} [[blue diamond]] once belonging to the King of Spain, fetched over US$24 million at a Christie's auction.<ref>{{cite news |vauthors=Khan U |title=Blue-grey diamond belonging to King of Spain has sold for record 16.3{{nbsp}}GBP |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/3703861/Blue-grey-diamond-belonging-to-King-of-Spain-has-sold-for-record-16.3m.html |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |location=London |date=December 10, 2008 |access-date=March 31, 2010 |archive-date=February 7, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207212758/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/3703861/Blue-grey-diamond-belonging-to-King-of-Spain-has-sold-for-record-16.3m.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In May 2009, a {{convert|7.03|carat|g|adj=on}} [[blue diamond]] fetched the highest price per carat ever paid for a diamond when it was sold at auction for 10.5 million Swiss francs (6.97 million euros, or US$9.5 million at the time).<ref>{{cite news|vauthors=Nebehay S|title=Rare blue diamond sells for record $9.5 million|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/artsNews/idUSTRE54B6O020090512|work=Reuters|date=May 12, 2009|access-date=May 13, 2009|archive-date=May 16, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090516234031/http://www.reuters.com/article/artsNews/idUSTRE54B6O020090512|url-status=live}}</ref> That record was, however, beaten the same year: a {{convert|5|carat|g|adj=on}} vivid pink diamond was sold for US$10.8 million in Hong Kong on December 1, 2009.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE5B02P620091201|title=Vivid pink diamond sells for record $10.8 million|work=Reuters|date=December 1, 2009|vauthors=Pomfret J|access-date=July 1, 2017|archive-date=December 2, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202103252/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE5B02P620091201|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Clarity ===
Clarity is one of the 4C's (color, clarity, cut and carat weight) that helps in identifying the quality of diamonds. The [[Gemological Institute of America]] (GIA) developed 11 clarity scales to decide the quality of a diamond for its sale value. The GIA clarity scale spans from Flawless (FL) to included (I) having internally flawless (IF), very, very slightly included (VVS), very slightly included (VS) and slightly included (SI) in between. Impurities in natural diamonds are due to the presence of natural minerals and oxides. The clarity scale grades the diamond based on the color, size, location of impurity and quantity of clarity visible under 10x magnification.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Cowing MD |year=2014 |title=Objective ciamond clarity grading |journal=Journal of Gemmology |volume=34 |number=4 |pages=316–332 |doi=10.15506/JoG.2014.34.4.316 |bibcode=2014JGem...34..316C |url=https://acagemlab.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/JoG2014_34_4_Cowing_Obj_Diamond_Clarity-1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418052002/https://acagemlab.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/JoG2014_34_4_Cowing_Obj_Diamond_Clarity-1.pdf |archive-date=April 18, 2021 |url-status=live |access-date=September 19, 2021}}</ref> Inclusions in diamond can be extracted by optical methods. The process is to take pre-enhancement images, identifying the inclusion removal part and finally removing the diamond facets and noises.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wang W, Cai L | title = Inclusion extraction from diamond clarity images based on the analysis of diamond optical properties | journal = Optics Express | volume = 27 | issue = 19 | pages = 27242–27255 | date = September 2019 | pmid = 31674589 | doi = 10.1364/OE.27.027242 | bibcode = 2019OExpr..2727242W | s2cid = 203141270 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

=== Fluorescence ===
[[File:Rough diamonds - necklace in UV and normal light B - composite.jpg|thumb|Necklace of rough light brown diamonds under [[Blacklight|UV light]] (top) and normal light (bottom)]]
Between 25% and 35% of natural diamonds exhibit some degree of fluorescence when examined under invisible long-wave ultraviolet light or higher energy radiation sources such as X-rays and lasers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 27, 2018 |title=Fact Checking Diamond Fluorescence: 11 Myths Dispelled |url=https://4cs.gia.edu/en-us/blog/fact-checking-diamond-fluorescence-myths-dispelled/ |access-date=June 6, 2022 |website=GIA 4Cs |language=en-US |archive-date=March 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324052612/https://4cs.gia.edu/en-us/blog/fact-checking-diamond-fluorescence-myths-dispelled/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Incandescent lighting will not cause a diamond to fluoresce. Diamonds can fluoresce in a variety of colors including blue (most common), orange, yellow, white, green and very rarely red and purple. Although the causes are not well understood, variations in the atomic structure, such as the number of nitrogen atoms present are thought to contribute to the phenomenon.

=== Thermal conductivity ===
Diamonds can be identified by their high thermal conductivity (900–{{val|2320|u=W·m{{Sup|−1}}·K{{Sup|−1}}}}).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wei L, Kuo PK, Thomas RL, Anthony TR, Banholzer WF | title = Thermal conductivity of isotopically modified single crystal diamond | journal = Physical Review Letters | volume = 70 | issue = 24 | pages = 3764–3767 | date = June 1993 | pmid = 10053956 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.70.3764 | bibcode = 1993PhRvL..70.3764W }}</ref> Their high [[refractive index]] is also indicative, but other materials have similar refractivity.

== Geology ==
Diamonds are extremely rare, with concentrations of at most parts per billion in source rock.<ref name=Cartigny/> Before the 20th century, most diamonds were found in [[alluvial deposit]]s. Loose diamonds are also found along existing and ancient [[shore]]lines, where they tend to accumulate because of their size and density.<ref name=AMNH>{{cite book| vauthors = Erlich EI, Hausel WD |title=Diamond deposits: origin, exploration, and history of discovery|date=2002|publisher=Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration|location=Littleton, CO|isbn=978-0-87335-213-0}}</ref>{{rp|149}} Rarely, they have been found in [[glacial till]] (notably in [[Wisconsin]] and [[Indiana]]), but these deposits are not of commercial quality.<ref name=AMNH/>{{rp|19}} These types of deposit were derived from localized igneous [[intrusive rock|intrusions]] through [[weathering]] and [[sediment transport|transport]] by [[wind]] or [[water]].<ref name=Shirey2013>{{cite journal | vauthors = Shirey SB, Shigley JE |title=Recent Advances in Understanding the Geology of Diamonds |journal=Gems & Gemology |date=December 1, 2013 |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=188–222 |doi=10.5741/GEMS.49.4.188 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Most diamonds come from the [[Mantle (geology)|Earth's mantle]], and most of this section discusses those diamonds. However, there are other sources. Some blocks of the crust, or [[terrane]]s, have been buried deep enough as the crust thickened so they experienced [[ultra-high-pressure metamorphism]]. These have evenly distributed ''microdiamonds'' that show no sign of transport by magma. In addition, when meteorites strike the ground, the shock wave can produce high enough temperatures and pressures for ''microdiamonds'' and ''[[Detonation nanodiamond|nanodiamonds]]'' to form.<ref name=Shirey2013/> Impact-type microdiamonds can be used as an indicator of ancient impact craters.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Mantle and Core|vauthors=Carlson RW|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1clZ4ABsfoAC&pg=PA248|page=248|publisher=Elsevier|year=2005|isbn=978-0-08-044848-0|access-date=November 9, 2020|archive-date=November 9, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109173351/https://books.google.com/books?id=1clZ4ABsfoAC&pg=PA248#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Popigai impact structure]] in Russia may have the world's largest diamond deposit, estimated at trillions of carats, and formed by an asteroid impact.<ref>{{Cite journal|volume=23|pages=3–12| vauthors = Deutsch A, Masaitis VL, Langenhorst F, Grieve RA |title=Popigai, Siberia—well preserved giant impact structure, national treasury, and world's geological heritage|journal=Episodes|year=2000|issue=1|doi=10.18814/epiiugs/2000/v23i1/002|doi-access=free}}</ref>

A common misconception is that diamonds form from highly compressed [[coal]]. Coal is formed from buried prehistoric plants, and most diamonds that have been dated are far older than the first [[embryophyte|land plants]]. It is possible that diamonds can form from coal in [[subduction zone]]s, but diamonds formed in this way are rare, and the carbon source is more likely [[carbonate]] rocks and organic carbon in sediments, rather than coal.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://geology.com/articles/diamonds-from-coal/ |title=How do diamonds form? They don't form from coal! | vauthors = King H |date=2012 |work=Geology and Earth Science News and Information |publisher=geology.com |access-date=June 29, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030014537/http://geology.com/articles/diamonds-from-coal/ |archive-date=October 30, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=10 common scientific misconceptions |vauthors=Pak-Harvey A |journal=The Christian Science Monitor |date=October 31, 2013 |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/Science/2013/1031/10-common-scientific-misconceptions/Diamonds-form-from-pressurized-coal |access-date=August 30, 2017 |archive-date=January 6, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106012033/http://www.csmonitor.com/Science/2013/1031/10-common-scientific-misconceptions/Diamonds-form-from-pressurized-coal |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Surface distribution ===
[[File:World geologic provinces.jpg|thumb|[[Geologic province]]s of the world. The pink and orange areas are [[Shield (geology)|shields]] and [[Platform (geology)|platforms]], which together constitute cratons.]]

Diamonds are far from evenly distributed over the Earth. A rule of thumb known as Clifford's rule states that they are almost always found in [[kimberlite]]s on the oldest part of [[craton]]s, the stable cores of continents with typical ages of 2.5{{nbsp}}billion years or more.<ref name=Shirey2013/><ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Pohl WL |title=Economic Geology: Principles and Practice |date=2011 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-4443-9486-3}}</ref>{{rp |314}} However, there are exceptions. The [[Argyle diamond mine]] in [[Australia]], the largest producer of diamonds by weight in the world, is located in a ''mobile belt'', also known as an ''[[orogeny|orogenic belt]]'',<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | vauthors = Allaby M |title=mobile belt |encyclopedia=A dictionary of geology and earth sciences |date=2013 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-174433-4 |edition=4th}}</ref> a weaker zone surrounding the central craton that has undergone compressional tectonics. Instead of [[kimberlite]], the host rock is [[lamproite]]. Lamproites with diamonds that are not economically viable are also found in the United States, India, and Australia.<ref name=Shirey2013/> In addition, diamonds in the [[Algoman orogeny|Wawa belt]] of the [[Superior craton|Superior province]] in [[Canada]] and microdiamonds in the [[Northeastern Japan arc|island arc of Japan]] are found in a type of rock called [[lamprophyre]].<ref name=Shirey2013/>

[[Kimberlite]]s can be found in narrow (1 to 4 meters) dikes and sills, and in pipes with diameters that range from about 75 m to 1.5 km. Fresh rock is dark bluish green to greenish gray, but after exposure rapidly turns brown and crumbles.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Kjarsgaard BA |chapter=Kimberlite pipe models: significance for exploration| veditors = Milkereit B |title=Proceedings of Exploration 07: Fifth Decennial International Conference on Mineral Exploration|date=2007|publisher=[[Decennial Mineral Exploration Conferences]], 2007|pages=667–677|chapter-url=http://www.dmec.ca/ex07-dvd/E07/pdfs/46.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121224053731/http://www.dmec.ca/ex07-dvd/E07/pdfs/46.pdf |archive-date=December 24, 2012 |url-status=live|access-date=March 1, 2018}}</ref> It is hybrid rock with a chaotic mixture of small minerals and rock fragments ([[clastic rock|clasts]]) up to the size of watermelons. They are a mixture of [[xenocryst]]s and [[xenolith]]s (minerals and rocks carried up from the lower crust and mantle), pieces of surface rock, altered minerals such as [[Serpentine subgroup|serpentine]], and new minerals that crystallized during the eruption. The texture varies with depth. The composition forms a continuum with [[carbonatite]]s, but the latter have too much oxygen for carbon to exist in a pure form. Instead, it is locked up in the mineral [[calcite]] ({{chem|[[Calcium|Ca]]|[[Carbon|C]]|[[Oxygen|O]]|3}}).<ref name=Shirey2013/>

All three of the diamond-bearing rocks (kimberlite, lamproite and lamprophyre) lack certain minerals ([[melilite]] and [[kalsilite]]) that are incompatible with diamond formation. In [[kimberlite]], [[olivine]] is large and conspicuous, while lamproite has Ti-[[phlogopite]] and lamprophyre has [[biotite]] and [[amphibole]]. They are all derived from magma types that erupt rapidly from small amounts of melt, are rich in [[Volatility (chemistry)|volatiles]] and [[magnesium oxide]], and are less [[redox|oxidizing]] than more common mantle melts such as [[basalt]]. These characteristics allow the melts to carry diamonds to the surface before they dissolve.<ref name=Shirey2013/>

=== Exploration ===
[[File:Diavik Mine.tif|thumb|upright|[[Diavik Mine]], on an island in Lac de Gras in northern Canada]]

[[Kimberlite]] pipes can be difficult to find. They weather quickly (within a few years after exposure) and tend to have lower topographic relief than surrounding rock. If they are visible in outcrops, the diamonds are never visible because they are so rare. In any case, kimberlites are often covered with vegetation, sediments, soils, or lakes. In modern searches, [[geophysical survey|geophysical methods]] such as [[aeromagnetic survey]]s, [[electrical resistivity tomography|electrical resistivity]], and [[gravimetry]], help identify promising regions to explore. This is aided by isotopic dating and modeling of the geological history. Then surveyors must go to the area and collect samples, looking for kimberlite fragments or ''indicator minerals''. The latter have compositions that reflect the conditions where diamonds form, such as extreme melt depletion or high pressures in [[eclogite]]s. However, indicator minerals can be misleading; a better approach is [[geothermobarometry]], where the compositions of minerals are analyzed as if they were in equilibrium with mantle minerals.<ref name=Shirey2013/>

Finding kimberlites requires persistence, and only a small fraction contain diamonds that are commercially viable. The only major discoveries since about 1980 have been in Canada. Since existing mines have lifetimes of as little as 25 years, there could be a shortage of new natural diamonds in the future.<ref name=Shirey2013/>

=== Ages ===
Diamonds are dated by analyzing inclusions using the decay of radioactive isotopes. Depending on the elemental abundances, one can look at the decay of [[Rubidium–strontium dating|rubidium to strontium]], [[Samarium–neodymium dating|samarium to neodymium]], [[Uranium–lead dating|uranium to lead]], [[Argon–argon dating|argon-40 to argon-39]], or [[Rhenium–osmium dating|rhenium to osmium]]. Those found in kimberlites have ages ranging from {{nowrap|1 to 3.5 billion years}}, and there can be multiple ages in the same kimberlite, indicating multiple episodes of diamond formation. The kimberlites themselves are much younger. Most of them have ages between tens of millions and 300 million years old, although there are some older exceptions (Argyle, [[Premier Mine|Premier]] and Wawa). Thus, the kimberlites formed independently of the diamonds and served only to transport them to the surface.<ref name=Cartigny/><ref name=Shirey2013/> Kimberlites are also much younger than the cratons they have erupted through. The reason for the lack of older kimberlites is unknown, but it suggests there was some change in mantle chemistry or tectonics. No kimberlite has erupted in human history.<ref name=Shirey2013/>

=== Origin in mantle ===
[[File:Eclogite, détail de la roche.jpg|thumb|[[Eclogite]] with centimeter-size [[garnet]] crystals]]
[[File:Garnet inclusion in diamond.jpg|thumb|Red garnet inclusion in a diamond<ref name=DCOdecadal>{{cite book |last1=Deep Carbon Observatory |title=Deep Carbon Observatory: A Decade of Discovery |doi=10.17863/CAM.44064 |date=2019 |publisher=Deep Carbon Observatory Secretariat |location=Washington, DC |url=https://deepcarbon.net/deep-carbon-observatory-decade-discovery |access-date=December 13, 2019 |archive-date=December 17, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217174901/https://deepcarbon.net/deep-carbon-observatory-decade-discovery }}</ref>]]
Most gem-quality diamonds come from depths of 150–250 km in the [[lithosphere]]. Such depths occur below cratons in ''mantle keels'', the thickest part of the lithosphere. These regions have high enough pressure and temperature to allow diamonds to form and they are not convecting, so diamonds can be stored for billions of years until a kimberlite eruption samples them.<ref name=Shirey2013/>

Host rocks in a mantle keel include [[harzburgite]] and [[lherzolite]], two type of [[peridotite]]. The most dominant rock type in the [[upper mantle (Earth)|upper mantle]], peridotite is an [[igneous rock]] consisting mostly of the minerals [[olivine]] and [[pyroxene]]; it is low in [[Silicon dioxide|silica]] and high in [[magnesium]]. However, diamonds in peridotite rarely survive the trip to the surface.<ref name=Shirey2013/> Another common source that does keep diamonds intact is [[eclogite]], a [[metamorphic]] rock that typically forms from [[basalt]] as an oceanic plate plunges into the mantle at a [[Subduction|subduction zone]].<ref name=Cartigny/>

A smaller fraction of diamonds (about 150 have been studied) come from depths of 330–660 km, a region that includes the [[Transition zone (Earth)|transition zone]]. They formed in eclogite but are distinguished from diamonds of shallower origin by inclusions of [[majorite]] (a form of [[garnet]] with excess silicon). A similar proportion of diamonds comes from the lower mantle at depths between 660 and 800 km.<ref name=Cartigny/>

Diamond is thermodynamically stable at high pressures and temperatures, with the phase transition from [[graphite]] occurring at greater temperatures as the pressure increases. Thus, underneath continents it becomes stable at temperatures of 950{{nbsp}}degrees Celsius and pressures of 4.5 gigapascals, corresponding to depths of 150{{nbsp}}kilometers or greater. In subduction zones, which are colder, it becomes stable at temperatures of 800 °C and pressures of 3.5{{nbsp}}gigapascals. At depths greater than 240 km, iron–nickel metal phases are present and carbon is likely to be either dissolved in them or in the form of [[carbide]]s. Thus, the deeper origin of some diamonds may reflect unusual growth environments.<ref name=Cartigny/><ref name=Shirey2013/>

In 2018 the first known natural samples of a phase of ice called [[Ice VII]] were found as inclusions in diamond samples. The inclusions formed at depths between 400 and 800 km, straddling the upper and lower mantle, and provide evidence for water-rich fluid at these depths.<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Cartier K |title=Diamond Impurities Reveal Water Deep Within the Mantle|journal=Eos|date=April 2, 2018|volume=99|doi=10.1029/2018EO095949|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=Perkins>{{cite journal|vauthors=Perkins S|title=Pockets of water may lie deep below Earth's surface|journal=Science|date=March 8, 2018|url=https://www.science.org/content/article/pockets-water-may-lay-deep-below-earth-s-surface|access-date=June 30, 2022|archive-date=March 8, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308220310/http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/03/pockets-water-may-lay-deep-below-earth-s-surface|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Carbon sources ===
The mantle has roughly one billion [[tonne|gigatonnes]] of carbon (for comparison, the atmosphere-ocean system has about 44,000 gigatonnes).<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Lee CA, Jiang H, Dasgupta R, Torres M |chapter=A Framework for Understanding Whole-Earth Carbon Cycling |pages=313–357 |doi=10.1017/9781108677950.011 | veditors = Orcutt BN, Daniel I, Dasgupta R |title=Deep carbon: past to present |date=2019 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-67795-0|s2cid=210787128 }}</ref> Carbon has two [[stable nuclide|stable isotopes]], [[carbon-12|12C]] and [[carbon-13|13C]], in a ratio of approximately 99:1 by mass.<ref name=Shirey2013/> This ratio has a wide range in meteorites, which implies that it also varied a lot in the early Earth. It can also be altered by surface processes like [[photosynthesis]]. The fraction is generally compared to a standard sample using a ratio [[isotopic signature#Carbon isotopes|δ13C]] expressed in parts per thousand. Common rocks from the mantle such as basalts, carbonatites, and kimberlites have ratios between −8 and −2. On the surface, organic sediments have an average of −25 while carbonates have an average of 0.<ref name=Cartigny/>

Populations of diamonds from different sources have distributions of δ13C that vary markedly. Peridotitic diamonds are mostly within the typical mantle range; eclogitic diamonds have values from −40 to +3, although the peak of the distribution is in the mantle range. This variability implies that they are not formed from carbon that is ''primordial'' (having resided in the mantle since the Earth formed). Instead, they are the result of tectonic processes, although (given the ages of diamonds) not necessarily the same tectonic processes that act in the present.<ref name=Shirey2013/> Diamond-forming carbon originates in the top 700 kilometers (430 mi) or so of the upper mantle closest to the surface, known as the [[asthenosphere]].<ref name=Cartigny/>

=== Formation and growth ===
[[File:Diamond age zones.jpg|thumb|Age zones in a diamond<ref name=DCOdecadal/>]]
Diamonds in the mantle form through a ''[[metasomatism|metasomatic]]'' process where a C–O–H–N–S fluid or melt dissolves minerals in a rock and replaces them with new minerals. (The vague term C–O–H–N–S is commonly used because the exact composition is not known.) Diamonds form from this fluid either by reduction of oxidized carbon (e.g., CO2 or CO3) or oxidation of a reduced phase such as [[methane]].<ref name=Cartigny/>

Using probes such as polarized light, [[photoluminescence]], and [[cathodoluminescence]], a series of growth zones can be identified in diamonds. The characteristic pattern in diamonds from the lithosphere involves a nearly concentric series of zones with very thin oscillations in luminescence and alternating episodes where the carbon is resorbed by the fluid and then grown again. Diamonds from below the lithosphere have a more irregular, almost polycrystalline texture, reflecting the higher temperatures and pressures as well as the transport of the diamonds by convection.<ref name=Shirey2013/>

=== Transport to the surface ===
[[File:VolcanicPipe.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Diagram of a volcanic pipe]]
Geological evidence supports a model in which kimberlite magma rises at 4–20 meters per second, creating an upward path by [[hydraulic fracturing]] of the rock. As the pressure decreases, a vapor phase [[exsolution|exsolves]] from the magma, and this helps to keep the magma fluid. At the surface, the initial eruption explodes out through fissures at high speeds (over {{cvt|200|m/s|mph}}). Then, at lower pressures, the rock is eroded, forming a pipe and producing fragmented rock ([[breccia]]). As the eruption wanes, there is [[Pyroclastic rock|pyroclastic]] phase and then metamorphism and hydration produces [[serpentinite]]s.<ref name=Shirey2013/>

=== Double diamonds ===
In rare cases, diamonds have been found that contain a cavity within which is a second diamond. The first double diamond, the [[Matryoshka (diamond)|Matryoshka]], was found by [[Alrosa]] in [[Sakha Republic|Yakutia]], Russia, in 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/rare-diamond-diamond-found-siberia|title=Bizarre 'nesting doll' diamond found inside another diamond|publisher=[[National Geographic]]|vauthors=Wei-Haas M|date=October 10, 2019|access-date=November 27, 2021|archive-date=November 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127050127/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/rare-diamond-diamond-found-siberia}}</ref> Another one was found in the [[Ellendale Diamond Field]] in [[Western Australia]] in 2021.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-11-26/ellendale-discovery-comes-as-race-to-restart-production-heats-up/100648088|title=Rare 'double diamond' discovery comes as race to restart mothballed Ellendale mine heats up|publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]|vauthors=Fowler C|date=November 26, 2021|access-date=November 27, 2021|archive-date=November 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126223633/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-11-26/ellendale-discovery-comes-as-race-to-restart-production-heats-up/100648088|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== In space ===
{{Main|Extraterrestrial diamonds}}
Although diamonds on [[Earth]] are rare, they are very common in space. In [[meteorite]]s, about three percent of the carbon is in the form of [[nanodiamond]]s, having diameters of a few nanometers. Sufficiently small diamonds can form in the cold of space because their lower [[surface energy]] makes them more stable than graphite. The isotopic signatures of some nanodiamonds indicate they were formed outside the Solar System in stars.<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Tielens AG |title=The molecular universe|journal=Reviews of Modern Physics|date=July 12, 2013|volume=85|issue=3|pages=1021–1081|doi=10.1103/RevModPhys.85.1021|bibcode=2013RvMP...85.1021T}}</ref>

High pressure experiments predict that large quantities of diamonds condense from [[methane]] into a "diamond rain" on the ice giant planets [[Uranus]] and [[Neptune]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kerr RA | title = Neptune may crush methane into diamonds | journal = Science | volume = 286 | issue = 5437 | page = 25 | date = October 1999 | pmid = 10532884 | doi = 10.1126/science.286.5437.25a | s2cid = 42814647 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Scandolo S, Jeanloz R |author-link2=Raymond Jeanloz |title=The Centers of Planets: In laboratories and computers, shocked and squeezed matter turns metallic, coughs up diamonds and reveals Earth's white-hot center|journal=American Scientist|date=November–December 2003|volume=91|issue=6|pages=516–525|jstor=27858301|bibcode=2003AmSci..91..516S|doi=10.1511/2003.38.905|s2cid=120975663 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |vauthors=Kaplan S |title=It rains solid diamonds on Uranus and Neptune |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2017/08/25/it-rains-solid-diamonds-on-uranus-and-neptune/ |access-date=October 16, 2017 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=August 25, 2017 |archive-date=August 27, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827011901/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2017/08/25/it-rains-solid-diamonds-on-uranus-and-neptune/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Some extrasolar planets may be almost entirely composed of diamond.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy|title=A planet made of diamond|url=http://www.astronomy.com/news/2011/08/a-planet-made-of-diamond|access-date=September 25, 2017|work=Astronomy magazine|date=August 25, 2011|archive-date=May 14, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514174530/https://astronomy.com/news/2011/08/a-planet-made-of-diamond|url-status=live}}</ref>

Diamonds may exist in carbon-rich stars, particularly [[white dwarf]]s. One theory for the origin of [[carbonado]], the toughest form of diamond, is that it originated in a white dwarf or [[supernova]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Heaney PJ, de Vicenzi EP |title=Strange Diamonds: the Mysterious Origins of Carbonado and Framesite |journal=Elements |volume=1 |pages=85–89 |year=2005 |doi=10.2113/gselements.1.2.85 |issue=2|bibcode=2005Eleme...1...85H }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Shumilova T, Tkachev S, Isaenko S, Shevchuk S, Rappenglück M, Kazakov V |title=A "diamond-like star" in the lab. Diamond-like glass |journal=Carbon |date=April 2016 |volume=100 |pages=703–709 |doi=10.1016/j.carbon.2016.01.068|doi-access=free |bibcode=2016Carbo.100..703S }}</ref> Diamonds formed in stars may have been the first minerals.<ref>{{cite news |vauthors=Wei-Haas M |title=Life and Rocks May Have Co-Evolved on Earth |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/life-and-rocks-may-have-co-evolved-on-earth-180957807/ |access-date=September 26, 2017 |work=[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]] |language=en |archive-date=September 2, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902203717/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/life-and-rocks-may-have-co-evolved-on-earth-180957807/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Industry ==
{{See also|Diamonds as an investment|List of countries by diamond production|Clean Diamond Trade Act}}
[[File:Diamond.jpg|framed|alt=A clear faceted gem supported in four clamps attached to a wedding ring|A round [[Brilliant (diamond cut)|brilliant cut]] diamond set in a ring]]

The most familiar uses of diamonds today are as gemstones used for [[adornment]], and as industrial abrasives for cutting hard materials. The markets for gem-grade and industrial-grade diamonds value diamonds differently.

=== Gem-grade diamonds ===
{{Main|Diamond (gemstone)}}

The [[Dispersion (optics)|dispersion]] of white light into [[spectral color]]s is the primary gemological characteristic of gem diamonds. In the 20th century, experts in gemology developed methods of grading diamonds and other gemstones based on the characteristics most important to their value as a gem. Four characteristics, known informally as the ''four Cs'', are now commonly used as the basic descriptors of diamonds: these are its mass in ''[[Carat (unit)|carats]]'' (a carat being equal to 0.2{{nbsp}}grams), ''[[Diamond cut|cut]]'' (quality of the cut is graded according to [[aspect ratio|proportions]], [[symmetry]] and [[polishing|polish]]), ''[[Diamond color|color]]'' (how close to white or colorless; for fancy diamonds how intense is its hue), and ''[[Diamond clarity|clarity]]'' (how free is it from [[inclusion (mineral)|inclusions]]). A large, flawless diamond is known as a [[Paragon (diamond)|paragon]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DIWEi5Hg93gC&pg=PA42|page=42|vauthors=Hesse RW|title=Jewelrymaking through history|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=2007|isbn=978-0-313-33507-5|access-date=November 9, 2020|archive-date=November 9, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109173258/https://books.google.com/books?id=DIWEi5Hg93gC&pg=PA42|url-status=live}}</ref>

A large trade in gem-grade diamonds exists. Although most gem-grade diamonds are sold newly polished, there is a well-established market for resale of polished diamonds (e.g. pawnbroking, auctions, second-hand jewelry stores, diamantaires, bourses, etc.). One hallmark of the trade in gem-quality diamonds is its remarkable concentration: wholesale trade and diamond cutting is limited to just a few locations; in 2003, 92% of the world's diamonds were cut and polished in [[Surat]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite news| vauthors = Adiga A |title=Uncommon Brilliance |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,501040419-610100,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310173327/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,501040419-610100,00.html|archive-date=March 10, 2007|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=April 12, 2004|access-date=November 3, 2008}}</ref> Other important centers of diamond cutting and trading are the [[Antwerp diamond district]] in [[Belgium]], where the [[International Gemological Institute]] is based, [[London]], the [[Diamond District]] in [[New York City]], the [[Diamond Exchange District]] in [[Tel Aviv]] and [[Amsterdam]]. One contributory factor is the geological nature of diamond deposits: several large primary kimberlite-pipe mines each account for significant portions of market share (such as the [[Jwaneng diamond mine|Jwaneng mine]] in Botswana, which is a single large-pit mine that can produce between {{convert|12500000|and|15000000|carat|kg}} of diamonds per year<ref>{{cite web |title=Jwaneng|url=http://www.debswana.com/Operations/Pages/Jwaneng.aspx|publisher=Debswana|access-date=March 9, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317175718/http://www.debswana.com/Operations/Pages/Jwaneng.aspx |archive-date=March 17, 2012}}</ref>).

The production and distribution of diamonds is largely consolidated in the hands of a few key players, and concentrated in traditional diamond trading centers, the most important being Antwerp, where 80% of all [[rough diamond]]s, 50% of all cut diamonds and more than 50% of all rough, cut and industrial diamonds combined are handled.<ref name=India>{{cite book|vauthors=Tichotsky J|title=Russia's Diamond Colony: The Republic of Sakha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F7N4G_wxkUYC|page=254|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2000|isbn=978-90-5702-420-7|access-date=November 9, 2020|archive-date=November 9, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109173259/https://books.google.com/books?id=F7N4G_wxkUYC|url-status=live}}</ref> This makes Antwerp a de facto "world diamond capital".<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,416243,00.html | title = Jews Surrender Gem Trade to Indians | work = [[Spiegel Online]] | date = May 15, 2006 | access-date = November 29, 2010 | archive-date = November 26, 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101126213945/http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,416243,00.html | url-status = live }}</ref> The city of Antwerp also hosts the [[Antwerpsche Diamantkring]], created in 1929 to become the first and biggest diamond bourse dedicated to rough diamonds.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.awdc.be/en/20th-century |title=The history of the Antwerp Diamond Center |website=Antwerp World Diamond Center |date=August 16, 2012 |access-date=June 30, 2015 |archive-date=February 22, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130222071114/https://www.awdc.be/en/20th-century |url-status=live }}</ref> Another important diamond center is New York City, where almost 80% of the world's diamonds are sold, including auction sales.<ref name="India" />

The [[De Beers]] company, as the world's largest diamond mining company, holds a dominant position in the industry, and has done so since soon after its founding in 1888 by the British businessman [[Cecil Rhodes]]. De Beers is currently the world's largest operator of diamond production facilities (mines) and [[Distribution (business)|distribution channels]] for gem-quality diamonds. The Diamond Trading Company (DTC) is a subsidiary of De Beers and markets rough diamonds from De Beers-operated mines. De Beers and its subsidiaries own mines that produce some 40% of annual world diamond production. For most of the 20th century over 80% of the world's rough diamonds passed through De Beers,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32003D0079:EN:HTML|title=Commission Decision of 25 July 2001 declaring a concentration to be compatible with the common market and the EEA Agreement|work=Case No COMP/M.2333 – De Beers/LVMH|publisher=[[EUR-Lex]]|year=2003|access-date=February 6, 2009|archive-date=May 12, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512174536/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32003D0079:EN:HTML|url-status=live}}</ref> but by 2001–2009 the figure had decreased to around 45%,<ref>{{cite news |title=Business: Changing facets; Diamonds |url=https://www.economist.com/business/2007/02/22/changing-facets |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |volume=382 |issue=8517 |page=68 |year=2007 |access-date=December 22, 2010 |archive-date=May 12, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512061729/http://www.economist.com/node/8743058 |url-status=live }}</ref> and by 2013 the company's market share had further decreased to around 38% in value terms and even less by volume.<ref name="idexonline">{{cite web|url=http://www.idexonline.com/portal_FullEditorial.asp?id=38357|title=Certainty in the Diamond Industry? Watch Out For Tipping Points – IDEX's Memo|publisher=idexonline.com|access-date=September 24, 2014|archive-date=January 9, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109023521/http://www.idexonline.com/portal_FullEditorial.asp?id=38357}}</ref> De Beers sold off the vast majority of its diamond stockpile in the late 1990s – early 2000s<ref>{{cite web|title=The Elusive Sparcle |url=http://www.gjepc.org/solitaire/magazines/Aug05_Sep05/aug05_sep05.aspx?inclpage=Specials&section_id=3 |publisher=The Gem & Jewellery Export Promotion Council |access-date=April 26, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090616043101/http://www.gjepc.org/solitaire/magazines/Aug05_Sep05/aug05_sep05.aspx?inclpage=Specials&section_id=3 |archive-date=June 16, 2009 }}</ref> and the remainder largely represents working stock (diamonds that are being sorted before sale).<ref>{{cite news| vauthors = Even-Zohar C |title=Crisis Mitigation at De Beers|url=http://www.docstoc.com/docs/19770902/Crisis-Mitigation-at-De-Beers|publisher=DIB online|date=November 6, 2008|access-date=April 26, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512061727/http://www.docstoc.com/docs/19770902/Crisis-Mitigation-at-De-Beers|archive-date=May 12, 2011}}</ref> This was well documented in the press<ref>{{cite web| vauthors = Even-Zohar C |title=De Beers to Halve Diamond Stockpile |url=http://www.allbusiness.com/retail-trade/apparel-accessory-stores-womens-specialty/4224156-1.html |publisher=[[Jewelers of America#National Jeweler|National Jeweler]] |date=November 3, 1999 |access-date=April 26, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090705101028/http://www.allbusiness.com/retail-trade/apparel-accessory-stores-womens-specialty/4224156-1.html |archive-date=July 5, 2009 }}</ref> but remains little known to the general public.

As a part of reducing its influence, De Beers withdrew from purchasing diamonds on the open market in 1999 and ceased, at the end of 2008, purchasing Russian diamonds mined by the largest Russian diamond company [[Alrosa]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Judgment of the Court of First Instance of 11 July 2007 – Alrosa v Commission|url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:C2007/199/70|publisher=EUR-Lex|year=2007|access-date=April 26, 2009|archive-date=December 1, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201043518/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:C2007/199/70|url-status=live}}</ref> As of January 2011, De Beers states that it only sells diamonds from the following four countries: Botswana, Namibia, South Africa and Canada.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.debeersgroup.com/en/Exploration-and-mining/Mining-operations/ |title=Mining operations |publisher=The De Beers Group |year=2007 |access-date=January 4, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080613143223/http://www.debeersgroup.com/en/Exploration-and-mining/Mining-operations/ |archive-date=June 13, 2008 }}</ref> Apart from Alrosa, other important diamond mining companies include [[BHP]], which is the world's largest mining company;<ref>{{cite news|url = http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/08/22/2012367.htm|title = Another record profit for BHP|publisher = ABC News|date = August 22, 2007|access-date = August 23, 2007|archive-date = May 12, 2011|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110512061741/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/08/22/2012367.htm}}</ref> [[Rio Tinto (corporation)|Rio Tinto]], the owner of the [[Argyle diamond mine|Argyle]] (100%), [[Diavik Diamond Mine|Diavik]] (60%), and [[Murowa diamond mine|Murowa]] (78%) diamond mines;<ref>{{cite web|title=Our Companies|work=Rio Tinto web site|publisher=Rio Tinto|url=http://www.riotinto.com/whatweproduce/218_our_companies.asp|access-date=March 5, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511045232/http://www.riotinto.com/whatweproduce/218_our_companies.asp|archive-date=May 11, 2013}}</ref> and [[Petra Diamonds]], the owner of several major diamond mines in Africa.

[[File:Diamond Polisher.jpg|thumb|right|Diamond polisher in Amsterdam]]

Further down the supply chain, members of The [[World Federation of Diamond Bourses]] (WFDB) act as a medium for wholesale diamond exchange, trading both polished and rough diamonds. The WFDB consists of independent diamond bourses in major cutting centers such as Tel Aviv, Antwerp, Johannesburg and other cities across the US, Europe and Asia.<ref name=harlow/> In 2000, the WFDB and The International Diamond Manufacturers Association established the [[World Diamond Council]] to prevent the trading of diamonds used to fund war and inhumane acts. WFDB's additional activities include sponsoring the [[World Diamond Congress]] every two years, as well as the establishment of the [[International Diamond Council]] (IDC) to oversee diamond grading.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Introduction {{!}} IDC |url=https://internationaldiamondcouncil.org/introduction |access-date=October 18, 2022 |website=internationaldiamondcouncil.org |language=en |archive-date=October 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018144626/https://internationaldiamondcouncil.org/introduction |url-status=live }}</ref>

Once purchased by Sightholders (which is a trademark term referring to the companies that have a three-year supply contract with DTC), diamonds are cut and polished in preparation for sale as gemstones ('industrial' stones are regarded as a by-product of the gemstone market; they are used for abrasives).<ref name=polish>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=fkBJ0HL34WsC&pg=PA297 | pages = 297–299 | title = Africa's silk road | vauthors = Broadman HG, Isik G | publisher = World Bank Publications | year = 2007 | isbn = 978-0-8213-6835-0 | access-date = November 9, 2020 | archive-date = November 9, 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231109173401/https://books.google.com/books?id=fkBJ0HL34WsC&pg=PA297#v=onepage&q&f=false | url-status = live }}</ref> The cutting and polishing of rough diamonds is a specialized skill that is concentrated in a limited number of locations worldwide.<ref name=polish/> Traditional diamond cutting centers are Antwerp, [[Amsterdam]], Johannesburg, New York City, and Tel Aviv. Recently, diamond cutting centers have been established in China, India, [[Thailand]], Namibia and Botswana.<ref name=polish/> Cutting centers with lower cost of labor, notably Surat in [[Gujarat|Gujarat, India]], handle a larger number of smaller carat diamonds, while smaller quantities of larger or more valuable diamonds are more likely to be handled in Europe or North America. The recent expansion of this industry in India, employing low cost labor, has allowed smaller diamonds to be prepared as gems in greater quantities than was previously economically feasible.<ref name="India" />

Diamonds prepared as gemstones are sold on diamond exchanges called ''[[Exchange (organized market)|bourses]]''. There are 28 registered diamond bourses in the world.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bourse listing|url=http://www.wfdb.com/wfdb-bourses|publisher=World Federation of Diamond Bourses|access-date=February 12, 2012|archive-date=October 25, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025031428/http://wfdb.com/wfdb-bourses}}</ref> Bourses are the final tightly controlled step in the diamond supply chain; wholesalers and even retailers are able to buy relatively small lots of diamonds at the bourses, after which they are prepared for final sale to the consumer. Diamonds can be sold already set in jewelry, or sold unset ("loose"). According to the Rio Tinto, in 2002 the diamonds produced and released to the market were valued at US$9 billion as rough diamonds, US$14 billion after being cut and polished, US$28 billion in wholesale diamond jewelry, and US$57 billion in retail sales.<ref>{{cite web|title=North America Diamond Sales Show No Sign of Slowing |url=http://www.awdiamonds.com/article-8.html|publisher=A&W diamonds|access-date=May 5, 2009 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106185423/http://www.awdiamonds.com/article-8.html|archive-date=January 6, 2009}}</ref>

==== Cutting ====
{{Main|Diamond cutting|Diamond cut}}
[[File:The Daria-e Noor (Sea of Light) Diamond from the collection of the national jewels of Iran at Central Bank of Islamic Republic of Iran.jpg|thumb|right|alt=A large rectangular pink multifaceted gemstone, set in a decorative surround. The decoration includes a row of small clear faceted gemstones around the main gem's perimeter, and clusters of gems forming a crest on one side. The crest comprises a three-pointed crown faced by two unidentifiable animals.|The [[Daria-i-Noor]] Diamond—an example of unusual diamond cut and jewelry arrangement.]]

Mined rough diamonds are converted into gems through a multi-step process called "cutting". Diamonds are extremely hard, but also brittle and can be split up by a single blow. Therefore, diamond cutting is traditionally considered as a delicate procedure requiring skills, scientific knowledge, tools and experience. Its final goal is to produce a faceted jewel where the specific angles between the facets would optimize the diamond luster, that is dispersion of white light, whereas the number and area of facets would determine the weight of the final product. The weight reduction upon cutting is significant and can be of the order of 50%.<ref name=x50>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=jPT6JADCqgwC&pg=PA280 | page = 280 | title = Handbook of carbon, graphite, diamond, and fullerenes: properties, processing, and applications | vauthors = Pierson HO | publisher = William Andrew | year = 1993 | isbn = 978-0-8155-1339-1 }}</ref> Several possible shapes are considered, but the final decision is often determined not only by scientific, but also practical considerations. For example, the diamond might be intended for display or for wear, in a ring or a necklace, singled or surrounded by other gems of certain color and shape.<ref name=antique>{{cite book | pages = 82–102 | title = Antique jewellery: its manufacture, materials and design | vauthors = James DS | publisher = Osprey Publishing | year = 1998 | isbn = 978-0-7478-0385-0 }}</ref> Some of them may be considered as classical, such as [[Diamond cut|round]], [[Pear Cut Diamond|pear]], [[Marquise Cut Diamond|marquise]], [[Oval Cut Diamond|oval]], [[hearts and arrows]] diamonds, etc. Some of them are special, produced by certain companies, for example, [[Phoenix Cut Diamond|Phoenix]], [[Cushion Cut Diamond|Cushion]], [[Sole Mio Cut Diamond|Sole Mio]] diamonds, etc.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kristallsmolensk.com/backstage/benchmarks/shapes/|title=The Classical and Special Shapes of Diamonds|publisher=kristallsmolensk.com|access-date=July 14, 2015|archive-date=July 14, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714175156/http://www.kristallsmolensk.com/backstage/benchmarks/shapes/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The most time-consuming part of the cutting is the preliminary analysis of the rough stone. It needs to address a large number of issues, bears much responsibility, and therefore can last years in case of unique diamonds. The following issues are considered:
* The hardness of diamond and its ability to cleave strongly depend on the crystal orientation. Therefore, the crystallographic structure of the diamond to be cut is analyzed using [[X-ray diffraction]] to choose the optimal cutting directions.
* Most diamonds contain visible non-diamond inclusions and crystal flaws. The cutter has to decide which flaws are to be removed by the cutting and which could be kept.
* Splitting a diamond with a hammer is difficult, a well-calculated, angled blow can cut the diamond, piece-by-piece, but it can also ruin the diamond itself. Alternatively, it can be cut with a [[diamond saw]], which is a more reliable method.<ref name=antique/><ref>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=X3qe9jzYUAQC&pg=PA984 | pages = 984–992 | title = Handbook of industrial diamonds and diamond films | vauthors = Prelas MA, Popovici G, Bigelow LK | publisher = CRC Press | year = 1998 | isbn = 978-0-8247-9994-6 | access-date = November 9, 2020 | archive-date = November 9, 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231109173351/https://books.google.com/books?id=X3qe9jzYUAQC&pg=PA984#v=onepage&q&f=false | url-status = live }}</ref>

After initial cutting, the diamond is shaped in numerous stages of polishing. Unlike cutting, which is a responsible but quick operation, polishing removes material by gradual erosion and is extremely time-consuming. The associated technique is well developed; it is considered as a routine and can be performed by technicians.<ref>{{cite journal | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=i9kDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA760 | pages = 760–764 | title = Gem Cutting | journal = [[Popular Mechanics]] | year = 1940 | volume = 74 | issue = 5 | issn = 0032-4558 | access-date = November 9, 2020 | archive-date = November 9, 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231109173258/https://books.google.com/books?id=i9kDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA760#v=onepage&q&f=false | url-status = live }}</ref> After polishing, the diamond is reexamined for possible flaws, either remaining or induced by the process. Those flaws are concealed through various [[diamond enhancement]] techniques, such as repolishing, crack filling, or clever arrangement of the stone in the jewelry. Remaining non-diamond inclusions are removed through laser drilling and filling of the voids produced.<ref name=read>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=t-OQO3Wk-JsC&pg=PA166 | pages = 165–166 | title = Gemmology | vauthors = Read PG | publisher = Butterworth-Heinemann | year = 2005 | isbn = 978-0-7506-6449-3 | access-date = November 9, 2020 | archive-date = November 9, 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231109173801/https://books.google.com/books?id=t-OQO3Wk-JsC&pg=PA166#v=onepage&q&f=false | url-status = live }}</ref>

==== Marketing ====
[[File:Diamond Balance Scale 0.01 - 25 Carats Jewelers Measuring Tool.jpg|thumb|Diamond balance scale 0.01–25 carat jeweler's measuring tool]]

Marketing has significantly affected the image of diamond as a valuable commodity.

[[N. W. Ayer & Son]], the advertising firm retained by [[De Beers]] in the mid-20th century, succeeded in reviving the American diamond market and the firm created new markets in countries where no diamond tradition had existed before. N. W. Ayer's marketing included [[product placement]], advertising focused on the diamond product itself rather than the De Beers brand, and associations with celebrities and royalty. Without advertising the De Beers brand, De Beers was advertising its competitors' diamond products as well,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.diamonds.net/news/NewsItem.aspx?ArticleID=33243 | title = Keep the Diamond Dream Alive | vauthors = Rapaport M | website = Diamonds.net | access-date = September 9, 2012 | archive-date = September 13, 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120913214013/http://www.diamonds.net/news/NewsItem.aspx?ArticleID=33243 | url-status = live }}</ref> but this was not a concern as De Beers dominated the diamond market throughout the 20th century. De Beers' market share dipped temporarily to second place in the global market below Alrosa in the aftermath of the global economic crisis of 2008, down to less than 29% in terms of carats mined, rather than sold.<ref name="jckonline.com">{{cite web |author=JCK Staff |url=http://www.jckonline.com/2011/01/26/10-things-rocking-industry |title=10 Things Rocking the Industry |website=Jckonline.com |date=January 26, 2011 |access-date=September 9, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130107102249/http://www.jckonline.com/2011/01/26/10-things-rocking-industry |archive-date=January 7, 2013 }}</ref> The campaign lasted for decades but was effectively discontinued by early 2011. De Beers still advertises diamonds, but the advertising now mostly promotes its own brands, or licensed product lines, rather than completely "generic" diamond products.<ref name="jckonline.com"/> The campaign was perhaps best captured by the slogan "[[a diamond is forever]]".<ref name=sell /> This slogan is now being used by De Beers Diamond Jewelers,<ref>{{cite web | vauthors = Bates R |url=http://www.jckonline.com/blogs/cutting-remarks/2011/01/14/interview-forevermark-ceo |title=Interview with Forevermark CEO |website=Jckonline.com |date=January 14, 2011 |access-date=September 9, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121128004942/http://www.jckonline.com/blogs/cutting-remarks/2011/01/14/interview-forevermark-ceo |archive-date=November 28, 2012 }}</ref> a jewelry firm which is a 50/50% joint venture between the De Beers mining company and [[LVMH]], the luxury goods conglomerate.

Brown-colored diamonds constituted a significant part of the diamond production, and were predominantly used for industrial purposes. They were seen as worthless for jewelry (not even being assessed on the [[diamond color]] scale). After the development of Argyle diamond mine in Australia in 1986, and marketing, brown diamonds have become acceptable gems.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_WI86J88ydAC&pg=PA34|page=34|title=The nature of diamonds| vauthors = Harlow GE |publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0-521-62935-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zNicdkuulE4C&pg=PA416 |page=416|title=Industrial minerals & rocks| vauthors = Kogel JE |publisher= Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration (U.S.)|year=2006|isbn=978-0-87335-233-8}}</ref> The change was mostly due to the numbers: the Argyle mine, with its {{convert|35000000|carat|kg}} of diamonds per year, makes about one-third of global production of natural diamonds;<ref>{{cite web|access-date=August 4, 2009 |url=http://www.costellos.com.au/diamonds/industry.html |title=The Australian Diamond Industry |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090716170624/http://www.costellos.com.au/diamonds/industry.html |archive-date=July 16, 2009 }}</ref> 80% of Argyle diamonds are brown.<ref>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=068-M3xrDSQC&pg=PT158 | page = 158 | title = Diamond deposits: origin, exploration, and history of discovery | vauthors = Erlich E, Hausel DW | publisher = SME | year = 2002 | isbn = 978-0-87335-213-0 }}</ref>

=== Industrial-grade diamonds ===
[[File:Dia scalpel.jpg|thumb|alt=A diamond scalpel consisting of a yellow diamond blade attached to a pen-shaped holder|A [[scalpel]] with synthetic diamond blade]]
[[File:Diamond blade very macro.jpg|thumb|alt=A polished metal blade embedded with small diamonds|Close-up photograph of an [[angle grinder]] blade with tiny diamonds shown embedded in the metal]]
[[File:Diamond Knife Blade Edge.jpg|thumb|A diamond knife blade used for cutting ultrathin sections (typically 70 to 350 nm) for transmission [[electron microscopy]]]]

Industrial diamonds are valued mostly for their hardness and thermal conductivity, making many of the gemological characteristics of diamonds, such as the [[4 Cs]], irrelevant for most applications. Eighty percent of mined diamonds (equal to about {{convert|135000000|carat|kg}} annually) are unsuitable for use as gemstones and are used industrially.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.minerals.net/mineral/diamond.aspx|title=Diamond: The mineral Diamond information and pictures|publisher=minerals.net|access-date=September 24, 2014|archive-date=October 23, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023195127/http://www.minerals.net/mineral/diamond.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition to mined diamonds, synthetic diamonds found industrial applications almost immediately after their invention in the 1950s; in 2014, {{convert|4500000000|carat|kg}} of synthetic diamonds were produced, 90% of which were produced in China. Approximately 90% of diamond [[Grinding (abrasive cutting)|grinding grit]] is currently of synthetic origin.<ref name=usgs>{{cite web|title=Industrial Diamonds Statistics and Information|url=http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/diamond/|work=[[United States Geological Survey]]|access-date=May 5, 2009|archive-date=May 6, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090506221551/http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/diamond/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The boundary between gem-quality diamonds and industrial diamonds is poorly defined and partly depends on market conditions (for example, if demand for polished diamonds is high, some lower-grade stones will be polished into low-quality or small gemstones rather than being sold for industrial use). Within the category of industrial diamonds, there is a sub-category comprising the lowest-quality, mostly opaque stones, which are known as [[bort]].<ref name=spear>{{cite book| vauthors = Spear KE, Dismukes JP |title=Synthetic Diamond: Emerging CVD Science and Technology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RR5HF25DB7UC|page=628|publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons|Wiley]]–[[IEEE]]|year=1994|isbn=978-0-471-53589-8}}</ref>

Industrial use of diamonds has historically been associated with their hardness, which makes diamond the ideal material for cutting and grinding tools. As the hardest known naturally occurring material, diamond can be used to polish, cut, or wear away any material, including other diamonds. Common industrial applications of this property include diamond-tipped [[drill bit]]s and saws, and the use of diamond powder as an [[abrasive]]. Less expensive industrial-grade diamonds (bort) with more flaws and poorer color than gems, are used for such purposes.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Holtzapffel C |title=Turning And Mechanical Manipulation |url= https://archive.org/details/turningandmecha01holtgoog|publisher=Holtzapffel & Co |pages= [https://archive.org/details/turningandmecha01holtgoog/page/n192 176–178]|year=1846}}</ref> Diamond is not suitable for machining [[ferrous]] [[alloy]]s at high speeds, as carbon is soluble in iron at the high temperatures created by high-speed machining, leading to greatly increased wear on diamond tools compared to alternatives.<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Coelho RT, Yamada S, Aspinwall DK, Wise ML |title=The application of polycrystalline diamond (PCD) tool materials when drilling and reaming aluminum-based alloys including MMC|journal=International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture|volume=35|issue=5|pages=761–774|year=1995|doi=10.1016/0890-6955(95)93044-7}}</ref>

Specialized applications include use in laboratories as containment for [[Pressure experiment|high-pressure experiments]] (see [[diamond anvil cell]]), high-performance [[bearing (mechanical)|bearings]], and limited use in specialized [[window]]s.<ref name=spear/> With the continuing advances being made in the production of synthetic diamonds, future applications are becoming feasible. The high [[thermal conductivity]] of diamond makes it suitable as a [[heat sink]] for integrated circuits in [[electronics]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sakamoto M, Endriz JG, Scifres DR |title=120 W CW output power from monolithic AlGaAs (800 nm) laser diode array mounted on diamond heatsink|journal=[[Electronics Letters]] |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=197–199 |year=1992 |doi=10.1049/el:19920123 |bibcode=1992ElL....28..197S}}</ref>

=== Mining ===
{{See also|List of diamond mines|Exploration diamond drilling}}

Approximately {{convert|130000000|carat|kg}} of diamonds are mined annually, with a total value of nearly US$9 billion, and about {{convert|100000|kg|abbr=on}} are synthesized annually.<ref name=yarnell>{{cite journal|vauthors=Yarnell A|title=The Many Facets of Man-Made Diamonds|url=http://pubs.acs.org/cen/coverstory/8205/8205diamonds.html|journal=[[Chemical and Engineering News]]|volume=82|issue=5|pages=26–31|year=2004|doi=10.1021/cen-v082n005.p026|access-date=October 3, 2006|archive-date=October 28, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081028181945/http://pubs.acs.org/cen/coverstory/8205//8205diamonds.html|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

Roughly 49% of diamonds originate from [[Central Africa|Central]] and [[Southern Africa]], although significant sources of the mineral have been discovered in [[Canada]], [[India]], [[Russia]], [[Brazil]], and [[Australia]].<ref name=usgs/> They are mined from kimberlite and lamproite volcanic pipes, which can bring diamond crystals, originating from deep within the Earth where high pressures and temperatures enable them to form, to the surface. The mining and distribution of natural diamonds are subjects of frequent controversy such as concerns over the sale of ''[[blood diamond]]s'' or ''conflict diamonds'' by African [[paramilitary]] groups.<ref name=conflict>{{cite web|title=Conflict Diamonds |url=https://www.un.org/peace/africa/Diamond.html |publisher=United Nations |date=March 21, 2001 |access-date=May 5, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100309083348/http://www.un.org/peace/africa/Diamond.html |archive-date=March 9, 2010 }}</ref> The diamond supply chain is controlled by a limited number of powerful businesses, and is also highly concentrated in a small number of locations around the world.

Only a very small fraction of the diamond ore consists of actual diamonds. The ore is crushed, during which care is required not to destroy larger diamonds, and then sorted by density. Today, diamonds are located in the diamond-rich density fraction with the help of [[X-ray fluorescence]], after which the final sorting steps are done by hand. Before the use of [[X-ray]]s became commonplace,<ref name=x50/> the separation was done with grease belts; diamonds have a stronger tendency to stick to grease than the other minerals in the ore.<ref name=harlow>{{cite book| vauthors = Harlow GE |title=The nature of diamonds|pages=223, 230–249|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_WI86J88ydAC&pg=PA223|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1998|isbn=978-0-521-62935-5}}</ref>

[[File:Udachnaya pipe.JPG|thumb|[[Siberia]]'s Udachnaya diamond mine]]
[[File:Diamond 4.jpg|thumb|The slightly misshapen octahedral shape of this rough diamond crystal in matrix is typical of the mineral. Its lustrous faces also indicate that this crystal is from a primary deposit|alt=A clear octahedral stone protrudes from a black rock]]

Historically, diamonds were found only in [[alluvial deposit]]s in [[Guntur district|Guntur]] and [[Krishna district]] of the [[Krishna River]] delta in [[Southern India]].<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Catelle WR |title=The Diamond|publisher=John Lane Co.|year=1911|page=159}}</ref> India led the world in diamond production from the time of their discovery in approximately the 9th century BC<ref name=hershey/><ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Ball V |chapter=1|title=Diamonds, Gold and Coal of India|url=https://archive.org/details/diamondscoalgold00ballrich |page=[https://archive.org/details/diamondscoalgold00ballrich/page/n12 1]|publisher=Trübner & Co|location=London|year=1881}} Ball was a geologist in British service.</ref> to the mid-18th century AD, but the commercial potential of these sources had been exhausted by the late 18th century and at that time India was eclipsed by Brazil where the first non-Indian diamonds were found in 1725.<ref name=hershey/> Currently, one of the most prominent Indian mines is located at [[Panna District|Panna]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.9newz.com/mail-today-biggest-diamond-found-in-panna|title=Biggest diamond found in Panna|date=July 1, 2010|publisher=Mail Today|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707071636/http://www.9newz.com/mail-today-biggest-diamond-found-in-panna|archive-date=July 7, 2011}}</ref>

Diamond extraction from primary deposits (kimberlites and lamproites) started in the 1870s after the discovery of the [[Diamond Fields]] in South Africa.<ref>{{cite book | title = Encyclopedia of African history | vauthors = Shillington K | page = 767 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Ftz_gtO-pngC&pg=PA767 | publisher = CRC Press | isbn = 978-1-57958-453-5 | year = 2005 | access-date = November 9, 2020 | archive-date = November 9, 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231109173804/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ftz_gtO-pngC&pg=PA767#v=onepage&q&f=false | url-status = live }}</ref> Production has increased over time and now an accumulated total of {{convert|4500000000|carat|kg}} have been mined since that date.<ref name=giasummer2007>{{cite journal| vauthors = Janse AJ |title=Global Rough Diamond Production Since 1870|journal=Gems & Gemology|volume=43|pages=98–119|year=2007|doi=10.5741/GEMS.43.2.98|issue=2|bibcode=2007GemG...43...98J }}</ref> Twenty percent of that amount has been mined in the last five years, and during the last 10 years, nine new mines have started production; four more are waiting to be opened soon. Most of these mines are located in Canada, Zimbabwe, Angola, and one in Russia.<ref name=giasummer2007/>

In the U.S., diamonds have been found in [[Arkansas]], [[Colorado]], [[New Mexico]], Wyoming, and [[Montana]].<ref name=DGemGLorenz>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lorenz V |title=Argyle in Western Australia: The world's richest diamantiferous pipe; its past and future |journal=Gemmologie, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gemmologischen Gesellschaft |volume=56 |issue=1–2 |pages=35–40 |year=2007}}</ref><ref name=Montana>{{cite web |title=Microscopic diamond found in Montana |url=http://www.montanastandard.com/articles/2004/10/18/featuresbusiness/hjjfijicjbhdjc.txt | vauthors = Cooke S |work=[[The Montana Standard]] |date=October 17, 2004 |access-date=May 5, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050121085707/http://www.montanastandard.com/articles/2004/10/18/featuresbusiness/hjjfijicjbhdjc.txt |archive-date=January 21, 2005}}</ref> In 2004, the discovery of a microscopic diamond in the U.S. led to the January 2008 bulk-sampling of [[kimberlite pipe]]s in a remote part of Montana. The [[Crater of Diamonds State Park]] in [[Arkansas]] is open to the public, and is the only mine in the world where members of the public can dig for diamonds.<ref name=Montana/>

Today, most commercially viable diamond deposits are in Russia (mostly in [[Sakha Republic]], for example [[Mir Mine|Mir pipe]] and [[Udachnaya pipe]]), [[Botswana]], Australia ([[Northern Australia|Northern]] and [[Western Australia]]) and the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]].<ref>{{cite web| vauthors = Marshall S, Shore J |title=The Diamond Life|url=http://gnn.tv/videos/2/The_Diamond_Life|publisher=[[Guerrilla News Network]]|year=2004|access-date=March 21, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070126235556/http://gnn.tv/videos/2/The_Diamond_Life|archive-date=January 26, 2007}}</ref> In 2005, Russia produced almost one-fifth of the global diamond output, according to the [[British Geological Survey]]. Australia boasts the richest diamantiferous pipe, with production from the Argyle diamond mine reaching peak levels of 42{{nbsp}}metric tons per year in the 1990s.<ref name=DGemGLorenz/><ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Shigley JE, Chapman J, Ellison RK |year=2001|title=Discovery and Mining of the Argyle Diamond Deposit, Australia|journal=Gems & Gemology |volume=37|issue=1|pages=26–41 |url=http://www.argylediamonds.com.au/docs/gems_and_gemology.pdf|access-date=February 20, 2010|doi=10.5741/GEMS.37.1.26|bibcode=2001GemG...37...26S |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930095856/http://www.argylediamonds.com.au/docs/gems_and_gemology.pdf|archive-date=September 30, 2009}}</ref> There are also commercial deposits being actively mined in the [[Northwest Territories]] of Canada and Brazil.<ref name=usgs/> Diamond prospectors continue to search the globe for diamond-bearing kimberlite and lamproite pipes.

==== Political issues ====
{{Main|Kimberley Process|Blood diamond|Child labour in the diamond industry}}
[[File:Unsustainable Growth.webm|thumb|Unsustainable diamond mining in Sierra Leone. Documentary as part of the Vrinda Project for Wikibooks]]

In some of the more politically unstable [[central Africa]]n and [[west Africa]]n countries, revolutionary groups have taken control of [[List of diamond mines|diamond mines]], using proceeds from diamond sales to finance their operations. Diamonds sold through this process are known as ''conflict diamonds'' or ''blood diamonds''.<ref name=conflict/>

In response to public concerns that their diamond purchases were contributing to war and [[human rights abuses]], the [[United Nations]], the diamond industry and diamond-trading nations introduced the [[Kimberley Process]] in 2002.<ref name=kimb>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hWrEcl2ydzEC&pg=PA305|pages=305–313|title=Resource politics in Sub-Saharan Africa|vauthors=Basedau M, Mehler A|year=2005|publisher=GIGA-Hamburg|isbn=978-3-928049-91-7|access-date=November 9, 2020|archive-date=November 9, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109173806/https://books.google.com/books?id=hWrEcl2ydzEC&pg=PA305#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> The Kimberley Process aims to ensure that conflict diamonds do not become intermixed with the diamonds not controlled by such rebel groups. This is done by requiring diamond-producing countries to provide proof that the money they make from selling the diamonds is not used to fund criminal or revolutionary activities. Although the Kimberley Process has been moderately successful in limiting the number of conflict diamonds entering the market, some still find their way in. According to the International Diamond Manufacturers Association, conflict diamonds constitute 2–3% of all diamonds traded.<ref>{{cite book|title=World Federation of Diamond Bourses (WFDB) and International Diamond Manufacturers Association: Joint Resolution of 19 July 2000|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fnRnyS7I9cYC&pg=PA334|publisher=World Diamond Council|date=July 19, 2000|access-date=November 5, 2006|isbn=978-90-04-13656-4|archive-date=November 9, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109173808/https://books.google.com/books?id=fnRnyS7I9cYC&pg=PA334#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> Two major flaws still hinder the effectiveness of the Kimberley Process: (1) the relative ease of smuggling diamonds across African borders, and (2) the violent nature of diamond mining in nations that are not in a technical state of war and whose diamonds are therefore considered "clean".<ref name=kimb/>

The Canadian Government has set up a body known as the Canadian Diamond Code of Conduct<ref>{{cite web |title=Voluntary Code of Conduct For Authenticating Canadian Diamond Claims |url=http://www.canadiandiamondcodeofconduct.ca/images/EN_CDCC_Committee_Procedures.pdf |publisher=Canadian Diamond Code Committee|year=2006|access-date=October 30, 2007|archive-date=February 29, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229233018/http://www.canadiandiamondcodeofconduct.ca/images/EN_CDCC_Committee_Procedures.pdf}}</ref> to help authenticate Canadian diamonds. This is a stringent tracking system of diamonds and helps protect the "conflict free" label of Canadian diamonds.<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Kjarsgaard BA, Levinson AA |title=Diamonds in Canada|journal=Gems and Gemology|volume=38|issue=3|pages=208–238|year=2002|doi=10.5741/GEMS.38.3.208|doi-access=free|bibcode=2002GemG...38..208K }}</ref>

Mineral resource exploitation in general causes irreversible environmental damage, which must be weighed against the socio-economic benefits to a country.<ref>A meta-analysis of the environmental impact specific to diamond mining is in {{Cite report | vauthors = Oluleye G | title = Environmental Impacts of Mined Diamonds |publisher=Imperial College London Consultants |url=https://www.imperial-consultants.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Final-report-Environmental-Impacts-of-Mined-Diamonds-updated-8-21.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203093203/https://www.imperial-consultants.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Final-report-Environmental-Impacts-of-Mined-Diamonds-updated-8-21.pdf |archive-date=December 3, 2021 |url-status=live |access-date=July 1, 2022}}  </ref>

== Synthetics, simulants, and enhancements ==
=== Synthetics ===
{{Main|Synthetic diamond}}

Synthetic diamonds are diamonds manufactured in a laboratory, as opposed to diamonds mined from the Earth. The gemological and industrial uses of diamond have created a large demand for rough stones. This demand has been satisfied in large part by synthetic diamonds, which have been manufactured by various processes for more than half a century. However, in recent years it has become possible to produce gem-quality synthetic diamonds of significant size.<ref name="AMNH"/> It is possible to make colorless synthetic gemstones that, on a molecular level, are identical to natural stones and so visually similar that only a gemologist with special equipment can tell the difference.<ref name="bain">{{cite web |url=http://www.bain.com/Images/PR_BAIN_REPORT_The_global_diamond_industry.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131062348/http://www.bain.com/Images/PR_BAIN_REPORT_The_global_diamond_industry.pdf |archive-date=January 31, 2012 |url-status=live|title=The Global Diamond Industry: Lifting the Veil of Mystery|publisher=[[Bain and Company|Bain & Company]]|access-date=January 14, 2012}}</ref>

The majority of commercially available synthetic diamonds are yellow and are produced by so-called ''high-pressure high-temperature'' ([[HPHT]]) processes.<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Shigley JE, Abbaschian R |title=Gemesis Laboratory Created Diamonds|journal=Gems & Gemology|volume=38|issue=4|pages=301–309|year=2002|doi=10.5741/GEMS.38.4.301|doi-access=free|bibcode=2002GemG...38..301S }}</ref> The yellow color is caused by [[nitrogen]] impurities. Other colors may also be reproduced such as blue, green or pink, which are a result of the addition of [[boron]] or from [[Gemstone irradiation|irradiation]] after synthesis.<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Shigley JE, Shen AH, Breeding CM, McClure SF, Shigley JE |title=Lab Grown Colored Diamonds from Chatham Created Gems|journal=Gems & Gemology|volume=40|issue=2|pages=128–145|year=2004|doi=10.5741/GEMS.40.2.128|doi-access=free|bibcode=2004GemG...40..128S }}</ref>

Another popular method of growing synthetic diamond is [[chemical vapor deposition]] (CVD). The growth occurs under low pressure (below atmospheric pressure). It involves feeding a mixture of gases (typically {{nowrap|1 to 99 [[methane]]}} to [[hydrogen]]) into a chamber and splitting them into chemically active [[radical (chemistry)|radicals]] in a [[plasma (physics)|plasma]] ignited by [[microwaves]], [[hot filament]], [[electric arc|arc discharge]], [[welding torch]], or [[laser]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Werner M, Locher R |title=Growth and application of undoped and doped diamond films |journal=Reports on Progress in Physics |volume=61 |pages=1665–1710 |year=1998 |doi=10.1088/0034-4885/61/12/002 |issue=12 |bibcode=1998RPPh...61.1665W|s2cid=250878100 }}</ref> This method is mostly used for coatings, but can also produce single crystals several millimeters in size (see picture).<ref name=yarnell/>

As of 2010, nearly all 5,000 million carats (1,000{{nbsp}}tonnes) of synthetic diamonds produced per year are for industrial use. Around 50% of the 133 million carats of natural diamonds mined per year end up in industrial use.<ref name="bain"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2012/08/27/the-billion-dollar-business-of-diamonds-from-mining-to-retail.html|vauthors=Pisani B|title=The Business of Diamonds, From Mining to Retail|publisher=[[CNBC]]|date=August 27, 2012|access-date=September 9, 2017|archive-date=July 7, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707001321/http://www.cnbc.com/id/48782968|url-status=live}}</ref> Mining companies' expenses average 40 to 60 US dollars per carat for natural colorless diamonds, while synthetic manufacturers' expenses average {{nowrap|$2,500 per carat}} for synthetic, gem-quality colorless diamonds.<ref name="bain"/>{{rp|79}} However, a purchaser is more likely to encounter a synthetic when looking for a fancy-colored diamond because only 0.01% of natural diamonds are fancy-colored, while most synthetic diamonds are colored in some way.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zNicdkuulE4C&pg=PA428|pages=426–430|title=Industrial Minerals & Rocks|vauthors=Kogel JE|publisher=SME|year=2006|isbn=978-0-87335-233-8|access-date=November 9, 2020|archive-date=November 9, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109173917/https://books.google.com/books?id=zNicdkuulE4C&pg=PA428#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="180px">
File:HPHTdiamonds2.JPG|alt=Six crystals of cubo-octahedral shapes, each about 2 millimeters in diameter. Two are pale blue, one is pale yellow, one is green-blue, one is dark blue and one green-yellow.|Synthetic diamonds of various colors grown by the high-pressure high-temperature technique
File:Apollo synthetic diamond.jpg|alt=A round, clear gemstone with many facets, the main face being hexagonal, surrounded by many smaller facets.|Colorless gem cut from diamond grown by chemical vapor deposition
</gallery>

=== Simulants ===
{{Main|Diamond simulant}}
[[File:Moissanite ring.JPG|thumb|alt=A round sparkling, clear gemstone with many facets.|Gem-cut synthetic silicon carbide set in a ring]]

A diamond simulant is a non-diamond material that is used to simulate the appearance of a diamond, and may be referred to as diamante. [[Cubic zirconia]] is the most common. The gemstone [[moissanite]] ([[silicon carbide]]) can be treated as a diamond simulant, though more costly to produce than cubic zirconia. Both are produced synthetically.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = O'Donoghue M, Joyner L |title=Identification of gemstones|pages=12–19|publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann|location=Great Britain|year=2003|isbn=978-0-7506-5512-5}}</ref>

=== Enhancements ===
{{Main|Diamond enhancement}}

Diamond enhancements are specific treatments performed on natural or synthetic diamonds (usually those already cut and polished into a gem), which are designed to better the gemological characteristics of the stone in one or more ways. These include laser drilling to remove inclusions, application of sealants to fill cracks, treatments to improve a white diamond's color grade, and treatments to give fancy color to a white diamond.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kCc80Q4gzSgC&pg=PA115|page=115|title=The diamond formula|vauthors=Barnard AS|publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann|year=2000|isbn=978-0-7506-4244-6|access-date=November 9, 2020|archive-date=November 9, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109173812/https://books.google.com/books?id=kCc80Q4gzSgC&pg=PA115#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

Coatings are increasingly used to give a diamond simulant such as cubic zirconia a more "diamond-like" appearance. One such substance is [[diamond-like carbon]]—an amorphous carbonaceous material that has some physical properties similar to those of the diamond. Advertising suggests that such a coating would transfer some of these diamond-like properties to the coated stone, hence enhancing the diamond simulant. Techniques such as [[Raman spectroscopy]] should easily identify such a treatment.<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Shigley JE |title=Observations on new coated gemstones|journal=Gemmologie: Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gemmologischen Gesellschaft|volume=56|issue=1–2|pages=53–56|year=2007}}</ref>

=== Identification ===
[[File:Diamond (side view).png|thumb|[[Cathodoluminescence]] image of a diamond, taken in a [[scanning electron microscope]]]]
Early diamond identification tests included a scratch test relying on the superior hardness of diamond. This test is destructive, as a diamond can scratch another diamond, and is rarely used nowadays. Instead, diamond identification relies on its superior thermal conductivity. Electronic thermal probes are widely used in the gemological centers to separate diamonds from their imitations. These probes consist of a pair of battery-powered [[thermistor]]s mounted in a fine copper tip. One thermistor functions as a heating device while the other measures the temperature of the copper tip: if the stone being tested is a diamond, it will conduct the tip's thermal energy rapidly enough to produce a measurable temperature drop. This test takes about two to three seconds.<ref>{{cite patent | inventor = Wenckus JF | country = US | number = 4488821 | title = Method and means of rapidly distinguishing a simulated diamond from natural diamond | pubdate = December 18, 1984 | fdate = November 24, 1982 | pridate = March 3, 1981 | assign1 = Ceres Electronics Corporation }}; {{US patent|4488821}}</ref>

Whereas the thermal probe can separate diamonds from most of their simulants, distinguishing between various types of diamond, for example synthetic or natural, irradiated or non-irradiated, etc., requires more advanced, optical techniques. Those techniques are also used for some diamonds simulants, such as silicon carbide, which pass the thermal conductivity test. Optical techniques can distinguish between natural diamonds and synthetic diamonds. They can also identify the vast majority of treated natural diamonds.<ref name=raman>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W2cSkEsWbSkC&pg=PA387|pages=387–394|title=Raman spectroscopy in archaeology and art history|vauthors=Edwards HG, Chalmers GM|publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry|year=2005|isbn=978-0-85404-522-8|access-date=November 9, 2020|archive-date=November 9, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109174417/https://books.google.com/books?id=W2cSkEsWbSkC&pg=PA387#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> "Perfect" crystals (at the atomic lattice level) have never been found, so both natural and synthetic diamonds always possess characteristic imperfections, arising from the circumstances of their crystal growth, that allow them to be distinguished from each other.<ref name=spot/>

Laboratories use techniques such as spectroscopy, microscopy, and luminescence under shortwave ultraviolet light to determine a diamond's origin.<ref name=raman/> They also use specially made instruments to aid them in the identification process. Two screening instruments are the ''DiamondSure'' and the ''DiamondView'', both produced by the [[Diamond Trading Company|DTC]] and marketed by the GIA.<ref>{{cite web |vauthors=Donahue PJ |title=DTC Appoints GIA Distributor of DiamondSure and DiamondView |url=http://www.professionaljeweler.com/archives/news/2004/041904story.html |work=Professional Jeweler Magazine |date=April 19, 2004 |access-date=March 2, 2009 |archive-date=March 6, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306220856/http://www.professionaljeweler.com/archives/news/2004/041904story.html }}</ref>

Several methods for identifying synthetic diamonds can be performed, depending on the method of production and the color of the diamond. CVD diamonds can usually be identified by an orange fluorescence. D–J colored diamonds can be screened through the [[Swiss Gemmological Institute]]'s<ref>{{cite web|title=SSEF diamond spotter and SSEF illuminator|url=http://dkamhi.com/ssef%20type%20IIa.htm|publisher=SSEF Swiss Gemmological Institute|access-date=May 5, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090627023938/http://dkamhi.com/ssef%20type%20IIa.htm|archive-date=June 27, 2009}}</ref> Diamond Spotter. Stones in the D–Z color range can be examined through the DiamondSure UV/visible spectrometer, a tool developed by De Beers.<ref name=spot>{{cite journal| vauthors = Welbourn C |title=Identification of Synthetic Diamonds: Present Status and Future Developments, Proceedings of the 4th International Gemological Symposium|journal=Gems and Gemology|volume=42|issue=3|pages=34–35|year=2006}}</ref> Similarly, natural diamonds usually have minor imperfections and flaws, such as inclusions of foreign material, that are not seen in synthetic diamonds.

Screening devices based on diamond type detection can be used to make a distinction between diamonds that are certainly natural and diamonds that are potentially synthetic. Those potentially synthetic diamonds require more investigation in a specialized lab. Examples of commercial screening devices are D-Screen (WTOCD / HRD Antwerp), Alpha Diamond Analyzer (Bruker / HRD Antwerp), and D-Secure (DRC Techno).

== See also ==
{{Portal|Minerals}}
* [[Deep carbon cycle]]
* [[Diamondoid]]
* [[List of diamonds]]
** [[List of largest rough diamonds]]
* [[List of minerals]]
* [[Superhard material]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== Citations ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== General and cited references ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |vauthors=Even-Zohar C |year=2007 |title=From Mine to Mistress: Corporate Strategies and Government Policies in the International Diamond Industry |edition=2nd |publisher=Mining Journal Press |url=http://www.mine2mistress.com/ |access-date=April 18, 2007 |archive-date=March 10, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200310081831/http://www.mine2mistress.com/ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book | vauthors = Davies G |year=1994 |title=Properties and growth of diamond |publisher=INSPEC |isbn=978-0-85296-875-8}}
* {{cite book | vauthors = O'Donoghue M |title=Gems |publisher=Elsevier |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7506-5856-0}}
* {{cite book | vauthors = O'Donoghue M, Joyner L |year=2003 |title=Identification of gemstones |publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann |location=Great Britain |isbn=978-0-7506-5512-5}}
* {{cite book | vauthors = Feldman A, Robins LH |year=1991 |title=Applications of Diamond Films and Related Materials |publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-1-48329124-6}}
* {{cite book | vauthors = Field JE |year=1979 |title=The Properties of Diamond |publisher=Academic Press |location=London |isbn=978-0-12-255350-9}}
* {{cite book | vauthors = Field JE |year=1992 |title=The Properties of Natural and Synthetic Diamond |publisher=Academic Press |location=London |isbn=978-0-12-255352-3}}
* {{cite book |vauthors=Hershey W |year=2004|edition=Reprint|orig-date=1940 |title=The Book of Diamonds |publisher=Hearthside Press New York |url=http://www.farlang.com/diamonds/hershey-diamond-chapters/page_001 |isbn=978-1-4179-7715-4 |access-date=August 18, 2011 |archive-date=August 20, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820053011/http://www.farlang.com/diamonds/hershey-diamond-chapters/page_001 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |vauthors=Koizumi S, Nebel CE, Nesladek M |year=2008 |title=Physics and Applications of CVD Diamond |publisher=Wiley VCH |isbn=978-3-527-40801-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pRFUZdHb688C |access-date=November 9, 2020 |archive-date=November 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109174432/https://books.google.com/books?id=pRFUZdHb688C |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |vauthors=Pan LS, Kani DR |year=1995 |title=Diamond: Electronic Properties and Applications |publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZtfFEoXkU8wC&pg=PP1 |isbn=978-0-7923-9524-9 }}
* {{cite book | vauthors = Pagel-Theisen V |year=2001 |title=Diamond Grading ABC: the Manual |publisher=Rubin & Son |location=Antwerp |isbn=978-3-9800434-6-5}}
* {{cite book | vauthors = Radovic RL, Walker RM, Thrower PA | author-link3 = Peter Thrower |year=1965 |title=Chemistry and physics of carbon: a series of advances |publisher=Marcel Dekker |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8247-0987-7}}
* {{cite book |vauthors=Tolkowsky M |year=1919 |title=Diamond Design: A Study of the Reflection and Refraction of Light in a Diamond |publisher=E. & F.N. Spon |location=London |url=http://www.folds.net/diamond/index.html |access-date=March 13, 2007 |archive-date=March 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312204834/http://www.folds.net/diamond/index.html |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |vauthors=Wise RW |year=2016 |title=Secrets of the Gem Trade: The Connoisseur's Guide to Precious Gemstones |isbn=978-0-9728223-2-9 |publisher=Brunswick House Press |url=http://secretsofthegemtrade.com/ |edition=Second |access-date=May 11, 2021 |archive-date=August 19, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819182845/http://secretsofthegemtrade.com/ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |vauthors=Zaitsev AM |year=2001 |title=Optical Properties of Diamond: A Data Handbook |publisher=Springer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=msU4jkdCEhIC&pg=PP1 |isbn=978-3-540-66582-3 |access-date=November 9, 2020 |archive-date=November 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109174953/https://books.google.com/books?id=msU4jkdCEhIC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite magazine | vauthors = Epstein EJ |date=February 1982 |title=Have You Ever Tried to Sell a Diamond? |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/doc/198202/diamond |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060315041428/https://www.theatlantic.com/doc/198202/diamond |archive-date=March 15, 2006 |magazine=[[The Atlantic (magazine)|The Atlantic Monthly]] |access-date=January 2, 2023}}
* {{Cite web | vauthors = Tyson P |date=November 2000 |title=Diamonds in the Sky |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/diamond/sky.html |department=The Diamond Deception |work=[[Nova (American TV program)|Nova]] |publisher=[[PBS]] |access-date=January 2, 2023}}

== External links ==
{{wikibooks|Development Cooperation Handbook|Stories/Unsustainable Growth|Unsustainable Growth}}
{{Sister project links |wikt=diamond |commons=Diamond |b=no |n=no |q=Diamond |s=no |v=no}}
* [http://www.ioffe.ru/SVA/NSM/Semicond/Diamond/index.html Properties of diamond: Ioffe database]
* {{cite web|url=https://www.gia.edu/doc/A-Contribution-to-Understanding-the-Effect-of-Blue-Fluorescence-on-the-Appearance-of-Diamonds |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908111042/https://www.gia.edu/doc/A-Contribution-to-Understanding-the-Effect-of-Blue-Fluorescence-on-the-Appearance-of-Diamonds | title="A Contribution to the Understanding of Blue Fluorescence on the Appearance of Diamonds" |date=2007 |work=Gemological Institute of America (GIA) |archive-date=September 8, 2017 }}

{{Allotropes of carbon}}
{{Jewellery}}
{{Gemstones}}
{{Mohs}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Diamond| ]]
[[Category:Abrasives]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Crystals]]
[[Category:Cubic minerals]]
[[Category:Economic geology]]
[[Category:Group IV semiconductors]]
[[Category:Impact event minerals]]
[[Category:Industrial minerals]]
[[Category:Luminescent minerals]]
[[Category:Minerals in space group 227]]
[[Category:Native element minerals]]
[[Category:Transparent materials]]

Madhya Venal

2026-03-24T15:23:13Z

BrandonNewquist:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Madhya Venal
| image = Madhya Venal.jpg

| caption =
| director = [[Madhu Kaithapram]]
| producer = Jahangir Shamz
| writer = Anil Mukhathala
| narrator =
| starring = [[Manoj K. Jayan]] [[Shweta Menon]] [[Arun Cherukavil|Arun Bala]] [[Niveda Thomas]]
| music = [[Kaithapram Viswanathan]]
| cinematography = [[M. J. Radhakrishnan]]
| editing = Venugopal
| distributor = Xarfnet Movies Release
| released = {{Film date|2009|07|04|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Madhya Venal''''' is a 2009 [[Malayalam]] film produced by [[Jahangir Shamz]] under the banner of Xarfnet Movies. The movie is directed by [[Madhu Kaithapram]] starring [[Manoj K. Jayan]] and [[Shweta Menon]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://popcorn.oneindia.in/title/1709/madhya-venal.html|title=Madhya Venal|date=|publisher=[[Oneindia.in]]|accessdate=April 10, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311033459/http://popcorn.oneindia.in/title/1709/madhya-venal.html|archive-date=11 March 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Plot==
Sarojini is a housewife and a social worker. In her village, the majority of the villagers depend on the Khadi weaving mills for their livelihood. Sarojini too runs a mill. Her husband Kumaran is a local politician and trade union activist. Praveen who is an executive from a new generation bank comes to help the villagers. Without any proper documents he lends money to them. Being innocent they do not realize the trick behind Praveen's business. Kumaran opposes the bank and also clashes with his party leadership on the plight of workers. Kumaran gets suspended from the party.

Sarojini and Kumaran try their level best to make the people understand Praveen's intention. Meanwhile, Praveen fakes love for Manikutty, the daughter of Kumaran and Sarojini, since they were against him.

==Cast==
* [[Manoj K. Jayan]] as Kumaran
* [[Shweta Menon]] as Sarojini
* [[Sabitha Jayaraj]]
* [[Arun Cherukavil|Arun Bala]] as Praveen
* [[Niveda]] as Manikutty
* [[Balachandran Chullikkadu]]
* [[Augustine (actor)|Augustine]]
* [[Irshad (actor)|Irshad]]

==Awards==
* [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Singer|Kerala State Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer]] - [[K. J. Yesudas]] for "Swantham Swantham Baalyathiloode"
* [[Padmarajan Puraskaram/Award]] for the Best Movie of 2009 in Malayalam - Madhyavenal.
* [[Kerala Film Critics Award]] for Second Best Actress - Shwetha Menon for Madhyavenal in 2009.
* [[Kerala Film Critics Award]] for Madhyavenal - the film with social relevance and commitment in 2009.
* [[Kerala Film Critics Award]] for Manoj K Jayan - Special Jury Award for Madhyavenal in 2009.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2009 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Madhu Kaithapram]]
[[Category:2009 Indian films]]

{{2000s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Ashvins

2026-03-24T05:35:23Z

BrandonNewquist: updated details

{{Short description|Hindu Vedic twin gods of medicine}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| deity_of = Gods of Health and Medicine
| other_names = Ashvini Kumaras, Ashveen, Ashvinau, Nasatya, Dasra
| consort = Sūryā{{sfn|Kramrisch|Miller|1983|p=171}}{{sfn|Jamison|Brereton|2014|p=48}}
| children = [[Nakula]] (son) [[Sahadeva]] (son)
| father = [[Surya]]
| mother = [[Sanjna]]
| siblings = [[Revanta]], [[Yami]], [[Yama]], [[Shraddhadeva Manu]], [[Shani]], [[Karna]], [[Tapati]] and [[Savarni Manu]]
| image = Ashwini Kumaras-L.jpg
| affiliation = [[Deva (Hinduism)|Devas]]
| greek_equivalent = [[Dioskuri]]
| equivalent1 = [[Ašvieniai]], [[Dieva Dēli]]
| equivalent1_type = Baltic
| texts = ''[[Rigveda]], [[Mahabharata]], [[Purana]]''s
}}
{{Hinduism|deities}}

The '''Ashvins''' ({{langx|sa|अश्विन्|lit=horse possessors}}, {{IAST3|Aśvin}}), also known as the '''Ashvini Kumaras''' and '''Asvinau''',<ref name=":0">{{Harvnb|Frame|2009}}, §1.42.</ref> are [[Vedic deities|Vedic]] [[Divine twins|twin gods]], namely ''' Nāsatya''' ({{langx|sa|नासत्य|lit=ever true}}) and '''Dasra''' ({{langx|sa|दस्र|lit=enlightened giving}}). They are associated with medicine, health, healing, sciences, and the twilight.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wise|first=Thomas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2u0lAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA4|title=Commentary on the Hindu System of Medicine|date=1860|publisher=Trübner|language=en|pages=4}}</ref> In the ''[[Rigveda]]'', they are described as youthful divine twin horsemen, travelling in a chariot drawn by horses that are never weary, and portrayed as guardian deities that safeguard and rescue people by aiding them in various situations.{{sfn|Jamison|Brereton|2014|p=48}}{{Sfn|West|2007|p=187}}

There are varying accounts, but Ashvins are generally mentioned as the sons of the sun god [[Surya]] and his wife [[Sanjna]]. In the epic ''[[Mahabharata]],'' the Pandava twins [[Nakula]] and [[Sahadeva]] were the children of the Ashvins.

== Etymology and epithets ==
The [[Sanskrit]] name ''{{IAST|Aśvín}}'' (अश्विन्) derives from the [[Proto-Indo-Iranian language|Indo-Iranian]] stem ''*Haćwa-'' (cf. [[Avestan]] ''aspā''), itself from the [[Proto-Indo-European language|Indo-European]] word for the horse, ''*H1éḱwos'', from which also descends the Lithuanian name ''[[Ašvieniai]]''.<ref name=":02">[[Alexander Lubotsky|Lubotsky, Alexander]]. "Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon". ''Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project''. [[Leiden University]]. s.v. ''áśva-''.</ref>

In the ''[[Rigveda]]'', the Ashvins are always referred to in the dual, without individual names,{{Sfn|West|2007|p=187}} although Vedic texts differentiate between the two Ashvins: "one of you is respected as the victorious lord of Sumakha, and the other as the fortunate son of heaven" (''RV'' 1.181.4). They are called several times ''divó nápātā,'' that is 'grandsons of [[Dyaus|Dyaús]] (the sky-god)'. This formula is comparable with the Lithuanian ''Dievo sūneliai'', 'sons of [[Dievas]] (the sky-god'), attached to the [[Ašvieniai]]; the Latvian ''[[Dieva Dēli]]'', the 'sons of Dievs (the sky-god)'; and the Greek ''Diós-kouroi'', the 'boys of [[Zeus]]', designating [[Castor and Pollux]].{{sfn|West|2007|p=187–191}}{{Sfn|Parpola|2015a|pp=109–110}}

The twin gods are also referred to as ''Nā́satyā'' (possibly 'saviours'; a derivative of ''nasatí'', 'safe return home'), a name that appears 99 times in the ''Rigveda''.{{Sfn|Parpola|2015a|pp=109–110}} The [[epithet]] probably derives from the [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] root ''*nes-'' ('to return home [safely]'), with [[cognate]]s in the [[Avestan]] ''Nā̊ŋhaiθya'', the name of a demon of discord, and also in the Greek hero [[Nestor (mythology)|Nestor]] and in the [[Gothic language|Gothic]] verb ''nasjan'' ('save, heal').{{Sfn|Frame|2009|p=}}<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ahmadi|first=Amir|date=2015|title=Two Chthonic Features of the Daēva Cult in Historical Evidence|journal=History of Religions|volume=54|issue=3|pages=348|doi=10.1086/679000|issn=0018-2710|jstor=10.1086/679000|s2cid=162230518}}</ref>

In the later ''[[Mahabharata]]'', the Ashvins are often called the ''Nasatyas'' or ''Dasras''. Sometimes one of them is referred to as ''Nasatya'' and one as ''Dasra''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Thadani|first=N.v.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MlKeGQiC58oC&q=nasatya+and+dasra&pg=PA362|title=The Mystery of the Mahabharata: Vol. I|publisher=India Research Press|pages=362|language=en}}</ref>

== Origin and equivalents==
The Ashvins are an instance of the [[Proto-Indo-European religion|Indo-European]] [[Divine twins|divine horse twins]].{{Sfn|West|2007|p=187}}{{Sfn|Mallory|Adams|2006|p=432}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Comparative Mythology|last=Puhvel|first=Jaan|date=1987|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|isbn=0-8018-3938-6|location=Baltimore, Maryland|pages=58–61|author-link=Jaan Puhvel}}</ref> Reflexes in other Indo-European religions include the Lithuanian [[Ašvieniai]], the Latvian [[Dieva Dēli]], the Greek [[Castor and Pollux]]; and possibly the English [[Hengist and Horsa]], and the Welsh [[Bran the Blessed|Bran]] and [[Manawydan]].{{sfn|West|2007|p=187–191}}{{Sfn|Mallory|Adams|2006|p=432}} The first mention of the Nasatya twins is from a [[Mitanni-Aryan|Mitanni]] treaty (c.1350 BCE), between [[Šuppiluliuma I|Suppiluliuma]] and [[Shattiwaza]], respectively kings of the Hittites and the [[Mitanni]].<ref>KBo 1 1. {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/hittitediplomati00beck_0 |title=Hittite Diplomatic Texts|author=Gary M. Beckman|date=1999 |publisher=Scholars Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/hittitediplomati00beck_0/page/53 53]|isbn=9780788505515|url-access=registration}}. Excerpt http://www.heritageinstitute.com/zoroastrianism/ranghaya/suppiluliuma_shattiwaza_treaty.htm</ref>

==Literature and legends==
[[File:Birth of the Celestial Twins, Folio from a Harivamsha (Lineage of Vishnu) LACMA M.83.1.7 (1 of 2).jpg|thumb|upright|left|Birth of the Ashvins, a folio from the text ''[[Harivamsa|Harivamsha]]'']]

===Vedic texts===
The Ashvins are mentioned 398 times in the ''Rigveda'',<ref name=":0" /> with more than 50 hymns specifically dedicated to them: 1.3, 1.22, 1.34, 1.46–47, 1.112, 1.116–120, 1.157–158, 1.180–184, 2.20, 3.58, 4.43–45, 5.73–78, 6.62–63, 7.67–74, 8.5, 8.8–10, 8.22, 8.26, 8.35, 8.57, 8.73, 8.85–87, 10.24, 10.39–41, 10.143.{{Sfn|West|2007|p=187}}

{{Blockquote|text=Your chariot, o Aśvins, swifter than mind, drawn by good horses, comes to the clans.
By which (chariot) you go to the home of the good ritual performer, by that, o men, travel your course to us.
You free Atri, the seer of the five peoples, from narrow straits, from the earth cleft along with his band, o men—confounding the wiles of the merciless Dasyu, driving them out, one after another, o bulls.

O Aśvins—you men, you bulls—by the wondrous powers you draw back together the seer Rebha, who bobbed away in the waters, like a horse hidden by those of evil ways. Your ancient deeds do not grow old.
|multiline=yes|char=1.117.2–4|sign=|title=|source=The ''Rigveda'', translated by Stephanie W. Jamison (2014){{sfn|Jamison|Brereton|2014|pp=272–273}}
}}

According to the text, the Ashvins were born after the sun god [[Vivasvat]] and his wife [[Saranyu]] (Sanjna) engaged in love making in the form of a stallion and a mare respectively.{{sfn|Lang|1887}} The Ashvins are also called "''divó nápātā"'', which is variously translated as either "sons" or "grandsons" of Dyaush.{{sfn|West|2007|p=187–191}}{{Sfn|Parpola|2015a|pp=109–110}}<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Macdonell|first=Arthur Anthony|title=Vedic Mythology|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1897|pages=51}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last1=De Witt Griswold|first1=Harvey|title=The Religion of the Rigveda|last2=Farquhar|first2=J. N.|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1923|pages=262}}</ref> At one mention, the [[Indus River|Indus (Sindhu) River]] is stated to be their mother.{{sfn|Jamison|Brereton|2014|p=157}} Ashvins were the close companions of the Vedic mother goddess [[Ushas]] (dawn) and sometimes they are even mentioned as her sons.{{sfn|Kinsley|1988|p=6}} The marriage of the Ashvin brothers is narrated in the ''Sukta'' 117 of Rigveda. According to the legend, the sun god, Surya-[[Savitra]], had a daughter named Sūryā (with a long ā) and arranged a horse-race to choose her bridegroom. The Ashvins won the race and thus, both of them married Suryā.{{sfn|Mani|1975|p=71}}{{sfn|Jamison|Brereton|2014|p=48}}{{efn|Contradictory to this, some chapters of Rigveda suggest that Sūryā's bridegroom was the god Soma and the Ashvins were his friends.{{sfn|Kramrisch|Miller|1983|p=171}}}} [[Pushan]] is also stated to have chosen the Ashvins to be his fathers.<ref name=":2" />{{Sfn|Jamison|Brereton|2014|p=1522}}

The Ashvins are depicted as the helpers of mortals in various ''suktas'' of Rigveda. The ''sukta'' 112 describes that when the sage Dirghashravas prayed to Ashvins for rain, the twins poured sweet water from the sky. According to ''sukta'' 16, they also helped the sage Gotama, who was lost in a desert and begged for water. It is described that the gods dug a water well and helped the sage.{{sfn|Mani|1975|p=71}} According to another account, Rebha was bound, stabbed, and cast into the waters for nine days and ten nights before being saved by the twins. He was explicitly described as "dead" when the twins "raised (him) up" to save him (''RV'' 10.39.9). Similarly, Bhujyu was saved after his father or evil companions abandoned him at sea when the twins brought him home from the dead ancestors (''RV,'' 1.119.4).{{Sfn|Frame|2009|p=}}

The Ashvins also raised Vandana, rescued Atri from a fissure in the earth and its heat, found Vishnapu and returned him to his father, restored the youth of Kali, brought Kamadyū as a wife for Vimada, gave a son to Vadhrimatī (whose husband was a steer), restored the eyesight of Rijrashva, replaced the foot of [[Vishpala]] with a metal one, made the cow Śayu give milk, gave a horse to Pedu, and put a horse's head on [[Dadhichi|Dadhyañc]].{{sfn|Jamison|Brereton|2014|p=48}} According to the ''[[Shatapatha Brahmana]]'', Ashvins once tried to seduce [[Sukanya]], the daughter of king Saryati and wife of an old sage named [[Chyavana]]. However, she refused and claimed that the twins were imperfect and told them to restore the youth of Chyavana. Desperate to know the reason for her words, they fulfilled her condition and the sage finally revealed that Ashvins were excluded from a [[yajna]] (fire sacrifice) performed by the gods, and thus, they were incomplete. Ashvins went to the sacrifice but the gods don't accept, claiming that the Ashvins were spending too much time with the mortals. After many attempts of explanation, they were finally accepted.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FeAyMeaRwtMC&q=chyavana+sukanya&pg=PA342|title = "The" Vishnu Purana; 3: A System of Hindu Mythology and Tradition; Translated from the Original Sanskrit, and Illustrated by Notes Derived Chiefly from Other Puranas|year = 1866|last1 = Wilson|first1 = Horace H.}}</ref> The Ashvins are sometimes presented as fierce deities. In the ''sukta'' 117, they even destroyed an ''[[asura]]'' Vishvaka as well as his dynasty.{{sfn|Mani|1975|p=71}}

=== Post-Vedic text ===
In the post-Vedic texts of Hinduism, the Ashvins remain significant, and in these texts, one of them is referred as Nasatya and the other one is known as Darsa. Many of their legends are rewritten in various texts like the epic ''[[Mahabharata]]'', ''[[Harivansha|Harivamsha]],'' and the ''[[Puranas]]''.

According to these texts, Sanjna, daughter of [[Vishvakarma]], was married to Surya, but she was unable to bear his heat and decided to abandon him. She ran away and roamed in the forest of northern [[Kuru kingdom]] in the form of a mare. The ''[[Vishnu Purana]]'' adds that she performed austerities in the forest to gain control over Surya's heat. After Surya discovered Sanjna's disappearance, he located her and had sex with her in the form of a stallion. Sanjna gave birth to the twins.{{sfn|Mani|1975|p=69}} Rarely, in some ''Purana''s, Ashvins are mentioned as the sons (creation) of the god [[Brahma]].{{sfn|Dalal|2010|p=64}}

These texts also elaborate the story of [[Chyavana]], which was first narrated in [[Brahmanas]].{{sfn|Dalal|2010|p=100}} In this version, [[Sukanya]]—the beautiful daughter of the king Saryati—accidentally blinded the old Chyavana, who was performing austerities. She married him to save her kingdom from his wrath and served him dutifully.{{sfn|Mani|1975|p=69}} While traveling on their chariot, the Ashvins saw Sukanya in a forest and tried to seduce her. They asked her to choose one of them as her new husband, but she refused and remained faithful to Chyavana. The twins were impressed by her chastity and asked her to wish anything. Upon their request, she told them to restore the youth and sight of Chyavana. Ashvins agreed but they had a condition. After curing Chyavana, they would also take similar form and she would have to identify Chyavana. Sukanya showed her consent after getting permission from her husband. Ashvins took Chyavana into a lake and cured him. When a young Chyavana emerged from the lake, Ashvins also took forms similar to him and Sukanya successfully identified her husband.{{sfn|Mani|1975|p=70}}{{sfn|Dalal|2010|p=101}}

The ''Mahabharata'' also narrates about the birth of Nakula and Sahadeva, who were the "spiritual sons" of the Ashvins. According to the epic, king [[Pandu]] was unable to make love to his wives due to a curse and didn't have any heir. So, he advised his wives, [[Kunti]] and [[Madri]], to invoke various gods and ask for sons. Ashvins Nasatya and Darsa blessed Madri with [[Nakula]] and [[Sahadeva]], respectively.{{sfn|Mani|1975|p=71}}<ref>Hindu World: An Encyclopedic Survey of Hinduism. Volume II M-Z. Benjamin Walker. Routledge. 2019. Entry: "Pandava"</ref>

== Associations ==
[[File:Thewakamnoet (1959, p. 147).jpg|thumb|upright|Thai depiction of the Horse-faced Ashvins on a chariot (1959)]]

The Ashvins are often associated with rescuing mortals and bringing them back to life.<ref>{{Harvnb|Frame|2009}}, §1.43.</ref>{{efn|See [[#Vedic texts]] section of Literature and legends}} The ''[[Rigveda]]'' also describes the Ashvins as "bringing light": they gave "light-bringing help" (''svàrvatīr''…''ūtī́r'', 1.119.8) to Bhujyu, and "raised (Rebha) up to see the sun" (''úd''…''aírayataṃ svàr dṛśé'', 1.112.5).<ref>{{Harvnb|Frame|2009}}, §1.44.</ref>{{Sfn|West|2007|p=187}}

The Ashvins are associated with honey, which was likely offered to them in a sacrifice. They are the chief deities in the [[Pravargya|Pravargya rite]], in which they are offered hot milk. They are also associated with the morning pressing of [[Soma (drink)|Soma]], because they are dual deities, along with [[Indra]]-[[Vayu|Vāyu]] and [[Mitra (Vedic)|Mitra]]-[[Varuna|Varuṇa]]. They also are the last deities to receive Soma in the Atirātra, or Overnight Soma Ritual.{{sfn|Jamison|Brereton|2014|p=47}}

The Ashvins are invoked at dawn, the time of their principal sacrifice, and have a close connection with the dawn goddess, [[Ushas|Uṣas]]: she is bidden to awaken them (8.9.17), they follow her in their chariot (8.5.2), she is born when they hitch their steeds (10.39.12), and their chariot is once said to arrive before her (1.34.10). They are consequently associated with the "return from darkness": the twins are called "darkness slayers" (''tamohánā'', 3.39.3), they are invoked with the formula "you who have made light for mankind" (''yā́v''...''jyótir jánāya cakráthuḥ'', 1.92.17), and their horses and chariot are described as "uncovering the covered darkness" (''aporṇuvántas táma ā́ párīvṛtam'', 4.45.2).<ref>{{Harvnb|Frame|2009}}, §1.45.</ref>

The chariot of the Ashvins is repeatedly mentioned in the ''Rigveda''. Their chariot has three chariot-boxes, three wheels, three turnings, and three wheel rims. The emphasis on the number 3 is symbolized in the sacrifice with its three soma pressings. The chariot is pulled by bulls, buffaloes, horses, birds, geese, and falcons. The chariot allows the Ashvins to be quick and mobile and travel to a number of places, which is necessary to fulfill their role of rescuing people. Sūryā, the daughter of the Sun, is sometimes mentioned as the wife of the Ashvins, and she rides with them in their chariot.{{sfn|Jamison|Brereton|2014|p=48}}

It is also believed that the Ashvins were the first one to prepare the [[Chyawanprash|''chayavanprasham'']] formulation for Sage [[Chyavana]] believed in local tradition to be located at his [[ashram]] on [[Dhosi Hill]] near [[Narnaul]], [[Haryana]], [[India]], the etymology behind the modern rendering of ''chyavanprash''.<ref>Panda, H; ''Handbook on Ayurvedic Medicines With Formulae, Processes And Their Uses'', 2004, p10 {{ISBN|978-81-86623-63-3}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Ašvieniai]], counterparts in [[Lithuanian mythology]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book|last=Dalal|first=Roshen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC&q=Ashvins+brahma|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|date=2010|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-341421-6|language=en}}
* {{Cite web|last=Frame|first=Douglas|title=Hippota Nestor - 3. Vedic|date=2009|url=https://chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/display/5466.ch-3-vedic|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920133941/https://chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/display/5466.ch-3-vedic|archive-date=20 September 2019|website=Center for Hellenic Studies}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Jamison |first1=Stephanie W. |last2=Brereton |first2=Joel P. |title=The Rigveda: The Earliest Religious Poetry of India|date=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-937018-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1-PRAwAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite book |last=Kinsley |first=David |title=Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition|url=https://archive.org/details/hindugoddessesvi0000kins |url-access=registration|year=1988|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-90883-3|pages=[https://archive.org/details/hindugoddessesvi0000kins/page/7 7]–8}}
*{{cite book|last1=Kramrisch|first1=Stella|author-link1=Stella Kramrisch|last2=Miller|first2=Barbara Stoler|author-link2=Barbara Stoler Miller|editor-last1=Miller|editor-first1=Barbara Stoler|editor-link1=Barbara Stoler Miller| year=1983|title=Exploring India's sacred art : selected writings of Stella Kramrisch|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bxPeWwFz9MkC&q=S%C5%ABry%C4%81+asvins&pg=PP197|url-access=subscription|language=en-us|edition=1|location=[[Philadelphia|Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]]|publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press]]|page=171|isbn=9780812278569|oclc=9066740|access-date= }}
* {{Cite book|last=Lang|first=Andrew|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ClcWhh1eYPEC&q=Vivasvat+a%C5%9Bvins&pg=PA156|title=Myth, Ritual and Religion|date=1887|publisher=Longmans, Green |language=en}} Reprint: {{ISBN|978-1-77441-377-7}}.
* {{Cite book|title=The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World|last1=Mallory|first1=James P.|last2=Adams|first2=Douglas Q.|date=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-929668-2|location=Oxford, England|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tF5wAAAAIAAJ}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mani |first=Vettam |date=1975 |title=Puranic Encyclopaedia: A Comprehensive Dictionary with Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature |location=Delhi |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |pages=[https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft/page/69/mode/2up 69] |oclc=1051762072}}
* {{Cite book|last=Parpola|first=Asko|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DagXCgAAQBAJ|title=The Roots of Hinduism: The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization|date=2015a|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-022693-0|language=en|author-link=Asko Parpola}}
* {{Cite book|last=West|first=Martin L.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXrJA_5LKlYC|title=Indo-European Poetry and Myth|date=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-928075-9 |author-link=Martin Litchfield West}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin}}
* ''[[Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend]]'' by Anna L. Dallapiccola. {{ISBN|0-500-51088-1}}.
* {{Cite journal |last1=Bosch |first1=F. D. K. |title=De Aśvin-goden en de epische tweelingen in de oudjavaanse kunst en literatuur |trans-title=The Aśvin godlings and the epic twins in old-javanese art and literature |language=nl |journal=Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde |date=1967 |volume=123 |issue=4 |pages=427–441 |doi=10.1163/22134379-90002890 |id={{ProQuest|1130862317}} |jstor=27860895 |doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Chakravarty |first1=Uma |title=The Aśvins: an Incarnation of the Universal Twinship Motif |journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |date=1989 |volume=70 |issue=1/4 |pages=137–143 |jstor=41693465 }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Jamison |first1=S. W. |title=Review of Les Nāsatya, Volume II |journal=Indo-Iranian Journal |date=2002 |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=347–350 |doi=10.1163/000000002124994928 |jstor=24664156 }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Mitra |first1=Jyotir |title=Ashvins, the Twin Celestial Physicians, and Their Medical Skill |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=1984 |volume=45 |pages=220–228 |jstor=44140202 }}
* {{Cite book |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190226909.003.0011 |chapter=The Aśvins as Funerary Gods |title=The Roots of Hinduism |year=2015b |last1=Parpola |first1=Asko |pages=117–129 |isbn=978-0-19-022690-9 }}
* {{Cite web |last=Parva|first=Paushya|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01004.htm|title=Section III (Paushya Parva|pages=32–33|access-date=1 November 2013|publisher=Sacred Texts}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}

{{Rigveda}}
{{HinduMythology}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Asvins}}
[[Category:Characters in the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Children of Surya]]
[[Category:Divine twins]]
[[Category:Health deities]]
[[Category:Health gods]]
[[Category:Hindu gods]]
[[Category:Mythological duos]]
[[Category:Rigvedic deities]]
[[Category:Savior gods]]

Pathankot

2026-03-22T13:56:33Z

BrandonNewquist: small changes

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2012}}
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| leader_name4 = sh. Amit Vij
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Hindi]]
}}

'''Pathankot''' ({{IPA|pa|pə.ʈʰäːn.koːʈᵊ|-}}) is a city and the district headquarters of the [[Pathankot district]] in [[Punjab, India]]. Pathankot is the sixth most populous city of Punjab, after [[Ludhiana]], [[Amritsar]], [[Jalandhar]], [[Patiala]] and [[Bathinda]]. Its local government is a municipal corporation. Pathankot is located in the northern-most part of Punjab and shares an international border with the [[Narowal District]] of Pakistan's Punjab province to its northwest.

==History==
{{unsourced section|date=January 2026}}
=== Ancient period ===
[[File:Coin of Dharaghosha king of the Audumbaras.jpg|thumb|left|Coin of Dharaghosha, king of the [[Audumbaras]], in the [[Indo-Greek]] style, circa 100 BCE.<ref name="Rapson" /> '''Obv:''' Standing figure, probably of [[Vishvamitra]], [[Kharoshthi]] legend, around: ''Mahadevasa Dharaghoshasa/Odumbarisa'' "Great Lord King Dharaghosha/Prince of Audumabara", across: ''Viçvamitra'' "Vishvamitra". '''Rev:''' Trident battle-axe, tree with railing, [[Brahmi]] legend identical in content to the obverse.<ref name="Rapson">Ancient India, from the earliest times to the first century, A.D. by Rapson, E. J. p.154 [https://archive.org/details/ancientindiafrom00raps]</ref>]]In the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' and in the works of [[Sanskrit]] grammarian and linguistic scholar Panini, the region is also mentioned as Audumbara, which was classified as Ayudhajivi sangha (warrior community).
Numerous coins of great antiquity related to Ancient Audumbara Kingdom were found at various sites of Pathankot.

=== Medieval Period ===
In the medieval period from 11th century CE to the 16th century, Pathankot was the first capital of [[Nurpur State]] (present-day [[Himachal Pradesh]]), which was earlier known as Dhameri, a corruption of Audumbari.

=== Mughal period ===
Pathankot's name was changed From Dhameri To Nurpur during [[Shah Jahan]]'s reign. The [[Pathania]] clan of native Pahadi [[Rajputs]] of the region derived its name from Pathankot, which was known as Paithan.

=== Under Sikh empire ===
Pathankot was invaded by Jarnail Jai Singh Kanhaiya of Kanhaiya Misl and was annexed from the ruling Pathania Rajput clan and merged with Punjab during [[Maharaja Ranjit Singh]]'s rule. [[Moran Sarkar]], a Muslim dancing girl Ranjit Singh married, lived in a fortress in Pathankot from 1811 till her demise.

=== Colonial period ===
Pathankot was merged with Gurdaspur district in 1853; prior to that, it was part of Kangra after British annexed the hill regions from Sikhs after the First Anglo-Sikh War in 1845.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}

===After independence===
During partition, the initial plan by the border demarcation committee was to place Pathankot (part of Gurdaspur district that time) in Pakistan and Shakargarh district in India. However, Shakargarh district was finally given to Pakistan and Gurdaspur district (along with Pathankot) was given to India.

==Geography==
[[File:Pathankot City 2.jpg|thumb|Pathankot City]]
Pathankot has an average elevation of {{convert|332|m|ft}}. It is a green town surrounded by the [[Ravi River|Ravi]] and [[Chakki river|Chakki]] rivers. [[Shiwalik Hills|Shiwalik]] foothills on the south and east and snow-capped [[Himalayas]] in the back drop in north.

===Average temperature===
* '''Spring''': The climate remains the most enjoyable part of the year during the spring season (from mid-February to mid-April). Temperatures vary between (max) 16 °C to 25 °C and (min) 9 °C to 18 °C.
* '''Autumn''': In autumn (from mid-September to mid November.), the temperature may rise to a maximum of 30 °C. Temperatures usually remain between 16° and 27° in autumn. The minimum temperature is around 11 °C.
* '''Summer''': The temperature in summer (from mid-May to mid-June) may rise to a maximum of 46 °C (rarely). Temperatures generally remain between {{convert|34|and|46|C|F}}.
* '''Monsoon''': During monsoon(from mid-June to mid-September), Pathankot receives moderate to heavy rainfall and sometimes heavy to very heavy rainfall (generally during the month of August or September). Usually, the rain bearing monsoon winds blow from south-west/ south-east. Mostly, the city receives heavy rain from south (which is mainly a persistent rain) but it generally receives most of its rain during monsoon either from North-west or North-east. Maximum amount of rain received by the city of Pathankot during monsoon season is 195.5 mm in a single day.
* '''Winter''': Winters (November to mid-March) are mild but it can sometimes get quite chilly in Pathankot. Average temperatures in the winter remain at (max) 7 °C to 15 °C and (min) 0 °C to 8 °C. Rain usually comes from the west during winters and it is usually a persistent rain for 2–3 days with sometimes hail-storms. Pathankot experienced snowfall in 2012 after almost 55 years.{{Citation needed|date=January 2015}}

{{Weather box
|location = Pathankot
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|Jan record high C = 28
|Feb record high C = 29
|Mar record high C = 35
|Apr record high C = 43
|May record high C = 46
|Jun record high C = 49
|Jul record high C = 46
|Aug record high C = 41
|Sep record high C = 40
|Oct record high C = 40
|Nov record high C = 35
|Dec record high C = 29
|year record high C = 49
|Jan high C = 18
|Feb high C = 21
|Mar high C = 26
|Apr high C = 33
|May high C = 37
|Jun high C = 39
|Jul high C = 34
|Aug high C = 33
|Sep high C = 33
|Oct high C = 31
|Nov high C = 25
|Dec high C = 19
|year high C =
|Jan mean C =
|Feb mean C =
|Mar mean C =
|Apr mean C =
|May mean C =
|Jun mean C =
|Jul mean C =
|Aug mean C =
|Sep mean C =
|Oct mean C =
|Nov mean C =
|Dec mean C =
|Jan low C = 8
|Feb low C = 11
|Mar low C = 16
|Apr low C = 22
|May low C = 26
|Jun low C = 29
|Jul low C = 28
|Aug low C = 28
|Sep low C = 26
|Oct low C = 21
|Nov low C = 14
|Dec low C = 9
|year low C =
|Jan record low C = -4
|Feb record low C = 0
|Mar record low C = 4
|Apr record low C = 10
|May record low C = 15
|Jun record low C = 19
|Jul record low C = 19
|Aug record low C = 20
|Sep record low C = 19
|Oct record low C = 9
|Nov record low C = 4
|Dec record low C = -1
|year record low C = -4
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 71
|Feb precipitation mm = 80
|Mar precipitation mm = 81
|Apr precipitation mm = 46
|May precipitation mm = 34
|Jun precipitation mm = 78
|Jul precipitation mm = 356
|Aug precipitation mm = 370
|Sep precipitation mm = 140
|Oct precipitation mm = 25
|Nov precipitation mm = 16
|Dec precipitation mm = 38
|year precipitation mm =
|Jan precipitation days = 5
|Feb precipitation days = 7
|Mar precipitation days = 8
|Apr precipitation days = 5
|May precipitation days = 3
|Jun precipitation days = 4
|Jul precipitation days = 12
|Aug precipitation days = 13
|Sep precipitation days = 8
|Oct precipitation days = 2
|Nov precipitation days = 1
|Dec precipitation days = 3
|date=August 2014}}
[[File:View of Ravi river from Nurpur fort.jpg|thumb|View of Ravi river (approaching Pathankot) from Nurpur fort]]Pathankot/Dera Baba has been ranked 26th best “National Clean Air City” under (Category 3 population under 3 lakhs cities) in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2024 |title=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024 |url=https://prana.cpcb.gov.in/ncapServices/robust/fetchFilesFromDrive/Swachh_Vayu_Survekshan_2024_Result.pdf |website=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024 |access-date=25 September 2024 |archive-date=14 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914164336/https://prana.cpcb.gov.in/ncapServices/robust/fetchFilesFromDrive/Swachh_Vayu_Survekshan_2024_Result.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Politics==
The city is part of the [[Pathankot Assembly Constituency]].

==Facilities==
Government of Pathankot had constructed 4 public toilets in 2018 but they had been opened for only 6 days so as to get good rankings in surveys. You can find them at various places where they charge you 10/- but you can avail general conveniences in a clean environment<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://epaper.bhaskar.com/pathankot-bhaskar/69/14032021/cph/0/|title=14-03-2021 : Pathankot Bhaskar ePaper: Read Pathankot Bhaskar Local Hindi Newspaper Online, Page 1}}{{dead link|date=May 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

==Transport==
Pathankot is connected by rail and road with the rest of the country. Pathankot is connected by a network of private and public-sector bus services to other cities in Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi, Haryana, Jammu and Kashmir. Destinations include Delhi, Manali Chandigarh, Jammu, Dharamshala, Dalhousie and Amritsar. Pathankot is used as a gateway for Chamba and Kangra Valley in [[Himachal Pradesh]] and for various locations in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] like Jammu City Mansar Lake, Surinsar Lake, Srinagar, Udhampur, Holy Cave at Amarnath, Patni Top and Holy Cave of Mata Vaishno Devi (Katra) 155 km away from Pathankot.

One can take an [[auto rickshaw]] or a [[cycle rickshaw]].

Traffic management is poor in the city. No traffic lights exist in the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/punjab/pathankot/news/sign-boards-in-38-places-in-the-city-no-white-and-yellow-lines-in-32-places-traffic-lights-have-been-closed-for-many-years-not-even-zebra-crossing-080059-6392561.html |title=Pathankot News Sign Boards In 38 Places In The City No White And Yellow Lines In 32 Places Traffic Lights Have Been Closed For Many Years Not Even Zebra Crossing |date=April 2022}}</ref>

===By Air===
* [[Pathankot Airport]] is a domestic airport serving Pathankot with scheduled flight operations to/from [[New Delhi]] by [[Alliance Air (India)|Alliance Air]] under the [[UDAN]] Scheme. The nearest International Airport, is in [[Amritsar]].

===Train===
[[Pathankot Railway Station]] under A-category. Pathankot is a major railroad junction. Lines from [[Amritsar]] (2 hrs) and [[Delhi]] (8 hrs) merge here, and all services to [[Jammu]] (2 hrs) pass through. In addition to Pathankot station itself, there is a second station called '''Chakki Bank''' renamed [[Pathankot Cantt Railway Station|Pathankot Cantt]] 4 km away, which serves some express trains that do not stop in Pathankot station. Nowadays the majority of the Jammu trains stop only at Pathankot Cantt Railway Station<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiarailinfo.com/departures/pathankot-cantt-ptkc/10206|title=PTKC/Pathankot Cantt (3 PFs) Railway Station - Train Departure Timings - India Rail Info}}</ref> and not at Pathankot Railway Station.

Pathankot has direct train links with [[Delhi]], [[Jammu]] and other Indian cities. All trains going to [[Jammu]] pass through Pathankot Cantt Station. Trains include Rajdhani, Swaraj Express, Pooja Express, Shri Shakti Express. Super fast trains do not serve Pathankot Station. The distance from Pathankot & Pathankot Cant Railway station is 4 km.

Pathankot is also served by the narrow-gauge [[Kangra Valley Railway]] (a.k.a. ''Kangra Toy Train'') built by the British, which travels 128 km to [[Joginder Nagar]] via [[Palampur]] and [[Kangra district|Kangra]] (near Dharamsala)., The luxury ''Kangra Queen'' services were terminated in 2003, leaving about six departures daily of slow, often crowded second class trains, taking over six hours. Bookings for these can only be done in-person at Pathankot station. Some of these trains run to Baijnath Paprola and a few to Joginder Nagar. The main stations on this line include Kangra and Palampur. The town is the lower terminus of the [[Kangra Valley Railway]], thereby connecting the mountainous regions of western [[Himachal Pradesh]] to the network of [[Indian Railways]].

===Bus===
Maharana Pratap Inter State Bus Terminal Pathankot is close to Pathankot railway station.
Public buses to [[Dharamshala]] [[Dalhousie, India|Dalhousie]] take 3–4 hours. while buses to [[Amritsar]] take 3 hours.
Dalhousie, a famous destination for honeymoon couples is 80 km from Pathankot.
The Hindu Pilgrimage Vaishno devi is 160 km from Pathankot.
Chandigarh is 4–5 hours away. It is well connected with bus services from Punjab roadways, Haryana Roadways, Himachal Roadways J&K transport, and private AC volvo buses.

One can stop over in Pathankot en route to Gurdaspur (35 km), [[Mukerian]] (40), [[Joginder Nagar]] (149 km), Dharamshala (88 km), Dalhousie (100 km), Amritsar (108), [[Palampur]] (112 km), Chamba (100 km) & Jammu (100 km), Hoshiarpur (100 km), Kangra (86 km), Jalandhar (108 km), Srinagar (400 km) all in different directions from Pathankot via [[Jalandhar]]-[[Srinagar]] National highway (NH-44), [[Dabwali]]-Pathankot National highway (NH-54) and Pathankot-[[Mandi, Himachal Pradesh|Mandi]] National highway (NH-154).

==Economy==

Pathankot’s economy is primarily driven by [[agriculture]], [[trade]], and [[Transport|transportation]]. The region is known for producing crops like [[wheat]], [[maize]], and [[Lychee|litchi]], benefiting from its fertile soil and favorable climate. Its strategic location makes it a key trading hub connecting [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] with [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]] and [[Himachal Pradesh]]. Small-scale industries, local trade markets, and tourism also contribute significantly to the city’s economic activities.

'''Litchi Production'''

Pathankot is a key litchi-growing region in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], with a seasonal [[harvest]] in late spring. Its [[Litchi|litchi cultivation]] supports local farmers and contributes to [[Export|exports]]. The Punjab government has taken initiatives to boost [[horticulture]] and enhance market access, addressing challenges like pests and price fluctuations to improve productivity and profitability.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Y. P. |date=2024-06-30 |title=Mann Govt achieves another milestone, exports first shipment of Punjab's litchi to England |url=https://yespunjab.com/mann-govt-achieves-another-milestone-exports-first-shipment-of-punjabs-litchi-to-england/ |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=Yes Punjab News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-07 |title=From layoff to litchi: How a Pathankot youth finally tasted success |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/litchi-layoff-punjab-youth-pathankot-farming-horticulture-exports-9437720/ |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Demographics==
As per data of 2011 census Pathankot urban agglomeration had a population of 159,909, out of which males were 84,145 and females were 75,764. The literacy rate was 88.71 per cent.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf | title = Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above |work= Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011 |access-date = 7 July 2012 }}</ref>

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Pathankot City<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/5-pathankot.html|title=Pathankot City Population Census 2011 - Punjab}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|DarkOrange|88.89}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|DarkKhaki|8.05}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|DodgerBlue|1.73}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|Green|0.38}}
{{bar percent|Others|Grey|0.95}}}}

Most common language here is [[Punjabi Language|Punjabi]], [[Hindi]].

==Sports==
On 8 November 2014, Punjab Deputy CM Sukhbir Singh Badal laid the foundation stone for a stadium in Pathankot. But even after 6 years, the stadium is still incomplete. Sportspeople struggle to get any facilities in Pathankot. There are no proper grounds to practice. So they go to other cities, while most of the young population pursue other careers.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Five months on, work yet to begin on Pathankot stadium|url = http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/community/five-months-on-work-yet-to-begin-on-pathankot-stadium/60421.html |website = www.tribuneindia.com |access-date = 2 January 2016}}</ref>

==Notable sites==
'''Keshopur Chhamb''' is home to many Migratory Birds and is only major natural wetland in the state.

*There is a fortress called the '''Nurpur Fort''' built by the [[Pathania]] [[Rajputs]], more than 900 years ago. The temple is also built there named '''Brij Raj Swami''' devoted to Lord Krishna and Mira Bai, the only place where idols of both are worshipped. It was damaged due to the earthquake which struck in 1905 A.D., 25 km from Pathankot. It is 25 km away from Pathankot.

The Union Ministry for Forests, Environment and Climate Change has given the long-awaited signal to develop the twin islands of Kalara and Palangi, located in the midst of the Ranjit Sagar Dam Lake.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/twin-islands-in-pathankot-set-to-boost-tourism-127213|title = Twin islands in Pathankot set to boost tourism}}</ref>

==Notable people==
{{sister project links|Pathankot}}


* [[Amanpreet Ahluwalia]] (racing driver)
* [[Dev Anand]] (actor)
* [[Sunny Deol]] ([[Member of parliament#India|MP]])<ref name="india.gov.in">{{Cite web|url=http://india.gov.in/my-government/indian-parliament/vinod-khanna|title = National Portal of India}}</ref>
* [[Siddarth Kaul]] (cricketer)
* [[Jagmohan Kaur]] (singer)
* [[Vinod Khanna]] ([[Member of parliament#India|MP]])<ref name="india.gov.in"/>
* [[Master Mohan Lal]] (Ex. MLA)
* [[Rajindar Nath Rehbar]] (poet (Shaayar in Urdu) and lyricist)
* [[Rajbeer Singh]] (actor)

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Pathankot district}}
{{Punjab, India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pathankot}}
[[Category:Pathankot| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Pathankot district]]

Sikandar Shah Miri

2026-03-17T05:04:54Z

BrandonNewquist:

{{Short description|Sultan of Kashmir from 1389 to 1413}}
{{distinguish|text=[[Sikandar Lodhi]], the Afghan Sultan of Delhi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Sikandar Shah
| succession = 7th [[Kashmir Sultanate|Sultan of Kashmir]]
| title = Sultan of Kashmir Sikandar the Idol Breaker Shah
| image = Tanka Coin of Sikandar Shah Miri.png
| caption = [[History of the taka|Tanka coin]] of Sikandar Shah, {{circa|1394}}
| reign = {{Nowrap|24 August 1389 – 31 May 1413}}
| coronation = 1389
| predecessor = [[Qutbu'd-Din Shah]]
| successor = [[Ali Shah Miri|Ali Shah]]
| spouse =
| issue = [[Ali Shah Miri|Ali Shah]] [[Zayn al-Abidin the Great|Shahi Khan]]
| full name = Sikandar Shah Miri
| dynasty = [[Shah Mir dynasty]]
| royal anthem =
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]] ([[Hanafi]])
| father =
| mother =
| birth_name = Shingara
| birth_date = 1380
| birth_place = [[Srinagar]], [[Kashmir Sultanate]] (present-day [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]], India)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1413|05|31|1380|||df=yes}}
| death_place = Srinagar, Kashmir Sultanate (present-day Jammu and Kashmir, India)
| buried =
| signature =
}}

'''Sikandar Shah Miri''' ({{langx|ks|{{nq|سلطان سِکَندَر شَاہ میٖرِی}}}}, {{langx|fa|{{nq|سلطان سکندر شاہ مِیرِی}}}}; 1380 – 31 May 1413), also known by his sobriquet '''Sikandar But-shikan''' ([[Literal translation|lit.]] Sikandar the Iconoclast) or [[Idol destroying|Idol Breaker]],<ref name=":5">{{Cite thesis |last=Obrock |first=Luther James |title=Translation and History: The Development of a Kashmiri Textual Tradition from ca. 1000-1500 |date=2015 |degree= |publisher=UC Berkeley |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/68q7m3vv |doi=}}</ref> was the seventh [[Kashmir Sultanate|Sultan of Kashmir]] and a member of [[Shah Mir dynasty]] who ruled from 1389 until his death in 1413.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Hasan |first=Mohibbul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EUlwmXjE9DQC |title=Kashmīr Under the Sultāns |date=2005 |publisher=Aakar Books |isbn=978-81-87879-49-7 |location= |pages=59–95 |language=en |author-link=Mohibbul Hasan}}</ref>

== Sources ==
The only contemporaneous source that exists is the [[Rajatarangini]] (lit. Flow of Succession of Kings) by Jonaraja.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":9">{{Cite book|last=Slaje|first=Walter|url=https://www.academia.edu/42710523|title=Kingship in Kaśmīr (AD 1148‒1459) From the Pen of Jonarāja, Court Paṇḍit to Sulṭān Zayn al-'Ābidīn|publisher=|year=2014|isbn=978-3869770888|series=Studia Indologica Universitatis Halensis - 7|location=Germany|pages=28–29, 36, 155–173, 185–189, 201–203, 213–215}}</ref> Jonaraja was the Brahmin court-poet of Sikandar's successor [[Zayn al-Abidin the Great|Zain-ul-Abidin]] and was commissioned to continue [[Kalhana]]'s Rajatarangini.<ref name=":9" /> One manuscript of his work—edited between 1561 and 1588 by an anonymous person using information from other sources—emends certain portions of the text in the margins; he is conventionally called {{tooltip|Pseud. J.|Pseudonymous Jonaraja}} (and the work, Ps-JRT) in scholarship.<ref name=":9" />

Extant Persian sources, including {{Wj}}[[Baharistan-i-shahi]] (anon.), [[Tohfatu'l-Ahbab]] (anon.) and [[Tarikh-i-Kashmir#Surviving histories|Tarikh-i-Kashmir corpus]], were written relatively later and drew from recensions of Rajatarangini(s) but they provide considerable additional information.<ref name=":2" /> These were later used by authors starting from [[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak|Abul Fazl]], the first chronicler from outside Kashmir and [[Nizamuddin Ahmad]] to [[Muhammed Azam Didamari|independent Persian chroniclers]] to colonial historians and Kashmiri Pandits, with different ideological proclivities, to produce varying strands of histories suiting different sociopolitical goals.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Zutshi|first=Chitralekha|title=Kashmir's Contested Pasts: Narratives, Sacred Geographies, and the Historical Imagination|date=2014-07-07|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-945067-1|location=|pages=|chapter=A Literary Paradise : The Tarikh Tradition in Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century Kashmir|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199450671.003.0003|chapter-url=https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199450671.001.0001/acprof-9780199450671-chapter-3}}</ref>

== Background ==
The Shah Miri dynasty likely descended from either Khasa chieftains of Panjgabbar valley or Kohistani Dards from Swat; Shah Mir himself was the first to settle in Kashmir.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Slaje|first=Walter|url=https://www.academia.edu/42709412|title=Brahma's Curse : Facets of Political and Social Violence in Premodern Kashmir|publisher=|year=2019|isbn=978-3-86977-199-1|series=Studia Indologica Universitatis Halensis - 13|location=|pages=30–40|chapter=What Does it Mean to Smash an Idol? Iconoclasm in Medieval Kashmir as Reflected by Contemporaneous Sanskrit Sources}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=AHMAD|first=AZIZ|title=Conversions to Islam in the Valley of Kashmir |author-link=Aziz Ahmad (writer)|date=1979|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41927246|journal=Central Asiatic Journal|volume=23|issue=1/2|pages=3–18|jstor=41927246 |issn=0008-9192|via=}}</ref>{{Efn|Jonaraja notes Shah Mir to be the grandson of one Kuru Shah. He had (apparently) received a divine premonition from Mahadevi about Kashmir being the rightful territory of his lineage.}} He began to serve in the royal court of the fledgling Deva Dynasty and before long, became the prime-minister of Suhadeva.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last=Khan|first=Mohammad Ishaq|date=1986-06-01|title=The impact of Islam on Kashmir in the Sultanate period (1320-1586)|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/001946468602300203|journal=The Indian Economic & Social History Review|language=en|volume=23|issue=2|pages=187–205|doi=10.1177/001946468602300203|s2cid=144039616 |issn=0019-4646|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Soon, he leveraged a power-vacuum in the wake of a crippling Mongol raid to help [[Rinchan]], a Buddhist from Ladakh, usurp the throne and after his death, waged a successful war against widow Kota Rani to claim the kingdom for himself.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" />

The Shah Miris actively patronaged Islam (esp. Sufism) and led to the formation of a new social order that chipped away at Brahminic Hinduism.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last=Khan|first=Mohammad Ishaq|date=1986-06-01|title=The impact of Islam on Kashmir in the Sultanate period (1320-1586)|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/001946468602300203|journal=The Indian Economic & Social History Review|language=en|volume=23|issue=2|pages=187–205|doi=10.1177/001946468602300203|s2cid=144039616 |issn=0019-4646|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> A contemporary [[Kashmir Shaivism|Shaivite]] mystic [[Lalleshwari|Lal Ded]] borrowed from Sufism and local cults to attack core tenets of Brahminism and likely serviced conversion to Islam among the lower strata of society.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last=Khan|first=Mohammad Ishaq|date=1986-06-01|title=The impact of Islam on Kashmir in the Sultanate period (1320-1586)|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/001946468602300203|journal=The Indian Economic & Social History Review|language=en|volume=23|issue=2|pages=187–205|doi=10.1177/001946468602300203|s2cid=144039616 |issn=0019-4646|url-access=subscription}}</ref>{{efn|Ded was critical of untouchability, idol-worship etc.<ref name=":12" /> She will in turn influence equally influential Sufi [[Rishi order|Rishis]] like [[Nund Rishi|Nund]] et al., who were more proactive to the cause of Islam.<ref name=":12" /> All of these figures continue to remain influential among both Hindus and Muslims of modern Kashmir.}} By Sikandar's time, a considerable section of the populace had already adopted Islam.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last=Khan|first=Mohammad Ishaq|date=1986-06-01|title=The impact of Islam on Kashmir in the Sultanate period (1320-1586)|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/001946468602300203|journal=The Indian Economic & Social History Review|language=en|volume=23|issue=2|pages=187–205|doi=10.1177/001946468602300203|s2cid=144039616 |issn=0019-4646|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Nonetheless, the Kings continued to actively patronage Hinduism: Alaud'din had commissioned a Hindu Matha and Qutubu'd-Din had held royal yajnas.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last=Khan|first=Mohammad Ishaq|date=1986-06-01|title=The impact of Islam on Kashmir in the Sultanate period (1320-1586)|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/001946468602300203|journal=The Indian Economic & Social History Review|language=en|volume=23|issue=2|pages=187–205|doi=10.1177/001946468602300203|s2cid=144039616 |issn=0019-4646|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

=== Birth and ascension ===
Sikandar was the great-grandson of Shah Mir; he was the eldest child of Qutubu'd-Din and Queen Sura (var. Subhata), and was born sometime around 1380.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":9" /> Because he was a minor at the time of his father's death—9 August 1389—, his mother had to act as a regent for a while.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":9" /> During her regency, Sura consented to Prime Minister Rai Magre (var. Uddaka), who was also her cousin, burning his own daughter and son-in-law Muhammad, son of a fellow minister Sahaka, on charges of conspiring against Sikandar.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|last1=Salomon|first1=Richard|last2=Slaje|first2=Walter|date=2016|title=Review of Kingship in Kaśmīr (AD1148–1459). From the Pen of Jonarāja, Court Paṇḍit to Sulṭān Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn. Critically Edited by Walter Slaje with an Annotated Translation, Indexes and Maps. [Studia Indologica Universitatis Halensis 7], SlajeWalter|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26546259|journal=Indo-Iranian Journal|volume=59|issue=4|pages=393–401|doi=10.1163/15728536-05903009 |jstor=26546259 |issn=0019-7246|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Magre went on to poison Haybat, Sikandar's younger brother and even Sahaka.<ref name=":9" /> Sikandar, sensing a possible usurpation of the throne by Magre, chose to exert himself as the ruler c. 1391.<ref name=":9" />

== Military campaigns ==
Except for a successful invasion of [[Ladakh]] under the command of Rai Magre, Sikandar did not annex any new territory.<ref name=":2" /> Soon after this victory, Magre instigated a rebellion and assassinated Sobha's (Sikandar's first wife) brother{{Efn|Named as Khunjyaraja.}} before turning against Sikandar with his proteges.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":8" /> The rebellion was ably suppressed with aid from Laddaraja's men without even resorting to warfare and Magre was imprisoned, whence he committed suicide.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":8" />{{Efn|Magre's soldiers had gathered at Vallamatha (unknown - doubtful whether any of the recensions preserved the name) for a scheduled faceoff at [[Pampore]] but dispersed after mistaking herds of cattle on the other bank of Jhelum as Sikandar's cavalry. Magre was chased by Sikandar himself and caught at Vitastapura.}} Palas —probably, a Persian tribe— who aided Magre were brutally suppressed too.<ref name=":9" />

In December 1398, Timur had camped on the banks of the [[Indus river]] and ordered Sikandar to pay tribute.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last=Ogura |first=Satoshi |date=2015 |title=INCOMPATIBLE OUTSIDERS OR BELIEVERS OF A DARŚANA?: REPRESENTATIONS OF MUSLIMS BY THREE BRAHMANS OF ŠĀHMĪRID KAŠMĪR |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24754113 |journal=Rivista degli studi orientali |volume=88 |issue=1/4 |pages=179–211 |issn=0392-4866 |jstor=24754113}}</ref> Despite Sikandar's meek acceptance fearing a military fallout, the order was eventually waived by Timur himself upon being judged to be way above Sikandar's financial capacity.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":10" /> While the two did not meet, they shared a mutual admiration and Timur gifted a pair of male and female elephants to Sikandar.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":9" />{{Efn|This episode presents one of the few episodes where Jonaraja's account can be corroborated by Persian sources. Jonaraja had held Timur to have gifted the elephants out of fearing Sikandar, despite being powerful enough to have had Delhi razed to ashes!}} Sikandar was ecstatic on receiving them.<ref name=":9" />

C. 1400, a successful war was waged against Firuz, the Hindu Shahi ruler of Ohind (var. [[Hund (village)|Udabhandapura]] and Sahibhanga) after he refused to recognize Sikandar's suzerainty.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":9" /> Sikandar went on to marry Firuz's daughter Mera whilst giving away one of his daughters from Sobha for marriage to Firuz.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":9" /> Another successful campaign was mounted against Pala Deo (var. Billadeva), the Rajah of Jammu, after he refused to pay taxes; [[Jasrath Khokhar]] was installed as a vassal and Sikandar again entered into a matrimonial alliance with his daughter whilst giving away another of his daughters from Sobha for marriage to Pala Deo.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":9" />

== Sociopolity ==
The overall economic condition was decent.<ref name=":9" /> Jonaraja remarks that the Goddess of Fortune found an abode in Sikandar — "the pleasure of [his] welfare elude[d] verbal description."<ref name=":9" /> A [[welfare state]] was installed; oppressive taxes were abolished while free schools and hospitals (''Daru'l-Shifa'') were opened for public use.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":15" /> ''[[Waqf]]s'' were endowed to shrines and numerous Sufi preachers from Central Asia were provided with ''[[jagir]]s'' and installed in positions of authority.<ref name=":2" />{{Efn|Among them the most prominent were: Sayyid Hasan Shirazi, appointed as the Qazi of Kashmir; Sayyid Jalaluddin, a saint from Bukhara; and Baba Haji Adham, a logician from Balkh.<ref name=":2" /> Baharistan-i-shahi provides detailed information about these figures.<ref name=":15" />}} Land holdings were allotted to vast sections of society including scholars, religious figureheads and the poor.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":15" /> The office of ''Shaikhu'l-Islam'' was established to provide monetary stipends and alms to the needy, pilgrims, travelers, physicians, scholars and other deserving people.<ref name=":15" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Ahmad|first=Khalid Bashir|title=Kashmir: Exposing the Myth Behind the Narrative|publisher=SAGE|year=2017|isbn=9789386062802|location=London|pages=32|chapter=Malice|doi=10.4135/9789353280253|chapter-url=https://sk.sagepub.com/books/kashmir/i512.xml}}</ref> Sikandar was also the first Sultan to enact [[sharia]] — music, dance, gambling, and intoxicants were prohibited — and established the post of [[qadi]] for its application.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":14" /> He also began the imposition of [[jizya]] on non-Muslims.<ref name=":14" />

=== Persecution of Hindus ===
Jonaraja advocates that Sikandar's rule terminated Kashmir's long-standing tolerant culture.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Slaje|first=Walter|title=Brahma's Curse : Facets of Political and Social Violence in Premodern Kashmir|publisher=|year=2019|isbn=978-3-86977-199-1|series=Studia Indologica Universitatis Halensis - 13|location=|pages=5|chapter=A Glimpse into the Happy Valley's Unhappy Past: Violence and Brahmin Warfare in Pre-Mughal Kashmir|chapter-url=http://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl/?gr_elib-335}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite book|last=Witzel|first=Michael|url=https://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/KashmiriBrahmins.pdf|title=The Brahmins of Kashmir|publisher=|isbn=|location=|publication-date=September 1991|pages=}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Accardi|first=Dean|title=Embedded Mystics: Writing Lal Ded and Nund Rishi into the Kashmiri Landscape|date=2017|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/kashmir/embedded-mystics-writing-lal-ded-and-nund-rishi-into-the-kashmiri-landscape/735710A78E357C6E9FCC59A6AD96403F|work=Kashmir: History, Politics, Representation|pages=247–264|editor-last=Zutshi|editor-first=Chitralekha|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-18197-7|access-date=2021-02-03}}</ref> So do ''Baharistan-i-shahi'' and ''Tohfatu'l-Ahbab,'' which note that Sikandar cleansed Kashmir of non-muslims. Sikandar is epithetized as <nowiki>''</nowiki>''butshikan''", the "idol-breaker."<ref name=":11">{{Cite book|last=Zutshi|first=Chitralekha|title=Kashmir's Contested Pasts : Narratives, Sacred Geographies, and the Historical Imagination|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2014|isbn=9780199450671|location=|pages=|chapter=Garden of Solomon : Landscape and Sacred Pasts in Kashmir's Sixteenth-Century Persian Narratives|chapter-url=https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199450671.001.0001/acprof-9780199450671-chapter-2}}</ref><ref name=":15" /> Hasan Ali provides the most detailed narrative.

Sikandar commenced the destruction of Hindu and Buddhist shrines till, in the words of Jonaraja, no idol remained, even in the privacy of peoples' homes.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last=Slaje|first=Walter|url=https://www.degruyter.com/view/title/543660|title=Encountering Buddhism and Islam in Premodern Central and South Asia|date=2019-08-19|publisher=De Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-063168-5|location=|pages=128–160|language=en|chapter=Buddhism and Islam in Kashmir as Represented by Rājataraṅgiṇī Authors|doi=10.1515/9783110631685-006|s2cid=204477165 |chapter-url=https://www.degruyter.com/view/book/9783110631685/10.1515/9783110631685-006.xml}}</ref> Jonaraja mentions temples at Martand (Sun God), Vijayesvara (Shiva), Cakradhara (Vishnu), Suresvari (unknown), Varaha (Vishnu), and Tripuresvara (unknown) to have been destroyed by Sikandar.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":6" /> Hasan Ali adds three temples at [[Parihaspore]], the Tarapitha temples at [[Iskander Pora, Jammu and Kashmir|Iskander Pora]], and a neighbouring Maha Shri Temple.<ref name=":15" /> Pseud. J notes of a colossal statue of Buddha being razed and melted to produce coins.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":6" />
[[File:Sun temple martand indogreek.jpg|thumb|A 1868 photograph of the ruins of the [[Martand Sun Temple]] in [[Mattan, Jammu and Kashmir|Mattan]], razed by Sikandar.<ref name=":1" /> Part of the damage to the demolished temple was also caused by later earthquakes.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bilham |first1=Roger |last2=Bali |first2=Bikram Singh |last3=Bhat |first3=M. Ismail |last4=Hough |first4=Susan |title=Ancient Earthquakes |date=2010-10-01 |chapter=Historical earthquakes in Srinagar, Kashmir: Clues from the Shiva Temple at Pandrethan |chapter-url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.orghttps//pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/626/chapter/3805836/Historical-earthquakes-in-Srinagar-Kashmir-Clues |language=en |doi=10.1130/2010.2471(10)|isbn=9780813724713 }}</ref>]]
Afterwards, Sikandar's focus fell on abolishing the teaching of Hinduism. All Brahmins unwilling to convert to Islam were taxed with [[Jizya]].<ref name=":9" />{{Efn|The tax was set at two ''pals'' of silver.<ref name=":9" /> Jonaraja snarks at those Brahmins who left their "superior class" in lieu of some material gains.<ref name=":9" />}} In contrast to Jonaraja, who mentions Sikandar's successor (Ali Shah) as having initiated forced conversions for the first time, Hasan Ali notes of forced conversions under Sikandar's tenure; he is stated to have massacred all those who had refused to convert.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":15" />{{efn|The [[zunnar]]s of all these dead men weighed three ass-loads, when taken for incineration.<ref name=":15" />}}

==== Motivations and analysis ====

Upon a literary reading of ''Rajatarangini'', Sikandar's zeal behind the Islamisation of society is attributable to Mir Muhammad Hamadani — an orthodox Sufi preacher —{{efn|Son of the famed Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani (1314-1384) of the [[Kubrawiya|Kubrawiya order]] who had migrated from Huttalàn (present-day [[Tajikistan]]) to Shibu'd-Din's Kashmir in the wake of Timurid invasions. Ali Hamadani is believed to have played the most significant role in the propagation of Islam in Kashmir.}} who advocated the creation of a monolithic society based on Islam as the common denominator to the extent of prohibiting any maintenance of ''[[kafir]]'' shrines.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":14">{{Cite book |last=Hamadani |first=Hakim Sameer |title=The Syncretic Traditions of Islamic Religious Architecture of Kashmir (Early 14th –18th Century) |publisher=Routledge |year=2021 |isbn=9781032189611 |pages=58–60, 118 |quote=And [Sikandar] also engaged in widespread demolition of temples and images. While medieval Muslim hagiographic and historical accounts may have exaggerated Sikander’s destruction of non-Muslim religious sites in a classical representation of religious piety, the tendency of some writers in the twentieth century CE to shield the Sultan from these iconoclastic activities is not historically correct, especially given the evidence from the period coming from writers of different religious backgrounds.}}</ref> In particular, a Brahman neo-convert — Suhabhatta (var. Suhaka Bhatt and Saifuddin) who served as Sikandar's counsel — was accused of instigating the King into "[taking] delight day and night in demolishing the sculptures of the gods."<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":9" />{{Efn|Hamadani went on to marry Suhabhatta's daughter after the death of his first wife (Bibi Taj Khatun).<ref name=":2" />|name=|group=}} Notably, in ''Baharistan-i-shahi'', both Sikandar and Suhabhatta play equal roles, with particular significance accorded to Sikandar's religious conviction.<ref name=":15" />

[[Chitralekha Zutshi]] and [[Richard G. Salomon (professor of Asian studies)|Richard G. Salomon]] uphold the claims of religious persecution but reject the idea only religious motives lay behind Sikandar's actions and instead call for a nuanced contextual reading of ''Rajatarangin''i, a work that was commissioned by Sikandar's successor, who wished to bring back the Brahminical elite into the royal fold and establish Sanskrit as an integral part of a Sultanate that strove to be cosmopolitan.<ref name=":32">{{Cite web |last=Zutshi |first=Chitralekha |title=This book claims to expose the myths behind Kashmir's history. It exposes its own biases instead |url=https://scroll.in/article/855050/this-book-claims-to-expose-the-myths-behind-kashmirs-history-it-exposes-its-own-biases-instead |access-date=2021-02-01 |website=Scroll.in |date=24 October 2017 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":52">{{Cite thesis |last=Obrock |first=Luther James |title=Translation and History: The Development of a Kashmiri Textual Tradition from ca. 1000-1500 |date=2015 |degree= |publisher=UC Berkeley |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/68q7m3vv |doi=}}</ref><ref name=":82">{{Cite journal |last1=Salomon |first1=Richard |last2=Slaje |first2=Walter |date=2016 |title=Review of Kingship in Kaśmīr (AD1148–1459). From the Pen of Jonarāja, Court Paṇḍit to Sulṭān Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn. Critically Edited by Walter Slaje with an Annotated Translation, Indexes and Maps. [Studia Indologica Universitatis Halensis 7], SlajeWalter |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26546259 |journal=Indo-Iranian Journal |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=393–401 |doi=10.1163/15728536-05903009 |jstor=26546259 |issn=0019-7246|url-access=subscription }}</ref> According to Zutshi and Salomon, Sikandar's policies were guided by [[realpolitik]]<ref name=":82" /> and, like with the previous Hindu rulers, were essentially an attempt to secure Islamic political legitimacy by asserting state power of foreign Muslim rulers over Brahmans and gaining access to wealth controlled by Brahminical institutions.<ref name=":32" /> J. L. Bhan notes the sole extant example of sculpture (see below) from Sikandar's reign to challenge simplistic notions of religious persecution.<ref name=":132">{{Cite book |last=Bhan |first=Jawahar Lal |title=Kashmir Sculptures: An Iconographical Study of Brāhmanical Sculptures |publisher=Readworthy Publications |year=2010 |volume=1 |location=Delhi, India |pages=68–69}}</ref>

[[Walter Slaje]] disagrees about such proposed absence of religious motivation, in part, given the differential rituals of destruction undertaken by Hindu and Muslim kings with the latter rendering sites inoperable for long passages of time by massive pollution or outright conversion.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":1" /> Slaje however concludes that the fierce opposition of Hindus to foreign Muslim rulers, including Sikandar, primarily stemmed from their aversion to the slow disintegration of Kashmiri [[Caste system in India|caste society]] under Islamic influence; Jonaraja explicitly mocks Hamadani's rejection of hereditary caste hierarchies.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":1" /> Mohammed Ishaq Khan emphasizes on the centrality of caste in understanding Jonaraja's reception of Shah Miri — he notes that even Hindu figures like Lal Ded had found no place in the ''Rajatarangini(s)'' and other [[Kashmiri Pandit]] corpus of history, until recent times.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last=Khan|first=Mohammad Ishaq|date=1986-06-01|title=The impact of Islam on Kashmir in the Sultanate period (1320-1586)|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/001946468602300203|journal=The Indian Economic & Social History Review|language=en|volume=23|issue=2|pages=187–205|doi=10.1177/001946468602300203|s2cid=144039616 |issn=0019-4646|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Author Hakim Sameer Hamdani highlights that medieval accounts of widespread destruction of non-Muslim religious sites by Sikandar come from both Hindu as well as Muslim sources, but believes that [[hagiography|hagiogrpahical]] and historical accounts by Muslims might have exaggerated such iconoclasm to display religious devoutness.<ref name=":14" />

Fringe [[Historical revisionism (negationism)|revisionist]] authors completely reject the narratives of persecution and accuse the Brahmin chroniclers of wanton bias and myth-making, stemming from their personal jealousy at losing socio-economic dominance.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Zutshi|first=Chitralekha|title=This book claims to expose the myths behind Kashmir's history. It exposes its own biases instead|url=https://scroll.in/article/855050/this-book-claims-to-expose-the-myths-behind-kashmirs-history-it-exposes-its-own-biases-instead|access-date=2021-02-01|website=Scroll.in|date=24 October 2017 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":14" />

== Art and architecture ==
The locality of [[Nowhatta]] was constructed by Sikandar and his royal palace was established at the town center.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":15" /> He constructed the [[Jamia Masjid, Srinagar|Jamia Masjid at Srinagar]]—considered to be the finest example of Indo-Saracenic archirecture in Kashmir—,{{Efn|The architect was one Khwaja Sadru'd-Din from Khorasan.}} and two other mosques at Bijbehara and Bavan.<ref name=":2" /> The two-storied Bavan mosque was enclosed by a garden and doubled as Sikandar's spring-resort.<ref name=":2" /> Sikandar also commissioned a new burial ground—Mazar-i-Salatin, on the bank of Jhelum near [[Zaina Kadal]] locale in downtown Srinagar—for the royals and elite.<ref name=":15">{{Cite book|last=Pandit|first=Kashinath|url=https://archive.org/details/AChronicleOfMedievalKashmirKashinathPandit|title=Baharistan-i-shahi: A chronicle of mediaeval Kashmir|publisher=Firma KLM Pvt. Ltd.|year=1991|location=Kolkata}}</ref>[[File:Jamia Masjid in Winter 2019.jpg|thumb|[[Jamia Masjid, Srinagar|Jamia Masjid]]. Built in 1394 CE by Sikandar.]]

Numerous scholars arrived from Central Asia in his court: Sayiid Ahmad of [[Isfahan]] drafted a commentary on a Firazi text and also wrote epistles, Sayyid Muhammad Khawari wrote a commentary on Lum'at ul-I'tiqaad as well as another work (Khwar Nameh) of unknown genre, and Muhammad Baihaqi composed poems eulogizing Sikandar.<ref name=":15" /> The first stone sculpture of Kashmir—a four-armed Brahma, argued to be one of the finest in the history of the subcontinent—was sculpted by son of a Buddhist ''Sanghapati'' in 1409 and dedicated to Sikandar.<ref name=":132">{{Cite book |last=Bhan |first=Jawahar Lal |title=Kashmir Sculptures: An Iconographical Study of Brāhmanical Sculptures |publisher=Readworthy Publications |year=2010 |volume=1 |location=Delhi, India |pages=68–69}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Sikandar is believed to have had a puritanical temperament, and abstained from wine, festivities, and music — in tune with the laws decreed for his subjects.<ref name=":2" /> Among his closest confidants were Suhabhatta, Sankara (chief physician), and Laddaraja.<ref name=":9" />

=== Issues, death, and succession ===
Sikandar was married to at-least three women: Mera; an unnamed daughter of Pala Deo; and, Sobha about whom Jonaraja does not provide any details.<ref name=":9" />{{Efn|Hasan speculates that Shobha might be the unnamed daughter of Pala Deo that is, SIkandar had two wives. It is likely implausible since Sikandar had bequeathed one of Shobha's (adopted) daughter to Deo!}} He had at least five sons—Firuz (adopted by Sobha; sent alongside Hamadani, in his return journey to Iran), Shadi Khan (adopted by Sobha), Mir Khan (from Mira), Shahi Khan (from Mira), and Muhammad Khan (from Mira)—, and at least two daughters (both adopted by Sobha).<ref name=":9" />{{Efn|Hasan gets these details wrong: he was not an expert in Sanskrit and had to mostly depend upon Dutt's error-ridden translation, which in the opinion of Slaje, "[is] completely unsuitable for purposes of research."<ref name=":9" />}} Sobha is understood to have been likely infertile.<ref name=":9" />

Sikandar is claimed to have met a prolonged and painful death,{{Efn|To Jonaraja (as in the case of Kalhana), Kashmir was an "ethical space" dictated by karma. The tyrants always met unhappy deaths, if not assassinated. However, Jonaraja is careful to assert that the God of Death was angered not at him but at Suhabhatta; he had to merely atone for the sins of his subject.}} seemingly from [[elephantiasis]], in April 1413.<ref name=":9" />{{Efn|A chronogram in Tarikh-i Hassan reports the year as 1417.<ref name=":15" />}} After his death, Sikandar's eldest son Mir was anointed as the Sultan, having adopted the title of Ali Shah.<ref name=":9" /> Two years later, Mir was succeeded by Shadi Khan, who adopted the name [[Zayn al-Abidin the Great|Zain-ul-Abidin]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" />

== Legacy ==
Under Ali Shah's regime, Suhabhatta became the Prime Minister and the de facto ruler; Jonaraja claims that persecution increased manifold with forced conversions becoming commonplace, Hindu customs being banned, and Brahmans being prohibited to leave the territory despite being forced into unemployment.<ref name=":9" /> A regime of tolerance was however re-introduced under Zain-ul-Abidin, with Suhabhatta dead from [[tuberculosis]]; Hindu artists were provided with state-patronage, temples were rebuilt, Brahmans-in-exile were brought back, taxes reduced, and neo-Muslims were allowed to convert back.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last=Slaje|first=Walter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o14wAQAAIAAJ|title=Medieval Kashmir and the Science of History|date=2004|publisher=South Asia Institute, University of Texas at Austin|isbn=|location=|pages=|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":9" />{{Efn|Jonaraja—ever true to casting Kashmir as an ethical space—remarks that Mera's god-gifted purpose laid in saving Kashmir from Sikandar's depredations.}} Tohfatu'l-Ahbab, writing in the 16th century, blamed the poor state of Islam in the valley on Zain.<ref name=":11" />

Despite these reverses, the Islamisation of elite politics meant very few caste groups other than Brahmans took the opportunity of re-conversion and a largely irreversible change set-in in post-Sikandar Kashmir.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /> The Hindus receded into relative political unimportance, with Pandit nobles being last prominent in the court of Hasan Shah, Zain's grandson.<ref name=":14" /> Nonetheless, Hinduism flourished among the masses even a century after Sikandar's death.<ref name=":14" />{{Efn|The biographer of the Nūrbakshī shaykh, Mir Shams-al Din Iraqi who visited Kashmir in 1487 CE, wrote: "Such atheistic and idolatrous practices continue to be observed in the houses of scholars, theologians and leading personalities of this land (Kashmir). They observe all the festivals and feasts of infidels and polytheists. The family members of the elders and leading persons of this land, especially their womenfolk, do not do anything without the permission of the infidels and permission of astrologers. In fact, in all activities of daily life like eating, drinking, sleeping, rising from sleep, travel and rest, astronomers and polytheists have a role to play."}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Wikiquote}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Butshikan, Sikander}}
[[Category:Sultans of Kashmir]]
[[Category:1380 births]]
[[Category:1413 deaths]]
[[Category:14th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:14th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:15th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:15th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Shah Mir dynasty]]

Sulajja Firodia Motwani

2026-03-14T06:09:51Z

BrandonNewquist: new details

{{short description|Indian entrepreneur (born 1970)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Sulajja Firodia Motwani
|image =
|image_size = 218px
|alt =
|birth_name = Sulajja Firodia
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1970|08|26}}
|birth_place =
|death_date =
|death_place =
|education = MBA
|alma_mater =[[Carnegie Mellon University]]
|occupation = Businesswomann, Board Advisor [[AIESEC]], Pune
|employer = [[Kinetic Engineering Limited]] (vice-chair) Kinetic Green Energy & Power Solutions Limited (founder, CEO)
|spouse = Manish Motwani
| father = [[Arun Firodia]]
| relatives = [[H. K. Firodia]] (grandfather)
}}
'''Sulajja Firodia Motwani''' (born 26 August 1970) is an Indian entrepreneur. She is currently the vice-chairperson of [[Kinetic Engineering Limited]] and is the founder and CEO of Kinetic Green Energy & Power Solutions Limited.

The Kinetic Group witnessed expansion during her term, offering a range of [[Automotive industry in India|two wheelers]] right from [[mopeds]], [[Motorized scooter|scooters]] to [[motorcycles]]. She has recently restructured the group to expand group activities into automotive systems and green energy. Most notably, she has founded a company, Kinetic Green Energy and Power Solutions, that aims to launch electric autos, buggies and small electric taxis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/aim-to-raise-revenue-to-rs-500cr3-years-kinetic-motors_645531.html|title=Aim to raise revenue to Rs 500cr in 3 years: Kinetic Motors|publisher=MoneyControl.com|date= |accessdate=12 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=23926838&ticker=KNH:IN|archive-url=https://archive.today/20131212073409/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=23926838&ticker=KNH:IN|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 December 2013|title=Kinetic Motor Co Ltd (KNH:Natl India)|publisher=Bloomberg Businessweek|date= |accessdate=12 December 2013}}</ref>

==Early life==
Sulajja was born on 26 August 1970. She completed her graduation in Commerce from [[Brihan Maharashtra College of Commerce]], [[Pune University]] in 1990. She is an MBA holder from [[Carnegie Mellon University]] in [[Pittsburgh]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meet the poster-girl of mass EV mobility in India: Sulajja Firodia Motwani of the Kinetic Legacy – Outlook Business WoW|url=https://wow.outlookbusiness.com/sulajja-firodia-motwani/|access-date=2020-12-10|language=en-US}}</ref> She is the granddaughter of H. K. Firodia, founder of [[Kinetic Engineering]] and the daughter of [[Arun Firodia]], founder and present Chairman of the Arun Firodia Group (Not affiliated with the Dr. Abhay Firodia Group - Force Motors, Jaya Hind Industries) . Throughout her studies, she has been a rank holder. Her name appeared in the toppers list in the [[Secondary School Certificate|SSC]] examinations and she topped the state in [[Higher Secondary School Certificate|HSC]] examinations. She was a vice-president for a youth run organization, [[AIESEC]] in Pune for which she is currently a board advisor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.in.com/sulajja-motwani/biography-390261.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215050111/http://www.in.com/sulajja-motwani/biography-390261.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 December 2013|title=BUSINESS LEADERS SULAJJA MOTWANI |publisher=in.com|date= |accessdate=12 December 2013}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Sulajja is married to Manish Motwani and is the mother to a 19-year-old son, Sidhant. She is a fitness enthusiast and a marathon runner. She has been [[enthusiastic]] about [[sports]] especially [[badminton]]. She is also fond of pursuing [[adventurous]] [[sports]] like [[skiing]], sky diving and [[scuba diving]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ekikrat.in/Sulajja-Firodia-Motwani|title=Sulajja Firodia Motwani|publisher=Ekikrat.in|date= |accessdate=12 December 2013}}</ref>

==Career==
She recently formed a JV with Tonino Lamborghini, SpA, to bring global design and technology for electric and solar golf carts and tourism vehicles, which will be manufactured in India and marketed globally.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}

She is also the Vice Chairperson of Kinetic Engineering Ltd. She is responsible for Kinetic group's overall business strategy and development. Kinetic Group's business interests include Automobile Manufacturing, auto components including Powertrain Systems, Green Energy, Multilevel parking solutions, Elevators & Escalators. Kinetic's partners include companies like Hyundai, Lamborghini, Taigene Electrical, Magna etc.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}

Before joining [[Kinetic Engineering Limited|Kinetic Motor Company]], she worked for a period of four years with an investment [[analytics]] company, BARRA International, based in California. She played a major role in setting the operations of the [[Kinetic Engineering Limited|Kinetic Motor Company]] in India. Sulajja played a major role in designing and implementing new strategies for the company. She is also performing the role of the [[Director (business)|Director]] of [[Kinetic Engineering Limited|Kinetic Motor Company]] and Kinetic Green Energy limited. She is in charge of the Group's overall business [[developmental]] activities.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.iloveindia.com/indian-heroes/sulaijja-firodia-motwani.html Indian Entrepreneurs:Sulajja Firodia Motwani]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Motwani, Sulajja Firodia}}
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women philanthropists]]
[[Category:Indian philanthropists]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Pune]]
[[Category:Businesswomen from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Savitribai Phule Pune University alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesswomen]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesswomen]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesspeople]]

Chahat Vig

2026-03-06T06:49:23Z

BrandonNewquist: adding a entry

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Chahat Vig
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Pathankot]], Punjab, [[India]]
| occupation = [[Actress]], [[model (person)|Model]]
| children =
| spouse =
| yearsactive = 2018–present
}}

'''Chahat Vig''' is an Indian actress.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Chahat Vig: A lot of people would tell me to have a realistic dream when I decided to become an actor - Exclusive |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/chahat-vig-a-lot-of-people-would-tell-me-to-have-a-realistic-dream-when-i-decided-to-become-an-actor-exclusive/articleshow/101140850.cms |access-date=2024-09-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=2024-09-16 |title=Kangana Ranaut encourages women to embrace their true selves |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/featured/women/kangana-ranaut-encourages-women-to-embrace-their-true-selves-907224?infinitescroll=1 |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-08-08 |title=Exclusive: ड्रीम एक्टर को भाव न देकर ड्रीम स्टोरी को तवज्जो देती हैं चाहत विग, बोलीं- 'स्टोरी ज्यादा..' |url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/entertainment/web-series/exclusive-36-days-fame-chahat-vig-told-she-focus-on-story-rather-than-actors-and-others-article-112375212/amp |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=Times Now Navbharat |language=hi}}</ref> She is best known for her performances in [[36 Days (TV series)|36 Days]] and [[Rafuchakkar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chahat Vig On 36 Days: Sia Is A Complex Character And Faces A Dilemma {{!}} Exclusive |url=https://thedailyguardian.com/chahat-vig-on-36-days-sia-is-a-complex-character-and-faces-a-dilemma-exclusive/ |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=TheDailyGuardian |date=11 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=On wings of dreams |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/on-wings-of-dreams/amp |access-date=19 September 2024 |work=The Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Featured on 9th Page |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/uploads/2024/epaper/august/hyderabad-english-edition-2024-08-09.pdf |access-date=19 September 2024 |work=Daily Pioneer}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Chahat Vig was born in [[Pathankot]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bharatvarsh |first=TV9 |date=2023-06-06 |title=Chahat Vig: 'रफूचक्कर' से ओटीटी पर छाने के लिए तैयार हैं चाहत विग, मासूमियत चुरा लेगी दिल, देखिए तस्वीरें |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/photo-gallery/entertainment-photos/chahat-vig-hot-photos-debut-gumraah-ott-web-series-with-manish-paul-1903484.html/amp |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=TV9 Bharatvarsh |language=hi}}</ref> She is a trained Hindustani classical singer and an alumnus of [[Whistling Woods International]] and [[Anupam Kher]]’s [[An Actor Prepares|Actor Prepares]].<ref name="Filmi Beat">{{Cite news |title=EXCL! Chahat Vig On Film Debut With Gumraah, Check What She Said About Working With Aditya Roy Kapur, Mrunal |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/news/2023/exclusive-chahat-vig-bollywood-debut-gumraah-working-experience-with-aditya-roy-kapur-mrunal-thakur-349906.html |access-date=19 September 2024 |work=Filmi Beat}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Chahat Vig to make acting debut with 'Gumraah' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/chahat-vig-to-make-acting-debut-with-gumraah/articleshow/99090333.cms |access-date=2024-09-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chahat Vig is here with her unmatched HOTNESS to break the internet |url=https://admin.tellychakkar.com/digital/chahat-vig-here-her-unmatched-hotness-break-the-internet-240318 |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=admin.tellychakkar.com |language=en}}</ref>

Chahat began her acting career with a role in the theatrical production [[Yahudi Ki Ladki]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=From stage to 75 mm screen |url=https://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/from-stage-to-75-mm-screen/81853687.html |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=Ahmedabad Mirror |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Chahat Vig On Working With Aditya Roy Kapur & Mrunal Thakur In 'Gumraah': "My Experience Was So Enriching…" |url=https://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-news/chahat-vig-on-working-with-aditya-roy-kapur-mrunal-thakur-in-gumraah-my-experience-was-so-enriching/ |access-date=19 September 2024 |work=Koi Moi}}</ref> She subsequently appeared in the play [[Andha Yug]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

In 2023, she made her Hindi film debut with [[Gumraah (2023 film)|Gumraah]], which featured [[Aditya Roy Kapur|Aditya Roy Kapoor]] and [[Mrunal Thakur]].<ref name="Filmi Beat"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Shefali |date=2023-04-08 |title=Chahat Vig: My equation with Aditya Roy Kapur, Mrunal Thakur is all about mutual respect and sincerity [Exclusive] |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/chahat-vig-my-equation-aditya-roy-kapur-mrunal-thakur-all-about-mutual-respect-sincerity-858100 |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=www.ibtimes.co.in |language=en}}</ref> In the same year, she was also cast in the television series [[Rafuchakkar]], alongside [[Manish Paul|Maniesh Paul]] and [[Priya Bapat]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosal |first=Sharmistha |date=2023-06-04 |title=Chahat Vig debuts in Web with Rafuchakkar |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/tv/2023/Jun/06/chahat-vig-debuts-in-web-with-rafuchakkar-49670.html |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=Indulgexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2023-06-03 |title=Gumraah-fame Chahat Vig to make OTT debut with Rafuchakkar |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2023/Jun/05/gumraah-fame-chahat-vig-to-make-ott-debut-with-rafuchakkar-44270.html |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-11 |title=Exclusive {{!}} Gumraah Fame Debutante Chahat Vig Recalls Facing 'Gut-Wrenching Lows' Before Bagging Aditya Roy Kapur Starrer |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/celebrity/gumraah-fame-debutante-chahat-vig-recalls-facing-gut-wrenching-lows-aditya-roy-kapur-exclusive-bollywood-news-article-99407386/amp |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=Zoom TV |language=en}}</ref>

In 2024, she portrayed the character of Sia Walia in [[36 Days (TV series)|36 Days]], a television series produced by BBC India and [[Applause Entertainment]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-12 |title=36 Days review: Impatience rules in this Purab Kohli-Neha Sharma show |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/36-days-review-impatience-rules-in-this-purab-kohli-neha-sharma-show-9449728/lite/ |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=36 Days Season 1 Review : An engaging suspenseful thriller with a few hiccups |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/36-days/season-1/amp_seasonreview/111480544.cms |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-28 |title='36 Days' trailer: Mysterious Neha Sharma promises to unravel Purab Kohli's secrets |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/web-series/story/36-days-trailer-neha-sharma-purab-kohli-2544896-2024-05-28 |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film/TV series
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''2023''|| [[Gumraah (2023 film)|''Gumraah'']]
|''Divya''
|''Debut''
|-
| ''[[Rafuchakkar]]''
|''Preeti Gogia''
|
|-
|''2024''
|[[36 Days (TV series)|''36 Days'']]
|''Sia Walia''
|
|}

=== Theatrical production ===
*[[Yahudi Ki Ladki]]
*[[Andha Yug]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name| nm14773106}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vig, Chahat}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:People from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Naale Rajaa Koli Majaa

2026-03-05T18:53:08Z

BrandonNewquist: stub - done

{{Short description|Indian Film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Naale Rajaa Koli Majaa
| image = Naale Rajaa Koli Majaa.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Abhilash Shetty]]
| producer = Abhilash Shetty
| writer = Abhilash Shetty
| starring = Samrudhi Kundapura, Sanidhya Acharya, Radha Ramachandra, Prabhakar Kunder
| cinematography = Swaroop Yashwanth
| music = M.R. Prahast
| editing = Abhilash Shetty
| studio = Plan A Films
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2024|12|04|Jogja-NETPAC|2025|05|09|India||df=yes}}
| runtime = 91 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}
'''''Naale Rajaa Koli Majaa''''' ({{langx|Eng|Sunday Special}}) is a [[Kannada]] [[comedy drama]] film written, directed, and produced by [[Abhilash Shetty]]. The film follows an 11-year-old girl's quirky adventure to seek a forbidden chicken curry on Gandhi Jayanti, a day when meat sales are banned nationwide.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/naale-rajaa-koli-majaa-release-koli-taal-maker-abhilash-shettys-next-sets-theatrical-date/2c6a18a728475/ |title=Naale Rajaa Koli Majaa release: Koli Taal maker Abhilash Shetty |date=1 March 2025 |website=OTTPlay |access-date=2 March 2025 |archive-date=17 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250317072650/https://www.ottplay.com/news/naale-rajaa-koli-majaa-release-koli-taal-maker-abhilash-shettys-next-sets-theatrical-date/2c6a18a728475 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://janaprathinidhi.com/?p=41311/ |title=Review: ಮೇ. 9ಕ್ಕೆ ರಾಜ್ಯದಾದ್ಯಂತ 'ನಾಳೆ ರಜಾ ಕೋಳಿ ಮಜಾ' ತೆರೆಗೆ |date=3 May 2025 |website=Janaprathinidhi}}</ref>

The film premiered at the [[19th Jogja-NETPAC Asian Film Festival]] on 4 December 2024, and had a theatrical release in India on 9 May 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/naale-rajaa-koli-majaa-trailer-the-quest-for-a-holiday-special-chicken-curry-on-a-dry-day/448c039b7a346 |title=Naale Rajaa Koli Majaa trailer: The quest for a holiday special chicken curry on a dry day |date=1 May 2025 |website=OTTPlay}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/koli-taal-directors-second-feature-to-release-on-may-9-3531769 |title='Koli Taal' director's second feature to release on May 9 |date=8 May 2025 |website=Deccan Herald}}</ref>

And had its New York premiere at the 25th [[New York Indian Film Festival]] on 22 June 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indiawest.com/naale-rajaa-to-premiere-at-nyiff/ |title='Naale Rajaa' To Premiere At NYIFF |date=May 2025 |website=India West |access-date=4 May 2025 |archive-date=4 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250504064655/https://indiawest.com/naale-rajaa-to-premiere-at-nyiff/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Synopsis==
Sneha is an 11-year-old schoolgirl residing in a small town and has a deep love for chicken dishes. Every Sunday, her family cooks her favorite chicken dish. Anticipating the same delight on a particular Sunday coinciding with Gandhi Jayanthi, Sneha learns about the nationwide prohibition on meat consumption as a gesture of non-violence. Sneha goes on a quirky adventure pursuing a forbidden chicken curry, challenging societal norms, and encountering unforeseen twists.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/our-audience-does-not-like-to-pay-to-watch-independent-films-abhilash-shetty/articleshow/110637894.cms |title=It is his Grandmother's Kori Taal that inspired Abhilash Shetty |date=3 June 2024 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.prajavani.net/entertainment/cinema/kannada-movie-release-naale-raja-koli-maja-abhilash-shetty-art-comedy-film-3278686 |title=Abhilash Shetty's Naale Rajaa Koli Majaa hitting cinemas on May 9 |date=9 May 2025 |website=Prajavani |access-date=11 May 2025 |archive-date=11 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250511082718/https://www.prajavani.net/entertainment/cinema/kannada-movie-release-naale-raja-koli-maja-abhilash-shetty-art-comedy-film-3278686 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Cast==
The film casts:<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
* Samrudhi Kundapura as Sneha
* Sanidhya Acharya as Sophia
* Radha Ramachandra as Vanaja
* Prabhakar Kunder as Mahabala Shetty
* Ganesh Mogaveera as Manja

== Release ==

===Theatrical===
The film was released in cinemas across Karnataka on 9 May 2025, following its film festival run.

===Home media===
''Naale Rajaa Koli Majaa'' was released on [[Amazon Prime Video]] in India on 13 June 2025, and internationally on 16 September 2025 as ''Sunday Special''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/naale-rajaa-koli-majaa-out-on-ott-abhilash-shettys-second-film-in-his-koli-trilogy-is-now-available-to-stream/c897829938268 |title=Naale Rajaa Koli Majaa out on OTT: Abhilash Shetty’s second film in his Koli Trilogy is now available to stream |date=13 June 2025 |website=OTTplay}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://kannada.news18.com/news/entertainment/naale-rajaa-koli-majaa-movie-in-ott-streaming-now-when-gandhi-jayanti-plays-spoilsport-for-a-sunday-special-yda-ws-kl-2101316.html |title=Kannada OTT: ಮಲೆನಾಡಿನ ಸುಂದರ ಕಥನ, ಇಲ್ಲೊಂದು ಹೊಚ್ಚ ಹೊಸ ಚಿಣ್ಣರ ಕನ್ನಡ ಸಿನಿಮಾ ಒಟಿಟಿಗೆ ಬಂದೇ ಬಿಡ್ತು! |date=13 June 2025 |website=News18 Kannada}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/telugu/entertainment/kannada-comedy-drama-naale-rajaa-koli-majaa-ott-streaming-amazon-prime-video-ott-releases-today-121749815078883.html |title=Kannada comedy‑drama Naale Rajaa Koli Majaa lands on OTT today via Amazon Prime Video |date=13 June 2025 |website=Telugu Hindustan Times}}</ref>
The film later saw a [[DVD]] release across the [[United States]] in December 2025.

==Reception==
''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3.5 stars out of 5 saying "a deliciously personal adventure that leaves you smiling and hungry".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/naale-rajaa-koli-majaa/movie-review/121074728.cms |title='Naale Rajaa Koli Majaa Movie Review : a deliciously personal adventure that leaves you smiling and hungry |date=11 May 2025 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> ''[[The Hindu]]'' praised the film and said, "Director Abhilash Shetty's sophomore effort is a charming film that balances gentle humour with socio-political commentary."<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/naale-raja-koli-majaa-review-abhilash-shetty-koli-taal-chicken-food-politics/article69565200.ece |title='Naale Rajaa Koli Majaa' movie review: A delightful satire on food politics |date=12 May 2025 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' gave 3.5 stars and praised the film for its well-crafted screenplay, noting that "Abhilash weaves this in a well-written screenplay. There's never a dull moment. By the end of the film, you're craving for a meal of koli curry yourself."<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/naale-rajaa-koli-majaa-movie-review-a-mouthwatering-outing-set-in-picturesque-malnad-3533801 |title='Naale Rajaa, Koli Majaa' movie review: A mouthwatering outing set in picturesque Malnad |date=10 May 2025 |website=Deccan Herald |access-date=11 May 2025 |archive-date=11 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250511082718/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/naale-rajaa-koli-majaa-movie-review-a-mouthwatering-outing-set-in-picturesque-malnad-3533801 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Asian Movie Pulse'' gave the film a positive review, calling it a "''Charming and likeable tale".''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://asianmoviepulse.com/2024/12/film-review-sunday-special-2024-by-abhilash-shetty/ |title=Film Review: Sunday Special (2024) by Abhilash Shetty |date=Dec 2024 |website=Asian Movie Pulse |access-date=2 March 2025 |archive-date=20 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250320181906/https://asianmoviepulse.com/2024/12/film-review-sunday-special-2024-by-abhilash-shetty/ |url-status=live }}</ref> French magazine ''KinoCulture Montreal'' gave 3.5 stars out of 5 saying "La nostalgie comme repère moral".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://kinoculturemontreal.com/sunday-special/ |title=La nostalgie comme repère moral |date=8 September 2024 |website=KinoCulture Montreal}}</ref> ''Vague Visages'' described the film as "never a dull moment".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://vaguevisages.com/2024/09/12/naale-rajaa-koli-majaa-review-movie-film/ |title=Review: Abhilash Shetty's 'Naale Rajaa Koli Majaa' |date=12 September 2024 |website=Vague Visages}}</ref> ''OTTplay'' awarded the film 3.5 stars, describing it as a "sweet and funny tale."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/naale-rajaa-koli-majaa-movie-review-when-gandhi-jayanti-plays-spoilsport-for-a-sunday-special/519d2e23a09 |title=Review: Naale Rajaa Koli Majaa movie review: When Gandhi Jayanti plays spoilsport for a Sunday special |date=8 May 2025 |website=OTTplay |access-date=11 May 2025 |archive-date=11 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250511082718/https://www.ottplay.com/review/naale-rajaa-koli-majaa-movie-review-when-gandhi-jayanti-plays-spoilsport-for-a-sunday-special/519d2e23a09 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Award
! Category
! Recipient
! Result
|-
| [[New York Indian Film Festival]]
| Best Screenplay
| [[Abhilash Shetty]]
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| [[19th Jogja-NETPAC Asian Film Festival]]
| Asian Perspectives
| [[Abhilash Shetty]]
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| India Film Festival Of Alberta
| Best Film
| [[Abhilash Shetty]]
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| Asian Pop-up Cinema
| Audience Award
| [[Abhilash Shetty]] Plan A Films
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| rowspan=2|Bucharest Best Comedy Film Festival
| Best Film
| [[Abhilash Shetty]] Plan A Films
| {{Nominated}}
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt32525026|title=Naale Rajaa Koli Majaa}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|sunday_special}}

[[Category:2024 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 independent films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2024 Kannada-language films]]

Ghar Ka Chirag

2026-03-04T03:53:34Z

BrandonNewquist: adding new stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{confused|Ghar Ka Chiraag}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ghar Ka Chiraag
| image = Ghar Ka Chirag 1967.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = Jagdev Bhambri
| producer = Jagdev Bhambri
| writer = Shivaji Rathor
| starring = [[Dharmendra]] [[Waheeda Rehman]] [[Biswajit Chatterjee|Biswajit]] [[Balraj Sahni]]
| music = [[Madan Mohan (composer)|Madan Mohan]]
| cinematography = C. M. Rele
| editing = [[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]]
| distributor = Jagat Enterprises
| released = {{Film date|1967}}
| runtime = 157 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Ghar Ka Chirag''''' (The Lamp That Lights The Home) is a [[List of Bollywood films of 1967|1967]] [[Hindi]] social family melodrama film of [[Indian cinema]]. It was produced and directed by Jagdev Bhambri, who also wrote the screenplay. The lyricist was [[Kaifi Azmi]], with music composed by [[Madan Mohan (composer)|Madan Mohan]].<ref name="CowieElley1977">{{cite book|author1=Peter Cowie|author2=Derek Elley|title=World Filmography: 1967|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jp7ayTLX1D8C&pg=PA263|year=1977|publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press|isbn=978-0-498-01565-6|page=263}}</ref> The ensemble cast included [[Dharmendra]], [[Waheeda Rehman]], [[Biswajit Chatterjee|Biswajit]], [[Balraj Sahni]], [[Indrani Mukherjee]] and [[Abhi Bhattacharya]].

''Ghar Ka Chirag'' was one of three children's films released in 1967 which "sought to portray the experiences of children placed in rather peculiar circumstances".<ref name="CD">{{cite journal|title=Indian Films of 1967|journal=Careers Digest|date=1968|volume=5|pages=61|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q4DNAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>

The story revolves round a group of children who are kidnapped and then maimed by the ring-leader of a beggar's gang. In the process, unintentionally, the leader's son is blinded and made to beg. Though not a success at the box-office,<ref name="MM">{{cite web|title=Tributes|url=http://www.madanmohan.in/html/tribute/events/mmmothersday.html|website=madanmohan.in|accessdate=24 May 2017}}</ref> the film received a three out of five star rating in ''Collections''.<ref name="Collections">{{cite book|title=Collections|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5UqAAAAYAAJ|year=1991|publisher=Update Video Publication|page=59}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Dharmendra]] (special appearance)
* [[Waheeda Rehman]]
* [[Biswajit Chatterjee|Biswajit]] (special appearance)
* [[Balraj Sahni]]
* [[Indrani Mukherjee]]
* [[Abhi Bhattacharya]]
* [[Chand Usmani]]
* Dev Kumar

==Plot==
Madho suffers through misfortunes in his life. Unable to bear the anguish anymore, he leaves his wife and small child, moving to Bombay. From being a good man, he reinvents himself by turning into the vicious Kalu, who kidnaps children and maims them then makes them beg on the streets. After several years, his son Birju, now a grown boy, leaves the village to search for his father and comes to Bombay. Here he is ensnared in Kalu's gang and blinded. He is then sent to beg with the other children.

==Music==
The music direction was by [[Madan Mohan (composer)|Madan Mohan]] and the lyrics were by [[Kaifi Azmi]]. The film included two songs sung by [[Lata Mangeshkar]], three by [[Asha Bhosle]] and one by [[Mohammed Rafi]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Ek Paise Ka Sawaal Hai"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Aao Aao Tumhe Bataaoon"
| Lata Mangeshkar
|-
| "Jaane Kaise Chori Chori"
| [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| "Ae Mahalon Mein Rehnewalon"
| Asha Bhosle
|-
| "Jaane Mera Chanda Khoya Hai"
| Asha Bhosle
|-
| "Aaj Rota Hai Kyun"
| [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0497376|title=Ghar Ka Chiraag}}

[[Category:1967 films]]
[[Category:1967 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1967 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Madan Mohan]]

{{1960s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Ravi Shastri (film)

2026-03-03T21:46:54Z

BrandonNewquist: put up new details w/ infobox...

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ravi Shastri
| image = Ravi Shastri (film).jpg
| caption = CD cover
| director = [[M. S. Rajashekar]] M. R. Raghavendra
| based_on = {{Based on|[[Idhu Namma Aalu (1988 film)|''Idhu Namma Aalu'']] (1988) by [[Balakumaran]]}}
| producer = Sandesh Nagaraj
| starring = [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|Ravichandran]] [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]]
| music = [[Rajesh Ramanath]]
| studio = Sandesh Combines
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2006|9|28}}
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}
'''''Ravi Shastri''''' is a 2006 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film directed by [[M. S. Rajashekar]] and M. R. Raghavendra. It is a remake of the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film ''[[Idhu Namma Aalu (1988 film)|Idhu Namma Aalu]]'' (1988) and stars [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|Ravichandran]] and [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]], in her [[Kannada cinema]] debut.

== Plot ==
{{no plot|date=January 2023}}

== Cast ==
*[[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|Ravichandran]] as Ravi Shastri
*[[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]] as Bhanu
*[[Ananth Nag]] as Narayana Dixit
*[[Umashree]]
*[[Doddanna]]
*[[Karibasavaiah]]
*[[Vinaya Prasad]]
*[[Mandya Ramesh]]
*[[Bank Janardhan]]

== Production ==
The film completed shooting by mid-2006.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2006 |title="I've learnt to be a good student!" |url=http://www.viggy.com/interview/ravichandran.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119114738/http://www.viggy.com/interview/ravichandran.asp |archive-date=19 January 2023 |access-date=19 August 2022 |website=Viggy}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Rajesh Ramanath]]. Cricketer [[Ravi Shastri]], who shared his name for this film, was to come for the audio launch but did not show up because he was not paid {{INRConvert|5|l|year=2006}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 September 2006 |title=Ravi Shastri Audio released |url=https://www.nowrunning.com/news/kannada/ravi-shastri-audio-released/7947/story.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819015735/https://www.nowrunning.com/news/kannada/ravi-shastri-audio-released/7947/story.htm |archive-date=19 August 2022 |access-date=19 August 2022 |website=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]|via=Nowrunning|author=RGV|author-link=R. G. Vijayasarathy}}</ref>
{{Infobox album
| name = Ravi Shastry
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Rajesh Ramanath]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 22 September 2006
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 35:56
| language = Kannada
| label = [[Lahari Music]]
| producer = Rajesh Ramanath
| chronology = [[Rajesh Ramanath]]
| prev_title = [[Tirupathi (2006 Kannada film)|Tirupathi]]
| prev_year = 2006
| next_title = [[Nali Naliyutha]]
| next_year = 2007
| misc = {{external media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|LNKuGq6zCIw|Ravi Shastry – Jukebox}}}}
}}
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Vesha Vesha
| length1 = 4:36
| lyrics1 = [[V. Nagendra Prasad]]
| extra1 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| title2 = Mutthu Mutthu
| length2 = 5:21
| lyrics2 = K. Ramnarayan
| extra2 = [[Udit Narayan]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| title3 = Gilli Gilli
| length3 = 5:31
| lyrics3 = K. Ramnarayan
| extra3 = [[Kunal Ganjawala]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| title4 = Hennige
| length4 = 5:02
| lyrics4 = M. N. Vyasa Rao
| extra4 = [[Vijay Yesudas]]
| title5 = Bandaithey
| length5 = 5:21
| lyrics5 = K. Ramnarayan
| extra5 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Malathy Lakshman|Malathi]]
| title6 = Vesha Vesha (REMIX)
| length6 = 4:28
| lyrics6 = V. Nagendra Prasad
| extra6 = Shankar Mahadevan
| title7 = Sangeetha
| length7 = 5:37
| lyrics7 = M. N. Vyasa Rao
| extra7 = Udit Narayan, [[K. S. Chithra]]
| total_length = 35:56
}}

== Reception ==
[[R. G. Vijayasarathy]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' opined that "Ravi Shashtry has a strong message to convey, but it unfortunately ends up being an ordinary film".<ref>{{Cite web |last=R. G. Vijayasarathy |date=9 October 2006 |title=Ravi Shashtry disappoints |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/oct/09ravi.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819015928/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/oct/09ravi.htm |archive-date=19 August 2022 |access-date=19 August 2022 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' wrote that "This remake of K.Bhagyaraj classic Idhu Namma Aal from Tamil lacks the Kannada milieu and flavour. Director M.S.Rajashekhar could have made the film more racy and entertaining, which would have appealed to the masses".<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2006 |title=Ravi Shastri |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/ravi-shastri-review-kannada-pclwfjdbgibgc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418123340/https://www.sify.com/movies/ravi-shastri-review-kannada-pclwfjdbgibgc.html |archive-date=18 April 2018 |access-date=19 August 2022 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt14338028}}

[[Category:2006 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2006 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2006 films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:Films about the caste system in India]]
[[Category:Films about interclass romance]]

Liyo, Kinnaur

2026-02-23T17:24:09Z

BrandonNewquist:

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Leo
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Liyo
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline = File:Leo Spiti NH505 Himachal Jun18 D72 6785.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Leo village, Jun '18
| pushpin_map = India Himachal Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|31.885326|N|78.595652|E|display=inline,title}} <<< get from OpenStreetMap.org >>>
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 2.69
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 2871
| population_total = 784
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Native
| demographics1_info2 = [[Bhoti Kinnauri]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code = 172112
| registration_plate =
| website = https://hpkinnaur.nic.in
| footnotes =
}}

'''Leo''' (also '''Liyo''', Hindi: '''लियो ''' ) is a small village in [[Kinnaur district]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[India]]. The village is situated on a mountain ridge on the right bank of the [[Spiti River]]. It is located {{Convert|116|km|mi|abbr=}} from Kaza on [[National Highway 505 (India)|NH 505]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kaza-Leo route|url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/directions?engine=fossgis_osrm_car&route=31.8839%2C78.5935%3B32.2244%2C78.0723#map=12/31.9456/78.5126|access-date= 21 Dec 2022|website=[[OpenStreetMap]]}}</ref>

The people of Nako are largely agriculturalists. Leo is popular with trekkers.

==History==
One of the earliest descriptions of Leo is by the botanist Thomas Thomson based on his expedition in August 1847. He trekked from the [[Sutlej]] valley over the Hangaranj Pass, then descended via Hango to Leo (Lio). He found a sizeable village with many terraced fields.<ref name="Thomson1852">{{Cite book |last=Thomson |first=Thomas |title=Western Himalayas and Tibet |publisher=Reeve and Co. |year=1852 |location=London |chapter=Chapter IV}}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Spiti Gorge Upstream Kinnaur Jun18 D72 6777.jpg|thumb|Spiti gorge below Leo]]
Leo is a small village in [[Kinnaur District]]. It is located at a distance of {{Convert|93|km|mi|abbr=}} from the district headquarters [[Reckong Peo]] on [[National Highway 505 (India)|NH 505]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Recong Peo-Leo route|url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/directions?engine=fossgis_osrm_car&route=31.8839%2C78.5935%3B32.2244%2C78.0723#map=12/31.9456/78.5126|access-date= 21 Dec 2022|website=[[OpenStreetMap]]}}</ref> Leo village has an area of {{Convert|269|ha|acre}}.<ref name=CensusKinnaurA>{{Cite book|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/handbooks |last=|first=|title=District Census Handbook: Kinnaur, Himachal -- Village and Town Directory|publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Himachal Pradesh, Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt of India|year=2011|isbn=|series=3 Part XII A|location=}}</ref>{{rp|page=108}} Leo is situated on the bank of a small right-bank tributary of the Spiti River. The Spiti River passes through a deep ravine with precipitous mountains on either side. The banks are covered with loose shingle.<ref name="Thomson1852" />

==Demographics==
The population as of the 2011 Census was 784 with 161 households.<ref name=CensusKinnaurA />{{rp|page=108}} Females comprise 46.8% of the population.<ref name="CensusKinnaurB">{{Cite book|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/handbooks |last=|first=|title=District Census Handbook: Kinnaur, Himachal -- Village and Town wise Primary Census Abstract (PCA)|publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Himachal Pradesh, Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt of India|year=2011|isbn=|series=3 Part XII B|location=}}</ref>{{rp|page=52}} The percentages of Scheduled Castes is 2.0% and of Scheduled Tribes is 87.8%. The literacy rate is 71.6%, with males at 79.9% and females 62.1%.<ref name=CensusKinnaurB />{{rp|page=53}}

The languages are [[Spiti Bhoti]] and [[Hindi]]. The people of Leo are mostly Mongoloid. The main religion followed is [[Mahayana|Mahayana Buddhism]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Government of Himachal Pradesh |date=24 January 2023 |title=Culture & Heritage: The People |url=https://hpkinnaur.nic.in/ |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref> Leo has a [[Gram panchayat|Gram Panchayat]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=List of PRIs|url=https://hppanchayat.nic.in/PDF/Names%20of%20Gram%20Panchyats%203226%20Final.pdf|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=25 Jan 2021|website=Panchayati Raj Department, HP Govt}}</ref>

==Amenities==
Leo has schools from primary up to senior secondary.<ref name="CensusKinnaurA" />{{rp|page=108}} The village is served by an [[India Post]] Sub-Post Office, with PIN code 172112.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Village/Locality based Pin mapping as on 16th March 2017|url=https://data.gov.in/node/2382441/download|access-date=25 Jul 2021|website=[[Data.gov.in]]}}</ref>

==Economy==
The economy is largely agrarian. Tourism is also important.

===Agriculture===
When the botanist [[Thomas Thomson (botanist)|Thomson]] visited Leo (Lio) in August 1847, he found a sizeable village with many terraced fields. Crops grown included wheat, barley, buckwheat and millet. The fields had many apricot trees interspersed with the crops. Thomson speculated that agriculture flourished due to good heat due to reflection from surrounding mountains. He expressed surprised at the complete absence of trees despite the altitude being below the tree line.<ref name="Thomson1852" />

Traditionally, up to 1980, five crops were important in Spiti valley, namely black pea, potato, barley (hull-less and covered) and wheat. A study done in 2007–2009, found that by 1990, farmers had diversified to 9 crops. One of the new crops, green peas, covered about 47% of the survey area by 2000. Some of the main reasons for adoption of new crops include better road connectivity and transport to reach markets, declining demand for traditional crops, and availability of hybrid seeds and favourable micro-climatic niches.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sharma |first1=H.R. |last2=Chauhan |first2=S.K. |date=2013 |title=Agricultural Transformation in Trans Himalayan Region of Himachal Pradesh: Cropping Pattern, Technology Adoption and Emerging Challenges |url=https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/158503/files/17-HR-Sharma.pdf |journal=Agricultural Economics Research Review |volume=26 |issue=Conference Number |pages=173–179}}</ref>

===Tourism===
Leo is located in Kinnaur in the northeast corner of Himachal Pradesh. Bordered by Tibet to the east, Kinnaur is a beautiful district having three high mountains ranges i.e. Zanskar, Greater Himalayas and Dhauladhar, and the enclosing valleys of the rivers Sutlej, Spiti, Baspa and their tributaries. The slopes are covered with thick woods, orchards, fields and picturesque hamlets. The much revered religious Shivlinga lies at the peak of the [[Kinnaur Kailash]] mountain.<ref>{{cite web |last=Government of Himachal Pradesh |date=24 January 2023 |title=About District Kinnaur |url=https://hpkinnaur.nic.in/ |access-date=28 May 2023}}</ref>

A popular trek passing through Leo is from [[Reckong Peo]] in the Satluj valley to [[Nako, Himachal Pradesh|Nako]] in the Spiti valley. The trek takes 6 days. After a steep climb to the Hango Pass, the trail descends to Leo (Liyo) on the south bank of the Spiti. There, the trail crosses the Spiti river and climbs up to Nako.<ref>{{cite web |last=Government of Himachal Pradesh |date=24 January 2023 |title=Kinnaur: Adventures: Reckong Peo to Nako |url=https://hpkinnaur.nic.in/adventures/}}</ref>

==Transport==
Buses ply from Shimla on NH 5 and NH 505 to Kaza in Spiti via Nako. From Nako, taxis are available to Leo.<ref>{{cite web |last=Government of Himachal Pradesh |date=24 January 2023 |title=Kinnaur: How to Reach |url=https://hpkinnaur.nic.in/how-to-reach/ |access-date=28 May 2023}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Nako, Himachal Pradesh]]
* [[Spiti Valley]]

==References==
{{Commons category|Leo village}}
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Kinnaur district]]

R. Balasaraswathi Devi

2026-02-16T22:18:01Z

BrandonNewquist: put up first biography added tags...

{{Short description|Indian singer and actress (1928–2025)}}
{{Family name hatnote|Raavu|lang=Telugu}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Raavu Balasaraswathi Devi
| image = Raavu Balasaraswathi.jpg
| caption =
| birthname = Raavu Balasaraswathi Devi
| birth_date = {{birth date|1928|08|28|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Venkatagiri]], Madras Presidency, British India
| death_date = {{death date and age|2025|10|15|1928|08|28|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Hyderabad]], Telangana, India
| occupation = Actress, playback singer
| family = See [[List of South Indian film families#Nidudavolu family|Nidudavolu Family]]
| awards = [[Ramineni Foundation Award]]
}}

'''Raavu Balasaraswathi Devi''' (28 August 1928 – 15 October 2025) was an Indian singer and actress who performed from 1930 to the 1960s in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] and [[Tamil cinema]]. She was the first [[light music]] singer on [[All India Radio]] and the first playback singer in the [[Telugu cinema]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/starsprofile/Balasaraswathi_august_14_c.php |title=Stars : Star Profiles : Rao Balasaraswathi Devi to be felicitated on her 75th birthday |website=[[Telugucinema.com]] |accessdate=11 June 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225071853/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/starsprofile/Balasaraswathi_august_14_c.php |archivedate=25 February 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Early life==
Balasaraswathi was born in [[Venkatagiri]] in 1928.{{Citation needed|date= January 2020}} She learned music from Allathuru Subbayya and lent her voice for the first solo gramophone by [[Saregama|His Master's Voice]] at the age of six.{{Citation needed|date= January 2020}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Staff |first1=T. N. M. |title=R Balasaraswathi Devi, pioneer of playback singing in Telugu films, dies at 97 |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/amp/story/telangana/r-balasaraswathi-devi-pioneer-of-playback-singing-in-telugu-films-dies-at-97 |website=The News Minute |access-date=15 October 2025 |language=en |date=7 October 2025}}</ref>

==Career==
Balasaraswathi Devi acted as child actor Ganga and also sang in the films ''Sati Anasuya'' and ''Bhakta Dhruva'', both directed by [[C. Pullaiah]] in 1936.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fullhyderabad.com/profile/events/1969/2/light-music-by-rao-balasaraswathi-devi-review |title=Light Music By Rao Balasaraswathi Devi: Events in Hyderabad |publisher=Fullhyderabad.com |accessdate=11 June 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170523054019/http://events.fullhyderabad.com/light-music-by-rao-balasaraswathi-devi/2002-june/tickets-dates-videos-reviews-1969-1.html |archivedate=23 May 2017}}</ref> Observing her talent, director [[K. Subramaniam]] invited her to act in Tamil films. In the following years, she acted in Tamil films like ''[[Bhaktha Kuchela (1936 film)|Bhaktha Kuchela]]'' (1936), ''[[Balayogini]]'' (1937), and ''[[Thiruneelakantar]]'' (1939). She played the role of Tukaram's daughter in ''Tukaram'' (1938). The Tukaram role was portrayed by [[Musiri Subramania Iyer]] in the Tamil version and by [[C. S. R. Anjaneyulu]] in the Telugu version. In 1940, she acted with [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] in ''[[Illalu (1940 film)|Illalu]]'', directed by [[Gudavalli Ramabrahmam]].

In ''Bhagya Lakshmi'' (1943) of Sri Renuka Films of [[V. Nagayya]], she sang for Kamala Kotnis on screen, this being the first instance of playback singing in Telugu cinema.{{Citation needed|date= January 2020}} The song ''Thinne Meedha Sinnoda'' was composed by Bhimavarapu Narasimha Rao.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

===Music composers she sang for===
Balasaraswathi Devi worked with [[G. Ramanathan]], [[K. V. Mahadevan]], [[C. R. Subburaman]], [[S. V. Venkatraman]], [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]], Bhimavarapu Narasimha Rao, R. Chinnaiah, [[S. Hanumantha Rao]], [[S. Rajeswara Rao]], [[P. Adinarayana Rao]], G. Aswathama, [[Ogirala Ramachandra Rao]], [[Balantrapu Rajanikanta Rao]], Adepalli Rama Rao, C. N. Pandurangan, [[V. Nagayya]], [[T. V. Raju]], [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]], [[Naushad]], L. Malleswara Rao, [[Susarla Dakshinamurthi|S. Dakshinamurthi]], [[Vedha (composer)|Vedha]], [[M. Ranga Rao]], [[Master Venu]], R. Sudarsanam, Pamarti Krishna Murty, [[G. Govindarajulu Naidu]] and [[M. B. Sreenivasan]].{{Citation needed|date= January 2020}}

===With playback singers===
Balasaraswathi Devi sang duets mostly with [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] and [[A. M. Rajah]].{{Citation needed|date= January 2020}} She sang with [[T. M. Soundararajan]], T. A. Mothi, [[Seerkazhi Govindarajan]], [[S. Rajam]], [[M. S. Ramarao]], [[Pithapuram Nageswara Rao]] and Subramanyam. {{Citation needed|date= January 2020}}

She also sang duets with [[Jikki]], [[A. P. Komala]], [[M. S. Rajeswari]], [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]], [[P. Susheela]] and P. S. Vaideghi.{{Citation needed|date= January 2020}}

==Personal life and death==
Balasaraswathi Devi lived for some years in [[Mysore]], and then shifted to Hyderabad.{{Citation needed|date= January 2020}} After her husband's death, she lived with her son in her grandson's house in [[Secunderabad]].{{Citation needed|date= January 2020}} Balasaraswathi Devi died at her residence in [[Hyderabad]], on 15 October 2025, at the age of 97.<ref>{{cite news |title=R Balasaraswathi Devi, Telugu cinema’s first playback, dies at 97 |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/regional-cinema/r-balasaraswathi-devi-telugu-cinema-s-first-playback-dies-at-97-2025-10-15-1012945 |access-date=15 October 2025 |website=indiatvnews.com |date=15 October 2025}}</ref><ref name="Veteran singer Rao Balasaraswati passes away">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Veteran singer Rao Balasaraswati passes away |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/veteran-singer-rao-balasaraswati-passes-away/article70168250.ece |access-date=16 October 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |date=15 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251016122208/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/veteran-singer-rao-balasaraswati-passes-away/article70168250.ece |archive-date=16 October 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Filmography==

===Playback singer===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Language !! Song !! Music !! Co-singer
|-
| rowspan=5|1939 || rowspan=5|''[[Mahananda (1939 film)|Mahananda]]'' || rowspan=5|[[Telugu language|Telugu]] || ''Cheyandamma Cheyandi'' || rowspan=5|Motibabu ||
|-
| ''Kori Kori Vasinnche'' ||
|-
| ''Jagame Jagame Jagamega'' || Lalitha & [[C. Krishnaveni]]
|-
| ''Therichoodu Ee Vanasobha'' || Lalitha & [[C. Krishnaveni]]
|-
| ''Marachipotivaa Maamaa'' ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1940 || rowspan=2|''[[Illalu (1940 film)|Illalu]]'' || rowspan=2|Telugu || ''Suma Komala Kanulela Kala'' || rowspan=2|[[S. Rajeswara Rao]] || [[S. Rajeswara Rao]]
|-
| ''Kavyapaanamu Chesi Kaipekkinaane'' || [[S. Rajeswara Rao]]
|-
| rowspan=5|1941 || rowspan=5|''[[Apavadu]]'' || rowspan=5|Telugu || ''Eemaanupainundi'' || rowspan=5|[[S. Rajeswara Rao]] || [[Kalyanam Raghuramaiah|K. Raghuramaiah]]
|-
| ''Adugadugo Poga Bandī'' ||
|-
| ''Enni Chinnelu Nerchadammaa'' ||
|-
| ''Thelisinademo Theliyanidemo'' ||
|-
| ''Paanakammulo Pudaka Netikitu'' ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1941 || rowspan=2|''Chandrahasa'' || rowspan=2|Telugu || ''Javvaname Sresṭhamainadaho'' || rowspan=2|Motibabu ||
|-
| ''Sugandha Pushpa Sumambul'' ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1943 || rowspan=2|''[[Bhagyalakshmi (1943 film)|Bhagyalakshmi]]'' || rowspan=2|Telugu || ''Tinne Meedi Chinnoda'' || rowspan=2|[[Bhimavarapu Narasimha Rao]] ||
|-
| ''Chestanu Pendlikodukunu'' ||
|-
| rowspan=4|1944 || rowspan=4|''[[Chenchu Lakshmi (1943 film)|Chenchu Lakshmi]]'' || rowspan=4|Telugu || ''Elukovayya Elukovayya'' || rowspan=4|[[R. Chinnaiah]] & [[C. R. Subburaman]] ||
|-
| ''Eri Eri Naa Samanulu'' ||
|-
| ''Kanipinchitiva Narasimha'' ||
|-
| ''Madhuramugaa Aahaa Ee Jeevithame'' || S. Venkatraman
|-
| 1947 || ''Radhika'' || Telugu || ''Gopala Krishnudu Nallana'' || [[S. Hanumantha Rao]] ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1948 || rowspan=2|''[[Bilhana (film)|Bilhana]]'' || rowspan=2|[[Tamil language|Tamil]] || ''Sri Jaya Saraswathi Devi Thaaye'' || rowspan=2|[[Papanasam Sivan]]||
|-
| ''Innisaiye Ganarasa Innamudhe Ennuriye'' ||
|-
| rowspan=5|1948 || rowspan=5|''[[Suvarnamala]]'' || rowspan=5|Telugu || ''Ravoji Jilvana Jyoti'' || rowspan=5|[[Adepalli Rama Rao]] ||
|-
| ''Gopala Baludu'' ||
|-
| ''Gopala Radhalola'' ||
|-
| ''Premaleelaye Noyi'' || Surya Narayana
|-
| ''Yadhakumara Giridhara'' ||
|-
| 1949 || ''[[Laila Majnu (1949 film)|Laila Majnu]]'' || Tamil || ''Veen Pazhi Thane Prabho En Mel'' || [[C. R. Subburaman]] ||
|-
| 1949 || ''[[Laila Majnu (1949 film)|Laila Majnu]]'' || Telugu || ''Ela Pagaye Ipudela Pagaye'' || [[C. R. Subburaman]] ||
|-
| rowspan=5|1950 || rowspan=5|''Aahuti'' || rowspan=5|Telugu || ''O Priyabalanura Ne Manajalanura'' || rowspan=5|[[S. Rajeswara Rao]] || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
|-
| ''Janana Maraṇa Lila Premaye'' || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
|-
| ''Hansavale O Padava'' || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] & [[T. Kanakam]]
|-
| ''Premaye Janana Maraṇa Lila'' || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
|-
| ''Punnami Vachinadī Ponginadī'' || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
|-
| 1950|| ''Modati Rathri'' || Telugu || ''Mamatho Yemo Chandrudela'' || [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]] || [[M. S. Ramarao]] & [[G. Varalakshmi]]
|-
| rowspan=4|1950 || rowspan=4|''[[Shavukaru]]'' || rowspan=4|Telugu || ''Deepavali Deepavali'' (pathos) || rowspan=4|[[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] ||
|-
| ''Deepavali Deepavali'' || [[Santha Kumari]]
|-
| ''Palukaraadate Chilukaa'' || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
|-
| ''Palukaraadate Chilukaa'' ||
|-
| rowspan=6|1950 || rowspan=6|''[[Swapna Sundari (film)|Swapna Sundari]]'' || rowspan=6|Tamil || ''Ohoho Maharaja'' || rowspan=6|[[C. R. Subburaman]] ||
|-
| ''Nee Sariye Madhana'' ||
|-
| ''Nee Inbam Ulakinil Thaane'' || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
|-
| ''Komagane Nee Maha Thiyagiye'' ||
|-
| ''Thedi Alainthene Unnai'' || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
|-
| ''Pagattum Penne Yeno'' ||
|-
| rowspan=6|1950 || rowspan=6|''[[Swapna Sundari (film)|Swapna Sundari]]'' || rowspan=6|Telugu || ''Ohoho Maharaja'' || rowspan=6|[[C. R. Subburaman]] ||
|-
| ''Natanalu Thelusune'' ||
|-
| ''Ee Seema Velasina'' || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
|-
| ''Oh Paradesi'' ||
|-
| ''O Swapna Sundari'' || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
|-
| ''Ninne Valache Konara'' ||
|-
| rowspan=4|1951 || rowspan=4|''[[Mayalamari|Mayakkari]]'' || rowspan=4|Tamil || ''Kanbeno Kanbeno'' || rowspan=4|[[P. Adinarayana Rao]] || [[Pithapuram Nageswara Rao]]
|-
| ''Kaavinil Koovum Kogilam Thaano'' || [[Pithapuram Nageswara Rao]]
|-
| ''Idhu Enna Vedhanai'' ||
|-
| ''Raajaa Koluvaai Vandhaar'' || [[Pithapuram Nageswara Rao]]
|-
| rowspan=5|1951 || rowspan=5|''[[Mayalamari]]'' || rowspan=5|Telugu || ''Ledemo Ledemo'' || rowspan=5|[[P. Adinarayana Rao]] || [[Pithapuram Nageswara Rao]]
|-
| ''Koyila Koose'' || [[Pithapuram Nageswara Rao]]
|-
| ''Valachina Priyude'' ||
|-
| ''Rani Vedaale'' || [[Pithapuram Nageswara Rao]]
|-
| ''O Paradesi'' ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1952 || rowspan=2|''Roopavathi'' || rowspan=2|Telugu || ''Reethiye Leni Naa Vraatha'' || rowspan=2|[[C. R. Subburaman]] ||
|-
| ''Vennelni Chinnabuchche Paata'' ||
|-
| rowspan=4|1952 || rowspan=4|''Chinna Kodalu'' || rowspan=4|Telugu || ''Jo Jo Jo Vayyarikade Jo Jo Jo'' || rowspan=4|[[G. Aswathama]] ||
|-
| ''Ra Rado Rachiluka'' || [[A. M. Rajah]]
|-
| ''Paruve Baruvaayega'' ||
|-
| ''Pillanagrovi Patakada'' ||
|-
| rowspan=3|1952 || rowspan=3|''[[Manavathi]]'' || rowspan=3|Tamil || ''O Malaya Maarudhame'' || rowspan=3|[[Balantrapu Rajanikanta Rao]] & H. R. Padmanabha Sastry || [[S. Rajam]]
|-
| ''Anbu Kondaendhum'' ||
|-
| ''Thanadhu Adamae Thaan'' ||
|-
| rowspan=3|1952 || rowspan=3|''[[Manavathi]]'' || rowspan=3|Telugu || ''O Malaya Pavanama'' || rowspan=3|[[Balantrapu Rajanikanta Rao]] & H. R. Padmanabha Sastry || [[M. S. Ramarao]]
|-
| ''Phalimpava Naa Asalu'' ||
|-
| ''Tana Pantame'' ||
|-
| 1952 || ''[[Kaadhal (1952 film)|Kaadhal]]'' || Tamil || || [[C. R. Subburaman]] ||
|-
| 1952 || ''[[Prema (1952 film)|Prema]]'' || Telugu || Ooho! Idigada! || [[C. R. Subburaman]] ||
|-
| rowspan=6|1952 || rowspan=6|''Priyuralu'' || rowspan=6|Telugu || ''Anandam Mana Jeevana Ragam'' || rowspan=6|[[S. Rajeswara Rao]] || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] & [[Jikki]]
|-
| ''Undumu Madhuranagarilo Krishna'' ||
|-
| ''Evarida Venugīti Pillagalito'' ||
|-
| ''Okasaraina Nī Madhuralapana'' || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
|-
| ''Vinaravo O Vintalokama'' || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
|-
| ''Vennelni Chinnabuchche Paata'' ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1952 || rowspan=2|''Santhi'' || rowspan=2|Telugu || ''Aha Netiki Naapai Jaali'' || rowspan=2|[[C. R. Subburaman]] ||
|-
| ''Voogudhune Ooyale'' ||
|-
| 1952 || ''[[Thai Ullam]]'' || Tamil || ''Malai Nilaa Vara Vendum'' || [[V. Nagayya]] & [[Adepalli Rama Rao]] || [[T. A. Mothi]]
|-
| rowspan=3|1953 || rowspan=3|''[[Devdas (1953 Telugu film)|Devadas]]'' || rowspan=3|Tamil || ''Santhosham Vendumendral''|| rowspan=3|[[C. R. Subburaman]], [[T. K. Ramamoorthy]] & [[M. S. Viswanathan]] ||
|-
| ''Anbe Pavama'' ||
|-
| ''Paaramugam Yenayya En Swami'' ||
|-
| rowspan=3|1953 || rowspan=3|''[[Devdas (1953 Telugu film)|Devadasu]]'' || rowspan=3|Telugu || ''Andam Choodavaya Anandinchavaya'' || rowspan=3|[[C. R. Subburaman]], [[T. K. Ramamoorthy]] & [[M. S. Viswanathan]] ||
|-
| ''Tane Marena Nanne Marachena'' ||
|-
| ''Imta Telisiyumdi'' ||
|-
| 1953 || ''[[En Veedu]]'' || Tamil || ''Bhoomiyile Oru Punniya Kathai'' || [[V. Nagayya]] & [[Adepalli Rama Rao]] || [[Jikki]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1953 || rowspan=2|''[[Naa Chellelu]]'' || rowspan=2|Telugu || ''Hayi Kada Mana Ilvanamu'' || rowspan=2|[[C. N. Pandurangan]] || [[A. M. Rajah]]
|-
| ''Ma Prema Ghada Madurmmugada'' || [[A. M. Rajah]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1953 || rowspan=2|''[[Naa Illu]]'' || rowspan=2|Telugu || ''Adigadigo Gagana Seemao'' || rowspan=2|[[V. Nagayya]] & [[Adepalli Rama Rao]] || [[Jikki]]
|-
| ''Vinnara Janulara Veenulara'' || [[Jikki]]
|-
| 1953 || ''[[Pichi Pullayya]]'' || Telugu || ''Ella Velalandu Nee Chakkani Chirunavvulakai'' || [[T. V. Raju]] || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
|-
| rowspan=5|1954 || rowspan=5|''[[Puthradharmam|Nalla Penmani]]'' || rowspan=5|Tamil || ''Anbe Nee Kanne Valarnthaal Petra'' || rowspan=5|P. S. Divakar ||
|-
| ''Dhevi Dhevi Agathi En Vinai'' ||
|-
| ''Nin Dhayavaale En Mana Thuyaram'' ||
|-
| ''Anbe Nee Kanne Valarnthaal Petra'' || [[A. M. Rajah]]
|-
| ''Vaadi Ularumo Vaazhkai Malarumo'' ||
|-
| 1954 || ''[[Nirupedalu]]'' || Telugu || Raavamma Nidura Raavamma || [[T. V. Raju]] ||
|-
| rowspan=5|1954 || rowspan=5|''[[Rajee En Kanmani]]'' || rowspan=5|Tamil || ''Malligaipoo Jathi Roja'' || rowspan=5|[[S. Hanumantha Rao]] ||
|-
| ''Sundara Malare'' ||
|-
| ''Amma Vareero'' ||
|-
| '' Thoongayo Duraiye Soppanam'' ||
|-
| ''Manadhinile Vethanai'' ||
|-
| rowspan=5|1954 || rowspan=5|''Rajee Na Pranam'' || rowspan=5|Telugu || ''Mallepoolu Mallepoolu'' || rowspan=5|[[S. Hanumantha Rao]] ||
|-
| ''Meraina Choosi'' ||
|-
| Amma Ivigonamma Dayatho ||
|-
| ''Nindhu Vennela Mallelalo'' ||
|-
| ''Managalana Soonyamu'' ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1954 || rowspan=2|''[[Panam Paduthum Padu]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || ''Maname Sugame Perumo'' || rowspan=2|[[T. A. Kalyanam]] ||
|-
| ''Endrum Ilaa Inbam Idhe'' ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1954 || rowspan=2|''[[Vaddante Dabbu]]'' || rowspan=2|Telugu || ''Mansaemo Chalinchaneyo'' || rowspan=2|[[T. A. Kalyanam]] ||
|-
| ''Endhukohoyi Naku Endhukamma'' ||
|-
| rowspan=4|1955 || rowspan=4|''Aada Bidda'' || rowspan=4|Telugu || ''Kalyani Subhadayini'' || rowspan=4|Amarnath ||
|-
| ''Galimedalena Naa Jīvitasalu'' ||
|-
| ''Talatala Merise Vennelalo'' ||
|-
| ''Laagaraa Ailesaa'' || [[M. S. Rama Rao]] & [[Pithapuram Nageswara Rao]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1955 || rowspan=2|''[[Asai Anna Arumai Thambi]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || ''Kannaithaan Parikkudhu'' || rowspan=2|[[K. V. Mahadevan]] ||
|-
| ''Sugam Peruveno'' ||
|-
| 1955 || ''[[Maa Gopi|Jaya Gopi]]'' || Tamil || ''O Muthu Papa'' || [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1955 || rowspan=2|''[[Jayasimha (1955 film)|Jayasimha]]'' || rowspan=2|Telugu || ''Madiloni Madhura Bhavam Palikenu Mohana Ragam'' || rowspan=2|[[T. V. Raju]] || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
|-
| ''Manasaina Cheli Pilupu'' || [[A. P. Komala]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1955 || rowspan=2|''[[Jayasimha (1955 film)|Jayasimman]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || ''Malarodu Madhura Mevum Manam Kaanum Mohana Ragam'' || rowspan=2|[[T. V. Raju]] || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
|-
| ''Malar Thara'' || [[A. P. Komala]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1955 || rowspan=2|''[[Mahakavi Kalidasa|Mahakavi Kalidhas]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || ''Pesum Kiliye Vaanil Parandhaai'' || rowspan=2|[[Honnappa Bhagavathar|C. Honnappa Bhagavathar]] ||
|-
| ''Vaaraai Vaaraai Vaaraai'' || [[V. N. Sundaram]]
|-
| 1955 || ''[[Mangaiyar Thilakam]]'' || Tamil || ''Neela Vanna Kanna Vada'' || [[S. Dakshinamurthi]] ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1955 || rowspan=2|''[[Nallakalam]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || ''Vazhvu Malarnthu Manam Veesiduthe'' || rowspan=2|[[K. V. Mahadevan]] ||
|-
| ''Maname Un Vaazhvil Nee'' ||
|-
| 1955 || ''Pasupu Kumkuma'' || Telugu || ''Hayi Hayi O Papayi'' || [[M. Ranga Rao]] ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1955 || rowspan=2|''Sri Jagannatha Mahatyamu'' || rowspan=2|Telugu || ''Kadha Yide Mrdumadhuramu'' || rowspan=2|[[Kandula Mallikarjuna Rao|Mallik]] & [[B. Gopalam]] ||
|-
| ''Bhramara Yidemaya Ento'' ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1956 || rowspan=2|''[[Bhagyachakra]]'' || rowspan=2|[[Kannada]] || ''Doora Doora Doorake'' || rowspan=2|[[Vijaya Bhaskar]] ||
|-
| ''Jhalukina Jhalukina Loka'' ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1956 || rowspan=2|''[[Bhagyodaya]]'' || rowspan=2|Kannada || ''Anandha Gokula'' || rowspan=2|[[L. Malleswara Rao]] || [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]] & Subramanyam
|-
| ''Namaste Saradha Devi.... Vaani Veena Paani'' ||
|-
| 1956 || ''[[Bhaktha Markandeya]]'' || Kannada || ''Dagudu Mootalu'' || [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] ||
|-
| 1956 || ''[[Bhaktha Markandeya]]'' || Telugu || ''Dagudu Muthalu Natona'' || [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1956 || rowspan=2|''[[Kannin Manigal]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || ''Kandu Konden Naane'' || rowspan=2|[[S. V. Venkatraman]] || [[T. A. Mothi]]
|-
| ''Kandu Konden Naane'' (pathos) || [[T. A. Mothi]]
|-
| 1956 || ''[[Sri Gauri Mahatyam|Mangala Gauri]]'' || Tamil || ''Ambaa Mangala Gowri'' || [[Ogirala Ramachandra Rao]] ||
|-
| 1956 || ''[[Marma Veeran]]'' || Tamil || ''Thudikkum Valibame'' || [[Vedha (composer)|Vedha]] ||
|-
| 1956 || ''[[Moondru Pengal]]'' || Tamil || ''Enadhu Ullame Poothu Kulungum'' || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] ||
|-
| rowspan=3|1956 || rowspan=3|''[[Nalla Veedu]]'' || rowspan=3|Tamil || ''Kalaimathiye En Kaadhal'' || rowspan=3|Krishnamurthi & Nagaraja Iyer || [[P. B. Sreenivas]]
|-
| ''Vidhiyin Sodhanai Idhuthaanaa'' ||
|-
| ''Idhayame Sorgamaagum'' ||
|-
| 1956 || ''[[Sri Gauri Mahatyam]]'' || Telugu || ''Ambaa Mangala Gowri'' || [[Ogirala Ramachandra Rao]] & [[T. V. Raju]] ||
|-
| 1956 || ''[[Tenali Ramakrishna (film)|Tenali Raman]]'' || Tamil || ''Thangam Pongum Meni Undhan Sondham Ini'' || [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] ||
|-
| 1956 || ''[[Tenali Ramakrishna (film)|Tenali Ramakrishna]]'' || Telugu || ''Jhan Jhan Kankanamuluga'' || [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1956 || rowspan=2|''[[Uran Khatola (film)|Vanaratham]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || ''Sudar Thaari Sabaiyil Unai Kanen Nane'' || rowspan=2|[[M. B. Sreenivasan]] ||
|-
| ''Nenjin Ilamai Ensolven'' ||
|-
| 1957 || ''[[Raju Peda|Aandi Petra Selvan]]'' || Tamil || ''Amma Amma'' || [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] ||
|-
| 1957 || ''[[Dhampatyam|Aavathellam Pennale]]'' || Tamil || ''Vennila Raajaa Vegamaai Nee Vaa'' || Jeevan ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1957 || rowspan=2|''[[Baagyavathi]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || ''Ellorum Unnai Nallavan Endre'' || rowspan=2|[[S. Dakshinamurthi]] ||
|-
| ''Dhinasari En Vazhvil Thirunale'' ||
|-
| 1957 || ''[[Bhaktha Markandeya]]'' || Tamil || ''Inggum Anggum'' || [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] ||
|-
| rowspan=4|1957 || rowspan=4|''[[Dhampatyam]]'' || rowspan=4|Telugu || ''Tanemi Talacheno'' || rowspan=4| [[Ramesh Naidu]] || [[A. M. Rajah]]
|-
| ''Nadhi Veedhilo Jeevitham'' ||
|-
| ''Ledhemo Aanandhaṁ Ipuḍi '' ||
|-
| ''Vennelaajaa Vegame Raavaa'' ||
|-
| 1957 || ''[[Yaar Paiyan|Evari Abbayi]]'' || Telugu || ''Kallamootakaalam Kadura Raajaa'' || T. M. Ibrahim ||
|-
| 1957 || ''[[Mahadhevi]]'' || Tamil || ''Singara Punnagai Kannara Kandale'' || [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] || [[M. S. Rajeswari]]
|-
| rowspan=3|1957 || rowspan=3|''Peddarikalu'' || rowspan=3|Telugu || ''Lali Lali Nanu Kannayya'' || rowspan=3|[[Master Venu]] ||
|-
| ''Vennela Radha Vedanalena'' ||
|-
| ''Padavamma Maayam'' || [[P. Susheela]] & P. S. Vaidhegi
|-
| rowspan=2|1957 || rowspan=2|''[[Raja Rajan (film)|Raja Rajan]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || ''Kalaityaadha Aasai Kanave'' || rowspan=2|[[K. V. Mahadevan]] ||
|-
| ''Kalaityaadha Aasai Kanave'' (Pathos) ||
|-
| 1957 || ''[[Maheswari (film)|Rani Rangamma]]'' || Telugu || ''Natiroju Yela Radhu'' || [[S. Dakshinamurthi]] ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1957 || rowspan=2|''[[Sankalpam (1957 film)|Sankalpam]]'' || rowspan=2|Telugu || ''Nidurapoora'' || rowspan=2|[[S. Dakshinamurthi]] ||
|-
| ''Naa Aasalanni'' ||
|-
| rowspan=3|1957 || rowspan=3|''[[Veera Kankanam]]'' || rowspan=3|Telugu || ''Amdala Rani'' || rowspan=3|[[S. Dakshinamurthi]] || [[A. M. Rajah]]
|-
| ''Siggulu Chigurinchene'' ||
|-
| ''Kalakaadhu Chelee Kaadhu'' || [[Jikki]]
|-
| 1957 || ''[[Yaar Paiyan]]'' || Tamil || ''Kannaamoochi Aattam'' || [[S. Dakshinamurthi]] ||
|-
| 1958 || ''[[Anbu Enge]]'' || Tamil || ''Sollu Nee Raja'' || [[Vedha (composer)|Vedha]] ||
|-
| 1958 || ''Booloka Rambha'' || Telugu || ''Devi Dayaganave Bhavani '' || [[C. N. Pandurangan]] ||
|-
| 1958 || ''[[Manchi Manasuku Manchi Rojulu]]'' || Telugu || ''Dharaniki Giri Bharama Giriki Taruvu Bharama'' || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] ||
|-
| 1958 || ''[[Thai Pirandhal Vazhi Pirakkum]]'' || Tamil || ''Eliyorai Thaazhthi Valiyorai Vaazhthum'' || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[T. M. Soundararajan]]
|-
| 1958 || ''[[Uthama Puthiran (1958 film)|Uthama Puthiran]]'' || Tamil || ''Muthe, Pavalame.... Aala Pirantha En Kanmaniye'' || [[G. Ramanathan]] || [[A. P. Komala]]
|-
| 1959 || ''[[Arumai Magal Abirami]]'' || Tamil || ''Nalla Pillai Endru Solli Unnai'' || [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] ||
|-
| 1959 || ''[[Bala Nagamma (1959 film)|Bala Nagamma]]'' || Tamil || ''Aararo Ennaasai Raajaa'' || [[Pamarti]] ||
|-
| 1959 || ''[[Gandhari Garva Bhangamu]]'' || Telugu || ''Ne Arunodayavela'' || [[Pamarti]] ||
|-
| 1959 || ''[[Maa Inti Mahalakshmi]]'' || Telugu || ''Chivurullo Chilukalaga'' || [[G. Aswathama]] || P. S. Vaidhegi
|-
| 1959 || ''[[Mala Oru Mangala Vilakku]]'' || Tamil || ''Aaduthu Poongkodi'' || [[C. N. Pandurangan]] ||
|-
| 1959 || ''[[Anbu Engey|Pedda Kodalu]]'' || Telugu || ''Vennelaradha Vedanelena'' || [[M. Ranga Rao]] ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1959 || rowspan=2|''[[Pelli Sandadi (1959 film)|Pelli Sandadi]]'' || rowspan=2|Telugu || ''Rave Premalata Oho Kaviraja'' || rowspan=2|[[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
|-
| ''Hailelo Naa Raaja'' || [[Jikki]]
|-
| 1959 || ''Penn Kulathin Perumai'' || Tamil || ''Pillai Kaniyamuthe Pedhai Enthan'' || [[G. Ramanathan]] ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1959 || rowspan=2|''[[Sahodhari]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || ''Uravu Thanthai Kannaale'' || rowspan=2|[[R. Sudarsanam]] ||
|-
| ''Malarum Malarum Nallarame'' ||
|-
| 1959 || ''[[Sollu Thambi Sollu]]'' || Tamil || ''Soodaadha Malarai'' || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] ||
|-
| 1959 || ''[[Sumangali (1959 film)|Sumangali]]'' || Tamil || ''Vidhi Seidha Sadhiyo Atthaan'' || [[M. Ranga Rao]] || [[Seerkazhi Govindarajan]]
|-
| 1959 || ''[[Thayapola Pillai Noolapola Selai]]'' || Tamil || ''Nalla Kudumbam Miga Nalla Kudumbam'' || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] ||
|-
| 1959 || ''Thozhan'' || Tamil || ''Vada Malarthene'' || [[G. Ramanathan]] ||
|-
| 1959 || ''[[Vachina Kodalu Nachindi]]'' || Telugu || ''Emo Emanukoneno Na Matha'' || [[S. Dakshinamurthi]] ||
|-
| 1960 || ''[[Bhagyodaya|Chinna Marumagal]]'' || Tamil || ''Namaste Saradha Devi.... Vaani Veena Paani'' || [[L. Malleswara Rao]] ||
|-
| 1960 || ''[[Irumanam Kalanthal Thirumanam]]'' || Tamil || ''Kanne Vaadaa Kaniye Vaadaa'' || [[S. Dakshinamurthi]] ||
|-
| 1960 || ''[[Raja Bakthi]]'' || Tamil || ''Paarmuzhuthum Irul Parappum'' || [[G. Govindarajulu Naidu]] ||
|-
| 1961 || ''[[Thayilla Pillai]]'' || Tamil || ''Seerarum Paingkiliye'' || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] ||
|-
| 1962 || ''[[Swargarajyam]]'' || [[Malayalam]] || ''Pandu Pandu Pande'' || [[M. B. Sreenivasan]] ||
|-
| 1963 || ''[[Naan Vanangum Dheivam]]'' || Tamil || ''Dhayavillaiyo Annaiye'' || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1968 || rowspan=2|''[[Harichandra (1968 film)|Harichandra]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || ''Oraam Maadham Udaladhu Thalarndhu'' || rowspan=2|[[K. V. Mahadevan]] ||
|-
| ''Naranaiyum Nee Padaitthaai'' ||
|-
| 1980 || ''Sangham Chekkina Shilpalu'' || Telugu || ''Poyi Rave Amma Poyi Ravamma'' || [[Ramesh Naidu]] ||
|}

===Actress===
{{Unsourced section|date= September 2022}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Language !! Director !! Banner
|-
| 1935 || ''Sati Anasuya'' || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || Ahin Chowdhary ||
|-
| 1936 || ''[[Bhakta Dhruva]]'' || Telugu || [[C. Pullaiah]] || [[East India Film Company]]
|-
| 1936 || ''[[Bhaktha Kuchela (1936 film)|Bhaktha Kuchela]]'' || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || [[K. Subramaniam]] || Madras United Artists Corp
|-
| 1937 || ''[[Balayogini]]'' || Tamil || K. Subramanyam || Madras United Artists Corp
|-
| 1938 || ''Tukaram'' || Tamil || B. Narayana Rao || Star Combines
|-
| 1938 || ''Tukaram'' || Telugu || B. Narayana Rao || Star Combines
|-
| 1939 || ''[[Thiruneelakantar]]'' || Tamil || [[P. K. Raja Sandow]] || Trichy Thyagaraj Films Ltd
|-
| 1940 || ''[[Illalu (1940 film)|Illalu]]'' || Telugu || [[Gudavalli Ramabrahmam]] || Indira Devi Films
|-
| 1941 || ''[[Apavadu]]'' || Telugu || Gudavalli Ramabrahmam || Kasturi Films
|-
| 1940 || ''Chandrahasa'' || Telugu || M. L. Rangaiah || Vani Pictures
|-
| 1943 || ''[[Dhaasippen]]'' || Tamil || [[Ellis R. Dungan]] || Devi Films
|-
| 1947 || ''Radhika'' || Telugu || K. Sadasiva Rao || Sri Chatrapathi Pictures
|-
| 1948 || ''[[Bilhana (film)|Bilhana]]'' || Tamil || B. N. Rao || Mubarak Pictures
|-
| 1948 || ''[[Bilhana (film)|Bilhana]]'' || Telugu || B. N. Rao || Mubarak Pictures
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{imdb name|0704692}}
* {{discogs artist|Raavu Balasaraswathi Devi}}
* {{YouTube|D5z2QdQVBRs|Interview with Raavu Balasaraswathi Devi.}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060702013832/http://www.oldtelugusongs.com/cgi-bin/search2/search.pl? Listen to some of the songs of R. Balasaraswathi at Old Telugu Songs.com]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Balasaraswathi Devi, R.}}
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Singers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Actresses from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Film musicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Nellore district]]
[[Category:All India Radio people]]
[[Category:All India Radio women]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Andhra Pradesh]]

Rolyan

2026-02-02T10:45:19Z

BrandonNewquist: Created a redirect

#REDIRECT [[Bageshwar district]]
{{R from merge}}{{R from alternative transliteration}}

IndusInd Nippon Life Insurance

2026-01-31T16:20:00Z

BrandonNewquist: Made First Post Basic Info

{{Short description|Indian insurance and finance company}}
{{distinguish|Reliance LYF}}
{{EngvarB|date=December 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox company
| name = IndusInd Nippon Life Insurance Company Limited
| former_name = Reliance Nippon Life Insurance Company Limited (2001 - 2025)
| logo =
| logo_caption = IndusInd Nippon Life Insurance
| type = [[Joint venture]]
| industry = [[Financial services]]
| products = [[Life insurance]] [[Investment management]]
| location = [[Santacruz, Mumbai|Santacruz]], [[Mumbai]], India
| founded = 14 May 2001
| key_people = Ashish Vohra {{small|(Executive Director & CEO)}}
| assets = {{INRConvert|150|b}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Reliance-Life-Insurance-assets-cross-Rs-15-000-crore/Article1-590811.aspx |title=Reliance Life Insurance assets cross Rs 15,000 crore |work=Hindustan Times |date=23 August 2010 |access-date=21 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101101034913/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Reliance-Life-Insurance-assets-cross-Rs-15-000-crore/Article1-590811.aspx |archive-date=1 November 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.indusindnipponlife.com/}}
| parent = [[IndusInd Capital]]([[Hinduja Group]]) [[Nippon Life]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''IndusInd Nippon Life Insurance Company''' ('''INLIC''') (formerly '''Reliance Nippon Life Insurance Company''' ('''RNLIC''')) is a life insurance company in [[India]]. The firm offers life insurance products targeted at individuals and groups, catering to four distinct segments: protection, children, retirement and investment plans.

== History ==

The company offers life insurance products aimed at individuals and groups broadly classified into four distinct segments: protection, children, retirement and investment plans. Till year 2014 it was ranked amongst the top five private sector life insurance companies in terms of individual weighted received premium (WRP) and new business WRP and had over 1 crore policy holders with a strong distribution network of over 900 branches and around 100,000 agents.<ref name="Reliance Ref1" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-08-17/news/29896522_1_insurance-act-reliance-life-insurance-irda-chairman |title=Govt approves 26% stake sale of Reliance life insurance to Nippon - Economic Times |access-date=1 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202224314/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-08-17/news/29896522_1_insurance-act-reliance-life-insurance-irda-chairman |archive-date=2 February 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/reliance-capital-completes-mf-stake-sale-to-nippon-life-112081700109_1.html|title=Reliance Capital completes MF stake sale to Nippon Life|date=17 August 2012|access-date=29 July 2018|publisher=[[Business Standard]]|archive-date=30 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730080405/https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/reliance-capital-completes-mf-stake-sale-to-nippon-life-112081700109_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/companies/Nippon-Life-to-buy-26-in-Reliance-Life/article14947302.ece|title=Nippon Life to buy 26% in Reliance Life|date=14 March 2011|access-date=29 July 2018|website=Thehindu.com|archive-date=27 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127202242/https://www.thehindu.com/business/companies/Nippon-Life-to-buy-26-in-Reliance-Life/article14947302.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| 2001|| AMP Sanmar Life Insurance Company was formed
|-
| 2002 || AMP gets IRDA approval to commence business
|-
| 2005 || Reliance Life Insurance takes over AMP Sanmar
|-
| 2006 || Name changed to Reliance Life Insurance Co. Ltd.
|-
| 2007 || ISO 9001:2000 Certification
|-
| 2008 || Becomes 4th largest private insurer
|-
| 2010 || Becomes the largest private insurer in number of policies
|-
| 2011 || [[Nippon Life]] signs definitive agreement to acquire 26% of the company.
|-
| 2016 || Nippon acquires 49% stake in Reliance Life Insurance Company
|-
| March 2025 || Hinduja Group takes over Reliance remaining 51% of shares
|-
| December 2025 || Name changed to IndusInd Nippon Life Insurance Co. Ltd.
|}

== Description ==
As of 31 March 2013, the Total Premium (net of re-insurance) was Rs. 40.15 billion, whereas new business premium stood at Rs. 13.77 billion. The company achieved a profit of Rs. 3.80 billion. The company sold 760,000 policies during 2012–13 with total managed funds valuing to Rs. 181.89 billion, through a wide network of distribution with 1,230 offices and over {{formatnum:124000}} advisors.{{cn|date=July 2025}}

Reliance Nippon Life Insurance is a part of [[Reliance Capital]] of the Reliance [[Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slideshare.net/abhineetpsingh/about-reliance-life-insurance|title=About reliance life insurance|website=Slideshare.net|date=14 May 2013 |access-date=29 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.4-traders.com/RELIANCE-CAPITAL-LIMITED-9058959/news/Reliance-Capital-Limited-Reliance-Capital-announces-results-for-year-ended-March-31-2013-16866779/ |title=Reliance Capital Limited : Reliance Capital announces results for year ended March 31, 2013 |website=4-traders.com |access-date=29 July 2018 |author1=4-Traders |archive-date=30 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730021215/http://www.4-traders.com/RELIANCE-CAPITAL-LIMITED-9058959/news/Reliance-Capital-Limited-Reliance-Capital-announces-results-for-year-ended-March-31-2013-16866779/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiainfoline.com/Markets/News/Reliance-Capital-FY13-net-profit-at-Rs8120mn/5683843781 |title=Reliance Capital FY13 net profit at Rs8120mn |website=www.indiainfoline.com |access-date=3 February 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130701130939/http://www.indiainfoline.com/Markets/News/Reliance-Capital-FY13-net-profit-at-Rs8120mn/5683843781 |archive-date=1 July 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In March 2025, the company was taken over by the [[Hinduja Group]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Reliance Capital finally comes under Hinduja fold |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/reliance-capital-finally-comes-under-hinduja-fold-9893410/ |access-date=8 July 2025 |work=The Indian Express |date=19 March 2025 |language=en |archive-date=8 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250708214426/https://indianexpress.com/article/business/reliance-capital-finally-comes-under-hinduja-fold-9893410/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Important landmarks==

Some of the important landmarks achieved by the company are:<ref name="Reliance Ref1">{{cite news |title=Reliance Life Insurance Company {{!}} IBEF |url=https://www.ibef.org/industry/insurance-sector-india/showcase/reliance-life-insurance-company |access-date=4 May 2021 |publisher=www.ibef.org |archive-date=4 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504104058/https://www.ibef.org/industry/insurance-sector-india/showcase/reliance-life-insurance-company |url-status=live }}</ref>

2025 - Renamed to IndusInd Nippon Life Insurance Co. Ltd.

2010 - Achieves status as largest private insurer in number of policies.

2008 - Establishes as 4th largest private insurer.

2006 - Renamed to Reliance Life Insurance Co Ltd.

2005 - Acquires AMP Sanmar.

2001 - Incorporation of AMP Sanmar Life Insurance Company.

==See also==
* [[Hinduja Group]]
* [[Nippon Life]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* {{official website|https://www.indusindnipponlife.com/}}

{{Insurance in India}}

[[Category:Financial services companies established in 2001]]
[[Category:Life insurance companies of India]]
[[Category:Financial services companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Nippon Life]]
[[Category:2001 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Cornel West

2026-01-28T11:14:57Z

BrandonNewquist: adjust citations after review

{{Short description |American philosopher and political activist (born 1953)}}
{{for|the residential section of Cornell University|Cornell West Campus}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2013}}
{{Infobox philosopher
| region = [[Western philosophy]]
| era = [[Contemporary philosophy]]
| name = Cornel West
| image = Cornel West (39223875064) (cropped).jpg
| caption = West in 2018
| birth_name = Cornel Ronald West
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1953|6|2}}
| birth_place = [[Tulsa, Oklahoma|Tulsa]], [[Oklahoma]], U.S.
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = {{ubl | Justice For All Party (since 2024) | [[Independent politician|Independent]] (since 2023)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trudo |first=Hanna |date=2023-10-05 |title=Cornel West switches from Green Party presidential candidate to independent |url= https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/4240149-cornel-west-switches-from-green-party-candidate-to-independent/ |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |language=en-US}}</ref> | [[Green Party of the United States|Green]] (2023)<ref name="DN!2023">{{cite news |author=|date=June 14, 2023|title=Cornel West Moves to Green Party in 2024 Presidential Run|url=https://www.democracynow.org/2023/6/14/headlines/cornel_west_moves_to_green_party_in_2024_presidential_run|work=[[Democracy Now!]] |location= |access-date=June 14, 2023}}</ref><ref name="The Hill2023">{{cite news |last=Gans|first=Jared |date=June 14, 2023 |title=Cornel West seeking Green Party nomination for presidential run|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/4049401-cornel-west-seeking-green-party-nomination-for-presidential-run/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614152943/https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/4049401-cornel-west-seeking-green-party-nomination-for-presidential-run/|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 14, 2023|work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |location= |access-date=June 14, 2023}}</ref> [[People's Party (United States, 2017)|People's]] (2023)}}
| otherparty = [[Democratic Socialists of America]] (since 1982)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dorrien |first1=Gary |title=IMAGINING SOCIAL JUSTICE: Cornel West's Prophetic Public Intellectualism |journal=CrossCurrents |date=2008 |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=9 |jstor=24461650 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24461650 |issn=0011-1953}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Democratic Socialists of America Records, Harrington Correspondence, Box 6A, Folder: March–April 1982 |date=April 13, 1982 |publisher=Tamiment Library |url=https://findingaids.library.nyu.edu/tamwag/tam_105/ |language=en-us |chapter=Letter from Cornel West to Michael Harrington}}</ref>
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|Hilda Holloman|1977|end=div}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=West |first1=Cornel |last2=Ritz |first2=David |author2-link=David Ritz |year=2009 |title=Brother West: Living and Loving Out Loud |location=New York |publisher=SmileyBooks |pages= 95, 107 |isbn=978-1-4019-2677-9}}</ref>
* {{marriage|Ramona Santiago|1981|1986|end=div}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=West |first1=Cornel |last2=Ritz |first2=David |author2-link=David Ritz |year=2009 |title=Brother West: Living and Loving Out Loud |location=New York |publisher=SmileyBooks |pages= 117–119, 139 |isbn=978-1-4019-2677-9}}</ref>
* {{marriage|Elleni Gebre Amlak|1992|end=div}}
* {{marriage|Leslie Kotkin|2015|2018|end=div}}
* {{marriage|Annahita Mahdavi|2021}}
}}
| website = {{official URL}}
| education = [[Harvard University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]) [[Princeton University]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]], [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])
| thesis_title = Ethics, Historicism and the Marxist Tradition
| thesis_url = https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11065324
| thesis_year = 1980
| school_tradition = {{hlist | [[Neopragmatism]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.iep.utm.edu/pragmati/ |title=Pragmatism | publisher= Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, University of Tennessee, Martin| website= iep.utm.edu |access-date=August 18, 2018 |archive-date=May 23, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523181337/https://www.iep.utm.edu/pragmati/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | [[Existentialism]] | [[Africana philosophy]] | [[Historicism]] | [[Christian socialism]] | [[Radical democracy]] | [[Baptists|Baptist Christianity]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=West |first1=Cornel |last2=Ritz |first2=David |author2-link= David Ritz |year=2009 |title=Brother West: Living and Loving Out Loud |location=New York |publisher= SmileyBooks |page=165 |isbn=978-1-4019-2677-9}}</ref>}}
| main_interests = {{hlist | [[Political philosophy]] | [[philosophy of religion]] | [[ethics]] | [[race (classification of human beings)|race]] | [[caste]] |[[democracy]] | [[liberation theology]]}}
| notable_works = {{unbulleted list | ''[[Race Matters]]'' (1993) | ''Democracy Matters'' (2004)}}
| notable_ideas =
| institutions = [[Union Theological Seminary (New York City)|Union Theological Seminary]] [[Yale University]] [[Harvard University]] [[Princeton University]] [[Dartmouth College]] [[University of Paris-VIII|University of Paris in Saint-Denis]]
| doctoral_advisor = [[Raymond Geuss]], [[Sheldon Wolin]]<ref name=diss>{{cite thesis |last=West |first=Cornel Ronald |date=1980 |title=Ethics, historicism and the Marxist tradition |type=PhD |chapter= |publisher=Princeton University |docket= |oclc=934884084 |url= https://www.proquest.com/docview/303076528 |access-date=November 19, 2021 |archive-date=November 19, 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211119142210/https://www.proquest.com/pqdtglobal/docview/303076528 |id={{ProQuest|303076528}} |url-status=live }}</ref>
| doctoral_students = [[Leah Hunt-Hendrix]]<ref>{{cite web |date= November 22, 2016 |title=Innovator Insights: Leah Hunt-Hendrix, Founder of Solidaire Network |url= https://medium.com/invested-impact/innovator-insights-leah-hunt-hendrix-founder-of-solidaire-network-8e30f81ed48 |website=Invested Impact| via= Medium.com |access-date=February 18, 2019 |archive-date=February 19, 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190219072906/https://medium.com/invested-impact/innovator-insights-leah-hunt-hendrix-founder-of-solidaire-network-8e30f81ed48 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| module = {{listen|embed=yes|filename=Cornel West on Promoting Young Black Voices in the Media.flac|type=speech|title=West's voice|description=From an interview published on June 9, 2015}}
}}
'''Cornel Ronald West''' (born June 2, 1953) is an American philosopher, theologian, political activist, politician, social critic, and [[public intellectual]].<ref>{{cite journal| url=http://inthesetimes.com/article/1392/cornel_west_public_intellectual|title=Cornel West: Public Intellectual| date= November 4, 2004| first= Salim| last= Muwakkil|access-date=May 6, 2024| journal= [[In These Times (publication)|In These Times]]}}</ref> West was an independent candidate in the [[2024 United States presidential election]] and is an outspoken voice in [[American Left|left-wing politics in the United States]]. The grandson of a [[Baptist]] minister, West's primary philosophy focuses on the roles of [[Race (classification of human beings)|race]], [[gender]], and [[Class conflict|class struggle]] in American society. A [[Socialism|socialist]], West draws intellectual contributions from multiple traditions, including [[Christianity]], the [[black church]], [[democratic socialism]], [[left-wing populism]], [[neopragmatism]], and [[transcendentalism]].<ref name="blackbio">"Cornel Ronald West." ''Contemporary Black Biography'', Volume 33. Ed. Ashyia Henderson. Gale Group, 2002. Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich.: The Gale Group. 2004.</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title= Cornel West y la política de conversión| first= Thomas | last= Ward | journal= Resistencia cultural: La nación en el ensayo de las Américas| place= Lima | publisher= Universidad Ricardo Palma| year= 2004 | pages=344–348}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia | last= Nishikawa| first= Kinohi | title= Cornel West| encyclopedia=The Greenwood Encyclopedia of African American Literature| editor-first1= Hans | editor-last1= Ostrom | editor-first2= J. David Jr. | editor-last2= Macey| place= Westport, Connecticut| publisher= Greenwood Press| year= 2005| pages= 1714–18}}</ref>

During his career, he has held professorships and fellowships at [[Harvard University]], [[Yale University]], [[Union Theological Seminary (New York City)|Union Theological Seminary]], [[Princeton University]], [[Dartmouth College]], [[Pepperdine University]], and the [[University of Paris in Saint-Denis]].<ref name="AmericanAcademy">{{cite web |title=Cornel West |url=https://www.amacad.org/person/cornel-west |website=American Academy of Arts & Sciences |date=September 13, 2023 |access-date=21 November 2023}}</ref> Among his most influential books are ''[[Race Matters]]'' (1993) and ''Democracy Matters'' (2004). He has been featured in several documentaries, and made appearances in Hollywood films such as ''[[The Matrix Reloaded]]'' and ''[[The Matrix Revolutions]]'', as well as providing commentary for both films. West has also made several [[spoken word]] and [[hip hop]] albums.

== Early life and education ==
West was born on June 2, 1953, in [[Tulsa, Oklahoma|Tulsa]], [[Oklahoma]],<ref name="influx">{{cite web |url= http://influx.uoregon.edu/1998/west/index.html |title= Prisoner of Hope |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020209041340/http://influx.uoregon.edu/1998/west/index.html |archive-date=February 9, 2002 |access-date=November 4, 2015 |last=Elder |first= Robert |author-link=Robert K. Elder |year= 1998 |work=inFlux |publisher= University of Oregon School of Journalism and Communication}}</ref> and grew up in [[Sacramento, California|Sacramento]], California, where he graduated from [[John F. Kennedy High School (Sacramento, California)|John F. Kennedy High School]]. His mother, Irene Rayshell (Bias), was a teacher and principal. His father, Clifton Louis West Jr., was a [[general contractor]] for the [[United States Department of Defense|U.S. Department of Defense]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.enotes.com/topics/cornel-west |title=Cornel West Biography |publisher=Enotes.com |access-date=2015-04-23 |archive-date=August 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801051346/https://www.enotes.com/topics/cornel-west |url-status=live }}</ref> His grandfather Clifton L. West, Sr. was pastor of the Tulsa Metropolitan Baptist Church.<ref name=princetondean>{{cite web |title=Cornel R. West |url=https://dof.princeton.edu/about/clerk-faculty/emeritus/cornel-r-west |website=dof.princeton.edu |publisher=Princeton University (Dean of Faculty) |access-date=20 June 2020 |archive-date=July 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728221317/https://dof.princeton.edu/about/clerk-faculty/emeritus/cornel-r-west |url-status=live }}</ref>
Irene B. West Elementary School in [[Elk Grove, California|Elk Grove]], California, is named after his mother.<ref>{{cite journal |last=smitty |first=Fahizah |title=Opening Doors: Irene West Gave Her All as a Teacher and Principal, Now, a New School Honors Her Name and Hard Work |journal=Sacramento Bee |date=June 4, 1999 }}</ref>

As a teen, West marched in [[civil rights]] demonstrations and organized protests demanding Black studies courses at his high school, where he was the student body president. He later wrote that, in his youth, he admired "the sincere Black militancy of [[Malcolm X]], the defiant rage of the [[Black Panther Party]], and the livid [[Black theology]] of [[James Cone]]".<ref>{{cite book |title= The Cornel West Reader |isbn= 978-0-465-09110-2 |author1= West, Cornel |date= August 13, 2000 |publisher= Basic Books}}</ref>

In 1970, after graduation from high school, he enrolled at [[Harvard College]] and took classes taught by the philosophers [[Robert Nozick]] and [[Stanley Cavell]]. In 1973, West was graduated from Harvard ''[[Latin honors|magna cum laude]]'' in Near Eastern languages and civilization.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/rvp/pubaf/chronicle/v13/o21/postings.html |title=Author Cornel West to Speak in Robsham Theater Oct. 30 |date=October 21, 2004 |work=The [[Boston College]] Chronicle |access-date=January 1, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100602022035/http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/rvp/pubaf/chronicle/v13/o21/postings.html |archive-date=June 2, 2010 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=August 2024}} He credits Harvard with exposing him to a broader range of ideas and that he was influenced by his professors as well as the [[Black Panther Party]] (BPP). West says his Christianity prevented him from joining the BPP, instead choosing to work in local breakfast, prison, and church programs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.democracynow.org/2009/9/30/dr_cornel_west_on_his_new |title=Dr. Cornel West Releases Long-Awaited Memoir, "Brother West: Living and Loving Out Loud" |author-link=Amy Goodman |first=Amy |last=Goodman |date=September 30, 2009 |website=Democracy Now! |access-date=April 21, 2012 |archive-date=August 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801050805/https://www.democracynow.org/2009/9/30/dr_cornel_west_on_his_new |url-status=live }}</ref> After completing his undergraduate work at Harvard, West enrolled at [[Princeton University]], where he received a master's degree and a [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] in 1980, completing a dissertation under the supervision of [[Raymond Geuss]] and [[Sheldon Wolin]].<ref name=diss /> He became the first African American to graduate from Princeton with a Ph.D. degree in philosophy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/faultlines/2010/03/201031162433794100.html |title=Cornel West |publisher=Aljazeera.com |date=2010-03-11 |access-date=2015-04-23 |archive-date=August 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801111109/https://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/faultlines/2010/03/201031162433794100.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

At Princeton, West was heavily influenced by the [[neopragmatism]] of [[Richard Rorty]].<ref name=Mendieta/> Rorty remained a close friend and colleague of West's for many years following West's graduation. The title of West's [[dissertation]] was ''Ethics, Historicism, and the Marxist Tradition'',<ref>{{cite journal |title= ''Ethics, historicism and the Marxist tradition'' |journal = [[ProQuest Dissertations Publishing]] |id = {{ProQuest|303076528}}}}</ref> which was later revised and published under the title ''The Ethical Dimensions of Marxist Thought''.<ref name=Mendieta>{{cite book |last=Mendieta |first=Eduardo |title=Global Fragments: Globalizations, Latinamericanisms, and Critical Theory |year=2007 |publisher=State University of New York Press |location=Albany, New York |isbn=978-0-7914-7257-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CycoIHOtyhYC&pg=PA173 |page=173 |access-date=October 26, 2015 |archive-date=May 16, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516193343/https://books.google.com/books?id=CycoIHOtyhYC&pg=PA173 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Career ==

=== Academic appointments ===

In his late 20s, he returned to Harvard as a [[W. E. B. Du Bois]] [[Fellow]] before becoming an assistant professor at [[Union Theological Seminary in the City of New York]]. In 1984, he went to [[Yale Divinity School]] in what eventually became a joint appointment in [[American studies]]. While at Yale, he participated in campus protests for a clerical labor union and [[divestment]] from [[apartheid]] South Africa. One of the protests resulted in his being arrested and jailed. As punishment, the university administration canceled his leave for the spring term in 1987, leading him to commute from Yale in [[New Haven, Connecticut|New Haven]], [[Connecticut]], where he was teaching two classes, across the Atlantic Ocean to the [[University of Paris in Saint-Denis]].<ref name="blackbio"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Adamson |first=Peter |date=2024-01-28 |title=140. Cornel West on Himself, Africana Philosophy in the Twentieth Century {{!}} History of Philosophy without any gaps |url=https://historyofphilosophy.net/transcript-cornel-west |access-date=2024-11-03 |website=historyofphilosophy.net}}</ref>

He then returned to Union Theological Seminary  for one year before going to Princeton to become a professor of religion and director of the program in [[African American studies|African American Studies]] from 1988 to 1994.<ref name=blackbio/> After Princeton, he accepted an appointment as professor of African American studies at Harvard University, with a joint appointment at the [[Harvard Divinity School]].<ref name=Aaseng>{{cite encyclopedia |editor-last=Aaseng |editor-first=Nathan |encyclopedia=African-American Religious Leaders |title=Cornel West |year=2003 |publisher=Facts on File |location=New York |isbn=0-8160-4878-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/africanamericanr00aase_0/page/237 237] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/africanamericanr00aase_0/page/237 }} {{Dead link|date=April 2016}}</ref> West taught one of the university's most popular courses, an introductory class on African American studies.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2002/08/16/cornel-wests-difficult-road-to-princeton/ |title=Cornel West's difficult road to Princeton |last=Duke |first=Lynn |date=August 16, 2002 |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=October 22, 2011 |archive-date=August 8, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808174111/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2002-08-16/features/0208160010_1_cornel-west-president-of-harvard-university-prostate-surgery |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1998, he was appointed the first [[Alphonse Fletcher]] [[Endowed professor|University Professor]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://aaas.fas.harvard.edu/about/moments |title=Other Key Moments in the Department |publisher=Department of African and African American Studies, Harvard University |access-date=October 22, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006185200/http://aaas.fas.harvard.edu/about/moments |archive-date=October 6, 2011 |df=mdy }}</ref> West used this new position to teach in not only African American studies, but also courses in divinity, religion, and philosophy.<ref name=Aaseng/> West was also inducted into [[Omicron Delta Kappa]] in 1998 at [[SUNY Plattsburgh]].

==== Dispute with Lawrence Summers ====
In 2000, economist and former U.S. Treasury Secretary [[Lawrence Summers]] became president of Harvard. Soon after, Summers held a private meeting with West, in which he reportedly rebuked West for missing too many classes, contributing to [[grade inflation]], neglecting serious scholarship, and spending too much time on his financially profitable projects.<ref>{{cite news |date=January 10, 2002 |title=Who is Cornel West? |url=http://archives.cnn.com/2002/fyi/teachers.ednews/01/10/west.harvard.ap/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071226113730/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/fyi/teachers.ednews/01/10/west.harvard.ap/  |archive-date=December 26, 2007 |access-date=January 21, 2008 |publisher=[[CNN|Cable News Network]] |agency=Associated Press}}</ref> Summers reportedly suggested that West produce an academic book befitting his professorial position, as his recent output had consisted primarily of co-written and edited volumes. According to some reports, Summers also objected to West's production of a CD, the critically panned ''Sketches of My Culture'', and to his political campaigning, including spending an alleged three weeks to promote [[Bill Bradley]]'s [[Bill Bradley 2000 presidential campaign|2000 presidential campaign]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Steinberg |first=Jacques |author-link=Jacques Steinberg |date=November 29, 2001 |title=At Odds With Harvard President, Black-Studies Stars Eye Princeton |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F06E4D71F31F93AA15751C1A9679C8B63 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110194214/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/29/us/at-odds-with-harvard-president-black-studies-stars-eye-princeton.html |archive-date=January 10, 2022 |access-date=January 21, 2008 |work=The New York Times |location=New York City}}</ref> West contended he had missed only one class during his time at Harvard "in order to give a keynote address at a Harvard-sponsored conference on AIDS". Summers also allegedly suggested that since West held the rank of [[Harvard University Professor]] and thus reported directly to the president, he should meet with Summers regularly to discuss the progress of his academic production.<ref name="indignant">{{cite news |last=Belluck |first=Pam |author2=Jacques Steinberg |date=April 16, 2002 |title=Defector Indignant at President of Harvard |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0DE6DB113CF935A25757C0A9649C8B63 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110194213/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/04/16/us/defector-indignant-at-president-of-harvard.html |archive-date=January 10, 2022 |access-date=January 21, 2008 |work=The New York Times |location=New York City}}</ref>

Summers refused to comment on the details of his conversation with West, except to state that he hoped that West would remain at Harvard. Soon after, West was hospitalized for [[prostate cancer]]. West noted that Summers failed to send him get-well wishes until weeks after his surgery, whereas newly installed Princeton president [[Shirley Tilghman]] had contacted him frequently before and after his treatment.<ref name="indignant" /> In 2002, West left Harvard University to return to Princeton. West criticized Summers in public interviews, calling him "the [[Ariel Sharon]] of higher education" on the NPR program ''[[The Tavis Smiley Show]]''.<ref>{{cite web |date=January 7, 2002 |title=Cornel West Outlines "Pull toward Princeton" and "Push from Harvard" in Exclusive Interview with NPR's Tavis Smiley |url=https://www.npr.org/about/press/020415.cwest.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125224443/http://www.npr.org/about/press/020415.cwest.html |archive-date=January 25, 2011 |access-date=March 7, 2011 |publisher=Npr.org}}</ref> In response to these remarks, five Princeton faculty members, led by professor of molecular biology [[Jacques Robert Fresco]], said they looked with "strong disfavor upon his characterization" of Summers and that "such an analogy carries innuendoes and implications ... that many on the Princeton faculty find highly inappropriate, indeed repugnant and intolerable".<ref>{{cite news |author-first1=Jacques R. |author-last1=Fresco |date=April 24, 2002 |title=Cornel West's Analogy |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/04/24/opinion/l-cornel-west-s-analogy-697680.html |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304214807/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/04/24/opinion/l-cornel-west-s-analogy-697680.html?pagewanted=1 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |access-date=February 15, 2017 |newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> [[Harvard University|Harvard]]'s undergraduate student newspaper, ''[[The Harvard Crimson]]'', suggested in October 2002 that the premise of the ''[[Law and Order: Criminal Intent]]'' episode "[[Anti-Thesis]]" was based on West's conflicts with Summers.<ref>{{cite web |last=Campbell |first=Andrew C. |date=October 16, 2002 |title=Ripped from Harvard Headlines | News | The Harvard Crimson |url=http://www.thecrimson.com/printerfriendly.aspx?ref=254638 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013164830/http://www.thecrimson.com/printerfriendly.aspx?ref=254638 |archive-date=October 13, 2007 |access-date=March 7, 2011 |publisher=Thecrimson.com}}</ref>

==== Post ====
In 2002, West returned to Princeton, where he helped found the Center for African American studies in 2006. In 2012, West left Princeton and returned to the institution where he began his teaching career, Union Theological Seminary.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/17/nyregion/cornel-west-returning-to-union-theological-seminary.html | work=The New York Times | first=Laurie | last=Goodstein | title=Cornel West Returning to Union Theological Seminary | date=November 16, 2011 | access-date=February 15, 2017 | archive-date=April 25, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425080000/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/17/nyregion/cornel-west-returning-to-union-theological-seminary.html | url-status=live }}</ref> He continued to teach occasional courses at Princeton in an [[emeritus]] capacity as the Class of 1943 University Professor in the Center for African American Studies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://religion.princeton.edu/people/faculty/emeriti-faculty/cornel-west/|title=Cornel West – Department of Religion|date=August 25, 2016|website=princeton.edu|access-date=May 8, 2018|archive-date=August 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801072652/https://religion.princeton.edu/people/faculty/emeriti-faculty/cornel-west/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Duignan |first1=Brian |title=Cornel West (American philosopher and political activist) |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Cornel-West |website=britanica.com |publisher=Britanica |access-date=19 December 2025 |quote=He returned to Princeton in 2002 as Class of 1943 University Professor in the Center for African American Studies.}}</ref>
West returned to Harvard in November 2016, leaving Union Theological Seminary for a nontenured position as Professor of the Practice of Public Philosophy. He was appointed jointly at the Harvard Divinity School and the [[Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences|Graduate School of Arts and Sciences]] Department of African and African American Studies.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cornel R. West|url=https://aaas.fas.harvard.edu/people/cornel-r-west|access-date=May 8, 2018|website=aaas.fas.harvard.edu|archive-date=September 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200911094147/https://aaas.fas.harvard.edu/people/cornel-r-west|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=HDS Dean's Report 2017|url=https://issuu.com/hdscommunications/docs/hds.deansreport2017|access-date=December 16, 2021|website=hds.harvard.edu|date=November 2017 |page=33|archive-date=December 16, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216155149/https://issuu.com/hdscommunications/docs/hds.deansreport2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Seelye|first=Katharine Q.|date=2016-11-18|title=Cornel West Will Return to Teach at Harvard|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/20/us/cornel-west-harvard.html|access-date=2017-03-25|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=August 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200821160729/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/20/us/cornel-west-harvard.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In February 2021, reports circulated that West was denied consideration for [[tenure]] at Harvard and that he had threatened to leave the university again.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Krantz|first1=Laura|title=Cornel West threatens to leave Harvard again|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/02/18/metro/cornel-west-threatens-leave-harvard-again/|access-date=2021-02-19|website=[[The Boston Globe]]|language=en-US|archive-date=February 19, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219080558/https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/02/18/metro/cornel-west-threatens-leave-harvard-again/|url-status=live}}</ref> On March 8, 2021, West announced that he would leave Harvard and move to the [[Union Theological Seminary (New York City)|Union Theological Seminary]] in Manhattan.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-08|title=Full of Fire|url=https://boycottx.org/full-of-fire/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=The Boycott Times|language=en|archive-date=March 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308225058/https://boycottx.org/full-of-fire/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|number=1369009967496237058|user=CornelWest|title=I am blessed to announce with my dear brother Mordecai Lyon of The Boycott Times that I am moving from Harvard to U... |date=March 8, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/03/08/metro/cornel-west-leaving-harvard-teaching-post/|title=Cornel West leaving Harvard teaching post after tenure dispute|publisher=The Boston Globe|access-date=March 8, 2021|archive-date=March 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308232238/https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/03/08/metro/cornel-west-leaving-harvard-teaching-post/|url-status=live}}</ref> He submitted a resignation letter to Harvard on June 30, 2021.<ref>{{cite tweet|number=1414765668222869508|user=CornelWest|title=This is my candid letter of resignation to my Harvard Dean. I try to tell the unvarnished truth about the decadence...|date=July 13, 2021}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=August 2024}} West implied that the decision to deny him tenure was retaliation for his critical stance on Israel and the Palestinian cause. West wrote: {{blockquote|Is Harvard a place for a free Black man like myself whose Christian faith and witness put equal value on Palestinian and Jewish babies – like all babies – and reject all occupations as immoral?}}

On July 1, 2021, West rejoined the faculty of Union Theological Seminary in Manhattan, holding the Dietrich Bonhoeffer Chair.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

The recipient of more than 20 honorary degrees and an [[American Book Award]],<ref name="pragmatic">{{cite web |title=Contemporary Research |url=http://www.pragmatism.org/research/cont_prag_books.htm#west |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217175110/http://pragmatism.org/research/cont_prag_books.htm#west |archive-date=February 17, 2020 |access-date=2015-04-23 |website=[[Pragmatism.org]] |publisher=}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=August 2024}} West has written or contributed to more than twenty published books. West is a long-time member of the [[Democratic Socialists of America]], for which he has served as honorary chair.<ref name="blackbio" /> He is also a co-founder of the [[Network of Spiritual Progressives]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://spiritualprogressives.org/newsite/?page_id=33 |title=NSP Co-Founders |publisher=Network of Spiritual Progressives |access-date=October 22, 2011 |archive-date=September 18, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918224409/http://spiritualprogressives.org/newsite/?page_id=33 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=August 2024}} West is on the advisory board of the [[International Bridges to Justice]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibj.org/about-us/directors-and-advisors/ |title=Board of Directors and Advisors |publisher=International Bridges to Justice |access-date=October 22, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111126142945/http://www.ibj.org/about-us/directors-and-advisors/ |archive-date=November 26, 2011 }}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=August 2024}} In 2008, he received special recognition from the [[World Cultural Council]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Special Recognitions 2008 |publisher=[[World Cultural Council]] |url=http://www.consejoculturalmundial.org/memories-ceremony2008-SpecialRecognitions.php |access-date=August 19, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105183105/http://www.consejoculturalmundial.org/memories-ceremony2008-SpecialRecognitions.php |archive-date=November 5, 2013 |df=mdy }}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=August 2024}} West is also a member of [[Alpha Phi Alpha]] fraternity and its [[World Policy Council]], a [[think tank]] whose purpose is to expand involvement of Alpha Phi Alpha in politics and social policy to encompass international concerns.{{Primary source inline|date=August 2024}}

[[Hazel Carby]] compared West to [[W. E. B. Du Bois]] as a prolific African-American thinker and has been cited as "[p]erhaps the most influential contemporary recover of Du Bois".<ref>[[Hazel V. Carby|Carby, Hazel]], "The Souls of Black Men", in ''Race Men: The Body and Soul of Race, Nation, and Manhood'', 1998, p. 15.</ref> By establishing West within Du Bois's tradition of racial thought, Carby emphasized the similarities in their intellectual positions and their aesthetic presences, such as clothing.<ref>Carby (1998), "The Souls of Black Men", in ''Race Men'', pp. 22–24.</ref>

West has been widely cited in the popular press.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cornel West Quitting Harvard |last1=Fletcher |first1=Michael A. |last2=Ferdinand |first2=Pamela |date=April 13, 2002 |newspaper=The Washington Post |id = {{ProQuest|409336618}}}}</ref> His scholarship has been criticized as well as praised; ''[[The New Republic]]'' literary editor [[Leon Wieseltier]] called West's writing "sectarian, humorless, pedantic, and self-endeared".<ref>Wieseltier, quoted in {{cite book |last1=Wood |first1=Mark David |title=Cornel West and the Politics of Prophetic Pragmatism |date=2000 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |isbn=0-25-202578-4 |page=4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RVdQ0mhiapUC&q=wieseltier |access-date=May 30, 2020 |archive-date=July 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729173059/https://books.google.com/books?id=RVdQ0mhiapUC&q=wieseltier |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1997, West was elected as a member of the [[American Philosophical Society]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=APS Member History|url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Cornel+West&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced|access-date=2021-12-10|website=search.amphilsoc.org|archive-date=December 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210160608/https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Cornel+West&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=August 2024}} and in 1999, to the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]].<ref name="AmericanAcademy" />{{Primary source inline|date=August 2024}}

=== Broadcast, film, and recording ===
West appears as Councillor West in both ''[[The Matrix Reloaded]]'' (2001) and ''[[The Matrix Revolutions]]'' (2003) and also provides the voice for this character in the video game ''[[Enter the Matrix]]''.<ref name="agger">{{Cite news |last=Agger |first=Michael |date=2003-05-18 |title=FILM; And the Oscar for Best Scholar . . . |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/05/18/movies/film-and-the-oscar-for-best-scholar.html |access-date=2024-08-25 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In addition, West provides philosophical commentary on all three Matrix films in [[The Ultimate Matrix Collection]], along with the [[Integral theory (Ken Wilber)|integral theorist]] [[Ken Wilber]].<ref>Pratt, Doug. [http://www.allbusiness.com/services/motion-pictures/4819022-1.html The Ultimate Matrix Collection]. ''The Hollywood Reporter'' via AllBusiness. December 6, 2004. Retrieved March 7, 2011. {{Dead link|date=April 2016}} {{Dead link|date=August 2024}}</ref>

West has made several appearances in documentary films, such as 2008's ''[[Examined Life]]'', a documentary featuring several academics discussing philosophy in real-world contexts. West, "driving through Manhattan, ... compares philosophy to [[jazz]] and [[blues]], reminding us how intense and invigorating a life of the mind can be".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1279083/plotsummary|title=Examined Life (2008)|via=www.imdb.com|access-date=April 3, 2009|archive-date=February 21, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100221222834/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1279083/plotsummary|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=August 2024}} He also appears in conversation with [[Bill Withers]] in the 2009 documentary ''[[Still Bill (film)|Still Bill]]''.{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}}

West has made frequent appearances on the political talk show ''[[Real Time with Bill Maher]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Real Time with Bill Maher: Full Cast and Crew |website=[[IMDb]] |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0350448/fullcredits#cast |access-date=April 21, 2012 |archive-date=October 23, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111023190341/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0350448/fullcredits#cast |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=August 2024}}

A character based on West and events in his career appeared in the ''[[Law & Order: Criminal Intent]]'' episode "[[Anti-Thesis]]", significant for introducing the recurring villain character [[List of Law & Order: Criminal Intent characters#Nicole Wallace|Nicole Wallace]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://gseis.ucla.edu/faculty/kellner/essays/academicscoundrls.pdf
|title=Academic Scandals and the Broadcast Media
|author1=Rhonda Hammer
|author2=Douglas Kellner
|publisher=Gseis.ucla.edu
|access-date=2015-04-23
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100626082720/http://www.gseis.ucla.edu/faculty/kellner/essays/academicscoundrls.pdf
|archive-date=June 26, 2010
|df=mdy
}}
</ref>

In May 2012, West guest-starred in the sixth season of the American television comedy series ''[[30 Rock]]'', "[[What Will Happen to the Gang Next Year?]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.avclub.com/30-rock-what-will-happen-to-the-gang-next-year-1798172852|title=30 Rock: "What Will Happen To The Gang Next Year?"|work=[[The A.V. Club]]|first=Meredith|last=Blake|date=May 17, 2012|access-date=October 22, 2014|archive-date=October 22, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022034656/http://www.avclub.com/tvclub/30-rock-what-will-happen-to-the-gang-next-year-73998|url-status=live}}</ref>

West recorded a recitation of [[John Mellencamp]]'s song "Jim Crow" for inclusion on the singer's [[box set]] ''[[On the Rural Route 7609]]'' in 2009.<ref name=princetonian/>{{Additional citation needed|date=August 2024}}

In 2010, he completed recording with the Cornel West Theory, a [[hip hop]] band endorsed by West.<ref name=princetonian>Han, Lisa (February 4, 2010). [http://www.dailyprincetonian.com/2010/02/04/24984/ Cornel West Theory], ''Daily Princetonian''. Retrieved March 7, 2011. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414134335/http://www.dailyprincetonian.com/2010/02/04/24984/ |date=April 14, 2010 }}.</ref>{{Additional citation needed|date=August 2024}}

He also has released several hip-hop-soul-spoken word albums. In 2001, West released his first album, ''Sketches of My Culture''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/aponline/20011106/aponline142029_000.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011106223833/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/aponline/20011106/aponline142029_000.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 6, 2001|title=Harvard Professor Makes Hip-Hop CD|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|first=Audie N.|last=Cornish|date=November 6, 2001|access-date=October 21, 2014}}</ref> ''Street Knowledge'' followed in 2004.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eastbayexpress.com/oakland/cornel-west/Content?oid=1073599|title=Cornel West – Street Knowledge|work=[[East Bay Express]]|first=Rachel|last=Swan|date=April 21, 2004|access-date=October 21, 2014|archive-date=October 26, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026201828/http://www.eastbayexpress.com/oakland/cornel-west/Content?oid=1073599|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2007, West released his third album, entitled ''Never Forget: A Journey of Revelations'', which included collaborations with the likes of [[Prince (musician)|Prince]], [[Talib Kweli]], [[Jill Scott (singer)|Jill Scott]], [[Andre 3000]], [[KRS-One]], [[Killer Mike]], and the late [[Gerald Levert]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tucsoncitizen.com/morgue/2007/09/06/62046-cd-review-cornel-west/|title=CD Review: Cornel West|work=[[Tucson Citizen]]|first=Brett|last=Johnson|date=September 6, 2007|access-date=October 21, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011022753/http://tucsoncitizen.com/morgue/2007/09/06/62046-cd-review-cornel-west/|archive-date=October 11, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> West appeared on [[Immortal Technique]]'s song "Sign of the Times", which appeared on the 2011 album ''[[The Martyr (album)|The Martyr]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.citypages.com/gimmenoise/2011/10/immortal_technique.php |title=Immortal Technique talks about his new free album The Martyr and Occupy MN |work=[[City Pages]] |first=Rebecca |last=McDonald |date=October 27, 2011 |access-date=October 21, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529211214/http://blogs.citypages.com/gimmenoise/2011/10/immortal_technique.php |archive-date=May 29, 2013 |df=mdy }}</ref> In 2012, he was featured on [[Brother Ali]]'s song "Letter to My Countrymen", which appeared on the album ''[[Mourning in America and Dreaming in Color]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/16941-brother-ali-mourning-in-america-and-dreaming-in-color/|title=Brother Ali: Mourning In America and Dreaming In Color|work=[[Pitchfork Media]]|first=Nate|last=Patrin|date=September 19, 2012|access-date=October 21, 2014|archive-date=October 24, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024075407/http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/16941-brother-ali-mourning-in-america-and-dreaming-in-color/|url-status=live}}</ref>

West is a frequent conversation partner with his friend [[Robert P. George]], a prominent [[conservative]] intellectual, with the two often speaking together at colleges and universities on the meaning of [[liberal arts education]], [[free speech]], and [[Civil discourse|civil dialogue]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 16, 2017 |title=Ideological odd couple Robert George and Cornel West issue a joint statement against 'campus illiberalism' |url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2017/03/16/ideological-odd-couple-robert-george-and-cornel-west-issue-joint-statement-against |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512044123/https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2017/03/16/ideological-odd-couple-robert-george-and-cornel-west-issue-joint-statement-against |archive-date=May 12, 2021 |access-date=2021-06-21 |website=insidehighered.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-07 |title=Higher Education in a Time of Protest: A Conversation with Robert George and Cornel West |url=https://religionandpolitics.org/2019/05/07/higher-education-in-a-time-of-protest-a-conversation-with-robert-george-and-cornel-west/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515211406/https://religionandpolitics.org/2019/05/07/higher-education-in-a-time-of-protest-a-conversation-with-robert-george-and-cornel-west/ |archive-date=May 15, 2021 |access-date=2021-06-21 |website=religionandpolitics.org |language=en-US}}</ref>

In September 2020, he was listed by [[Prospect (magazine)|''Prospect'' magazine]] as the fourth-greatest thinker for the COVID-19 era.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=2020 |title=The world's top 50 thinkers for the Covid-19 age |url=https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/content/uploads/2020/09/PWTT20.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907185002/https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/content/uploads/2020/09/PWTT20.pdf |archive-date=September 7, 2020 |access-date=2020-09-08 |magazine=Prospect}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=August 2024}}

As of 2020, West is also the co-host, along with [[Tricia Rose]], of the podcast ''[[The Tight Rope]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Samuel|first=Sigal|date=2020-07-29|title=Why Cornel West is hopeful (but not optimistic)|url=https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2020/7/29/21340730/cornel-west-coronavirus-racism-way-through-podcast|access-date=2021-04-20|website=Vox|language=en|archive-date=April 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420025805/https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2020/7/29/21340730/cornel-west-coronavirus-racism-way-through-podcast|url-status=live}}</ref>
== Activism ==
{{Progressivism US|activists and intellectuals}}
{{Socialism US|intellectuals}}
=== Views on race in the United States ===
[[File:Cornel West - What It Means to Be Human.webm|thumb|West discussing race and human nature in 2019]]
West has called the U.S. a "racist patriarchal" nation where [[white supremacy]] continues to define everyday life. "White America", he writes, "has been historically weak-willed in ensuring racial justice and has continued to resist fully accepting the humanity of Blacks." He goes on to say this has created many "degraded and oppressed people hungry for identity, meaning, and self-worth." West attributes most of the Black community's problems to "existential angst derive[d] from the lived experience of [[ontological]] wounds and emotional scars inflicted by white supremacist beliefs and images permeating U.S. society and culture."<ref>Cornel West, ''Race Matters'', p. 27, 2001 edition, {{ISBN|978-0-8070-0972-7}}.</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=August 2024}}

In West's view, the [[September 11 attacks]] "gave white Americans a glimpse of what it means to be a Black person in the United States", feeling "unsafe, unprotected, subject to random violence, and hatred for who they are". He added that "the ugly terrorist attacks on innocent civilians on 9/11 plunged the whole country into the blues".<ref name="democracy matters">Cornel West, ''Democracy Matters,'' p. 20, 2004, {{ISBN|0-14-303583-5}}.</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=August 2024}}

West was arrested on October 13, 2014, while protesting against the [[shooting of Michael Brown]] and participating in [[Ferguson October]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Cornel West arrested; video of #FergusonOctober from Fusion's Tim Pool |url=http://fusion.net/video/21051/unrest-in-st-louis/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012130316/http://fusion.net/video/21051/unrest-in-st-louis/ |archive-date=October 12, 2014 |access-date=13 October 2014 |website=[[Fusion.net]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Cornel West in Ferguson: 'I Came Here to Go to Jail'|url=http://www.truthdig.com/avbooth/item/cornel_west_in_ferguson_i_came_here_to_go_to_jail_20141013|website=Truth Dig|date=October 13, 2014 |access-date=13 October 2014|archive-date=October 15, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015075818/http://www.truthdig.com/avbooth/item/cornel_west_in_ferguson_i_came_here_to_go_to_jail_20141013|url-status=live}}</ref> and again on August 10, 2015, while demonstrating outside a courthouse in [[St. Louis]] on the one-year anniversary of Brown's death.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/cornel-west-dozens-arrested-missouri-protests-article-1.2320829 |title=Cornel West among dozens of protesters arrested at St. Louis courthouse as state of emergency declared in Missouri |first1=Cameron |last1=Joseph |first2=Corky |last2=Siemaszko |date=August 10, 2015 |work=[[Daily News (New York)|New York Daily News]] |access-date=August 11, 2015 |archive-date=August 11, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811112419/http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/cornel-west-dozens-arrested-missouri-protests-article-1.2320829 |url-status=live }}</ref> The 2015 documentary film ''[[Bars4justice|#Bars4Justice]]'' includes footage of West demonstrating and being arrested in Ferguson.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nation19.com/nation19s-new-short-film-filmed-in-ferguson-set-to-premier-in-phoenix/ |title=Filmmakers bring Ferguson to Phoenix's Hip Hop community... Sheriff Arpaio not invited |date=September 30, 2015 |work=[[Nation19]] |access-date=April 23, 2016 |archive-date=June 12, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612203304/http://nation19.com/nation19s-new-short-film-filmed-in-ferguson-set-to-premier-in-phoenix/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Politics ===
[[File:Cornel West & Robert P. George (28154741749).jpg|right|thumb|West (left) with [[Robert P. George]] (right) in 2018]]
West has described himself as a "non-[[Marxist]] socialist" (partly because he does not view Marxism and Christianity as reconcilable)<ref>{{cite magazine
| last1 = Anderson
| first1 = Jervis
| date = 1994-01-09
| title = The Public Intellectual
| url = https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1994/01/17/cornel-west-the-public-intellectual
| url-status = live
| language = English
| magazine = The New Yorker
| location = New York, New York, USA
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20230530035606/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1994/01/17/cornel-west-the-public-intellectual
| archive-date = 2023-05-30
| access-date = 2024-11-13
}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=West |first=Cornel |title=The Cornel West Reader |year=1999 |publisher=Basic Civitas Books |location=New York |isbn=0-465-09109-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bNJD8g1e-QQC&pg=PA13 |page=13 |access-date=October 26, 2015 |archive-date=January 7, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107045423/https://books.google.com/books?id=bNJD8g1e-QQC&pg=PA13 |url-status=live }}</ref> and previously served as honorary chairman of the [[Democratic Socialists of America]], which he has described as "the first multiracial, socialist organization close enough to my politics that I could join."<ref name=blackbio/> In the ''Matrix''-themed documentary entitled, ''The Burly Man Chronicles'', he described himself as a "radical democrat, suspicious of all forms of authority".<ref>{{cite video |people=Cornel West |title=[[The Ultimate Matrix Collection]] }}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=August 2024}}

West has argued "the overthrow of [[Saddam Hussein]]'s ugly totalitarian regime was desirable,"<ref>West, ''Democracy Matters'' (2004), p. 58.</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=August 2024}} but that the [[war in Iraq]] was the result of "dishonest manipulation" on the part of the Bush administration.<ref>West, ''Democracy Matters'' (2004), p. 101.</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=August 2024}} He asserts that Bush administration [[war hawk|hawks]] "are not simply conservative elites and right-wing ideologues," but rather are "evangelical nihilists – drunk with power and driven by grand delusions of American domination of the world." He adds, "[we now] are experiencing the sad gangsterization of America, an unbridled grasp at power, wealth, and status." Viewing capitalism as the root cause of these alleged American lusts, West warns, "[[market fundamentalism|Free-market fundamentalism]] trivializes the concern for public interest. It puts fear and insecurity in the hearts of anxiety-ridden workers. It also makes money-driven, poll-obsessed elected officials deferential to corporate goals of profit – often at the cost of the common good."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theglobalist.com/StoryId.aspx?StoryId=4262|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203073821/http://www.theglobalist.com/StoryId.aspx?StoryId=4262|url-status=dead|title=Theglobalist.com|archive-date=December 3, 2010}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=August 2024}}

West has been involved with such projects as the [[Million Man March]] and [[Russell Simmons]]'s Hip-Hop Summit, and he has worked with such public figures as [[Al Sharpton]], whose [[Al Sharpton 2004 presidential campaign|2004 presidential campaign]] West advised.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cornel West, Cloaked in Street Smarts |last=Givhan |first=Robin |author-link=Robin Givhan |date=January 25, 2002 |newspaper=The Washington Post |id = {{ProQuest|409271497}}}}</ref>

In 2000, West worked as a senior advisor to [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] presidential candidate [[Bill Bradley]]. When Bradley lost in the [[2000 Democratic Party presidential primaries|primaries]], West became a prominent and active supporter of [[Green Party of the United States|Green Party]] candidate [[Ralph Nader]], speaking at several Nader rallies. Some Greens sought to [[Draft (politics)|draft]] West to run as a presidential candidate in 2004. West declined, citing his active participation in the Al Sharpton campaign. West, along with other prominent [[Ralph Nader 2000 presidential campaign|Nader 2000]] supporters, signed the "Vote to Stop Bush" statement urging progressive voters in swing states to vote for [[John Kerry]], despite strong disagreements with many of Kerry's policies.<ref>"Senators Hillary Clinton and John Kerry are exemplary paternalistic nihilists... Their centrist or conservative policies... are opportunistic efforts to satisfy centrist or conservative constituencies." West, ''Democracy Matters'' (2004), p. 35–36.</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=August 2024}}

In April 2002, West and Rabbi [[Michael Lerner (rabbi)|Michael Lerner]] engaged in an act of [[civil disobedience]] by sitting in the street in front of the [[United States Department of State|U.S. State Department]] "in solidarity with suffering Palestinian and Israeli brothers and sisters". West said, "[w]e must keep in touch with the humanity of both sides".<ref>{{cite news |title=Peace Demonstrators Arrested, Without Much Conviction |last=Montgomery |first=David |date=April 12, 2002 |newspaper=The Washington Post |id = {{ProQuest|409255662}}}}</ref> In May 2007, West joined a demonstration against "injustices faced by the Palestinian people resulting from the Israeli occupation" and "to bring attention to this 40-year travesty of justice". In 2011, West called on the [[University of Arizona]] to divest from companies profiting from the [[Israeli occupation of the Palestinian territories]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nomoredeaths.org/University-of-Arizona-NMD/cornel-west-ua-letter.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719162402/http://nomoredeaths.org/University-of-Arizona-NMD/cornel-west-ua-letter.html|url-status=dead|title=Nomordeaths.org|archive-date=July 19, 2011}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=August 2024}}
[[File:Cornel West by DW Nance 6.jpg|thumb|West in January 2016]]
West also serves as co-chair of the [[Network of Spiritual Progressives]] (formerly the [[Tikkun Community]]). He co-chaired the National Parenting Organization's Task Force on Parent Empowerment and participated in President [[Bill Clinton]]'s National Conversation on Race. He has publicly endorsed ''[[In These Times (publication)|In These Times]]'' magazine by calling it: "The most creative and challenging news magazine of the American left." He is also a contributing editor for ''[[Sojourners]]'' magazine.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}

West supports [[People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals]] (PETA) in its Kentucky Fried Cruelty campaign, aimed at eliminating what PETA describes as the inhumane treatment of chickens by [[KFC]]. West is quoted on PETA flyers: "Although most people don't know chickens as well as they know cats and dogs, chickens are interesting individuals with personalities and interests every bit as developed as the dogs and cats with whom many of us share our lives."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/animals-are-people-too/article744664/|title=Animals are people, too|date=July 10, 2004|newspaper=The Globe and Mail|first=Margaret |last=Wente}}</ref>

In 2008, West contributed his insights on the global issue of modernized slavery and [[human trafficking]] in the documentary ''Call+Response''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.callandresponse.com |title=Call + Response |publisher=Callandresponse.com |access-date=March 7, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110223190730/http://www.callandresponse.com/ |archive-date=February 23, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=August 2024}} West is a member of the [[Campaign for Peace and Democracy]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}}

In 2011, West expressed his frustration with some critics of [[Occupy Wall Street]], who said the movement lacked a clear and unified message. West replied by saying:{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=August 2024}}
{{blockquote|
It's impossible to translate the issue of the greed of Wall Street into one demand, or two demands. We're talking about a democratic awakening...you're talking about raising political consciousness so it spills over all parts of the country, so people can begin to see what's going on through a set of different lens, and then you begin to highlight what the more detailed demands would be. Because in the end we're really talking about what [[Martin Luther King Jr.|Martin King]] would call a revolution: A transfer of power from [[Business oligarch|oligarch]]s to everyday people of all colors. And that is a step by step process.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cornel West on Occupy Wall Street: It's the Makings of a U.S. Autumn Responding to the Arab Spring|url=http://www.democracynow.org/blog/2011/9/29/cornel_west_on_occupy_wall_street_its_the_makings_of_a_us_autumn_responding_to_the_arab_spring|website=Democracy Now!|date=September 29, 2011|access-date=September 30, 2011|archive-date=October 2, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002120206/http://www.democracynow.org/blog/2011/9/29/cornel_west_on_occupy_wall_street_its_the_makings_of_a_us_autumn_responding_to_the_arab_spring|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

On October 16, 2011, West was in Washington, D.C., participating in the [[Occupy D.C.]] protests on the steps of the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] over the court's decision in the ''[[Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission]]'' case the previous year.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/guest-voices/post/dr-cornel-west-honors-dr-martin-luther-king-jr-by-going-to-jail/2011/10/17/gIQA9oLRrL_blog.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120103103346/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/guest-voices/post/dr-cornel-west-honors-dr-martin-luther-king-jr-by-going-to-jail/2011/10/17/gIQA9oLRrL_blog.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 3, 2012 |title=Dr. Cornel West honors Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. by going to jail |author-last1=Thistlethwaite|author-first1= Susan Brooks |date=October 17, 2011 |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=April 21, 2012}}</ref> Five days later, he was arrested during an Occupy Wall Street protest in [[Harlem]] against the New York Police Department's [[stop and frisk]] policy.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://newsfeed.time.com/2011/10/22/cornel-west-arrested-again-at-occupy-protest/ |title=Cornel West Arrested Again at Occupy Protest |author-last1=Carbone|author-first1= Nick |date=October 22, 2011 |magazine=Time |access-date=April 21, 2012 |archive-date=April 22, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422234825/http://newsfeed.time.com/2011/10/22/cornel-west-arrested-again-at-occupy-protest/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2014, West co-initiated the Stop Mass Incarceration Network, a project of the [[Revolutionary Communist Party USA]]. Later that year, he and RCP chairman [[Bob Avakian]] took part in a filmed discussion on "Religion and Revolution".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://revcom.us/film|title=Revolution and Religion: The Fight for Emancipation and the Role of Religion|website=Revcom.us|access-date=December 29, 2017|archive-date=December 24, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224065428/http://revcom.us/film/|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=August 2024}}

In August 2017, West was one of a group of interfaith, multiracial clergy who took part in a counter-protest at the [[Unite the Right Rally]] in [[Charlottesville, Virginia|Charlottesville]], [[Virginia]]; West averred that [[Antifa (U.S.)|Antifa]] had saved their lives.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.democracynow.org/2017/8/14/cornel_west_rev_toni_blackmon_clergy |title=Cornel West & Rev. Traci Blackmon: Clergy in Charlottesville Were Trapped by Torch-Wielding Nazis |date=August 14, 2017 |website=Democracy Now! |access-date=August 19, 2017 |archive-date=August 17, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817010619/https://www.democracynow.org/2017/8/14/cornel_west_rev_toni_blackmon_clergy |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=August 2024}}

West is an outspoken supporter of [[Julian Assange]], on one occasion saying: "[Assange] has been simply laying bare some of the crimes and lies of the American empire".<ref>{{cite web |title=Cornel West: 'George Floyd's public lynching pulled the cover off who we really are' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/oct/19/cornel-west-george-floyds-public-lynching-pulled-the-cover-off-who-we-really-are |newspaper=The Guardian |first=Hugh|last=Muir|date=October 19, 2020 |access-date=October 24, 2021 |archive-date=October 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024093454/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/oct/19/cornel-west-george-floyds-public-lynching-pulled-the-cover-off-who-we-really-are |url-status=live }}</ref>

West stated that he believed the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]] was "a criminal invasion, provoked by the expansion of [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization|NATO]], which is an instrument of U.S. global power" and described the war as a "proxy war between the American Empire and the Russian Federation".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reynolds |first=Nick |date=2023-07-11 |title=Cornel West blames NATO for Russia's war with Ukraine |url=https://www.newsweek.com/cornel-west-blames-nato-russias-war-ukraine-1812320 |access-date=2023-07-15 |website=Newsweek |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-14 |title=Cornel West Roasted For Claiming U.S. 'Provoked' Russian Invasion of Ukraine: 'No Different Than Trump, RFK Jr, Tucker Carlson' |url=https://www.mediaite.com/politics/cornel-west-roasted-for-claiming-u-s-provoked-russian-invasion-of-ukraine-no-different-than-trump-rfk-jr-tucker-carlson/ |first=Alex |last=Griffing |access-date=2023-07-15 |website=Mediaite |language=en}}</ref>

West condemned [[Israeli war crimes]] in the [[Gaza Strip]] and called for a ceasefire in the [[Gaza war]], saying that the [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-10/22|US veto]] at the UN Security Council "to block a vote to end Israel’s barbaric genocidal campaign in Gaza is an act of spiritual obscenity and moral bankruptcy."<ref>{{cite news |title=American political activist Cornel West slams US over veto on Gaza cease-fire |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/americas/american-political-activist-cornel-west-slams-us-over-veto-on-gaza-cease-fire/3078717|first= Zehra Nur |last=Duz |work=Anadolu Agency |date=10 December 2023}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=August 2024}} He called President [[Joe Biden]] a war criminal and said Israel and the US are complicit in the [[Palestinian genocide accusation|genocide of the Palestinians]].<ref>{{cite news |title=US presidential candidate Cornel West: 'Biden is a war criminal' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/program/the-bottom-line/2024/2/4/us-presidential-candidate-cornel-west-biden-is-a-war-criminal |work=Al Jazeera |date=4 February 2024}}</ref>

=== Views on Barack Obama ===
[[File:Cornel West Responds to Michael Eric Dyson.webm|thumb|West discussing a public feud with [[Michael Eric Dyson]] over [[Barack Obama]]]]
West has often spoken about the lack of adequate Black leadership and how it results in doubt within Black communities as to their political potential to ensure change.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Black Popular Culture|url=https://archive.org/details/blackpopularcult00dent|url-access=registration|last=Wallace|first=Michele|author-link=Michele Wallace|publisher=Bay Press|year=1992|isbn=978-1-56584-459-9|location=Seattle|pages=[https://archive.org/details/blackpopularcult00dent/page/45 45]}}</ref> West publicly supported [[Democratic Party presidential candidates, 2008|2008 Democratic presidential candidate]] Senator [[Barack Obama]], and spoke to more than 1,000 of Obama's supporters at the [[Apollo Theater]] in [[Harlem]], on November 29, 2007.<ref>{{cite news|first=Stacy|last=Parker Aab|title=Obama, Race, and the Right Side of History|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/stacy-parker-aab/obama-race-and-the-righ_b_74871.html|work=The Huffington News|publisher=HuffingtonPost.com, Inc.|date=October 30, 2007|access-date=January 21, 2008|archive-date=December 2, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071202020438/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/stacy-parker-aab/obama-race-and-the-righ_b_74871.html|url-status=live}}</ref> West became a surrogate for Obama, making 65 speeches in support of the campaign,<ref name=Dorrien>{{cite book |author1=Gary Dorrien |author1-link=Gary Dorrien |title=American Democratic Socialism: History, Politics, Religion, and Theory |date=2021 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=9780300262360 |chapter=8 - Breaking the Oligarchy: Bernie Sanders, Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, and the New Left}}</ref>{{rp|546}} but worried in private that Obama was "the [[Johnny Mathis]] of American politics" and had managed to simply glide to victory.<ref name=Dorrien />{{rp|548}}

West felt betrayed by Obama's cabinet choices, including his appointments of [[Robert Gates]] (who had also served in the preceding Bush administration), [[James L. Jones]], and [[Dennis Ross]] to defense and international relations posts and his appointments of [[Timothy Geithner]] and [[Lawrence Summers]] to key economic positions.<ref name=Dorrien />{{rp|548}} He had expected Obama's economic policy would be progressive and Keynesian in nature and led by economists such as [[Joseph Stiglitz]] or [[Paul Krugman]].<ref name=Dorrien />{{rp|548}}

West criticized Obama when he won the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] in 2009, saying that it would be difficult for Obama to be "a war president with a peace prize". West further retracted his support for Obama in an April 2011 interview, stating that Obama is "a black mascot of Wall Street oligarchs and a black muppet of corporate plutocrats. And now he has become head of the American killing machine and is proud of it".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/10/10/cornel-west-comments-on-o_n_316476.html|title=Cornel West Comments on Obama's Nobel Peace Prize: Hard to Be War President with Peace Prize|work=[[The Huffington Post]]|first= T.J.|last=Ortenzi|date=October 10, 2009|access-date=October 28, 2009|archive-date=October 16, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016105829/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/10/10/cornel-west-comments-on-o_n_316476.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Schneider, Matt (April 11, 2011). [http://www.mediaite.com/tv/wild-shoutfest-between-al-sharpton-and-cornel-west-on-obamas-leadership-on-racial-issues/ "Wild Shoutfest Between Al Sharpton And Cornel West On Obama And Race"], mediaite.com.. Retrieved 2011-4-11. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412075613/http://www.mediaite.com/tv/wild-shoutfest-between-al-sharpton-and-cornel-west-on-obamas-leadership-on-racial-issues/ |date=April 12, 2011 }}.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.truthdig.com/report/item/the_obama_deception_why_cornel_west_went_ballistic_20110516 |title=Chris Hedges: The Obama Deception: Why Cornel West Went Ballistic – Chris Hedges |work=Truthdig |date=May 16, 2011 |publisher=Truthdig.com |access-date=2015-04-23 |archive-date=May 19, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519092538/http://www.truthdig.com/report/item/the_obama_deception_why_cornel_west_went_ballistic_20110516/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In November 2012, West said in an interview that he considered Obama a "[[Rockefeller Republican]] in [[blackface]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mediaite.com/tv/cornel-west-obama-a-republican-in-blackface-black-msnbc-hosts-are-selling-their-souls/|title=Cornel West: Obama A 'Republican In Blackface,' Black MSNBC Hosts Are 'Selling Their Souls'|last=Kirell|first=Andrew|date=November 12, 2012|work=[[Mediaite]]|access-date=November 28, 2012|archive-date=December 2, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202065305/http://www.mediaite.com/tv/cornel-west-obama-a-republican-in-blackface-black-msnbc-hosts-are-selling-their-souls/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2011, West participated in a "Poverty Tour" with [[Tavis Smiley]], his co-host on the [[Public Radio International]] program ''Smiley & West''. The tour became a two-part special on their radio program, as well as a five-night special on the PBS television program ''Tavis Smiley''. They recounted their experience on the tour in their 2012 bestselling book ''The Rich and the Rest of Us''. The stated aim of the tour was to highlight the plight of the [[poverty in the United States|impoverished population of the United States]] prior to the [[2012 United States presidential election|2012 presidential election]], whose candidates, West and Smiley stated, had ignored the plight of the poor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.democracynow.org/2011/8/9/cornel_west_tavis_smiley_on_obama|title=Cornel West & Tavis Smiley on Obama: 'Many of Us Are Exploring Other Possibilities in Coming Election'|website=Democracy Now!|date=August 9, 2011|access-date=April 21, 2012|archive-date=April 17, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417030551/http://www.democracynow.org/2011/8/9/cornel_west_tavis_smiley_on_obama|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=August 2024}}[[File:Cornel West Introduces Bernie Sanders in South Carolina.webm|thumb|West introduces [[Bernie Sanders]] at a September 2015 [[Bernie Sanders presidential campaign, 2016|campaign]] rally in South Carolina]]

In 2014, West gave an interview criticizing Obama, calling him a "counterfeit" who posed as a progressive. West defined Obama's presidency as "a Wall Street presidency, a drone presidency, a national security presidency".<ref>{{cite news|work=[[Salon (website)|Salon]]|title=Cornel West: "He posed as a progressive and turned out to be counterfeit. We ended up with a Wall Street presidency, a drone presidency"|date=August 24, 2014|first=Thomas |last=Frank|url=http://www.salon.com/2014/08/24/cornel_west_he_posed_as_a_progressive_and_turned_out_to_be_counterfeit_we_ended_up_with_a_wall_street_presidency_a_drone_presidency/|access-date=2014-08-31|archive-date=September 15, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915031013/https://www.salon.com/2014/08/24/cornel_west_he_posed_as_a_progressive_and_turned_out_to_be_counterfeit_we_ended_up_with_a_wall_street_presidency_a_drone_presidency/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Support for Bernie Sanders ===
In 2015, West expressed his support for Democratic contender [[Bernie Sanders]] during an interview on ''[[CNN Tonight]]''. West argued that the Sanders plans to redistribute wealth from Wall Street elites to the poorest members of society would be beneficial for the African-American community.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ringoffireradio.com/2015/08/civil-rights-activist-cornel-west-throws-support-behind-bernie-sanders/|title=Civil Rights Activist Cornel West Throws Support Behind Bernie Sanders|website=Ring of Fire|date=August 19, 2015|access-date=August 19, 2015|archive-date=August 20, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820020115/http://ringoffireradio.com/2015/08/civil-rights-activist-cornel-west-throws-support-behind-bernie-sanders/|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=August 2024}} On August 24, 2015, West tweeted, "I endorse Brother @BernieSanders because he is a long-distance runner with integrity in the struggle for justice for over 50 years."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/politics/first-draft/2015/08/25/bernie-sanders-gets-stamp-of-approval-from-cornel-west/|title=Bernie Sanders Gets Stamp of Approval From Cornel West|newspaper=The New York Times|first=Alan|last=Rappeport|date=August 25, 2015|access-date=February 15, 2017|archive-date=May 14, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514001821/http://www.nytimes.com/politics/first-draft/2015/08/25/bernie-sanders-gets-stamp-of-approval-from-cornel-west/?_r=0|url-status=live}}</ref>[[File:Nina Turner & Cornel West (49392454532).jpg|thumb|[[Nina Turner]] and West campaigning for Sanders in 2020]]In July 2016, after Sanders exited the presidential race, West endorsed [[Green Party of the United States|Green Party]] nominee [[Jill Stein]] and her running mate [[Ajamu Baraka]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thehill.com/blogs/ballot-box/presidential-races/287829-sanders-ally-cornel-west-backs-green-candidate/ |title=Sanders ally Cornel West backs Green candidate |first=Mark |last=Hensch |date=July 14, 2016 |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |access-date=July 15, 2016 |archive-date=July 15, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715094902/http://thehill.com/blogs/ballot-box/presidential-races/287829-sanders-ally-cornel-west-backs-green-candidate |url-status=live }}</ref> West, who was critical of the U.S. [[interventionism (politics)|interventionist]] foreign policy in 2016, referred to Democratic nominee [[Hillary Clinton]] as a "[[neoliberal]] disaster",<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.democracynow.org/2016/7/18/why_a_member_of_the_democratic|title=Cornel West: Why I Endorse Green Party's Jill Stein Over 'Neoliberal Disaster' Hillary Clinton|website=democracynow.org|date=July 18, 2016| access-date=May 8, 2018|archive-date=May 18, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180518063853/https://www.democracynow.org/2016/7/18/why_a_member_of_the_democratic|url-status=live}}</ref> and accused Clinton of merely posing as a [[progressivism in the United States|progressive]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.democracynow.org/2016/3/9/bernie_or_hillary_cornel_west_dolores|title=Bernie or Hillary? Cornel West & Dolores Huerta Debate After Sanders' Upset Win in Michigan|website=democracynow.org|date=March 9, 2016|access-date=May 8, 2018|archive-date=May 18, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180518183617/https://www.democracynow.org/2016/3/9/bernie_or_hillary_cornel_west_dolores|url-status=live}}</ref>

Following the victory of [[Donald Trump]], West contended in an op-ed for ''[[The Guardian]]'' that white working- and middle-class voters "rejected the economic neglect of neoliberal policies and the self-righteous arrogance of elites", yet "supported a candidate who appeared to blame their social misery on minorities, and who alienated Mexican immigrants, Muslims, Black people, Jews, gay people, women, and China in the process."<ref>West, Cornel (November 17, 2016), [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/nov/17/american-neoliberalism-cornel-west-2016-election "Goodbye, American neoliberalism. A new era is here"], ''The Guardian''. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117153319/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/nov/17/american-neoliberalism-cornel-west-2016-election |date=November 17, 2016 }}.</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=August 2024}}

In 2020, West once again put his support behind Bernie Sanders, who mounted a [[Bernie Sanders 2020 presidential campaign|second presidential bid]] in that election cycle.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theintercept.com/2019/03/07/cornel-west-on-bernie-trump-and-racism/|title=Deconstructed Podcast: Cornel West on Bernie, Trump, and Racism|last=Deconstructed|date=2019-03-07|website=The Intercept|language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-28|archive-date=July 22, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722055308/https://theintercept.com/2019/03/07/cornel-west-on-bernie-trump-and-racism/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 2024 presidential campaign ===
{{Main|Cornel West 2024 presidential campaign}}
On June 5, 2023, West announced he would run in the [[2024 United States presidential election|2024 presidential election]] under the [[Movement for a People's Party|People's Party]].<ref name="ThirdParty">{{Cite news |last=Astor |first=Maggie |date=June 5, 2023 |title=Cornel West, Progressive Scholar, Announces Third-Party Bid for President |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/05/us/politics/cornel-west-2024-candidate-president.html |access-date=June 5, 2023}}</ref> West's decision to run with the People's Party sparked criticism due to the party's lack of ballot access, claims of leadership dysfunction, and [[Sexual harassment|sexual harassment allegations]] against the party founder [[Nick Brana]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/politics/cornel-west-peoples-party/|title=Cornel West Is the Right Man in the Wrong Party|first=Jeet|last=Heer|date=June 12, 2023|website=[[The Nation]].com}}</ref> On June 14, West announced that he would instead seek the [[Green Party of the United States|Green Party]] nomination, running a campaign centered around support for [[Medicare for All]], [[Public housing in the United States and Canada|public housing]], action on [[climate change]], and drastically cutting the [[U.S. military budget]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gans |first=Jared |date=June 14, 2023 |title=Cornel West seeking Green Party nomination for presidential run |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/4049401-cornel-west-seeking-green-party-nomination-for-presidential-run/ |access-date=June 14, 2023 |website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

On October 5, 2023, West announced that he was no longer seeking the [[2024 Green Party presidential primaries|Green Party nomination]], and would instead continue his presidential bid as an [[independent candidate]].<ref name="slams">{{Cite web |last=Thomas |first=Ken |date=2023-10-05 |title=Cornel West Slams Biden, Trump, and Runs as 2024 Independent |url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/elections/cornel-west-slams-biden-trump-and-runs-as-2024-independent-d44a2af5 |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=WSJ |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gibson |first=Britanny |date=October 5, 2023 |title=Cornel West leaves the Green Party in favor of an independent bid |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2023/10/05/cornel-west-independent-bid-00120132 |access-date=October 5, 2023 |website=[[Politico]] |language=en-US}}</ref> On February 1, 2024, West announced the establishment of the [[Justice For All Party]] (JFA), which he claimed would pursue a strategy of securing ballot access in specific areas (Florida, North Carolina, and Washington).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Perry |first=Mitch |date=2024-02-01 |title=Cornel West forms new political party 'Justice for All'; he plans to be on FL ballot in November|url=https://floridaphoenix.com/2024/02/01/cornel-west-forms-new-political-party-justice-for-all-he-plans-to-be-on-fl-ballot-in-november/ |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=Florida Phoenix |language=en-US}}</ref> In August 2024, Cornel West and his running mate Melina Abdullah were both disqualified and denied entry onto the [[2024 United States presidential election in Michigan|2024 Michigan presidential election]] ballot.<ref name="Washington Post">{{Cite news|date=2024-08-16 |title=Michigan election officials say Cornel West is disqualified from ballot |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/elections/2024/08/16/cornel-west-michigan-disqualified/ |access-date=2024-08-16 |newspaper=The Washington Post|language=en-US}}</ref> A week later, a [[Michigan Court of Claims]] judge overturned the decision, finding that the state had "misapplied the law" in excluding West and Abdullah from the ballot.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cornel West Back on Michigan's Presidential Ballot, Judge Rules |url=https://news.wttw.com/2024/08/26/cornel-west-back-michigan-s-presidential-ballot-judge-rules |website=WTTW News |publisher=AP |access-date=13 December 2025 |date=26 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Birle |first1=Jack |title=Cornel West wins ballot qualification court case in Michigan |url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/3134013/cornel-west-wins-ballot-qualification-michigan/ |website=Washington Examiner |access-date=13 December 2025 |date=26 August 2024}}</ref>

West's campaign received [[Cornel West 2024 presidential campaign#Support from Republicans|extensive support from Republican and Trump allies]] to stay on the ballot in swing states in hope that he would take votes from Kamala Harris.<ref name=":022">{{Cite web |last1=Merica |first1=Dan |last2=Slodysko |first2=Brian |date=2024-08-19 |title=Republicans scrambled to get Cornel West on the Arizona ballot. The left-wing academic is OK with it |url=https://apnews.com/article/republican-lawyers-cornel-west-arizona-88cd1b4f698715a3071a93b5e1526074 |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-19 |title=Republicans are central in an effort to rescue Cornel West's ballot hopes in Arizona |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/republicans-are-central-in-an-effort-to-rescue-cornel-wests-ballot-hopes-in-arizona |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=PBS News |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-28 |title=RFK Jr., Cornel West approved for ballot in Wisconsin – CBS Minnesota |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/minnesota/news/robert-f-kennedy-jr-cornel-west-wisconsin-ballot/ |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US |quote=Republicans and their allies have worked to get West on the ballot in Wisconsin and other states in the hope that West would help boost Trump's chances of winning by pulling support from Harris. West would not have needed to win a state to serve as a spoiler candidate — a few thousand votes in battleground states could have been decisive.}}</ref> West expressed ambivalence about the support from Republicans.<ref name=":022" />

As of August 2024, West was polling below 1% nationally, his campaign was $17,000 in debt, and he was no longer actively campaigning.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last1=Slodysko |first1=Brian |last2=Cooper |first2=Jonathan J. |date=2024-08-17 |title=Her name was on a filing agreeing to be a Cornel West elector. Her question: What's an elector? |url=https://apnews.com/article/ballot-deception-cornel-west-conservatives-0d2c94da68bbd136442e63edadf14398 |access-date=2024-08-24 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Garrison |first=Joey |date=August 14, 2024 |title=Cornel West boosted by Trump allies to get name on Wisconsin ballot |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2024/08/14/cornel-west-boosted-by-trump-allies-wisconsin-ballot/74772257007/ |access-date=2024-08-25 |website=USA TODAY |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Published works ==
* "Black Theology and Marxist Thought" (1979) – essay
* ''Prophesy Deliverance! An Afro-American Revolutionary Christianity'' (1982)
* ''Post-Analytic Philosophy'', edited with John Rajchman (1985)
* ''Prophetic Fragments'' (1988)
* ''The American Evasion of Philosophy: A Genealogy of Pragmatism'' (1989)
* ''Breaking Bread: Insurgent Black Intellectual Life'' (with [[bell hooks]], 1991)
* ''The Ethical Dimensions of Marxist Thought'' (1991)
* ''Prophetic Thought in Postmodern Times: Beyond Eurocentrism and Multiculturalism'' (1993)
* ''[[Race Matters]]'' (1993)
* ''Keeping Faith: Philosophy and Race in America'' (1994)
* ''Jews and Blacks: A Dialogue on Race, Religion, and Culture in America'' (with [[rabbi]] [[Michael Lerner (rabbi)|Michael Lerner]], 1995)
* ''[[The Future of the Race]]'' (with [[Henry Louis Gates Jr.]], 1996)
* ''Restoring Hope: Conversations on the Future of Black America'' (1997)
* ''The War Against Parents: What We Can Do for America's Beleaguered Moms and Dads'' (with [[Sylvia Ann Hewlett]], 1998)
* ''The Future of American Progressivism'' (with [[Roberto Unger]], 1998)
* ''The Cornel West Reader'' (1999)
* ''The African-American Century: How Black Americans Have Shaped Our Century'' (with Henry Louis Gates Jr., 2000)
* ''Democracy Matters: Winning the Fight Against Imperialism'' (2004)
* Commentary on ''[[The Matrix]]'', ''[[The Matrix Reloaded]]'' and ''[[The Matrix Revolutions]]''; see ''[[The Ultimate Matrix Collection]]'' (with [[Ken Wilber]], 2004)
* ''Hope on a Tightrope: Words & Wisdom'' (2008)
* ''Brother West: Living & Loving Out Loud'' (2009)
* ''[[The Rich and the Rest of Us: A Poverty Manifesto]]'' (with [[Tavis Smiley]], 2012)
* ''Pro+Agonist: The Art of Opposition'' (2012)
* ''[[Black Prophetic Fire]]'' (2014)
* ''The Radical King'' (2016)
* ''Truth Matters'' (with [[Robert P. George]], 2025)

== Filmography ==
'''Film'''
* [http://www.mumia-themovie.com/interviews.html ''Long Distance Revolutionary: A Journey with Mumia Abu-Jamal''] as himself
* ''[[The Matrix Reloaded]]'' (2003) as Councilor West
* ''[[The Matrix Revolutions]]'' (2003) as Councilor West
* ''[[Street Fight (film)|Street Fight]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Examined Life]]'' (2008)
* ''[[The Private Lives of Pippa Lee]] '' (2009) as Don Sexton
* ''[[Bars4justice|#Bars4Justice]]'' (2015) as himself
* ''[[Chasing Trane: The John Coltrane Documentary]] '' (2016) as himself
* ''[[No Safe Spaces]]'' (2019) as himself.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalreview.com/2019/11/documentary-no-safe-spaces-adam-carolla-dennis-prager-fight-free-speech-bans/|title=In No Safe Spaces, an Odd Couple Teams up to Fight Free-Speech Bans|first=John|last=Fund|work=National Review|date=November 3, 2019|access-date=December 17, 2019|archive-date=December 18, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218052250/https://www.nationalreview.com/2019/11/documentary-no-safe-spaces-adam-carolla-dennis-prager-fight-free-speech-bans/|url-status=live}}</ref>

'''Television'''
* "[[What Will Happen to the Gang Next Year?]]" on ''[[30 Rock]]'' (2012) as himself

== Discography ==
'''Albums'''
* ''Sketches of My Culture'' (2001)
* ''Street Knowledge'' (2004)
* ''Never Forget: A Journey of Revelations'' (2007) (with BMWMB)

'''Guest appearances'''
* [[E-40]] – "Born in the Struggle" from ''[[Revenue Retrievin': Overtime Shift]]'' (2011)
* [[Bootsy Collins]] – "Freedumb" from ''[[Tha Funk Capital of the World]]'' (2011)
* [[Immortal Technique]] – "Sign of the Times" from ''[[The Martyr (album)|The Martyr]]'' (2011)
* [[Brother Ali]] – "Letter to My Countrymen" from ''[[Mourning in America and Dreaming in Color]]'' (2012)
* [[Terence Blanchard]] – ''[[Choices (Terence Blanchard album)|Choices]]'' (2009)
* [[Terence Blanchard]] – ''[[Breathless (Terence Blanchard album)|Breathless]]'' (2015)
* [[Terence Blanchard]] – ''[[Live (Terence Blanchard album)|Live]]'' (2018)

== See also ==
* [[American philosophy]]
* [[Black existentialism]]
* [[Christian left]]
* [[List of American philosophers]]
* [[Robert P. George#Cornel West|Robert P. George]], an interlocutor and friend of Cornel West

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==
* {{cite book |last1=Morrison |first1=John |title=Cornel West |date=2004 |publisher=Chelsea House Publishers |location=Philadelphia, PA |isbn=978-1-4381-0003-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EcwI2eX_aJYC |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Naden |first1=Corinne J. |last2=Blue |first2=Rose |title=Cornel West |date=2005 |publisher=Heinemann-Raintree Library (division of Reed Elsevier) |location=Chicago, IL |isbn=978-1-4109-1040-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wlp-BfutAZIC |language=en}} (juvenile nonfiction)

== Further reading ==
* {{cite magazine |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/121550/cornel-wests-rise-fall-our-most-exciting-black-scholar-ghost |title=The Ghost of Cornel West |first=Michael Eric |last=Dyson |author-link=Michael Eric Dyson |date=April 19, 2015 |magazine=[[The New Republic]] }}

== External links ==
{{wikiquote}}
{{commons}}
* {{Official website}}
* {{IMDb name|0922002}}
* {{Discogs artist|Cornel West}}
* {{C-SPAN|31663}}
* [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/author/cornel-west Column archive] at ''[[The Huffington Post]]''

{{s-start}}
{{s-aca}}
{{s-new|office}}
{{s-ttl|title=Alphonse Fletcher University Professor|years=1998–2002}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Henry Louis Gates Jr.]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Union Theological Seminary (New York City)}}
{{Socialism}}
{{American Book Awards}}
{{2024 United States presidential election}}
{{subject bar|portal1=Biography|portal2=California|portal3=Civil rights movement|portal4=Music|portal5=Oklahoma|portal6=Philosophy|portal7=Politics|portal8=Schools|portal9=Socialism|portal10=United States}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:West, Cornel}}
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[[Category:Writers from Sacramento, California]]
[[Category:Writers from Tulsa, Oklahoma]]
[[Category:Yale University faculty]]

Warisaliganj (community development block)

2026-01-24T16:09:41Z

BrandonNewquist: new a bio

{{Short description|Town in Bihar, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Warisaliganj
| other_name = Warsaliganj
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Bihar#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.01|N|85.63|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Nawada district|Nawada]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder = Waris Ali Khan
| named_for =
| parts_type = Wards
| parts = 26
| government_type =
| governing_body = Warisaliganj Nagar Parishad
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 13.11
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 68
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census2011"/>
| population_total = 34056
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=13 February 2019|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = [[Urdu]]<ref name="langoff"/>
| demographics1_title3 = Other
| demographics1_info3 = [[Magahi language|Magahi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 805130
| registration_plate = BR-27
| website =
}}

'''Warisaliganj''' is a Community Development block and a Municipal Council in [[Nawada district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]].

==History==
Warisaliganj, to the north of [[Nawada]], was founded by Waris Ali khan, brother of Kamgar khan in Mayi family.<ref>{{cite book |last1=O`malley |first1=L. S. S. |title=Bihar And Orissa District Gazetteers Patna |date=1924 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-7268-121-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a-QaOP5nK-MC&dq=kamgar+family&pg=PA28 |language=en}}</ref>

==Geography==
Warisaliganj is located at {{Coord|25.01|N|85.63|E}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/34/Waris_Aliganj.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc. - Waris_Aliganj]</ref> It has an average elevation of 68 meters (223 feet). It is located in one of the most fertile areas of the state, with well-irrigated landscapes due to the Sakri River and its canal system.

==Demographics==
As of the [[2011 Census of India|2011 India census]], Warisaliganj has a population of 34,056 of which 17,874 are males and 16,182 are females. The population of children aged 0–6 is 5,536, 16.26% of the town's total population. The female sex ratio is 905 compared to the state average of 918. The child sex ratio is around 953 compared to the Bihar state average of 935. Its literacy rate is 69.72%, higher than the state average of 61.80%. In Warisaliganj, male literacy is around 77.43% while female literacy is 61.12%. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Caste]] (SC) constitutes 11.95% of the town's population while [[Scheduled Tribe]] (ST) constitutes 0.20%.<ref name="Census2011">{{cite web |title=District Census Handbook Nawada - Bihar |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1035_PART_B_DCHB_NAWADA.pdf |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=22-23 |access-date=28 April 2022}}</ref>

===Language===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = left
|caption = Languages spoken in Warisaliganj (2011)<ref name="Language"/>
|label1 = [[Magahi language|Magahi]]
|value1 = 80.7
|color1 = Red
|label2 = [[Hindi]]
|value2 = 13.7
|color2 = Orange
|label3 = [[Urdu]]
|value3 = 5.4
|color3 = green
|label4 = Others
|value4 = 1.38
|color4 = grey
}}

The majority speaks [[Magahi language|Magahi]], with a population of over 80%. followed by [[Standard Hindi]] and [[Urdu]] speakers.<ref name="Language">{{cite web |title=C-16 Population By Mother Tongue - Town Level - Bihar |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16T/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-1000.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in |access-date=28 April 2022}}</ref>

===Religion===
{{Bar box
|title=Religion in Warisaliganj<ref name="Religion"/>
|titlebar=#ddd
|left1=[[Religion]]
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|DarkOrange|91.9}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|Green|7.1}}
{{bar percent|Others|Black|1.0}}}}

the majority of Warisaliganj are [[Hindus]] with over 90% of the town's population, followed by significant [[Muslim]] population of 7%.<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=C-1 Population By Religious Community - Bihar |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW10C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |access-date=28 April 2022}}</ref>

==Administration==
Warisaliganj is divided into 25 wards for which elections are held every 5 years. The [[nagar parishad]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Nawada Hindustan Hindi Epaper - हिन्दुस्तान |url=https://epaper.livehindustan.com/epaper/Bihar/Nawada/2020-12-27/98/Page-1.html |access-date=27 December 2020 |work=epaper.livehindustan.com}}</ref> has total administration over housing, supplying basic amenities like water and sewage. It is also authorised to build roads within the town's limits and impose taxes on properties. Warisaliganj is part of Bihar's [[Warisaliganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Warisaliganj]] legislative constituency. This area also includes [[Pakri Barawan]] and Kashichak. It also comes under the [[Nawada (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nawada Lok Sabha constituency]]. Anita Devi is the area's incumbent [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]], representing the legislative constituency of Warisaliganj.

==Economy==
The market consists of several big and small merchants. Due to being [[Indian Railways|Indian Railway's]], only rack point for [[freight car]]s in the whole district, the town has many [[wholesale]] spots. Warisaliganj was one of [[Bihar|Bihar's]] famous industrial areas, having sugar and cotton mills until a few years ago. Nowadays, the famous Mohini sugar mill, situated on the outskirts of the town, is closed and shifted to BIADA. Adani Group is going to invest Rs 1400 crore through Ambuja Cement Limited on the same land which is owned by BIADA. The Adani group will set up a cement grinding unit for which BIADA has allotted land for this unit. Some small-scale industries are still present in different villages nearby.

==Places==
[[File:32 Feet Hanumanta -Naromurar Thakur Wadi.jpg|thumb|200px|right|32 foot Hanumanta statue in Naromurar village, inaugurated in the Ram Yagya in the year 2001]]
[[File:Surya Mandir.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Surya Mandir Dwar]]
[[File:Chandrashaal statue near Paarvati caves.jpg|thumb|left|200px|The Large [[Varaha|Varaah]] Statue in Apsarh]]
The town itself has a few important places. The Sun Temple (Surya Mandir) is located on the outskirts of the town, near the administrative offices. It is used for celebrating all kinds of religious and spiritual events. The temple also has a recently opened [[Sanskrit]] college. There is a picnic spot called "Maafi Garh" in the outskirts of the town, near a referral hospital. It is used by locals on occasions like [[New Year]] and [[Makar Sankranti]]. Apart from these, the major tourist attractions nearby are [[Kakolat Falls]], [[Rajgir]], [[Bodhgaya]] and [[Pawapuri]], all located one to two hours away.

Warisaliganj has many old attractions such as Maafi (which has existed since [[Dvapara Yuga]], and is mentioned in the [[Mahabharata]]). Apsarh, Naromurar, Sarkatti are also of historical interest. A village, Dariyapur Parvati, is six miles north of Warisaliganj and has ruins and relics of Kapotika Bodh Bihar. In the center stands a famous temple dedicated to [[Avalokiteśvara|Avalokiteshwer]]. The village Apsarh is home to historical monuments originating from King Aditaysen.

The village [[Sarkatti]] is located 8 km from Warisaliganj and was once a highly decorated estate during the Zamindari system. It is also known for the huge traditional houses owned by the members of the Zamindar family.

[[Naromurar]] village is 8 km from the town. It is one of the ancient villages of [[India]] having a four-hundred-year-old Thakur Wadi dedicated to [[Rama]] and [[Shiva]]. A giant 32 foot [[Lord Hanuman|Hanumanta]] statue also exists in Thakur Wadiwhich, built by saint Hanuman Das. There are three Gupta period statues of [[Vishnu]] in the Makanpur village, privately owned by Ram Ratan Prasad Singh Ratnakar, an eminent scholar and writer.[[File:Lord vishnu makanpur.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Vishnu]] statue in Makanpur]]

==Transport==
The town is well connected to all other parts of the state by roadways and railways. SH 83 passes through Warisaliganj, connecting the [[Nawada]] and [[Sheikhpura]] districts. The very famous [[National Highway 20 (India)|National Highway 20]] (which is part of the [[Asian Highway Network]]) and [[AH42|Asian Highway 42]] are just 11 km by road, connecting Patna and Ranchi. The other areas connected by roads are [[Nawada]], [[Biharsharif]], [[Patna]], [[Rajgir]], [[Pakri Barawan]], and [[Barbigha]]. Direct Buses for [[Patna]], [[Rajgir]], [[Ranchi]], [[Dhanbad]], [[Jamshedpur|Tata]], [[Begusarai]], and [[Barbigha]] are also available. [[SH71|State Highway 71]] and [[SH83|State Highway 83]] meet at Shahpur Mor.

The town is also connected by the [[Indian Railways]] B.G. line through the [[Gaya–Kiul line]] of the [[East Central Railway]]. [[Warisaliganj railway station|Warisaliganj Railway Station]] is an important rack point for freight cars. For local transport, frequent [[taxi]] facilities are provided by private vendors in and around the town. Rickshaws and autos are major means of local transport within the town.

===Rail Network===
# [[Patna Junction railway station|Patna Railway Station]] → [[Gaya Junction railway station|Gaya Railway Station]] → [[Warisaliganj railway station|Warisaliganj Railway Station]] or [[Patna Junction railway station|Patna Railway Station]] → [[Kiul railway station|Kiul Railway Station]] → [[Warisaliganj railway station|Warisaliganj Railway Station]]

===Road network===
* From Patna Bus Stand , Patna to [[Bihar Sharif]], from Bihar Sharif to Warisaliganj via [[NH 20]]
* From Gaya Bus Stand ,Gaya to Nawada Via NH120 [[Nawada]] to Warisaliganj via [[State Highway 83 (Bihar)|SH 83]] and [[State Highway 8 (Bihar)|SH8]]

===Air===
By air, Warisaliganj is well connected to some of the popular airports of Bihar, [[Jharkhand]], and West Bengal:

*[[Gaya Airport]], {{Convert|89|km}} away
*[[Lok Nayak Jayaprakash Airport]], [[Patna]], {{Convert|113|km}} away
*[[Deoghar Airport]], [[Deoghar]], {{Convert|160|km}} away
*[[Darbhanga Airport]], [[Darbhanga]], {{Convert|189|km}} away
*[[Birsa Munda Airport]], [[Ranchi]], {{Convert|244|km}} away
*[[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport]], [[Kolkata]], {{Convert|465|km}} away

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Kakolat Falls]]
* [[Nalanda]]
* [[Rajgir]]
* [[Pawapuri]]
* [[Nawada]]
* [[Naromurar]]
* [[Sarkatti]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://nawada.bih.nic.in/ Nawada District official Website]

{{Magadh Division}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Nawada district]]
[[Category:Community development blocks in Nawada district]]

Emblem of West Bengal

2026-01-21T05:22:15Z

BrandonNewquist: Improved wording and formatting

{{Short description|Official seal of the government of West Bengal, India and its history}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox coat of arms
| name = Emblem of West Bengal
| image =
| image_width = 180
| middle =
| middle_width =
| middle_caption =
| lesser =
| lesser_width =
| lesser_caption =
| armiger = [[Government of West Bengal]]
| year_adopted = 2018
| crest = [[Emblem of India]]
| torse =
| shield = Globe, Bengali character (ব), Map of West Bengal
| supporters =
| compartment =
| motto = [[Satyameva Jayate]]
| orders =
| other_elements = পশ্চিমবঙ্গ সরকার — Govt. of West Bengal
| earlier_versions =
| use =
|divisions_type=[[States and union territories of India |State]]|divisions=[[West Bengal]]
}}
{{Mamata Banerjee sidebar}}
The '''Emblem of West Bengal''' is the [[official seal]] of the [[Government of West Bengal|Government]] of the [[India]]n [[States of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/landing|title=Egiye Bangla|access-date=15 October 2018|archive-date=13 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413171429/https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/landing|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Design==
The emblem consists of a circle depicting a globe with the state of [[West Bengal]] highlighted by a representation of the [[Bengali alphabet]]. The [[National Emblem of India]] appears above the globe and the emblem includes the name of the state in [[English language|English]] (i.e. West Bengal) and in the [[Bengali language|Bengali]] language (i.e. {{langx|bn|পশ্চিমবঙ্গ|translit=Pôśchim Bôṅgô}}). The central element of the emblem was also used by the state government's [[Biswa Bangla]] campaign to promote the sale of traditional Bengali handicrafts and textiles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/mamata-unveils-state-logo-with-biswa-bangla-theme/article10017127.ece|title=Mamata unveils State logo with Biswa Bangla theme|date=5 January 2018|publisher=|access-date=15 October 2018|archive-date=7 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107113245/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/mamata-unveils-state-logo-with-biswa-bangla-theme/article10017127.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Historic emblems==
The current emblem was designed by [[Mamata Banerjee]], the [[Chief Minister of West Bengal|Chief Minister]] of the state and was officially adopted in January 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/MamataBanerjeeOfficial/photos/pcb.1682887761778558/1682887521778582/?type=3&theater|title=Mamata Banerjee|website=www.facebook.com|access-date=15 October 2018|archive-date=24 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424183755/https://www.facebook.com/login/?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2FMamataBanerjeeOfficial%2Fphotos%2Fpcb.1682887761778558%2F1682887521778582%2F%3Ftype%3D3%26theater|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://wbxpress.com/official-state-emblem-west-bengal/|title=Official Emblem for the State of West Bengal - WBXPress|date=1 February 2018|publisher=|access-date=15 October 2018|archive-date=24 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424183740/https://wbxpress.com/official-state-emblem-west-bengal/|url-status=live}}</ref> Prior to the adoption of the new emblem in 2018, the state government used the National Emblem of India for official purposes but had adopted a distinctive logo for marketing purposes. This logo, known as "Banglarmukh" (''Face of Bengal''), depicted a female face surround by a red veil.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hda.gov.in/|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20170417101209/http://hda.gov.in/|url-status=dead|title=HDA|date=17 April 2017|archivedate=17 April 2017}}</ref>

<gallery>
File:Badge of British Bengal.svg|[[Emblem]] of the [[Bengal Presidency]]
File:Coat of Arms of the Nawab of Bengal (top) and that of the Nawab of Murshidabad (bottom).png|Coat of Arms of the [[Nawab of Bengal]] (top) and [[Nawab of Murshidabad|Murshidabad]] (bottom)
File:Emblem of West Bengal (Banglarmukh) before 2018.png|Banglarmukh emblem used until 2018
</gallery>

== Autonomous district councils in West Bengal ==
;Gorkhaland
West Bengal has one [[autonomous district council]], the [[Gorkhaland Territorial Administration]], which adopted its own emblem in October 2014. The emblem is a circular seal featuring a locomotive of the [[Darjeeling Himalayan Railway]], a woman picking [[tea]] leaves, a [[rhododendron]] flower and mountain peaks of the [[Himalayas]] surrounded by the name of the authority and two pairs of crossed [[Kukri]] daggers.<ref>https://www.facebook.com/GorkhalandTerritorialAdministration/photos/a.102800121374266/102814918039453/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424183756/https://www.facebook.com/login/?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2FGorkhalandTerritorialAdministration%2Fphotos%2Fa.102800121374266%2F102814918039453%2F |date=24 April 2023 }} {{User-generated source|certain=yes|date=March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url-access=limited |archive-url = https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/facebook/317888468348941/453201171484336 |archive-date = 2022-04-27| url = https://m.facebook.com/TheDarjeelingChronicle/posts/the-gta-logo-inaguratedthe-gorkhaland-territorial-administration-inaugurated-its/453201171484336/?locale2=fr_CA |title = The Darjeeling Chronicle on Facebook |website=[[Facebook]]}}{{cbignore}}{{User-generated source|certain=yes|date=March 2022}}</ref>

<gallery>
File:Gorkhaland Territorial Administration seal.png|Emblem of the [[Gorkhaland Territorial Administration]]
</gallery>

==Government banner==
The [[Government of West Bengal]] can be represented by a banner displaying the emblem of the state on a white field.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dreamstime.com/west-bengal-state-india-flag-textile-cloth-fabric-waving-top-sunrise-mist-fog-west-bengal-state-india-flag-textile-image127909913|title=West Bengal State of India Flag Textile Cloth Fabric Waving on the Top Sunrise Mist Fog Stock Illustration - Illustration of graphic, ripple: 127909913|access-date=18 March 2020|archive-date=7 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107114530/https://www.dreamstime.com/west-bengal-state-india-flag-textile-cloth-fabric-waving-top-sunrise-mist-fog-west-bengal-state-india-flag-textile-image127909913|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[State Emblem of India]]
* [[List of Indian state emblems]]
* [[Banglar Mati Banglar Jol]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/landing Government of West Bengal]

{{West Bengal}}
{{Indian state emblems}}

[[Category:Government of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian state seals|West Bengal]]
[[Category:Symbols of West Bengal]]

{{India-gov-stub}}

Kapalkundala (1933 film)

2026-01-15T18:41:34Z

BrandonNewquist: added info

{{Short description|1933 film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kapalkundala
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Premankur Atorthy]]
| producer = [[New Theatres]]
| writer =
| narrator =
| starring = [[Umasashi]] [[Durgadas Bannerjee]] Molina Devi
| music = [[R. C. Boral]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| distributor =
| studio = New Theatres
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1933}}
| runtime = 122 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Kapalkundala''''' is a [[List of Indian Bengali films of 1933|1933]] [[Bengali language|Bengali]] social [[Children's film|family film]] directed by [[Premankur Atorthy]] for [[New Theatres]] Ltd. Calcutta.<ref name=gomolo>{{cite web|title=Kapalkundala 1933|url=http://www.gomolo.com/kapalkundala-movie-cast-crew/12902|website=gomolo.com|access-date=29 August 2014|archive-date=3 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903102641/http://www.gomolo.com/kapalkundala-movie-cast-crew/12902|url-status=dead}}</ref> The film starred [[Umasashi]], [[Durgadas Bannerjee]], Manoranjan Bhattacharya and [[Molina Devi]].<ref name=citwf>{{cite web|title=Kapalkundala 1933|url=http://www.citwf.com/film181106.htm|website=citwf.com|publisher=Alan Goble|access-date=29 August 2014}}</ref> It is based on [[Kapalkundala]], a famous Bengali novel written by [[Bankimchandra Chattopadhyay]] in 1866.<ref name=Kumar>{{cite book |last1= Bandyopadhyay|first1= Asit Kumar |title= Bangla Sahityer Itibritta|trans-title=History of Bengali Literature |edition= 3rd |volume=VIII |year=2007 |orig-date= 1998 |publisher= Modern Book Agency Pvt Ltd |location=Kolkata |language=Bengali |pages=502–520 }}</ref> This was the second remake of Kapalakundala, the first being made in 1929 by Priyanath Ganguly. The film was made three more times: 1939, 1952, 1981.<ref name=banglatorrents>{{cite web|title=Kapalkundala|url=http://www.banglatorrents.com/archive/index.php/t-10734.html|website=banglatorrents.com|publisher=Bangla Torrents vBulletin Solutions, Inc|access-date=29 August 2014}}</ref> The film did well celebrating a run of twenty-five weeks.<ref name=worldfilm>{{cite web|last1=Grant|first1=Andrew|title=The Many Languages of Indian Cinema – Part 1 Bengali|url=http://worldfilm.about.com/od/topbollywood/a/The-Many-Languages-Of-Indian-Cinema-Part-1.htm|website=worldfilm.about.com|publisher=Worldfilm.com|access-date=29 August 2014|archive-date=3 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903102121/http://worldfilm.about.com/od/topbollywood/a/The-Many-Languages-Of-Indian-Cinema-Part-1.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film is about a girl named Kapalkundala (Uma Sashi), who is brought up in a forest by the sage Kapalik (Manoranjan Bhattacharya). She meets a young man, Nabakumar (Durgadas Bannerjee), who loses his way in the forest, and she falls in love with him. They elope and marry. She relocates to the city with her husband but finds herself unable to adapt to city life. Kapalik with the help of Shyama (Molina Devi) tries to malign her wanting her to return. The story ends with Kapalkundala killing herself by jumping in the river.

==Cast==
*[[Umasashi]] as Kapalkundala
*[[Durgadas Bannerjee]] as Naba Kumar
*Manoranjan Bhattacharya as Kapalik
*[[Molina Devi]] as Shyama
*[[Amar Mullick]]
*Nibhanini Devi as Motibibi
*Amulya Mitra

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id =0154715 |title =Kapalkundala }}

{{Premankur Atorthy}}

[[Category:1933 films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Premankur Atorthy]]
[[Category:Indian historical drama films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:1930s historical drama films]]
[[Category:1930s Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:1933 drama films]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:New Theatres films]]

{{1930s-Bengali-film-stub}}

Uttarakhand Lok Adalat

2026-01-10T14:44:47Z

BrandonNewquist:

{{Short description|Indian government agency}}
{{Infobox law enforcement agency
| agencyname = Uttarakhand Legal Services Authority
| nativename =
| nativenamea =
| nativenamer =
| commonname =
| patch =
| patchcaption =
| logo =
| logocaption =
| badge =
| badgecaption =
| flag =
| flagcaption =
| image_size =
| motto =
| mottotranslated =
| mission =
| formed = 2000
| preceding1 =
| employees =
| volunteers =
| budget =
| country = India
| federal = No
| map =
| mapcaption =
| sizearea =
| sizepopulation =
| legaljuris =
| governingbody =
| governingbodyscnd =
| constitution1 =
| restriction =
| overviewtype =
| overviewbody =
| headquarters = Uttarakhand Legal Services Authority, ADR Centre, High Court Compound, Nainital
| hqlocmap =
| hqlocleft =
| hqloctop =
| hqlocmappoptitle =
| sworntype =
| sworn =
| unsworntype =
| unsworn =
| electeetype =
| minister1name =
| minister1pfo =
| chief1name = Chief Justice [[Manoj Kumar Gupta]]<ref name="utt ref1">{{cite web |title=Hon'ble Patron-in-Chief: Uttarakhand State Legal Services Authority, High Court of Uttarakhand, India |url=https://slsa.uk.gov.in/pages/display/116-honble-patron-in-chief |website=slsa.uk.gov.in |access-date=28 November 2021}}</ref>
| chief1position = Patron-in-Chief
| parentagency =
| website = https://slsa.uk.gov.in/pages/display/97-lok-adalats
| child1agency =
| unittype =
| unitname =
| officetype =
| officename =
| stationtype =
| stations =
}}

'''Uttarakhand Lok Adalat''' (Uttarakhand People's Court) or '''Uttarakhand State Legal Services Authority''' is an [[statutory]] and [[autonomous]] body and an [[alternative dispute resolution]]<ref name="ut ref3">{{cite news |title=Lok adalats go virtual amid pandemic; settle 2.51 lakh cases |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/lok-adalats-go-virtual-amid-pandemic-settle-251-lakh-cases/1980738 |access-date=28 November 2021 |publisher=www.outlookindia.com |date=23 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref> mechanism used in the state of [[Uttarakhand]]. The Uttarakhand Lok Adalat Act is designed to provide [[constitution]]al protection guaranteed under Article 14 and 39-A of the [[Constitution of India]], of “access to justice for all”. It is a legal system to resolve pending cases at [[Gram panchayat|Panchayat]] or rural places, those in a pre-litigation stage in courts are resolved amicably.<ref name="ut ref4">{{cite news |title=National Lok Adalat to be organized on Sep 10 in Dehradun |url=https://uttarakhandnewsnetwork.com/2016/08/national-lok-adalat-organized-sep-10-dehradun/ |access-date=28 November 2021 |publisher=UNN |date=31 August 2016}}</ref><ref name="Mahar Adal Ref1">{{cite news |title=Lok Adalat |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Hans-Classroom/2018-04-25/Lok-Adalat/376372?infinitescroll=1 |access-date=28 September 2021 |publisher=thehansindia.com |date=25 April 2018 |language=en}}</ref> It is recognised as statutory authority under the [[Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987]] and the [[Lok Adalat]]s award or decision are deemed to be [[civil case]] and final and enforceable on both parties.<ref name="Mahar Adal Ref1" /> Such an award is not appealable in any court of law in the absence of any provision. However, by approaching the court of appropriate jurisdiction, litigation can be initiated by any party in the suit if any of them are dissatisfied with the decision of the Lok Adalat (in the absence of any provision for appeal against such award).<ref name="Mahar Adal Ref1" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-02-26|title=Lok Adalat|url=https://nalsa.gov.in/lok-adalat|access-date=2021-07-16|website=nalsa.gov.in|language=en}}</ref>

"Section 22 B of The Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 provides for the establishment of Permanent Lok Adalats (PLA) for exercising jurisdiction in respect of one or more [[public utility]] services (PUS). Section 22 A of The Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 states what constitutes 'Public Utility Services' for the purpose of Permanent Lok Adalat".<ref>{{cite web|title=Permanent Lok Adalat|url=http://hslsa.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/PLA.pdf|publisher=Haryana State Legal Services Authority|access-date=2021-11-28|archive-date=2021-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920113842/http://hslsa.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/PLA.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== History and administration ==

Uttarakhand Lok Adalat was formed in 2000, under Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 and to implement the provisions of Constitution which had been drafted to help every citizen to get justice irrespective of their economic or other limitations. The primary value laid down as per Indian Constitutional philosophy is individual dignity which forms the basis of human rights and demands on a holistic basis of civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights.

Uttarakhand Lok Adalat was formed with objective and purpose of ensuring and providing visible, practical and positive initiatives ensuring equality and non bias decisions as laid down in Constitution of India and assumes significance due to illiteracy and poverty prevalent in India.

Lok Adalats are constituted at below levels:<ref name="Lok Ref2">{{cite news |title=Lok Adalats unclog a choked justice delivery system |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/specials/insight/lok-adalats-unclog-a-choked-justice-delivery-system-1034264.html |access-date=28 September 2021 |publisher=Deccan Herald |date=26 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

*[[Government of Uttarakhand|State Authorities]]
*[[Uttarakhand High Court]]
*[[Districts of Uttarakhand|District]] and [[Tehsils of Uttarakhand|Tehsil]] level

1. Chairman

2. Secretaries

*Mandal Committees
*Mediation Centres

Types of Lok Adalat:

* '''Permanent Lok Adalat''' – Provides mechanism for adjudging cases referred under public utility services like transport, postal and telegraph.
* '''National Lok Adalat''' – Held from year 2015, every month on specific topic across India. These are held on a single day disposing off large number of pending cases.
* '''Mega Lok Adalat''' – Held across all courts in state in a single day.
* '''Mobile Lok Adalat''' – These types of Lok Adalats are organised occasionally which travel from one place to other across country occasionally and help resolving disputes.

Justice [[Sanjaya Kumar Mishra]], the acting [[Chief Justice of Uttarakhand]], is current patron-in-chief of Uttarakhand Lok Adalat.<ref name="utt ref1" />

Uttarakhand Lok Adalat had added legal issues relating to Banking and Financial sector from year 2020 under its purview.<ref name="ut ref6">{{cite news |title=Uttarakhand's Lok Adalat to provide Banking and Financial Services |url=http://www.uniindia.com/news/north/law-uttarakhand-services/1919806.html |access-date=29 November 2021 |publisher=uniindia.com |date=16 March 2020}}</ref>

== Uttarakhand Lok Adalat Committee and Complaint Procedures ==

Lok Adalat settles disputes which can be mutually resolved and mostly relating to [[Matrimonial law|matrimonial]], [[damages]]<ref name="ut ref5">{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Ishita |title=First E-Lok Adalat held, 1,787 cases settled in a day {{!}} Dehradun News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/first-e-lok-adalat-held-1787-cases-settled-in-a-day/articleshow/78081508.cms |access-date=28 November 2021 |publisher=The Times of India |date=13 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref> and partition suits. The following are the requirements of the cases before Lok Adalat:<ref name="Lok Ref2" />

* Lok Adalat takes up cases which are civil in nature (including marriage, and family disputes) and compoundable [[criminal case]]s.
* It accepts cases pending in regular court under their jurisdiction.
* The main condition of the Lok Adalat is that both parties in dispute agree for settlement.<ref name="ut lok ref6">{{cite news |title=Lok adalats go virtual amid pandemic; settle 2.51 lakh cases |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/lok-adalats-go-virtual-amid-pandemic-settle-2-51-lakh-cases/articleshow/79370045.cms?from=mdr |access-date=29 November 2021 |publisher=The Economic Times |date=23 November 2020}}</ref>
* The court fee paid initially in the court for the complaints/petition is refunded to the parties, as no court fee is chargeable if a matter referred in the Lok Adalat and is resolved with parties agreeing to bind by it.
* Procedural laws and the [[Indian Evidence Act|Evidence Act]] are not strictly followed while assessing claims.
* Decisions are binding on the parties and its order is capable of execution through legal process.

The following types of cases can be admitted in Uttarakhand Lok Adalat.<ref name="Mahar Adal Ref1"/>

1. Any dispute or case pending in any court of law in Uttarakhand.

* Criminal offences which are compoundable.
* Cases under section 138 of Negotiable Instruments Act.
* Issues relating to recovery of money.
* Issues under [[Motor Vehicles Act, 1988]].
* Issues relating to labour disputes.
* Issues relating to public utility bills like electricity, water etc excluding Non Compoundable offences.
* Issues relating to Matrimony.

2. Any dispute to be planned to filed in Court but did not come up for hearing in front of it. Following Pre-Litigation cases can also be filed in Lok-Adalat.

* Cases under section 138 of Negotiable Instruments Act.
* Cases relating to recovery of money.
* Issues relating to labour disputes.
* Issues relating to public utility bills like electricity, water etc excluding Non Compoundable offences.
* General Maintenance related disputes.
* Other Miscellaneous cases which are civil disputes, criminal compoundable cases and matrimonial disputes.

However, any legal issue which is not compoundable as per the Indian Legal Systems cannot be taken up in the Lok Adalat.

As the members are presiding Lok Adalat as statutory conciliators and not in judicial capacity they can only persuade the parties to come to a settlement. Sometimes counselling sessions are also held between opposing parties.

The main condition of the Lok Adalat is that both parties in dispute agree for settlement and if they are unable to do so, it is referred to the Permanent Lok Adalat for deciding the case provided the case is not related to compoundable offence.

Uttarakhand Lok Adalat, as per the [[Supreme Court of India]] judgement, is formed to arrive at a compromise or solution between parties in dispute and hence does not have jurisdiction to go into merits of complaint.<ref name="and lok ref15">{{cite news |title=Lok Adalat can't decide cases on merits|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/lok-adalat-cant-decide-cases-on-merits-sc-1041603.html |access-date=25 October 2021 |publisher=deccanherald.com |date=18 October 2021}}</ref>

== Details of cases Resolved ==

1. In September 2021, Uttarakhand Lok Adalat settled 7630 cases through National Lok Adalat organised by it in different courts in Uttarakhand.<ref name="ut ref2">{{cite news |title=7,630 cases settled in National Lok Adalat in Uttarakhand |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2021/state-editions/7-630-cases-settled-in-national-lok-adalat-in-uttarakhand.html |access-date=28 November 2021 |publisher=The Pioneer |date=13 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

2. In November 2020, Uttarakhand Lok Adalat organised E-Lok Adalats settling various disputes.<ref name="ut ref3" /><ref name="ut lok ref6" />

3. In September 2016, Uttarakhand Lok Adalat organised National Lok Adalat on guidance from National Legal Service Authority (NLSA) for settling compoundable criminal cases.<ref name="ut ref4" />

4. In September 2020, Uttarakhand Lok Adalat organised E-Lok Adalat due to [[COVID-19 pandemic in Uttarakhand|COVID-19 pandemic]] and increasing legal cases helping solve Compoundable offences.<ref name="ut ref5" />

== See also ==
* [[Lok Adalat]]
* [[Nyaya panchayat]]
* [[Gram Nyayalayas Act, 2008]]
* [[Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987]]
* [[Uttarakhand Lokayukta]]
* [[Uttarakhand High Court]]
* [[Chief Justice of Uttarakhand]]
* [[Judiciary of India]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://slsa.uk.gov.in/pages/display/97-lok-adalats Official Website]

{{Lok Adalat}}
{{Uttarakhand}}

{{Improve categories|date=November 2021}}


[[Category:State agencies of Uttarakhand|L]]
[[Category:Dispute resolution]]
[[Category:Lok Adalat]]

Marsimik La

2026-01-06T10:54:05Z

BrandonNewquist: formatting fix

{{Short description|Mountain pass}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox mountain pass
| name = Marsimik La
| photo =
| photo_caption =
| map = India Ladakh#India
| map_relief = 0
| map_caption = Location of Marsimik La in Ladakh
| elevation_m = 5582| elevation_ref =<ref>{{cite web|title=Google Maps Terrain for Marsimik showing elevation of circa 5590m La|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/34%C2%B005'37.1%22N+78%C2%B037'04.2%22E/@34.0928876,78.6121804,15z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x0:0x0!5m1!1e4?hl=en|website=Google Maps|access-date=18 February 2016}}</ref>
| location = [[Ladakh]], [[India]]
| range = [[Himalaya]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|34|05|36|N|78|37|04|E|region:IN_type:pass|display=inline,title}}
| topo =
}}

'''Marsimik La''' or '''Marsemik La''',{{sfnp|Gazetteer of Kashmir and Ladak|1890|p=591}} also called '''Lankar La''',{{sfnp|Gazetteer of Kashmir and Ladak|1890|p=591}} elevation {{convert|5,582|m|ft}} is a high [[mountain pass]] in the [[Chang Chenmo Range]] in the Indian union territory of [[Ladakh]], {{convert|96|km|abbr=on}} east of [[Leh]] as the crow flies. Ladakh's route to the [[Chang Chenmo Valley]] traverses the pass.

== Geography ==
[[File:Trade-routes-via-Pangong-and-Changchenmo-Douglas-Forsythe-1878.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Trade routes of Ladakh (1878)]]
Marsimik La is located about {{convert|20|km|abbr=on|sigfig=1}} northeast of [[Lukung]] at the tip of [[Pangong Tso|Pangong Lake]], and {{convert|15|km|abbr=on|sigfig=1}} southwest of [[Pamzal]] in the [[Chang Chenmo Valley]]. The ridge line of Marsimik La divides the basin of the [[Pangong Tso|Pangong]] Lake from the [[Chang Chenmo River]].

The description of Marsimik La in the ''Gazetteer of Kashmir and Ladak'' (1890) states:{{blockquote|This pass, though very high, is by no means difficult in summer. It is free from glaciers, and generally clear of snow during the summer and early autumn.{{sfnp|Gazetteer of Kashmir and Ladak|1890|p=591}}}}About 4 km to the east of Marsimik La is another ridge line which divides the western portion of the Pangong Lake basin with the central portion that drains into the lake via the [[Khurnak Plain]]. China's claimed border and the present [[Line of Actual Control]] runs through this ridge line. The passes '''Kiu La''' ({{Bo|t=རྒྱ་ལ|w=rgya la|s=gya la}}) and '''Ane La''' ({{Bo|t=ཨན་ལ|w=an la|s=en la}}) lie on this ridge line. The river Kiu Chu flows down from Kiu La and joins [[Chumesang]] River at [[Dambu Guru]], the combined river flowing through [[Changlung Lungpa]] to drain into the Pangong Lake.

== Transportation ==

The "[[Chang Chenmo River#PMTHR|Phobrang-Marsimik La-Tsogtsalu-Hot Springs Road]]" (PMTHR) or "Marsimik La Road" via [[Phobrang]]-Marsimik La-[[Tsogstsalu]] to [[Hot Springs, Chang Chenmo Valley|Hot Springs]],<ref name=etau2>[https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/jul/22/india-boosts-road-links-to-lac-standoff-points-2479299.html India boosts road links to LAC standoff points], Indian
Express, 2nd July 2023.</ref><ref name=etau4>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/forbidden-zones-in-ladakh-to-soon-welcome-tourists/articleshow/100512677.cms Forbidden zones in Ladakh to soon welcome tourists], Times of India, 26 May 2023.</ref> This Marsimik La Road via Lukung to Pamzal, constructed by India's [[Border Roads Organisation]], traverses the pass. It is regarded as one of the [[Extreme points of Earth#Highest attainable by transportation|highest motorable passes]] in the world.<ref name=IE>{{cite news |title=Amid Doklam standoff, MHA asks BRO to build stand-alone road for access to vantage points |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=23 August 2017 |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/mha-asks-bro-to-build-stand-alone-road-for-access-to-vantage-points-4809356/}}</ref> The other alternate route to Tsogtsalu is the 55 km long "[[Chang Chenmo River#CTR|Changchenmo-Tsogtsalu Road]]" (CTR) from confluence of [[Chang Chenmo River|Changchenmo]] & [[Shyok River]] to [[Tsogtsalu]].<ref name="etau1">{{Cite news |last=Vishnoi |first=Anubhuti |date=2023-08-03 |title=Over 20 Strategic Roads Close to LAC have Year-end Deadline |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/epaper/delhicapital/2023/aug/03/et-poli/over-20-strategic-roads-close-to-lac-have-year-end-deadline/articleshow/102366166.cms |access-date=2024-10-30 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

{{clear left}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{citation |title=Gazetteer of Kashmir and Ladak |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.43256/page/n7 |publisher=Superintendent of Government Printing |location=Calcutta |year=1890 |ref={{sfnref|Gazetteer of Kashmir and Ladak|1890}}}}

{{Mountain passes of India}}
{{Ladakh}}

[[Category:Mountain passes of Ladakh]]
[[Category:Mountain passes of the Karakoram]]

Dulwa

2026-01-05T04:47:38Z

BrandonNewquist: adding new post

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name =Dulwa
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.535908974437024|N|76.97087502025235|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Dewas district|Dewas]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_party = BJP
| leader_title = MLA
| leader_name = Ashish Sharma
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 455336
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 07274
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#MP.E2.80.94Madhya Pradesh|MP]]-41
| blank_name_sec1 =
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MP]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Dulwa''' is a village and a [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayat]] in [[Dewas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. Dulwa Village is a major agricultural production area in [[Madhya Pradesh]]. In the [[2011 Census of India]] its population was reported as 585.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dulwa(474328) |website=2011 Census Data |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=531518|accessdate=17 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= village name and Language |website=Linguistic Survey of India|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/2138/1/38109_2001_DEW.pdf|accessdate=22 December 2021}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Dewas district]]

{{Dewas-geo-stub}}

Our Lady of Mount Carmel Church, Thenkaraikottai

2025-12-12T23:01:33Z

BrandonNewquist: put up basic details from scratch

{{Short description|Roman Catholic Church in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Infobox church
| name = Our Lady of Mt. Carmel Church
| other name = Carmel Mary Church
| coordinates = {{coord|12.0104|78.3925|display=inline,title}}
| fullname = Our Lady of Mount Carmel Church
| native_name = கார்மல் அன்னை ஆலயம்
| native_name_lang = ta
| image = Our Lady Of Mount Carmel Church, Thenkaraikottai.jpg
| caption = Side View of this church

| location = [[Thenkaraikottai]], [[Dharmapuri district|Dharmapuri Dt]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| country = [[India]]

| denomination = [[Catholic Church|Catholic]]
| religious institute = [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]]
| cult = [[Catholic devotions]]
| founded date = 1930
| founder = Fr. Charles Devin

| status = [[Parish church]]
| functional status = Active
| former name =
| dedication = [[Our Lady of Mount Carmel]]
| architectural type = [[Church (building)|Church]]
| style =
| groundbreaking = 1991
| completed date = 1992

| parish = [[Thenkaraikottai]]
| deanery = [[Harur]]
| archdiocese = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Pondicherry and Cuddalore|Pondicherry and Cuddalore]]
| diocese = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Dharmapuri|Dharmapuri]]
| episcopalarea = [[Catholic Bishops' Conference of India|TNBC]]

| archbishop = [[Francis Kalist]]
| bishop = Lawrence Pius Dorairaj
| priest = Fr. A. Vinoth Louis
}}

'''Our Lady of Mount Carmel Church''' is a [[Roman Catholic]] parish church in [[Thenkaraikottai]], in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. It comes under the administration of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Dharmapuri|Dharmapuri Diocese]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://dharmapuridiocese.org/parishes/lists.html | title=Dharmapuri Diocese | access-date=2023-06-23 | archive-date=2022-10-28 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028150618/https://dharmapuridiocese.org/parishes/lists.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==History==

[[File:Our Lady of Mount Carmel Church (Old Church) - Thenkaraikottai.jpg|thumb|alt=Thenkaraikottai old church |left|The old Church which not in use|230px|upright=0.35]]

The church is situated in the hamlet of Fatima Nagar, adjacent to the village of Thenkaraikottai.

There are no official records or evidence regarding the origin of [[Catholic Church|Catholics]] in Thenkaraikottai, however, a book written by Fr. M.S. Joseph in 1840 mentions this place. Fr. Mariyan Franc MEP, a priest from [[St. Francis Xavier Church, Kovilur|Kovilur parish]], also made note of Catholic families residing in the area. In the 1920s, Fr. Sievek MEP, a priest from Kovilur, constructed a Priest House in Thenkaraikottai. In 1930, Thenkaraikottai became a sub-parish of [[Our Lady of Mount Carmel Church, B Pallipatti| B.Pallipatti parish church]], when Fr. Charles Devin MEP, the parish priest of [[B. Pallipatti]], established a church here.<ref>{{cite journal |date= |title=History of Dharampuri Diocese Churches |trans-title= |url=https://dharmapuridiocese.org/newsletter/lists.html |language=ta |journal=News Letter Dharamapuri Diocese |author=Fr. A. Susairaj|access-date=}}</ref>

On June 5, 1949, this church became a parish church, with Fr. Reval MEP serving as its first parish priest. During his tenure, the St. Joseph Elementary School was founded to provide education for the local children. In 2004, St. Joseph Primary School was upgraded to a high school. Since 1965, the '''Gonzaga Sisters of Pondicherry''' have served in this church.<ref>{{cite web |title=St. Louis Convent, Thenkarai Kottai |url=https://fsagpdy.org/thenkarai-kottai/ |access-date=6 February 2024 |website=Franciscan Sisters of St. Aloysius Gonzaga}}</ref> In 1973, Fr. Jegaraj constructed the current Parish House.

Under the guidance of Parish Priest Fr. Arulsamy the current church building was built, and blessed by [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Salem|Salem Diocese]] Bishop [[Michael Bosco Duraisamy]] on January 21, 1992. Subsequently, during Fr. George's tenure in 2010, a bell tower was erected next to the church.

==See also==
* [[B Pallipatti]]
* [[St. Francis Xavier Church, Kovilur]]
* [[Our Lady of Mount Carmel Church, B Pallipatti]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Roman Catholic Diocese of Dharmapuri}}

[[Category:Roman Catholic church buildings in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Churches in Dharmapuri district]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic church buildings in the Diocese of Dharmapuri]]

Sunil Kumar Sharma (Jammu and Kashmir politician)

2025-12-01T13:42:44Z

BrandonNewquist:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{For|other people|Sunil Kumar Sharma (disambiguation){{!}}Sunil Kumar Sharma}}{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}

{{Infobox MLA
| name = Sunil Kumar Sharma
| image = Sunil Sharma.jpg
| office = [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition]] in the {{nobr|[[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]}}
| term_start = 3 November 2024
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = Omar Abdullah
| predecessor = [[Omar Abdullah]]
|deputy = [[Pawan Kumar Gupta]] [[Surjeet Singh Slathia]]
| office1 = [[Mehbooba Mufti ministry|Minister of State]], [[Government of Jammu and Kashmir]]
| term_start1 = 1 March 2015
| term_end1 = 19 June 2018
| predecessor1 = [[Qamar Ali Akhoon]] [[Ali Mohammad Sagar]] [[Nasir Aslam Wani]]
| successor1 = [[Satish Sharma (politician)|Satish Sharma]]
| governor1 = [[Narinder Nath Vohra|N. N. Vohra]]
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = [[Mufti Mohammad Sayed]] [[Mehbooba Mufti]]
| subterm1 = '''Cabinet'''
| suboffice1 = [[Mehbooba Mufti ministry]]
| 2blankname1 = Ministry and Departments
| 2namedata1 = Transport (Independent charge), Revenue, Public Works (Roads & Buildings), Rural Development & Panchayati Raj, Agriculture Production, YSS
| office2 = Member of [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency2 = [[Padder–Nagseni Assembly constituency|Padder–Nagseni]]
| term_start2 = 8 October 2024
| term_end2 =
| successor2 =
| predecessor2 = ''Office established''
| constituency3 = [[Kishtwar Assembly constituency|Kishtwar]]
| term_start3 = 23 December 2014
| term_end3 = 21 November 2018
| successor3 = [[Shagun Parihar]]
| predecessor3 = Sajjad Ahmed Kichloo
| party = [[Bhartiya Janata Party]]
}}

'''Sunil Kumar Sharma''' is an Indian politician from [[Kishtwar district|Kishtwar]] area of Jammu and Kashmir who is currently serving as the Leader of Opposition in the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]. He is the member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].

Sharma was a member of the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Kishtwar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kishtwar constituency]] in [[Kishtwar District]]. He won the 2024 elections from [[Padder–Nagseni Assembly constituency|Padder-Nagseni]]. Before 2018, he was Minister of State for Transport (Independent charge), Revenue, Public Works (Roads & Buildings), Rural Development & Panchayati Raj, Agriculture Production, YSS in [[Government of Jammu and Kashmir]] under [[Mehbooba Mufti]].<ref>[http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/sunil-kumar-sharma-kishtwar-bjp-mla-who-led-murder-accused-to-ministers-house-was-named-in-fir/ BJP MLA who led murder accused to minister’s house was named in FIR]</ref><ref>[http://myneta.info/jk2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=74 My Neta]</ref><ref>[http://jkgad.nic.in/leftmenu/mincouncil.aspx Present Council of Minister]</ref>

He was upgraded to cabinet ministry PDD department in Jammu and Kashmir government.

Following 2024 Assembly Elections, he was elected as Leader of Opposition of Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly by his party .

== Electoral performance ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election !! Constituency !! colspan="2"|Party !! Result !! Votes % !! Opposition Candidate !! colspan="2"|Opposition Party !! Opposition vote %|| Ref
|-
|[[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]||[[Padder–Nagseni Assembly constituency|Padder–Nagseni]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||{{Won}}||50.41%||Pooja Thakur||{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}||45.83%||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0850.htm|title=J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Padder–Nagseni|publisher=Election Commission of India|date=8 October 2024|access-date=9 July 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250709144036/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0850.htm|archive-date=9 July 2025}}</ref>
|-
|[[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2014]]||[[Kishtwar Assembly constituency|Kishtwar]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||{{Won}}||45.37%||Sajjad Ahmed Kichloo||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||40.76%||<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Jammu & Kashmir 2014 - Jammu & Kashmir |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613150235/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-date=2019-06-13 |access-date= |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|[[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2008]]||[[Kishtwar Assembly constituency|Kishtwar]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||{{Lost}}||32.68%||Sajjad Ahmad Kichloo||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||37.48%||<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225073739/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-date=25 December 2024|access-date=25 December 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Leaders of the opposition (India)| ]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Sunil Kumar}}
[[Category:People from Kishtwar district]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2014–2018]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Leaders of the opposition in Jammu and Kashmir]]

{{JammuKashmir-BJP-politician-stub}}

Emergency provisions of the Constitution of India

2025-11-12T05:22:38Z

BrandonNewquist: adding post

{{More citations needed| date=March 2013}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}

'''Emergency Provisions''' are contained in Part Eighteen of the Constitution of India. The [[President of India]] has the power to impose emergency rule in any or all the [[States of India|Indian states]] if the security of part or all of India is threatened by "war or external aggression or armed rebellion".<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/Const.Pock%202Pg.Rom8Fsss(24).pdf| title=Part XVIII of the Constitution of India| publisher=Ministry of Law and Justice, Government of India| accessdate=20 March 2013| archive-date=1 May 2013| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501224419/http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/Const.Pock%202Pg.Rom8Fsss(24).pdf| url-status=dead}}</ref>

==1971==
The Fifth Assembly was constituted on 15 March 1971 after the General Elections held in March 1971. It consisted of 234 elected members of which 42 seats were reserved for Scheduled Castes and 2 for Scheduled Tribes besides one nominated member. Before the expiry of the period of the Assembly, the President by a Proclamation issued on 31 January 1976, under article 356 of the Constitution, dissolved the Fifth Assembly and imposed President's Rule for the first time in Tamil Nadu.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Dissolved Date !! Legislative Assembly !! Prime Minister !! Central Ruling Party !! President !! State !! Chief Minister !! State Ruling Party
|-
| 31 January 1976 || Fifth || [[Indira Gandhi]] || [[Indian National Congress]] || [[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]] || Tamil Nadu || M. Karunanidhi || DMK
|-
|}

==1985==
The Eighth Assembly was constituted on 16 January 1985 after the General Elections held on 24 December 1984. Before the expiry of the period of Assembly, the President by a proclamation issued on 30 January 1988, under Article 356 of the Constitution dissolved the Eighth Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly and imposed President's Rule in Tamil Nadu.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Dissolved Date !! Legislative Assembly !! Prime Minister !! Central Ruling Party !! President !! State !! Chief Minister !! State Ruling Party
|-
| 30 January 1988 || Eighth || Rajiv Gandhi || [[Indian National Congress]] || Ramaswamy Venkataraman || Tamil Nadu || Janaki Ramachandran || AIADMK
|-
|}

==1989==
The Ninth Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly was constituted on 27 January 1989 after the General Elections held on 21 January 1989. Before the expiry of the term of the Assembly, the President by a Proclamation issued on 30 January 1991, under Article 356 of the Constitution of India dissolved the Ninth Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly and imposed President's Rule in Tamil Nadu.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Dissolved Date !! Legislative Assembly !! Prime Minister !! Central Ruling Party !! President !! State !! Chief Minister !! State Ruling Party
|-
| 30 January 1991 || Ninth || Chandra Shekhar Singh || Samajwadi Janata Party || Ramaswamy Venkataraman || Tamil Nadu || M. Karunanidhi || DMK
|-
|}
'''Final Table'''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Dissolved Date !! Legislative Assembly !! Prime Minister !! Central Ruling Party !! President !! State !! Chief Minister !! State Ruling Party
|-
| 17 Feb 1968 || Sixth ||[[Indira Gandhi]] || [[Indian National Congress]] || Zakir Hussain || [[Uttar Pradesh]] || Charan Singh || Bharatiya Lok Dal
|-
| 2 Oct 1970 || Eighth || [[Indira Gandhi]] || [[Indian National Congress]] || Varahagiri Venkata Giri || [[Uttar Pradesh]] || Charan Singh || Bharatiya Lok Dal
|-
| 12 Jun 1973 || Tenth || [[Indira Gandhi]] || [[Indian National Congress]] || Varahagiri Venkata Giri || [[Uttar Pradesh]] || Kamalapathi Tripathi || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 30 Nov 1975 || Eleventh || [[Indira Gandhi]] || [[Indian National Congress]] || [[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]] || [[Uttar Pradesh]] || Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 30 Apr 1977 || Twelfth || Morarji Desai || Janata Party || Basappa Danappa Jatti || [[Uttar Pradesh]] || Narayan Dutt Tiwari || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 17 Feb 1980 || Fourteenth || [[Indira Gandhi]] || [[Indian National Congress]] || [[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]] || [[Uttar Pradesh]] || Banarsi Das || Janata Party
|-
| 6 Dec 1992 || Twenty first || P. V. Narasimha Rao || [[Indian National Congress]] || Shankar Dayal Sharma || [[Uttar Pradesh]] || [[Kalyan Singh]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 18 Oct 1995 || Twenty third || P. V. Narasimha Rao || [[Indian National Congress]] || Shankar Dayal Sharma || [[Uttar Pradesh]] || [[Mayawati]] || Bahujan Samaj Party
|-
| 8 Mar 2002 || Twenty ninth || [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || Kocheril Raman Narayanan || [[Uttar Pradesh]] || [[Rajnath Singh]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 10 January 1973 || Fourth || [[Indira Gandhi]] || [[Indian National Congress]] || Varahagiri Venkata Giri || Andhra Pradesh || Pamulaparthi Venkata Narasimha Rao || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 20 February 1968 || Fifth || [[Indira Gandhi]] || [[Indian National Congress]] || Zakir Hussain || West Bengal || Prafulla Chandra Ghosh || Nonparty in Progressive Democratic Alliance Front
|-
| 19 March 1970 || Sixth || [[Indira Gandhi]] || [[Indian National Congress]] || Varahagiri Venkata Giri || West Bengal || Ajoy Kumar Mukherjee || Bangla Congress in United Front
|-
| 28 June 1971 || Seventh || [[Indira Gandhi]] || [[Indian National Congress]] || Varahagiri Venkata Giri || West Bengal || Ajoy Kumar Mukherjee || [[Indian National Congress]] in coalition
|-
| 31 January 1976 || Fifth || [[Indira Gandhi]] || [[Indian National Congress]] || [[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]] || [[Tamil Nadu]] || [[M. Karunanidhi]] || DMK
|-
| 30 January 1988 || Eighth || [[Rajiv Gandhi]] || [[Indian National Congress]] || [[Ramaswamy Venkataraman]] || [[Tamil Nadu]] || V. N. Janaki Ramachandran || AIADMK
|-
| 30 January 1991 || Ninth || [[Chandra Shekhar Singh]] || [[Samajwadi Janata Party]] || [[Ramaswamy Venkataraman]] || [[Tamil Nadu]] || [[M. Karunanidhi]] || [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|}

==See also==
*[[Constitution of India]]
*[[President of India]]
*[[State of Emergency in India]]
*[[The Emergency (India)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

{{Wiktionary|constitution}}
{{Wikisource|Wikisource:Constitutional documents}}
* [http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/history/history.htm History of dismissals of Tamilnadu Assembly]

[[Category:Constitution of India]]
[[Category:Emergency laws in India]]

Urgelling Monastery

2025-11-07T03:37:47Z

BrandonNewquist: Article updated with latest changes

{{Short description|Buddhist monastery in Arunachal Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox Tibetan Buddhist monastery
|name = Urgelling Monastery
|image = Tsangyang Gyatso birth place.jpg
|image_size = 250 px
|alt =
|caption = Urgelling Monastery situated at [[Tawang Town]] is the birthplace of [[6th Dalai Lama]]
|map_type =
|coordinates =

|map_caption = Location within India

|location_country = India
|location=[[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[India]]
|founded_by = Urgen Sangpo
|founded = {{date and age|1489}}
|sect =
|dedicated_to =
|head_lama =
|architecture = [[Architecture in Tibet|Tibetan]]
|festivals=
|footnotes =
}}
'''Urgelling Monastery''' is a Buddhist monastery in [[Arunachal Pradesh]], northeastern [[India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150403132336/http://www.north-east-india.com/arunachal-pradesh/urguelling-monastery.html Urgelling Monastery]

{{Buddhist monasteries in Arunachal Pradesh}}

{{coord|27.5883|N|91.8653|E|source:wikidata-and-enwiki-cat-tree_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Buddhist monasteries in Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Tibetan Buddhist monasteries and temples in India]]

{{India-Tibetan-Buddhism-monastery-stub}}
{{ArunachalPradesh-stub}}

The Book of Everlasting Things

2025-10-18T17:57:14Z

BrandonNewquist: new new post

{{Short description|2022 novel by Aanchal Malhotra}}
{{italic title}}{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}

{{Infobox novel
| publisher = [[Flatiron Books]]
| author = [[Aanchal Malhotra]]
| pub_date = 27 December 2022
| isbn = 978-1-250-80201-9
| image = The Book of Everlasting Things.jpeg
| caption = First edition cover
}}

'''''The Book of Everlasting Things''''' is a 2022 novel by Indian author and historian [[Aanchal Malhotra]]. It is her debut novel.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shankar |first=Avantika |date=2023-01-19 |title=Writer and historian Aanchal Malhotra pays tribute to the Indian soldiers who fought in the World Wars with her first novel, The Book of Everlasting Things |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/writer-and-historian-aanchal-malhotra-pays-tribute-to-the-indian-soldiers-in-the-world-wars-with-her-first-novel-the-book-of-everlasting-things/article66373522.ece |access-date=2023-02-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The novel is the love story of Samir who is a Hindu perfumer and Firdaus who is a Muslim calligrapher in which their families torn apart during [[Partition of India]].

== Background ==
Malhotra began writing the novel in 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 November 2022 |title=Historian-author Aanchal Malhotra to tell a Partition love story in her debut novel |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/features/historian-author-aanchal-malhotra-to-tell-a-partition-love-story-in-her-debut-novel/articleshow/95281666.cms |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> It was partly inspired by a story she was told about her grandfather.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 January 2023 |title=Author Aanchal Malhotra: 'The transition from historian to novelist was extremely difficult for me to do' |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/lifestyle/author-aanchal-malhotra-interview-9912881.html |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
The book was mostly well received, with critics praising its portrayal of the Partition of India and its consequences.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A saga of pain & partition: An oral historian's efforts in tracing family histories culminates in a story of love and longing |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/a-saga-of-pain-partition-an-oral-historians-efforts-in-tracing-family-histories-culminates-in-a-story-of-love-and-longing/2857611/ |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=Financialexpress |date=20 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref> It received some criticism for its characters and the repetitiveness of its story.

Donna Edwards of [[Associated Press]] wrote "''The Book of Everlasting Things'' is deeply human, with careful attention paid to both factual and emotional accuracy."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-03 |title=Review: India's Partition in deeply human debut novel |url=https://apnews.com/article/entertainment-india-books-and-literature-fiction-donna-edwards-1fb3b2450d1c4f9ca49b03d95e9f9cd6 |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=Associated Press |language=en}}</ref> Shubhangi Tiwari of [[Scroll.in]] and Sreya Sarkar of ''[[India Today]]'' also praised the book's historical accuracy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tiwari |first=Shubhangi |title='The Book of Everlasting Things': A novel that is gained in imagination, squandered by the prose |url=https://scroll.in/article/1039429/the-book-of-everlasting-things-a-novel-that-is-gained-in-imagination-squandered-by-the-prose |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=Scroll.in |date=25 December 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Do you remember how we smelt before they partitioned us? {{!}} The Book of Everlasting Things Review |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/books/story/do-you-remember-how-we-smelt-before-they-partitioned-us-the-book-of-everlasting-things-review-2320610-2023-01-12 |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

Reya Mehrotra of [[Financial Express (India)|''Financial Express'']] wrote "a beautiful and whole love story entwined with separation". Darshita Goyal of ''[[Vogue India]]'' described it as "a beautifully visceral reminder that there were no sides in the partition."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-27 |title=Aanchal Malhotra's 'The Book of Everlasting Things' is an ode to family and fragrance |url=https://www.vogue.in/culture-and-living/content/aanchal-malhotras-the-book-of-everlasting-things-is-an-ode-to-family-and-fragrance |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=Vogue India |language=en-IN}}</ref>

Kushal Gulab of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' gave the book a mixed review, praising its atmosphere but criticizing the flat characterization of the novel's protagonists.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gulab |first=Kushal |date=2023-01-29 |title=Book Review {{!}} Book of everlasting Partition pain poignantly penned but lacks punch |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/books-and-art/280123/book-review-book-of-everlasting-partition-pain-poignantly-penned-but.html |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref>

Farooq Chaudhry of ''[[Chicago Review of Books]]'' found the book's exploration of trauma and the memory of the Partition, but wrote that its "the story can be unevenly paced and repetitive at times."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chaudhry |first=Farooq |date=2023-01-16 |title=Love, Loss, and Lahore: Aanchal Malhotra's "The Book of Everlasting Things" |url=https://chireviewofbooks.com/2023/01/16/love-loss-and-lahore-aanchal-malhotras-the-book-of-everlasting-things/ |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=Chicago Review of Books |language=en-US}}</ref> Saudamini Jain of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' similarly described parts of the novel as repetitive.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-27 |title=Review: The Book of Everlasting Things by Aanchal Malhotra |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/review-the-book-of-everlasting-things-by-aanchal-malhotra-101674843245692.html |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Book Of Everlasting Things}}
[[Category:2022 debut novels]]
[[Category:2022 Indian novels]]
[[Category:Indian historical novels]]
[[Category:Indian romance novels]]
[[Category:Historical romance novels]]
[[Category:Novels set in India]]
[[Category:Novels set in the 1940s]]
[[Category:Novels about the partition of India]]
[[Category:Interfaith romance in fiction]]
[[Category:Flatiron Books books]]

Renganaath Ravee

2025-10-04T04:09:30Z

BrandonNewquist: put up some post w/ infobox...

{{short description|Indian sound designer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Renganaath Ravee
| native_name = രംഗനാഥ് രവി
| native_name_lang = ml
| image = RenganaathRavee 1.png
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth based on age as of date|36|2018|4|6}}
| birth_place =
| othername =
| occupation = [[Sound designer]]
| years active = 2005–present
| alma mater =
| spouse =
| children =
| domesticpartner =
| website = {{URL|renganaathravee.com/}}
}}

'''Renganaath Ravee''' is an Indian [[sound designer]].<ref>[http://www.ibtimes.co.in/kerala-state-film-awards-2015-live-updates-thiruvanchoor-radhakrishnan-announce-winners-668840 Kerala State Film Awards 2015: Dulquer Salmaan, Parvathy win best actor awards [Full winners' list]]. Ibtimes.co.in (1 March 2016). Retrieved on 2016-05-03.</ref> In 2015, he created a poetry installation which earned him a place in the [[Limca Book of Records]].

==Biography==
Ravee grew up as a musician playing violin, guitar, and keyboard.<ref>{{cite news |title=State award winner Renganath Ravee pats Pellissery |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2018/03/08/state-award-winner-renganath-ravee-pats-pellissery.html |work=Onmanorama |date=8 March 2018 |access-date=2 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Interview with Renganaath Ravee |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/interview/interview-with-renganaath-ravi.html |work=Manorama Online |date= |access-date=2 May 2025}}</ref>

He is also noted for his unique contributions to the intersection of art and sound. His poetry installation, which creatively combines [[sound]], [[sculpture]], and [[poetry]], is the first of its kind in art history and earned him a place in the [[Limca Book of Records]] in 2015.<ref>{{cite web |date=August 22, 2016 |title=Searching for the Sound of Music That Resonates Within |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/education/edex/2016/Aug/22/searching-for-the-sound-of-music-that-resonates-within-1511841.html |access-date=2025-02-05 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite video |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8rBbPMv7moE |title=Poetry Installation Season 1 |date= |publisher=Channel Name |access-date=2025-02-05 |website=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{cite video |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3bSABEluSfc |title=Poetry Installation Season 2 |date= |publisher=Channel Name |access-date=2025-02-05 |website=YouTube}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite news |date=April 7, 2018 |title=Renganaath Ravee's experiments with sound |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/renganaath-ravees-experiments-with-sound/article23457851.ece |access-date=2025-02-05 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

==Accolades==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Year
! Awards
! Title
! Category
! Outcome
|-
|2015
|[[Limca Book of Records]]
|Poetry Installation
|National Record
|Awarded
|-
|2020
|Aurangabad International Film Festival
|[[Jallikattu]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=AIFF 2020 Winners |work=aifilmfest.in |url=http://www.aifilmfest.in/aiff-2020-winners/}}</ref>
|Best Sound
|Won
|-
|2021
|[[15th Asian Film Awards]], [[Busan]]
|[[Churuli|Labyrinth]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://asianfilmfestivals.com/2021/09/09/asian-film-awards-nominations-2021/ |title=15th Asian Film Awards – Nominations 2021 |website= Asian Film Festivals |date= 9 September 2021|access-date= 10 September 2021}}</ref>
|Best Sound
|Nominated
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Renganaath Ravee}}
* {{official website|http://www.renganaathravee.com/}}
* {{IMDb name|id=3296686}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ravee, Renganaath}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian sound designers]]
[[Category:Indian sound editors]]
[[Category:Indian documentary filmmakers]]
[[Category:Film people from Kerala]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-artist-stub}}

1555 in India

2025-09-15T10:49:27Z

BrandonNewquist: minor edit

{{Short description|none}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2013}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{year in India|1555}}

Events from the year '''1555 in India'''.

== Events ==
* June [[Francisco Barreto]] takes up the position of [[viceroy]] in [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]]<ref name=ipv>{{cite web|url=http://www.ipv.pt/millenium/arq5_2.htm |title=Ensaio de Portugalidem Terras Africanas durante a Governação d'El-Rei D.Sebastião: D.Francisco Barreto em Moçambique e na Região do Monomotapa |access-date=2013-07-06 |last=Branco |first=Alberto M. Vara |work=Millennium |publisher=[[Polytechnic Institute of Viseu]] |language=pt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707090249/http://www.ipv.pt/millenium/arq5_2.htm |archive-date=7 July 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy }}</ref>
* [[Muhammad Adil Shah (died 1557)|Muhammad Adil Shah]] reign as fourth ruler of the Sur dynasty ends (since [[1554 in India|1554]])

== Births ==
* [[Keshavdas]], Sanskrit scholar and Hindi poet, author of '''Rasik Priya''', is born in [[Orchha]] (dies [[1617 in India|1617]])

== Deaths ==
* 16 June – [[Pedro Mascarenhas]], viceroy of Portuguese India dies (born [[1470 in India|1470]])
* 5 November – [[Hemu]] (Hemu Vikramaditya), Hindu emperor of north India.

== See also ==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Timeline of Indian history]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{India year nav}}
{{Year in Asia|1555}}

[[Category:1555 in India| ]]
[[Category:1555 by country]]
[[Category:Years of the 16th century in India]]
[[Category:1555 in Asia]]
[[Category:1550s in India]]

{{India-year-stub}}

Vijayaraga

2025-09-04T11:31:42Z

BrandonNewquist:

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Vijayaraga
| title =
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| succession = Ruler of the Chera Kingdom
| reign = c. 883/84—c. 895 AD<ref name=":D">{{Cite book|last=Devadevan|first=Manu V.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LRnxDwAAQBAJ&q=The+%27Early+Medieval%27+Origins+of+India|title=The 'Early Medieval' Origins of India|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2020|pages=122|chapter=Changes in Land Relations and the Changing Fortunes of the Cera State|isbn=9781108857871}}</ref>
| predecessor = [[Rama Rajasekhara]]<ref name=":D" />
| successor = Goda Goda (or) Kerala Kesari<ref name=":D" />
| spouse = [[Ko Kizhan Adikal|Kizhan Adikal Ravi Neeli]]
| issue = * [[Ko Kizhan Adikal]] (''fl.'' 935 AD)
* [[Ko Kizhan Adikal|Kizhan Adikal Ravi Neeli]] (''fl.'' 936 AD)
| full name =
| regnal name =
| house = [[Chera Perumals of Makotai|Chera (medieval Kerala)]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]|
}}

'''Vijayaraga''' (''fl. c.'' 849—895 AD) was the [[Chera Perumal|Chera]] ruler of medieval [[Kerala]] from ''c.'' 883/84—''c.'' 895 AD.<ref name=":D" /> The reign of Vijayaraga likely witnessed the expansion of Chera Perumal influence into the neighboring [[Ay dynasty|Ay]] and [[Mushika dynasty|Mushika or Ezhimala]] countries (southern and northern Kerala).<ref name=":6" />

Vijayaraga appears as the royal prince as early as the fifth regnal year of the Chera Perumal king [[Sthanu Ravi|Sthanu Ravi Kulasekhara]] (''c.'' 849 AD).<ref name=":1" /> Records indicate that he married the daughter of [[Sthanu Ravi|Kulasekhara]] (the Kizhan Adikal Ravi Neel).<ref name=":1" /> An inscription referring to this princess has been found in the southern [[Ay dynasty|Ay country]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|last=Narayanan|first=M. G. S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ|title=Perumals of Kerala|publisher=CosmoBooks|year=2013|isbn=9788188765072|location=Thrissur (Kerala)|pages=96–97|chapter=|orig-year=1972}}</ref> It is also possible that Vijayaraga was the nephew (sister's son) of Kulasekhara.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Narayanan|first=M. G. S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ|title=Perumals of Kerala|publisher=CosmoBooks|year=2013|isbn=9788188765072|location=Thrissur (Kerala)|pages=65–67|chapter=|orig-year=1972}}</ref> Two of his daughters were married to the [[Chola dynasty|Chola]] king [[Parantaka I]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Spencer|first=George|date=1982|title=Ties that Bound: Royal Marriage Alliance in the Chola Period|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iC09SgAACAAJ&q=%22Proceedings+of+the+Fourth+International+Symposium+on+Asian+Studies%22|journal=Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Asian Studies|publisher=Asian Research Service|publication-place=Hong Kong|pages=723}}</ref>

Vijayaraga was formerly identified with king [[Goda Ravi]] (''r.'' 905/06—c. 943/44) of the Chera Perumal dynasty.<ref name=":D" /><ref name=":2" />

== Sources ==
=== Inscriptions ===
* [[Quilon Syrian copper plates]] (849 AD) — Mentioned as the royal prince (the Koyil Adhikarikal) under king [[Sthanu Ravi]] (''r.'' 844/45—''c.'' 870/71 AD).<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=|first=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ|title=Perumals of Kerala|publisher=CosmoBooks|year=2013|isbn=9788188765072|editor-last=Narayanan|editor-first=M. G. S.|location=Thrissur (Kerala)|pages=437-38 and 442-43|chapter=Index to Cera Inscriptions|orig-year=1972}}</ref>
* Thirunandikkara inscription — inscription of a Chera Perumal princess (the Kizhan Adikal Ravi Neeli), wife of Vijayaraga and daughter of [[Sthanu Ravi|Kulasekhara]].<ref name=":1" />
* Thiruvotriyur inscription (936 AD, 29th regnal year) — inscription of a Chera Perumal princess (the Kizhan Adikal Ravi Neel), wife of Chola king [[Parantaka I]] and daughter of Vijayaraga.<ref name=":1" />

=== Battle with the Ezhimala rulers ===
Vijayaraga is likely the same ruler described as the Kerala king 'Jayaraga' in the [[Mushika-vamsha|Mushika Vamsa Kavya]], an 11th-century dynastic chronicle from the northern Ezhimala country. According to the kavya, Jayaraga married the daughter of Kunchi Varma, the Ezhimala ruler of that period.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last=Narayanan|first=M. G. S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ|title=Perumals of Kerala|publisher=CosmoBooks|year=2013|isbn=9788188765072|location=Thrissur (Kerala)|pages=65-67 and 97-98|chapter=|orig-year=1972}}</ref> The text also states that Vijayaraga later led a military expedition to the Ezhimala country against his brother-in-law Ishana, with the forces reportedly meeting on the banks of the Parassini or Kottappuzha River. It was apparently Goda Varma "Keralaketu", the son of Jayaraga, who eventually re-established an uneasy peace between the two kingdoms, with Jayaraga receiving tribute.<ref name=":6" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:People from the Kodungallur Chera kingdom]]
[[Category:9th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Kodungallur Chera kings]]

Indian Field Gun

2025-09-03T16:26:18Z

BrandonNewquist: general corrected structure as per guidelines and corrected details for accuracy

{{Infobox weapon
| name = Indian Field Gun
| image = Indian Field Gun.jpg
| image_size = 300
| origin = India
| type = [[Field gun]]
| is_ranged = yes
| is_bladed =
| is_explosive = yes
| is_artillery = yes
| is_vehicle =
| is_UK = 
| service = 1974 - ''present''
| used_by = See [[#Operators|Operators]]
| wars = [[Kargil War]]
| designer = [[Armament Research and Development Establishment]]
| design_date = 1972
| manufacturer = * [[Field Gun Factory, Kanpur]] (IFG)
* [[Gun Carriage Factory Jabalpur]] (LFG)
| production_date = * 1978–? (IFG)
* 1984-2015 (LFG)
| number = 2400 LFGs (as of 2025)
| variants = See ''[[#Variants|Variants]]''
* Indian Field Gun (IFG)
* Light Field Gun (LFG)
| weight = * {{convert|3,450|kg|lb|abbr=on}} (IFG)
* {{convert|2,380|kg|lb|abbr=on}} (LFG)
| length = {{convert|5.94|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| part_length = * {{convert|2.31|m|ftin|abbr=on}} L/22 (IFG)
* {{convert|3.89|m|ftin|abbr=on}} L/37 (LFG)
| width = {{convert|2.21|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|1.73|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| crew = 
| cartridge = 105 × 372 mm R (HE, HESH, Illuminating, BE Smoke)
| caliber = {{convert|105|mm|in|abbr=on}}
| action =
| rate = LFG
* 4 rpm (normal)
* 6 rpm for 10 mins (intense)
* 1 rpm for 2 hours (sustained)
| velocity = {{convert|475|m/s|ft/s|abbr=on}}
| range =
| max_range = * {{convert|17400|m|mi|abbr=on}} (IFG)
* {{convert|17200|m|mi|abbr=on}} to {{convert|20000|m|mi|abbr=on}} (LFG)
| feed =
| sights = 
| breech = Horizontal block
| recoil = Hydropneumatic, constant
* {{convert|110|cm|in|abbr=on}} (IFG)
* {{convert|106|cm|in|abbr=on}} (LFG)
| carriage = [[split trail]]
| elevation = -5° to +73°
| traverse = 5° left & right from centreline
| ref = <ref name="IDR12(8)pg 1427">{{cite magazine |author= |title=Indian 105mm Light Field Gun |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_janes-international-defense-review-idr_1979_12_8/page/1427/mode/1up?q=LFG |magazine=International Defense Review|volume=12 |issue=8 |location=Geneva |publisher=Interavia |date=1979 |page=1427 |access-date=5 June 2023}}. (Needs login and borrowing to access the specific page).</ref><ref name="OFB"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Military Balance India Vs China Part-3 Indian artillery systems |url=https://fullafterburner.weebly.com/next-gen-weapons/military-balance-india-vs-china-part-3-indian-artillery-systems |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=Full Afterburner |language=en}}</ref>
}}
The '''Indian Field Gun''' is a towed [[field gun]] developed in India and extensively used in the [[Indian Army]].

==Development==
The [[Armament Research and Development Establishment]] (ARDE) began the design and development of the gun in 1972 to replace the older [[Ordnance QF 25-pounder|25-pounder guns]] used by the Indian Army. It was produced in the [[Gun Carriage Factory Jabalpur|Gun Carriage Factory (GCF), Jabalpur]] from 1978 onwards.<ref name="IDR12(8)pg 1427"/><ref name="AjaiShukla">{{cite news|last=Shukla|first=Ajai|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/155-mm-gun-contract-drdo-enters-the-fray-110072900042_1.html|title=155-mm gun contract: DRDO enters the fray|date=June 29, 2010|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]|location=New Delhi, India|access-date=November 8, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Field Gun 105 mm {{!}} Defence Research and Development Organisation - DRDO, Ministry of Defence, Government of India|url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/indian-field-gun-105-mm|access-date=2021-10-03|website=www.drdo.gov.in}}</ref> In addition to the GCF, the guns have been manufactured at [[Gun Carriage Factory Jabalpur]].

[[File:105mm HE and Smoke shell of IFG (Indian Field Gun). (49203821552).jpg|thumb|right|105 mm HE and smoke shell of Indian field gun]]

The shells are manufactured at ordnance factories in [[Nagpur|Ambajhari]] and [[Chandrapur]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/81343808.cms|title=Army's in-service guns suffer two barrel bursts|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=2021-03-05|access-date=2022-04-06}}</ref> It shares many features with the British [[L118 light gun]]. It's suitable to operate in mountainous and other difficult terrains, because this gun has excellent portability.<ref name="artillery">{{cite web|url=http://fullafterburner.weebly.com/next-gen-weapons/category/all|title=Military Balance India Vs China Part-3 Indian artillery systems|date=2021-06-16|access-date=2022-04-06}}</ref>
[[File:Ranjit Lal Jetley at the Pragati Maidan Defence exhibition.jpg|thumb|right|Indian Field Gun prototype being shown at the Pragati Maidan Defence exhibition, New Delhi]]

==Variants==

=== Towed ===
The '''Indian Field Gun''' (IFG) weighs {{convert|3,450|kg|abbr=on}}. It has a normal rate of fire of four rounds per minute over ranges from {{convert|2,000–17,400|m|abbr=on}}. It can sustain an intense rate of fire of six rounds per minute for up to 10 minutes and a sustained rate of fire for up to one hour. It has a crew of six. The gun has a secondary anti-tank capability. It can operate in temperatures ranging from {{convert|-27|to|+60|C|abbr=on}}. The recoil on firing is absorbed by two side-mounted hydraulic cylinders. A circular platform provided with the gun can be used for rapid 360° movement.<ref name="IDR12(8)pg 1427" /><ref name="OFB">{{cite web |date= |title=105/37 mm Light Field Gun |url=https://ddpdoo.gov.in/unit/pages/GCF/details/105mm-light-field-gun-mk-ii-lfg- |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428021849/https://ofb.gov.in/unit/pages/GCF/details/105mm-light-field-gun-mk-ii-lfg-1 |archive-date=28 April 2021 |access-date=2022-04-07}}</ref> Manufacture of the Indian Field Gun began in 1978.<ref name="IDR12(8)pg 1427" /> There are three variants:

*Indian Field Gun Mark 1
*Indian Field Gun Mark 2
*Indian Field Gun Mark 3

The '''Light Field Gun''' (LFG) variant weights {{convert|2,380|kg|abbr=on}}, but retains the same rate of fire and range as the IFG. The LFG can be broken down into two or three parts for easy transport and quickly re-assembled. The LFG can be heli-lifted and paradropped.<ref name="IDR12(8)pg 1427"/><ref name="OFB"/> The manufacture of the Light Field Gun began in 1984.<ref name="OFB"/> There are two variants:

*Light Field Gun Mark 1
*Light Field Gun Mark 2

=== Self propelled ===
*[[OFB 105 mm SPG]] – consists of a [[BMP-2|BMP Sarath]] hull mounted with a light field gun. It was developed by ordnance development centre, [[Ordnance Factory Medak]], but has not been inducted into the Indian Army.
*Garuda 105 (Version 2) – a 105 mm/37 calibre LFG gun is mounted on an all terrain [[4×4]] wheeled chassis.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-10 |title=India Seeks 105mm Mounted Guns, 155mm ATAGS Clears Trials |url=https://www.overtdefense.com/2022/05/10/india-seeks-105mm-mounted-guns-155mm-atags-clears-trials/ |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=Overt Defense |language=en-CA}}</ref> This gun has all-terrain maneuverability (including high altitude). Based on the LFG,{{better source needed|date=February 2025}} this gun has been developed by [[Bharat Forge#Kalyani Strategic Systems|Kalyani Strategic Systems]], a subsidiary of [[Bharat Forge]].<ref name="Second_book">{{cite web|url=https://www.ddpmod.gov.in/sites/default/files/Second_book.pdf|title=CATALOGUE INDIAN DEFENCE INDUSTRY|date=2022-03-01|access-date=2022-04-06|page=7}}</ref>

==Operators==


* {{flag|India}} : 2,400 FGs in service with the Indian army.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sharang 155mm 45 calibre gun |url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/sharang.htm |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=www.globalsecurity.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch: Why India used light artillery guns against Pakistan along the LoC - India News |url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/watch-why-india-used-light-artillery-guns-against-pakistan-along-the-loc-34427/amp |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=www.wionews.com}}</ref> 1,700 are IFGs and 700 are LFGs.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=deshkeheroes |date=2020-10-21 |title=Top 6 Indian Artillery Guns |url=https://www.deshkeheroesin.com/top-6-indian-artillery-guns/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816045122/https://www.deshkeheroesin.com/top-6-indian-artillery-guns/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=August 16, 2022 |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=Desh Ke Heroes |language=en-US}}</ref>
* {{flag|Myanmar}} : 10 in service, provided by India.<ref name=SIPRI>{{cite web|url=http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php|title=SIPRI Trade Register|publisher=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]]|access-date=2020-11-05|archive-date=2010-04-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414022558/http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[M119 howitzer]]
* [[L118 light gun]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{commons category|Indian Field Gun}}

[[Category:105 mm artillery]]
[[Category:Artillery of India]]
[[Category:Field artillery of the Cold War]]
[[Category:Military equipment introduced in the 1970s]]

Nicholas Fenn

2025-08-06T00:11:13Z

BrandonNewquist:

{{Short description|British diplomat}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
'''Sir Nicholas Maxted Fenn''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|GCMG}} (19 February 1936 – 18 September 2016)<ref>[http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/timesonline-uk/obituary.aspx?n=nicholas-maxted-fenn&pid=181460449 Nicholas Maxted Fenn]</ref> was a British diplomat. He was High Commissioner to India from 1991 to 1996.

==Life==
Nicholas Fenn was born in east London,<ref name="interiew">{{Cite web|url=https://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/media/uploads/files/Fenn.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909202644/https://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/media/uploads/files/Fenn.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 September 2015|title=Sir Nicholas (Maxted) Fenn GCMG}}</ref> the son of Professor J. Eric Fenn and Kathleen (née Harrison). He was educated at [[Kingswood School]] in Bath and, following national service in the [[Royal Air Force]], at [[Peterhouse, Cambridge]].<ref>{{Who's Who | title = FENN, Sir Nicholas (Maxted) | id = U15608 | type = was | volume = 2025 | edition = online}}</ref> While at university he was chair of the Cambridge University branch of the [[Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament]].<ref name="interiew"/>

He lived in [[Marden, Kent]].<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/oct/09/sir-nicholas-fenn-obituary Sir Nicholas Fenn obituary] Retrieved 23/4/21.</ref>

==Career==

Fenn entered the [[Foreign Office]] in 1959 and worked as secretaries at various posts overseas, spokesperson at the FCO and as counselor at the British Embassy in Peking. Fenn was fluent in Burmese after undergoing training in 1960 and assigned to Burma in the early 1960s.

Fenn's ambassadorships included Rangoon (1982–86) and Dublin (1986–91). Fenn retired in 1996.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://us.swanhellenic.com/speaker.html?cruiseid=18669&areaid=13424&hot=&speakerid=370 | title=Biographical details | accessdate=October 25, 2012 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203115450/http://us.swanhellenic.com/speaker.html?cruiseid=18669&areaid=13424&hot=&speakerid=370 | archive-date=February 3, 2013 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Following his career with the diplomatic service Fenn served as chief executive of [[Marie Curie (charity)|Marie Curie]], from 1997 to 2000, after retiring as chief executive he continued to serve the charity as chair of its council of trustees until 2006.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sir Nicholas Fenn, diplomat at the heart of great events – obituary |website=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=22 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701150431/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2016/09/22/sir-nicholas-fenn-diplomat-at-the-heart-of-great-events--obituar/ |archive-date=1 July 2023 |url-status=live |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2016/09/22/sir-nicholas-fenn-diplomat-at-the-heart-of-great-events--obituar/}}</ref>

From 1972 to 1975 he was with the Energy Department (as Deputy Head) in the Foreign Office and at the [[Royal College of Defence Studies]] in 1978.<ref>https://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/media/uploads/files/Fenn.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316202529/https://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/media/uploads/files/Fenn.pdf |date=16 March 2016 }} {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-dip}}
{{succession box |title=[[British Ambassador to Burma]] |before=[[Charles Booth (diplomat)|Charles Booth]]|after=[[Martin Morland]]|years=1982–1986}}
{{succession box | before = [[Alan Goodison]] | title = [[List of Ambassadors from the United Kingdom to Ireland|British Ambassador to Ireland]] | years= 1986–1991| after = [[David Blatherwick (diplomat)|David Blatherwick]]}}
{{s-bef| before = [[David Goodall (diplomat)|Sir David Goodall]] }}
{{s-ttl| title = [[List of High Commissioners of the United Kingdom to India|High Commissioner to India]] | years = 1991–1996 }}
{{s-aft| after = [[David Gore-Booth|Sir David Gore-Booth]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fenn, Nicholas}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:Royal Air Force airmen]]
[[Category:20th-century Royal Air Force personnel]]
[[Category:Graduates of the Royal College of Defence Studies]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Ireland]]
[[Category:High commissioners of the United Kingdom to India]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Myanmar]]
[[Category:People from Marden, Kent]]
[[Category:Alumni of Peterhouse, Cambridge]]

{{UK-diplomat-stub}}

WX notation

2025-07-21T10:20:56Z

BrandonNewquist: new new info

{{Short description|Transliteration for Indian languages}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2014}}
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}
[[File:Ubuntu Hindi Wx keyboard layout.png|alt=Ubuntu Hindi (WX) keyboard layout|thumb|263x263px|Ubuntu Hindi (WX) keyboard layout]]
'''WX notation''' is a [[transliteration]] scheme for representing Indian languages in [[ASCII]]. This scheme originated at [[IIT Kanpur]] for computational processing of Indian languages, and is widely used among the [[natural language processing]] (NLP) community in India. The notation (though unidentified) is used, for example, in a textbook on NLP from IIT Kanpur.<ref>{{cite book|isbn=9788120309210|url=http://ltrc.iiit.ac.in/downloads/nlpbook/nlp-panini.pdf|title=Natural Language Processing: A Paninian Perspective|publisher=Prentice-Hall of India|year=1996|access-date=16 February 2014|chapter=Appendix B|pages=191–193|author=Akshar Bharati|author2=Vineet Chaitanya|author3=Rajeev Sangal|archive-date=26 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126005517/http://ltrc.iiit.ac.in/downloads/nlpbook/nlp-panini.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The salient features of this transliteration scheme are: Every consonant and every vowel has a single mapping into Roman. Hence it is a prefix code,<ref>{{Sanskrit Computational Linguistics
First and Second International Symposia Rocquencourt, France, October 29-31, 2007 Providence, RI, USA, May 15-17, 2008, Revised Selected Papers
Editors: Huet, Gérard, Kulkarni, Amba, Scharf, Peter (Eds.) | url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783642001543 ; refer to Appendix B}}</ref> advantageous from a computation point of view. Typically the small case letters are used for un-aspirated consonants and short vowels while the capital case letters are used for aspirated consonants and long vowels. While the retroflexed voiceless and voiced consonants are mapped to 't, T, d and D', the dentals are mapped to 'w, W, x and X'. Hence the name of the scheme "WX", referring to the idiosyncratic mapping. Ubuntu Linux provides a keyboard support for WX notation.

In the following tables, such idiosyncratic assignment of letters to phonemes with which they are normally not associated are boldfaced. Besides 'w', 'W', 'x', and 'X', these are 'f', 'F', 'q', 'Q', 'L', and 'R'.

==Vowels==
{| class="wikitable"
|- class="Unicode"
|अ||आ||इ||ई||उ||ऊ||ए||ऐ||ओ||औ
|-
|a||A||i||I||u||U||e||E||o||O
|}

==Sonorants==
{| class="wikitable"
|- class="Unicode"
|ऋ||ॠ||ऌ
|-
|'''q'''||'''Q'''||'''L'''
|}

==Anusvāra and visarga==
{| class="wikitable"
|- class="Unicode"
|ं||ः
|-
|M||H
|}
The [[Anunasika]] is represented by 'z'. For example, अँ = az.
In Sanskrit, the [[Avagraha]] is represented by 'Z'. For example, वमतोऽन्तः = vamawoZnwaH. This may cause confusion as 'Z' is also used for another purpose in the case of other Indic languages (see below, last paragraph).

==Consonants==
{| class="wikitable"
|- class="Unicode"
|क्||ख्||ग्||घ्||ङ्||[[Velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
|k||K||g||G||'''f'''||
|- class="Unicode"
|च्||छ्||ज्||झ्||ञ्||[[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
|-
|c||C||j||J||'''F'''||
|- class="Unicode"
|ट्||ठ्||ड्||ढ्||ण्||[[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
|-
|t||T||d||D||N||
|- class="Unicode"
|त्||थ्||द्||ध्||न्||[[Dental consonant|Dental]]
|-
|'''w'''||'''W'''||'''x'''||'''X'''||n||
|- class="Unicode"
|प्||फ्||ब्||भ्||म्||[[Labial consonant|Labial]]
|-
|p||P||b||B||m||
|- class="Unicode"
|य्||र्||ल्||व्||||[[Semivowel|Semi-vowel]]
|-
|y||r||l||v||||
|- class="Unicode"
|श्||ष्||स्||ह्||||[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
|-
|S||'''R'''||s||h||||
|}

This scheme was further extended to represent all the Indian scripts derived from Brahmi.
To account for the characters from other Indian languages that are missing in Devanagari, three operators are used: 'Y' to get the next [[ISCII]] character, 'V' to get the previous ISCII character and 'Z' to add the [[nuqta]]. Thus for example, 'l' represents ल (U0932) of Devanagari, and 'lY' represents ळ (U0933) in Marathi. 'e' represents ए (U090F) of Devanagari or ఏ (U0C0F) of Telugu and eV represents ऎ (U090E) or ఎ (U0C0E) of Telugu. Similarly 'ka' represents क of Devanagari, and 'kZa' represents क़.

==See also==
* [[Devanagari transliteration]]
* [[IAST]]
* [[ITRANS]]
* [[National Library at Kolkata romanization]]
* [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://sanskrit.uohyd.ac.in/scl Tools for Analysis of Sanskrit (संसाधनी) University server]
*[http://scl.samsaadhanii.in/scl Tools for Analysis of Sanskrit (संसाधनी) Cloud server]
*[http://sanskrit.inria.fr Sanskrit Heritage site]
*[http://code.google.com/p/sktutilities/ Online Sanskrit Utilities]
*[https://github.com/irshadbhat/indic-wx-converter Python Implementation]

[[Category:Hindustani orthography]]
[[Category:Romanization of Brahmic]]
[[Category:Sanskrit transliteration]]
[[Category:Hindi]]
[[Category:Writing systems introduced in the 20th century]]

Rababi

2025-07-20T01:19:49Z

BrandonNewquist: put up initial details with sources

[[File:Guru Nanak with Bhai Mardana with rabab.jpg|thumb|Guru Nanak (right) and Bhai Mardana (left) with rabab, c.1740 painting]]{{Sikhism sidebar}}
{{Short description|Musician who plays the rabab}}
'''Rababi''' (Gurmukhi: ਰਬਾਬੀ) is a term used to refer to a player of the [[Seni rebab|rabab]] instrument.

In the Sikh liturgical tradition, there are three types of musicians—rababis, [[Ragi (Sikhism)|ragis]], and [[Dhadi (music)|dhadhis]], all of which flourished during the period of the [[Sikh gurus|gurus]]. The descendants remained rababis to all the 10 gurus, keeping alive rabab music.

==History==
Indian temple art of the first century A.D. depicted the Gandharan lute, though the ancestor of the rabab in India is likely the Persian instrument of the same name.<ref name="Miner2004"/> The rabab, in its various forms, proliferated throughout West, Central, [[South Asia|South]] and [[Southeast Asia]].<ref name="Miner2004">{{cite book|last=Miner|first=Allyn|title=Sitar and Sarod in the 18th and 19th Centuries|url=https://archive.org/details/sitarsarodin18th00mine|url-access=registration|year=2004|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publications|language=en|isbn=9788120814936|page=[https://archive.org/details/sitarsarodin18th00mine/page/61 61]}}</ref> Those rababs used in [[Hindustani classical music]] of [[northern India]] are plucked.<ref name="Miner2004"/>

[[Guru Nanak]] started the Sikh rababi tradition by engaging [[Bhai Mardana]] as his accompanist.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20090517/spectrum/book2.htm|title=Interview: The daughter's case|date=17 May 2009|website=The Sunday Tribune|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926022129/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20090517/spectrum/book2.htm|archive-date=26 September 2020}}</ref> The Muslim singers formerly called ''[[mirasi]]'', were rechristened ''rababi'' by Nanak, because they played on the [[Rubab (instrument)|rabab]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kapoor|first=Jaskiran|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/strings-of-change/910228/|title=Strings of Change|website=Indian Express|date=10 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305103231/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/strings-of-change/910228/|archive-date=5 March 2016}}</ref>

Musical expression has held a very important place within the Sikh tradition ever since its beginning, with [[Guru Nanak]] and his faithful companion, [[Bhai Mardana]].<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |last=Kaur |first=Inderjit N. |date=2011 |title=Sikh Shabad Kīrtan and Gurmat Sangīt: What’s in the Name? |url=https://punjab.global.ucsb.edu/sites/secure.lsit.ucsb.edu.gisp.d7_sp/files/sitefiles/journals/volume18/9_ShabadKirtan.pdf |journal=Journal of Punjab Studies |publisher=University of California, Santa Cruz |volume=18 |issue=1–2 |pages=251–278 |via=ebscohost}}</ref> Textual traditions connecting Guru Nanak and Mardana to music include the ''[[Janamsakhis]]'' and the ''[[Varan Bhai Gurdas|Varan]]'' of [[Bhai Gurdas]].<ref name=":22" /> There are also artistic depictions of Guru Nanak and Mardana as musicians amid various 18th and 19th century paintings, where Guru Nanak is shown singing whilst Mardana is playing his instrument.<ref name=":22" />

References made to music during the time of Guru Nanak found within the Varan of Bhai Gurdas, includes:<ref name=":22" />

{{Verse translation|ghar ghar hove dharamsāl, hove kīrtan sadā visoā|Every house was a place of worship with constant kīrtan as on Baisakhi|attr2=Varan Bhai Gurdas 1:27}}

Regarding the Kartarpur chapter of Guru Nanak's life, Bhai Gurdas states:<ref name=":22" />

{{Verse translation|sodaru ārtī gāvīai amrit vele jāpu uchārā|Sodar and Ārtī were sung, and in the early morning Jāp was recited|attr2=Varan Bhai Gurdas 1:38}}
[[File:Indian_Rabab.jpg|thumb|Firandia-style [[Seni rebab|Rabab]]]]
Mardana was a player of the ''[[Rubab (instrument)|rabab]]'' (plucked lute), and would travel alongside Nanak and play the instrument when Nanak spoke his teachings.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-02-26 |title=Guru Nanak Sahib Ji And Bhai Mardana Ji – Gateway To Sikhism |url=https://www.allaboutsikhs.com/sikh-youth/guru-sakhis/guru-nanak-sahib-ji-and-bhai-mardana-ji/ |access-date=2022-08-30 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":22" /> As a result of this, Mardana is credited as establishing the rababi tradition in Sikhism. When Guru Nanak received a revelation, he would exclaim: "Mardaneya! Rabab chhed, bani aayee hai" ['Mardana, play the rabab, ''[[Gurbani|bani]]'' (sacred composition/verse) has occurred to me'].<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=Malini |date=2022-06-02 |title=Why attempts to revive traditional Sikh instruments at gurdwaras have failed for 90 years |url=https://scroll.in/magazine/1025134/why-attempts-to-revive-traditional-sikh-instruments-at-gurdwaras-have-failed-for-90-years |access-date=2023-08-12 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":22" />

After Guru Nanak settled down in the locality he founded, known as [[Kartarpur, Pakistan|Kartarpur]], the accompanying verse compositions to the music him and Mardana conjured was recorded in various ''[[Sikh scriptures|pothis]]'', of which, the ''Guru Harsahai Pothi'' claims to be an extant text of this kind.<ref name=":22" />

During the time of Guru Nanak, the predominant musical tradition of the era was the ''[[dhrupad]]'' and ''[[Dhamar (music)|dhamar]]'', which ended up influencing this early Sikh musical expression.<ref name=":12" /> Later, other musical traditions, such as ''[[Khyal|khayal]]'', ''[[tappa]]'', and ''[[qawwali]]'', began to influence the Sikhs.<ref name=":12" />

The musical lineage of Bhai Mardana continued after Mardana's death and his descendants carried-on with serving the Sikh gurus as musical performers.''<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Kaur |first=Inderjit N. |date=2011 |title=Sikh Shabad Kīrtan and Gurmat Sangīt: What’s in the Name? |url=https://punjab.global.ucsb.edu/sites/secure.lsit.ucsb.edu.gisp.d7_sp/files/sitefiles/journals/volume18/9_ShabadKirtan.pdf |journal=Journal of Punjab Studies |publisher=University of California, Santa Cruz |volume=18 |issue=1–2 |pages=251–278 |via=ebscohost}}</ref>'' Some examples of descendants of Bhai Mardana who worked as musicians in the ''[[Durbar (court)|durbar]]'' (court) of the Sikh gurus include:''<ref name=":2" />''

* Sajada, whom served Guru Angad at [[Khadur Sahib|Khadur]]''<ref name=":2" />''
* Sadu and Badu, both of whom served Guru Amar Das in [[Goindval|Goindwal]] and Guru Ram Das in [[Amritsar|Chak Ram Das Pura]]''<ref name=":2" />''
* [[Balvand Rai|Balvand]] and [[Satta Doom|Satta]], both of whom served both Guru Ram Das and Guru Arjan''<ref name=":2" />''
* [[Babak (Rababi)|Babak]], who served Guru Hargobind''<ref name=":2" />''
* Chatra, who served the later gurus''<ref name=":2" />''

[[File:Photograph_of_rabab_players_(rababis)_titled_'Lute_Players_Near_the_Golden_Temple',_taken_on_28_January_1903.jpg|thumb|Photograph titled 'Lute [rabab/rebec] Players [rababis] near the Golden Temple', taken on 28 January 1903. Kept in the Gertrude Bell collection of Newcastle University.]]
The rababi tradition formed out of the lineage of Muslim musicians and instrumentalists performing kirtan for the Sikh gurus and the Sikh community.''<ref name=":2" />'' These Muslim rababis of kirtan were called ''Bābe ke'' by the Sikhs, which meant "those of Baba Nanak".''<ref name=":2" />'' A later Muslim rababi who performed kirtan at Sikh shrines, including the Harmandir Sahib, was Bhai Sain Ditta, who flourished during the early part of the 19th century.''<ref name=":2" />'' During this era, the Muslim rababi institution received patronage from various Sikh polities, such as [[Nabha State|Nabha]], [[Patiala State|Patiala]], and [[Kapurthala State|Kapurthala]] states.''<ref name=":2" />'' During the early 20th century, Muslim rababis who regularly performed at the Golden Temple were Bhai Chand, Bhai Taba, and Bhai Lal.''<ref name=":2" />'' By the 20th century, many rababis replaced their traditional rabab by swapping it out with the harmonium.''<ref name=":2" />''

A blowback to the rabab instrument's usage in Sikh circles came in the aftermath of the partition of the Punjab in 1947, due to many Muslim rababi families migrating to their new homes in Pakistan or became pushed to the margins of society due to changing socio-cultural norms.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=Malini |date=2022-06-02 |title=Why attempts to revive traditional Sikh instruments at gurdwaras have failed for 90 years |url=https://scroll.in/magazine/1025134/why-attempts-to-revive-traditional-sikh-instruments-at-gurdwaras-have-failed-for-90-years |access-date=2023-08-12 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref>''<ref name=":2" />'' The rabab was gradually replaced by the [[sarod]], another stringed instrument, in Sikh musical circles.<ref name=":1" />''<ref name=":2" />'' There have been attempts at reviving the rababi tradition, as there still remains descendants of traditional rababi families living.''<ref name=":2" />''
[[File:Photograph of a rababi of Nabha state holding a rabab (rebec).jpg|thumb|Photograph of a rababi of Nabha State holding a rabab]]
The last of the line of rababis was Bhai Chand. During the 20th century CE the instrument's use in Sikh kirtan was eclipsed by the harmonium but it has been revived.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=SGPC to revive 'gurbani kirtan' with string instruments in Golden Temple |url=https://theprint.in/india/sgpc-to-revive-gurbani-kirtan-with-string-instruments-in-golden-temple/971031/ |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> Muslim rababis used to perform [[kirtan]] regularly at Amritsar before the [[partition of India]] in 1947, after which many of the rababis migrated to what became Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web |last=Khalid|first=Haroon|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1402759/lost-in-partition-the-sikh-muslim-connection-comes-alive-in-the-tale-of-guru-nanak-and-bhai-mardana|title=Lost in Partition, the Sikh-Muslim connection comes alive in the tale of Guru Nanak and Bhai Mardana|website=Dawn|date=20 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421083411/https://www.dawn.com/news/1402759/lost-in-partition-the-sikh-muslim-connection-comes-alive-in-the-tale-of-guru-nanak-and-bhai-mardana|archive-date=21 April 2018}}</ref> The Sikh rabab was traditionally a local Punjabi variant known as the 'Firandia' rabab ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: ਫਿਰੰਦੀਆ ਰਬਾਬ ''Phiradī'ā rabāba''),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rabab |url=https://www.sikhmusicalheritage.com/rabab |access-date=2022-08-18 |website=Sikh Musical Heritage - The Untold Story |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128110106/https://www.sikhmusicalheritage.com/rabab |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Raj Academy {{!}} Rabab |url=https://rajacademy.com/instruments/rabab |access-date=2022-08-18 |website=Raj Academy |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rabab |url=https://www.sikhsaaj.com/rabab.html |access-date=2022-08-18 |website=SIKH SAAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sikh Instruments-The Rabab |url=http://www.oxfordsikhs.com/2021/09/sikh-instruments-rabab.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016221908/http://www.oxfordsikhs.com/2021/09/sikh-instruments-rabab.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=October 16, 2021 |access-date=2022-08-18 |website=Oxford Sikhs |language=en}}</ref> however Baldeep Singh, an expert in the Sikh musical tradition, challenges this narrative.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 1, 2019 |first=Bharat |last=Khanna |title=Punjabi varsity's Firandia rabab helps revival of string instrument {{!}} Ludhiana News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ludhiana/punjabi-varsitys-firandia-rabab-helps-revival-of-string-instrument/articleshow/71851191.cms |access-date=2022-08-18 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Baldeep |date=2012-06-27 |title=Rabab goes shopping… |url=https://anadfoundation.org/2012/06/27/rabab-goes-shopping/ |access-date=2022-08-18 |website=The Anād Foundation |language=en}}</ref>

== Notable rababis ==

=== Sikhs ===
Noteworthy Sikh rababis include:

* [[Bhai Mardana]]
* [[Balvand Rai]]
* [[Babak (Rababi)|Balak (Rababi)]]

==See also==
* [[Rebab]]
* [[Seni rebab|Seni Rebab]]
* [[Sarod]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Sikhism}}

[[Category:Hindustani musicians]]
[[Category:Sikh music]]

LR Swamy

2025-06-03T01:42:28Z

BrandonNewquist: Made First Post W/ Refs - done

{{Short description |Indian writer (born 1946)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=November 2022}}
{{no footnotes|date=September 2018}}
}}
{{Infobox person
| name =
| native_name = ఎల్.ఆర్.స్వామి
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1944|10|16}}
| birth_place = [[Thrissur]], [[Kerala]], India
| known = Translator, short-story writer
| spouse = Bhattiprolu Naga Sundari
| father = T. K. Lakshmana Ayyar
| mother = Rajammall
| employer = [[Andhra Petro Chemicals]]
}}

'''Lakshmanayyar Rama Swamy''' (born 16 October 1944) is a translator and short-story writer from [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Andhra Pradesh]].

His work ''Sufi Cheppina Katha'' received the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for [[Telugu language|Telugu]] Translation of Malayalam Novel ''Sufi Paranja Katha'', written by KP Ramanunni for the year 2015.

==Early life and education==
Swamy was born to T. K. Lakshmana Ayyar and Rajammall in 1944. His mother tongue is [[Tamil language|Tamil]].

His school education was completed in [[Thrissur]], [[Kerala]]. He moved to Visakhapatnam after he got a job at [[Andhra Petro Chemicals]].

==Career==
Swamy has translated noted [[Telugu-language]] poets into the [[Malayalam language]], including N. Gopi, Sikhamani, and P. Vijayalakshmi Pandit. He has also translated stories of Gurajada Apparao, Kethu Vishwanatha Reddy and Jayanthi Paparao into Malayalam. A translation of Mahakavi Srisri's ''Monograph'' and Divakarla Venkata Avadhani's ''Andhra Vagmaya Charitra'' are also in Swamy's credits.

He is president of the [[Mosaic Literary Organisation]] and [[Sahridaya Sahiti]].

===Telugu books===
* ''Godavari Station'' (collection of stories)
* ''Aatavika Rajyam'' (translation of stories written by Tamil writer R. Natarajan)
* ''Sareeram oka Nagaram'' (translation of Malayalam poems written by K. Sacchidanandan)
* ''Sametala Kathalu'' (mini stories)
* ''Kathakasam'' (collection of stories)
* ''Sufi cheppina katha'' (translation of Malayalam novel written by K. P. Ramanunni)
* ''Pandavapuram'' (translation of Malayalam novel written by Sethu)
* ''Kathaswamyam'' (collection of stories)
* ''Loguttu Perumallukeruka'' (collection of stories)
* ''Folk Songs of Kerala'' (translation of songs written by K. Ayyappa Phanikar)
* ''Konda Dorasani'' (translation of Malayalam novel written by Narayan)
* ''Katha Keralam'' (translation of Malayalam stories)
* ''Mudralu'' (translation of Malayalam novel)
* ''Brahmarshi Sri Narayana Guru'' (translation of book written by T. Baskaran)
* ''Katha Vaaradi'' (translation of Malayalam stories)
* ''Kathadowthyam'' (translation of Malayalam stories)
* ''Spandanaamapinulaku Dhanyavaadalu'' (translation of Malayalam novel)
* ''Alaga, Alaga Kathalu'' (collection of Telugu stories)
* ''Janappaana'' (translation of Malayalam poem)

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* [http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/sahitya-akademi-announces-winners-of-translation-prize-116021501187_1.html Article in Business Standard]
* [http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/multilingual-forays-into-literature/article8333847.ece G.V.Prasada Sarma (10 March 2016)."Multi-lingual forays into literature"]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170717184147/http://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/index.jsp Official Website of Sahitya Akademi]
* [http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Sunday-Hans/2016-02-21/Translation-a-local-text-in-a-global-character/208701 The Hans India Newspaper], Article dated 21 February 2016, Translation a local text in a global character

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Swamy, LR}}
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:Indian male short story writers]]
[[Category:Malayalam–Telugu translators]]
[[Category:Telugu writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Thrissur]]
[[Category:Writers from Visakhapatnam]]

Raktha Sambandham (TV series)

2025-05-22T18:03:08Z

BrandonNewquist: put up basic info with sources

{{short description|Indian Telugu television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Raktha Sambandham.jpg
| caption =
| creator = Sky Media
| writer = '''Dialogues''' B.V Ramarao
| screenplay = Ravi Kolikapudi
| director = B. Sravana Bhaskar Reddy
| starring = [[Meghana Lokesh]] Siddharth Varma
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 850
| producer = Sky Media
| cinematography =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company =
| network = [[Zee Telugu]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2018|04|09|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2021|05|10|df=yes}}
| related = [[Raja Magal]] [[Kaiyethum Doorath (TV series)|Kaiyethum Doorath]]
}}

'''''Raktha Sambandham''''' ({{translation|Bond with blood}}) is an Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[television series]] on [[Zee Telugu]] and also in digital platform [[ZEE5]], before TV telecast. It stars [[Meghana Lokesh]] and Siddharth Varma.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/new-shows-raktha-sambandham-and-gundamma-katha-coming-soon-to-zee-telugu/articleshow/63431017.cms|title=New shows 'Raktha Sambandham' and 'Gundamma Katha' coming soon to Zee Telugu|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The series premiered on 9 April 2018 with ''Gundamma Katha'' series.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/gundamma-katha-and-raktha-sambandham-to-premier-on-television-on-april-9/articleshow/63531001.cms|title='Gundamma Katha' and 'Raktha Sambandham' to premier on television on April 9 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/industry-briefing-news/wedding-bells-ring-for-aditya-and-tulasi-in-zee-telugus-raktha-sambandham-100212.html|title=Wedding bells ring for Aditya and Tulasi in Zee Telugu's Raktha Sambandham|website=Exchange4media.com|date=16 October 2019 }}</ref> It has off-aired on 10 May 2021 with a mega episode.

== Plot ==
The story is about the loving relationship of two siblings, Krishna Prasad and Krishna Priya, sharing a strong bond. Priya adores Krishna Prasad and is even willing to sacrifice her own happiness for her brother’s needs.

Prasad's wife, Durgamma and Priya become [[pregnant]] around the same time. Due to social conditions and comments, Durgamma says she will die if she doesn't give birth to a male child. Unfortunately, Durgamma gets a girl, Tulasi. Priya gives birth to a boy, Adhitya. Later they are exchanged by their parents to save Durgamma's life. Only Prasad, Priya and her husband, and also Prasad's mother know the truth of the children's birth.

Durgamma always boasts about her son and insults Priya and Tulasi. Tulasi always enjoys fighting with Durgamma which annoys Durgamma. Then Tulasi and Adhitya fall in love with each other but Durgamma agrees to get them married. the rest of the story is about how Durgamma tries to separate the loving couple and how Tulasi overcomes the hard conditions and wins Durgamma's acceptance for their wedding. Tulasi and Aditya marry though Durgamma refuses to accept her. Meanwhile, Lakshmi, Aditya's former fiancée along with her grandmother and Durgamma plots against Tulasi. After many incidents and twists, Aditya and Tulasi learns about their true parentage and Durgamma accepts Tulasi as her daughter.

The story ends as Tulasi gets pregnant and gives birth to twin girls, though Durga expected twin boys.
But a changed Durga accepts them wholeheartedly and they live happily ever after.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* [[Meghana Lokesh]] as Tulasi, Aditya's wife, Krishna Prasad and Durgamma's biological daughter, Priya and Sambaiah's adopted daughter
* Siddharth Varma as Adhitya, Tulasi's husband, Priya and Sambaiah's biological son, Krishna Prasad and Durgamma's adopted son, Lakshmi's former fiancee

=== Recurring ===
* Jackie as Krishna Prasad, Durga's husband, Priya's elder brother, Tulasi's biological father, Aditya's foster father
* Meena Kumari as Krishnapriya "Priya", Sambaiah's wife, Krishna Prasad's sister, Aditya's mother, Tulasi's foster mother
* Jyothi Reddy as Kanakadurga "Durga", Krishna Prasad's wife, Tulasi's biological mother, Aditya's foster mother
* Vasudha Kasul as Venkatlaxmi "Lakshmi", Rahul's love interest, Aditya's former fiancee
* Mahati as Dakshayini, Rahul's aunt and Tulasi's helper
* Abhi Ram as Rahul, Lakshmi's lover and The father of her child
* Chitti Prakash / Ajay as Sambaiah, Priya's husband, Tulasi's foster father, Aditya's biological father
* Lirisha as Satyavathi, Durga's sidekick

== Adaptations ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin-right: 0;"
|- style="color:white"
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:20%;"| Language
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:24%;"| Title
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:13%;"| Original release
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:16%;"| Network
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:15%;"| Last aired
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:17%;"| Notes
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| ''Raktha Sambandham'' రక్త సంబంధం
| 9 April 2018
| [[Zee Telugu]]
| 10 May 2021
| Original
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''[[Raja Magal]]'' ராஜாமகள்
| 28 October 2019
| [[Zee Tamil]]
| 27 November 2021
| rowspan="2"| Remake
|-
| [[Malayalam]]
| ''[[Kaiyethum Doorath (TV series)|Kaiyethum Doorath]]'' കൈയെത്തും ദൂരത്ത്
| 30 November 2020
| [[Zee Keralam]]
| 10 June 2023
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://www.zee5.com/tvshows/details/raktha-sambandham/0-6-tvshow_1997907343 Raktha Sambandham Official Website]

[[Category:2018 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Zee Telugu original programming]]

Charles Streynsham Collinson

2025-05-18T20:11:20Z

BrandonNewquist: adding new post

{{short description|English official}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Charles Streynsham Collinson
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1753
| birth_place =
| death_date = 1831
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = [[resident minister]], [[High Sheriff of Suffolk]]
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
|relatives = [[Peter Collinson (botanist)|Peter Collinson]] (grandfather) [[Edward Charles Close]] (nephew)
}}
'''Charles Streynsham Collinson''' (1753–1831) was an English official of the [[East India Company]] who served as the [[resident minister]] of [[Rajshahi#History|Beauleah]], in British India.<ref name="Fibis CSC">{{cite web |title=The India Calendar 1788 - Bengal |url=https://fibis.ourarchives.online/bin/aps_detail.php?id=1251792 |website=fibis.ourarchives.online |access-date=6 April 2022}}</ref>

He later returned to [[England]] settling in [[Sproughton]] near [[Ipswich]]. He was [[High Sheriff of Suffolk]] from 11 February 1801 to 2 February 1802.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=15336|page=174|date=10 February 1801 |nolink=y}}</ref>

==Family life==
Charles Streynsham Collinson, born in 1753, was the son of Michael Collinson, a noted botanist like his father [[Peter Collinson (botanist)|Peter Collinson]].<ref name="B¬IG Sproughton">{{cite web |title=Sproughton Parish |url=https://www.bigenealogy.com/suffolk/sproughton_parish.htm |website=www.bigenealogy.com |publisher=British Isle Genealogy |access-date=6 April 2022}}</ref> His sister Marianne Collinson was also in India and married Edward Close, a merchant. their son [[Edward Charles Close]] was born in [[Rangamati]], [[British India]] in March 1790.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Collinson, Charles Streynsham}}
[[Category:1753 births]]
[[Category:1831 deaths]]
[[Category:High sheriffs of Suffolk]]

Shahu Tushar Mane

2025-04-03T07:55:31Z

BrandonNewquist: new new entry

{{Short description|Indian sport shooter (born 2002)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
'''Shahu Tushar Mane''' (born 26 January 2002) is an Indian [[Shooting sports|sport shooter]]. He won the gold medal in the ISSF world cup 10m Air Pistol mixed event along with [[Mehuli Ghosh ]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/mehuli-tushar-duo-bag-indias-second-gold-medal-at-issf-world-cup-palak-shiva-clinch-bronze-article-92844559 | title=Mehuli-Tushar duo bag India's second gold medal at ISSF World Cup, Palak-Shiva clinch bronze | publisher=Times Now | date=13 July 2022 | accessdate=14 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.issf-sports.org/athletes/athlete.ashx?personissfid=SHINDM2601200201 | title=Shahu Tushar Mane | publisher=ISSF | accessdate=14 July 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2002 births]]
[[Category:Indian male sport shooters]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Shooters at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics]]
{{India-sport-bio-stub}}
{{India-sportshooting-bio-stub}}

Yawan Mats

2025-03-13T23:24:12Z

BrandonNewquist: new new post

{{Short description|Female disciple of Nund Rishi (Kashmir)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Yawan Mats
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1400s
| birth_place = Kashmir
| death_date =
| death_place = [[Kashmir]]
| era = [[Shah Mir dynasty|Shah Mir era]]
| other_names = Shanga Bibi
| known_for = Female disciple of [[Nund Rishi|Sheikh Noor-ud-din Wali]]
| spouse =
| children =
| parents =
|relatives =
}}
'''Yawan Mats''' was a female disciple of [[Sheikh Noor-ud-din Wali]] of [[Kashmir]]. A beautiful dancer, a courtesan, Yawan Mats was famous in the high society of Kashmir at the end of fourteenth and beginning of fifteenth century.<ref>Baba Kamal - Rishi Nama, pp 15-140</ref>

==Her Conversion==
It is said that there used to be a holy man, a very popular Brahman saint, who used to live in the village of Ishbar, near [[Nishat Bagh|Nishat]]. He had a large following of faithful in Kashmir. One day the Sultan of Kashmir ([[Sultan Sikandar|Sikandar]], Ali Shah or [[Budshah]] - we do not know for sure) showed up at his place. The Brahman refused to see the Sultan. Insulted, the Sultan planned a fitting revenge. A few days later the Sultan sent in the beautiful Yawan Mats. The femme fatale went to see the Brahman as a devotee. Tempted by her looks he was hopelessly smitten. The resulting scandal was used by many Muslims of Kashmir to make fun of their Hindu neighbors about their holy man.{{cn|date=November 2022}} It is said that some of the well connected [[Kashmiri Pandit]]s wanted to use the same tactics on the most prominent Muslim saint of the time, [[Sheikh Noor-ud-din Wali]]. They paid Yawan Mats to seduce the Reshi. Yawan Mats tried her charms but it was the charm of the Reshi that won. Yawan Mats gave the life of a society girl and became one of the disciples of the Reshi.<ref>Mohammad Ishaq Khan - Sufis Of Kashmir pages 411-412, {{ISBN|978-81-8339-095-8}} Published by Gulshan Books, Srinagar, J&K.</ref> The Great Reshi immortalized Yawan Mats in one of his poems "Payekh payas Yawan Matsee" (Yawan Mats you will repent one day).<ref>Kuliyat Sheikh-Ul-Aalam کلیات شیخ العالم Page 185 - Edited by Moti Lal Saqi. Published by Jammu & Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture & Languages. Srinagr, J&K.</ref>

After her conversion Yawan Mats was given the name '''Shanga Bibi''' and she was the only female '''Mujawirs''' at [[Nund Reshi|Nund Reshi's]] tomb. She is buried next to [[Nund Reshi|Nund Reshi's]] shrine in [[Charari Sharief|Tsaar]].<ref>Mohammad Ishaq Khan - Sufis Of Kashmir pages 411-412, {{ISBN|978-81-8339-095-8}} Published by Gulshan Books, Srinagar, J&K.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:14th-century Indian women]]
[[Category:14th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:15th-century Indian women]]
[[Category:15th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Kashmiri people]]
[[Category:Indian courtesans]]
[[Category:Indian dance films]]
[[Category:15th-century dancers]]
[[Category:Indian female dancers]]