Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Pradeep E. Ragav

2026-05-06T14:30:10Z

BrandonGreenlee:

{{short description|Indian film editor (born 1991)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pradeep E. Ragav
| image = Pradeep E. Ragav.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = India
| citizenship = India
| alma_mater =
| occupation = [[Film editor]]
| footnotes = |
}}
'''Pradeep E. Ragav''' is an [[Indian people|Indian]] film editor, who works predominantly in the Tamil film industry.

== Career ==
He made his first debut as an editor in Tamil film [[Kathakali (film)|''Kathakali'']] in 2016. Pradeep got his major breakthrough in a science-fiction film [[Tik Tik Tik (2018 film)|''Tik Tik Tik'']]. After ''Tik Tik Tik'', Pradeep went on to edit many films such as ''[[Comali]]'' and many more.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hiphop Tamizha Adhi's Anbarivu first look out|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/apr/14/hiphop-adhis-anbarivu-first-look-out-23944.html|access-date=2021-06-02|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=14 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Keerthi Pandian's look from Anbirkiniyal out on her birthday - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/keerthi-pandians-look-from-anbirkiniyal-out-on-her-birthday/articleshow/81086282.cms|access-date=2021-06-02|website=The Times of India|date=18 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Film
!Language
!Notes
|-
|2016
|''[[Kathakali (film)|Kathakali]]''
| rowspan="4" |Tamil
|Debut
|-
|2017
|''[[Bruce Lee (2017 film)|Bruce Lee]]''
|
|-
|rowspan="3" |2018
|''[[Tik Tik Tik (2018 film)|Tik Tik Tik]]''
|
|-
|''[[Semma]]''
|
|-
|''[[Neevevaro]]''
| Telugu
|Debut in [[Telugu cinema]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/film-review/article24779144.ece|title=Tame end to ambitious start: Neevevaro|work=The Hindu|date=25 August 2018 |quote=The visuals by Sai Sreeram are spectacular, music and editing are a let down |last1=Chowdhary |first1=Y. Sunita }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2018-08-24/Neevevaro-Review-Rating-2255/407460|title=Neevevaro Review & Rating {2.25/5}|quote=Editing by Pradeep E Raghav is clean|work=The Hans India|date=24 August 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/neevevaro-review-thriller-passes-test-thanks-tapsee-and-good-plot-87168|title='Neevevaro' review: A thriller that passes the test thanks to Tapsee and a good plot|work=The News Minute|date=24 August 2018 |quote=The movie is crisp and doesn’t drag on, and for a large part the camera work and editing are impressive}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|''[[Comali]]''
| rowspan="5" |Tamil
|
|-
|rowspan="3" |2021
|''[[Paramapadham Vilayattu]]''
|
|-
|''[[Anbirkiniyal]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Annabelle Sethupathi]]''
|
|-
|rowspan="4" |2022
|''[[Anbarivu]]''
|
|-
|''[[Malli Modalaindi]]''
|Telugu
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/malli-modalaindi/ottmoviereview/89154957.cms|title=Malli Modalaindi Review : This tale of finding love after divorce is a mixed bag|work=The Times of India|quote=Pradeep E Ragav’s editing could be sharper}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Captain (2022 film)|Captain]]''
| rowspan="3" |Tamil
|
|-
|''[[Love Today (2022 film)|Love Today]]''
|
|-
|rowspan="2" |2023
|''[[Let's Get Married (2023 film)|Let's Get Married]]''
|
|-
|''[[Love You Abhi]]''
|Kannada
|Television series
|-
| rowspan="5" |2024
|''[[Star (2024 film) |Star]]''
| rowspan="2" |Tamil
|
|-
|''[[Garudan (2024 film)|Garudan]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/tamil/garudan-review-a-fantastic-story-on-loyalty-and-its-limits-review-110569255|title=Garudan Review: A Fantastic Story On Loyalty And Its Limits|quote= Pradeep Raghav’s editing are also exemplary|work=Times Now|date=30 May 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/garudan-tamil-movie-review/|title=Garudan review: Soori soars high, yet again, as a hero|quote=Pradeep E Ragav’s editing is felt in the relatively short duration of the film|work=The South First|date=31 May 2024 }}</ref>
|-
|[[Darling (2024 film)|''Darling'']]
|Telugu
|
|-
|''[[Kadaisi Ulaga Por]]''
| rowspan="14" |Tamil
|
|-
|''[[Nayanthara: Beyond the Fairytale]]''
|[[Netflix]] documentary film
|-
|rowspan="2"|2025
|''[[Dragon (2025 film)|Dragon]]''
|
|-
|''[[Thalaivan Thalaivii]]''
|
|-
|rowspan="2" |2026
|''[[Leader (2026 film)|Leader]]''
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2026/Feb/05/tamilnews2026feb04legend-saravanans-next-titled-leader-glimpse-and-release-window-revealed|title=Legend Saravanan's next titled Leader, glimpse and release window revealed|date=5 February 2026|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Love Insurance Kompany]]''
|
|-
|rowspan="7" {{TBA}}
|''Genie''
|
|-
|''Alien''
|
|-
|''Singanallur Signal''
|
|-
|''[[Mandaadi]]''
|
|-
|''[[Jana Nayagan]]''
|25th film
|-
|''Idhayam Murali''
|
|-
|''Bro Code''
|
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=7845807|name=Pradeep E. Ragav}}
* {{Facebook|pradeep.hari.585}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pradeep E Ragav}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil film editors]]
[[Category:People from Chennai district]]
[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:Film editors from Tamil Nadu]]

Purandevi Mandir

2026-05-03T14:27:43Z

BrandonGreenlee: Adding initial biography more to come

{{Multiple issues|
{{orphan|date=April 2026}}
{{citation style|date=April 2026|details=5 citations crammed into the end of the lead.}}
}}
{{use dmy|date=March 2026}}{{Short description|Bhagwati temple in Mithila}}{{Infobox Hindu temple|name=Purandevi Mandir|native_name=पूरण देवी मंदिर|native_name_lang=Mai|religious_affiliation=[[Hinduism]]|deity=Puran Devi|location=Purnia|district=Purnia|state=Bihar|country=India|footnotes=Dedicated to ten [[Mahavidya]] of Goddess Bhagawati|image=Puran Devi Mandir Purnea.jpg|caption=View of Purandevi Mandir}}
'''Purandevi Mandir''' ([[Maithili language|Maithili]]: पूरण देवी मंदिर) is a Hindu shrine dedicated to [[Bhagavati|Goddess Bhagwati]] in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] of the [[Indian subcontinent]]. It is considered as a ''Siddhapeeth Shakti'' shrine in the region. It is a legendary temple associated with Goddess ''Purandevi''. It is located in the city of [[Purnia]] in [[Bihar]], India. The Purandevi Mandir is the only temple in the country, which is believed to be the abode of all the ten ''[[Mahavidya|Mahavidyas]]'' of the Goddess Bhagwati. The temple is popular for performing several sanskar rituals of marriage ceremonies, and mundan etc.<ref>{{Cite news |title=मां पूरण देवी मंदिर हिंदू-मुस्लिम तहजीब की अनोखी मिसाल:500 साल पुरानी है कहानी, मुस्लिम शासक ने मंदिर के नाम कर दी थी अपनी जमीन |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/purnia/news/maa-puran-devi-temple-is-a-unique-example-of-hindu-muslim-culture-132038867.html |work=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=जिस पवित्र स्थान में है दसों महाविद्याओं का वास वह है मां पूरणदेवी धाम, भगवती के नाम से है पूर्णिया का नाम |url=https://hindi.news18.com/photogallery/bihar/purnia-purnia-is-named-after-maa-purandevi-10-mahavidyas-reside-here-7758334.html |work=News 18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-21 |title=मां पूरणदेवी मंदिर में सभी मनोकामनाएं होती हैं पूर्ण |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/purnia/story-historic-maa-purandevi-temple-a-spiritual-hub-in-purnia-201758407817899.html |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=www.livehindustan.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Photo: 500 साल पुराने मंदिर पर खर्च होंगे 34 करोड़, स्वर्ग जैसा होगा भक्तों को एहसास! देखिए तस्वीरें |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/bihar-jharkhand/purnia/photo-gallery-purnia-pooran-devi-temple-will-be-renovated-at-34-crores-rupees-become-tourist-spot/2783041 |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=Zee-Bihar-Jharkhand |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=मां पूरण देवी स्थान से होगी हरिहरनाथ सांस्कृतिक यात्रा की शुरुआत - #poornia-news |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/purnea-poornianews-17742253.html |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />
{{India-hindu-temple-stub}}

{{coord missing|Bihar}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Bihar]]
[[Category:Purnia district]]

Shripad Subrao Talmaki

2026-04-28T12:25:08Z

BrandonGreenlee: made bio

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rao Bahadur Shripad Subrao Talmaki
| image = File:Talmaki.jpg
| imagesize =238 px
| caption = Statue of Shripad Subrao Talmaki in Talmakiwadi, Mumbai
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1868|12|25}}
| birth_place =[[Manki, Honnavar]], [[Madras Presidency]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1948|1|28|1868|12|25}}
| death_place = [[Dharwad]], Karnataka
| office =
| predecessor =
| successor=
| spouse =
| children =
| occupation =[[List of social reformers of India|Social Reformer]]
| alma_mater = [[Wilson College, Mumbai]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''[[Rao Bahadur]] Shripad Subrao Talmaki''' (25 December 1868 - 28 January 1948) was a [[Social reformers of India|social reformer]] and early pioneer of the [[Cooperative movement in India]] and is known as the father of India's cooperative movement.<ref name="KSA">{{Cite web|url=http://kanarasaraswat.org/magazine/2010/12-10.pdf|title=Rao Bahadur Shripad Subrao Talmaki - Biographical Introduction|publisher=Kanara Saraswat Magazine}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiancooperative.com/cooperative-coffee-shop/talmaki-the-father-of-co-operative-movement-in-india/|title=Talmaki – The father of Co-operative movement in India|publisher=Indian Cooperative}}</ref>
He was a member of the [[Chitrapur Saraswat Brahmin|Chitrapur Saraswat]] community.<ref name="DNAIndia">{{cite news |last= Shukla|first= Ashutosh M|date=13 August 2014|title=India's first cooperative housing society starts century celebrations|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-india-s-first-cooperative-housing-society-starts-century-celebrations-2010302|newspaper=DNA India|access-date= 25 March 2024}}</ref>

== Architect of Cooperative Movement ==
=== Cooperative banking ===
He was the main architect for the founding of The [[Shamrao Vithal Co-operative Bank|Shamrao Vithal Co-operative Bank Ltd]] (now known as SVC Cooperative Bank Limited), which was registered on 27 December 1906, and he named it after Late Shamrao Vithal Kaikini, who was his main guiding force and Guru. It was set up with the primary objective of assisting the less fortunate members of the community in its economic enterprises, to encourage savings and to create funds for providing financial aid to deserving members.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.svcbank.com/Home/History|title=History of SVC Co-operative Bank Ltd.|publisher=SVC Cooperative Bank Ltd}}</ref>

=== Cooperative housing ===
On 28 March 1915, he co-founded the Saraswat Cooperative Housing Society in Gamdevi, [[Mumbai|Bombay (Mumbai)]], Asia's first [[Housing cooperative|Cooperative Housing Society]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/100-years-old-and-going-strong/articleshow/40232301.cms|title=100 years old and going strong|publisher=Mumbai Mirror}}</ref> This was followed up by cooperative housing societies for the Chitrapur Saraswat community in Santacruz and Tardeo Road, also in Bombay.<ref name="KSA"/>

== Historian and Genealogist ==
Beyond his work in the cooperative movement, Talmaki was a dedicated researcher of his heritage. He conducted an exhaustive socio-cultural study of the Chitrapur Saraswats, documenting their history and lineages. He identified and recorded 504 distinct families within the community. His research was published in the seminal three-part book Saraswat Families, which remains the primary reference for Chitrapur Saraswat genealogy today.<ref name="KSA"/>

In addition to his own community, he was sought after by others and was instrumental in the creation of the 'Hindu Co-operative Housing Society', 'Provincial Co-operative Institute, Bombay', a scheme of co-operative housing for the industrial workers of Bombay and a Housing Society for the [[Mahar]] community of [[Bandra]].<ref name="KSA"/>

== Literary Works ==
* Saraswat Families (3 volumes)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Saraswat_Families.html?id=i2C-QQAACAAJ|title=Saraswat Families|publisher=Talmaki}}</ref>
* Co-operation in India and Abroad<ref>{{cite book|author=Shripad Subrao Talmaki| url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Co_operation_in_India_and_Abroad/EvBvxqvDE5oC| title=Co-operation in India and Abroad|publisher=Basel Mission Press|year=1931}}</ref>
* Konkani proverbs and riddles, lullabies, and nursery songs<ref>{{cite book|author=Shripad Subrao Talmaki| url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Konkani_proverbs_and_riddles_lullabies_a.html?id=DdGswAEACAAJ| title=Konkani proverbs and riddles, lullabies, and nursery songs|publisher=S.S. Talmaki|year=1936}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Talmaki, Rao Bahadur Shripad Subrao}}
[[Category:People from Uttara Kannada]]
[[Category:Indian social reformers]]
[[Category:1868 births]]
[[Category:1948 deaths]]
[[Category:People from British India]]
[[Category:People from the Madras Presidency]]
{{India-activist-stub}}

Kulithalai Assembly constituency

2026-04-24T16:58:06Z

BrandonGreenlee: Starting new entry - done

{{Short description|One of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 137
| map_image = Constitution-Kulithalai.svg

| established = 1957
| district = [[Karur district|Karur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Perambalur Lok Sabha constituency|Perambalur]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| party = {{Party index link|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| mla = [[R. Manickam]]
| latest_election_year = 2021
| name = Kulithalai
| electors = 223,184
| reservation = None
}}

'''Kulithalai''' is a state assembly constituency in [[Karur district]] in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. Its State Assembly Constituency number is 137. It consists of portions of the [[Kulithalai|Kulithalai taluk]]s. It is included in [[Perambalur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date=25 January 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614070155/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/const_map/map.htm |archive-date=14 June 2012 }}</ref> Former chief minister Karunanidhi represented this.

==Demographics==
Gender demographic of Kulithalai as of 09.11.2022,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/ACWise_GenderCount_09112022.aspx|title=Official Data from ECI}}</ref> taken post the State General election in 2022.
{|class="wikitable"
!Year
!Female
!Male
!Transgender
!Total
|-
|2023
|110,311
|115,918
|7
|226,236
|}

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
=== Madras State ===

{| class="wikitable" width="70%"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| [[V. Ramanathan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[M. Kandaswamy (Tamil Nadu politician)|M. Kandaswamy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|}

=== Tamil Nadu ===

{| class="wikitable" width="70%"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| [[M. Kandaswamy (Tamil Nadu politician)|M. Kandasamy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| P. E. Srinivasa Reddiar
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| R. Karuppiah
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
| P. Musiri Puppnan
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[A. Pappa Sundaram]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| A. Pappa Sundaram
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| [[R. Selvam]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| A. Pappa Sundaram
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| [[R. Manickam]]

| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| A. Pappa Sundaram
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| E. Ramar
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| R. Manickam<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://myneta.info/TamilNadu2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=1350|title = R.Manickam(DMK):Constituency- KULITHALAI(KARUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|51.37}}
{{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|48.85}}
{{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|54.78}}
{{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|50.42}}
{{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|52.78}}
{{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|49.19}}
{{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|69.83}}
{{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|43.02}}
{{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|64.05}}
{{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|52.96}}
{{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|33.59}}
{{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|53.68}}
{{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|49.68}}
{{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|64.04}}
{{bar percent|[[#1957|1957]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|47.32}}
}}

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kulithalai}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. A. Chandiran |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Karunakaran|party=AIADMK|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= Nanmaran|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= G. Balasubramani|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 221988|change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kulithalai}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Manickam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=100,829 |percentage=51.37% |change={{increase}} 2.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. R. Chandrasekar |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=77,289 |percentage=39.38% |change={{decrease}} 3.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Seeni Prakasu |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=11,511 |percentage=5.87% |change={{increase}} 4.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=1,191 |percentage=0.61% |change={{decrease}} 0.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Saravanan |party=Independent politician |votes=838 |percentage=0.43% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Nirosha |party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=761 |percentage=0.39% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Chandrasekar |party=Independent politician |votes=694 |percentage=0.35% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Manikandan |party=Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi |votes=674 |percentage=0.34% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Vellaiyan |party=Independent politician |votes=612 |percentage=0.31% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Anbalagan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=590 |percentage=0.30% |change={{decrease}} 0.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Suresh |party=Independent politician |votes=494 |percentage=0.25% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=23,540 |percentage=11.99% |change=5.53% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=196,265 |percentage=86.43% |change= -1.69% }}
{{Election box rejected|votes=165 |percentage=0.08% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 227,068 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 2.52% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kulithalai<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf |access-date= 30 Apr 2022 |archive-date= 30 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf |title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=E. Ramar |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=89,923 |percentage=48.85% |change={{increase}}8.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Chandrasekaran |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=78,027 |percentage=42.39% |change={{decrease}}12.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Jamuna Thangavel |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=6,726 |percentage=3.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=None Of The Above |party=None of the above |votes=1,906 |percentage=1.04% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Seeni Prakasu |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=1,643 |percentage=0.89% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. K. N. Shathakathulla |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,437 |percentage=0.78% |change={{decrease}}0.6 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Chandrasekaran |party=Independent politician |votes=1,031 |percentage=0.56% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Maruthaiveeran |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=950 |percentage=0.52% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Balasubramani |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=870 |percentage=0.47% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Jeganathan |party=Independent politician |votes=554 |percentage=0.30% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Selvam |party=Independent politician |votes=449 |percentage=0.24% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,896 |percentage=6.46% |change=-7.61% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=184,076 |percentage=88.13% |change= -0.67% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 208,870 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -5.93% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kulithalai<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu |work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf | archive-date =15 February 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Pappa Sundaram]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=87,459 |percentage=54.78% |change={{increase}} 14.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Manickam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=64,986 |percentage=40.70% |change={{decrease}} 9.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Dhanasekaran |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,200 |percentage=1.38% |change={{decrease}} 0.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. V. Chinnasami |party=Independent politician |votes=1,670 |percentage=1.05% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Prakashkanna |party=Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi |votes=1,344 |percentage=0.84% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Selvam |party=PPIS (Tamil Nadu) |votes=1,164 |percentage=0.73% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Kandasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=839 |percentage=0.53% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=22,473 |percentage=14.08% |change=3.94% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=179,805 |percentage=88.80% |change= 8.31% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 159,662 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 4.36% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2006===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kulithalai<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 2006 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | access-date = 12 May 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Manickam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=69,615 |percentage=50.42% |change={{increase}} 10.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Pappa Sundaram]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=55,626 |percentage=40.29% |change={{decrease}} 12.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Viswanathan |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=4,790 |percentage=3.47% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. C. Raju |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,010 |percentage=1.46% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Mahendran |party=Independent politician |votes=1,338 |percentage=0.97% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Nagarajan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,026 |percentage=0.74% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Kadirvelu |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,006 |percentage=0.73% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Boopathi |party=Independent politician |votes=900 |percentage=0.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Munusamy |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=700 |percentage=0.51% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Chinnasami |party=Independent politician |votes=357 |percentage=0.26% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Kothai |party=Independent politician |votes=355 |percentage=0.26% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,989 |percentage=10.13% |change=-3.19% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=138,070 |percentage=80.49% |change= 10.57% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 171,539 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -2.36% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kulithalai<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India |title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001 |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Pappa Sundaram]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=66,406 |percentage=52.78% |change={{increase}} 18.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Thirunavukkarasu |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=49,640 |percentage=39.46% |change={{decrease}} 9.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. R. Pugalendhe |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=5,492 |percentage=4.37% |change={{decrease}} 4.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Ramasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=2,292 |percentage=1.82% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Selvam |party=Independent politician |votes=1,077 |percentage=0.86% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Raju |party=Independent politician |votes=903 |percentage=0.72% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=16,766 |percentage=13.33% |change=-1.10% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=125,810 |percentage=69.92% |change= -4.79% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 179,980 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 3.60% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kulithalai<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1996 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Selvam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=60,521 |percentage=49.19% |change={{increase}} 20.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Pappa Sundaram]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=42,771 |percentage=34.76% |change={{decrease}} 35.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Pugalendhi |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=11,356 |percentage=9.23% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Kaliappan |party=Independent politician |votes=5,132 |percentage=4.17% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=E. Dravida Mani |party=Independent politician |votes=995 |percentage=0.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=L. Srirenga Reddiar |party=Janata Party |votes=578 |percentage=0.47% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. P. Erajalingam |party=Independent politician |votes=539 |percentage=0.44% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Karuppaian |party=Independent politician |votes=293 |percentage=0.24% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Thangavelu |party=Independent politician |votes=227 |percentage=0.18% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=J. Anbumozhi |party=Independent politician |votes=165 |percentage=0.13% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. J. Selvanathan |party=Independent politician |votes=143 |percentage=0.12% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=17,750 |percentage=14.43% |change=-26.64% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=123,046 |percentage=74.72% |change= 3.17% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 173,318 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -20.65% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kulithalai<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Pappa Sundaram]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=80,499 |percentage=69.83% |change={{increase}} 26.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. P. Sethiraman |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=33,158 |percentage=28.76% |change={{decrease}} 3.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Dharamaraju |party=Independent politician |votes=341 |percentage=0.30% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Vellusamy |party=Independent politician |votes=302 |percentage=0.26% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Somasundaram |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=299 |percentage=0.26% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Vellaisamy |party=Independent politician |votes=156 |percentage=0.14% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Mohan |party=Independent politician |votes=142 |percentage=0.12% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. R. Kannadasan |party=Tharasu Makkal Mandram |votes=137 |percentage=0.12% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. R. Ramasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=108 |percentage=0.09% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. K. Manoharan |party=Independent politician |votes=67 |percentage=0.06% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Ponnambalam |party=Independent politician |votes=66 |percentage=0.06% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=47,341 |percentage=41.07% |change=30.75% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=115,275 |percentage=71.55% |change= -7.39% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 165,240 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 26.81% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kulithalai<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Pappa Sundaram]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=49,231 |percentage=43.02% |change={{decrease}} 21.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Sivaraman |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=37,421 |percentage=32.70% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Karuppaiah |party=Independent politician |votes=17,551 |percentage=15.34% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Nallusamy |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=8,814 |percentage=7.70% |change={{decrease}} 56.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Sekar |party=Independent politician |votes=630 |percentage=0.55% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Thiagarajan |party=Independent politician |votes=397 |percentage=0.35% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Muthusamy Poojari |party=Independent politician |votes=206 |percentage=0.18% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Arockiam |party=Independent politician |votes=179 |percentage=0.16% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,810 |percentage=10.32% |change=-20.43% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=114,429 |percentage=78.94% |change= -0.35% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 147,731 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -21.03% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kulithalai<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | archive-date = 17 January 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=P. Musiri Puppnan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=62,165 |percentage=64.05% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. Karuppaiah |party=Communist Party of India |votes=32,317 |percentage=33.30% |change={{decrease}} 19.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Dearmaraj |party=Independent politician |votes=1,748 |percentage=1.80% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Rajalingam |party=Independent politician |votes=500 |percentage=0.52% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Annavi |party=Independent politician |votes=321 |percentage=0.33% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=29,848 |percentage=30.75% |change=21.01% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=97,051 |percentage=79.29% |change= 8.63% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 130,379 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= 11.09% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kulithalai<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=R. Karuppaiah |party=Communist Party of India |votes=44,525 |percentage=52.96% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. E. Srinivasa Reddiar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=36,336 |percentage=43.22% |change={{increase}} 9.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Periasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=2,737 |percentage=3.26% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Muthusamy Poosari |party=Independent politician |votes=474 |percentage=0.56% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,189 |percentage=9.74% |change=0.24% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=84,072 |percentage=70.66% |change= 2.56% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 120,320 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 19.37% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kulithalai<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=P. E. Srinivasa Reddiar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=27,043 |percentage=33.59% |change={{decrease}} 12.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Rasu |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=19,396 |percentage=24.09% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. V. Muthusamy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=18,581 |percentage=23.08% |change={{decrease}} 30.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. John Britto |party=Janata Party |votes=14,642 |percentage=18.19% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. S. Royappan |party=Independent politician |votes=843 |percentage=1.05% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,647 |percentage=9.50% |change=2.15% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=80,505 |percentage=68.09% |change= -10.09% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 119,673 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -20.08% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kulithalai<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Kandaswamy (Tamil Nadu politician)|M. Kandaswamy]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=44,198 |percentage=53.68% |change={{increase}} 4 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. E. Srinivasan Reddiar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=38,145 |percentage=46.32% |change={{increase}} 1.89 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,053 |percentage=7.35% |change=2.10% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=82,343 |percentage=78.18% |change= -1.67% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 107,450 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 4.00% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Kulithalai<ref>{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2012 |access-date= 19 April 2009}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Kandaswamy (Tamil Nadu politician)|M. Kandaswamy]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=36,120 |percentage=49.68% |change={{increase}} 13.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. E. S. Reddiar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=32,305 |percentage=44.43% |change={{decrease}} 19.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Karuppaiah |party=Communist Party of India |votes=3,949 |percentage=5.43% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Pillai |party=Independent politician |votes=336 |percentage=0.46% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,815 |percentage=5.25% |change=-22.84% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=72,710 |percentage=79.85% |change= 4.23% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 96,359 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -14.37% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Kulithalai<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India |title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |access-date= 19 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. Ramanathan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=47,243 |percentage=64.04% |change={{increase}} 33.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Rathanam |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=26,525 |percentage=35.96% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=20,718 |percentage=28.09% |change=10.86% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=73,768 |percentage=75.63% |change= 21.88% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 101,216 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= 16.72% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1957===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Kulithalai<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1957 | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf | access-date=2015-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Karunanidhi]] |party=Independent politician |votes=22,785 |percentage=47.32% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. A. Dharmalingam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,489 |percentage=30.09% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Venkatarama Naidu |party=Independent politician |votes=3,784 |percentage=7.86% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Shanmugham |party=Independent politician |votes=3,726 |percentage=7.74% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Govindan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,866 |percentage=3.88% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Rajagopala Iyengar |party=Independent politician |votes=759 |percentage=1.58% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. P. Veerappan |party=Independent politician |votes=740 |percentage=1.54% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,296 |percentage=17.23% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=48,149 |percentage=53.75% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 89,574 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |title=Statistical reports of assembly elections |access-date=8 July 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=5 October 2010 }}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}

{{coord|10.56|N|78.25|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Karur district]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Madras State]]

Nalin Soren

2026-04-24T13:28:59Z

BrandonGreenlee: Adding basic bio first draft.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{infobox officeholder
| name = Nalin Soren
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| constituency = [[Dumka Lok Sabha constituency|Dumka]]
| predecessor = [[Sunil Soren]]
| office1 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|Member]] of [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 15 November 2000
| term_end1 = 4 June 2024
| constituency1 = [[Sikaripara Assembly constituency|Sikaripara]]
| predecessor1 = ''State did not exist''
| office2 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|Member]] of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 1990
| term_end2 = 15 November 2000
| constituency2 = [[Sikaripara Assembly constituency|Sikaripara]]
| predecessor2 = David Murmu
| party = [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
| successor1 = [[Alok Kumar Soren]]
| image =
| image_size = 200
}}
'''Nalin Soren''' ({{IPA|hi|n̪əlɪn̪ soːɾeːn̪}}) is an Indian politician from [[Dumka district]] in [[Santhal Pargana Division]] in [[Jharkhand]] state and an active member of the [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]. He is an MLA since 1990, elected 7 times from [[Sikaripara Assembly constituency|Sikaripara]] (ST).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bisoee |first=Animesh |date=2024-04-05 |title=Jailed Jharkhand ex-chief minister Hemant Soren not to contest from Dumka |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/elections/lok-sabha-election-2024/jailed-jharkhand-ex-chief-minister-hemant-soren-not-to-contest-from-dumka/cid/2011251 |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=[[The Telegraph India]] |archive-date=5 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405024253/https://www.telegraphindia.com/elections/lok-sabha-election-2024/jailed-jharkhand-ex-chief-minister-hemant-soren-not-to-contest-from-dumka/cid/2011251 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nalin Soren (JMM):Constituency- Shikaripara(Dumka) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/jarka09/candidate.php?candidate_id=634 |access-date=2024-07-04 |website=myneta.info |archive-date=6 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006063605/https://myneta.info/jarka09/candidate.php?candidate_id=634 |url-status=live }}</ref> In Lok Sabha election 2024, JMM candidate Nalin Soren won the Dumka Lok Sabha seat.<ref>{{Cite news |title=In Lok Sabha election 2024, JMM candidate Nalin Soren won the Dumka Lok Sabha seat. |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/jamtara/workers-burst-firecrackers-on-the-victory-of-nalin-soren |url-status=live |access-date=1 July 2024 |archive-date=1 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240701073918/https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/jamtara/workers-burst-firecrackers-on-the-victory-of-nalin-soren }}</ref><ref name="Bullish Wins & Bearish Losses: Here are the key contests and results of 2024 Lok Sabha polls">{{cite news|last1=The Economic Times|title=Bullish Wins & Bearish Losses: Here are the key contests and results of 2024 Lok Sabha polls|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/bullish-wins-bearish-losses-here-are-the-key-contests-of-2024-lok-sabha-results/articleshow/110713130.cms?from=mdr|accessdate=27 July 2024|date=6 June 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727153249/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/bullish-wins-bearish-losses-here-are-the-key-contests-of-2024-lok-sabha-results/articleshow/110713130.cms?from=mdr|archivedate=27 July 2024}}</ref> Nalin Soren completed B.Sc. Part I from Sahibganj College, Bhagalpur University, in 1969.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.myneta.info/LokSabha2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=9321 |title=Nalin Soren: Candidate Details |accessdate=2024-12-10}}</ref>

==Political career==
Nalin Soren was elected to the 18th Lok Sabha in June 2024 and has been serving as a Member of the Committee on Chemicals and Fertilizers since 26 September 2024. He served as the Chief Whip of the Jharkhand Mukti Morcha (JMM) on multiple occasions, holding the position from 22 December 2019, to 13 June 2024, as well as from 22 December 2014, to 2019, and from 1 March 2009, to 2014. Earlier, he served as a Cabinet Minister from 1 March 2005, to 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sansad.in/ls/members/biographyM/ |title=Profile: Nalin Soren |accessdate=2024-12-10}}</ref>

==Electoral record==
===State Legislative Assembly===
{|class="wikitable"
!Year
!colspan="2"|Party
!Constituency Name
!Result
!Votes gained
!Vote share%
!Margin
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|bgcolor={{party color|Independent}}|
|[[Independent politician|Ind.]]
|rowspan="4"|[[Sikaripara Assembly constituency|Sikaripara (Bihar)]] (ST)
|{{Lost}}
|9,478
|23.58%
|5,214
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|rowspan="7" bgcolor={{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}|
| rowspan="7"|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]]
|{{Won}}
|27,799
|44.12%
|19,305
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|{{Won}}
|36,073
|36.96%
|16,422
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|{{Won}}
|39,259
|47.46%
|16,133
|-
|[[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|rowspan="4"|[[Sikaripara Assembly constituency|Sikaripara (Jharkhand)]] (ST)
|{{Won}}
|27,723
|29.66%
|3,082
|-
|[[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|{{Won}}
|30,474
|28.30%
|1,003
|-
|[[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|{{Won}}
|61,901
|42.04%
|24,501
|-
|[[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|{{Won}}
|79,400
|51.78%
|29,471
|-
|}

===Lok Sabha===
{|class="wikitable"
!Year
!colspan="2"|Party
!Constituency Name
!Result
!Votes gained
!Vote share%
!Margin
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Dumka">{{cite news |publisher=Election Commission of India |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Dumka |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S272.htm |access-date=28 June 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628184952/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S272.htm |archive-date=28 June 2024}}</ref>
|bgcolor={{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}|
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]]
|[[Dumka Lok Sabha constituency|Dumka]] (ST)
| {{Won}}
| 547370
| 46.23%
| 22527
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
*[[List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{18th Lok Sabha members from Jharkhand}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Soren, Nalin}}
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1990–1995]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance candidates in 2024 Indian general election]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1995–2000]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2000–2005]]
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2005–2009]]
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2000–2005]]
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Jharkhand Mukti Morcha politicians]]

{{Jharkhand-politician-stub}}

Lost and Found (2016 Indian film)

2026-04-23T16:02:44Z

BrandonGreenlee: Adding the entry basic info

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Lost and Found
| image = Poster_of_lost_and_found_marathi_film.jpg
| caption = Official poster of Lost and Found - Marathi Film.
| director = [[Ruturaj Dhalgade]]
| producer = Golden Gate Motion Pictures, Vinod Malgewar
| writer = [[Ruturaj Dhalgade]]
| screenplay = [[Ruturaj Dhalgade]]
| based_on =
| starring = [[Siddharth Chandekar]] [[Spruha Joshi]] <nowiki>Mangesh Desai</nowiki> [[Mohan Agashe]]
| music = Shubhankar Shembekar
| cinematography = Ramesh Bhosale.
| editing = Jitendra Dongare
| studio = Golden Gate Motion Pictures
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2016|7|29}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Lost and Found''''' is a [[Marathi language|Marathi]] film produced by Vinod Malgewar under banner Golden Gate Motion Pictures. The movie is written and directed by Ruturaj Dhalgade, starring [[Spruha Joshi]], [[Siddharth Chandekar]], [[Mohan Agashe]] and Mangesh Desai.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Spruha-and-Siddharth-excited-for-their-next-outing/articleshow/50877751.cms |title=Spruha and Siddharth excited for their next outing - Times of India |newspaper=The Times of India |publisher=}}</ref> It is a love story with a difference of opinions.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Chocolate-boy-Siddharth-Chandekar-sports-a-suave-look/articleshow/51441962.cms |title=Chocolate boy Siddharth Chandekar sports a suave look - Times of India |newspaper=The Times of India |publisher=}}</ref>

== Plot ==
'''Lost & Found''' is basically a love story of Manas ([[Siddharth Chandekar]]) and Naina ([[Spruha Joshi]]) dealing with loneliness in their personal lives. Since loneliness has become a prominent part of our urban lives, Lost & Found empathizes ignored human emotions with a basic motive of bringing happiness in the lives of lonely people. The four characters – Manas, Naina, Maruti (Mangesh Desai) & Shrirang Kaka ([[Mohan Agashe]]) take an initiative against loneliness and thereby resurrecting their own lonely lives.

== Cast ==
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Siddharth Chandekar]] as Manas
* [[Spruha Joshi]] as Naina
* [[Mohan Agashe]] as Shrirang Kaka
* [[Mangesh Desai]] as Maruti
*[[Tejaswi Patil]] as Aparna
*[[Ritika Shrotri]] as Leena
*[[Gauri Konge]] as Mughda
*[[Shubhangi Damle]] as Nene Kaku
{{div col end}}

== Reviews ==
Mihir Bhanage of [[The Times of India|Times Entertainment]] gave the movie 2.5 stars and wrote "This is a film that falls in the not-very-good and not-very-bad category. You can give it a try"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lost and Found Movie Review {2.5/5}: Critic Review of Lost and Found by Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/lost-found-movie-review/movie-review/53452107.cms |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>. [[The Times of India|Pune Mirror]] wrote "I was happier with the director's (Ruturaj Dhalgade) previous film, "[[Slam Book (film)|Slambook]]", which had a problematic ending but was far more enjoyable. This one is neither here nor there. It doesn't discuss the social issues connected with the theme adequately and doesn't make us care for the characters enough. Ultimately, it's just another Marathi film, releasing this week."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-07-28 |title=FILM REVIEW: LOST & FOUND - Pune Times Mirror |url=https://punemirror.com/news/film-review-lost-found/ |access-date=2026-04-23 |language=en-US}}</ref> Rasik Tirodkar of Marathistars.com wrote "A cliche-ridden film with a weak screenplay that makes very little emotional connect."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tirodkar |first=Rasik |date=2016-07-29 |title=Lost and Found Review: Mangesh Desai shines Again! |url=https://marathistars.com/reviews/lost-found-movie-review-dull-cliched-romantic-drama/ |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=MarathiStars |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
The film was theatrically released on 29 July 2016.<ref name=":0" />
=== Home media ===
The film was digitally released on 1 February 2024 on [[Ultra Jhakaas]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=MMW |first=Team |date=2024-01-31 |title='Lost and Found' to be released on Ultra Jhakaas Marathi OTT |url=https://marathimovieworld.com/news/lost-and-found-to-be-released-on-ultra-jhakaas-marathi-ott.php |access-date=2024-02-26 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The film's soundtrack is composed by Shubhankar Shembekar with lyrics penned by Dr.Rahul Deshpande & [[Spruha Joshi]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mp3marathi.in/marathi-movies/lost-and-found-2016-marathi-movie-songs/ |title=Lost And Found (2016) Marathi Movie Songs |date=8 July 2016 |language=en-US |access-date=18 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Lost And Found |date=6 July 2016 |url=http://www.saavn.com/p/album/marathi/Lost-And-Found-2016/jj2pNNpT07U_ |accessdate=18 July 2016}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!<abbr>No.</abbr>
!Title
!Music
!Singer(s)
!Length
|-
|1.
|"Tu Saad De"
|[[Shubhankar Shembekar]]
|[[Hrishikesh Ranade]]
|3:39
|-
|2.
|"Aas Hi Navi"
|Shubhankar Shembekar
|[[Swapnaja Lele]], Hrishikesh Ranade
|4:33
|-
|3.
|"Ye Na Zara"
|Shubhankar Shembekar
|[[Sonia Mundhe]], Shubhankar
|4:04
|-
|4.
|"Saang Na"
|Shubhankar Shembekar
|[[Preeti Pillai]], Shubhankar
|5:12
|-
|5.
|"Saawalya" (Female)
|Shubhankar Shembekar
|[[Priyanka Barve]]
|3:42
|-
|6.
|"Saawalya" (Male)
|Shubhankar Shembekar
|Hrishikesh Ranade
|3:41
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|6080004}}
* {{Facebook|LostAndFoundMarathiFilm}}

[[Category:2016 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]

Prathipadu, Kakinada district

2026-04-22T11:59:42Z

BrandonGreenlee: Adding new location and citations

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Prathipadu
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = telugu
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Swami Vivekananda statue at Prattipadu
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17.2333|N|82.2000|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_name = prathipadu[[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kakinada district|Kakinada]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 533432
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 08868
| registration_plate_type = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|Vehicle Registration]]
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India|AP05 (Former)]] AP39 (from 30 January 2019)<ref>{{cite news |title=New ‘AP 39’ code to register vehicles in Andhra Pradesh launched |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203234146/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 February 2019 |accessdate=9 June 2019 |work=The New Indian Express |date=31 January 2019 |location=Vijayawada}}</ref>
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Prathipadu''' mandal is one of the constituency and a mandal in the [[Kakinada]] district of the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is located in [[Kakinada district]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Mandal wise list of villages in East Godavari district|url=http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/eastgodavari.pdf|website=Chief Commissioner of Land Administration|publisher=National Informatics Centre|accessdate=7 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121141044/http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/EastGodavari.pdf|archivedate=21 January 2015|format=PDF}}</ref>

== Geography ==

Prattipadu is located at {{coord|17.2333|N|82.2000|E|}}.<ref>[https://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/02/Prattipadu2.html Falling Rain Genomics.Prattipadu]</ref> It has an average elevation of 29 meters (98 feet).

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Kakinada district}}

[[Category:Villages in Kakinada district]]

{{Kakinada-geo-stub}}

Chowkham Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T23:41:35Z

BrandonGreenlee: started

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Arunachal Pradesh State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Chowkham
| state = [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 46
| district = [[Namsai district|Namsai]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Arunachal East Lok Sabha constituency|Arunachal East]]
| established = 1990
| reservation = ST
| map_image = Chowkham Assembly constituency map.svg
| mla = [[Chowna Mein]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| electors = 14,338

}}
'''Chowkham''' is one of the 60 [[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] state in [[India]].<ref name=ceoarunachal-ACs>{{cite web |url=http://ceoarunachal.nic.in/gismaps.html |title=GIS Maps of State, Districts & ACs|website=ceoarunachal.nic.in |accessdate= 27 June 2020 |archive-date=2020-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627145610/http://ceoarunachal.nic.in/gismaps.html}}</ref>

It is part of [[Namsai district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]]. As of 2019, it is represented by [[Chowna Mein]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name=results2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11675-arunachal-pradesh-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Arunachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2019 - Arunachal Pradesh - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |date= |author= |accessdate= 24 January 2021}}</ref>{{update after|2024|7}}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1990 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || Sokio Dellang || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1995 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || [[Chow Tewa Mein]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1999 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || Indrajit Namchoom || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[2004 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]] ||rowspan=3| [[Chow Tewa Mein]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4039-arunachal-pradesh-2009/ |title=Arunachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4040-arunachal-pradesh-2014/ |title=Arunachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name=results2019/>
|rowspan=2|[[Chowna Mein]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name="Election Results 2024 Arunachal Pradesh: Full list of winners on all 60 Legislative Assembly seats of Arunachal Pradesh">{{cite news |last1=The Indian Express |date=2 June 2024 |title=Election Results 2024 Arunachal Pradesh: Full list of winners on all 60 Legislative Assembly seats of Arunachal Pradesh |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/election-results-2024-arunachal-pradesh-full-list-of-winners-on-all-60-legislative-assembly-seats-of-arunachal-pradesh-9366866/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603080201/https://indianexpress.com/elections/election-results-2024-arunachal-pradesh-full-list-of-winners-on-all-60-legislative-assembly-seats-of-arunachal-pradesh-9366866/ |archive-date=3 June 2024 |access-date=3 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024: Complete list of constituency-wise winners">{{cite news |last1=India TV News |last2= |first2= |date=2 June 2024 |title=Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024: Complete list of constituency-wise winners |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/arunachal-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-list-of-constituency-wise-leading-winning-candidates-parties-bjp-congress-pema-khandu-updates-2024-06-02-934271 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603080244/https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/arunachal-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-list-of-constituency-wise-leading-winning-candidates-parties-bjp-congress-pema-khandu-updates-2024-06-02-934271 |archive-date=3 June 2024 |access-date=3 June 2024 |work= |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Chowkham<ref>{{cite news |last1=India TV News |last2= |first2= |date=2 June 2024 |title=Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024: Complete list of constituency-wise winners |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/arunachal-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-list-of-constituency-wise-leading-winning-candidates-parties-bjp-congress-pema-khandu-updates-2024-06-02-934271 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603080244/https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/arunachal-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-list-of-constituency-wise-leading-winning-candidates-parties-bjp-congress-pema-khandu-updates-2024-06-02-934271 |archive-date=3 June 2024 |access-date=3 June 2024 |work= |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=[[Chowna Mein]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=14,338 |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,338 |ref = |change= {{increase}}1.80 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Chowkham}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Chowna Mein]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=8,908 |percentage=82.03% |change={{increase}}55.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khunang Kri |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,617 |percentage=14.89% |change={{decrease}}40.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=334 |percentage=3.08% |change={{increase}}1.38 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,291 |percentage=67.14% |change= {{increase}}38.25 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,859 |percentage=77.10% |change= {{increase}}0.62 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,084 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.54 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}26.35 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Chowkham<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2014/Stat_Rep_Arunachal_Pradesh_2014.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813080618/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2014/Stat_Rep_Arunachal_Pradesh_2014.pdf|archive-date=13 August 2021|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Chowna Mein]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,578 |percentage=55.69% |change={{decrease}}5.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sotai Kri |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,684 |percentage=26.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chow Rajanam Namchoom |party=Independent politician |votes=802 |percentage=8.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sotothalai |party=Independent politician |votes=783 |percentage=7.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=170 |percentage=1.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,894 |percentage=28.89% |change= {{increase}}6.99 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,017 |percentage=76.48% |change= {{decrease}}1.18 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,097 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}1.27 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}5.26 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Chowkham<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/stat_AR_Aug2009.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404184244/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/stat_AR_Aug2009.pdf|archive-date=4 April 2017|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Chowna Mein]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,279 |percentage=60.95% |change={{increase}}40.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chow Chinakong Namchoom |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=4,023 |percentage=39.05% |change={{increase}}29.48 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,256 |percentage=21.90% |change= {{increase}}14.31 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,302 |percentage=77.66% |change= {{increase}}14.72 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,265 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}0.16 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Chowkham<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AR_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324145008/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AR_2004.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Chowna Mein]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,431 |percentage=29.07% |change={{increase}}23.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chow Indrajit Namchoom |party=Independent politician |votes=1,796 |percentage=21.48% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nang Frica Namshum |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,721 |percentage=20.58% |change={{decrease}}18.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sokio Dellang |party=Independent politician |votes=1,615 |percentage=19.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chow Noumee Namshoom |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=800 |percentage=9.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=635 |percentage=7.59% |change= {{decrease}}7.58 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,363 |percentage=62.95% |change= {{decrease}}2.21 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,286 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.88 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}25.61 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Chowkham<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AR99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AR99.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Indrajit Namchoom |party=Independent politician |votes=4,429 |percentage=54.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Chowna Mein]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,200 |percentage=39.51% |change={{decrease}}8.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tasaso Yun |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=471 |percentage=5.81% |change={{increase}}2.79 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,229 |percentage=15.17% |change= {{increase}}4.59 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,100 |percentage=67.81% |change= {{decrease}}14.99 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,431 |ref = |change= {{increase}}24.91 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1995 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Chowkham<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-AR95.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144239/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-AR95.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Chowna Mein]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,793 |percentage=47.56% |change={{increase}}26.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Indrajit Namchoom |party=Janata Dal |votes=2,949 |percentage=36.97% |change={{increase}}11.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sokio Dellang |party=Janata Party |votes=993 |percentage=12.45% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tasaso Yun |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=241 |percentage=3.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=844 |percentage=10.58% |change= {{increase}}4.55 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,976 |percentage=82.34% |change= {{increase}}4.00 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,952 |ref = |change= {{increase}}34.41 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}16.30 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Chowkham<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statistical%20Report%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statistical%20Report%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sokio Dellang |party=Independent politician |votes=1,762 |percentage=31.25% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Chowna Mein]] |party=Janata Dal |votes=1,422 |percentage=25.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chow Chandret Gohain |party=Independent politician |votes=1,243 |percentage=22.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chow Tiyat Manjeykhun |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,211 |percentage=21.48% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=340 |percentage=6.03% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,638 |percentage=77.66% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,404 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Namsai district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh}}

{{coord|27.81|96.09|display=title}}

[[Category:Namsai district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1990]]
[[Category:1990 establishments in Arunachal Pradesh]]

Inayatullah Khan Sial

2026-04-15T22:32:26Z

BrandonGreenlee: Starting a data - done

{{Short description|Sardar of Jhang from 1747 to 1787}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Inayatullah Khan Sial
| title = [[Sardar]] [[Zamindar]] [[Nawab]]
| succession = [[List of monarchs of Punjab|Sardar of Jhang]]
| predecessor = Walidad Khan Sial
| image =
| successor = Sultan Mahmud Sial
| regent = Shahadat Khan Sial (1747–1751) Diwan Bhawani Das (1751–1787)
| reg-type = [[Vizier|Wazir]]
| father = Bahram Khan Sial
| full name =
| issue = Sultan Mahmud Sial Sahib Khan Sial
| reign = {{Nowrap|1747 – 26 November 1787}}
| birth_date = {{circa|1715}}
| birth_place = [[Jhang|Jhangi Sialan]], [[Sial dynasty|Jhang State]], [[Subah of Lahore|Lahore Subah]], [[Mughal Empire]] (modern-day [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], Pakistan)
| death_place = Jhangi Sialan, Jhang State
| burial_place = [[Tomb of Heer Ranjha|Mai Heer Cemetery]]
| spouse = Fateh Bibi
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1787|11|26|1715|||df=yes}}
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]] ([[Hanafi school|Hanafi]])
| dynasty = [[Sial dynasty|Sial]]
| house = [[Sial (tribe)#|Jalalkhanana]]
}}
'''Inayatullah Khan Sial''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: عنایت اللہ خان سیال) was an 18th-century [[Punjabi Muslim]] general and [[Tribal chief|chieftain]] who served as the 14th [[List of monarchs of Punjab|Sardar of Jhang]]. He succeeded his uncle Walidad Khan, who died heirless in 1747 and ruled until his own death in 1787. He was succeeded by his son Sultan Mahmud.

The [[Sial dynasty|Jhang State]] reached its zenith under Inayatullah Khan, who won 22 battles against the [[Bhangi Misl]] and the [[List of monarchs of Punjab|Nawabs of Multan]]. He also retook [[Chiniot]] from the Bhangis, which was lost to them early in his reign.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Our History {{!}} Jhang |url=https://jhang.punjab.gov.pk/our-history |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521070826/https://jhang.punjab.gov.pk/our-history |archive-date=21 May 2024 |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=jhang.punjab.gov.pk |language=en |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Early life==
Little is known about the early life of Inayatullah Khan. He accompanied his uncle Walidad Khan to his expeditions against the chiefs of [[Kheiwa]], [[Sandal Bar]], [[Shorkot]], [[Chiniot]], [[Kamalia]], [[Sahiwal]] and [[Mari Shah Sakhira]]. He married Walidad's daughter and his only child, Fateh Bibi, and from whom he had a son named Sultan Mahmud. He had another son, Sahib Khan, through one of his concubines. He succeeded Walidad Khan after his death in [[Sodhra]] in 1747.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sir Lepel Henry Griffin |first=Charles Francis Massy |url=https://archive.org/details/panjabchiefshis00massgoog/page/n97/mode/1up |title=The Panjab chiefs: historical and biographical notices of the ..., Volume 2 |publisher=Civil and Military Gazette press, 1890 |others=Harvard University |language=English}}</ref>

==Reign==
At the beginning of his rule, he came into conflict with his cousin and brother-in-law Shahadat Khan who was a contender to the throne, but both came to terms, and Shahadat Khan was appointed his Wazir. Differences rose between both of them, and in 1751, Shahadat Khan took up arms against him but was defeated at [[Trimmu Barrage|Trimmu Ghat]]. Inayatullah again confronted Shahadat Khan in [[Sultanpur, Jhelum|Sultanpur]] where he was defeated again and subsequently succumbed to his injuries on 26 July 1751.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/tareekh-e-jhang-bilal-zubairi-unknown-author-ebooks?pageId=04DFCD58-A12E-4164-A151-2C2F70A43898&targetId=&bookmarkType=&referer=&myaction=&websiteId=0&sourceRef=&_ga=2.217084822.1877799436.1739466707-624894984.1737148797 |title=tareekh e jhang|pages=198 |language=en |access-date=2025-02-16}}</ref>

===Offensive against Sials of Rashidpur===
The town of Rashidpur was a Jagir granted to the Sials who shared a common ancestry with Inayatullah through Jalal Khan, the 4th chief of Jhang in the early 17th-century. After the incident of Shahadat Khan, Ahmad Yar Khan of Rashidpur asserted autonomy and tried to break away from the state. Inayatullah Khan, along with Zareef Khan, waged war against Ahmad Yar Khan. Ahmad Yar Khan met Zareef Khan at the gates of Rashidpur. After heavy fighting and the loss of a total 800 men from both sides, a wounded Ahmad Yar Khan surrendered, and Rashidpur was conquered.<ref name=":1" />

Ahmad Yar Khan fled to Multan, where he accepted the suzerainty of Ahmad Shah while a ''[[Bakshi#Indian title|Bakshi]]'' was appointed in Rashidpur. Ahmad Yar Khan, seeking revenge, gathered his kinsmen and secretly came to Rashidpur, where he deceived its Bakshi by hiding the ammunition and canons and forced him to resign. Thus, on 25 July 1754, Ahmad Yar Khan became the first independent Sardar of Rashidpur. To certify his claim, he formed an alliance with the [[Durrani Empire|Durrani]] governor of [[Derajat]] Mahmud Khan Gujjar against Inayatullah Khan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Punjab Government |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.105607/page/n45/mode/1up?q=Inayatulla |title=Gazetteer Of The Jhang District |date=1883 |pages=}}</ref>

Ahmad Yar Khan, who couldn't intervene in the internal matters of [[Jhang]], sent a delegation to Inayatullah demanding peace and reconciliation between the two Sial factions. Inayatullah thus allowed Ahmad Yar Khan and his men to meet him at Jhang, but just when he was about to welcome them unarmed, Ahmad Yar Khan, along with his men subdued him in his own palace and took him as a prisoner to Rashidpur. He stayed there for 4 months while the administration of Jhang was held by his prime minister, Diwan Bhawani Das. Bhawani Das urged Mahmud Khan Gujjar to intervene in this matter and free Inayatullah Khan. An agreement was made in which Jhang accepted the independence of Rashidpur for the freedom of Inayatullah Khan.<ref name=":1" />

===Confrontation with Khakwani of Multan and Alliance with the Tiwanas===
Just after gaining his freedom, Inayatullah was taken aback as [[Ali Mohammad Khakwani]] of Multan forcibly took [[Mari Shah Sakhira]] and placed Deen Mohammad Khan as its [[Hakim (title)|hakim]]. Inayatullah Khan at once set forth for Mari and fought off Deen Mohammad, who was killed in the ensuing battle. In 1757, Mari was given to Sher Khan Tiwana, the [[Tiwana family of Shahpur|Sardar of Shahpur]] as a requital for annual tribute and as a form of alliance between the [[Tiwana family of Shahpur|Tiwana]] and [[Sial (tribe)|Sial]] families.<ref>{{Cite web |title=District Website |url=https://jhang.dc.lhc.gov.pk/publicpages/HistoryOfDistrict.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208121729/https://jhang.dc.lhc.gov.pk/PublicPages/HistoryOfDistrict.aspx |archive-date=8 December 2023 |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=jhang.dc.lhc.gov.pk |url-status=live }}</ref>

Khakwani, who had foreseen these events, didn't sit quiet and to weaken Inayatullah's dominion won over the Sials of [[Shorkot]] by giving them Jagirs in Multan. As this challenged the local traditions of the Sial tribe, Inayatullah raised an army and left for Shorkot to settle the dispute. Khakwani interpreted this as an invasion and readied his men for an attack. Inayatullah gathered his nearby tribesmen and met Khakwani's forces near Kotla Muhammad Zarif Khan. The fighting pursued for 3 days but at last went in the favour of Inayatullah. Inayatullah then captured Shorkot, Kotla Zarif, Sarai Sidhu, and [[Garh Maharaja]] and gave the won over Jagirs to his loyal tribesmen.<ref name=":1" />

===Campaigns against the Sikhs===
These changes of events did not sit well with Ali Mohammad Khakwani. Khakwani, who wanted to annoy Inayatullah, gave Sikh mercenaries Surat Singh and Ajab Singh a contingent of the Multani army and the administration of Nekokara, a village at the border of Jhang state. Both commanders barged into Sial territories and looted various towns and villages. To deal with the saboteurs, Inayatullah camped at [[Jabboana]] without any supply of men. Surat Singh and Ajab Singh quickly responded by attacking Jabboana, but Inayatullah, with the help from the local populace, defeated the Sikhs. With Ajab Singh killed, Surat Singh fled the battlefield, leaving Nekokara in the hands of the Sials.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Umair Mirza |url=https://archive.org/details/the-rajas-of-the-punjab/page/459/mode/1up?q=Sial |title=The Rajas of The Punjab |date=1873}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

On the other hand, Sher Khan Tiwana rebelled against Inayatullah Khan and contacted [[Maha Singh|Maha Singh Sandhawalia]] of [[Sukerchakia Misl]]. Both of them raised an army of 3,000 men against Inayatullah Khan, who had now allied himself with [[Jhanda Singh Dhillon]] and [[Ganda Singh Dhillon]] of [[Bhangi Misl]]. In the initial skirmishes, Sher Khan routed Inayatullah's forces, but after assembling his forces, Inayatullah defeated Sher Khan and expelled him from Mari Shah Sakhira which was instead given to Muhammad Khan, the [[Khans of Sahiwal|Sardar of Sahiwal]].<ref name=":1" />

In 1782, Desu Singh Dhillon, the successor of Ganda Singh, had vowed to capture [[Chiniot]] after Inayatullah refused to pay him the agreed tribute in 1778 which was in effect since 1765 when Desu Singh's father [[Hari Singh Dhillon]] captured and plundered Chiniot. Inayatullah called upon Anup Singh and Balni Singh, the [[Kiladar|Qiladars]] of Chiniot, and sent a message to [[Nawab Muzaffar Khan]] of Multan for military assistance. Muzaffar Khan, at once, despatched a force under Diwan Singh to Jhang. The combined army then went straight for Chiniot, which was already at that time under the authority of Desu Singh. A fierce battle broke out, but Desu Singh was outclassed and was shot and killed while his forces dispersed and retreated. Inayatullah, victorious, stayed in Chiniot for some time to restore order and then went back to Jhang.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Chhabra |first=G. S. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.29082/page/476/mode/1up |title=Advanced study in History of the Punjab vol.1 |date=1960 |language=English}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Punjab Government |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.105607/page/n44/mode/1up |title=Gazetteer Of The Jhang District |date=1883}}</ref>

===Later campaigns===
The [[Kathia]] sardars of [[Shorkot]] on behalf of the [[Kharal|Kharals]], asked Inayatullah Khan to give the region around [[Kamalia]] to the Kharals. As a matter of goodwill, he granted this land for an annual 1,000 rupees tribute and a gift of 5 horses.<ref name=":3" />

After the death of Noorang Khan Jaskani, the chief of Hyderabad Thall and an officer of the [[Nawabs of Mankera|Nawab of Mankera]] Hayat Khan Jaskani, his three sons; Noor Khan, Sarang Khan and Khushhal Khan, wanted the chieftaincy for themselves. Khushhal Khan went to Jhang for assistance as his brothers expelled him from Hyderabad Thall. Inayatullah Khan himself went to resolve the dispute, and after seeing the vast Jhang army, both the brothers absconded, leaving behind Hyderabad Thall to Inayatullah, who appointed Khushhal Khan as its chief.<ref name=":1" />

The Qiladar of [[Hadali]], Mabara Khan, who was a subordinate of Sher Khan Tiwana, defied his orders and asserted independence. Sher Khan Tiwana asked Inayatullah, who had just reached Jhang from Hyderabad Thall for military backing. Inayatullah cooperated with Sher Khan Tiwana, but Mabara Khan had foreseen these events and presented the keys of Hadali to Inayatullah, who in return gave them to Sher Khan Tiwana for an annual tribute of 2 horses.<ref name=":1" />

[[Ahmadpur Sial Tehsil|Ahmadpur Sial]], a Jagir of Ahmad Sial Rajbana, was under the governance of Multan. The Rajbanas raided Garh Maharaja, which was under the authority of Jhang. Inayatullah first initiated peace talks, but after its failure, camped at Garh Maharaja and then took Ahmadpur Sial without any resistance. He pardoned the Rajbanas but ordered them to give him the same annual tribute which they provided to Multan.<ref name=":1" />

In 1787, Jahan Khan Barakzai, a commander of Emir [[Timur Shah Durrani]], came to Punjab for an inspection of an invasion and was welcomed by Inayatullah to Jhang. He stayed there for a while and then left for Lahore. At the end of his career, Inayatullah gave the Jagir of Uch Gul Imam and an annual pension to a [[Sufism|Sufi]] Saint, Syed Zulf Ali, also known as Shah Gul Muhammad.<ref name=":2" />

==Death==
Inayatullah Khan died on 26 November 1787 (15 [[Safar]] 1202 [[Islamic calendar|AH]]) in his residence in Jhang and was succeeded by his elder son Sultan Mahmud.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" />

==Legacy==
Inayatullah Khan proved to be one of the last effective Muslim chieftains of [[Punjab]] as other regional rulers like [[Muqarrab Khan Gakhar|Muqarrab Khan]] of [[list of rulers of Pothohar plateau|Pothohar]], [[Khans of Sahiwal|Fateh Khan]] of [[Sahiwal]] and [[Nawab Muzaffar Khan|Muzaffar Khan]] of [[Multan]] were defeated by the Sikhs in late 18th or early 19th-century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wikeley |first=J. M. |url=https://archive.org/details/punjabimusalmans00wikeuoft/page/142/mode/1up?q=Sial |title=Punjabi Musalmans |date=n.d. |publisher=Lahore Book House |others=Robarts - University of Toronto}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sial, Inayatullah Khan}}

[[Category:1715 births]]
[[Category:1787 deaths]]
[[Category:People from the Subah of Lahore]]
[[Category:Punjabi warriors]]

{{Improve categories|date=February 2025}}

Barpeta Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:53:49Z

BrandonGreenlee: Created Basic Details Needs Work - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Assam legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Barpeta
| constituency_no = 24
| type = SLA
| map_image = Barpeta Assembly constituency map 2023.svg
| state = [[Assam]]
| latest_election_year =
| loksabha_cons = [[Barpeta Lok Sabha constituency|Barpeta]]
| district = [[Barpeta district|Barpeta]]
| established = 1957
| reservation = SC
| incumbent_image =
| mla =
| party =
| alliance =
| electors =
}}
'''Barpeta Assembly constituency''' is one of the 126 assembly constituencies of [[Assam]] a [[Northeast India|Northeastern]] state of [[India]]. [[Barpeta]] is also part of [[Barpeta Lok Sabha constituency]].

This constituency is reserved for the [[Scheduled Caste]] candidates since 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies of State of Assam|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date = 2025-11-28}}</ref>

==Town Details==

*Country: India.
* State: Assam.
* District: Barpeta district.
* Lok Sabha Constituency: Barpeta Lok Sabha constituency.
* Area Includes: Barpeta MB, Sarthebari TC, Chenga Dev. Block(Part), Gumafulbari Dev. Block(Part), Mandia Dev. Block(Part), Sarukhetri Dev. Block(Part), Barpeta Dev. Block(Part), Pakabetbari Dev. Block(Part), Bhowanipur Dev. Block(Part).

==Member of Legislative Assembly==

* 1957: [[Mahadev Das]], [[Indian National Congress]].
* 1957: [[Srihari Das]], [[Praja Socialist Party]].
* 1962: [[Madhusudhan Das]], [[Praja Socialist Party]].
* 1965: D.Talukdar, [[Indian National Congress]].
* 1967: S.N. Das, [[Praja Socialist Party]].
* 1972: [[Surendra Nath Da]], [[Indian National Congress]].
* 1978: A. Latif, Independent.
* 1983: [[Ismail Hussain]], Independent.
* 1985: [[Kumar Deepak Das]], Independent.
* 1991: [[Ismail Hussain]], [[Indian National Congress]].
* 1996: [[Ismail Hussain]], [[All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)]].
* 2001: [[Ismail Hussain]], [[Indian National Congress]].
* 2006: [[Gunindra Nath Das]], [[Asom Gana Parishad]].
* 2011: [[Abdur Rahim Khan (politician)|Abdur Rahim Khan]], [[All India United Democratic Front]].
* 2016: [[Gunindra Nath Das]], [[Asom Gana Parishad]].
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|[[Abdur Rahim Ahmed]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Barpeta}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Dipak Kumar Das|party=Asom Gana Parishad|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate|candidate= Uddhab Chandra Das|party=[[Independent politician|Independent]]|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate|candidate=Gagan Chandra Haloi|party=[[Independent politician|Independent]] |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
{{election box begin|title= Rejected Nominations}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mahananda Sarkar| party=Indian National Congress|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Barpeta}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Asom Gana Parishad
|candidate = Gunindra Nath Das
|votes = 63,563
|percentage = 38.95
|change = +4.94
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = A. Rahim Ahmed
|votes = 57,753
|percentage = 35.39
|change = +20.57
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India United Democratic Front
|candidate = Abdur Rahim Khan
|votes = 37,697
|percentage = 23.10
|change = -20.29
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Sanjay Kumar Das
|votes = 936
|percentage = 0.57
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Republican Party of India
|candidate = Atikur Rahman
|votes = 820
|percentage = 0.50
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Faruk Khan
|votes = 774
|percentage = 0.47
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Sohrab Hussain
|votes = 672
|percentage = 0.41
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 937
|percentage = 0.57
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 5,810
|percentage = 3.56
|change = -5.82
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,63,152
|percentage = 90.11
|change = +3.79
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 1,81,058
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Asom Gana Parishad
|loser = All India United Democratic Front
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Barpeta}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India United Democratic Front
|candidate = Abdur Rahim Khan
|votes = 56,915
|percentage = 43.39
|change = +31.06
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Asom Gana Parishad
|candidate = Gunindra Nath Das
|votes = 44,606
|percentage = 34.01
|change = -7.98
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Abdul Kayem
|votes = 19,443
|percentage = 14.82
|change = -24.58
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bodoland People's Front
|candidate = Abdul Kaddus
|votes = 4,941
|percentage = 3.77
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Amiya Kumar Talukdar
|votes = 3,962
|percentage = 3.02
|change = -1.49
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Jeherul Haque
|votes = 1,297
|percentage = 0.99
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 12,309
|percentage = 9.38
|change = +6.79
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,31,164
|percentage = 86.32
|change = +4.99
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 1,51,943
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = All India United Democratic Front
|loser = Asom Gana Parishad
|swing = +11.54
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2006===
{{Election box begin|
title=Assam Legislative Assembly election, 2006: Barpeta}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Asom Gana Parishad
|candidate = Gunindra Nath Das
|votes = 48,052
|percentage = 41.99
|change = -3.77
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Ismail Hussain]]
|votes = 45,087
|percentage = 39.40
|change = -6.55
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India United Democratic Front
|candidate = Abdus Samad Ahmed
|votes = 14,115
|percentage = 12.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Anjali Das Choudhury
|votes = 5,167
|percentage = 4.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = AGP(P)
|candidate = Dharanidhar Das
|votes = 1,238
|percentage = 1.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = Abdul Latif
|votes = 764
|percentage = 0.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,965
|percentage = 2.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,14,423
|percentage = 81.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Asom Gana Parishad
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==

* [[Barpeta]]
* [[Barpeta district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Assam Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Assam Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/67-assam/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]
[[Category:Barpeta district]]
[[Category:Barpeta]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Assam]]

Manasanamaha

2026-04-13T14:17:15Z

BrandonGreenlee: Adding some post nd citations.

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}{{Use Indian English|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Manasanamaha, vertical color.jpg
| caption =
| director = Deepak Reddy
| producer = Gajjala Shilpa
| writer = Deepak Reddy
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = [[Viraj Ashwin]] Drishika Chander Valli Raghavender Prithvi Sharma Bunny Abhiran.
| narrator =
| music = Syed Kamran
| cinematography = Edurolu Raju
| studio = UV Creations
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2020|3|28}}
| runtime = 16 minutes 24 seconds
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = {{USD|5000}}
| gross =
}}

'''''Manasanamaha''''' ({{Translation|Salutations to Mind}}) is a 2020 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Non-linear editing|non-linear]] [[Romantic Drama|romantic drama short film]] written and directed by Deepak Reddy. It was produced by Gajjala Shilpa starring [[Viraj Ashwin]] and Drishika Chander.work

The film was screened at various film festivals and received many accolades as well as being Oscar([[Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film|Academy Award]])-qualified and [[British Academy of Film and Television Arts|BAFTA]]-qualified.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|title=Deepak Reddy's 'Manasanamaha' Makes History at the International Film Festivals - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/manasanamaha-makes-history-at-the-international-film-festivals/articleshow/78041708.cms|access-date=2021-12-01|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=11 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411081040/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/manasanamaha-makes-history-at-the-international-film-festivals/articleshow/78041708.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was officially entered into the [[Guinness World Records]] for the Most Awards won by a Short Film in May 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-28 |title=Short film Manasanamaha enters Guinness Book of World Records, receives praise from Pushpa director |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/acclaimed-short-film-manasanamaha-enters-guinness-book-of-world-records-receives-praise-from-pushpa-director-7996157/ |access-date=2022-07-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=11 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711085633/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/acclaimed-short-film-manasanamaha-enters-guinness-book-of-world-records-receives-praise-from-pushpa-director-7996157/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=June 30, 2022 |first=Janani |last=K. |title=Telugu short film Manasanamaha enters Guinness Records. Adivi Sesh heaps praise |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/telugu-short-film-manasanamaha-enters-guinness-records-adivi-sesh-heaps-praise-1968483-2022-06-30 |access-date=2022-07-11 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=11 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711085633/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/telugu-short-film-manasanamaha-enters-guinness-records-adivi-sesh-heaps-praise-1968483-2022-06-30 |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was critically acclaimed and received praise for its story, performances and direction.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

== Plot ==
Surya (Viraj Aswin) is a young man who narrates the story about his three past love relationships. The love interests in the story represent three different seasons, Chaithra (summer), Varsha (rainy) and Seetha (winter). The three names represent his three past partners. The film is narrated in a reverse with each scene unfolding backwards to the starting point from the ending.

== Cast ==

* [[Viraj Ashwin]] as Surya
* Drishika Chander as Chaithra
* Valli Raghavender as Varsha
* Prithvi Sharma as Seetha
* Bunny Abhiran as Surya's friend
* Baby Sahasra
* Satya Varma
* Deepak Varma
* Mahesh

== Production ==
The film is Reddy's third short film. It was with a production budget of US$5000. The film was shot in 5 days but had an excessive pre-production and post-production work. Deepak's team designed 2D animated storyboards so that the crew had no ambiguity in what to execute.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Dundoo|first=Sangeetha Devi|date=2020-03-31|title=The Telugu short film 'Manasanamaha', unveiled during lockdown, wins appreciation|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/telugu-short-film-manasanamaha-unveiled-during-lockdown-wins-appreciation/article31214919.ece|access-date=2021-04-02|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=3 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203070019/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/telugu-short-film-manasanamaha-unveiled-during-lockdown-wins-appreciation/article31214919.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music is composed by Kamran.
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kanapadava
| lyrics1 = Lakshmi Priyanka
| extra1 = [[Yazin Nizar]]
| length1 = 3:11
| total_length = 3:11
}}

== Reception ==
Taryll Baker of ''ukfilmreview'' in his review about the film wrote that "''Manasanamaha'' is a perfect display of the greatness of world cinema, and how talented these filmmakers are. In terms of concept, it’s fairly straightforward. But on a technical level, this short film raised the bar. ''Manasanamaha'' is a fantastic, stunning, colourful and uplifting film, not to be missed. Several scenes shift from a point-of-view perspective, back to the usual ‘fourth wall.’ It's these shifts, paired with the reverse effect that makes ''Manasanamaha'' so inviting and engaging. There's a lot of creativity oozing from every frame, not only visually but musically, too."<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Baker|first=Taryll|date=2020-12-10|title=Manasanamaha - Short Film Review|url=https://www.ukfilmreview.co.uk/post/manasanamaha-short-film-review|access-date=2020-12-16|website=UK Film Review|language=en|archive-date=11 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211205018/https://www.ukfilmreview.co.uk/post/manasanamaha-short-film-review|url-status=live}}</ref>

Adva Reichman of Cult Critic wrote that "The cinematic choices elevated the script. The shots were exact, and were used perfectly while toying with our expectations, the camera work was impeccable and precise, and the acting was on point and endearing, thus making the overall outcome worth your time and attention."<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2020-07-13|title=Manasanamaha by Deepak Reddy|url=https://www.hlc-cultcritic.com/manasanamaha-by-deepak-reddy-2/|access-date=2021-03-12|website=Cult Critic|language=en-US|archive-date=7 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507200327/https://www.hlc-cultcritic.com/manasanamaha-by-deepak-reddy-2/|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Film Threat]]'s Alan Ng wrote that "I loved this short film. It’s smart and insightful…and it comes from my guy’s perspective. It’s honest enough to admit that we have our own hangups and foibles when it comes to the other sex. There’s an animation element that I’m not sure was needed, but a solid short film all around with the scenes in reverse as its highlight. ''Manasanamaha'' is a production from India, but the challenges of finding love are universal."<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2020-10-09|title=Manasanamaha {{!}} Film Threat|url=https://filmthreat.com/reviews/manasanamaha/|access-date=2020-12-16|language=en-US|archive-date=30 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130112334/https://filmthreat.com/reviews/manasanamaha/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Accolades ==

=== Official selections and awards ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Festival/Event
!Location
!Country
|-
|[[Catalina Film Festival]]
|[[Los Angeles]]
|United States
|-
|[[Northeast Film Festival]]
|[[New Jersey]]
|United States
|-
|[[Woods Hole Film Festival]]
|[[Massachusetts]]
|United States
|-
|Carmarthen Bay Film Festival (BAFTA Qualifier)
|[[Wales]]
|United Kingdom
|-
|[[San Francisco Frozen Film Festival]]
|[[Bay Area]]
|United States
|-
|Lake City International Film Festival
|[[Gwalior]]
|India
|-
|[[Bengaluru International Short Film Festival|Bengaluru international Short Film Festival]] (Oscar qualifying)<ref name=":1" />
|[[Bengaluru]]
|India
|-
|[[Bare Bones International Film Festival]]
|[[Oklahoma]]
|United States
|-
|[[Idyllwild International Festival of Cinema]]
|[[California]]
|United States
|-
|[[Garden State Film Festival]]
|[[New Jersey]]
|United States
|-
|[[Indian Film Festival of Melbourne]]
|[[Melbourne]]
|Australia
|-
|Crystal Palace international Film Festival
|[[London]]
|United Kingdom
|-
|[[Jaipur International Film Festival|Jaipur international Film Festival]]
|[[Jaipur]]
|India
|-
|Cyrus International Film Festival of Toronto
|[[Toronto]]
|Canada
|-
|Detroit Trinity International Film Festival
|[[Detroit]]
|United States
|-
|[[WorldFest-Houston International Film Festival]]
|[[Texas]]
|United States
|-
|Dublin International Short Film and Music Festival
|[[Dublin]]
|Ireland
|-
|Tagore International Film Festival
|[[Kolkata]]
|India
|-
|Oregon Short Film Festival<ref>{{Cite news|title=Deepak Reddy's 'Manasanamaha' Makes History at the International Film Festivals - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/manasanamaha-makes-history-at-the-international-film-festivals/articleshow/78041708.cms|access-date=2021-04-02|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=11 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411081040/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/manasanamaha-makes-history-at-the-international-film-festivals/articleshow/78041708.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|[[Oregon]]
|United States
|-
|[[Harlem International Film Festival]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-26|title=Harlem International Film Festival 2021 Announces Line-up of 71 Films|url=https://www.vimooz.com/2021/04/26/harlem-international-film-festival-2021-line-up/|access-date=2021-04-27|website=vimooz.com|language=en-US|archive-date=27 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427100042/https://www.vimooz.com/2021/04/26/harlem-international-film-festival-2021-line-up/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|[[New York (state)|New York]]
|United States
|-
|[[Long Island International Film Expo]]
|[[New York (state)|New York]]
|United States
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://manasanamaha.com/ Official website]
*{{IMDb title|id=tt11860854|title=Manasanamaha|description=(2020)}}

[[Category:2020 films]]
[[Category:2020 short films]]
[[Category:Indian short films]]
[[Category:2020 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2020 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]

Kuthuparamba firing

2026-04-12T15:20:59Z

BrandonGreenlee: Starting article

{{Short description|Police incident in Kerala}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
The '''Kuthuparamba firing''' was a [[police action]] on 25 November 1994. The incident was named after the town [[Kuthuparamba]] in [[Kerala]], [[India]], and happened at [[Thalassery]] Road in [[Kannur district|Kannur]], a district of [[Kerala]].

[[File:Kuthuparamba.jpg|thumb|Kuthuparamba Martyr's memorial]]

The gunfire happened after the inauguration of the Co-operative Urban Bank's evening branch. The [[Democratic Youth Federation of India|DYFI]] had organised a protest against the educational policy – granting government quota seats to the management – of the then [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]] government led by the [[Indian National Congress|INC]]. Police fired their weapons when the protesters blocked minister [[M. V. Raghavan]]. The DYFI said their action was "a protest against Raghavan, [[Communist Marxist Party|CMP]] leader and Kerala’s Minister, for starting the medical college as a self-financing institution at [[Pariyaram]], [[Kannur district]], and "Granting government quota seats to the management."{{citation needed|date=July 2023|reason=Quotes need citations.}}

The police stated that they fired at the crowd for both the protection of the minister as well as public and private property.{{citation needed|date=July 2023}} Five DYFI activists were killed, and six people were injured. Following the firing, criminal proceedings were brought against people including the then [[sub-divisional magistrate|Revenue Divisional Officer & Sub-Divisional Magistrate]] T.T Antony, [[Deputy superintendent of police#India|DySP]] Abdul Hakkim Bathery, and constables P. K. Lukose, Sivadasan, and Balachandran. They were charged with murder, attempted murder and conspiracy by a magistrate court based on a private complaint.

The [[Kerala High Court]] quashed the murder charges in June 2012 against deputy collector T. T. Antony, [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer [[Ravada A. Chandrasekhar|Ravada Chandrasekhar]], and four other police officials connected with the firing. The court dismissed the case on the grounds that the necessary government permission to prosecute public officials had not been obtained in the case.

== Cause and the incident==
Contrary to the advice given by the district administration, on 25 November 1994, Raghavan made plans to visit and attend the inauguration of the evening branch of the Co-operative Urban Bank, located in the Alakkandy Complex at Koothuparamba – Tellicherry Road, Kannur District.

The first firing occurred in the proximity of the town hall, on the orders of the [[Tahsildar|Executive Magistrate]] and the [[Deputy Superintendent of Police#India|Deputy Superintendent of Police]]. Subsequent gunfire occurred in vicinity of Koothuparamba's police station on the orders of the [[Superintendent of Police (India)|Superintendent of Police]]. Five people were killed by gunfire, and six were injured.

After the firing, members of the police used their [[Baton (law enforcement)|lathi]] to subdue the crowd. More than a hundred people—mostly protesters—were injured.

==Victims==
The Koothuparamba firing resulted in the immediate death of five activists from the [[Democratic Youth Federation of India|DYFI]]. The five people were K. K. Rajeevan, Madhu, Shibulal, Babu, and Roshan. Six more activists were injured at the hands of the police.

The shooting was argued to be unprovoked by the Solicitor General. Since the protesters did not pose a threat to the life of the Minister, it was argued that the police over-reacted and the shooting was unnecessary.

==Case proceedings==

After the two firings, [[first information report]]s (FIRs) were lodged on the day of the incident, and an Inquiry Commission report was sent to the Government. The government accepted the report on 30 June 1997 and directions for taking legal actions against the accused were given. Within two days, the [[Director general of police|Director General of Police]] (DGP) sent instructions to the [[Inspector General of Police#India|Inspector General of Police]] (North Zone) to file a case and have it investigated by a senior officer. The Inspector General of Police (IG) said that "firing without justifications by which people were killed amounted to murder."{{citation needed|date=July 2023|reason=Quotes require citations.}} He later told the [[Station house officer|Station House Officer]] to register file a case and send a copy of the FIR to the Deputy Superintendent of Police. An interim report was filed by the [[Deputy inspector general of police|DIG of Police]] on 29 September 1998 in the [[Courts of Judicial Magistrate of First Class|court of Judicial First Class Magistrate]].

Subsequently, there were a long series of legal arguments, and a fresh investigation took place—this time by the [[Kerala Police|Kerala State Police]] rather than the [[Central Bureau of Investigation|C.B.I]].

==See also==
*[[List of cases of police brutality in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
*{{cite web |url= http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-26/kochi/32423845_1_quashes-murder-charges-dyfi-activists
|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131020074212/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-26/kochi/32423845_1_quashes-murder-charges-dyfi-activists
|url-status= dead
|archive-date= 20 October 2013
|title= Koothuparamba firing: HC quashes murder charges against officials.
|author= TNN
|date= 26 June 2012
|work= [[The Times of India]]
|accessdate=16 August 2012}}

*<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/24th-anniversary-koothuparamba-firing-when-protest-turned-killing-92194 |title=24th anniversary of Koothuparamba firing: When a protest turned into a killing |work=[[The News Minute]] |access-date=25 November 2018}}</ref>
*India. Supreme Court of India. T.T.Antony vs State Of Kerala & Ors on 12 July 2001. By S. S. Quadri. N.p., 12 July 2001. Web. 15 Aug. 2012. <http://indiankanoon.org/doc/1974324/>.
*{{cite journal
|title= Neo-liberal Labor Market Reforms and Work Stoppages: Comparisons of India, Indonesia, the United States and Australia
|author= L. J. Perry
|date= July–September 2006
|publisher = AMDISA Secretariat
|id = {{ProQuest|222685029}}}}

[[Category:Police misconduct in India]]
[[Category:1990s in Kerala]]
[[Category:Police brutality in India]]
[[Category:1994 in India]]

Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park

2026-03-28T14:11:54Z

BrandonGreenlee: stub

{{Short description|UNESCO World Heritage Site in Gujarat, India}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| image = Jain Temple, Pavagadh (cropped).jpg
| image_upright = 1.2
| caption = View of [[Jain Temple|Jain Temple, Pavagadh]] in [[Champaner]]
| location = [[Panchmahal district, Gujarat]], India
| includes =
| criteria = {{UNESCO WHS type|(iii), (iv), (v), (vi)}}(iii), (iv), (v), (vi)
| ID = 1101
| coordinates = {{coord|22|29|N|73|32|E|scale:100000|display=inline,title|format=dms}}
| year = 2004
| area = {{convert|1328.89|ha|acre|abbr=on}}
| buffer_zone = {{convert|2911.74|ha|acre|abbr=on}}
| locmapin = India Gujarat#India#South Asia
| map_caption =
}}
'''Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park''', a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]], is located in [[Panchmahal district]] in [[Gujarat]], India. It is located around the historical city of [[Champaner]], a city which was founded by [[Vanraj Chavda]], the most prominent king of the [[Chavda Kingdom|Chavda Dynasty]], in the eighth century. He named it after the name of his friend and general Champa, also known later as Champaraj. The heritage site is studded with forts with bastions starting from the hills of [[Pavagadh]], and extending into the city of Champaner. The park's landscape includes archaeological, historic and living cultural heritage monuments such as [[Chalcolithic]] sites, a hill fortress of an early [[Hindu]] capital, and remains of the 16th-century capital of the state of Gujarat. There are palaces, entrance gates and arches, mosques, tombs and temples, residential complexes, agricultural structures and water installations such as [[stepwell]]s and [[Irrigation tank|tanks]], dating from the eighth to the 14th centuries. The [[Kalika Mata Temple, Pavagadh|Kalika Mata Temple]], located on top of the {{convert|800|m}} high [[Pavagadh]] Hill, is an important [[Hindu]] shrine in the region, attracting large numbers of pilgrims throughout the year.<ref name="whc">{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1101| title=Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park | publisher= United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization | access-date=24 September 2012}}</ref><ref name=Advisory>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/1101.pdf|title= Advisory Body Evaluation, Champaner-Pavagadh (India) No 1101|access-date=24 September 2012|publisher= United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|pages=26–29}}</ref><ref name=Fact>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1101 |title=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Fact Sheet|access-date=24 September 2012|publisher= United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization}}</ref>

The transition between Hindu and Muslim [[Islamic culture|culture]] and [[Islamic architecture|architecture]] in the late 15th to early 16th century is documented in the park, particularly the early Islamic and pre-[[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] city that has remained without any change.<ref name=World>{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldheritagesite.org/sites/champaner.html|title=Champaner-Pavagadh|access-date=23 September 2012|publisher=Worldheritagesite.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006154345/http://worldheritagesite.org/sites/champaner.html|archive-date=6 October 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> It was inscribed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site in 2004.<ref name="ASI">{{cite book |title=World heritage series - Champaner Pavagadh |page=5 |year=2009 |publisher=Visual Communication |location=New Delhi}}</ref>

== Geography ==
[[File:SVG MAP OF CHAMPANER ARCH PARK.svg|thumb|left|Map of the Archeological Park]]
[[File:Path on Pavadagh hill.JPG|thumb|upright=1.2|Path on Pavagadh Hill]]

The Champaner-Pavagadh heritage site is spread over an area of more than {{convert|1329|ha}} with a buffer zone of {{convert|2812|ha}}.<ref name="whc" /> In addition to the Primary Heritage Zone of {{convert|983.27|ha}}, there are several other sites which include: Kabutarkhana, Maqbara, Maqbara Mandvi, Maqbara near Patidar Village, Malik Sandal Ni Vav, Hathikhana, Sindh Mata, Sikander Ka Reuza, Babakhan Ki Dargah, Nau Kuan Sat Vavdi, and Chandrakala Vav. The site is {{convert|50|km}} east of [[Baroda]] and {{convert|42|miles}} south of [[Godhra]], whose history is recorded from the second century AD and which has many religious monuments of Gujarati Sultans (of [[Turkish people|Turkish]] descent), Rajputs, and [[Jainism|Jains]]. It includes the Palace of [[Mahmud Begada]], grandson of [[Ahmed Shah of Gujarat|Ahmed Shah]], who founded [[Ahmedabad]] City, [[Jama Masjid, Champaner|Jama Masjid]] and other mosques.<ref name =Champa /> The setting is undulating hillocks and plateaus. There are steep rock exposures formed by ancient volcanic eruptions and lava flows.

Champaner is located at {{coord|22|30|N|73|30|E}}, about {{convert|1|mi}} to the south of Pavagadh Hill. Pavagadh Hill rises to a height of {{convert|800|m}}, has a geological setting of reddish-yellow stone, and is considered to be one of the oldest rock formations in India.<ref name="whc" /><ref name=Advisory /><ref name =Champa>{{Cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_champaner.asp|title=Champaner-Pavagarh Archaeological Park (2004), Gujarat|access-date=24 September 2012|publisher=National InformaticCentre (NIC) for Archaeological Survey of India (ISI)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501061825/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_champaner.asp|archive-date=1 May 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> The highest point of the hill presents an undulating forested topography in the direction of [[Jambughoda]]. The Pavagadh Hill has a historical fort where the ancient Kalika Mata Temple is situated. The path to the summit passes through many old gates and cuts through staircase-like natural ledges of rock with precipitous sides. Midway up this path is a flat area strewn with boulders. Above this point there is a very steep scarp with a marble temple and two lantern towers.<ref name=Near>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/other/019wdz000003263u00000000.html|title=Champaner, near Baroda, India. Febr. 1879|access-date=29 September 2012|publisher=Online Gallery, British Library, UK}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:'Champaneer, near Baroda, India. Febr. 1879'.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Oil painting on paper, Champaner, 1879]]
[[File:Tomb at Champaner Gujarat India AD 1500.jpg|thumb|Ruined tomb at Champaner, 1893]]

===Early history===
Judging by early archaeological remains and according to records, the area had already been inhabited in the [[Chalcolithic]] period; however, it remained neglected until approximately 400 AD. The history also reports a local legend that the divinity of the hills was derived from the right toe of the goddess [[Kali]]ka, which had apparently fallen on the hill.<ref name=Advisory />

Champaner is named after Champa Bhil, a last Bhil king of Champaner.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mishra |first=Phanikanta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nN1tAAAAMAAJ&q=Champa+Bhil |title=Researches in Indian Archaeology, Art, Architecture, Culture and Religion: Vijayakanta Mishra Commemorative Volume |date=1995 |publisher=Sundeep Prakashan |isbn=978-81-85067-80-3 |language=en}}</ref> Champa Bhil built Champaner Fort <ref>{{Cite book |last=Nizami |first=Akhtar Hussain |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tQVuAAAAMAAJ&q=Champa+Bhil |title=Survey of Kheechi Chauhan History: With Biographical Notes |date=1990 |publisher=Kheechi Chauhan Shodh Sansthan |language=en}}</ref> He also established this city during the rule of [[Vanraj Chavda]] of [[Anhilwad Patan]] (from 746 to 806 AD). In the eleventh century, Ram Gaur Tuar ruled, and Champaner was under the Anhilwad until 1297 or so when they were defeated by [[Alauddin Khalji]], who made it their stronghold. During this period, the Chauhan Rajput had also settled in Champaner. The Pavagadh Hill was where the [[Solanki (clan)|Solanki]] kings and Khichi [[Chauhan dynasty|Chauhan]]s built fortresses and ruled from. However, they lost their authority in Champaner in 1484.

In 1418 and in about 1450, Khichis managed to fight off their neighbour, Rao of [[Idar State|Idar]], and the Muslim rulers of [[Ahmedabad]], thanks to the protection provided by the hill. However, in 1483, when [[Mahmud Begada]]'s captain, Malik Asad, was raiding through Champaner, he was attacked and killed by [[Raval Jaisingh]]. What ensued in the following years was the complete defeat of the Rajputs by Sultan Begada. The hill was surrounded and the fort held under siege for more than a year and was finally captured on 17 November 1484, when Kivamul Mulk and Malik Ayaz Sultani penetrated the walls and broke the main gate, destroyed the army and injured the leaders of the Rajput . Raval Jaisingh was wounded and for six months was given amnesty but was then killed since he refused to convert to Islam.{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}

[[File:Top of Pavadagh hill.JPG|thumb|Pavadagh Hill]]
Raval's son, however, converted to Islam and was made a noble with the title "Nizam-ul-Mulk". After the fort was seized, Mahmud renamed the city "Muhmudabad Champaner". It was during this period that Mahmud laid the foundation stone for his mosque. He built elaborate ornate structures, fortified both the forts, made the hill fort his ''Mauliya'' (meaning Lord of the Hill) and his citadel over a period of 23 years and eventually moved his capital from Ahmadabad to Champaner.<ref name=World />

During this period, Champaner was famous for [[mangoes]], [[sandalwood]] trees (used then for house building and [[sword blades]]), and colourful silks. Merchants and craftsmen prospered. Mahmud died in 1511 and his successors continued to rule from Champaner until the death of Bahadur Shah (1536). The city of Champaner had been very well planned with streets and whitewashed stone houses. In 1526, young Sikander Shah died and Bahadur Shah became the next ruler of Champaner.{{citation needed|date=September 2015}} In 1535, the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal Emperor]] [[Humayun]] invaded Champaner and looted the coffers. Upon Bahadur's death in 1536, the capital and the court shifted back to Ahmadabad. The city fell into rapid decline, was largely abandoned and for several centuries was neglected and almost deserted.<ref name=World />

This was a [[Jainism|Jain]] pilgrimage. There were several attempts to destroy evidences of its [[Jain temples, Pavagadh|Jain heritage]]. However, a court ordered against destruction of facts and heritage. Its Jain history dates back to 3rd century BC.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krause |first=Charlotte |title=Ancient Jaina Hymns |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/011036/91?highlight=pavagadh |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=jainqq.org}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Shah |first=Ramnik |title=Jainism by Vividus |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/006582/72}}</ref>

# [[Samprati|King Samprati]], in the 3rd century BC, constructed and installed the idol of [[Sambhavanatha|Sambhavnatha]] which was consecrated by Svetambara Jain monk Acharya Suhastisuri.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Education Committee |first=JAINA |title=King Samprati |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/201071/2}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Acharya |first=Kalaprabhasuri |title=Aetihasik Tirth Pavagadh Champaner - Arya Kalyan Gautam Smruti Granth |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/230048/1}}</ref>
# In 1055 AD, [[Śvetāmbara]] monk Acharya Gunsagarsuri consecrated a new temple of [[Jirawala Tirth|Jirawala Parshvanath]] and reconstructed an ancient 52-shrine temple of [[Abhinandananatha|Abhinandanswami]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Sompura |first=Kantilal |title=Structural Temples of Gujarat |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/006728/273}}</ref>
# In 10th century AD, the Achalgacch of the [[Śvetāmbara]] sect of Jainism was established here by Acharya [[Aryarakshitsuri]]. He was unhappy with the wrong practices that had crept into the conduct of Jain monks due to the influence of [[Yati|yatis]]. He attempted reforms, but failed. Therefore, he ascended the hill to perform [[Sallekhana]]. Legend says that demi-goddess [[Mahakali]] appeared before him and requested the Acharya to not perform [[Sallekhana]] and said that he was the only one who could spread the truth. She asked him to start a new order based on the truth of the [[Aagam|Agamas]] and assured him that she would safeguard the lay-followers of the new order and that they will prosper. Thus, in 1112 AD, Acharya Aryarakshitsuri founded the Achalgacch (or Viddhipaksh) at Pavagadh, and installed demi-goddess [[Mahakali]] as the ''adhishthayika'' ({{Translation|protecting deity}}) of the ''gaccha''. The founder [[Śrāvaka|Śrāvakas]] of the ''gaccha'' installed the idol of [[Mahakali]] on the hill to mark their respects. This is the idol and the shrine which was later encroached upon by Hindus.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Muni |first=Ratnaprabhavijay |title=Shramana Bhagwaan Mahavira Part 5 |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/008006/435}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Acharya |first=Jagacchandrasuri |title=Pavagadh Tirth ki Aetihasikta |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/211351/2}}</ref><ref name=":1" />
# There is a reference to a temple called “Sarvatobhadra” (transl. auspicious on all sides) built by Minister Tejpal in 12th century.<ref name=":3" />
# Ceremonial installation and consecration of a temple built by Jayawant Seth by Acharya Vijaysensuri in 1581 AD.<ref name=":2" />
# Under guidance of Acharya [[Kalyansagarsuri]], a monk and reformer of Achalgacch, sravakas Sheth Vardhaman and Sheth Padamshin reconstructed the shrine of Mahakali in 16th century AD.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" />
# In 1689 AD, Gani Shilvijay Maharaj has referred to the existence of a temple of [[Neminatha]].<ref name=":2" />
# In a laudatory poem dedicated to [[Jirawala Tirth|Jirawala Parshvanatha]] and composed by Jain monk Dipvijay Kaviraaj in late 18th century AD, the temples existing here are described in detail.<ref name=":3" />

Several monks of the Achalgacch such as Mahendraprabhasuri, Merutungasuri, and Jaykesarisuri amongst many, and those of the Tapagacch such as Dharmaratnasuri, Hemvimalsuri, Laxmisagarsuri, Bhuvansundarsuri etc. consecrated numerous temples and idols on the hill. According to several [[Śvetāmbara]] scriptures, at one time, these shrines were considered to be of equal rank and importance as those atop the hill at [[Palitana temples|Palitana]].<ref name=":0" />

It is believed that there was one large [[Śvetāmbara]] temple earlier on the hill, which faced multiple invasions. The ruins of this temple were used to construct 3 smaller [[Digambara|Digambar]] temples.

===Later history===
[[File:General view of the Nagina Masjid, Champaner.jpg|thumb|General view of the [[Nagina Masjid, Champaner|Nagina Masjid]], 1885]]
The [[British Raj|British]] visited the town of Champaner in 1803, at which time there were only 500 people residing there. The old city was in ruins and wildly overgrown. They re-founded it and it became a great exporter of silk, with facilities for washing and preparing [[raw silk]]. However, a [[cholera]] epidemic reduced the population to 400 families by 1812. When the British finally usurped the area on 13 July 1829, it was almost deserted; efforts at that time to populate the place by inducting cultivators with an incentive of Rs 1260 to develop the lands at that time also failed. In 1879, a few [[Bhil]] and [[Naikda]] tribes resided there, but over the next few years, it became well known in India for its rulers and the monuments left behind by them<ref name=" Kamdar 2008">{{cite book|last= Kamdar |first= Mira |title=Planet India: The Turbulent Rise of the Largest Democracy and the Future of Our World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rc4j9-JaTtcC&q=Champaner-Pavagadh+Archaeological+Park&pg=PA217|year=2008|publisher= Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-0-7432-9686-1|page=217}}</ref>

In the last decade the site has received attention by archaeologists and Heritage Trusts working in the area to develop it into a tourist attraction and a World Heritage Site. The Baroda Heritage Trust took the initiative in this direction and carried out a landscape study of the former urban centre. A Master Plan for an archaeological park was developed for Champaner City and Pavagarh as a cultural sanctuary, and the Archaeological Survey of India, supported by the Baroda Heritage Trust, submitted a proposal to UNESCO to declare the site a World Heritage Site. In July 2004, UNESCO approved the proposal and inscribed the site on the World Heritage List with the justification of its "joint significance as a living Hindu pilgrimage center, its cluster of [[Jain]] temples, its remarkable preserved medieval urban fabric, its exquisite sandstone-carved mosques and tombs and its intangible heritage values".{{sfn|Silverman|Ruggles|2008|pp=56–57}} Tourism in the area was affected by the [[2002 Gujarat violence|Godhra Hindu-Muslim riots]], resulting in conflicting interests in developing infrastructure such as roads, ropeway and accommodation facilities for the pilgrims and tourists visiting the various monuments in this site.{{sfn|Silverman|Ruggles|2008|pp=59–60}}

== City planning ==
Remaining at the site are the Royal precincts within fortified walls, the entrance gate or the city gate, the mosque outside the fortifications, the royal walkway leading into the palace, and the second enclosure consisting of unexplored Jahanpanah.<ref name="Ruggles 2009" /> The urban planning of the city reveals well laid and paved streets which lead to the city centre. The residential area consists of houses of both rich and poor; rich people's houses are built with scenic gardens and water channels. Public parks and pavilions surround the housing complex. However, temples, mosques, and tombs are mostly concentrated in the Pavagarh Hills. The walk up the hill from the plains is called the ''Patha'' (pilgrim's route); considered to be the "soul of Champaner", it has thousands of steps and is embellished with ornamental and essential structures.{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}

;Rainwater harvesting
One of the innovative features of the two historic monuments centres was the development of methods for harvesting rainwater, in the form of tanks or ponds in the Pavagadh hills (called the "hill of hundred pools") and innumerable wells in the city of Champaran, which was nicknamed "city of thousand wells". The Vishamitri River is the only stream that rises from the Pavgadh hills, and was tapped for feeding wells in Champaner and tanks in Pavagadh. The tanks served the pilgrims and other utilitarian, recreational, spiritual and aesthetic needs. Some of the tanks were built by constructing embankments and diverting the stored water into stone [[cistern]]s. Some of the famous water structures are: the Ganga, Yamuna and Saraswathi Kunds (in the Mauliya plateau); the Wada Talao, the largest water tank fed by rivulets located on the eastern part of the city; the innovative Gaben Shah tank; the exquisitely ornamented helical stepwells such as in the public gardens and at the entrance to the city, and the Royal summer pavilions. The water channel in the house of a noble, called the "Amir’s Manzil", is cited as a reflection of the "superb workmanship of water structures built by those responsible for the palatine and religious architecture of Champaner".<ref name="Ruggles 2009" />

== Monuments ==
{{Main|Monuments of Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park}}
[[File:Champaner eastern gate.jpg|thumb|right|Eastern fortress gate]]
[[File:Jain temple 05.jpg|thumb|]]
There are eleven different types of buildings at Champaner-Pavagadh, including mosques, temples, granaries, tombs, wells, walls, and terraces.<ref name="Equitable2005">{{cite book|title=Documentation Update|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a-hav3ybwDsC&pg=PT141|publisher=Equitable Tourism Options|page=141}}</ref> The monuments are situated at the foot of and around the Pavagadh hill. The [[Heritage Trust of Baroda]] lists 114 monuments in the area, of which only 39 monuments are maintained by the Archaeological Survey of India, due to limited funding.<ref name="Ruggles 2009">{{cite book|last1= Ruggles |first1= D. Fairchild |author1-link=D. Fairchild Ruggles |last2= Silverman |first2= Helaine |title=Intangible Heritage Embodied|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wmicDzxG0NoC&pg=PA99|year=2009|publisher= Springer |isbn=978-1-4419-0071-5|pages=91–93, 96–97}}</ref> The Forest Department owns 94% of the land here, while the temple trusts and other sectarian establishments provide facilities for boarding and lodging to the pilgrims and tourists. On the southern side near the foot of the hill some dilapidated houses and the foundations of Jain temples can also be seen.<ref name="Ruggles 2009" />

The monuments include:<ref name="upscguide.com">{{cite web|url=http://upscguide.com/content/historic-monuments-gujarat|title=Historic Monuments in Gujarat|publisher=Union of Public Service Commission|access-date=30 September 2012}}</ref>

;Champaner
* Helical stepped well
* Sakar Khan's Dargah
* City Gate near Kasbin Talao
* Citadel walls
* City walls at south-east corner of the citadel going up the hill
* East and South Bhadra Gates
* Sahar ki Masjid (Bohrani)
* Three cells inside the citadel wall between Sahar ki Masjid the local fund Dharmashala
* Mandvi or Custom House
* [[Jama Masjid, Champaner|Jami Masjid]]
* Stepwell north of Jama Masjid
* [[Kevada Masjid, Champaner|Kevda Masjid and Cenotaph]]
* Tomb with a big dome in the centre and small corner domes on way to Khajuri Masjid near Wada Talao
* Cenotaph of Kevda Masjid
* [[Nagina Masjid, Champaner|Nagina Masjid]]
* Cenotaph of Nagina Masjid
* [[Lila Gumbaz ki Masjid, Chapaner]]
* Kabutarkhana Pavilion on the north bank of Wada Talao near Khajuri Masjid
* Kamani Masjid
* [[Bawaman Mosque]]

;Pavagad hill
* Gate No. 1 on Pavagarh hill (Atak Gate)
* Gate No. 2 (with three gateways, Budhiya gate)
* Gate No. 3 (Moti gate, Sadanshah-Gate)
* Gate No. 4 with big bastion with cells in the interior
* Sat Manzil between gate Nos. 4 and 5 right up to bastions on top
* Mint above Gate No4
* Gate No. 5 near Machi (Gulan Bulan Gate)
* Gate No. 6 (Buland Darwaza)
* Makai Kothar
* Palace of Patai Rawal with tanks
* Gate No. 7 near iron bridge (Makai Gate)
* Gate No. 8 (Tarapore Gate)
* The fort of Pavagad and ruined Hindu and Jain temples on the top of Pavagad hills
* Navlakha Kothar
* Walls of fort on top

=== Fortresses and walls ===
[[File:Champaner citadel walls.jpg|thumb|left|Citadel walls.]]
The fortress built by the Solanki kings of Gujarat was further fortified by Khichi Chauhans. In 1484, Sultan Mahmud Begadah captured the fort and renamed it Muhammadabad Champaner. The fortifications start on the Mauliya plateau, which is situated on the hill and ends on the plains. They are very large and are built with sandstone walls connected with bastions at intervals and have elegant balconies.<ref name =Champa /> There are several gates in the fortifications and the enclosed area within also have barracks and jails.<ref name=Fact /> The west gate has fortifications running from the ridge to the north built of brick and cement, followed by a freely laid stone wall for about a mile, then followed by a second line of old wall (of {{Convert|30|ft|m}} height) which extends {{Convert|220|yard|m}} and rises to join the first line (known as ''atak'') of fortifications on the hill. The huge wall of free stone is known as Bigada's wall, and encloses the ''Jahapanah'' (the world shelter) and the ''Bhadar'' or the citadel of Mahmudabad Champaner; the area enclosed by this fortification is {{Convert|1|mi|km}} long and {{Convert|280|yard|m}} wide.<ref name=Fact /> A rectangular building at the approach to the citadel is a guard room of size {{Convert|150|ft|m}}x1{{Convert|120|ft|m}} with double gates, which has windows made of stone that are embellished with intricate carvings. ''Shikari Kot'' or Hunters Fort is located to the east of the Citadel. The ''Bada Talao'' or the Great Lake is next to the ruins of the palace.{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}

=== Temples ===
The earliest temple on Pavagadh hill in the Mauliya plateau is dated to the 10th–11th century and is dedicated to [[Lakulish]]. However, the temple is in ruins, with only the [[Garbhagriha|gudha mandapa]] ([[sanctum sanctorum]]) and [[Ardha mandapa]] part of the [[antarala]] now present. [[Lakulish]], [[Dakshinmurthi]], [[Brahma]], [[Vishnu]], [[Gajendramoksha]], various forms of [[Shiva]], [[Indra]], seated [[Parvati|Ambika]] and [[Surasundari]]s are the images seen in this temple.<ref name=Science>{{Cite web|url=http://portal.unesco.org/pv_obj_cache/pv_obj_id_1BE01ADA16E57D45AE12B1BAA3A6840B7ABF0A00/filename/B+B+Goud.pdf|title=Scientific Conservation of World Heritage Monuments of Champaner-Pavgadh|author=B. Busa Goud|access-date=29 September 2012|publisher=UNESCO. Org}}{{Dead link|date=June 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The temple was built in the [[Hindu temple architecture]] style of architecture with [[garbhagriha]], [[mandapa]] and an entrance [[porch]].<ref name =Champa /> It had ornate decorations, mostly consisting of stone carvings.<ref name =Champa /> While this oldest temple is in a dilapidated condition and not in use, all the other temples are used as places of worship. They have ornate decorations, mostly stone carvings.<ref name =Champa />

[[File:Jain Temple, Pavagadh (cropped).jpg|thumbnail|right|[[Jain temples, Pavagadh]] ]]

The temples of the Jain religion at Pavagadh are also noteworthy. They are of three different groups: The first consists of the Bhavanaderi temples near Naqqarkhana gate called the Navalakka temples, the second group is in honour of the Tirthankaras [[Suparshvanatha]] and [[Chandraprabha]] and the third group, situated on the southeast of Pavagarh Hill (''Mataji's'' cliff), is near the [[Pārśva]] temple next to the Dudhia tank. These temples are deduced to have been constructed in the 14th–15th centuries on the basis of "[their] stylistic and architectural features". Elaborately carved seated and standing images of the Jain [[pantheon (gods)|pantheon]] are seen on the outer walls of the temples. The Garbabrihas are enshrined with beautiful stone images of Tirthankaras in these temples. All the temples have been renovated over time.<ref name=Science />

The most visited temple on the hill is the [[Kalika Mata Temple, Pavagadh|Kalika Mata Temple]].<ref name=Advisory /> It has three images of goddesses: the central image is of [[Kali]]ka Mata, flanked by Kali on the right and [[Bahuchara Mata]] on the left. The spire of this temple carries a shrine of Sadanandsha [[Pir (Sufism)|pir]], a Muslim saint held in great reverence in the region. It is the third of the major [[Shakta pithas]] of Gujarat and is known for [[Tantra|tantric]] worship.<ref name=" Vyas 2006">{{cite book|last= Vyas |first= Rajnee |title= Welcome to Gujarat|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=KUduAAAAMAAJ&q=the+prasies+of+the+Goddess+Mahakali+|year=2006|publisher= Akshara Prakashan|pages=128}}</ref> It is connected by a mono-cable [[Aerial lift|ropeway]] {{Convert|740|m|ft}} in length which can carry 1200 people per hour and is stated to be the country's highest ropeway.<ref name=Limca>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.com/search?q=Champaner-Pavagadh+Archaeological+Park&btnG=Search+Books&tbm=bks#hl=en&tbo=1&tbm=bks&sclient=psy-ab&q=Rope+way+at+Pavagadh&oq=Rope+way+at+Pavagadh&gs_l=serp.12...11395.24834.0.26669.42.28.0.0.0.11.160.3067.10j18.28.0...0.0...1c.1.SRchSY1qzSs&pbx=1&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.r_qf.&fp=feba6114275f50ab&biw=1920&bih=895|title=Limca Book of Records|year=1990|publisher= Bisleri Beverages Ltd.|access-date=28 September 2012}}</ref> On [[Chaitra]] [[ashtami]], during [[navratri]] (nine-day festival), a fair is held at the Kalika Mata temple which is attended by thousands of devotees.{{citation needed|date=September 2015}} The ruins of Patai Raval's palace can be seen on the way to the temple.

=== Mosques ===
[[File:CHAMPNER GUJARAT.JPG|thumb|left|Jami Masjid]]
[[File:Champaner, Lila Gumbaj Ki Masjid (9840188055).jpg|thumb|right|Lili Gumbaz Masjid]]
[[File:Kevda Masjid 07.jpg|thumb|right|Kevada Masjid]]
[[File:Sahar ki Masjid, champaner, Gujarat.JPG|thumb|right|Sahar ki Masjid]]
Among the five mosques in very good condition, the [[Jama Mosque, Champaner|Jami Masjid]] (also spelled "Jama Masjid") near the east gate, built by Sultan Begada, is one of the most notable among the 114 monuments listed by the Baroda Heritage Trust. It has a blend of Hindu and Muslim architecture preserving the Islamic ethos and with its elegant interiors is considered one of the finest mosques in Western India.<ref name="Ruggles 2009" /> The masjid is built over a high plinth, has a central dome, two minarets each {{convert|30|m}} high, 172 pillars, seven mihrabs and ornately carved entry gates fitted with stone [[jali]]s.<ref name=World /> The [[Mughal architecture]] is said to have drawn from the architecture of the Sultanates, which is a blend of Hindu religious connotations and workmanship with Muslim ethos; the large domes are indicative of such a mix.<ref name=Advisory /><ref name=Fact /> In the Jami Masjid, the ornamentation of the surface areas of the mosque and tomb consists of symbols of motifs of the Sun, diamonds, pots and vines, and lotus insignia which were used in the earlier temples. This mosque has three mural plaques, in oblong shape, one at the top of the pulpit and the other two on the sides with engravings of hymns from the [[Koran]]. Of the two minarets, one was damaged by an intentional gun firing in 1812 by Patankar, a Scindia Governor.<ref name="Ruggles 2009" />

Other notable mosques in the heritage area are: the [[Kevada Masjid, Champaner|Kevada Masjid]], the ''Ek Minarka Masjid'' (single dome mosque); the ''Panch Mahuda ka masjid'' (five-domed mosque) in a forested area; the ''Shehrka Masjid'' (city mosque), an elegant structure located inside the citadel; and the ''Nagina Masjid'' (jewel mosque), about {{convert|0.75|mi|km}} to the south of the citadel, built with pure white stone; a stepwell decorated with arches is close to this mosque. Tombs have been built adjacent to mosques, invariably to a square plan with columns and domes erected over them, and also embellished with decorations.<ref name=Advisory /> The tomb of Sikander Shah seen near Halol is a simple single storied building in Muslim architectural style. The shrine of ''Khon pir'', a saint, a colourful tomb, was a place of worship of the weaver community (Muslims known as ''Tais'') of Champaner.{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}

=== Palaces ===
[[File:Kabutarkhana Pavilion Champaner 02.JPG|thumb|right|Kabutarkhana Pavilion]]
The custom house was probably used as a guard room. It is well planned in a square shape with five rows of arches and five equal colonnaded aisles. From this location to the east gate, the view of present-day Champaner consists of shabby houses on a lone street.{{citation needed|date=September 2015}} Kabutarkhana Pavilion is situated on the north bank of Bada Talao near Khajuri Masjid.<ref name="Panchmahals1964">{{cite book|author=India. Superintendent of Census Operations, Gujarat|title=Panchmahals|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vqAWAQAAMAAJ|year=1964|publisher=Director, Government Print. and Stationery, Gujarat State|page=188}}</ref> Another building with columns is also located on the Pavagadh Hill, above the roof of the Mahakali temple.{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}

== Issues and Controversy ==
On June 16, 2024, an incident of severe vandalism was reported to have happened on the hill. Several [[Tirthankara]] idols cemented on the sides of the steps on the old path to reach the [[Kalika Mata Temple, Pavagadh|Kalika Mata shrine]] were desecrated and broken down. Jain monk Jinpremvijaya spearheaded a peaceful but powerful protest at the local collector's office where local Jains turned up in huge numbers. The protest is said to have begun on the evening of June 16, 2024 and went on overnight into June 17, 2024. Most desecrated idols were over 400 years old, some even more ancient and belong exclusively to the [[Śvetāmbara]] sect.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Age-old Jain idols removed by Pavagadh authorities, community protests |url=https://english.gujaratsamachar.com/news/gujarat/age-old-jain-idols-removed-by-pavagadh-authorities-community-protests |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=english.gujaratsamachar.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=DeshGujarat |date=2024-06-17 |title=Jain community protests removal of Tirthankar idols from stairs of Pavagadh |url=https://deshgujarat.com/2024/06/17/jain-community-protests-removal-of-tirthankar-idols-from-stairs-of-pavagadh/ |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=DeshGujarat |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=x.com |url=https://x.com/PTI_News/status/1802636388778528807 |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=X (formerly Twitter)}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
*{{cite book|last1=Silverman |first1= Helaine |last2= Ruggles |first2= D. Fairchild | author2-link=D. Fairchild Ruggles |title=Cultural heritage in a globalized world|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pKN_JIP1LQgC&q=Champaner-Pavagadh+Archaeological+Park&pg=PA76|year=2008|publisher= Springer |isbn=978-0-387-76579-2|pages=56–60}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park}}
{{Wikivoyage}}
* [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1101 UNESCO Fact Sheet]
* A forgotten city - [http://jatinchhabra.com/champaner-pavagadh-archaeological-park/ Champaner Pavagadh Archaeological Park]
* [https://www.flickr.com/photos/25789132@N04/sets/72157630694376512/ Photos of Champaner]

{{World Heritage Sites in India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park| ]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Archaeological parks]]
[[Category:Geography of Gujarat]]

Thambi Ramaiah

2026-03-24T18:48:13Z

BrandonGreenlee: minor edit

{{short description|Indian actor and director (born 1956)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Thambi Ramaiah
| image = Thambi Ramaiah Exclusive Photos for Silverscreen.jpg
| birth_name = Thambi Ramaiah Jagannathapillai
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1956|06|19}}
| birth_place = [[Pudukottai District|Pudukottai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/12/27/stories/2010122752190200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306105141/http://www.hindu.com/2010/12/27/stories/2010122752190200.htm |archive-date=6 March 2014|title=Tickling the funny bone |date=27 December 2010 |url-status=dead |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=13 January 2019}}</ref>
| spouse = Shanthy Ramaiah
| children = 2 including [[Umapathy Ramaiah|Umapathy]]
| occupation = Actor, comedian, director, lyricist
| yearsactive = 1998–present
}}

'''Thambi Ramaiah''' is an Indian actor, director and comedian who works in the [[Tamil film industry]]. He has also worked occasionally as a lyricist.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Chennai/article41564.ece |title=He says that he does not read books, but read people |work=The Hindu|date=31 October 2009 |access-date=18 June 2013}}</ref> He directed three films, ''[[Manu Needhi]]'' (2000), ''[[Indiralohathil Na Azhagappan]]'' (2008) and ''[[Maniyaar Kudumbam]]'' (2018). He has won one [[National Film Award]], two [[SIIMA]] Awards, two [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award]] and one [[Filmfare Award South]] in his career.

==Career==

Thambi Ramaiah was born in Rarapuram village in [[Pudukkottai]], and initially entered the film industry hoping to become a screenwriter. His father was a poet and a fiction writer and his mother was a housewife, while Ramaiah was their eldest child. He earned pocket money during his school days by writing love letters for his classmates.<ref name="ss1">{{cite web|author=Neelima Menon |url=http://silverscreen.in/features/interviews/life-of-the-party-the-thambi-ramaiah-interview/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129083144/http://silverscreen.in/features/interviews/life-of-the-party-the-thambi-ramaiah-interview/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 November 2014 |title=Life of the Party: The Thambi Ramaiah Interview |publisher=Silverscreen.in |date=2014-11-18 |access-date=2016-12-01}}</ref> He also had an interest in lyric writing, often writing lyrics for parody versions of popular songs, while becoming trained in various instruments including the harmonium and guitar. At the age of 20, he moved to [[Chennai]] and tried to make a breakthrough into the film industry, but was hindered by his lack of contacts and instead worked for a private company for nine years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.videos.behindwoods.com/videos-q1-09/actor-actress-interview/thambi-ramiah-14-03-12.html |title=Thambi Ramaiah - Tamil Cinema Actor Interview - Thambi Ramaiah | Kumki | Saattai | Kazhugu - Behindwoods.com |publisher=Videos.behindwoods.com |access-date=2016-12-01}}</ref> He got a break in 1994 and took up a job as a dialogue writer for a serial on Sun TV, doubling up as an assistant director, script writer and lyricist. He then earned opportunities to work as an assistant director in films directed by [[T. Rajender]] and [[P. Vasu]], and he considers the latter his teacher of screenplay-writing.<ref name="ss1"/> He made a cameo acting appearance in Vasu's film ''[[Malabar Police]]'' (1999) in a scene featuring [[Goundamani]]. The following year, he made his directorial début with ''[[Manu Needhi]]'' (2000), which starred [[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]] and [[Napolean (actor)|Napolean]]. He carried on playing supporting roles in films as well as writing comedy tracks, also directing the [[Vadivelu]]-starrer ''[[Indiralohathil Na Azhagappan]]'' (2008).

He made a breakthrough as an actor portraying a friendly cop in [[Prabhu Solomon]]'s romantic film ''[[Mynaa]]'' (2010) and won the [[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor]] for his performance. He subsequently won positive reviews for his performances in films including ''[[Saattai]]'', ''[[Kumki (film)|Kumki]]'' (2012) and ''[[Kathai Thiraikathai Vasanam Iyakkam]]'' (2014). At the peak of his career in 2013–2014, he worked for up to four films a day, while being on locations for close to 25 days a month. He also served as his own manager and often was in charge of his own make-up and costumes in films.<ref name="ss1"/>

In 2014, he announced plans to introduce his son, [[Umapathy Ramaiah]], as an actor. His son later made his debut in ''[[Adhagappattathu Magajanangalay]]'' (2016).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150806/entertainment-kollywood/article/thambi-ramaiah%E2%80%99s-advice-his-son|title=Thambi Ramaiah's advice to his son|first=Anupama|last=Subramanian|date=6 August 2015|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> He made his comeback as a director after a gap debut after a 10-year hiatus with the film, ''[[Maniyaar Kudumbam]]'' (2018), starring his son Umapathy in the lead role. He also marks the debut of Thambi Ramaiah as a music director.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Cheran’s next directorial Maniyar Kudumbam to star Thambi Ramaiah’s son|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/Jun/29/cherans-next-directorial-maniyar-kudumbam-to-star-thambi-ramaiahs-son-1835724.html |access-date=2018-06-30 |work= The new Indian Express}}</ref>

In 2021, he has played in lead role in [[Samuthirakani]]'s ''[[Vinodhaya Sitham]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vinodhaya Sitham Movie Review: Thambi Ramaiah, Samuthirakani present a heartwarming tale of the last ride|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2021/Oct/15/vinodhaya-sitham-movie-review-thambi-ramaiah-samuthirakani-27280.html |access-date=2021-10-15 |work=Cinema Express}}</ref> In 2024, ''[[Rajakili]]'', which marks the directorial debut of Umapathy, also has Thambi Ramaiah as a music composer. The latter has also written the story, lyrics, and dialogue.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Thambi Ramaiah, Samuthirakani return with 'Rajakili' exploring life's uncertainty and human values|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2024/Dec/13/thambi-ramaiah-samuthirakani-return-with-rajakili-exploring-lifes-uncertainty-and-human-values |access-date=2024-12-13 |work= The new Indian Express}}</ref>

==Filmography==

===As actor===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Malabar Police]]'' || Perumal || Credited as Ramaiah
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Manu Needhi]]'' || Broker Dharmalingam ||
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Kovilpatti Veeralakshmi]]'' || Tea Shop Owner ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2004 || ''[[Arul (film)|Arul]]'' || Sethupathy's assistant ||
|-
|''[[Jore (film)|Jore]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="5"| 2005 || ''[[Kodambakkam (film)|Kodambakkam]]'' || Dhanam's father ||
|-
| ''[[Bambara Kannaley]]'' || || Uncredited role
|-
|''[[Vetrivel Sakthivel]]'' || Selvi's father-in-law ||
|-
| ''[[Aaru (film)|Aaru]]'' || Subbu ||
|-
|''[[Aanai]]'' || RTO officer ||
|-
| rowspan="9"| 2006 || ''[[Idhaya Thirudan]]'' || Police constable || Uncredited role
|-
|''[[Kovai Brothers]]'' || Astrologer ||
|-
|''[[Imsai Arasan 23m Pulikesi]]'' ||priest||
|-
|''[[Nee Venunda Chellam]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Sillunu Oru Kadhal]]'' || Vellaichaamy's assistant ||
|-
|''[[Thalaimagan]]'' || Inspector Veeraraj ||
|-
|''[[Vathiyar]]'' ||Flower seller||
|-
|''[[Nenjil]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Thagapansamy]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2007 ||''[[Maa Madurai]]'' || Osamma's husband ||
|-
|''[[Thottal Poo Malarum]]'' ||Kabaaleeswaran's friend||
|-
|''[[Oram Po]]'' || Rani's father ||
|-
|''[[Piragu]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2008 || ''[[Indiralohathil Na Azhagappan]]'' || Chithraguptan || Also director
|-
|''[[Theekuchi]]'' || Kurangu Ramasamy ||
|-
|''[[Arjunan Kadhali]]'' || || Unreleased
|-
|''[[Kee Mu]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2009 || ''[[Guru En Aalu]]'' || Lawyer ||
|-
|''[[Malai Malai]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Odipolama]]'' ||Visu's uncle||
|-
| rowspan="5"| 2010 || ''[[Magane En Marumagane]]'' ||Singaram's sidekick||
|-
| ''[[Kaadhal Solla Vandhen]]'' || College Principal ||
|-
| ''[[Vaada (2010 film)|Vaada]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Mynaa]]'' || Ramaiah || '''Winner''', [[Vijay Award for Best Supporting Actor]] '''Winner''', [[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor]] '''Winner''', [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Comedian]] Nominated, [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor - Tamil]]
|-
|''[[Mandhira Punnagai (2010 film)|Mandhira Punnagai]]'' || Manmadhan Naidu ||
|-
| rowspan="5"| 2011 || ''[[Nanjupuram]]'' ||Village President||
|-
|''[[Aayiram Vilakku]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Vaagai Sooda Vaa]]'' || Twonaalettu (2×4=8) ||
|-
|''[[Osthe]]'' || Masana Moorthy ||
|-
|''[[Rajapattai]]'' || Shanmugham ||
|-
| rowspan="10"| 2012 ||''[[Vettai]]'' || Constable ||
|-
|''[[Ambuli]]'' || Vethagiri ||
|-
|''[[Kazhugu (2012 film)|Kazhugu]]'' || Shanmugam (Chittappa) ||
|-
|''Pechiyakka Marumagan'' || ||
|-
|''[[Pandi Oliperukki Nilayam]]'' || Muthiah ||
|-
|''[[Mannaru]]'' || || Also writer
|-
|''[[Saattai]]'' || Singaperumal || '''Winner''', [[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards|Norway Tamil Film Festival Award for Best Villain]] Nominated, [[2nd South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role]] Nominated, [[Vijay Award for Best Villain]]
|-
|''[[Thaandavam]]'' || Thappachae Mama ||
|-
|''[[Neerparavai]]'' || Joseph Bharathi ||
|-
|''[[Kumki (film)|Kumki]]'' || Kothali || '''Winner''', [[2nd South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Award for Best Comedian]] '''Winner''', [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor - Tamil]]
|-
| rowspan="7"|2013 || ''[[Lokpal (film)|Lokpal]]'' || SI Ramdas || [[Malayalam]] film
|-
| ''[[Mathil Mel Poonai]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Moondru Per Moondru Kadhal]]'' || Thiruvengadam ||
|-
| ''Keeripulla'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Neram]]'' || Saravanar ||
|-
| ''[[Summa Nachunu Irukku]]'' || Chinniah ||
|-
| ''[[Apple Penne]]'' || Aarumugam ||
|-
| rowspan="20"|2014 || ''[[Jilla]]'' || Shivan's aide ||
|-
| ''[[Veeram (2014 film)|Veeram]]'' || Savarimuthu ||
|-
| ''[[Pulivaal]]'' || Valliappan ||
|-
| ''[[Vu (film)|Vu]]'' || Ganesh ||
|-
| ''[[Nimirndhu Nil]]'' || Head constable ||
|-
| ''[[Nedunchaalai]]'' || Master ||
|-
| ''[[Ennamo Nadakkudhu]]'' || Burma's friend ||
|-
| ''[[Un Samayal Arayil]]'' || Krishna ||
|-
| ''[[Athithi (2014 film)|Athithi]]'' || Ondipuli ||
|-
| ''[[Kathai Thiraikathai Vasanam Iyakkam]]'' || Seenu ||'''Winner''', [[Vijay Award for Best Comedian]] '''Winner''', [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards|Ananda Vikatan Cinema Award for Best Comedian]] Nominated, [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor - Tamil]]
|-
| ''[[Amara Kaaviyam]]'' || Gnanam ||
|-
| ''[[Aindhaam Thalaimurai Sidha Vaidhiya Sigamani]]'' || Silambu Chinnadurai ||
|-
| ''[[Vanavarayan Vallavarayan]]'' ||Vanavarayan & Vallavarayan's father||
|-
| ''[[Rettai Vaalu]]'' || Ramasamy Padayatchi ||
|-
| ''[[Yaan (film)|Yaan]]'' ||Chinna ||
|-
| ''[[Nerungi Vaa Muthamidathe]]'' || Rajagopalan ||
|-
| ''[[Gnana Kirukkan]]'' ||Selvamani||
|-
| ''[[Oru Oorla Rendu Raja]]'' || Good Samaritan ||
|-
| ''[[Kaaviya Thalaivan (2014 film)|Kaaviya Thalaivan]]'' || Koduvaai ||
|-
| ''[[Kaadu (2014 film)|Kaadu]]'' || Chettiar ||
|-
| rowspan="17"|2015 || ''[[Isai]]'' || Church priest ||
|-
| ''[[Sandamarutham]]'' || Nirukalathan ||
|-
| ''[[Vajram (2015 film)|Vajram]]'' ||Ramaiah||
|-
| ''[[En Vazhi Thani Vazhi (2015 film)|En Vazhi Thani Vazhi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Serndhu Polama]]'' || Kumaran||
|-
| ''[[Komban]]'' ||Rajakili ||
|-
| ''[[Kangaroo (2015 film)|Kangaroo]]'' || Thakapan Swami Nadar||
|-
| ''[[Inimey Ippadithan]]'' || Ulaganathan ||
|-
| ''[[Thani Oruvan]]'' || Sengalvarayan || [[2nd South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Award for Best Comedian]]
|-
|''[[Adhibar]]''||Siva's uncle||
|-
| ''[[Strawberry (film)|Strawberry]]'' ||Arnold's friend||
|-
| ''[[Yatchan]]'' || Sotta Mani ||
|-
| ''[[Maanga (film)|Maanga]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Puli (2015 film)|Puli]]''||Kodangi ||
|-
| ''[[Sivappu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Thiraipada Nagaram'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Vedalam]]'' || Thamizh's father ||
|-
| rowspan="9"|2016 || ''[[Azhagu Kutti Chellam]]'' || Orphanage owner ||
|-
| ''[[Peigal Jaakkirathai]]'' || Pazhaivel Annachi ||
|-
| ''[[Saagasam]]'' || ACP Seetharaman ||
|-
| ''[[Vetrivel]]'' || Othasai ||
|-
| ''[[Appa (2016 film)|Appa]]'' || Singaperumal ||
|-
| ''[[Tamilselvanum Thaniyar Anjalum]]'' || Manikandan ||
|-
| ''[[Iru Mugan]]'' || Muthaiah ||
|-
| ''[[Thodari]]'' || Chandrakanth ||
|-
| ''[[Virumandikkum Sivanandikkum]]'' || Ganduchamy ||
|-
|rowspan="14"|2017||''[[Bairavaa]]''|| Narayanan ||
|-
| ''[[Koditta Idangalai Nirappuga]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Enakku Vaaitha Adimaigal]]'' || Muthu Vinayagam ||
|-
| ''[[Kuttram 23]]'' || Thirupathi ||
|-
| ''[[Mupparimanam]]'' || Santhosh ||
|-
| ''[[Motta Shiva Ketta Shiva]]'' || Home Minister ||
|-
| ''[[Dora (2017 film)|Dora]]'' || Vairam ||
|-
| ''[[Sangili Bungili Kadhava Thorae]]'' || Jambulingam ||
|-
| ''[[Thondan (2017 film)|Thondan]]'' || Income tax officer ||
|-
| ''[[Vanamagan]]'' || Pandian ||
|-
| ''[[Vizhithiru]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[12-12-1950]]'' || Vanangamudi ||
|-
| ''[[Palli Paruvathile]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Velaikkaran (2017 film)|Velaikkaran]]'' || Stella Bruce ||
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2018 || ''[[Thaanaa Serndha Koottam]]''|| Iniyan's father ||
|-
|''[[Maniyaar Kudumbam]]'' || Narthanga Saamy || also director and composer
|-
|''[[Billa Pandi]]'' || ||
|-
|rowspan="9"| 2019 || ''[[Viswasam]]'' || Rosamani ||
|-
|''[[Thirumanam (2019 film)|Thirumanam]]'' || Kumaraguru ||
|-
| ''[[Vilambaram (2019 film)|Vilambaram]]'' || Gem Ad Agency owner ||
|-
|''[[Pottu (film)|Pottu]]'' || Arjun's father ||
|-
| ''[[Aghavan]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Mr. Local]]'' || Lakshman ||
|-
| ''Thiruttu Kalyanam'' || ||
|-
| ''[[100% Kadhal]]'' || Ramasamy ||
|-
| ''[[Adutha Saattai]]'' || Singaperumal ||
|-
| rowspan="10"| 2021 || ''[[Bhoomi (2021 film)|Bhoomi]]'' || Velusaamy ||Released on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
|-
| ''[[Michaelpatty Raja]]'' || Magician ||
|-
| ''[[Devadas Brothers]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Thalaivii]]'' || Madhavan || Bilingual film (Tamil and Hindi)
|-
| ''[[Rudra Thandavam (2021 film)|Rudra Thandavam]]'' || Police Constable Joseph Murray ||
|-
| ''[[Vinodhaya Sitham]]'' || Parasuram || Released on [[ZEE5]]
|-
| ''[[Enemy (2021 film)|Enemy]]'' || 'Risk' Ramalingam ||
|-
| ''[[Raajavamsam]]'' || Kalyanasundaram ||
|-
| ''[[Thanne Vandi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Velan (film)|Velan]]'' || Ananda Kuttan ||
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2022 || ''[[Maha (film)|Maha]]'' || Constable Alex Pandian ||
|-
|''[[The Legend (2022 film)|The Legend]]'' || Thulasi's father ||
|-
| ''[[Lilly Rani]]'' || Moorthy ||
|-
| ''[[Sembi]]'' || Anbu ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2023 || ''[[Thalainagaram 2]]'' || Malik ||
|-
| ''[[Kick (2023 film)|Kick]]'' || Michael Jackson "MJ" ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2024 || ''[[Inga Naan Thaan Kingu]]'' || Jaameen ||
|-
| ''[[Indian 2]]'' || Thangavel ||
|-
| ''[[Rajakili]]'' || Murugappa Sendrayar || Also writer and composer
|-
| ''[[Thiru.Manickam]]'' || Gurumoorthy ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2025 || ''Yaadhum Ariyaan''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Muthal Pakkam]]'' || Inspector Ramaiah ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mullappilly |first=Sreejith |date=2025-07-26 |title=Muthal Pakkam Trailer: Vetri is back as a cop on a manhunt |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jul/26/muthal-pakkam-trailer-vetri-is-back-as-a-cop-on-a-manhunt |access-date=2025-08-06 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2026 || ''[[Thalaivar Thambi Thalaimaiyil]]'' || Mani ||
|-
| ''[[Hot Spot 2 Much]]'' || Sharmitha's father || Anthology film; segment: ''Black & White''
|-
| ''[[Lucky the Superstar]]'' || Ramu || Voice role<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 February 2026|title=Lucky The Superstar Movie Review: Conveniences undercut cheer in this canine fantasy|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2026/Feb/20/lucky-the-superstar-movie-review-conveniences-undercut-cheer-in-this-canine-fantasy|website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>
|-
|}

==== Web series ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Network
|-
|2022
|''[[Victim (web series)|Victim]]''
|Kandan, Sikkandar
|[[SonyLIV]]
|}

===As director===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#000;"
! Year !! Film !!class=unsortable| Notes
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Manu Needhi]]'' ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Indiralohathil Na Azhagappan]]'' ||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Maniyaar Kudumbam]]'' ||
|}

===As singer===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Song !! Composer !! Lyrics !! Notes
|-
|2013 ||''Vu'' ||"Oru Padi Mela" ||Abhijith Ramasamy || Murugan Manthiram ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Asurakulam]]'' || "Polladhavaa" || [[C. Sathya]] || [[Yugabharathi]] || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/thambi-ramaiah-sings-a-folk-song-for-asurakulam/articleshow/52683783.cms|title=Thambi Ramaiah sings a folk song for Asurakulam|work=The Times of India|last=CR|first=Sharanya|date=14 January 2017}}</ref>
|-
|2010 ||''Oru Koodai Mutham'' ||"Nongala Enakku" ||Shanthan || Thambi Ramaiah ||<ref name = okm>{{cite web|url=https://gaana.com/album/oru-koodai-mutham-tamil |title=Oru Koodai Mutham Tamil Songs Download: Oru Koodai Mutham Tamil MP3 Odia Songs Online Free on |publisher=Gaana |date= |accessdate=2022-08-23}}</ref>
|-
|2010 ||''Oru Koodai Mutham'' ||"Pappa Poranthathu" ||Shanthan || Thambi Ramaiah ||<ref name = okm/>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|id=4446366}}

{{National Film Award Best Supporting Actor}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramaiah, Thambi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:Best Supporting Actor National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Tamil screenwriters]]
[[Category:Tamil comedians]]
[[Category:Male actors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1956 births]]

The Hills Times

2026-03-24T10:33:10Z

BrandonGreenlee: made new info

{{Short description|English-language newspaper in Assam, India}}
{{distinguish|The Hill Times}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = The Hills Times
| school =
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| image = File:Net edition 11 june pages-to-jpg-0001.jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt = Front Page of The Hills Times
| caption =
| motto = ''Voice of The Hills People''
| type = [[Daily newspaper]]
| format = [[Broadsheet]]
| owner = Rameswar Chauhan
| founder =
| publisher = Rameswar Chauhan
| president =
| editor = Rameswar Chauhan
| deputy_editor =
| associate_editor =
| managing_editor =
| general_manager =
| news_editor =
| dirvisuals =
| dirvideo =
| campus_editor =
| campus_chief =
| metro_editor =
| metro_chief =
| opinion_editor =
| photo_editor =
| staff_writers =
| founded = {{Start date|2000||}}
| political_position =
| language = [[Indian English|English]]
| ceased_publication = 
| relaunched =
| headquarters = [[Diphu]], [[Karbi Anglong district|Karbi Anglong]], [[Assam]]
| publishing_city = [[Diphu]]
| publishing_country = [[India]]
| circulation = 31,000+ {{Citation needed|date=November 2024|reason= Circulation number is out of date }}
| circulation_date =
| circulation_ref =
| readership =
| sister_newspapers =
| ISSN =
| eISSN =
| oclc =
| RNI = ASSENG/2000/12862
| website = {{URL|http://www.thehillstimes.in}}
| free =
}}

'''The Hills Times''' is a daily newspaper in English published from [[Diphu]], in [[Karbi Anglong district]], and [[Guwahati]], the capital of [[Assam]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2008/08/29/assams-karbi-anglong-witnessing-newspaper-readership-1220015100.html|title=Assam's Karbi Anglong witnessing high newspaper readership|work=[[Oneindia.in]]|date=2008-08-29 |archive-date=8 May 2014 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508062348/http://news.oneindia.in/2008/08/29/assams-karbi-anglong-witnessing-newspaper-readership-1220015100.html}}</ref> It started publication from 2000.

The current editor of ''The Hills Times'' is Rameswar Chauhan.

== See also ==
* [[Thekar]]
* [[The Arleng Daily]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|https://www.thehillstimes.in}}
* [http://thekararnivang.com/2013/09/05/sb-raimedhi-bokajan-sdpo-kimi|Karbi Anglong Mass Media Communication pen ale kelong (Karbi language)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216133033/http://www.thekararnivang.com/2013/09/05/sb-raimedhi-bokajan-sdpo-kimi%7CKarbi |date=16 December 2022 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hills Times}}
[[Category:English-language newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Newspapers established in 2000]]
[[Category:Karbi Anglong district]]

{{India-newspaper-stub}}

Experimental Theatre (NCPA)

2026-03-22T04:42:19Z

BrandonGreenlee: refined references additionally and fixed typos

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2015}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Experimental Theatre, [[National Centre for the Performing Arts (India)|National Centre for the Performing Arts]]
| image = NCPA building, Nariman Point, Mumbai.JPG
| building_type = [[Arts complex]]
| architectural_style =
| structural_system =
| cost =
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[India]]
| address =
| construction_start_date = 1981
| completion_date = 1985
| opened_date = 25 April 1986
| height = 46.28m
| floor_area =
| main_contractors = [[Larsen & Toubro Limited]]
| architect = [[Philip Johnson]]
| structural_engineer =
}}
The '''Experimental Theatre''' is a 300-seat theatre at the [[National Centre for the Performing Arts (India)|National Centre for the Performing Arts]] in [[Mumbai]], [[India]].<ref name="NCPA history">{{cite web |url=http://www.ncpamumbai.com/about-us/history-legacy |title=History & Legacy. |access-date=2013-03-10 |publisher=[[National Centre for the Performing Arts (India)|NCPA Mumbai]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510163822/http://www.ncpamumbai.com/about-us/history-legacy |archive-date=10 May 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> It was inaugurated in April 1986 as a [[black box theatre]] venue with modular seating and staging units.

==History==

The NCPA was constructed in the 1980s. After the [[Tata Theatre]] was constructed, work began on the Experimental Theatre, a versatile [[black box theatre]] space which small-scale groups to perform flexible works at the centre. [[Tata Steel]] (formerly Tata Iron & Steel Company) made an initial donation to the Theatre of 5 million [[rupee]]s. The Theatre was officially inaugurated on 25 April 1986.<ref name="NCPA history" />

==Facilities==

[[File:Tata theatre mumbai foyer.jpg|thumb|[[Tata Theatre]] foyer entrance to the Experimental Theatre]]
Besides the theatre itself, the Experimental Theatre includes three conference rooms, large foyer spaces and a museum.

According to the [[Larsen & Toubro Limited|Larsen & Toubro]] the acoustics of this theatre allow individual instruments to be appreciated without amplification.

==Performances==

The Experimental Theatre has hosted experimental plays, Indian epics, [[Indian Classical Music|classical music]] concerts,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timeoutmumbai.net/music/arties-festival-day-1|title=Catch a variety of western classical music being performed at NCPA|access-date=2013-03-09|publisher=[[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out Mumbai]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221085310/http://www.timeoutmumbai.net/music/arties-festival-day-1|archive-date=21 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[Western culture|Western]] [[opera]]s and [[ballet]]s. Famous artists such as [[Romain Descharmes]] have performed there.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ncpamumbai.com/event/arties-festival-march-2013|title=Arties Festival|March 2013|access-date=2013-03-09|publisher=[[National Centre for the Performing Arts (India)|NCPA]]|archive-date=13 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613014146/http://www.ncpamumbai.com/event/arties-festival-march-2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[National Centre for the Performing Arts (India)|NCPA]]
* [[Tata Theatre]]
* [[Jamshed Bhabha Theatre]]

==References==

{{reflist|2}}

{{Tourist attractions in Mumbai}}
{{coord|18.9252|72.8199|region:IN-MH_type:landmark|display=title}}

[[Category:Theatres in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Theatres completed in 1986]]
[[Category:Performing arts centres in India]]
[[Category:1986 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

Dakshinapan Shopping Center

2026-03-19T13:44:13Z

BrandonGreenlee: started.

{{Short description|Shopping center in Kolkata, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
[[File:Dakshinapan - Market Complex - Dhakuria - Kolkata 2014-02-12 2026.JPG|thumb|The Dakshinapan, Dhakuria]]

The '''Dakshinapan Shopping Center''' is on [[Gariahat Road]], right at the foot of Dhakuria Rail Overbridge (Shri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu Setu) in [[Dhakuria]], [[Kolkata]]. It is spread over 57,000 sqft area and has 141 shops. It was launched by the Kolkata Improvement Trust (KIT) in 1988.<ref>{{cite web|title=Shopping in Kolkata|url=http://www.imagesfashion.com/back/feature/july_03_1_features_how_kolkata_shop.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070415190425/http://www.imagesfashion.com/back/feature/july_03_1_features_how_kolkata_shop.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2007-04-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-06-14 |title=KMC's hoax of a merger |url=http://www.thestatesman.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&show=archive&id=382562&catid=73&year=2011&month=09&day=8&Itemid=66 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614102602/http://www.thestatesman.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&show=archive&id=382562&catid=73&year=2011&month=09&day=8&Itemid=66 |archive-date=2012-06-14 |access-date=2022-07-25 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-03-23 |title=Welcome To KIT |url=http://kolkataimprovementtrust.co.in/buling-community.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323021048/http://kolkataimprovementtrust.co.in/buling-community.asp |archive-date=2012-03-23 |access-date=2022-07-25 }}</ref> It is an open-air cultural spot cum [[shopping complex]], the latter consisting mainly of various types of State emporiums from all over [[India]] dealing in [[handloom]]s, [[handicrafts]], [[textiles]], furniture, fancy goods and imitation [[jewelry]]. It also houses [[Madhusudan Mancha]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-10-04 |title=Madhusudan Manch {{!}} Information and Cultural Affairs |url=http://www.tathyabangla.gov.in/information/madhusudan-manch |access-date=2022-07-25 |archive-date=4 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004155209/http://www.tathyabangla.gov.in/information/madhusudan-manch |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> and Children Little Theater. Madhusudan Mancha stages dramas, dances, recitals and other forms of performing arts organized by leading professional artists as well as theatre groups in the city. During 15th Kolkata Film festival in 2009, Madhusudan Mancha hosted 28 films.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==See also==
* [[Madhusudan Mancha]]

{{coord|22.5667|N|88.3667|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

{{Shopping malls in India}}

[[Category:Shopping malls in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Shopping malls established in 1988]]
[[Category:1988 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

{{Kolkata-geo-stub}}

Homi Adajania

2026-03-16T15:36:42Z

BrandonGreenlee: adjusted details based on references and cleaned formatting

{{short description|Indian film director and writer (born 1972)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Homi Adajania
| image = Homi Adajania - Director.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1972|02|28}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], Maharashtra, India
| yearsactive = 2005–present
| occupation = Film director, writer
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Anaita Shroff Adajania]]|2002}}
| father = [[Aspy Adajania]]
}}
'''Homi Adajania''' (born 28 February 1972) is an Indian film director and writer. He made his directorial debut with ''[[Being Cyrus]]'' (2005), an English-language psychological drama. He followed this with the commercially successful Hindi-language romantic comedy ''[[Cocktail (2012 film)|Cocktail]]'' (2012). After this Adajania directed the satire ''[[Finding Fanny]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mitra |first=Shilajit |date=2 May 2023 |title=Homi Adajania's unmade films are his best |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/homi-adajanias-unmade-films-are-his-best/article66800318.ece |work=The Hindu |access-date=30 August 2023 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=30 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830085847/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/homi-adajanias-unmade-films-are-his-best/article66800318.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Career==
{{BLP sources section|date=December 2023}}
Born on 28 February 1972,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rajpal |first1=Roktim |date=1 March 2023 |title=Sara Ali Khan shares a photo in a 'beard' as she wishes Homi Adajania on his birthday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/sara-ali-khan-shares-a-photo-in-a-beard-as-she-wishes-homi-adjania-on-his-birthday-2341042-2023-03-01 |work=India Today |access-date=24 March 2024 |archive-date=24 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324123543/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/sara-ali-khan-shares-a-photo-in-a-beard-as-she-wishes-homi-adjania-on-his-birthday-2341042-2023-03-01 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sahani |first1=Alaka |date=4 May 2023 |title=‘Anything that’s pre-planned loses a certain sense of truth’: Homi Adajania |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/anything-thats-pre-planned-loses-a-certain-sense-of-truth-homi-adajania-8579695/ |work=The Indian Express |access-date=9 December 2025}}</ref> Adajania entered the film industry directing and co-writing the English-language psychological drama ''[[Being Cyrus]]'' (2005) starring [[Saif Ali Khan]], [[Naseeruddin Shah]], [[Dimple Kapadia]], and [[Boman Irani]]. The film earned critical acclaim, despite being commercially unsuccessful. Film critic Rajeev Masand called it "a stylish thriller that's told in an immensely engaging style."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rajeevmasand.com/uncategorized/masands-verdict-being-cyrus/ |title=Masand's verdict: Being Cyrus |last=Masand |first=Rajeev |website=Rajeev Masand |access-date=17 July 2014 |archive-date=5 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205074754/http://www.rajeevmasand.com/uncategorized/masands-verdict-being-cyrus/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Adajania's second directorial venture was the Hindi-language romantic comedy ''[[Cocktail (2012 film)|Cocktail]]'' (2012). The film was written by filmmaker [[Imtiaz Ali (director)|Imtiaz Ali]] and produced by Saif Ali Khan and Dinesh Vijan under their banner [[Illuminati Films]]. The lead roles were played by Khan, [[Deepika Padukone]], and debutante actress [[Diana Penty]], while Kapadia and [[Boman Irani]] featured in supporting roles. After its three-week run, [[Box Office India]] declared the film a hit in India and abroad. It earned mixed to positive reviews from critics.

Adajania's third directorial venture, the satirical comedy ''[[Finding Fanny]]'', was released in September 2014 in both English and Hindi. The film starred an ensemble cast including Shah, Kapadia, [[Pankaj Kapur]], Padukone, and [[Arjun Kapoor]]. The film received mostly positive reviews, and had a steady run at the box office.

His fourth directorial project was a Hindi film, ''[[Angrezi Medium]]'', starring [[Irrfan Khan]], [[Radhika Madan]] and [[Deepak Dobriyal]] which released on 12 March 2020 but had a limited release due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Adajania's fifth directorial venture was an OTT series called ''[[Saas, Bahu Aur Flamingo]]'' which stars [[Dimple Kapadia]], [[Radhika Madan]], [[Angira Dhar]] and [[Isha Talwar]] which is about a matriarch in a rural village who runs a drug business with her daughter and her two daughters-in-law. The show streamed on 5 May 2023 with positive reviews on [[Disney+ Hotstar]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Whittock |first1=Jesse |date=6 April 2023 |title=Disney+ Hotstar Sets 'Saas, Bahu Aur Flamingo' From Director Homi Adajania As Latest Series Original |url=https://deadline.com/2023/04/disney-plus-hotstar-saas-bahu-aur-flamingo-homi-adajania-1235319238/ |work=Deadline |access-date=27 December 2023 |archive-date=21 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521161716/https://deadline.com/2023/04/disney-plus-hotstar-saas-bahu-aur-flamingo-homi-adajania-1235319238/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

His sixth directorial venture is murder-mystery drama called ''[[Murder Mubarak]]'' which stars [[Sara Ali Khan]], [[Vijay Varma]], [[Dimple Kapadia]], [[Pankaj Tripathi]], [[Karisma Kapoor]], [[Sanjay Kapoor]], and [[Tisca Chopra]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Tisca Chopra joins cast of Sara Ali Khan and Karisma Kapoor starrer 'Murder Mubarak' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/tisca-chopra-joins-cast-of-sara-ali-khan-and-karisma-kapoor-starrer-murder-mubarak/articleshow/99062799.cms |work=The Times of India |date=28 March 2023 |access-date=27 December 2023 |archive-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227170726/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/tisca-chopra-joins-cast-of-sara-ali-khan-and-karisma-kapoor-starrer-murder-mubarak/articleshow/99062799.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> It is an adaptation to the best-selling novel, ''Club you to Death'', by Anuja Chauhan .<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mitra |first1=Shilajit |date=2 May 2023 |title=Homi Adajania's unmade films are his best |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/homi-adajanias-unmade-films-are-his-best/article66800318.ece |work=The Hindu |access-date=27 December 2023 |archive-date=29 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231229121056/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/homi-adajanias-unmade-films-are-his-best/article66800318.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The film will be streamed on [[Netflix]] in 2024.

==Early life==
[[File:Anaita Shroff Adajania, Homi Adajania at India's 50 Best Dressed Men, 2012 (18).jpg|thumb|150px|With wife Anaita Shroff Adajania at India's 50 Best Dressed Men, 2012]]
Adajania was born on 28 February 1972 in a [[Parsis|Parsi]] family. His father, [[Aspy Adajania]], was an Indian Army officer and a pioneer of [[amateur boxing]] in India who went on to serve as a top administrator of the sport and as a referee officiated high-profile matches.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Priya |title=Homi Adajania: I was blown away with the ease with which Deepika Padukone fit into her role - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Homi-Adajania-I-was-blown-away-with-the-ease-with-which-Deepika-Padukone-fit-into-her-role/articleshow/42277571.cms |access-date=8 December 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=12 September 2014 |language=en |archive-date=16 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416200544/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Homi-Adajania-I-was-blown-away-with-the-ease-with-which-Deepika-Padukone-fit-into-her-role/articleshow/42277571.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=That distinct Parsi touch |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/features/distinct-parsi-touch-1502607176.html |access-date=8 December 2020 |work=The Statesman |date=24 March 2018 |archive-date=22 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222052906/https://www.thestatesman.com/features/distinct-parsi-touch-1502607176.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Homi lost his sister, Zia Diwan Adajania, to a stroke in 2014.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Parande |first1=Shweta |title=Director Homi Adajania's sister Zia Adajania-Divan passes away {{!}} India.com |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/director-homi-adajanias-sister-%E2%80%8Ezia-adajania-divan-passes-away-182991/ |access-date=23 April 2022 |work=India.com |date=29 October 2014 |language=en |archive-date=23 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423183739/https://www.india.com/entertainment/director-homi-adajanias-sister-%E2%80%8Ezia-adajania-divan-passes-away-182991/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Personal life==
He is married to fashion stylist and the Fashion Director of ''[[Vogue India]]'', [[Anaita Shroff Adajania]]<ref name="Vijayakar">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiawest.com/news/5608-homi-adajania-on-the-fresh-look-of-cocktail.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722224655/http://www.indiawest.com/news/5608-homi-adajania-on-the-fresh-look-of-cocktail.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 July 2012 |title=Homi Adajania on the Fresh Look of 'Cocktail' |last=Vijayakar |first=R. M. |date=20 July 2012 |work=India-West |access-date=28 June 2013 }}</ref> and has two children.<ref name="CITEREFHomiAdjania">{{cite news|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ten-things-you-should-know-about-cocktails-director-homi-adajania-374770.html | title= Ten things you should know about Homi Adajania | first=Rubina A. | last=Khan | date=11 July 2012 | publisher=FirstPost.com | access-date=7 July 2018}}</ref><ref name="Jha">{{cite journal|last=Jha|first=Nishita|author2=Leanza, Gae Emilio|date=4 August 2012|title=Will the real Homi please stand up?|journal=[[Tehelka]]|volume=9|issue=31|url=http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main53.asp?filename=hub040812WILL.asp|access-date=28 June 2013|archive-date=22 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522024910/http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main53.asp?filename=hub040812WILL.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref> His sister-in-law, Scherezade Shroff - a well known YouTuber, is married to actor [[Vaibhav Talwar]].<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Inside Scherezade Shroff's wedding with Vaibhav Talwar's wedding |url=https://www.vogue.in/galleries/inside-scherezade-shroffs-wedding-vaibhav-talwars-wedding |access-date=23 April 2022 |magazine=[[Vogue India]] |language=en-IN |archive-date=14 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214134318/https://www.vogue.in/galleries/inside-scherezade-shroffs-wedding-vaibhav-talwars-wedding |url-status=live }}</ref>

He played in his youth for the [[Bombay Gymkhana]] rugby football team in Mumbai. He is a certified CMAS (Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques) dive instructor, and used to teach in the [[Lakshadweep]] islands.<ref name="CITEREFHomiAdjania"/>

==Filmography==
===Films===
{|class="wikitable"
! Year !! Title !!Director !!Writer !! Producer
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Being Cyrus]]'' ||{{yes}} ||{{yes}}||{{no}}
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Cocktail (2012 film)|Cocktail]]'' ||{{yes}} ||{{no}} ||{{no}}
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Finding Fanny]]'' ||{{yes}} ||{{yes}}||{{no}}
|-
| 2017 ||''[[Raabta (film)|Raabta]]'' ||{{no}} ||{{no}} ||{{yes}}
|-
| 2019 ||''[[The Fakir Of Venice]]''||{{no}} ||{{partial|Story}} ||{{no}}
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Angrezi Medium]]'' ||{{yes}} ||{{no}} ||{{no}}
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Murder Mubarak]]'' ||{{yes}} ||{{no}} ||{{no}}
|-
| 2026 || ''{{pending film|[[Cocktail 2]]}}'' ||{{yes}} ||{{no}} ||{{no}}
|}

===Short films===
{|class="wikitable"
! Year !! Title !!Director !!Writer !! Producer
|-
|2015 ||''[[My Choice (film)|My Choice]]''<ref>{{cite news |title=Misunderstanding made 'My Choice' explosively viral: Homi Adajania |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/misunderstanding-made-my-choice-explosively-viral-homi-adajania/ |access-date=28 May 2023 |work=The Indian Express |agency=IANS |date=10 April 2015 |language=en |archive-date=28 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528162356/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/misunderstanding-made-my-choice-explosively-viral-homi-adajania/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ||{{yes}} ||{{yes}}||{{yes}}
|}

===Television===
{|class="wikitable"
! Year !! Title !!Creator!!Director !!Writer
|-
|2023
|''[[Saas, Bahu Aur Flamingo]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
| {{partial|Story}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|1223294}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Adajania, Homi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Film directors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Cathedral and John Connon School alumni]]
[[Category:Parsi people from Mumbai]]
[[Category:1972 births]]

Abdullah Al-Nafisi

2026-03-16T03:49:55Z

BrandonGreenlee: minor edit

{{Short description|Kuwaiti politician and academic}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Abdullah_Alnefisi_(cropped).jpg
| office = Member of the [[National Assembly (Kuwait)|National Assembly]]
| term_start = March 9, 1985
| term_end = July 3, 1986
| constituency = Eighth District
| birth_place = [[Jibla, Kuwait|Jibla]], [[Kuwait]]
| birth_date = 1945
| native_name = عبدالله النفيسي
| profession = Academic
}}
'''Abdullah Fahad Al-Nafisi''' ({{langx|ar|عبد الله فهد النفيسي}}, born 1945 in [[Kuwait]]) is a Kuwaiti politician and academic. He graduated from The University of Cambridge in 1972. He was a member of [[National Assembly (Kuwait)|the National Assembly of Kuwait]] in 1985.

==Early life==
Abdullah Fahad Abdullah Abdulaziz Al-Nafisi was born on 1945 in Freej Soud, [[Jibla, Kuwait|Jibla]], [[Kuwait]]. Al-Nafisi is from the Al-Nafsiah family that originated from [[Mutayr]] tribe.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.alraimedia.com/ampArticle/467614 | title=أسرة النفيسي... ودورها في صناعة تاريخ المنطقة | date=14 January 2014 }}</ref> In 1951, Abdullah and his brother Ghazi moved to Egypt to study in [[Victoria College, Alexandria|Victoria College]] in [[Alexandria]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.alanba.com.kw/ar/literature-and-culture/success-story/439345/22-01-2014-غازي-النفيسي-بدات-حياتي-العملية-الصفر-وكافحت-اجل-الوصول-الى-النجاحبالعزيمة-والاصرار/ | title=غازي النفيسي بدأت حياتي العملية من الصفر وكافحت من أجل الوصول إلى النجاح بالعزيمة والإصرار }}</ref> Initially, Abdullah went to study medicine in [[Manchester]]. In 1962, Abdullah read ''[[Why I Am Not a Christian]]'' by [[Bertrand Russell]], which caused him to question his faith and led him to leave Manchester and go back to Kuwait to learn and research more about Islam.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://alfarhan.ws/m-hw-lktb-ldhy-gyr-mjr-hytk/ | title=ما هو الكتاب الذي غير مجرى حياتك؟ | date=29 March 2014 }}</ref>

== Education and academia==
He earned his Bachelor's degree from the [[American University of Beirut]] in 1967 and a PhD in Political Science from [[Churchill College, Cambridge|Churchill College at Cambridge University]] in Britain in 1972.<ref name=":0" />

After his graduation in 1972, Al-Nafisi worked as a professor of political science [[Kuwait University]]. He was later promoted to president at the College of Political Science on 1974. On 1978, he was fired from Kuwait University and got his passport confiscated for two years following the release of his book ''Kuwait, the other opinion''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.aljazeera.net/amp/politics/2020/1/23/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AA-%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A | title= النفيسي ما زال يثير الجدل بعد فتح "صندوقه الأسود" }}</ref> After getting his passport back, Abdullah worked at the [[United Arab Emirates University]] in Al Ain from 1981 until 1984.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=الدكتور عبد الله النفيسي|url=http://dr-khaled.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1236:2017-05-02-05-56-01&catid=35:the-cms&Itemid=59|access-date=3 November 2020|website=dr-khaled.net}}</ref> He has a doctorate in political science from the University of Cambridge. Between 1973 and 1980, he was active as a visiting professor at [[Peking University]], [[Moscow State University]], [[Harvard University|Harvard]], [[Cambridge]], [[Stanford University|Stanford]] and the [[University of Exeter]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Abdullah bin Fahd Al-Nafisi|url=http://www.globalinfluence.world/en/leader/abdullah-bin-fahd-al-nafisi/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122100108/http://www.globalinfluence.world/en/leader/abdullah-bin-fahd-al-nafisi/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=22 January 2018|access-date=2 November 2020|website=Global Influence}}</ref>

==Parliamentary Career==
=== Member of Parliament (1985-1986) ===
Abdullah Al-Nafisi decided to run in the [[1985 Kuwaiti general election]] in the Eighth District. He was considered to be a candidate closely affiliated to the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] in Kuwait. He got first place in that district with 951 votes.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.kuwaitpolitics.org/elec198500d8.htm | title=الانتخابات 1985 }}</ref> He was a member of majority anti-government bloc in parliament. On 23 June 1986, Abdullah Al-Nafisi and Jassim Al-Qatami decided to interrogate Minister of Oil [[Ali Al-Khalifa Al-Sabah]] regarding Santa Fe International oil exploration company.<ref> https://www.kna.kw/Session/Interrogation/0/34 </ref> Three other interrogations were announced on the same week leading to the unconstitutional dissolution of 1985 session, ending Al-Nafisi’s career as MP on July 3, 1986.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.aljazeera.net/news/2006/5/23/%D8%AD%D9%84-%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE | title=حل مجلس الأمة الكويتي.. التاريخ والأسباب }}</ref>

=== Post-membership (1986-1996) ===
On 15 July 1986, Abdullah Al-Nafisi was part of the joint statement that involved 32 MPs of the dissolved assembly. The joint statement demanded the reinstatement of all suspended constitutional articles.<ref>{{cite web | url= https://www.aljarida.com/articles/1461718417517000300 | title=حل مجلس ديوانيات الاثنين: الحدث ليس بعيداً ولا يمكن نسيانه (4) }}</ref> On December 1989 until May 1990, Al-Nafisi was part of the “Monday Dewaniyas” movement that demanded the reinstatement of the constitution. On 14 May, Abdullah Al-Nafisi and Jassim Al-Qatami were detained following Abdullah’s statement at Al-Qatami’s [[Dewaniya]].<ref>{{cite web | url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110822060629/http://www.aljarida.com/AlJarida/Article.aspx?id=99654 | title= ‎ديوانيات الاثنين: الحدث ليس بعيداً ولا يمكن نسيانه النواب يواصلون تحركاتهم... والسلطة تُصعِّد من جديد باعتقال بعضهم (20) }}</ref> During his detainment, Abdulaziz Al-Sager’s petition was published on the 16th of May which he was previous signatory before his detainment. The petition demanded the boycott of the unconstitutional [[1990 Kuwaiti National Council election|election of 1990]]. He was detained at Kaifan Police Station for eight days and released on the 23rd of May.<ref>{{cite web | url= https://nabd.com/s/66770313-7e9ebf/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88-%D8%AF.-%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%85-%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A-%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A8-%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A-%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D9%83%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%87..-%D9%88%D9%87%D8%B0%D9%87-%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A | title= بالفيديو - د. عبدالله النفيسي: المرحوم جاسم القطامي طلب مني إلقاء كلمة في ديوانيته.. وهذه قصة اعتقالي #الصندوق_الأسود}}</ref>

Following the [[Iraqi invasion of Kuwait|invasion of Kuwait]], [[Sabawi Ibrahim al-Tikriti|Sabawi Ibrahim]] demanded from Nasser Al-Sane to form the government of the [[Republic of Kuwait]]. Which included Abdullah Al-Nafisi as minister and other members of the Kuwait opposition. The Kuwaiti opposition, including Al-Sane & Al-Nafisi, promptly rejected the proposal.<ref>{{cite web | url= https://www.alraimedia.com/ampArticle/879725 | title= الصانع يروي قصيدة الأسر الحزينة }}</ref> On 13 October, Abdullah was part of the Kuwaiti Popular Conference in Jeddah. The conference resulted in the support of the return of the [[House of Sabah]] and the full reinstatement of the 1962 constitution. <ref>{{cite web | url= https://www.aljarida.com/article/124251/amp | title= «مؤتمر جدة»... وحدة الصف وقوة الكلمة وعظمة الشعب }}</ref> After the [[1992 Kuwaiti general election|1992 election]], Abdullah was appointed as speaker [[Ahmed Al-Sadoun]]’s advisor, a post he held until 1996.

==Works==
Al-Nafisi wrote at least 17 published books and multiple articles in Al-Mugtama magazine. <ref>{{Cite web|title=تحميل جميع مؤلفات وكتب عبد الله النفيسي – فولة بوك|url=https://foulabook.com/ar/author/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A|access-date=2 November 2020|website=foulabook.com|language=ar}}</ref>

His first publication was called ''The role of Shi’a in the modern political development of Iraq'' for his PhD Thesis in 1972 for [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge University]]. While he was a professor at [[Kuwait University]], Al-Nafisi had a deep interest in the [[Dhofar War]]. It caused him to study the conflict in the battlefield documenting it in his book ''Conflict in Dhofar'' (1975).

After the unconstitutional dissolution of the [[1975 Kuwaiti general election|1975 National Assembly]], Abdullah wrote a dissenting book about the political situation in Kuwait which was published in 1978 called ''Kuwait, the other opinion''. The book was later banned from publication in Kuwait.

In 1980, Al-Nafisi wrote two books about Islam in politics called ''Islam Rule'' and ''Sharia Policy''. After the founding of the [[Gulf Cooperation Council]] in 1981, Al-Nafisi immediately authored a book regarding the future of institution called ''Gulf Cooperation Council: The Strategic Framework'' (1982).

Al-Nafisi authored two books in 1986 called ''The Islamic Movement: Gaps in the Road'' and ''The role of students in political work''. He authored his autobiography called ''From the days of the past'' in 2014.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Commons-inline}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nafisi, Abdullah}}
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Alumni of Churchill College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:American University of Beirut alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Kuwait University]]
[[Category:Kuwaiti Muslims]]
[[Category:Members of the National Assembly (Kuwait)]]
[[Category:Kuwaiti Muslim Brotherhood members]]

Kathmandu

2026-03-13T17:44:58Z

BrandonGreenlee: refine references per sources for accuracy

{{short description|Capital and largest city in Nepal}}
{{About|the capital city of Nepal|the district in which it is located|Kathmandu District|the geographical area|Kathmandu Valley|other uses}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2019}}{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kathmandu
| native_name = काठमाडौँ
| settlement_type = [[Capital city|Capital City (राजधानी)]]
| image_skyline = {{Multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300
| image_style =
| caption_align = center
| perrow = 1/1/2/2/1
| image1 = Kathmandu-Durbar Square-06-Mahavishnu-Kuh-Vishnu-Pratapamalla-Jagannath-2007-gje.jpg
| caption1 = [[Kathmandu Durbar Square]]
| image2 = Boudhanath Panorama 2016.jpg
| caption2 = [[Boudha Stupa]] at Boudhanath
| image3 = Ghantaghar Kathmandu.jpg
| caption3 = [[Ghanta Ghar (Kathmandu)|Ghanta Ghar]]
| image4 = DHARAHARA TOWER.jpg
| caption4 = [[Dharahara]]
| image5 = Pashupatinath Temple-2020.jpg
| caption5 = [[Pashupatinath Temple]]
| image6 = Narayanhiti Palace Museum, crop.jpg
| caption6 = [[Narayanhiti Palace]]
| image7 = Kathmandu - panoramio (2).jpg
| caption7 = Kathmandu's skyline with [[Gaurishankar]] visible}}
| imagesize = 300
| image_flag = Flag of Kathmandu, Nepal.svg
| image_seal = Kathmandu city logo.jpg
| motto = {{langx|ne|सांस्कृतिक सहर, काठमाडौं महानगर|lit=Cultural City, Kathmandu Metropolitan City}}
| pushpin_map = Nepal Bagmati Province#Nepal
| pushpin_relief = yes
| pushpin_mapsize = 300
| pushpin_label_position =
| coordinates = {{Coord|27|42|36|N|85|19|12|E|type:city_region:NP|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Nepal}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Nepal|Province]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bagmati Province|Bagmati]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Nepal|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kathmandu District|Kathmandu]]
| established_title =
| founder = [[Manjushri]]
| parts_type = No. of [[Ward (electoral subdivision)|Ward]]s
| parts = 32
| named_for = [[Kasthamandap]]<ref>{{cite web | title=Kasthamandap: The Wooden Pavilion That Gave Kathmandu Its Name | website=Travellingcamera | date=May 20, 2025 | url=https://www.travellingcamera.com/2025/05/kasthamandap-wooden-pavilion-that-gave.html?m=1 | access-date=August 11, 2025}}</ref>
| seat_type =
| seat =
| government_footnotes =
| government_type = [[Mayor–council government]]
| governing_body = Kathmandu Metropolitan Government|
| leader_title = [[Mayor of Kathmandu|Mayor]]
| leader_name = [[Sunita Dangol]] (acting)
| leader_title1 = [[Deputy mayor]]
| leader_name1 = Sunita Dangol
| leader_title2 = [[Executive Officer]]
| leader_name2 = Saroj Guragain<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kathmandu.gov.np/official-type/employee-en/?lang=en |title=Chief Administrative Officer of Kathmandu Metropolitan City |access-date=21 November 2024 |archive-date=21 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021045834/https://kathmandu.gov.np/official-type/employee-en/?lang=en |url-status=live }}</ref>
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 = 49.45
| area_metro_km2 = 899
| elevation_m = 1400
| population_footnotes = <ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=https://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/upLoads/2022/01/Final%20Preliminary%20Report%20of%20Census%202021%20Newfinal.pdf |title=Archived copy |website=cbs.gov.np |access-date=22 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206104652/https://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/upLoads/2022/01/Final%20Preliminary%20Report%20of%20Census%202021%20Newfinal.pdf |archive-date=6 February 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| population_as_of = [[2021 Nepal census|2021]]
| population_total = 856,767
| population_density_km2 = {{density|845,767|49.45}}
| population_rank = [[List of cities in Nepal|1st]]
| population_metro = Approximately 4 million
| population_blank1_title = Metro rank
| population_blank1 = [[List of cities in Nepal#List of Metropolitan Areas in Nepal by population|1st]]
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[International Airport]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Tribhuwan International Airport]]
| timezone1 = [[Nepal Standard Time|NPT]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:45
| postal_code_type = Postal Code
| postal_code = 44600
| area_code = 01
| iso_code =
| website = {{URL|www.kathmandu.gov.np}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 11
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
}}

'''Kathmandu'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˌ|k|æ|t|m|æ|n|ˈ|d|uː|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-Kathmandu.wav}},<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Kathmandu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141115054504/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Kathmandu |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 November 2014 |title=Definition of Kathmandu in English |website=Oxford Dictionaries |access-date=13 June 2022}}</ref> {{Langx|ne|काठमाडौँ}}, [[Newar language|Newar]]: {{Script|Newa|𑐫𑐾𑑃 𑐡𑐾𑐫𑑂}} / येँ देय्; officially the '''Kathmandu Metropolitan City''' ({{Langx|ne|काठमाडौँ महानगरपालिका}}, Newar: {{Script|Newa|𑐫𑐾𑑃 𑐩𑐴𑐵𑐣𑐐𑐬𑐥𑐵𑐮𑐶𑐎𑐵}} / येँ महानगरपालिका). The city is named after the [[Kasthamandap]] temple, a 16th-century structure built entirely of wood from a single tree, located in the historic [[Durbar Square]], which itself derives from the Sanskrit words ''kāṣṭha'' ("wood") and ''maṇḍapa'' ("pavilion").}} ({{IPA|ne|ˈkaʈʰmaɳɖu|lang}}) is the capital and largest city of [[Nepal]], situated in the central part of the country within the [[Kathmandu Valley]]. As per the [[2021 Nepal census]],<ref name="auto" /> it has a population of 845,767 residing in 105,649 households, with approximately 4 million people in the surrounding metropolitan area. The city stands at an elevation of {{conv|1324|m|ft}} above sea level.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-17 |title=Kathmandu {{!}} Rivers, History, Population, Elevation, & Map {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kathmandu |access-date=2024-10-29 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

Recognized as one of the [[oldest continuously inhabited places in the world]], Kathmandu's history dates back to the 2nd century AD.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Author |title=Kathmandu - The Explorers |url=https://theexplorers.com/photo/kathmandu/en |access-date=2024-10-03 |website=theexplorers.com |language=en}}</ref> Historically known as the ''[[Nepal Mandala]]'', the valley has been the cultural and political hub for the [[Newar people]], a significant [[Urbanization|urban civilization]] in the [[Himalayas |Himalayan]] region. Kathmandu served as the royal capital of the [[Kingdom of Nepal]] and is home to numerous palaces, temples, and gardens reflecting its rich heritage. Since 1985, it has hosted the headquarters of the [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation]] (SAARC).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nepal and SAARC - Ministry of Foreign Affairs Nepal MOFA |url=https://mofa.gov.np/nepal-and-saarc/ |access-date=2024-10-03 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Today, Kathmandu remains the epicenter of Nepal's [[History of Nepal|history]], [[Newa art|art]], [[Culture of Nepal|culture]], and [[Economy of Nepal|economy]]. It has a multi-ethnic population with a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] majority and a significant [[Tibetan Buddhism|Vajrayana Buddhist]] presence.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/121/ |access-date=2024-10-03 |website=whc.unesco.org|title=Kathmandu Valley - UNESCO World Heritage Centre}}</ref> Religious and cultural festivals are integral to life in the city. Tourism plays a vital role in the economy, with the city serving as a gateway to the [[List of mountains in Nepal|Nepal Himalayas]]. Kathmandu is home to several [[World Heritage Site]]s, including the [[Kathmandu Durbar Square|Durbar Square]], [[Swayambhunath|Swayambhu Mahachaitya]], [[Boudhanath|Bouddha]], and [[Pashupatinath Temple|Pashupatinath]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/121/ |access-date=2024-10-03 |title= Kathmandu Valley|website=whc.unesco.org}}</ref>

The Kathmandu Valley has been experiencing rapid urbanization, with a growth rate of 4% per year as of 2010, making it one of the fastest-growing metropolitan areas in South Asia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Managing Nepal's Urban Transition |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2013/04/01/managing-nepals-urban-transition |access-date=2024-10-03 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Ktmvalleymetro">{{Cite web |title=Managing Nepal's Urban Transition |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2013/04/01/managing-nepals-urban-transition |publisher=World Bank |language=en |access-date=1 December 2019 |archive-date=2 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102160957/https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2013/04/01/managing-nepals-urban-transition |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The [[Nepali language|Nepali]] name ''Kathmandu'' comes from [[Kasthamandap]], a building that stood in [[Kathmandu Durbar Square]] and was completely destroyed by the [[April 2015 Nepal earthquake]] (it has since been reconstructed). In [[Sanskrit]], ''Kāṣṭha'' (काष्ठ) is "wood" and ''Maṇḍapa'' (मण्डप) is "pavilion".

This public pavilion, also known as ''Maru Satta'' in Newari, was rebuilt in 1596 by Biseth in the period of King Laxmi Narsingh Malla. The three-storey structure was made entirely of wood and used neither iron nails nor supports. According to legends, all the timber used to build the [[pagoda]] was obtained from a single tree.<ref name="introd">{{cite web |url=http://www.kathmandu.gov.np/index.php?cid=1&pr_id=1 |title=Introduction |access-date=12 December 2009 |publisher=Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Government of Nepal |archive-date=24 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724190236/http://www.kathmandu.gov.np/index.php?cid=1&pr_id=1 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[colophon (publishing)|colophons]] of ancient manuscripts, dated as late as the 20th century, refer to Kathmandu as {{Transliteration|ne|Kāṣṭhamaṇḍap Mahānagar}} in [[Nepal Mandala]]. Mahānagar means "great city". The city is called {{Transliteration|ne|Kāṣṭhamaṇḍap}} in a vow that Buddhist priests still recite to this day. Thus, Kathmandu is also known as {{Transliteration|ne|Kāṣṭhamaṇḍap}}. During medieval times, the city was sometimes called [[Kantipur|Kāntipur]] ({{langx|sa|कान्तिपुर}}). This name is derived from two Sanskrit words – {{Transliteration|sa|Kānti}} and {{Transliteration|sa|Pur}}. {{Transliteration|sa|Kānti}} is a word that stands for "beauty" and is mostly associated with light and {{Transliteration|sa|Pur}} means place, thus giving it the meaning, "City of light".

Among the indigenous Newar people, Kathmandu is known as ''Yeṃ Dey'' ({{Langx|new|येँ देय्}}), and Patan and Bhaktapur are known as ''Yala Dey'' ({{Langx|new|यल देय्}}) and ''Khwopa Dey'' ({{Langx|new|ख्वप देय्}}) respectively.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kirkpatrick |first=Colonel |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_ijxAAAAAYAAJ |title=An Account of the Kingdom of Nepaul |publisher=London: William Miller |year=1811 |access-date=9 March 2012 |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_ijxAAAAAYAAJ/page/n191 159]}} pp. 162–63</ref> "Yen" is the shorter form of ''Yambu'' ({{Langx|new|यम्बु}}), which originally referred to the northern half of Kathmandu. The older northern settlements were referred to as Yambi while the southern settlement was known as Yangala.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/422791468124158019/pdf/481440CDS0v20R00Box338889B00PUBLIC0.pdf |title=City Diagnostic Report for City Development Strategy: Kathmandu |date=2001 |page=5 |editor-last=Tenzin |editor-first=Sunam G. |place=Kathmandu |access-date=17 July 2019 |archive-date=17 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717090110/http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/422791468124158019/pdf/481440CDS0v20R00Box338889B00PUBLIC0.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/contributions/pdf/CNAS_11_01_reviews.pdf |title=The Limits of Surface Archaeology |journal=CNAS Journal |publisher=Tribhuvan University |access-date=28 July 2012 |date=December 1983 |volume=11 |number=1 |last=Malla |first=Kamal P. |archive-date=27 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327210240/http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/contributions/pdf/CNAS_11_01_reviews.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|History of Kathmandu|Timeline of Kathmandu}}

[[File:Medbud BuddhaManjushri.jpg|thumb|[[Manjushri]], with his indestructible sword [[Chandrahasa (Hinduism)|Chandrahasa]], the Buddhist deity said to have created the valley|319x319px]]

[[Archaeological excavation]]s in parts of Kathmandu have found evidence of ancient civilizations. The oldest of these findings is a statue, found in Maligaon, that was dated at 185 AD.<ref name="Kantipur">{{cite web |url=http://www.ekantipur.com/nepal/article/?id=1485 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100911000320/http://www.ekantipur.com/nepal/article/?id=1485 |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 September 2010 |title=सुस्त उत्खनन " पुरातत्व " सम्पदा :: नेपाल |publisher=Ekantipur.com |date=9 June 2010 |access-date=15 January 2012}}</ref> The excavation of Dhando Chaitya uncovered a brick with an inscription in [[Brahmi script]]. Archaeologists believe that it is two thousand years old.<ref name="Kantipur"/> [[Stone inscriptions in the Kathmandu Valley|Stone inscriptions]] are ubiquitous elements at the heritage sites and are key sources for the history of [[Nepal]].

The earliest Western reference to Kathmandu appears in an account of Portuguese Jesuit [[João Cabral|Father Joao Cabral]] who passed through the Kathmandu Valley in the spring of 1628 and was received graciously by the king of that time, probably King Lakshminarasimha Malla of Kathmandu on their way from [[Tibet]] to [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.apostolicnunciatureindia.com/history_nepal_church.aspx |title=History of the Catholic Church in Nepal |website=apostolicnunciatureindia.com |access-date=29 August 2020 |archive-date=29 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229131443/https://www.apostolicnunciatureindia.com/history_nepal_church.aspx |url-status=live}}</ref> Father Cabral reported that they reached "Cadmendu", the capital of Nepal kingdom.<ref>{{cite book |last=Levi |first=Sylvain |url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:C8hQgCDo-QUJ:himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/ancientnepal/pdf/ancient_nepal_25_05.pdf+kuti+necbal&hl=en&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESi1sCufbZ0miDrM87qYQinPM-tdnLbKdy_9dVkkHEDDtBrFP0WMe5YCb8ugsjinxRuW5wg8jKoxs34VWa0NrMQE-EIVTF4XkqE_fBaCIaehWaSTSd667Yba6th7UQufXvovZL_H&sig=AHIEtbSJJa1YFxA2dpP--Pxsz3HtiKVAQA |title=Nepal |page=50 |access-date=1 December 2013 |archive-date=11 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211002435/https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache%3AC8hQgCDo-QUJ%3Ahimalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk%2Fcollections%2Fjournals%2Fancientnepal%2Fpdf%2Fancient_nepal_25_05.pdf+kuti+necbal&hl=en&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESi1sCufbZ0miDrM87qYQinPM-tdnLbKdy_9dVkkHEDDtBrFP0WMe5YCb8ugsjinxRuW5wg8jKoxs34VWa0NrMQE-EIVTF4XkqE_fBaCIaehWaSTSd667Yba6th7UQufXvovZL_H&sig=AHIEtbSJJa1YFxA2dpP--Pxsz3HtiKVAQA |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Ancient history ===

The ancient history of Kathmandu is described in its traditional [[myths]] and [[legend]]s. According to the scripture of [[Swayambhu Purana]], present-day Kathmandu was once a huge and deep lake where dwelt mythical serpents ([[Nāgas]]) like [[Karkotaka]], [[Takshaka]] and Kulika and the [[Buddhahood|Buddhas]], [[Bodhisattva|bodhisattvas]], hermits, [[Yogi|yogis]], gods and goddesses as well as other celestial beings used to come for ablution in its water. [[Vipassī Buddha]], who lived ninety-one [[Kalpa (aeon)|kalpas (aeon)]] ago, came on a pilgrimage and sowed the seed of a [[Nelumbo nucifera|lotus]] in the lake which grew into a lotus flower with thousand petals. The flower emitted eternal radiant form of light with the [[Five Tathāgatas|Five Great Buddhas]], [[Vairocana]], [[Akshobhya]], [[Ratnasambhava]], [[Amitābha]] and [[Amoghasiddhi]] appearing on each side of the differently coloured rays of the light. Following on the footsteps of [[Vipassī Buddha]], [[Sikhī Buddha|Sikhī Buddha and]] [[Vessabhū Buddha]] came to pay homage to the lotus flower thirty-one [[Kalpa (aeon)|kalpas]] ago. Later on, [[Manjusri|Bodhisattva Manjushri]] came to the lake and pondered how to drain the lake so that people can traverse and pay homage to the radiant light. Out of his compassion, he drained the lake out of the valley by cutting the mountain with his indestructible sword; and created other lakes nearby to give shelter to the mythical serpents. The self-arisen ray of light in a thousand - petaled lotus came to be worshipped as [[Swayambhunath|Swayambhu]].<ref>Swoyambhu (Book), Josephson, S. 1985. Modern Printing Press, Kantipath. Available at: https://pahar.in/pahar/Books%20and%20Articles/Nepal/1985%20Swoyambu%20by%20Josephson%20s.pdf</ref> Manjushri then established a city called Manjupattan, and made Dharmakar the ruler of the valley land. After some time, a demon named [[Banasura]] closed the outlet, and the valley again turned into a lake. [[Krishna]] came to Nepal, killed Banasura, and again drained out the water by cutting the edge of Chobhar hill with this [[Sudarshana Chakra]]. He brought some cowherds along with him, and made Bhuktaman the king of Nepal.<ref name=prehistory>{{cite web |url=http://www.kathmandu.gov.np/index.php?cid=4&pr_id=4 |title=History |access-date=12 December 2009 |publisher=Government of Nepal |archive-date=7 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107015826/http://www.kathmandu.gov.np/index.php?cid=4&pr_id=4 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="travel">{{cite web |url=http://www.newatravels.com/nepal/index.html |title=History:Ancient Nepal |website=Newa Travels and Tours |publisher=New Travels and Tours Ltd |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090721111831/http://www.newatravels.com/nepal/index.html |archive-date=21 July 2009 |access-date=18 December 2009}}</ref><ref name="nepalmandal.com">{{cite web |last=Apr |url=http://www.nepalmandal.com/content/7752.html |title=Article:झीसं पत्याः यानाच्वनागु अन्धविश्वास – Author:विपेन्द्र महर्जन Nepalmandal |publisher=Nepalmandal.com |date=21 April 2010 |access-date=15 January 2012 |archive-date=3 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203210240/http://www.nepalmandal.com/content/7752.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

Kotirudra Samhita of [[Shiva Purana]], Chapter 11, ''Shloka'' 18 refers to the place as Nayapala city, which was famous for its [[Pashupati]] Shivalinga. The name Nepal probably originates from this city Nayapala. Very few historical records exists of the period before medieval [[Licchavi (kingdom)|Licchavi rulers]]. According to [[Gopalraj Vansawali]], a genealogy of Nepali monarchy, the rulers of Kathmandu Valley before the Licchavis were [[Pala empire|Gopalas]], Mahispalas, Aabhirs, [[Kirati people |Kirat]], and Somavanshi.<ref name="nepalmandal.com" /><ref>Article:गोपालराज वंशावली Language: Nepalbhasa, Journal:नेपालभाषा केन्द्रीय विभागया जर्नल, Edition:1, Date: 1998, pp. 18–25, 44</ref> The Kirata dynasty was established by [[Yalambar|Yalamber]]. During the Kirata era, a settlement called Yambu existed in the northern half of old Kathmandu. In some of the [[Sino-Tibetan languages]], Kathmandu is still called Yambu. Another smaller settlement called Yengal was present in the southern half of old Kathmandu, near Manjupattan. During the reign of the seventh Kirata ruler, Jitedasti, Buddhist monks entered Kathmandu valley and established a forest monastery at [[Sankhu]].[[File:Kathmandu durbar square.jpg|thumb|Kathmandu Durbar Square, 1852|246x246px]]
[[File:Boudha Stupa IMG 7804 2018 36.jpg|thumb|The eyes of [[Boudhanath]], a [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage]], associated with the relics of [[Kassapa Buddha]] and [[Shakyamuni Buddha]]|247x247px]]
[[File:Gautam buddha statue.jpg|thumb|Seated [[The Buddha|Buddha]] statues in [[Swayambhu (architecture)|Swayambhunath]], one of the ancient pilgrimage sites of Kathmandu and a [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage]] site]]
[[File:Kaal Bhairav at Hanumandhoka.jpg|thumb|Temple of [[Bhairava|Kala Bhairava]], a fearsome form of [[Shiva]], worshipped by both Hindus and Buddhists as the 'lord of time and death' at [[Hanumandhoka Palace Complex|Hanumandhoka palace]] of [[Malla (Nepal)|Malla era]]]]
[[File:Nepaul valley map 1802.jpg|thumb|Scan of map of Nepaul, present-day Kathmandu Valley and surrounding areas in Nepal, reduced from original map by [[Francis Buchanan-Hamilton]] and Charles Crawford from surveys in 1802.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kathmandupost.com/miscellaneous/2017/12/30/the-first-map-of-nepal |author=Sanyukta Shrestha |date=2017-12-30 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230203064042/https://kathmandupost.com/miscellaneous/2017/12/30/the-first-map-of-nepal |url-status=live |publisher=The Kathmandu Post |archive-date=2023-02-03 |title=The First Map of Nepal}}</ref>
]]

==== Licchavi era ====

The Licchavis from [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaisali]] in modern-day [[Bihar]] migrated north and defeated the [[Kirat people|Kirats]], establishing the [[Licchavis of Nepal|Licchavi dynasty]] circa 400 AD. During this era, following the genocide of [[Shakya]]s in [[Lumbini]] by [[Virudhaka (raja)|Virudhaka]], the survivors migrated north and entered the forest monastery, masquerading as Koliyas. From Sankhu, they migrated to Yambu and Yengal (Lanjagwal and Manjupattan) and established the first permanent Buddhist monasteries of Kathmandu. This created the basis of [[Newar Buddhism]], which is the only surviving Sanskrit-based [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] tradition in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dsbcproject.org/manuscripts/short-history |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130414141212/http://www.dsbcproject.org/manuscripts/short-history |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 April 2013 |title=A Short History of Sanskrit Buddhist Manuscripts |publisher=Dsbcproject.org |access-date=24 November 2013}}</ref> With their migration, Yambu was called Koligram and Yengal was called Dakshin Koligram<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kathmandu.gov.np/Page_Ward+No.+23_38 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120622181813/http://www.kathmandu.gov.np/Page_Ward%2BNo.%2B23_38 |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 June 2012 |title=Kathmandu Metropolitan City |publisher=Kathmandu.gov.np |access-date=24 November 2013}}</ref> during most of the Licchavi era.<ref name="काष्ठमण्डप कि होममण्डप">{{cite web |url=http://www.gorkhapatra.org.np/gopa.detail.php?article_id=37878&cat_id=22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120706165415/http://www.gorkhapatra.org.np/gopa.detail.php?article_id=37878&cat_id=22 |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 July 2012 |title=काष्ठमण्डप कि होममण्डप |publisher=Gorkhapatra.org.np |access-date=24 November 2013}}</ref>

Eventually, the Licchavi ruler [[Gunakamadeva]] merged Koligram and Dakshin Koligram, founding the city of Kathmandu.<ref name="काष्ठमण्डप कि होममण्डप" /> The city was designed in the shape of ''Chandrahrasa'', the sword of Manjushri. The city was surrounded by eight barracks guarded by [[Ajima]]s. One of these barracks is still in use at [[Bhadrakali Temple (Kathmandu)|Bhadrakali]] (in front of [[Singha Durbar]]). The city served as an important transit point in the trade between India and Tibet, leading to tremendous growth in architecture. Descriptions of buildings such as Managriha, Kailaskut Bhawan, and Bhadradiwas Bhawan have been found in the surviving journals of travellers and monks who lived during this era. For example, the famous 7th-century Chinese traveller [[Xuanzang]] described Kailaskut Bhawan, the palace of the Licchavi king [[Amshuverma]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ekantipur.com/kantipur/news/news-detail.php?news_id=224549 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120203517/http://www.ekantipur.com/kantipur/news/news-detail.php?news_id=224549 |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 January 2012 |title=राष्ट्रपति अचानक ग्यालरीमा | कला र शैली | :: कान्तिपुर |publisher=Ekantipur.com |access-date=15 January 2012}}</ref>

The trade route also led to cultural exchange as well. The artistry of the Newar people—the indigenous inhabitants of the Kathmandu Valley—became highly sought after during this era, both within the Valley and throughout the greater Himalayas. Newar artists travelled extensively throughout Asia, creating religious art for their neighbours. For example, [[Araniko]] led a group of his compatriot artists through [[Tibet]] and China. [[Bhrikuti]], the princess of Nepal who married Tibetan monarch [[Songtsen Gampo|Songtsän Gampo]], was instrumental in introducing Buddhism to Tibet.

==== Malla era ====

[[File:Kathmandu 1811 high (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|Skyline of Kathmandu, {{c.|1811}}|205x205px]]
The Licchavi era was followed by the [[Malla (Kathmandu Valley)|Malla era]]. Rulers from [[Tirhut]], upon being attacked by the [[Delhi Sultanate]], fled north to the Kathmandu valley. They intermarried with Nepali royalty, and this led to the Malla era. The early years of the Malla era were turbulent, with raids and attacks from [[Khasas|Khas]] and [[Turkic peoples|Turk Muslims]]. There was also a devastating earthquake which claimed the lives of a third of Kathmandu's population, including the king [[Abhaya Malla]]. These disasters led to the destruction of most of the architecture of the Licchavi era (such as Mangriha and [[Kailashkut Bhawan]]), and the loss of literature collected in various monasteries within the city. Despite the initial hardships, Kathmandu rose to prominence again and, during most of the Malla era, dominated the trade between India and Tibet. Nepali currency became the standard currency in trans-Himalayan trade.

During the later part of the Malla era, Kathmandu Valley comprised four fortified cities: Kantipur, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur, and Kirtipur. These served as the capitals of the Malla confederation of Nepal. These states competed with each other in the arts, architecture, esthetics, and trade, resulting in tremendous development. The kings of this period directly influenced or involved themselves in the construction of public buildings, squares, and temples, as well as the development of waterspouts, the institutionalisation of trusts (called [[guthi]]s), the codification of laws, the writing of dramas, and the performance of plays in city squares. Evidence of an influx of ideas from India, Tibet, China, Persia, and Europe among other places can be found in a stone inscription from the time of king [[Pratap Malla]]. Books have been found from this era that describe their [[Tantra|tantric]] tradition (e.g. Tantrakhyan), medicine (e.g. Haramekhala), religion (e.g. Mooldevshashidev), law, morals, and history. Amarkosh, a Sanskrit-Nepal Bhasa dictionary from 1381, was also found. Architecturally notable buildings from this era include [[Kathmandu Durbar Square]], [[Patan Durbar Square]], [[Bhaktapur Durbar Square]], the former durbar of [[Kirtipur]], [[Nyatapola Temple|Nyatapola]], [[Kumbheshwar Temple|Kumbheshwar]], the Krishna temple, and others.

=== Medieval era ===
==== Early Shah rule ====

The [[Gorkha Kingdom]] ended the Malla confederation after the [[Battle of Kathmandu]] in 1768. This marked the beginning of the modern era in Kathmandu. The [[Battle of Kirtipur]] was the start of the [[Unification of Nepal|Gorkha conquest]] of the Kathmandu Valley. Kathmandu was adopted as the capital of the [[Gorkha Kingdom|Gorkha]] empire, and the empire itself was dubbed Nepal. During the early part of this era, Kathmandu maintained its distinctive culture. Buildings with characteristic Nepali architecture, such as the nine-story tower of Basantapur, were built during this era. However, trade declined because of continual war with neighbouring nations. [[Bhimsen Thapa]] supported France against [[Great Britain]]; this led to the development of modern military structures, such as modern barracks in Kathmandu. The nine-storey tower [[Dharahara]] was originally built during this era.

==== Rana rule ====

Rana rule over Nepal started with the [[Kot massacre]] of 1846, which occurred near Hanuman Dhoka Durbar. During this massacre, most of Nepal's high-ranking officials were massacred by [[Jung Bahadur Rana]] and his supporters. Another massacre, the [[List of massacres in Nepal|Bhandarkhal Massacre]], was also conducted by Kunwar and his supporters in Kathmandu. During the Rana regime, Kathmandu's alliance shifted from anti-British to pro-British; this led to the construction of the first buildings in the style of Western European architecture. The most well-known of these buildings include Singha Durbar, [[Garden of Dreams]], Shital Niwas, and the old Narayanhiti palace. The first modern commercial road in the Kathmandu Valley, the [[New Road of Kathmandu|New Road]], was also built during this era. [[Tri-Chandra College|Trichandra College]] (the first college of Nepal), [[Durbar High School]] (the first modern school of Nepal), and [[Bir Hospital]] (the first hospital of Nepal) were built in Kathmandu during this era. Education was only accessible to the privileged class. Rana rule was marked by despotism, economic exploitation and religious persecution.<ref>{{cite news |last=Dietrich |first=Angela |title=Buddhist Monks and Rana Rulers: A History of Persecution |url=http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-BH/bh117536.htm |access-date=24 September 2013 |newspaper=Buddhist Himalaya: A Journal of Nagarjuna Institute of Exact Methods |year=1996 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001124156/http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-BH/bh117536.htm |archive-date=1 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Lal |first=C. K. |title=The Rana resonance |url=http://nepalitimes.com/news.php?id=8741 |access-date=24 September 2013 |newspaper=Nepali Times |date=16 February 2001 |archive-date=28 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928013152/http://nepalitimes.com/news.php?id=8741 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Modern History (2000-Present) ===
{{Expand section|date=March 2025}}
The turn of the 21st century brought major political and social upheavals to Kathmandu. In June 2001, the [[Nepalese royal massacre]] at [[Narayanhiti Palace Museum|Narayanhiti Palace]] claimed the lives of [[Birendra of Nepal|King Birendra]], Queen Aishwarya, Crown Prince Dipendra, and several others, and following Dipendra’s brief, comatose reign, [[Gyanendra of Nepal|Gyanendra]] was appointed king. After the [[2006 Nepalese revolution|2006 Revolution]], it was turned into a museum.

Kathmandu later became the center of the 2006 People’s Movement (''[[2006 Nepalese revolution|Jana Andolan II]]''), when widespread protests forced King Gyanendra to restore parliament on 24 April 2006 and set Nepal on the path toward becoming a federal democratic republic.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-05-10 |title=Nepal: From People Power to Peace? {{!}} International Crisis Group |url=https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia-pacific/nepal/115-nepal-people-power-peace |access-date=2025-09-19 |website=www.crisisgroup.org |language=en}}</ref>

On 28 February 2025, a magnitude 6.1 earthquake struck north of Kathmandu, Nepal, according to the National Earthquake Monitoring and Research Centre. The quake, centered in [[Sindhupalchowk District|Sindhupalchok District]] near the Himalayan border with [[Tibet]], was measured at magnitudes ranging from 5.5 to 6.1 by different agencies. Despite strong tremors that startled residents, no significant damage or casualties were reported, except for a minor landslide and a prison inmate who sustained a broken hand while fleeing. Local officials confirmed structural cracks in a police post but no major destruction.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Sharma |first1=Gopal |last2=Shah |first2=Chandni |last3=Singh |first3=Kritika |date=28 February 2025 |editor-last=Berkrot |editor-first=Bill |editor2-last=Maler |editor2-first=Sandra |title=Nepal's Kathmandu rattled by strong quake, no casualties reported |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/earthquake-magnitude-55-strikes-nepal-gfz-says-2025-02-27/ |access-date=4 March 2025 |website=Reuters}}</ref>

In September 2025, widespread [[2025 Nepalese Gen Z protests|Gen Z protests]] erupted in Kathmandu after the government imposed a ban on multiple social media platforms. The protests quickly grew to include complaints about corruption, nepotism, and lack of opportunity.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Saaliq |first1=Sheikh |last2=Shrestha |first2=Niranjan |date=2025-09-09 |title=Anger over corruption and nepotism fuel Nepal's deadly protests over social media ban |url=https://apnews.com/article/nepal-genz-protest-social-media-ban-9dc6ecd2c089141cc8c36af5949cfc09 |access-date=2025-09-19 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> The army was deployed on the streets of Kathmandu, and many government buildings and residences of important government officials were burnt.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Scarr |first1=Charlotte |last2=Dahal |first2=Phanindra |last3=Butler |first3=Gavin |date=2025-09-10 |title=Nepal: Army patrols Kathmandu as Gen Z claims protests were 'hijacked' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cjd1ndmrej0o |access-date=2025-09-10 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> Security forces responded with lethal force, resulting in dozens of casualties and major damage to government property, and the prime minister eventually resigned. Following the unrest, President Ram Chandra Poudel appointed former Supreme Court Chief Justice Sushila Karki as Nepal’s first female prime minister, and parliament was dissolved with fresh elections scheduled for March 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-12 |title=Nepal gets first female PM after deadly unrest |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c179qne0zw0o |access-date=2025-09-19 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Kathmandu is in the northwestern part of the [[Kathmandu Valley]] to the north of the [[Bagmati River]] and covers an area of {{cvt|50.7|km2|1}}. The average elevation is {{convert|1400|m|ft|sigfig=2}} [[Above mean sea level|above sea level]].<ref name="KTM intro">{{cite web |url=http://www.kathmandu.gov.np/Page_Introduction_1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623003237/http://www.kathmandu.gov.np/Page_Introduction_1 |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 June 2012 |title=Kathmandu Metropolitan City Office – Introduction |access-date=14 August 2014 |publisher=Kathmandu Metropolitan City Office}}</ref> The city is bounded by several other municipalities of the Kathmandu valley: south of the Bagmati by [[Lalitpur, Nepal|Lalitpur Metropolitan City]] (Patan), with which it forms one urban area surrounded by a [[Ring Road (Kathmandu)|ring road]], to the southwest by [[Kirtipur]] and to the east by [[Madhyapur Thimi|Madyapur Thimi]]. To the north the urban area extends into several municipalities; [[Nagarjun Municipality|Nagarjun]], [[Tarakeshwar|Tarakeshwor]], [[Tokha]], [[Budhanilkantha]], [[Gokarneshwar|Gokarneshwor]] and [[Kageshwari-Manohara|Kageshwori Manohara]]. However, the urban agglomeration extends well beyond the neighbouring municipalities, e.g. to [[Bhaktapur]], and nearly covers the entire [[Kathmandu Valley]].

Kathmandu is dissected by eight rivers, the main river of the valley, the [[Bagmati River|Bagmati]] and its tributaries, of which the [[Bisnumati River|Bishnumati]], Dhobi Khola, Manohara Khola, Hanumante Khola, and Tukucha Khola are predominant. The mountains from where these rivers originate are in the elevation range of {{convert|1500|-|3000|m|ft}}, and have passes which provide access to and from Kathmandu and its valley.<ref name=facts>{{cite web |url=http://www.kathmandu.gov.np/index.php?cid=2&pr_id=2 |title=Kathmandu Facts |access-date=12 December 2009 |publisher=Kathmandu Metropolitan City Council, Government of Nepal |archive-date=31 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331101811/http://www.kathmandu.gov.np/index.php?cid=2&pr_id=2 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Geography>{{cite web |url=http://www.kathmandu.gov.np/index.php?cid=3&pr_id=3 |title=Geography |access-date=12 December 2009 |publisher=Kathmandu Metropolitan City |archive-date=4 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090404081746/http://www.kathmandu.gov.np/index.php?cid=3&pr_id=3 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Shreshta S.H.">{{Cite book |last=Shreshta |title=Nepal in Maps |pages=102–14 |publisher=Educational Publishing House |location=Kathmandu |year=2005 |first=S.H}}</ref> An ancient canal once flowed from Nagarjuna Hill through Balaju to Kathmandu; this canal is now extinct.

The city of Kathmandu and the surrounding valley are in the ''Deciduous Monsoon Forest Zone'' (altitude range of {{convert|1200|-|2100|m|ft}}), one of five vegetation zones defined for Nepal. The dominant tree species in this zone are [[oak]], [[elm]], [[beech]], [[maple]] and others, with [[coniferous]] trees at higher altitude.<ref>Shrestha S.H. p. 35</ref>

<gallery mode="packed">
File:2015-03-08 Swayambhunath, Katmandu, Nepal.jpg| Haphazard settlement seen near Swoyambhu, 2015.
File:Kathmandu, Nepal.JPG|The green, vegetated slopes that surround the Kathmandu metro area (light grey, image centre) include both forest reserves and national parks
File:Kathmandu City during monsoon.jpg|[[Araniko Highway]] connects Kathmandu to Bhaktapur and onwards to the [[Kodari|Chinese border]].
File:Evening view of the mountain range from Patan, Lalitpur.jpg|Northeastern Kathmandu with [[Gaurishankar]] in background.
</gallery>

{{wide image|Panoramic view of Kathmandu Valley from Swoyambhu hill.jpg|800px|align-cap=center|Panoramic view of the Kathmandu valley from [[Swayambhunath|Swayambhu]]}}
{{Geographic location
|Centre = Kathmandu Metropolitan City
|North = [[Tokha]] / [[Budhanilkantha]]
|Northeast = [[Gokarneshwor]]
|East = [[Kageshwari Manohara]]
|Southeast = [[Madhyapur Thimi]]
|South = ''[[Bagmati river]]'' [[Lalitpur, Nepal|Lalitpur]]
|Southwest = [[Kirtipur]]
|West = [[Nagarjun, Nepal|Nagarjun]]
|Northwest = [[Tarakeshwor]]
}}

=== Kathmandu administration ===

Kathmandu and adjacent cities are composed of [[List of neighborhoods of Kathmandu|neighbourhoods]], which are utilized quite extensively and more familiar among locals. However, administratively the city is divided into 32 wards, numbered from 1 to 32. Earlier, there were 35 wards which made it the metropolitan city with the largest number of the wards.

=== Climate ===
{{climate chart
| Kathmandu
|2|19|14.4
|5|21|18.7
|8|25|34.2
|12|28|61.0
|16|29|123.6
|19|29|236.3
|20|28|363.4
|20|29|330.8
|19|28|199.8
|13|27|51.2
|8|24|8.3
|4|20|13.2
|float=right
|clear=none
|units=metric}}
Under [[Köppen climate classification|Köppen's climate classification]], portions of the city with at lower elevations (1300-1400m), which make up 88% of the total area, have a [[humid subtropical climate]] (Cwa), while portions of the city with higher elevations generally have a [[subtropical highland climate]] (Cwb). In the Kathmandu Valley, which is representative of its valley's climate, the average summer temperature varies from {{convert|22|to|25|C|F}}. The average winter temperature is {{convert|10.1|C|1}}.
Five major climatic regions are found in Nepal. Of these, High hills of Kathmandu Valley including Chandragiri hill is in the ''Warm [[Temperate climate|Temperate Zone]]'' (elevation ranging from {{convert|1200|to|2300|m|ft}}), where the climate is fairly temperate, atypical for the region. This zone is followed by the ''Cool Temperate Zone'' with elevation varying between {{convert|2100|and|3300|m|ft}}.

The city generally has a climate with warm days followed by cool nights and mornings. Unpredictable weather is expected, given that temperatures can drop to {{convert|0|C|F}} or less during the winter.<ref name=onk>{{cite news|title=Kathmandu temperature plummets to freezing point, lowest ever in eight years|url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/katmandu-temperature-plummets-to-freezing-point-lowest-ever-in-eight-years.html|date=7 January 2018|website=Onlinekhabar|access-date=31 December 2023|archive-date=4 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204172103/https://english.onlinekhabar.com/katmandu-temperature-plummets-to-freezing-point-lowest-ever-in-eight-years.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The lowest ever temperature of −3.5 °C was recorded in 1978.<ref name=onk/> While snowfall is generally confined to the hills surrounding the city,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://kathmandupost.com/visual-stories/2021/12/29/mountain-districts-hills-around-kathmandu-witness-snowfall|title=Mountain districts, hills around Kathmandu witness snowfall|date=31 December 2023|newspaper=The Kathmandu Post|access-date=31 December 2023|archive-date=31 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231083512/https://kathmandupost.com/visual-stories/2021/12/29/mountain-districts-hills-around-kathmandu-witness-snowfall|url-status=live}}</ref> there have been a few instances of snowfall in city, most notably in 1945 and 2007.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kathmandu gets first snowfall in 63 years|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSB531712/|date=10 August 2007|work=Reuters|access-date=31 December 2023|archive-date=17 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517080545/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSB531712|url-status=live}}</ref>

Rainfall is mostly monsoon-based (about 65% of the total concentrated during the [[monsoon]] months of June to September), and decreases substantially ({{cvt|100|to|200|cm|0}}) from eastern Nepal to western Nepal. The average annual rainfall for the city is around 1400 mm (55 in).<ref>{{cite web |title=Nepal |website=Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Nepal/Climate |access-date=31 December 2023 |archive-date=31 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231091634/https://www.britannica.com/place/Nepal/Climate |url-status=live }}</ref> On average [[humidity]] is 75%.<ref name=facts/><ref name=Shrestha>{{Cite book |last=Shreshta |first=Vinod Prasad |title=A Concise Geography of Nepal |pages=24–28 |publisher=Mandal Publications |year=2007 |location=Kathmandu |isbn=978-99946-55-04-5}}</ref><ref name=vista>{{cite web |url=http://www.nepalvista.com/travel/kathmandu-temperature.php |title=Average Temperature and Rainfall of Kathmandu City |work=Nepal Vista |publisher=Nepal Bureau of Standards, Weather Meteorology |access-date=6 November 2009 |archive-date=30 January 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130130200137/http://www.nepalvista.com/travel/kathmandu-temperature.php |url-status=live}}</ref> The chart below is based on data from the Nepal Bureau of Standards & Meteorology, Weather Meteorology for 2005. The chart provides minimum and maximum temperatures during each month. The annual amount of precipitation was {{convert|1124|mm|in}} for 2005, as per monthly data included in the table above.<ref name=vista/> The decade of 2000–2010 saw highly variable and unprecedented precipitation anomalies in Kathmandu. This was mostly due to the annual variation of the southwest monsoon.{{citation needed|date=March 2013}} For example, 2001 recorded only {{cvt|356|mm|0}} of precipitation due to an extraordinarily weak monsoon season. In contrast, 2003 was the wettest year ever in Kathmandu, totaling over {{cvt|2900|mm|0}} of precipitation due to an exceptionally strong monsoon season.
{{Weather box
| location = Kathmandu ([[Tribhuvan International Airport]]), elevation {{convert|1337|m|ft|abbr=on}} (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1968–present)
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y
| Jan record high C = 27.4
| Feb record high C = 29.2
| Mar record high C = 31.6
| Apr record high C = 35.6
| May record high C = 36.6
| Jun record high C = 35.2
| Jul record high C = 34.6
| Aug record high C = 32.6
| Sep record high C = 33.2
| Oct record high C = 31.9
| Nov record high C = 30.0
| Dec record high C = 25.2
|year record high C =
| Jan record low C = -3.5
| Feb record low C = -2.4
| Mar record low C = 0.5
| Apr record low C = 3.5
| May record low C = 8.7
| Jun record low C = 11.1
| Jul record low C = 13.1
| Aug record low C = 13.0
| Sep record low C = 11.8
| Oct record low C = 5.8
| Nov record low C = 1.3
| Dec record low C = -1.9
|year record low C =
|Jan high C = 19.2
|Feb high C = 22.1
|Mar high C = 26.0
|Apr high C = 28.6
|May high C = 29.2
|Jun high C = 29.5
|Jul high C = 28.7
|Aug high C = 29.0
|Sep high C = 28.6
|Oct high C = 27.2
|Nov high C = 23.6
|Dec high C = 20.2
| year high C = 26.0
|Jan mean C = 11.0
|Feb mean C = 13.7
|Mar mean C = 17.4
|Apr mean C = 20.5
|May mean C = 22.7
|Jun mean C = 24.4
|Jul mean C = 24.5
|Aug mean C = 24.6
|Sep mean C = 23.7
|Oct mean C = 20.6
|Nov mean C = 16.0
|Dec mean C = 12.2
| year mean C = 19.3
|Jan low C = 2.8
|Feb low C = 5.3
|Mar low C = 8.8
|Apr low C = 12.3
|May low C = 16.1
|Jun low C = 19.3
|Jul low C = 20.3
|Aug low C = 20.2
|Sep low C = 18.8
|Oct low C = 13.9
|Nov low C = 8.4
|Dec low C = 4.2
| year low C = 12.5
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 15.2
|Feb precipitation mm = 23.6
|Mar precipitation mm = 38.0
|Apr precipitation mm = 62.9
|May precipitation mm = 128.8
|Jun precipitation mm = 241.4
|Jul precipitation mm = 384.1
|Aug precipitation mm = 342.7
|Sep precipitation mm = 207.8
|Oct precipitation mm = 43.3
|Nov precipitation mm = 6.4
|Dec precipitation mm = 7.8
| year precipitation mm =
| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 1.9
|Feb precipitation days = 2.6
|Mar precipitation days = 3.9
|Apr precipitation days = 6.6
|May precipitation days = 11.9
|Jun precipitation days = 16.9
|Jul precipitation days = 23.1
|Aug precipitation days = 22.7
|Sep precipitation days = 14.6
|Oct precipitation days = 3.8
|Nov precipitation days = 0.5
|Dec precipitation days = 0.7
|year precipitation days = 109.4
| Jan humidity = 79
| Feb humidity = 71
| Mar humidity = 61
| Apr humidity = 53
| May humidity = 57
| Jun humidity = 73
| Jul humidity = 81
| Aug humidity = 83
| Sep humidity = 82
| Oct humidity = 79
| Nov humidity = 85
| Dec humidity = 80
|year humidity = 74
| Jan sun = 210
| Feb sun = 209
| Mar sun = 236
| Apr sun = 230
| May sun = 244
| Jun sun = 175
| Jul sun = 130
| Aug sun = 160
| Sep sun = 156
| Oct sun = 233
| Nov sun = 228
| Dec sun = 211
|year sun =
|Jand sun = 6.6
|Febd sun = 7.6
|Mard sun = 7.9
|Aprd sun = 7.1
|Mayd sun = 7.7
|Jund sun = 5.9
|Juld sun = 3.9
|Augd sun = 4.5
|Sepd sun = 5.4
|Octd sun = 6.3
|Novd sun = 7.9
|Decd sun = 6.2
|yeard sun = 6.4
| source 1 = [[World Meteorological Organization]]<ref name=WMO>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231014221403/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/Nepal/CSV/Kathmandu_44454.csv
| archive-date = 14 October 2023
| url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/Nepal/CSV/Kathmandu_44454.csv
| title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020
| work = World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020)
| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
| access-date = 15 October 2023}}</ref>
|source 2 = Department of Hydrology and Meteorology,<ref name = DHM>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231014213207/https://nepalindata.com/media/resources/items/13/bANNUAL_EXTREME_TEMPERATURES.pdf
| archive-date = 14 October 2023
| url = https://nepalindata.com/media/resources/items/13/bANNUAL_EXTREME_TEMPERATURES.pdf
| title = Annual Extreme Temperatures
| publisher=Department of Hydrology and Meteorology
| access-date = 15 October 2023}}</ref> [[Deutscher Wetterdienst]] (sun 1961–1990, daily sun 1979-1988)<ref name = DWDsun>
{{cite web
| url = ftp://ftp-cdc.dwd.de/pub/CDC/observations_global/CLIMAT/multi_annual/sunshine_duration/1961_1990.txt
| title = Station 44454 Kathmandu
| work = Global station data 1961–1990—Sunshine Duration
| publisher = Deutscher Wetterdienst
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171017195327/ftp://ftp-cdc.dwd.de/pub/CDC/observations_global/CLIMAT/multi_annual/sunshine_duration/1961_1990.txt
| archive-date = 2017-10-17
| url-status = dead
| access-date = 6 November 2016}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web
| url = https://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_444540_kt.pdf
| title = Klimatafel von Kathmandu (Flugh.) / Nepal
| publisher = Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure
| access-date = September 17, 2016}}
</ref>
| collapsed = y
}}
===Parks===
{{main|List of parks in Kathmandu}}

===Environment===
{{main|Environmental issues in Kathmandu}}

===Air quality===
[[File:IMG-cbda959226963b8c6bbdaf27da44fabd-V.jpg|thumb|View of pollution in the Kathmandu Valley and mountain range as seen from Champa Devi]]
Air pollution is a major issue in the Kathmandu Valley.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2014/mar/21/air-pollution-kathmandu-nepal-liveable-smog-paris |title=Has air pollution made Kathmandu unliveable?|last=Lodge |first=Andrew |date=21 March 2014 |work=The Guardian |access-date=4 April 2017 |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=12 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212014126/https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2014/mar/21/air-pollution-kathmandu-nepal-liveable-smog-paris |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.iied.org/clearing-air-kathmandu |title=Clearing the air in Kathmandu |date=7 June 2016 |work=International Institute for Environment and Development |access-date=4 April 2017 |archive-date=6 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406020422/https://www.iied.org/clearing-air-kathmandu |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/kathmandu/topography-blame-worsening-air-pollution/ |title=Topography to blame for worsening air pollution |website=thehimalayantimes.com |access-date=4 April 2017 |date=24 March 2017}}</ref> According to the 2016 World Health Organization's Ambient Air Pollution Database,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.who.int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair/databases/cities/en/ |title=WHO Global Urban Ambient Air Pollution Database (update 2016) |website=World Health Organization |language=en-GB |access-date=4 April 2017 |archive-date=1 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301221905/http://who.int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair/databases/cities/en/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> the annual average [[Particulates#Size, shape and solubility matter|PM2.5]] (particulate matter) concentration in 2013 was 49 μg/m3, which is 4.9 times higher than recommended by the [[World Health Organization]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs313/en/ |title=Ambient (outdoor) air quality and health |website=World Health Organization |access-date=5 October 2020 |archive-date=4 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104165807/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs313/en/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs313/en/ |title=Ambient (outdoor) air quality and health |website=World Health Organization |language=en-GB |access-date=4 April 2017 |archive-date=4 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104165807/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs313/en/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Starting in early 2017, the Government of Nepal and the Embassy of the United States in Kathmandu have monitored and publicly share real-time air quality data. In Nepal and Kathmandu, the annual premature deaths due to air pollution reached 37,399 and 9,943 respectively, according to a Republica news report published on 23 November 2019. This indicates, around a quarter of the total deaths due to air pollution in Nepal are in Kathmandu.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pollution.gov.np/networkOverview |title=Pollution |website=pollution.gov.np |language=en |access-date=4 April 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406020534/http://www.pollution.gov.np/networkOverview |archive-date=6 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=airnow.global_summary |title=AirNow |website=airnow.gov |access-date=4 April 2017 |archive-date=5 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405170532/https://airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=airnow.global_summary |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
[[File:Kathmandu Photo College 2017.jpg|thumb|Kathmandu Skyline]]

Kathmandu's urban cosmopolitan character has made it the most populous city in Nepal. According to the National Population Census of 2011, the total population of Kathmandu city was 975,543 in 254,292 households with an annual growth rate of 6.12% with respect to the population figure of 2001.<ref name="Census2011">{{cite web |title=National Population and Housing Census 2011 (Village Development Committee/Municipality) |url=https://censusnepal.cbs.gov.np/Home/Details?tpid=5&dcid=bafe28cf-9f53-41de-9348-a1c49943f574&tfsid=1 |website=Central Bureau of Statistics |publisher=Government of Nepal, National Planning Commission, Central Bureau of Statistics |access-date=12 November 2021 |archive-date=28 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128162112/https://censusnepal.cbs.gov.np/Home/Details?tpid=5&dcid=bafe28cf-9f53-41de-9348-a1c49943f574&tfsid=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> 70% of the total population residing in Kathmandu are aged between 15 and 59.

In one decade, the population increased from 427,045 in 1991 to 671,805 in 2001. The population was projected to reach 915,071 in 2011 and 1,319,597 by 2021. To keep up this population growth, the KMC-controlled area of {{convert|5076.6|ha|acre}} expanded to {{convert|8214|ha|acre|abbr=off}} in 2001. With this new area, the population density which was 85 in 1991 remained 85 in 2001; it is likely to jump to 111 in 2011 and 161 in 2021.<ref name="popu">{{cite web |url=http://www.kathmandu.gov.np/index.php?cid=6&pr_id=6 |title=Population |access-date=12 December 2009 |publisher=Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Government of Nepal |archive-date=4 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090404081824/http://www.kathmandu.gov.np/index.php?cid=6&pr_id=6 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Languages ===
{{Pie chart
|label1=Nepali|value1=62|color1=orange
|label2=Newari|value2=19|color2=grey
|label3=Tamang|value3=6|color3=red
|label4=Maithili|value4=3|color4=skyblue
|label5=Gurung|value5=2|color5=violet
|label6=Magar|value6=2|color6=blue
|label7=Others|value7=6|color7=yellow
}}
As of the 2011 census, [[Nepali language|Nepali]] is the most common mother tongue in Kathmandu, with 62% of the population speaking it as their mother tongue. [[Newar language|Newari]] is spoken by 19%, and the other languages spoken in the city include [[Tamang language|Tamang]] (6%), [[Maithili language|Maithili]] (3%), [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] (2%), [[Gurung language|Gurung]] (2%), [[Magar language|Magar]] (2%) and [[Sherpa language|Sherpa]] (1%) as their first language. English is also spoken by many.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Grid View: Table Language – NepalMap |url=https://nepalmap.org/data/table/?table=LANGUAGE&geo_ids=local-27006,country-NP&primary_geo_id=local-27006 |access-date=27 February 2021 |website=nepalmap.org |archive-date=9 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309210317/https://nepalmap.org/data/table/?table=LANGUAGE&geo_ids=local-27006,country-NP&primary_geo_id=local-27006 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Ethnic groups ===
{{Pie chart
| thumb = left
| caption = Ethnic groups in Kathmandu
| label1 = [[Newar]]
| value1 = 24.59
| color1 = dodgerblue
| label2 = [[Bahun|Hill Brahmin]]
| value2 = 21.62
| color2 = orange
| label3 = [[Chhetri]]
| value3 = 18.66
| color3 = yellow
| label4 = [[Tamang people|Tamang]]
| value4 = 7.74
| color4 = red
| label5 = [[Magar people|Magar]]
| value5 = 4.16
| color5 = darkgreen
| label6 = Others
| value6 = 23.23
| color6 = black
}}

The largest group is the native [[Newar people|Newars]], whose various sub-groups combine to make up 24.59% of the population. The [[Bahun]]s, also known as Hill-Brahmin or Khas Brahmin, representing 21.62% of the population. They are part of the broader Khas community, as are the [[Chhetri]], the third largest group, who account for 18.66% of the population. [[Tamang people|Tamang]] community composites of 7.74% making them 4th largest group in Kathmandu metropolitan.

{{static row numbers}}
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-text"
|+ Broad Caste and Ethnicity category (2011 Census)
|-
! Broad Ethnic Category !!Sub Category<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nepalmap.org/profiles/local-27006-kathmandu/ |title=NepalMap profile: Kathmandu Metropolitan |access-date=27 August 2022 |archive-date=27 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827165038/https://nepalmap.org/profiles/local-27006-kathmandu/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>!!Linguistic Family !!Population Percentage
|-
|[[Khas people|Khas Aryan]] (Hill/Pahari Caste Groups) || [[Bahun|Khas Brahmin]], [[Chhetri]], [[Kami (caste)|Kami]], [[Thakuri]], [[Damai]] [[Sarki (ethnic group)|Sarki]], [[Daśanāmi Sampradaya|Sanyasi/Dasnami]] || [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] || 46.3%
|-
| [[Newar]] (Kathmandu Valley Caste Groups)|| [[Rajopadhyaya|Newari Brahmin]], [[Shresthas#Sr.C4.93.E1.B9.A3.E1.B9.ADha sub-caste groups|Shrestha]], [[Tamrakar]], [[Dangol]], [[Maharjan]], [[Rajkarnikar]], etc. || [[Sino-Tibetan]] || 24.7%
|-
| [[Janajati]] (Hill Tribal Groups)|| [[Magar people|Magar]], [[Tamang people|Tamang]], [[Gurung people|Gurung]], [[Sherpa people|Sherpa]], [[Rai people|Rai]], [[Limbu people|Limbu]], etc. || [[Sino-Tibetan]] || 19.2%
|-
| [[Maithil people|Maithil]] (Terai Caste Groups) || [[Maithil Yadav]], [[Maithil Brahmins]], [[Chamar]], [[Kushwaha]], [[Musahar]], [[Kurmi]], [[Dhanuk]], etc.|| [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] || 4.1%
|-
| Muslim{{Efn|Census of Nepal treat Muslims as an ethnic group<ref name="census 2019">{{cite web |title=National Population Census 2021 |url=https://cbs.gov.np/population-of-nepal-2021/ |access-date=20 June 2025 |website=Central Bureau of Statistics, Nepal |publisher=Government of Nepal |pages=114}}</ref>}}|| – || [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] || 1.8%
|-
| [[Marwari people|Marwadi]], [[Rajbongshi people|Rajbanshi]] ||- || [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] || 1.6%
|-
| Adibasi (Terai Indigenous Groups) || [[Tharu people|Tharu]], [[Rajbanshi people|Rajbanshi]], Tajpuriya, [[Santal people|Santhal]] etc. ||[[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] And [[Sino-Tibetan]] || 1.5%
|-
| Others || – || [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] and [[Sino-Tibetan]] || 1.5%
|}

===Religions===
{{main|Religion in Kathmandu}}
=== Hinduism ===
[[File:Dipawali 2013 of Kathmandu.jpg|thumb|Kathmandu valley as seen from Halchowk during [[Tihar (festival)|Deepawali]], 2013|231x231px]][[Hinduism]] is one of the indigenous beliefs of the city. Assumedly, together with the kingdom of Licchhavi (c. 400 to 750), Hinduism and the [[endogamy|endogam]] [[social stratification]] of the [[Caste system in Nepal|caste]] was established in Kathmandu Valley. {{Citation needed|date=September 2025}} The [[Pashupatinath Temple]], [[Changu Narayan Temple]], and the [[Kasthamandap]] are of particular importance to Hindus. Other notable Hindu temples in Kathmandu and the surrounding valley include [[Bajrayogini Temple]], [[Dakshinkali Temple]], [[Guhyeshwari Temple]], and the [[Shobha Bhagawati]] shrine.

The [[Bagmati River]] which flows through Kathmandu is considered a [[holy river]] both by Hindus and Buddhists, and many Hindu temples are on the banks of this river. The importance of the Bagmati also lies in the fact that Hindus are cremated on its banks, and Kirants are buried in the hills by its side. According to the Nepali Hindu tradition, the dead body must be dipped three times into the Bagmati before cremation. The chief mourner (usually the first son) who lights the funeral pyre must take a holy riverwater bath immediately after cremation. Many relatives who join the funeral procession also take bath in the Bagmati or sprinkle the holy water on their bodies at the end of cremation as the Bagmati is believed to purify people spiritually.
[[File:The Licchavi Princess Bhrikuti Devi in Golden Temple, Patan.jpg|thumb|7th century [[Bhrikuti|Princess Bhrikuti]] from Kathmandu is credited with spreading [[Buddhism]] in Tibet and China, and is worshipped as the Buddhist Goddess [[Tara (Buddhism)|Green Tara]]|304x304px]]

=== Buddhism ===
Buddhism was brought into Kathmandu with the arrival of Buddhist monks during the time of Buddha (c. 563 – 483 BCE<ref name="Cousins">L. S. Cousins (1996), "[http://indology.info/papers/cousins The dating of the historical Buddha] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110226184207/http://indology.info/papers/cousins/ |date=26 February 2011 }}: a review article", ''[[Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society]]'' '''(3)6(1)''': 57–63.</ref>). They established a forest monastery in [[Sankhu]]. This monastery was renovated by [[Shakya]]s after they fled genocide from [[Virudhaka]] (r. 491–461 BCE).

During the Hindu Lichchavi era (c. 400 to 750), various monasteries and orders were created which successively led to the formation of [[Newar Buddhism]], which is still practiced in the primary [[liturgical language]] of Hinduism, [[Sanskrit]].

Legendary Princess [[Bhrikuti]] (7th-century) and artist [[Araniko]] (1245–1306 CE) from that tradition of Kathmandu valley played a significant role in spreading Buddhism in Tibet and China. There are over 108 traditional monasteries (Bahals and Baháʼís) in Kathmandu based on Newar Buddhism. Since the 1960s, the permanent Tibetan Buddhist population of Kathmandu has risen significantly so that there are now over fifty Tibetan Buddhist monasteries in the area. Also, with the modernization of Newar Buddhism, various Theravada Bihars have been established.

=== Kirat Mundhum ===
[[File:इन्द्र.jpg|thumb|334x334px|A woman worshipping in a statue of [[Swet Bhairav|Sweta Bhairava]], a fierce [[avatar]] of Hindu deity [[Shiva]]]]
Kirant Mundhum is one of the indigenous [[animism|animistic]] practices of Nepal. It is practiced by the [[Kirati people|Kirat people]]. Some animistic aspects of Kirant beliefs, such as ancestor worship (worship of Ajima) are also found in Newars of Kirant origin. Ancient religious sites believed to be worshipped by ancient Kirats, such as Pashupatinath, Wanga Akash Bhairabh (Yalambar) and Ajima are now worshipped by people of all Dharmic religions in Kathmandu. Kirats who have migrated from other parts of Nepal to Kathmandu practice [[Mundhum]] in the city.<ref name="Broadening">{{Cite web |work=Kathmandu post |publisher=Ekantipur |date=2 February 2017 |url=http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2017-02-02/broadening-the-nepali-mind.html |title=Broadening the Nepali mind |access-date=21 July 2017 |archive-date=3 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803012308/http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2017-02-02/broadening-the-nepali-mind.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Other religions ===
[[Sikhism]] is practiced primarily in Gurudwara at Kupundole. An earlier temple of Sikhism is also present in Kathmandu which is now defunct.{{cn|date=July 2025}}

[[Jainism in Nepal|Jainism]] is practiced by a small community. A Jain temple is present in Gyaneshwar, where Jains practice their faith.{{cn|date=July 2025}}

According to the records of the [[Spiritual Assembly]] of the Baháʼís of Nepal, there are approximately 300 followers of the [[Baháʼí Faith]] in Kathmandu valley. They have a national office in Shantinagar, Baneshwor. The Baháʼís also have classes for children at the National Centre and other localities in Kathmandu.{{cn|date=July 2025}}

In Kathmandu alone there are about 170 Christian churches.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Basnet |first=Lakshman |date=2021-02-08 |title=All About Christianity in Nepal with Church List |url=https://lakshmanbasnet.com/nepal/churches-list-christianity-nepal/ |access-date=2023-04-06 |website=lakshmanbasnet.com |language=en-AU |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406115246/https://lakshmanbasnet.com/nepal/churches-list-christianity-nepal/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Christian missionary hospitals, welfare organizations, and schools are also operating. Nepali citizens who served as soldiers in Indian and British armies, who had converted to Christianity while in service, on return to Nepal continue to practice their religion. They have contributed to the spread of Christianity and the building of churches in Nepal and in Kathmandu, in particular.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://across.co.nz/NepalChurches.html |title=Churches in Nepal |publisher=Across |access-date=20 December 2009 |archive-date=23 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100523112534/http://across.co.nz/NepalChurches.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name= "Christ">{{cite web |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2004/35518.htm |title=Diplomacy in Action |access-date=20 December 2009 |publisher=[[US Department of State]] |archive-date=2 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802193417/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2004/35518.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Economy ==
{{main|Economy of Kathmandu}}
[[File:Rastrabank.JPG|thumb|[[Nepal Rastra Bank|Central Bank of Nepal]]|alt=|left]]

The location and terrain of Kathmandu have played a significant role in the development of a stable economy which spans millennia. The city is in an ancient lake basin, with fertile soil and flat terrain. This geography helped form a society based on agriculture. This, combined with its location between India and China, helped establish Kathmandu as an important trading centre over the centuries. Kathmandu's trade is an ancient profession that flourished along an offshoot of the [[Silk Road]] which linked India and Tibet. From centuries past, [[Lhasa Newar]] merchants of Kathmandu have conducted trade across the Himalaya and contributed to spreading art styles and Buddhism across Central Asia.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lewis |first=Todd T |title=Buddhism, Himalayan Trade, and Newar Merchants |url=http://buddhim.20m.com/8-4.htm/ |access-date=28 July 2012 |archive-date=7 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707061349/http://buddhim.20m.com/8-4.htm/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Other traditional occupations are farming, metal casting, woodcarving, painting, weaving, and pottery.<ref name="economy">{{cite web |title=Economy |url=http://www.kathmandu.gov.np/index.php?cid=5&pr_id=5 |publisher=Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Government of Nepal |access-date=20 December 2009 |archive-date=29 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729234251/http://www.kathmandu.gov.np/index.php?cid=5&pr_id=5 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Kathmandu is the most important industrial and commercial centre in Nepal. The [[Nepal Stock Exchange]], the head office of the [[Nepal Rastra Bank|national bank]], the [[Federation of Nepalese Chambers of Commerce and Industry|chamber of commerce]], as well as head offices of national and international banks, telecommunication companies, the electricity authority, and various other national and international organizations are in Kathmandu. The major economic hubs are the [[New Road of Kathmandu|New Road]], [[Durbar Marg]], [[Asan, Kathmandu|Ason]] and Putalisadak.<ref name="economy" />

The economic output of the metropolitan area of around [[Nepalese rupee|Rs.]] 550 billion approximately per year alone is worth more than one third of national GDP (nominal), while the per capita income of $2200 is approximately three times the national average.<ref name="kmco">{{cite web |title=Economy |url=http://www.kathmandu.gov.np/index.php?cid=5&pr_id=5 |publisher=Kathmandu Metropolitan City Office |access-date=18 December 2009 |archive-date=29 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729234251/http://www.kathmandu.gov.np/index.php?cid=5&pr_id=5 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kathmandu exports handicrafts, artworks, garments, carpets, pashmina, paper; trade accounts for 21% of its revenues.<ref name="economy" /><ref name="kmco" /> Manufacturing is also important and accounts for 19% of the revenue that Kathmandu generates. Garments and woolen carpets are the most notable manufactured products.<ref name="kmco" /> Other economic sectors in Kathmandu include agriculture (9%), education (6%), transport (6%), and hotels and restaurants (5%).<ref name="kmco" /> Kathmandu is famous for [[lokta paper]] and [[pashmina]] shawls.

===Real estate===
=== Tourism ===
{{main|Tourism in Kathmandu}}
[[File:Shanker.jpg|thumb|[[Hotel Shanker]] is one of the city's popular heritage hotels]]

[[Tourism in Nepal]] is considered an important industry. In 1956, air transportation was established and the construction of [[Tribhuvan Highway]], between Kathmandu and [[Raxaul]], was started. Separate organizations were created in Kathmandu to promote the tourism industry, including the [[Nepal Tourism Board|Tourism Development Board]], the Department of Tourism, and the [[Civil Aviation Authority of Nepal|Civil Aviation Department]]. Furthermore, Nepal became a member of several international tourist associations. Establishing diplomatic relations with other nations further accentuated this activity. The hotel industry, travel agencies, the training of tourist guides, and targeted publicity campaigns are the chief reasons for the significant growth of this industry in Nepal and in Kathmandu in particular.<ref name="Shrestha p.86-89">Shrestha pp. 86–89</ref>

[[File:Hyatt Regency Kathmandu Hotel.jpg|thumb|left|[[Hyatt Regency Kathmandu]]]]
Tourism is a major source of income for most of the people in the city, with several hundred thousand visitors annually. Hindu and Buddhist pilgrims from all over the world visit Kathmandu's religious sites such as [[Pashupatinath Temple]], [[Swayambhunath]], [[Boudhanath]], [[Changu Narayan Temple]], and [[Budhanilkantha Temple]]. From a mere 6,179 tourists in 1961/62, the number increased to 491,504 in 1999/2000. In economic terms, the foreign exchange registered 3.8 percent of the GDP in 1995/96 but then started declining. Following the end of [[Nepalese Civil War]], there was a significant rise in the number of tourist arrivals, with 509,956 tourists recorded in 2009. Since then, tourism has improved as the country transitioned into a republic. The high level of tourism is attributed to the natural grandeur of the Himalayas and the cultural heritage of the country which is continuously preserved and restored at great cost.<ref name="Shrestha p.86-89" />
[[File:Agni Bhawan (Hotel Shanker, Kathmandu after 1964).jpg|thumb|right|Official photo of Agni Bhawan from the 1920s, now part of Hotel Shanker Kathmandu]]

The neighbourhood of [[Thamel]] is Kathmandu's primary go-to place for tourists and is widely regarded as the center of Kathmandu's nightlife, packed with guest houses, restaurants, shops, and bookstores, catering to tourists. Another neighbourhood of growing popularity is Jhamel, a name for Jhamsikhel that was coined to rhyme with Thamel.<ref>{{cite news |title=Thamel |newspaper=Nepali Times |url=https://www.nepalitimes.com/issue/2010/01/22/LifeTimes/16741 |access-date=12 March 2012 |archive-date=10 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110135408/http://archive.nepalitimes.com/news.php?id=16741 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Old Freak Street|Jhochhen Tol]], also known as ''Freak Street'' remains a traveler haunt. This original meeting place for international guests in Kathmandu became known in the 1960s and 1970s through [[folklore]] told by [[hippie]]s in Europe and North America.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nepal |publisher=Institute for Global Studies |url=https://gointern.com/nepal/ |access-date=7 November 2024 }}</ref>

With the opening of the tourist industry after the change in the political scenario of Nepal in 1950, the hotel industry drastically improved.<ref name="Shrestha p.86-87">Shrestha pp. 86–87</ref> Now Kathmandu boasts several luxury hotels with some including casinos. [[Asan, Kathmandu|Ason]] is a bazaar and ceremonial square on the old trade route to Tibet.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nepal |publisher=Institute for Global Studies |url=https://gointern.com/nepal/ |access-date=7 November 2024 }}</ref>
===Media and entertainment===

== Government and public services ==
=== Civic administration ===
[[File:Primeminister's Office 01.jpg|thumb|Office of the [[Prime Minister of Nepal]] in [[Singha Durbar]], Kathmandu]]

Kathmandu Municipal Corporation (KMC) is the chief nodal agency for the administration of Kathmandu. The Municipality of Kathmandu was upgraded to a metropolitan city in 1995.

Metropolitan Kathmandu is divided into five sectors: the Central Sector, the East Sector, the North Sector, the City Core and the West Sector. For civic administration, the city is further divided into 32 administrative wards. The Council administers the Metropolitan area of Kathmandu city through its 177 elected representatives and 20 nominated members. It holds biannual meetings to review, process and approve the annual budget and make major policy decisions.<ref name="facts" /><ref name="council">{{cite web |url=http://www.kathmandu.gov.np/index.php?cid=9&pr_id=9 |title=Metropolis Council |access-date=14 December 2009 |publisher=Kathmandu Metropolitan City Council, Government of Nepal |archive-date=4 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090404082004/http://www.kathmandu.gov.np/index.php?cid=9&pr_id=9 |url-status=live}}</ref> The ward's profile documents for the 32 wards prepared by the Kathmandu Metropolitan Council is detailed and provides information for each ward on population, the structure and condition of houses, the type of roads, educational, health and financial institutions, entertainment facilities, parking space, security provisions, etc. It also includes lists of development projects completed, on-going and planned, along with informative data about the cultural heritage, festivals, historical sites and the local inhabitants. Ward 16 is the largest, with an area of 437.4 ha; ward 26 is the smallest, with an area of 4 ha.<ref name="ward">{{cite web |url=http://www.kathmandu.gov.np/index.php?cid=915&pr_id=15 |title=Ward Profile |access-date=14 December 2009 |publisher=Kathmandu Metropolitan City Council, Government of Nepal |archive-date=4 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090404082656/http://www.kathmandu.gov.np/index.php?cid=915&pr_id=15 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Kathmandu is the headquarters of the surrounding [[Kathmandu District]].

=== Law and order ===

The Metropolitan Police is the main law enforcement agency in the city. It is headed by a [[police commissioner|commissioner of police]]. The Metropolitan Police is a division of the [[Nepal Police]], and the administrative control lies with the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (Nepal)|Ministry of Home Affairs]].
=== Fire service ===
[[File:US Embassy in Kathmandu glowing with Ukrainian colours to stand united with Ukraine.jpg|thumb|Embassy of the [[United States|United States of America.]] Kathmandu hosts [[List of diplomatic missions in Nepal|28 diplomatic missions]]]]
The fire service, known as the ''Barun Yantra Karyalaya'' ({{Langx|ne|वारुण यन्त्र कार्यालय}}), opened its first station in Kathmandu in 1937 with a single vehicle.<ref name="FAN">{{cite web |url=http://www.fan.org.np/ |title=History and problem |publisher=Firefighters Volunteer Association of Nepal (FAN) |access-date=20 December 2009 |archive-date=14 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190914233123/http://www.fan.org.np/ |url-status=live}}</ref> An iron tower was erected to monitor the city and watch for a fire. As a precautionary measure, firemen were sent to the areas which were designated as accident-prone areas.<ref name="FAN" /> In 1944, the fire service was extended to the neighbouring cities of Lalitpur and Bhaktapur. In 1966, a fire service was established in [[Tribhuvan International Airport|Kathmandu central airport]].<ref name="FAN" /> In 1975, a West German government donation added seven fire engines to Kathmandu's fire service.<ref name="FAN" /> The fire service in the city is also overlooked by an international non-governmental organization, the Firefighters Volunteer Association of Nepal (FAN), which was established in 2000 with the purpose of raising public awareness about fire and improving safety.<ref name="FAN" />

=== Electricity and water supply ===
[[File:Public baths, Kathmandu. 1979.jpg|thumb|A 1979 photograph of public baths in Kathmandu]]
Electricity in Kathmandu is regulated and distributed by the [[Nepal Electricity Authority]] (NEA). Water supply and sanitation facilities are provided by the Kathmandu Upatyaka Khanepani Limited (KUKL). There is a severe shortage of water for household purposes such as drinking, bathing, cooking and washing and irrigation. People have been using bottled mineral water, water from tank trucks and from the ancient [[dhunge dhara]]s ({{Langx|ne|ढुङ्गे धारा}}) for all the purposes related to water. The city water shortage should be solved by the completion of the much plagued [[Melamchi Water Supply Project]] by the end of 2019. Despite continued efforts by governmental bodies, Kathmandu is one of the most polluted cities in Nepal, largely due to overpopulation.<ref>[https://archive.nepalitimes.com/article/nation/Melamchi-water-not-enough-for-everyone,3899 Not enough for everyone] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110135454/https://archive.nepalitimes.com/article/nation/Melamchi-water-not-enough-for-everyone,3899 |date=10 November 2021 }} by Sonia Awale, Nepali Times, 25–31 August 2017. Retrieved 10 September 2019</ref><ref>[https://www.nepalitimes.com/from-the-nepali-press/melamchi-delayed-by-government-extortion/ Melamchi delayed by government extortion] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210622102718/https://www.nepalitimes.com/from-the-nepali-press/melamchi-delayed-by-government-extortion/ |date=22 June 2021 }} by Bikash Thapa, Nepali Times, 28 December 2018. Retrieved 10 September 2019</ref>

=== Waste management ===

Waste management may be through composting in municipal waste management units, and at houses with home composting units. Both systems are common and established in India and neighbouring countries.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/waste-management-has-not-kept-kathmandus-fast-growth |title=Living amidst filth |date=13 May 2016 |access-date=7 July 2016 |publisher=D+C, development and cooperation |first=Roshan |last=Sharma |archive-date=20 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920201839/http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/waste-management-has-not-kept-kathmandus-fast-growth |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Architecture and cityscape ==
{{Main|Architecture of Kathmandu}}
{{Kathmandu valley World Heritage Site (WHS) Monuments}}

The ancient trade route between India and [[Tibet]] that passed through Kathmandu enabled a fusion of artistic and architectural traditions from other cultures to be amalgamated with local art and architecture.<ref name="festival">{{cite web |url=http://www.kathmandu.gov.np/index.php?cid=142&pr_id=172 |title=Festivals |access-date=12 December 2009 |publisher=Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Government of Nepal |archive-date=4 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090404081644/http://www.kathmandu.gov.np/index.php?cid=142&pr_id=172 |url-status=live}}</ref> The monuments of Kathmandu City have been influenced over the centuries by Hindu and Buddhist religious practices. The architectural treasure of the Kathmandu valley has been categorized under the well-known seven groups of heritage monuments and buildings. In 2006 UNESCO declared these seven groups of monuments as a [[List of World Heritage Sites in Nepal|World Heritage Site]] (WHS). The seven monuments zones cover an area of {{convert|189|ha|acre}}, with the buffer zone extending to {{convert|2394|ha|acre}}. The Seven Monument Zones inscribed originally in 1979 and with a minor modification in 2006 are the [[Durbar square]]s of [[Kathmandu Durbar Square|Hanuman Dhoka]], [[Patan Durbar Square|Patan]] and [[Bhaktapur Durbar Square|Bhaktapur]], the Hindu temples of [[Pashupatinath Temple|Pashupatinath]] and [[Changu Narayan Temple|Changunarayan]], the Buddhist stupas of [[Swayambhunath]] and [[Boudhanath]].<ref name="Heritage">{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/121 |title=Kathmandu Valley – Unesco World Heritage site |access-date=25 November 2009 |publisher=World Heritage – UNESCO.org |archive-date=31 October 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051031092004/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/121 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="unesco">{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0015/001520/152020m.pdf |title=Kathmandu Valley World Heritage site: Nepal |work=Heritage Homeowner's Preservation Manual |access-date=25 November 2009 |publisher=Unesco, Kathmandu and Bangkok |year=2006 |archive-date=4 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604225242/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0015/001520/152020m.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Naxal Bhagwatibahal, Naxal Bhagwati of Kathmandu.jpg|thumb|left|Naxal Bhagwati|130x130px|alt=]]
[[File:Mahankaal Temple, Kathmandu-6337.jpg|thumb|center|Mahakaal Temple|200x150px|alt=]]

=== Durbar Squares ===
{{Main|Kathmandu Durbar Square|Hanuman Dhoka}}

The literal meaning of [[Durbar Square]] is a "place of palaces". There are three preserved Durbar Squares in Kathmandu valley and one unpreserved in [[Kirtipur]]. The Durbar Square of Kathmandu is in the old city and has heritage buildings representing four kingdoms (Kantipur, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur, Kirtipur); the earliest being the Licchavi dynasty. The complex has 50 temples and is distributed in two quadrangles of the Durbar Square. The outer quadrangle has the [[Kasthamandap]], [[Kumari (goddess)|Kumari Ghar]], and Shiva-Parvati Temple; the inner quadrangle has the [[Hanuman Dhoka]] palace. The squares were severely damaged in the [[April 2015 Nepal earthquake|April 2015 earthquake]].

Hanuman Dhoka is a complex of structures with the royal palace of the Malla kings and of the [[Shah dynasty]]. It is spread over five acres. The eastern wing (with ten courtyards) is the oldest part, dating to the mid-16th century. It was expanded by King Pratap Malla in the 17th century with many temples. The royal family lived in this palace until 1886 when they moved to Narayanhiti Palace. The stone inscription outside is in fifteen languages.

Kumari Ghar is a palace in the centre of the Kathmandu city, next to the Durbar square where a royal [[Kumari (goddess)|Kumari]] selected from several Kumaris resides. Kumari (or Kumari Devi), is the tradition of worshipping young pre-pubescent girls as manifestations of the divine female energy (or ''devi'') in South Asian countries. In Nepal, the selection process is very rigorous. Previously, during the time of the monarchy, the queen and the priests used to appoint the proposed Kumari with delicate process of astrological examination and physical examination of 32 'gunas'. The ''china'' ({{Langx|ne|चिना}}), an ancient Hindu astrological report of the Kumari and the reigning king, has been said to be similar. The Kumari is believed to be a bodily incarnation of the goddess Taleju (the Nepali name for Durga) until she menstruates, after which it is believed that the goddess vacates her body. Serious illness or a major loss of blood from an injury also causes her to revert to common status. The current Kumari, Trishna Shakya, age three at the time of appointment, was installed in September 2017 succeeding Matina Shakya who was the first Kumari of Kathmandu after the end of the monarchy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.visitnepal.com/nepal_information/kumari.php |title=Kumari Devi – The Living Goddess |publisher=Visitnepal.com |access-date=19 December 2009 |archive-date=7 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807200215/http://www.visitnepal.com/nepal_information/kumari.php |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Kasthamandap]] is a three-storeyed temple enshrining an image of [[Gorakhnath]]. It was built in the 16th century in the [[pagoda]] style. The name of Kathmandu is a derivative of the word ''Kasthamandap''. It was built under the reign of King Laxmi Narsingha Malla. Kasthamandap stands at the intersection of two ancient trade routes linking India and Tibet at [[Maru, Kathmandu|Maru]] square. It was originally built as a rest house for travellers.

=== Pashupatinath temple ===
{{Main|Pashupatinath Temple}}

[[File:Pashupati dec 20 2009.jpg|thumb|centre|Panorama of the Pashupatinath Temple from the other bank of Bagmati river|633x633px|alt=]]
[[File:Pashupatinath Temple-2020.jpg|thumb|229x229px|Pashupatinath temple dedicated to [[Shiva]] as the 'lord of all beings' is a [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage site]]]]
The Pashupatinath Temple ({{Langx|ne|पशुपतिनाथ मन्दिर}}) is a famous 5th century [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to [[Shiva]]. Located on the banks of the [[Bagmati River]], the Pashupatinath Temple is the oldest Hindu temple in Kathmandu.<ref name="SAARC Tourism">{{cite web |url=http://nepal.saarctourism.org/pashupatinath-temple.html |title=SAARC tourism |work=Nepal.saarctourism.org |access-date=4 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100722213803/http://nepal.saarctourism.org/pashupatinath-temple.html |archive-date=22 July 2010 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref> It served as the seat of national deity, [[Shree Pashupatinath|Pashupatinath]], until Nepal was secularized. However, a significant part of the temple was destroyed by [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] invaders in the 14th century and little or nothing remains of the original 5th-century temple exterior. The temple as it stands today was built in the 19th century, although the image of the bull and the black four-headed image of Pashupati are at least 300 years old.<ref name="Lonely Planet (2006)">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/nepal00brad |url-access=registration |title=Nepal |publisher=[[Lonely Planet]] |year=2006 |page=[https://archive.org/details/nepal00brad/page/166 166] |isbn=978-1-74059-699-2 |first1=Bradley |last1=Mayhew |first2=Joe |last2=Bindloss |first3=Stan |last3=Armington}}</ref> The temple is a [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Site]].<ref name="Lonely Planet (2006)" /><ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web |url=http://nepal.saarctourism.org/pashupatinath-temple.html |title=SAARC tourism |work=Nepal.saarctourism.org |access-date=25 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100722213803/http://nepal.saarctourism.org/pashupatinath-temple.html |archive-date=22 July 2010 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Maha Shivaratri|Shivaratri]], or the night of Shiva, is the most important festival that takes place here, attracting thousands of devotees and [[sadhu]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |title=About 10 lakh visitors expected to throng Pashupatinath temple on Maha Shivratri |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/about-10-lakh-visitors-expected-to-throng-pashupatinath-temple-on-maha-shivratri-2928017 |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

Believers in Pashupatinath (mainly [[Hinduism|Hindus]]) are allowed to enter the temple premises, but non-Hindu visitors are allowed to view the temple only from the across the Bagmati River.<ref name="Lonely Planet (2006)" /> The priests who perform the services at this temple have been [[Brahmin]]s from [[Karnataka]] in [[South India|southern India]] since the time of Malla king [[Yaksha Malla]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vegetarian-restaurants.net/Nepal/Kathmandu-Valley/Pashupatinath-Temple.htm |title=Spiritual guides |website=Vegetarian-restaurants.net |date=1 January 2006 |access-date=4 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612020258/http://vegetarian-restaurants.net/Nepal/Kathmandu-Valley/Pashupatinath-Temple.htm |archive-date=12 June 2010 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> This tradition is believed to have been started at the request of [[Adi Shankara]] who sought to unify the states of [[Names for India|Bhāratam]], a region in south Asia believed to be ruled by a mythological king [[Bharata (Mahabharata)|Bharata]], by encouraging cultural exchange. This procedure is followed in other temples around India, which were sanctified by Adi Shankara.

The temple is built in the [[pagoda]] style of architecture, with cubic constructions and carved wooden rafters (tundal) on which they rest, and two-level roofs made of copper and gold.

=== Boudhanath ===
{{Main|Boudhanath}}
[[File:Boudhanath stupa , Kathmandu, Nepal.jpg|thumb|226x226px|Boudhanath Stupa]]
Boudhanath ({{Langx|ne|बौद्ध स्तुप}}; also written as ''Bouddhanath'', ''Bodhnath'', ''Baudhanath'' or the ''Khāsa'' ''Chaitya''), is one of the holiest Buddhist sites in Nepal, along with the [[Swayambhunath]]. It is a very popular tourist site. Boudhanath is known as Khāsti by [[Newars]] and as Bauddha or Bodhnāth by speakers of [[Nepali language|Nepali]].<ref>Snellgrove (1987), p. 365.</ref> About {{cvt|11|km|0}} from the centre and northeastern outskirts of Kathmandu, the stupa's massive [[mandala]] makes it one of the largest spherical [[stupa]]s in Nepal.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nepalnews.com.np/contents/englishweekly/independent/11-09/tourism.htm |title=Fables of Boudhanath and Changunarayan |publisher=nepalnews.com |access-date=13 December 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705134905/http://www.nepalnews.com.np/contents/englishweekly/independent/11-09/tourism.htm |archive-date=5 July 2008}}</ref> Boudhanath became a UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]] in 1979.

The base of the stupa has 108 small depictions of the Dhyani Buddha [[Amitabha]]. It is surrounded with a brick wall with 147 niches, each with four or five [[prayer wheel]]s engraved with the mantra, ''[[Om mani padme hum]]''.<ref name="LP (2006), p.170-1">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/nepal00brad |url-access=registration |title=Nepal |publisher=[[Lonely Planet]] |year=2006 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/nepal00brad/page/170 170]–71 |isbn=978-1-74059-699-2 |first1=Bradley |last1=Mayhew |first2=Joe |last2=Bindloss |first3=Stan |last3=Armington}}</ref> At the northern entrance where visitors must pass is a shrine dedicated to [[Ajima]], the goddess of [[smallpox]].<ref name="LP (2006), p.170-1" /> Every year the stupa attracts many Tibetan Buddhist pilgrims who perform full body prostrations in the inner lower enclosure, walk around the stupa with prayer wheels, chant, and pray.<ref name="LP (2006), p.170-1" /> Thousands of prayer flags are hoisted up from the top of the stupa downwards and dot the perimeter of the complex. The influx of many Tibetan refugees from China has seen the construction of over 50 Tibetan [[gompa]]s ([[Monastery|monasteries]]) around Boudhanath.
[[File:Swayambhunath 2018.jpg|thumb|225x225px|Stupa at Swayambhu]]

=== Swayambhu ===
{{Main|Swayambhunath}}

Swayambhunath ({{Langx|ne|स्वयम्भू स्तूप}}) is a Buddhist stupa atop a hillock at the northwestern part of the city. This is among the oldest religious sites in [[Nepal]]. Although the site is considered Buddhist, it is revered by both Buddhists and Hindus. The stupa consists of a dome at the base; above the dome, there is a cubic structure with the eyes of [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]] looking in all four directions.{{clarify|date=March 2013}} There are pentagonal ''[[torana|toran]]'' above each of the four sides, with statues engraved on them. Behind and above the torana there are thirteen tiers. Above all the tiers, there is a small space above which lies a ''gajur''.
[[File:Bal Gopaleshwor Temple Rani Pokhari Kathmandu Nepal Rajesh Dhungana (24).jpg|thumb|235x235px|Rani Pokhari or Queen's Pond, a 17th century moument in Kathmandu]]

=== Rani Pokhari ===

{{Main|Ranipokhari}}Ranipokhari ({{Langx|ne|रानी पोखरी|lit=Queen's Pond}}) is a historic artificial pond nestled in the heart of Kathmandu. It was built by king Pratap Malla in 1670 for his beloved queen after she lost her son and could not recover from her loss.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ranipokhari, the Queen's pond |url=http://bossnepal.com/ranipokhari-the-queens-pond/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314175128/http://bossnepal.com/ranipokhari-the-queens-pond/ |archive-date=14 March 2018 |access-date=14 March 2018 |website=bossnepal.com}}</ref> A large stone statue of an elephant in the south signifies the image of Pratap Malla and his two sons. Balgopaleshwor Temple stands still inside the temple above the pond. Rani Pokhari is opened once a year during the final day of Tihar i.e. Bhai Tika and Chhath festival. The world's largest Chhath takes place every year in Ranipokhari. The pond is one of Kathmandu's most famous landmarks and is known for its religious and aesthetic significance. After sustaining damages from the 2015 earthquake, Ranipokhari went under development, which began in 2019 and the reconstruction was completed in October 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nepal completes reconstruction of historical 'Rani Pokhari' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/international/nepal-completes-reconstruction-of-historical-rani-pokhari/videoshow/78814602.cms |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Education ==
The oldest modern school in Nepal, the [[Durbar High School]], and the oldest college, the [[Tri-Chandra College]], are both in Kathmandu.

The oldest engineering college in Nepal, [[Thapathali Campus]] also lies in Kathmandu. Not surprisingly the best schools and colleges of Nepal are located in Kathmandu and its adjoining cities. Every year thousands of students from all over Nepal arrive at Kathmandu to get admission in the various schools and colleges.

== Healthcare ==

Healthcare in Kathmandu is the most developed in Nepal, and the city and surrounding valley is home to some of the best hospitals and clinics in the country. [[Bir Hospital]] is the oldest, established in July 1889 by [[Bir Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana]]. Notable hospitals include Bir Hospital, [[Nepal Medical College|Nepal Medical College (Jorpati)]] and Teaching Hospital, Tribhuvan University Institute of Medicine (Teaching Hospital), Patan Hospital, Kathmandu Model Hospital, Scheer Memorial Hospital, Om Hospital, Norvic Hospital, Grande International Hospital, Nobel Hospital and many more.

The city is supported by specialist hospitals/clinics such as Shahid Shukraraj Tropical Hospital, Shahid Gangalal Foundation, Kathmandu Veterinary Hospital, Nepal Eye Hospital, Kanti Children's Hospital, Nepal International Clinic (Travel and Mountain Medicine Center), Neuro Center, Spinal Rehabilitation center and [[Bhaktapur Cancer Hospital]]. Most of the general hospitals are in the city center, although several clinics are elsewhere in Kathmandu district.

[[Tilganga Institute of Ophthalmology]] is an ophthalmology hospital in Kathmandu. It pioneered the production of low cost intraocular lenses (IOLs), which are used in cataract surgery.<ref>{{cite web |author=Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation |title=Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation |url=http://www.rmaf.org.ph/Awardees/Biography/pdfbio/RuitSan.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202030114/http://www.rmaf.org.ph/Awardees/Biography/pdfbio/RuitSan.pdf |archive-date=2 December 2013 |access-date=24 November 2013 |publisher=Rmaf.org.ph}}</ref> The team of Dr. [[Sanduk Ruit]] in Tilganga pioneered sutureless small-incision cataract surgery (SICS),<ref>{{cite web |date=May 2007 |title=healio |url=https://www.healio.com/news/print/ocular-surgery-news-europe-asia-edition/%7B9E0C8694-39FD-4FBB-A2A8-AC245C2AF69C%7D/Small-incision-manual-technique-fills-need-in-remote-parts-of-developing-countries |access-date=24 November 2013 |publisher=Healio |archive-date=2 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202222447/http://www.healio.com/news/print/ocular-surgery-news-europe-asia-edition/%7B9e0c8694-39fd-4fbb-a2a8-ac245c2af69c%7D/small-incision-manual-technique-fills-need-in-remote-parts-of-developing-countries |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 May 2009 |title=Prince Mahidol Award |url=http://www.princemahidolaward.org/laureate-bio.en.php?type=ind&id=2009-05-18%2009:52:04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216000908/http://www.princemahidolaward.org/laureate-bio.en.php?type=ind&id=2009-05-18%2009:52:04 |archive-date=16 December 2014 |access-date=24 November 2013 |publisher=Prince Mahidol Award}}</ref> a technique which has been used to treat 4 million of the world's 20 million people with cataract blindness.

=== Medical colleges ===

[[Institute of Medicine, Nepal|Institute of Medicine]], the central college of Tribhuvan University is the first medical college of Nepal and is in Maharajgunj, Kathmandu. It was established in 1972 and started to impart medical education from 1978. Other major institutions include Patan Academy of Health Sciences, [[Kathmandu Medical College]], [[Nepal Medical College]], KIST Medical College, Nepal Army Institute of Health Sciences, National Academy of Medical Sciences (NAMS) and Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences (KUSMS), are also in or around Kathmandu.<ref>{{cite web |date=26 December 2009 |title=List of medical colleges of Nepal |url=http://medchrome.com/medicalcolleges/nepal/list-of-medical-colleges-of-nepal/ |access-date=15 January 2012 |publisher=Medchrome.com |archive-date=10 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110133601/http://medchrome.com/medicalcolleges/nepal/list-of-medical-colleges-of-nepal/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Transport ==
[[File:Thaunkanhe first issue cover.jpg|thumb|upright|A Nepal Bhasa magazine cover in 1951 showing Kathmandu Durbar Square]]

=== Road ===
The total length of roads in Nepal is recorded to be {{cvt|17182|km|mi}}, as of 2003–04. This fairly large network has helped the economic development of the country, particularly in the fields of agriculture, horticulture, vegetable farming, industry and also tourism.<ref name="Shrestha p.91-96">Shrestha pp. 91–96</ref> In view of the hilly terrain, transportation takes place in Kathmandu are mainly by road and air. Kathmandu is connected by the [[Tribhuvan Highway]] to the south connecting India, [[Prithvi Highway]] to the west and [[Araniko Highway]] to the north connecting China. The [[BP Highway]] connects Kathmandu to the eastern part of Nepal through [[Sindhuli District]]. The BP Highway was constructed as a short cut from Kathmandu to [[Terai]].<ref>[https://kathmandupost.com/national/2015/01/22/bp-highway-construction-complete-after-20-years 22 January 2015 BP Highway construction complete after 20 years ]</ref>

[[Sajha Yatayat]] provides regular bus services throughout Kathmandu and the surrounding valley. Other bus companies including micro-bus companies operate several unscheduled routes. [[Trolleybuses in Kathmandu]] used to be operate on the route between [[Tripureshwor]] and [[Suryabinayak Municipality]].

=== Airport ===
[[File:Kathmandu City on lockdown.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Baneshwor, Kathmandu|Baneshwor]], the location of the [[International Convention Centre, Nepal|International Convention Centre]] in Kathmandu]]
[[Tribhuvan International Airport]] is abbreviated as TIA and in 2024 nonstop international destinations included a wide range of airports. Domestic flights are offered by several Nepali airlines. Larger aircraft that can land and takeoff on the runways of Tribhuvan International Airport are Boeing 777, Airbus A330, and Boeing 787 Dreamliner. However, the overwhelming number of scheduled flights are landed and started with the [[ATR 72|ATR 72/42]] and the [[De Havilland Canada Dash 8|Bombardier Dash 8]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.flightsfrom.com/KTM |title=All scheduled direct (non-stop) flights from Kathmandu (KTM)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nepal Airlines flights from Kathmandu (KTM) |url=https://airport-terminals.com/airlines/ra/ktm |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=Airport Terminals informations Worldwide |language=en}}</ref>

== Mountaineering ==
=== Ropeways and cable cars ===
[[Ropeways in Nepal]] are an important transportation means in hilly terrain.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nepalitimes.com/article/business/ropeways-connecting-nepal,1749 |title=Connecting Nepal with ropes – Business – Nepali Times |first=Elvin L |last=Shrestha |publisher=nepalitimes.com |access-date=6 October 2017 |archive-date=7 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007021743/http://nepalitimes.com/article/business/ropeways-connecting-nepal,1749 |url-status=live}}</ref> A ropeway operated between Kathmandu and [[Hetauda]] over a length of {{cvt|43|km|mi}} which carried 25 tonnes of goods per hour. Service was discontinued due to poor carrying capacity and maintenance issues. During the Rana period, a ropeway was constructed between [[Matatirtha]] in Kathmandu to Dhorsing in [[Makwanpur District]] of over {{cvt|22|km|0}} in length, which carried a cargo of 8 tonnes per hour. At present, cable cars are operated from Kathmandu to the [[Chandragiri Cable Car|Chandragiri Hills]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://chandragirihills.com/#project |title=Chandragiri Hills |website=chandragirihills.com |access-date=6 October 2017 |archive-date=7 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007021539/http://chandragirihills.com/#project |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Media ==
Kathmandu is the television hub of Nepal. [[Nepal Television]] (established in 1984) is the oldest and most-watched television channel in Nepal, as is government-owned [[NTV PLUS]] and also [[Kantipur Television]], [[Image Channel]], [[Sagarmatha Television (Nepal)|Sagarmatha Television]], [[Himalaya TV]], [[AP1 TV]], and other channels.

The headquarters of many of the country's news outlets are also in the city including Kathmandu Tribune, the government-owned [[Gorkhapatra]] (the oldest national daily newspaper in Nepal), [[The Kathmandu Post]], [[Nepali Times]], [[Kantipur Publications]] and its paper [[Kantipur (daily)|Kantipur]], [[Naya Patrika]], [[The Himalayan Times]], [[Karobar Economic Daily]], Aarthik Abhiyan National Daily and [[Jana Aastha National Weekly]].

Nepal Republic Media, the publisher of [[Republica (newspaper)|myRepublica]], joined a publishing alliance with the [[International Herald Tribune]] (IHT) to publish the Asia Pacific Edition of IHT from Kathmandu from 20 July 2011. There is also a state-run [[Rastriya Samachar Samiti|National News Agency (RSS)]].

[[Radio Nepal]] is a state-run organization that operates national and regional radio stations; these stations are: [[Hits FM (Nepal)|Hits FM]], [[Radio Kantipur]], HBC 94 FM, Radio Sagarmatha and Image FM. The [[BBC Radio|BBC]] also has an FM broadcasting station in Kathmandu. Some [[community radio]] stations such as Radio Pratibodh and Radio Upatyaka also broadcast within the valley.

== Sports ==
[[File:Dasarath_Stadium_during_2022_SAFF_Women's_Championship_Final_match.jpg|thumb|[[Dasharath Rangasala]]]]

[[Cricket]], [[association football|football]] and [[volleyball]] are the most popular sports among the younger generation in Nepal and there are several stadiums in the city.<ref>{{cite web |title=Goal Programme – All-Nepal Football Association – 2001 |url=https://www.fifa.com/associations/association=nep/goalprogramme/newsid=521692.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070921030626/http://www.fifa.com/associations/association=nep/goalprogramme/newsid=521692.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 September 2007 |publisher=[[FIFA]] |access-date=20 December 2009}}</ref> The sport is governed by the [[National Sports Council (Nepal)|National Sports Council]] from its headquarters in Kathmandu. The only international football stadium in the city is the [[Dasharath Rangasala]], a [[multi-purpose stadium]] used mostly for football matches and cultural events, in the neighbourhood of Tripureshwor. Built in 1956, it is the largest stadium in Nepal with a capacity of 25,000 spectators. The [[Martyr's Memorial A-Division League|Martyr's Memorial League]] is also held in this ground every year. The stadium was renovated with Chinese aid before the [[1999 South Asian Games|8th South Asian Games]] were held in Kathmandu in 1999 and [[floodlight]]s were installed. Kathmandu is home to the oldest football clubs of Nepal such as [[Ranipokhari Corner Team]] (RCT), [[Sankata Boys S.C.|Sankata Club]] and [[New Road Team]] (NRT). Other prominent clubs include [[Manang Marshyangdi Club|Manang Marsyangdi Club]], [[Machhindra F.C.|Machhindra FC]], [[Nepal Army Club|Tribhuvan Army Club]] (TAC) and [[Nepal Police Club]].

Kathmandu is also home of some of the oldest cricket clubs in Nepal, such as Yengal Sports Club. [[Kathmandu Gorkhas]] represents Kathmandu in the [[Nepal Premier League]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Kathmandu Kings XI |url=http://kathmandukingsxi.com/about-us-2/ |website=kathmandukingsxi.com |access-date=19 November 2018 |archive-date=19 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119185037/http://kathmandukingsxi.com/about-us-2/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

== International relations and organizations ==
[[File:SAARC Secretariat at Kathmandu.JPG|thumb|[[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation]] Secretariat in Kathmandu]]
Kathmandu established an International Relations Secretariat in order to promote international relations. The city's first international relationship was established in 1975 with the city of [[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene]], Oregon, United States; this was further enhanced by establishing formal relationships with 15 other cities:<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-16 |title=National/International Relations of Kathmandu Metropolitan City |url=https://kathmandu.gov.np/kmc-relation/?lang=en |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=Kathmandu Metropolitan City Official Site |archive-date=15 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115184742/https://kathmandu.gov.np/kmc-relation/?lang=en |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Matsumoto, Nagano|Matsumoto]] (Japan), [[Rochester, New York|Rochester]] (United States), [[Fredericksburg, Virginia|Fredericksburg]] (United States), [[Boulder, Colorado|Boulder]] (United States), [[Yangon]] (formerly Rangoon, Myanmar), [[Xi'an]] (China), [[Shenzhen]] (China), [[Chengdu]] (China), [[Lhasa (city)|Lhasa]] (China), [[Nanjing]] (China), [[Lanzhou]] (China), [[Minsk]] (Belarus), [[Varanasi]] (India), [[Seoul]] (South Korea) and [[Pyongyang]] (North Korea).

Kathmandu's constant endeavour is to enhance its interaction with other South Asian countries, other international agencies and many other major cities of the world to achieve better urban management and developmental programs for Kathmandu.<ref name="relations">{{cite web |url=http://www.kathmandu.gov.np/pdf/27IRelation.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724190345/http://www.kathmandu.gov.np/pdf/27IRelation.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 July 2011 |title=Outline of International Relations of Kathmandu Metropolitan City |access-date=20 December 2009 |publisher=Katamandu Metropolitan City, Government of Nepal}}</ref> Kathmandu is home to several international and regional organizations, including the [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation]] (SAARC) and the [[International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development]] (ICIMOD).

===Twin towns – sister cities===
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Asia#Nepal|l1=List of twin towns and sister cities in Nepal}}
Kathmandu is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:<ref name=twins>{{cite web |title=KMC International Relationship With Sister Cities |url=https://www.kathmandu.gov.np/en/content/kmc-international-relationship-sister-cities |website=kathmandu.gov.np |publisher=Kathmandu Metropolitan City |access-date=12 November 2020 |archive-date=12 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112200020/https://www.kathmandu.gov.np/en/content/kmc-international-relationship-sister-cities |url-status=live}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene]], United States
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Fredericksburg, Virginia|Fredericksburg]], United States
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Boulder, Colorado|Boulder]], United States
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Rochester, New York|Rochester]], United States
* {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Lhasa (city)|Lhasa]], China
* {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Shenzhen]], China
* {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Chengdu]], China
* {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Lanzhou]], China
* {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Xi'an]], China
* {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Nanjing]], China
* {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Matsumoto, Nagano|Matsumoto]], Japan
* {{flagicon|ROK}} [[Seoul]], South Korea
* {{flagicon|PRK}} [[Pyongyang]], North Korea
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Varanasi]], India
* {{flagicon|MMR}} [[Yangon]], Myanmar
* {{flagicon|BLR}} [[Minsk]], Belarus


{{div col end}}

====Proposed sister cities====
* {{flagicon|THA}} [[Bangkok]], Thailand<ref name=twins/>

==Notable people==
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Tribhuvan of Nepal|King Tribhuvan]]
* [[Mahendra of Nepal|King Mahendra]]
* [[Birendra of Nepal|King Birendra]]
* [[Bhimsen Thapa]], Prime Minister of Nepal
* [[Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck]], King of Bhutan
* [[Jung Bahadur Rana]], Prime Minister of Nepal
* [[Rana Jang Pande]], Prime Minister of Nepal
* [[Gehendra Shumsher|Gehendra Sumsher Rana]], first scientist of Nepal
* [[Laxmi Prasad Devkota]], writer
* [[Martyrs of Nepal]]:
** [[Dharma Bhakta Mathema]]
** [[Gangalal Shrestha]]
**[[Dashrath Chand]]
**[[Shukraraj Shastri]]
* [[Madan Krishna Shrestha]], actor and comedian
* [[Hari Bansha Acharya]], actor and comedian
* [[Manisha Koirala]], Bollywood actress
* [[Rohit Saraf]], Bollywood actor
* [[Rajesh Hamal]], actor
* [[Amrita Acharia]], actress
* [[Curtis Waters]], recording artist
* [[Anuradha Koirala]], social activist
* [[Pushpa Basnet]], social activist
* [[Pardeep Bastola]], Nepali movie actor
* [[Baikuntha Manandhar]], marathon runner
* [[Narendra Man Singh]], football player
* [[Paras Khadka]], cricketer
* [[Shriya Shah-Klorfine]], Nepalese-Canadian who died on [[Mount Everest]]
* [[Priti Rijal]], professional tennis player
* [[Sushma Shakya]], artist
* [[Gagan Thapa]], politician
* [[Prakash Man Singh]], politician
* [[Balendra Shah]], rapper, civil engineer, mayor-elect in 2022
* [[Nirmal Purja]], Nims Dai, mountaineer – 14 peaks
* [[Asta Narayan Manandhar]], founder of the first bicycle shop in Kathmandu in 1925
* [[Prabal Gurung]], fashion designer
* [[Binod Chaudhary]], businessman, politician and philanthropist
{{div col end}}

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed">
File:City under a cloudy sky.jpg|Kathmandu valley as seen from the [[Shivapuri Nagarjun National Park|Shivapuri hills]]
File:Simha durbar.jpg|[[Singha Durbar]]
File:Kathmandu Durbar Square, Maju Dega 2, Nepal.jpg|[[Kathmandu Durbar Square|Basantapur Durbar Square]]
File:Entrance to a building, Kathmandu, Nepal.jpg|Entrance to a building in the Durbar Square
File:Kathmandu Darbar0606 Kumari.JPG|[[Kumari (goddess)|Goddess Kumari]] in a chariot procession
File:Ghantaghar and Jacaranda.jpg|Ghanta Ghar and surrounding areas
File:Dharhara 2072.JPG|[[Dharahara]] in 2014
File:In Kathmandu 17 May 2019 1.jpg|Alleyway in [[Boudhanath]]
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Geography|Nepal}}
* [[Kathmandu District]]
* [[Kathmandu Valley]]
* [[Tourism in Kathmandu]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
Kathmandu days: The blight and the plight by Chandra k. Bhatt. Publisher: Niyogi Books, New Delhi. https://booksmandala.com/books/kathmandu-days-44588<nowiki/>{{refbegin|30em}}
* Beal, Samuel (1884). ''Si-Yu-Ki: Buddhist Records of the Western World, by Hiuen Tsiang''. 2 vols. Translated by Samuel Beal. London. 1884. Reprint: Delhi. Oriental Books Reprint Corporation. 1969.
* {{Cite book |title=Lonely Planet |page=416 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dtSIz1vwg4YC&pg=PA38 |publisher=Lonely Planet |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-74059-699-2 |first1=Bradley |last1=Mayhew |first2=Joe |last2=Bindloss |first3=Stan |last3=Armington |access-date=26 April 2021 |archive-date=9 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009091520/https://books.google.com/books?id=dtSIz1vwg4YC&pg=PA38 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/nepal00brad |url-access=registration |title=Nepal |publisher=[[Lonely Planet]] |year=2006 |page=[https://archive.org/details/nepal00brad/page/166 166] |isbn=978-1-74059-699-2 |first1=Bradley |last1=Mayhew |first2=Joe |last2=Bindloss |first3=Stan |last3=Armington}}
* {{Cite book |author1=Mayhew, Bradley |author2=Brown, Lindsay |author3=Vivequin, Wanda |title=Lonely Planet Nepal |publisher=[[Lonely Planet]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-74059-422-6}}
* Nanjio, Bunyiu (1883). ''A Catalogue of the Chinese Translation of the Buddhist Pantheon''. Oxford at the Clarendon Press.
* Shaha, Rishikesh (1992). ''Ancient and Medieval Nepal''. Manohar Publications, New Delhi. {{ISBN|978-81-85425-69-6}}.
* {{Cite book |last=Shreshta |title=Nepal in Maps |page=129 |publisher=Educational Publishing House |location=Kathmandu |year=2005 |first=S.H}}
* {{Cite book |last=Shreshta |first=Vinod Prasad |title=A Concise Geography of Nepal |page=126 |publisher=Mandal Publications |year=2007 |location=Kathmandu |isbn=978-99946-55-04-5}}
* Snellgrove, David (1987). ''Indo-Tibetan Buddhism: Indian Buddhists & Their Tibetan Successors''. Two Volumes. Shambhala Publications, Boston. {{ISBN|978-0-87773-311-9}} (v. 1); {{ISBN|978-0-87773-379-9}} (v. 2).
* Tamot, Kashinath, and Ian Alsop. (2001). "A Kushan-period Sculpture from the reign of Jaya Varma, CE 184/185, Kathmandu, Nepal." (2001). [https://www.asianart.com/articles/jaya/index.html Asianart.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100103112719/http://asianart.com/articles/jaya/index.html |date=3 January 2010 }}
* Tamot, Kashinath, and Ian Alsop. (date unknown. Update of previous article). "A Kushan-period Sculpture from the reign of Jaya Varman, CE 185, Kathmandu, Nepal." [https://www.asianart.com/articles/jaya/index.html Asianart.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100103112719/http://asianart.com/articles/jaya/index.html |date=3 January 2010 }}
* {{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.cities.2007.10.001 |title=Kathmandu |journal=Cities |volume=25 |pages=45–57 |year=2008 |last1=Thapa |first1=Rajesh Bahadur |last2=Murayama |first2=Yuji |last3=Ale |first3=Shailja |url=https://tsukuba.repo.nii.ac.jp/?action=repository_action_common_download&item_id=17585&item_no=1&attribute_id=17&file_no=1 |hdl=2241/102252 |hdl-access=free |access-date=4 May 2020 |archive-date=2 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802205531/https://tsukuba.repo.nii.ac.jp/?action=repository_action_common_download&item_id=17585&item_no=1&attribute_id=17&file_no=1 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal |doi=10.3390/rs1030534 |title=Examining Spatiotemporal Urbanization Patterns in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal: Remote Sensing and Spatial Metrics Approaches |journal=Remote Sensing |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=534–556 |year=2009 |last1=Thapa |first1=Rajesh |last2=Murayama |first2=Yuji |bibcode=2009RemS....1..534T |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.apgeog.2009.10.002 |title=Drivers of urban growth in the Kathmandu valley, Nepal: Examining the efficacy of the analytic hierarchy process |journal=Applied Geography |volume=30 |pages=70–83 |year=2010 |last1=Thapa |first1=Rajesh Bahadur |last2=Murayama |first2=Yuji|issue=1 |bibcode=2010AppGe..30...70T }}
* {{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2010.07.005 |title=Urban growth modeling of Kathmandu metropolitan region, Nepal |journal=Computers, Environment and Urban Systems |volume=35 |pages=25–34 |year=2011 |last1=Thapa |first1=Rajesh Bahadur |last2=Murayama |first2=Yuji|issue=1 |bibcode=2011CEUS...35...25T }}
* {{Cite book |last=Vibhaga |first=Nepal Sūcanā |title=Narayanhity Royal Palace, home of the King of Nepal |page=14 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N2kKAQAAIAAJ |publisher=His Majesty's Govt., Ministry of Communications, Dept. of Information |year=1975 |access-date=26 April 2021 |archive-date=9 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009082732/https://books.google.com/books?id=N2kKAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live}}
* Watters, Thomas. (1904–05). ''On Yuan Chwang's Travels in India. (629–645 CE).'' Royal Asiatic Society. Second Indian Edition. Munshhiram Manoharlal Publishers, New Delhi. (1973).
* {{Cite book |last=Woodhatch |first=Tom |title=Nepal handbook |page=[https://archive.org/details/nepalhandbook0000wood/page/194 194] |access-date=17 December 2009 |url=https://archive.org/details/nepalhandbook0000wood |url-access=registration |publisher=Footprint Travel Guides |year=1999 |isbn=978-1-900949-44-6}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140819083413/http://www.turkishairlines.com/en-int/corporate/news/news/turkish-airlines-launches-a-new-route-to-kathmandu Turkish Airlines - News - turkishairlines.com]
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikivoyage}}
* {{Official website}}
* {{osmrelation-inline|4583125}}

{{List of Asian capitals by region}}
{{Kathmandu District}}
{{Metropolitan Municipalities of Nepal}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Kathmandu District|.]]
[[Category:Kathmandu| ]]
[[Category:Capital cities in Asia]]
[[Category:Metropolitan cities in Nepal]]
[[Category:Nepal municipalities established in 1953]]
[[Category:Nepalese capital cities|K]]
[[Category:Populated places established in the 8th century BC]]

Deepika Singh

2026-03-12T06:23:31Z

BrandonGreenlee: formatting fix

{{short description|Indian actress (born 1989)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Deepika Singh
| image =
| image_size =
| caption = Singh in 2025
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1989|07|26|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[New Delhi]], India
| other_names = Deepika Singh Goyal
| known_for = ''[[Diya Aur Baati Hum]]'' ''[[Mangal Lakshmi]]''
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2011–present
| height =
| spouse = {{Marriage|Rohit Raj Goyal|2014}}
| children = 1
| education = [[Punjab Technical University]], ([[Master of Business Administration|MBA]])
| awards = [[List of awards and nominations received by Deepika Singh|Full list]]
}}

'''Deepika Singh''' (born 26 July 1989) is an Indian actress who primarily works in [[Hindi]] television. She is recognised for her portrayal of [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] Sandhya Kothari Rathi in ''[[Diya Aur Baati Hum]]'', which earned her the [[ITA Award for Best Actress in a Drama - Popular|ITA Award for Best Actress - Popular]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Delhi govt reaches out to 'Diya Aur Baati Hum' actress Deepika Singh, after video seeking CM Kejriwal's help goes viral |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/television/delhi-govt-reaches-out-to-diya-aur-baati-hum-actress-deepika-singh-after-video-seeking-cm-kejriwals-help-goes-viral |work=Free Press Journal |agency=IANS |date=13 June 2020 |access-date=22 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Shreya |title=Bhai Dooj in Covid-19 times: Actors talk about rejoicing the siblings bond and their plans for an e-celebration this year |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bhai-dooj-in-covid-19-times-actors-talk-about-rejoicing-the-siblings-bond-and-their-plans-for-an-e-celebration-this-year/story-mbhkQ5agunlQwthRnKFqPJ.html |access-date=14 December 2020 |work=Hindustan Times |date=16 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref> She made her Hindi film debut with ''[[Titu Ambani]]'' and is also known for portraying Mangal Srivastav Saxena in ''[[Mangal Lakshmi]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://starplus.startv.in/show/diya-aur-baati-hum/about_134.aspx |title=About Diya Aur Baati Hum |publisher=Star Plus |access-date=27 May 2012 |archive-date=19 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111119042152/http://starplus.startv.in/show/diya-aur-baati-hum/about_134.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Early life ==
Singh was born on 26 July 1989, in [[New Delhi]]. She completed her [[Master's in Business Administration]] in Marketing at [[Punjab Technical University]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Diya Aur Baati Hum Fame Deepika Singh's Oops Moment Goes Viral |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/diya-aur-baati-hum-fame-deepika-singhs-oops-moment-goes-viral-4759715.html |access-date=15 March 2022 |work=News18 |date=11 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/Deepika-Singhs-study-interests/articleshow/11255325.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806115209/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-26/tv/30558494_1_telly-ips-officer-delhiite |url-status=live |archive-date=6 August 2013 |title=Deepika Singh's study interests |author=Shruti Jambhekar |date=26 December 2011 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=22 July 2012}}</ref>

== Career ==
[[File:Deepika Singh 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Singh in 2014]]
Singh made her television debut with ''[[Diya Aur Baati Hum]]'', where she played [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] Sandhya Kothari Rathi opposite [[Anas Rashid]]. She played the character from 2011 to 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|title=2013: small screen highlights|url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/india/2013-small-screen-highlights/story-AL1pfBEwqa4G1uI8d1H1fM.html|website=Hindustan Times|date=29 December 2013}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Diya Aur Baati Hum to go off-air on August 15? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Diya-Aur-Baati-Hum-to-go-off-air-on-August-15/articleshow/52713243.cms |access-date=18 March 2022 |work=Times of India |date=12 June 2016}}</ref> The series earned her several awards including [[ITA Award for Best Actress in a Drama - Popular|ITA Award for Best Actress - Popular]] and [[Indian Telly Award for Best Actress in a Lead Role]]. It proved to be a breakthrough in her career.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Diya-Aur-Baati-Hum-A-show-to-watch-out-for/articleshow/11427199.cms|title=Diya Aur Baati Hum: A show to watch out for|website= The Times of India|date=9 January 2012 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705103517/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Diya-Aur-Baati-Hum-A-show-to-watch-out-for/articleshow/11427199.cms|archive-date=5 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/tv-actress-deepika-singh-i-feel-connected-to-rajasthan-i-can-still-see-posters-of-my-show-in-jaipur-and-pushkar/articleshow/65162830.cms|title=TV actress Deepika Singh: I feel connected to Rajasthan; I can still see posters of my show in Jaipur and Pushkar|website=The Times of India|date=27 July 2018 }}</ref>

[[File:Deepika Singh at the Zee Gold Awards 2019 (2).jpg|thumb|Singh in 2019]]
Following a hiatus, Singh returned to television in 2019. She played dual roles of
Sandhya Patwardhan Jindal and Sakshi Patwardhan Salgaonkar opposite [[Namik Paul]] and [[Vin Rana]], in ''[[Kavach (TV series)|Kavach... Mahashivrati]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kawach-2-new-promo-of-deepika-singh-and-namik-pauls-show-will-send-shivers-down-your-spine/articleshow/68993002.cms |title=Kawach 2: New promo of Deepika Singh and Namik Paul's show will send shivers down your spine |date=22 April 2019 |work=The Times of India |access-date=13 August 2019}}</ref> In the same year, she played Advocate Aamna Sayed in the web series ''Halala''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/kavach-2-first-promo-released-deepika-singh-namik-paul-and-vin-rana-stir-curiosity-supernatural-show-447709|title=Kavach 2 first promo released, Deepika Singh, Namik Paul and Vin Rana stir curiosity in this supernatural show|website=PINKVILLA|date=22 April 2019|language=en|access-date=6 May 2019|archive-date=6 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506044644/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/kavach-2-first-promo-released-deepika-singh-namik-paul-and-vin-rana-stir-curiosity-supernatural-show-447709|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2022, Singh made her film debut with ''[[Titu Ambani]]'' opposite [[Tushar Pandey]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Keshri |first=Shweta |date=3 June 2022 |title=Diya Aur Baati Hum star Deepika Singh to make her Bollywood debut with Titu Ambani |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/diya-aur-baati-hum-star-deepika-singh-to-make-her-bollywood-debut-with-titu-ambani-1957968-2022-06-03 |magazine=India Today |access-date=15 June 2022}}</ref> Rachana Dubey of ''[[The Times of India]]'' noted, "Deepika Singh puts out an honest, frill-and-fuss-free performance."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dubey |first=Rachana |date=6 July 2022 |title=Titu Ambani Movie Review: A tedious and dry family drama |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/titu-ambani/amp_movie_review/92700973.cms |work=India Today |access-date=17 January 2025}}</ref>

Since February 2024, Singh is seen portraying Mangal Srivastav Saxena opposite [[Naman Shaw]] in ''[[Mangal Lakshmi]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chakraborty |first=Debika |date=26 February 2024 |title=Respect above all! Discover how these sisters are redefining society's perspective in- 'Mangal Lakshmi' |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/respect-above-all-discover-how-these-sisters-are-redefining-societys-perspective-in-mangal-lakshmi-628382.html |work=India Times |access-date=3 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mangal Lakshmi PROMO: Mangal bravely supports sister Lakshmi in her journey to get a perfect match |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/mangal-lakshmi-promo-mangal-bravely-supports-sister-lakshmi-in-her-journey-to-get-a-perfect-match-1283007 |website=Pinkvilla |date=1 March 2024 |access-date=3 March 2024 |archive-date=3 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303101735/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/mangal-lakshmi-promo-mangal-bravely-supports-sister-lakshmi-in-her-journey-to-get-a-perfect-match-1283007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Singh married director Rohit Raj Goyal on 2 May 2014. Following her marriage, she changed her name to Deepika Singh Goyal.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Tanvi |last=Trivedi |date=3 December 2014 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/mumbai/Actress-Deepika-Singh-ties-the-knot-with-director-Rohit-Raj-Goyal-in-Mumbai-Deepika-Singh-marries-director-Rohit-Raj-Goyal/articleshow/34592228.cms |title=Actress Deepika Singh ties the knot with director in Mumbai |work=The Times of India |access-date=13 August 2019}}</ref> In January 2017, she announced her pregnancy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abplive.in/television/good-news-deepika-singh-aka-sandhya-of-diya-aur-baati-hum-is-pregnant-479382 |title=Good News: Bigg Boss 10 winner Deepika Singh aka Sandhya of 'Diya Aur Baati Hum' is pregnant! |access-date=13 January 2017 |archive-date=14 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170114183449/http://www.abplive.in/television/good-news-deepika-singh-aka-sandhya-of-diya-aur-baati-hum-is-pregnant-479382 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In May 2017, Singh gave birth to their son<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/diya-aur-baati-hum-actress-deepika-singh-blessed-with-a-son-lifetv-978460-2017-05-22 |title=Diya Aur Baati Hum actress Deepika Singh blessed with a son |date=22 May 2017 |work=India Today |access-date=21 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/deepika-singh-celebrates-sons-2nd-birthday-regrets-she-couldnt-spend-the-whole-day-with-her-baby/articleshow/69423307.cms |title=Deepika Singh celebrates son's 2nd birthday, regrets she couldn't spend the whole day with her baby |website=The Times of India |date=21 May 2019 |language=en |access-date=13 August 2019}}</ref> and took a brief break from acting.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/deepika-singh-opens-up-on-quitting-career-for-family-life-at-peak-and-returning-to-work-after-2-years-with-kawach-2/photostory/69441996.cms |title=Working with costars in Kawach 2 |date=22 May 2019 |website=The Times of India |language=en |access-date=13 August 2019}}</ref> Singh has also been trained in the classical [[Odissi|Odissi dance]] form.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kawach-2-fame-deepika-singh-gets-trolled-for-her-odissi-dance-posture-actress-gives-a-fitting-reply/articleshow/69691807.cms |title=Kawach 2 fame Deepika Singh gets trolled for her Odissi dance posture; actress gives a fitting reply |website=The Times of India |date=7 June 2019 |language=en |access-date=13 August 2019}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

=== Film ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Language
! class="unsortable"| Notes
! class="unsortable"| Ref.
|-
| 1995
| ''Dhee Jatt Di''
| Raano
| rowspan="3" | [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| rowspan="2" | Child artist
|
|-
| 2001
| ''Sikandera''
| Rani
|
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Work Weather Wife]]''
| Kashish
|
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Canadian Punjabi Film 'Work Weather Wife' recognised at International Film Festivals |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/canadian-punjabi-film-work-weather-wife-recognised-at-international-film-festivals/articleshow/45573097.cms |work=The Times of India |date=12 January 2017 |access-date=17 January 2025}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2022
| ''Women's Day Out''
| Preeti
| rowspan="2" | [[Hindi]]
| Short film
|<ref>{{cite news |last=Ms Moon |date=10 March 2022 |title=Deepika Singh and Jay Soni bring an important message about women health and cervical cancer through their short film Women's Day Out|url=https://www.peepingmoon.com/index.php/webcast-news/news/62768/Watch-Deepika-Singh-and-Jay-Soni-bring-an-important-message-about-women-health-and-cervical-cancer-through-their-short-film-Womens-Day-Out-.html |work=peepingmoon.com |access-date=17 January 2025}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Titu Ambani]]''
| Moushumi
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 June 2022 |title=Diya Aur Baati Hum's Deepika Singh To Make Her Bollywood Debut With This Film |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/diya-aur-baati-hums-deepika-singh-to-make-her-bollywood-debut-with-this-film-5318233.html |work=News18 |access-date=15 June 2022}}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"| Notes
! class="unsortable"| Ref.
|-
| 2011–2016
| ''[[Diya Aur Baati Hum]]''
| [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] Sandhya Kothari Rathi
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/i-was-tired-of-doing-15-hours-shift-for-diya-aur-baati-hum-everyday-deepika-singh/story-SzNTnqg2fc7WSZ7bBGtv5I.html |title=I was tired of doing 15 hours shift for Diya Aur Baati Hum everyday: Deepika Singh |date=7 January 2017 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |access-date=13 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2014
| '' Box Cricket League''
| rowspan="3" | Contestant
| Season 1
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2019
| ''Kitchen Champion 5''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/diya-aur-baati-hum-s-deepika-singh-to-make-a-comeback-alongside-rashami-desai-and-arjun-bijlani-1460881-2019-02-20 |title=Diya Aur Baati Hum's Deepika Singh to make a comeback alongside Rashami Desai and Arjun Bijlani |last=DelhiFebruary 20 |date=20 February 2019 |website=India Today |language=en |access-date=13 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/arjun-bijlani-rashami-desai-deepika-singh-enjoy-with-kids-on-kitchen-champion/videoshow/68100658.cms |title=Arjun Bijlani, Rashami Desai, Deepika Singh enjoy with kids on Kitchen Champion |date=21 February 2019 |work=The Times of India |access-date=13 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
| ''Box Cricket League''
| Season 4
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/life-style/new-innings/765001.html |title=New innings |date=28 April 2019 |website=The Tribune India |access-date=13 August 2019 |archive-date=13 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813161520/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/life-style/new-innings/765001.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Kavach (TV series)|Kavach... Mahashivratri]]''
| Sandhya Patwardhan Jindal
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/deepika-singh-wanted-to-lose-weight-before-signing-a-show/21124177 |title=Deepika Singh: Wanted to lose weight before signing a show |date=11 June 2019 |website=mid-day |language=en |access-date=13 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/deepika-singh-on-comeback-post-motherhood-didn-t-want-to-feel-guilty-10-15-years-later-1533647-2019-05-24 |title=Deepika Singh on comeback post motherhood: Didn't want to feel guilty 10–15 years later |date=24 May 2019 |website=India Today |language=en |access-date=13 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Sakshi Patwardhan Salgaonkar
|
|
|-
| 2024–present
| ''[[Mangal Lakshmi]]''
| Mangal Srivastav
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Deepika Singh on new show 'Mangal Lakshmi': I am thrilled to step into the shoes of Mangal, a desi and yet relatable character from Delhi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/deepika-singh-on-new-show-mangal-lakshmi-i-am-thrilled-to-step-into-the-shoes-of-mangal-a-desi-and-yet-relatable-character-from-delhi/articleshow/107123987.cms |work=The Times of India |agency=IANS |issn=0971-8257 |date=25 January 2024 |access-date=17 January 2025}}</ref>
|}

==== Special appearances ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"| Ref.
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2011
| ''Zindagi Ka Har Rang....Gulaal''
| rowspan="6" | Sandhya Kothari Rathi
|
|-
| ''[[Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon?]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Ruk Jaana Nahin]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2012
| ''[[Ek Hazaaron Mein Meri Behna Hai]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Mann Kee Awaaz Pratigya]]''
|
|-
| 2012; 2016
| ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]''
|
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Nach Baliye#Season 5|Nach Baliye 5]]''
| rowspan="2" | Herself
|
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Nach Baliye#Season 6|Nach Baliye 6]]''
|
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Yeh Hai Mohabbatein]]''
| rowspan="7" |Sandhya Kothari Rathi
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2015
| ''[[Tu Mera Hero]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Tere Sheher Mein]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Comedy Classes]]''
|
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Saath Nibhaana Saathiya]]''
|
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Tu Sooraj, Main Saanjh Piyaji]]''
|<ref name=return>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/diya-aur-baati-hum-sequel-to-be-titled-tu-sooraj-main-saanjh-piyaji/articleshow/57245632.cms |title='Diya Aur Baati Hum' sequel to be titled 'Tu Sooraj Main Saanjh Piyaji' |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=20 February 2017 |access-date=9 August 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Mein]]''
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 October 2020 |title=Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Mein: Deepika Singh aka Sandhya is back to support Neil Bhatt in a new PROMO |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-mein-deepika-singh-aka-sandhya-back-support-neil-bhatt-new-promo-566444 |access-date=14 November 2022 |work=PINKVILLA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818081205/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-mein-deepika-singh-aka-sandhya-back-support-neil-bhatt-new-promo-566444 |archive-date=18 August 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Shubh Laabh - Aapkey Ghar Mein]]''
| rowspan="2" | Herself
|
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Kumkum Bhagya]]''
|<ref>{{Cite news|date=13 March 2022|title=TV Celebs Celebrate 'Pyaar Wali Holi' On The Sets Of 'Kumkum Bhagya'|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/tv-celebs-celebrate-pyaar-wali-holi-on-the-sets-of-kumkum-bhagya-1519344/|access-date=15 March 2022|work=ABP Live|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2024
| ''[[Dance Deewane (season 4)|Dance Deewane 4]]''
| rowspan="4" | Mangal Srivastav
|
|-
| ''[[Suhaagan (TV series)|Suhaagan]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Mishri]]''
|
|-
| 2026
| ''[[Mannat - Har Khushi Paane Ki]]''
|
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"| Notes
! class="unsortable"| Ref.
|-
| 2019
| ''Halala''
| Advocate Aamna Sayed
| [[Ullu]]'s series
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/halala-trailer-ulluoriginals-announces-release-date-web-series-nikah-halala-1502740969.html/amp |title=Halala trailer out; UlluOriginals announces release date of web series on nikah halala |work=The Statesman |date=26 March 2019 |access-date=21 November 2020}}</ref>
|}

=== Music videos ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
! Year
! Title
! Singer
! class="unsortable"| Ref.
|-
| 2023
| ''Tum Toh Aise Na They''
| [[Javed Ali]]
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Watch Latest Hindi Video Song 'Tum Toh Aise Na They' Sung By Javed Ali |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/watch-latest-hindi-video-song-tum-toh-aise-na-they-sung-by-javed-ali/videoshow/99141105.cms |work=The Times of India |date=31 March 2023 |access-date=24 May 2023}}</ref>
|}

==Accolades==
{{main|List of awards and nominations received by Deepika Singh}}

== See also ==
* [[List of Hindi television actresses]]
* [[List of Indian television actresses]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|nm5299972}}
* {{Instagram|deepikasingh150}}

{{Navboxes
| title = Awards for Deepika Singh
| list =
{{Indian Telly Award Best Lead Actress}}
{{Indian Television Academy Award Best Lead Actress}}
{{Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actress in a Drama Series}}
}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Deepika}}
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from New Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]

Lock (film)

2026-03-08T02:54:13Z

BrandonGreenlee: rework intro as per guidelines and improved wording

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{one source|date=June 2017}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Lock (film)
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Smeep Kang]]
| producer = [[Sippy Grewal]] Ravneet Grewal Pushpinder Happy Paminder Singh Muskaan Grewal
| writer = Pali Bhupinder Singh
| story = Joy Mathew
| starring = [[Gippy Grewal]] [[Gurpreet Ghuggi]] [[Geeta Basra]] [[Karamjit Anmol]] [[Smeep Kang]]
| music = Laddi Gill Jassi Katyal
| cinematography = [[Binendra Menon]]
| editing = Tarun Chouhan
| studio = Ekrehmat Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2016|10|14|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| budget = {{INR}} 5 cr
| gross =
}}
'''''Lock''''' is a 2016 [[India]]n Punjabi-language thriller film directed by [[Smeep Kang]], written by Pali Bhupinder Singh and starring [[Gippy Grewal]], [[Gurpreet Ghuggi]], [[Geeta Basra]], [[Karamjit Anmol]] and [[Smeep Kang]] as the main protagonists of the film and was released worldwide on 14 October 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title= Gippy Grewal and Geeta Basra back in Lock, releasing on 14 October 2016 |url=http://punjabitoday.com/punjabi-movies/lock-new-punjabi-movie-gippy-grewal-geeta-basra/}}</ref> The film is a remake of Malayalam film ''[[Shutter (2012 film)|Shutter]]''.

==Plot==
Bhola ([[Gippy Grewal]]) is a rickshaw driver that wants to start a life in [[Dubai]]. He befriends Gill ([[Smeep Kang]]) who is a NRI regularly living in Dubai recently returned to India. Bhola believes that Gill will help him leave Punjab and settle in Dubai. Gill is married and has a teenaged son and a daughter attending college. However, Gill is a strict father and asks his daughter to quit college and get married after learning she goes to mall with a male friend.

Harpal ([[Gurpreet Ghuggi]]) is a film script writer. One day when rides Bhola's rickshaw to his hotel, he leaves his bag containing his script on the rickshaw. After he realizes it, he begins to search for Bhola.Later in the night, Bhola, with Harpal's bag he found in his rickshaw, drinks with Gill and two friends. The other two leave Gill and Bhola early, leaving them drinking together. Soon they find they are out of alcohol, so they go to a shop to buy another one. On their way back to drink, they witness a street girl ([[Geeta Basra]]). Gill, a decent man who is now drunk, develops the desire to have sex with her, so they take her along.

However, all local hotels refuse to offer a room on hourly basis. Bhola comes up with the idea that they do it in Gill's shop, which is right in front of Gill's house and has a bed inside. Gill and the street girl enter the shop, and Bhola locks it from outside so that nobody can enter. He also promise that he will come back after one hour to open it. Bhola goes to a restaurant to eat, where he meets Harpal. Harpal asks Bhola to return his bag, but Bhola says the bag is with Gill and he can only get it after one hour. Harpal drinks with Bhola to kill time so that they will leave together after one hour to get his bag.

On his way back to open the lock for Gill, Bhola is caught by police for drunk driving. Harpal tries to bribe the police to save Bhola, which however makes him arrested too with Bhola. Police tell them they will not be released until morning. Bhola becomes mad after realizing there will be problem for Gill if he cannot open the shop for them on time, so he calls Gill to tell him get out of the shop by their own. However, Gill did not take his phone with him. Gill's family answers Bhola's phone and knows everything. Meanwhile in the shop, Gill did not have sex with the girl for being too shy.

Bhola goes to the shop to open the lock for Gill, but gives up the idea as he sees too many people are around. If he opens it with the presence of public, it will destroy Gill's reputation. Bhola decides to open it in the night when nobody is around. In the shop, the girl becomes angry for being stuck in the shop. She tries to make noise but Gill ties her to avoid grabbing people's attention. Later he begs the girl to keep quiet to wait for Bhola, to save his fame; she agrees. The girl also tells him that she has an unhappy arranged marriage, which is why she is doing this, making Gill guilty of planning to arrange his daughter's marriage.

Later in the night, the lock is opened and they both leave. Bhola arrives there later. To Gill's shock, it is not Bhola that opened the lock. After realizing the other key is with his family, and Bhola says he accidentally told Gill's family everything in the phone call, Gill realizes it is his family that opened the lock secretly to save his reputation. Gill, feeling guilty and shamed, returns his house. But to his surprise again, only his daughter know the whole thing and she sent her friend to open to lock. Gill feels sorry for his daughter and promises to send her back to college again.

At the end of the movie, it is revealed that the street girl is Harpal's wife.

==Cast==
* [[Gippy Grewal]] as Bhola Auto Wala
* [[Gurpreet Ghuggi]] as Harpal
* [[Geeta Basra]] as Pammi (Harpal's Assistant)
* [[Karamjit Anmol]] as Taami Scooter Wala
* [[Smeep Kang]] as Gill Bai
* [[Sippy Gill]] as Sherry

== Track List ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! S. No. !! Track !! Singer !! Music !! Lyrics
|-
| 1. || "Jatt On Top" || [[Gippy Grewal]] || Jassi Katyal || Dalvir Sarobad
|-
| 2. || "Chadd Gai Oye" || [[Happy Raikoti]] || Laddi Gill || [[Happy Raikoti]]
|-
| 3. || "Boliyan" || Sippy Gill || Laddi Gill || [[Happy Raikoti]]
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fo2pXEsQhAQ/ Lock trailer]

[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:Punjabi remakes of Malayalam films]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2016 Punjabi-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Laddi Gill]]
[[Category:Films scored by Jassi Katyal]]

Khangabok Assembly constituency

2026-03-04T07:42:09Z

BrandonGreenlee:

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Manipur State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Khangabok
| mla = [[Surjakumar Okram]]
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| alliance= {{Color box|#00BFFF}} [[Manipur Progressive Secular Alliance|MPSA]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = [[Manipur]]
| district = [[Thoubal district|Thoubal]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Outer Manipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Outer Manipur]]
| established = 1967
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:37687}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14166-manipur-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Manipur General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref>{{update after|2027|6}}
| type= SLA
}}

'''Khangabok Legislative Assembly constituency''' is one of the 60 [[Manipur Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Manipur]] state in [[India]].<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3713-manipur-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Manipur General Legislative Election 2017 - Manipur - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate= 2 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Thoubal district]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Winner !! colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1967 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || M. Chaoba || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || rowspan=3|Thokchom Achouba || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1974 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|-
| [[1980 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|-
| [[1984 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1984]] || rowspan=2|[[Okram Ibobi Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1990 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1995 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || rowspan=2|Laishram Jatra Singh || {{Full party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2000 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|-
| [[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2002]] || rowspan=2|[[Okram Ibobi Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=6}}
|-
| [[2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|-
|2007★
|rowspan=2|Okram Landhoni Devi
|-
| [[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|-
| [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2017]] || rowspan=2|[[Surjakumar Okram]]
|-
| [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|-
|}
★By election

== Election results ==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2022|2022]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|49.76}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2017|2017]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|64.22}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2012|2012]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|68.01}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2007|2007]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|62.98}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2002|2002]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|53.54}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2000|2000]]|{{party color|Manipur Peoples Party}}|48.73}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1995|1995]]|{{party color|Manipur Peoples Party}}|39.99}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1990|1990]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|35.21}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1984|1984]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|25.91}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1980|1980]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|24.93}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1974|1974]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|33.43}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1972|1972]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|48.07}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1967|1967]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|35.29}}
}}
=== 2022 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Khangabok<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/StateLegislativeAssembly/2022/results |title=Result Sheet State Assembly Election 2022 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126084814/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/StateLegislativeAssembly/2022/results |archive-date= 26 November 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Surjakumar Okram]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,435 |percentage=49.76% |change=-14.46% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Khundrakpammenjor Mangang|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=9,632|percentage=27.49%|change=-7.52%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Thokchom Jadumani Singh|party=Janata Dal (United)|votes=7,555|percentage=21.56%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Nota|party=None of the above|votes=413|percentage=1.18%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,803 |percentage=22.27% |change=-6.94% }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=35,035|percentage=92.96%|change=0.21%}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 37,687 |change =8.03% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -14.46% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2017 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Khangabok<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/SLAResult2017.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2017 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905063602/http://www.ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/SLAResult2017.html |archive-date= 5 September 2018}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Surjakumar Okram]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=20,781 |percentage=64.22% |change=-3.79% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Thokchom Jadumani Singh|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=11,329|percentage=35.01%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,452 |percentage=29.21% |change=-7.40% }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=32,359|percentage=92.75%|change=4.75%}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 34,887 |change =13.86% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -3.79% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2012 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Khangabok<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2012.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2012 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628212737/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2012.html |archive-date= 28 June 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Okram Landhoni Devi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,339 |percentage=68.01% |change=5.03% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Laishram Jatra Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=8,468 |percentage=31.40% |change=-4.94% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Haji Ashrab |party=Lok Janshakti Party |votes=152 |percentage=0.56% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,871 |percentage=36.61% |change=9.97% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=26,964 |percentage=87.98% |change= -3.38% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 30,641 |change =5.08% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 5.03% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2007 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Khangabok<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2007.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2007 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512162740/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2007.html |archive-date= 12 May 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Okram Ibobi Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,782 |percentage=62.98% |change=9.44% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Laishram Jatra Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=9,684 |percentage=36.34% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Haji Asrab |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=180 |percentage=0.68% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,098 |percentage=26.64% |change=16.96% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=26,646 |percentage=91.38% |change= -5.70% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 29,159 |change =16.79% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 9.44% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2002 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Khangabok<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2002.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2002 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512183325/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2002.html |archive-date= 12 May 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Okram Ibobi Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,897 |percentage=53.54% |change=5.04% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Laishram Jatra |party=Federal Party of Manipur |votes=10,567 |percentage=43.87% |change=41.58% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thokchom Achouba |party=Communist Party of India |votes=389 |percentage=1.61% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Rashid |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=172 |percentage=0.71% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,330 |percentage=9.67% |change=9.45% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=24,087 |percentage=97.08% |change= 0.48% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 24,966 |change =4.42% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Manipur Peoples Party |swing= 13.55% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2000 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Khangabok}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Laishram Jatra Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=11,144 |percentage=48.73% |change=8.74% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Okram Ibobi Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,092 |percentage=48.50% |change=14.18% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Moirangthem Borajao Singh |party=Federal Party of Manipur |votes=523 |percentage=2.29% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=52 |percentage=0.23% |change=-5.44% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=22,870 |percentage=96.32% |change= -0.27% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 23,909 |change =13.93% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Manipur Peoples Party |loser=Manipur Peoples Party |swing= 8.74% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1995 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1995 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Khangabok}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Laishram Jatra Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=8,021 |percentage=39.99% |change=15.95% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Okram Ibobi Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,884 |percentage=34.32% |change=-0.89% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Md. Abdurahaman |party=Communist Party of India |votes=5,153 |percentage=25.69% |change=7.90% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,137 |percentage=5.67% |change=-5.50% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=20,058 |percentage=96.60% |change= 1.41% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 20,986 |change =-5.43% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Manipur Peoples Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 4.77% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1990 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Khangabok}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Okram Ibobi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,320 |percentage=35.21% |change=17.10% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Moirangthem Borajao |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=4,998 |percentage=24.04% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Maibam Tomba |party=Independent politician |votes=4,748 |percentage=22.84% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Achouba |party=Communist Party of India |votes=3,699 |percentage=17.79% |change=-1.03% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,322 |percentage=11.17% |change=5.85% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=20,787 |percentage=95.19% |change= 2.54% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 22,192 |change =25.23% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= 9.30% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1984 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Khangabok}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Okram Ibobi Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=4,157 |percentage=25.91% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Borojao |party=Independent politician |votes=3,303 |percentage=20.59% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thokchom Achouba |party=Communist Party of India |votes=3,020 |percentage=18.83% |change=-6.11% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Maibam Tomba |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,906 |percentage=18.11% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Md. Abdur Rahaman |party=Independent politician |votes=2,562 |percentage=15.97% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=854 |percentage=5.32% |change=2.73% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,042 |percentage=92.65% |change= 9.63% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,721 |change =14.12% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= 0.98% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1980 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Khangabok}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Thokehom Achouba |party=Communist Party of India |votes=3,139 |percentage=24.93% |change=-8.50% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Md. Abdul Jabar |party=Independent politician |votes=2,812 |percentage=22.34% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Haibam Tomba |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=2,691 |percentage=21.37% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Borajao |party=Janata Party |votes=2,091 |percentage=16.61% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Akoijam Dinachandra |party=Independent politician |votes=1,645 |percentage=13.07% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Laishram Mani |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes=128 |percentage=1.02% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Md. Iboton |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=84 |percentage=0.67% |change=-26.34% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=327 |percentage=2.60% |change=-3.83% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,590 |percentage=83.01% |change= -5.08% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,529 |change =28.11% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= -8.50% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1974 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1974 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Khangabok}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Thokchom Achouba |party=Communist Party of India |votes=3,491 |percentage=33.43% |change=-14.64% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Moiranghem Borajao Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=2,820 |percentage=27.00% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ajoijam Dinachandra |party=Independent politician |votes=2,316 |percentage=22.18% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Md. Abdul Jabbar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,754 |percentage=16.80% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kutub |party=Independent politician |votes=62 |percentage=0.59% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=671 |percentage=6.43% |change=-9.01% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,443 |percentage=88.09% |change= 6.06% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,122 |change =29.30% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= -14.64% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1972 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Khangabok}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Thokchom Achouba |party=Communist Party of India |votes=3,623 |percentage=48.07% |change=21.82% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M D Kutub Ali |party=Independent politician |votes=2,460 |percentage=32.64% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Laisram Mani |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,454 |percentage=19.29% |change=-16.00% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,163 |percentage=15.43% |change=12.85% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,537 |percentage=82.03% |change= 4.89% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,375 |change =-44.35% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 12.78% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1967 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Khangabok}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Chaoba |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,380 |percentage=35.29% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Achouba |party=Independent politician |votes=4,060 |percentage=32.71% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Bira |party=Communist Party of India |votes=3,258 |percentage=26.25% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Nityai |party=Independent politician |votes=267 |percentage=2.15% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. I. Singh |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=216 |percentage=1.74% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Chakrabati |party=Independent politician |votes=134 |percentage=1.08% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=L. N. Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=96 |percentage=0.77% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=320 |percentage=2.58% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,411 |percentage=77.13% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,845 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Manipur Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Thoubal district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Manipur Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/81-manipur/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Manipur}}
{{coord|24.61|93.99|display=title}}

[[Category:Thoubal district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Manipur]]
[[Category:Politics of Manipur]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Manipur]]

Polladhavan (1980 film)

2026-03-03T05:23:23Z

BrandonGreenlee: Adding some details and citations

{{short description|1980 film by Muktha Srinivasan}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Polladhavan 1980 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Muktha Srinivasan]]
| screenplay = Muktha Srinivasan
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes | label1= Dialogue by | data1 = Thooyavan}}
| story = [[Salim–Javed]]
| producer = S. Ravi
| starring = [[Rajinikanth]] [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] [[Sripriya]]
| cinematography = [[M. Karnan]]
| editing = V. P. Krishnan
| music = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| studio = Vidhya Movies
| released = {{film date|1980|11|6|df=y}}
| runtime = 135 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Polladhavan''''' ({{IPAc-en|p|oʊ|l|l|ɑː|ð|ə|v|ən}} {{translation|The Ruthless Man}}) is a 1980 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action thriller film]] produced by S. Ravi, directed and co-written by his father [[Muktha Srinivasan]]. A remake of the 1976 [[Kannada]] film ''[[Premada Kanike]]'', it stars [[Rajinikanth]], [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] and [[Sripriya]]. The film revolves around a wealthy business man who holds captive in his house, his daughter's nanny, an eyewitness to a murder committed by him.

The film was photographed by [[M. Karnan]] and edited V. P. Krishnan, with music by [[M. S. Viswanathan]].

''Polladhavan'' was released on 6 November 1980, [[Diwali]]. The film became a commercial success, and was one of many films which helped Rajinikanth to carve out a niche for himself in vendetta roles.

== Plot ==
Seetha, a young woman, is travelling via train with her nephew Raju to an estate to attend her job interview as a nanny to the estate merchant Manohar's daughter. Her co-passenger tries to rape her, but suddenly he is shot dead. Seetha sees the murderer's face, and later reports the murder to Moorthy, a police inspector. Once she is appointed for the nanny position, she and Manohar's daughter Shoba grow fond of each other.

Manohar, who is extremely fond of his daughter, returns from his journey. Seetha meets him, only to realise that he is the murderer she saw on the train. Manohar threatens Seetha not to tell anyone and makes sure to prevent her from leaving his estate as she is keen on reporting him to the police.

Seetha tries many times to escape but is always caught. She does not even tell the police when she meets them, as Manohar threatens to kill Raju if she did. Later, Seetha somehow sees beneath the rough, mean Manohar and grows fond of him but is confused why such a nice man is acting so arrogantly.

In flashbacks, Manohar and a woman named Kumudha fell in love and married; shortly thereafter, their daughter, Shoba, was born. However, Kumudha's uncle Chandru, who was eager to marry Kumudha but who was sent to jail by Manohar as he tried to kill him, was released from jail after completing his term. When Manohar was out of the house, Chandru raped Kumudha; due to this, she commits suicide, and Manohar wants to die with her, but she makes him vow that he will get revenge on Chandru for separating them and to take care of Shoba.

Manohar reveals that the man he killed on the train was Chandru. Seetha now understands his acts and vows not to tell anyone. Moorthy's colleague is curious about Seetha; she said that she remembered the face and was eager to find the murderer, but now she had told him she has forgotten the face, hence he suspects Seetha to be the murderer, and Moorthy agrees with his belief. On Shoba's birthday, Manohar is to announce that he is to hand over all his wealth to Seetha and surrender to the police, but before this, the police arrive and try to arrest Seetha. Manohar saves her by confessing to the murder, leading to his arrest. A few years later, Manohar is released and reunites with Seetha and Shoba.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Rajinikanth]] as Manohar{{sfn |Ramachandran |2014 |p=104}}
* [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] as Seetha{{sfn |Ramachandran |2014 |p=104}}
* [[Sripriya]] as Kumudha
* [[Suruli Rajan]] as Manohar's manager
* [[Sivachandran]] as Chandru
* [[Delhi Ganesh]] as Moorthy
* [[V. Gopalakrishnan (actor)|V. Gopalakrishnan]] as a police officer
* [[Senthamarai (actor)|Senthamarai]] as Ramaiya
* [[K. Natraj]] as Kumudha's brother
* [[Anju (actress)|Baby Anju]] as Manohar's daughter
}}

== Production ==
[[Rajinikanth]] initially wanted to star in a Tamil remake of the [[Hindi]] film ''[[Vishwanath (1978 film)|Vishwanath]]'' (1978), with S. Ravi producing. Ravi watched the film, but did not like it; Rajinikanth and Ravi then decided to remake a different film. [[K. Balaji]] gave Ravi a video cassette of the [[Kannada]] film ''[[Premada Kanike]]'' (1976), and told him to tell Rajinikanth to watch it. Rajinikanth told Ravi he had already watched the film multiple times and liked it, so it was decided to remake the film in Tamil.<ref name="patrikai" /> The remake was initially titled ''Erimalai'' ({{Translation|Volcano}}) but retitled ''Polladhavan'', at Rajinikanth's suggestion.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ராம்ஜி |first=வி. |date=8 November 2019 |title='' ’பொல்லாதவன்’ டைட்டிலை உங்க மாமனார்கிட்ட கேளுங்க!’’ - தனுஷிடம் சொன்னார் முக்தா சீனிவாசன் |trans-title="Ask your father-in-law for the title ''Polladhavan''!" – Muktha Srinivasan told Dhanush |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/524167-polladhavan.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241215033510/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/524167-polladhavan.html |archive-date=15 December 2024 |access-date=15 December 2024 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> It was directed by Ravi's father [[Muktha Srinivasan]] (who also wrote the screenplay) and produced by Ravi under Vidhya Movies.<ref name="movie" /> The film was made in [[CinemaScope]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 December 2013 |title=சூப்பர் ஸ்டார் ரஜினியின் துளிகள்.... |trans-title=Super Star Rajinikanth's drops |url=http://cinema.dinakaran.com/cine-news-details.aspx?id=11966&id1=3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20171115153723/http://cinema.dinakaran.com/cine-news-details.aspx?id=11966&id1=3 |archive-date=15 November 2017 |access-date=15 November 2017 |work=[[Dinakaran]] |language=ta}}</ref> Cinematography was handled by [[M. Karnan]],<ref name="patrikai" /> and editing by V. P. Krishna. The dialogues were written by Thooyavan.<ref name="movie" /> Srinivasan cast [[Delhi Ganesh]] after seeing his performance in the play ''Thuppariyum Saambu''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 May 2018 |title=Obituary {{!}} 'A people's person': Tamil film fraternity remember late director Muktha Srinivasan |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/May/30/obituary--a-peoples-person-tamil-film-fraternity-remember-late-director-muktha-srinivasan-1821613.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240320143840/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/May/30/obituary--a-peoples-person-tamil-film-fraternity-remember-late-director-muktha-srinivasan-1821613.html |archive-date=20 March 2024 |access-date=20 March 2024 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> Shooting for the film took place primarily at Bangalore,{{sfn |Mathrubootheswaran |2007 |p=128}} [[Mysore Palace]] and [[Lalitha Mahal]] with additional shooting taking place in Chennai, Shimla and Kashmir.<ref name="patrikai" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=5 October 1980 |title=ரஜனி மீது லட்சுமி குற்றச்சாட்டு |trans-title=Lakshmi's accusation against Rajini |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_4_321/3.jp2/full/1000,1375/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250601120226/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_4_321/3.jp2/full/1000,1375/0/default.jpg |archive-date=1 June 2025 |access-date=1 June 2025 |work=Anna |pages=3 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref> The eyes shown in the beginning of the film were of [[:ta:சிலோன் விஜயேந்திரன்|Ceylon Vijayendran]], doubling for Rajinikanth.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=சலன் |date=15 March 1981 |title=ரஜினிகாந்தின் கண்கள்! |trans-title=Rajinikanth's eyes! |url=https://ibb.co/y5VZGXS |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817055842/https://ibb.co/y5VZGXS |archive-date=17 August 2023 |access-date=17 August 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=3 |language=ta}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[M. S. Viswanathan]], with lyrics by [[Kannadasan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 June 1980 |title=Polladhavan |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/polladhavan/zRRJKvJeQJw_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112125220/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/polladhavan/zRRJKvJeQJw_ |archive-date=12 January 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pollathavan Tamil Film EP Vinyl Record by M S Viswanathan |url=https://mossymart.com/product/pollathavan-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-m-s-viswanathan-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013092940/https://mossymart.com/product/pollathavan-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-m-s-viswanathan-2/ |archive-date=13 October 2022 |access-date=13 October 2022 |website=Mossymart}}</ref> The song "Chinnakkannane" is set in the [[Hindustani raga]] known as [[Brindavani Sarang]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=ராமானுஜன் |first=டாக்டர் ஜி. |date=29 June 2018 |title=ராக யாத்திரை 11: நீ சின்ன நி! நான் பெரிய நி!! |trans-title=Raga Journey 11: You are small! I am big!! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/130637-11.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105151210/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/130637-11.html |archive-date=5 November 2019 |access-date=5 November 2019 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> The song "Adho Vaarandi" is set in [[Shivaranjani]] raga.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ஏழிசை எம்எஸ்வி {{!}} பயோகிராபி |trans-title=Seven notes MSV {{!}} Biography |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/msv/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626130400/https://cinema.dinamalar.com/msv/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=7 July 2024 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=Ta}}</ref> The song "Naan Polladhavan" also briefly features in the 2023 Tamil film ''[[Leo (2023 Indian film)|Leo]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajendran |first=Sowmya |author-link=Sowmya Rajendran |date=19 October 2023 |title=Leo review: Lokesh, Vijay's action thriller roars plenty but isn't fully satisfying |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/leo-review-lokesh-vijays-action-thriller-roars-plenty-but-isnt-fully-satisfying |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019140931/https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/leo-review-lokesh-vijays-action-thriller-roars-plenty-but-isnt-fully-satisfying |archive-date=19 October 2023 |access-date=19 October 2023 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Naan Polladhavan
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length1 = 4:27
| title2 = Chinnakkannane
| extra2 = [[P. Susheela]]
| length2 = 4:32
| title3 = Atho Vaarandi
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[Vani Jairam]]
| length3 = 4:36
| title4 = Naanae Endrum Raja
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length4 = 4:41
| total_length = 18:16
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Polladhavan'' was released on 6 November 1980, [[Diwali]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=ராம்ஜி |first=வி. |date=5 November 2019 |title=80-ம் ஆண்டு தீபாவளியில் பாலசந்தர் – பாரதிராஜா; 'வறுமையின் நிறம் சிகப்பு' – 'நிழல்கள்' ஒரே சப்ஜெக்ட் |trans-title=Balachander and Bharathiraja in Diwali 1980; ''Varumaryin Niram Sivappu'' and ''Nizhalgal'' had the same subject |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/523607-1980-diwalil-release.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105152040/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/523607-1980-diwalil-release.html |archive-date=5 November 2019 |access-date=5 November 2019 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=Tamil}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=L |first=Shyam Sundar |date=31 January 2017 |title=ஒரே டைட்டில்... வேற கதை.... மாற்றான் சினிமாஸ்! |trans-title=Same title... Different story.... Alternate cinemas! |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/news/79316-connections-between-same-titled-tamil-movies.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181120062043/https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/news/79316-connections-between-same-titled-tamil-movies.html |archive-date=20 November 2018 |access-date=19 November 2018 |work=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> Nalini Sastry of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' wrote that the director, by taking an ordinary story and transforming it, was himself a ruthless man.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=சாஸ்திரி |first=நளினி |date=7 December 1980 |title=பொல்லாதவன் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1980-12-07/page/n59/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230416114952/https://archive.org/details/kalki1980-12-07/page/n59/mode/2up |archive-date=16 April 2023 |access-date=17 August 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=59 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Naagai Dharuman of ''Anna'' praised the acting, cinematography, music, dialogues and direction.<ref>{{Cite news |last=தருமன் |first=நாகை |date=30 November 1980 |title=பொல்லாதவன் |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_5_38/4.jp2/full/1000,1395/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250601115921/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_5_38/4.jp2/full/1000,1395/0/default.jpg |archive-date=1 June 2025 |access-date=1 June 2025 |work=Anna |pages=4 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref> Despite facing competition from other Diwali releases such as ''[[Varumayin Niram Sivappu]]'' and ''[[Nizhalgal]]'',<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |author-link=G. Dhananjayan |date=14 July 2017 |title=Similar storylines need to show new tricks to hook fans |url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/Opinion/2017/07/14100554/1038715/Similar-storylines-need-to-show-new-tricks-to-hook-.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181207155420/https://www.dtnext.in/News/Opinion/2017/07/14100554/1038715/Similar-storylines-need-to-show-new-tricks-to-hook-.vpf |archive-date=7 December 2018 |access-date=12 January 2019 |work=[[DT Next]]}}</ref> the film was a commercial success,{{sfn |Mathrubootheswaran |2007 |p=120}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 May 2018 |title=Tamil director-producer Muktha Srinivasan dies at 88 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/tamil-director-producer-muktha-srinivasan-dies-at-88/story-Em0RMrshSPFyoHhLFEyOPK.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190205093813/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/tamil-director-producer-muktha-srinivasan-dies-at-88/story-Em0RMrshSPFyoHhLFEyOPK.html |archive-date=5 February 2019 |access-date=5 February 2019 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> and cemented Rajinikanth's "hold over the box office".<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 May 2018 |title=Veteran Tamil filmmaker Muktha Srinivasan dies at 88 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/veteran-tamil-filmmaker-muktha-srinivasan-dies-at-885196802/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130133125/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/veteran-tamil-filmmaker-muktha-srinivasan-dies-at-885196802/ |archive-date=30 November 2018 |access-date=30 November 2018 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Rajinikanth also managed to carve out a niche for himself in vendetta roles such as that in ''Polladhavan''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maderya |first=Kumudan |date=2010 |title=Rage against the state: historicizing the "angry young man" in Tamil cinema |url=https://www.ejumpcut.org/archive/jc52.2010/Tamil/3.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029152109/http://www.ejumpcut.org/archive/jc52.2010/Tamil/3.html |archive-date=29 October 2013 |access-date=29 December 2016 |website=[[Jump Cut (journal)|Jump Cut]]}}</ref> The film was, however, less successful in Malaysia.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijiyan |first=K. |date=24 October 1981 |title=The problems of local Tamil film distributors |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=BWNPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=4I8DAAAAIBAJ&pg=2476%2C4975241 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405104904/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=BWNPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=4I8DAAAAIBAJ&pg=2476,4975241 |archive-date=5 April 2023 |access-date=26 April 2021 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |pages=18 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref> Rajinikanth's bearded appearance with sunglasses later served as an inspiration for his looks in ''[[Baashha]]'' (1995).{{sfn |Ramachandran |2014 |pp=104–105}}{{sfn |Ramachandran |2014 |p=159}}
== References ==
<references>

<ref name="movie">{{Cite AV media |title=Polladhavan |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=Vidhya Movies |year=1980 |time=0:00 to 3:13 |time-caption=Opening credits, from}}</ref>
<ref name="patrikai">{{Cite web |last=Pandian |first=A.T.S |date=6 December 2015 |title=கடன்காரன் ஆக்கிய ரஜினி! |trans-title=Rajini turned debtor! |url=https://patrikai.com/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF-%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181120035748/https://patrikai.com/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF-%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF/ |archive-date=20 November 2018 |access-date=20 November 2018 |website=Patrikai |language=ta}}</ref>

</references>

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Mathrubootheswaran |first=S. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GO41sSf-kuoC |title=Thannambikkai Tharugiradhu Rajinikanth Vaazhkkai Varalaru |publisher=Bharathi Puthakalayam |year=2007 |language=ta |trans-title=The Life History of Rajinikanth- A Self Confidence Booster for All |oclc=849818131}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |author-link=Naman Ramachandran |title=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |title-link=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-81-8475-796-5 |location=New Delhi |orig-date=2012}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Muktha Srinivasan}}

[[Category:1980 action thriller films]]
[[Category:1980 films]]
[[Category:1980 Indian films]]
[[Category:1980 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Muktha Srinivasan]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Muktha Srinivasan]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Indian rape and revenge films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Kannada films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Bhuban Badyakar

2026-03-02T02:19:20Z

BrandonGreenlee: Created Some Page More To Come

{{Short description|Indian singer known for viral song "Kacha Badam"}}
{{AI-generated|date=February 2026|reason=since v1 from Nov 2025; note [[WP:AISIGNS]] in superficial analyses, vocab distribution typical of 2025 LLMs, etc}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}

'''Bhuban Badyakar''' (born c. 1971) is an Indian singer and street vendor from Kuraljuri village in the [[Birbhum district]] of [[West Bengal]], India. He rose to national and international prominence in 2022 after his self-composed song ''Kacha Badam'' (meaning "raw peanuts") went viral on social media platforms.

==Early life and background==
Badyakar lived in modest circumstances in Kuraljuri village, Lakshminarayanpur Panchayat, Birbhum district. Before gaining recognition, he sold peanuts on his bicycle across nearby villages, earning about ₹200–250 per day. To attract customers, he composed and performed a catchy jingle that later became known as "Kacha Badam".<ref name="Sentinel">{{cite news |title=Meet Bhuban Badyakar, the man behind viral song 'Kacha Badam' |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/more-news/entertainment/bollywood/meet-bhuban-badyakar-the-man-behind-viral-song-kaccha-badam-576329 |work=The Sentinel Assam |date=3 February 2022 |access-date=6 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-28 |title=Rollercoaster ride of 'Kacha Badam' fame Bhuban Badyakar as good days return - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/entertainment/kacha-badam-fame-bhuban-badyakar-ups-and-downs-good-days-return-18666871.htm |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>

==Breakthrough with "Kacha Badam"==
In early 2022, a video showing Badyakar singing while cycling through villages was uploaded to [[YouTube]] and quickly spread across social media. The song, remixed by music producers, inspired dance trends and memes across [[India]] and beyond. It was praised for its simple rhythm and authenticity, which captured the spontaneity of folk street music.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhuban Badyakar {{!}} Music Department, Actor, Composer |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13326941/ |access-date=2025-11-03 |website=IMDb |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="IndiaToday1">{{cite news |title='Kacha Badam' singer Bhuban Badyakar hospitalised after car accident in West Bengal's Birbhum |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/trending-news/story/kacha-badam-singer-bhuban-badyakar-hospitalised-after-car-accident-in-west-bengal-s-birbhum-1919066-2022-02-28 |work=India Today |date=28 February 2022 |access-date=6 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=How Kacha Badam conquered the world |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/how-kacha-badam-conquered-the-world/articleshow/89543639.cms |access-date=2025-11-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Recognition and developments==
Following the viral success, Badyakar was felicitated by the [[West Bengal Police]] in February 2022 for his musical contribution and for representing the local culture of Birbhum.<ref name="IndiaToday2">{{cite news |title='Kacha Badam' singer Bhuban Badyakar felicitated by West Bengal Police |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/trending-news/story/kacha-badam-singer-bhuban-badyakar-felicitated-by-west-bengal-police-1911468-2022-02-10 |work=India Today |date=10 February 2022 |access-date=6 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-11 |title='Kacha Badam' singer Bhuban Badyakar felicitated by West Bengal police - BusinessToday |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/trending/entertainment/story/kacha-badam-singer-bhuban-badyakar-felicitated-by-west-bengal-police-322287-2022-02-11 |access-date=2025-11-03 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref> He later recorded a follow-up track titled ''Amar Notun Gari'' ("My New Car") after recovering from a minor car accident in 2022.<ref name="IndiaToday3">{{cite news |title='Kacha Badam' singer Bhuban Badyakar records new song after accident |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kacha-badam-singer-bhuban-badyakar-records-new-song-after-accident-1921080-2022-03-05 |work=India Today |date=5 March 2022 |access-date=6 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch: 'Kacha Badam' fame Bhuban Badyakar explains his accident through a new song |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/trending/watch-kacha-badam-fame-bhuban-badyakar-explains-his-accident-through-a-new-song-375391/ |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

==Challenges and copyright issues==
Badyakar's sudden fame led to disputes regarding the ownership and copyright of "Kacha Badam". Media outlets reported that he initially did not receive royalties for the use of his composition in remixes and performances. Legal and music industry experts later highlighted his case as an example of how unregistered folk creators may lose rights to viral content in the digital era.<ref name="Glamsham">{{cite news |title=Why 'Kacha Badam' singer Bhuban Badyakar can't sing his own song |url=https://glamsham.com/music/music-news/kacha-badam-singer-bhuban-cant-sing-his-own-song-because-of-copyright-issues |work=Glamsham |date=7 March 2023 |access-date=6 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Kacha Badam' singer Bhuban can't sing his own song because of copyright issues |url=https://www.imdb.com/news/ni63984626/ |access-date=2025-11-03 |website=IMDb |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tewari |first=Swagita Pandey |date=2022-02-23 |title=BADAM BADAM A DADA KACHA BADAM – A TRAGIC MUSIC RIGHT INFRINGEMENT OF A PEANUT HAWKER |url=https://www.theippress.com/2022/02/23/badam-badam-a-dada-kacha-badam-a-tragic-music-right-infringement-of-a-peanut-hawker/ |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=The IP Press |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Impact and significance==
Badyakar's rise from a rural street vendor to an Internet sensation is frequently cited as a modern example of how social media can elevate grassroots folk art to mainstream attention.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-10-16 |title=Remember Kacha Badam singer Bhuban Badyakar? He's moved from a small hut to a new home, enjoying fame despite betrayal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/remember-kacha-badam-singer-bhuban-badyakar-hes-moved-from-a-small-hut-to-a-new-home-enjoying-fame-despite-betrayal/articleshow/124609917.cms |access-date=2025-11-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Remember Kacha Badam Singer Bhuban Badyakar? His Recent Video Shows Him Dancing To The Viral Song With Candid Steps |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/viral/remember-kacha-badam-singer-bhuban-badyakar-his-recent-video-shows-him-dancing-to-the-viral-song-with-candid-steps |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref> His story has been covered widely by Indian and international outlets, inspiring discussions on digital fame, folk culture, and representation of marginalised artists.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-31 |title=2022 viral videos: Six social media moments that charmed Indians |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-64062203 |access-date=2025-11-03 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dutta |first=Debashree |date=2022-02-19 |title="Kacha Badam" by Bhuban Badyakar Transcends Borders |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/kacha-badam-by-bhuban-badyakar-transcends-borders/ |access-date=2025-11-03 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Badyakar lives with his wife, two sons, and a daughter in Kuraljuri village. Despite fame, he continues to perform at local events and has expressed pride in his village roots and folk identity.<ref name="Sentinel"/>

==See also==
* [[Music of West Bengal|Folk music of Bengal]]
* [[Viral video]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Bhuban+Badyakar Bhuban Badyakar performances on YouTube]
* [https://www.instagram.com/explore/tags/kachabadam/ #KachaBadam on Instagram]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Badyakar, Bhuban}}
[[Category:Indian folk singers]]
[[Category:People from Birbhum district]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Singers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Bengali-language singers]]
[[Category:Indian male singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian singers]]
[[Category:Indian composers]]
[[Category:Indian buskers]]

Shashi Bhusan Behera

2026-02-25T19:07:22Z

BrandonGreenlee: Enhanced and reorganized content

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1953)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Shashi Bhusan Behera
| native_name = ସଶୀ ଭୂଷଣ ବେହେରା
| image =
| caption =
| office = Member: [[Legislative Assembly of Odisha]]
| constituency = [[Jayadev (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jayadev]]
| term_start = 2014
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Arabinda Dhali]]
| successor =
| office1 = Member: [[Rajya Sabha]]
| constituency1 = [[Odisha]]
| term_start1 = 2010
| term_end1 = 2014<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.prsindia.org/mptrack/shashibhusanbehera | title=Shashi Bhusan Behera | publisher=PRS India | access-date=3 March 2019}}</ref>
| office2 = Member: [[Finance and Excise minister's office]]
| constituency2 = Balipatna<ref>{{cite web|title=49 - Balipatna (SC) Assembly Constituency|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S18/partycomp49.htm|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=21 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/pzShhiE3OyzGGPrBInYRPN/Naveen-Patnaik-fields-Rajya-Sabha-MPs-in-Lok-Sabha-assembly.html | title=Naveen Patnaik fields Rajya Sabha MPs in Lok Sabha, assembly polls | publisher=Livemint | date=23 May 2014 | access-date=3 March 2019}}</ref>
| predecessor2 = Raghab Chandra Sethi
| successor2 =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1953|02|12|df=y}}
| birth_place = Nuapatna, [[Khurda district]], [[Odisha]], India
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| otherparty = [[Janata Dal]]
| father = Late Shri Madhusudan Behera
| mother = Late Shri Shrimati Harshamani Behera
| spouse = Suprabha Kumari Mohanty
| children = One son and one daughter <ref name="Mohapatra 2023 o490">{{cite web | last=Mohapatra | first=Debabrata | title=Odisha MLA Shashi Bhusan Behera booked for demanding Rs 40 lakh dowry | website=The Times of India | date=16 May 2023 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/odisha-mla-shashi-bhusan-behera-booked-for-demanding-rs-40-lakh-dowry/articleshow/100272668.cms | access-date=25 March 2024}}</ref>
| education = Graduate Educated at [[Ravenshaw Collegiate School|Ravenshaw College]], [[Utkal University]], [[Cuttack]] (Orissa)
| profession = Political and Social Worker
| footnotes = Bande Utkala Janani
}}

'''Shashi Bhusan Behera''' ({{langx|or|'''ସଶୀ ଭୂଷଣ ବେହେରା'''}}) is an Indian politician from the [[Biju Janata Dal]] party. He is the [[Finance minister|Finance]] and [[Excise Duty (India)|excise]] minister of [[Odisha]] State. He was a former member of [[Rajya Sabha]] and Member of the [[Legislative Assembly of Odisha]]. Former General Secretary and Vice–President of State [[Yuva Biju Janata Dal]], President Orissa Dalit Sena, Vice President [[Samata Party|Samatamancha]], [[Hind Mazdoor Sabha|State Executive Member H.M.S.]] (Hindu Mazdoor Sabha), General Secretary All Orissa Kaibarta Mahasangha, [[Founder Secretary]] of Cuttack Homeopathic Medical College and Hospital. Elected Member of National Telephone Advisory Committee in 2001 to 2002.<ref name="The New Indian Express 2023 x459">{{cite web | title=Ex-Finance minister Shashi Behera booked in dowry case | website=The New Indian Express | date=16 May 2023 | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2023/May/16/ex-finance-minister-shashi-behera-booked-in-dowry-case-2575894.html | access-date=25 March 2024}}</ref><ref name="Sharma 2023 t397">{{cite web | last=Sharma | first=Vikash | title=BJD MLA Shashi Bhusan refutes dowry torture charges levelled by daughter-in-law | website=BJD MLA Shashi Bhusan refutes dowry torture charges levelled by daughter-in-law | date=17 May 2023 | url=https://odishatv.in/news/odisha/bjd-mla-shashi-bhusan-refutes-dowry-torture-charges-levelled-by-daughter-in-law-204504#google_vignette | access-date=25 March 2024}}</ref>

Shashi also has served as a member of [[Rajya Sabha]] from [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Odisha|2010 to 2014]] and leader of [[Biju Janata Dal]] from ''Rajya Sabha'' 2012–2014. He has served as member of 13th Odisha Legislative Assembly from ''Balianta & Balipatna constituency'' which was later named as [[Jayadev (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jaydev constituency]] in the name of famous poet [[Jayadeva|Jaydev]]. Behera was also once from Khordha district from [[Bhubaneswar]], member [[Railway Recruitment Board|Zonal Railway Recruitment Board]] ([[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]] 1997–1999), Member F.C.I. Advisory Committee Orissa 2003 to onwards. Now, Holding the portfolio of Minister Finance & Excise, Agriculture & Farmers' Empowerment, Fisheries & Animal Resources Development Government of Odisha.

He has always fought for the poor & marginalised section peoples. He lives life with a motto "Simple living, high thinking, being dedicated to work and development of his peoples".{{citation needed|date=September 2021}}

== Early life and education ==
Shashi Bhusan fondly called as "Mantu" by his mother was born on 12 Feb 1953 to Madhusudan Behera and Harshamani Behera of village [[Nuapatna]]. Born at Jobra, [[Cuttack]], Shashi's<ref>https://www.facebook.com/shashibhusan.odisha/ {{User-generated source|certain=yes|date=March 2022}}</ref> first school was his Patitapaban School, Jobra where he received his elementary education later he shifted to Nuapatna where he received his Secondary Education at ''Banguari High School''. Upon passing the 10th Examination (which then was 11th Class Examination) he was admitted to [[Ravenshaw University]] for further higher education. Not a student with excellent scores but definitely a brilliant one with a vision. In a short span of time his leadership attracted many and he was regarded and respected by many of his fellow mates, who would look up to him for suggestions.

During his early days of university he was attracted to the social justice movement and wanted to work for the poor and neglected section of people. And it is due to this that he was never attracted to the alluring jobs of his time. Working for the development of the fishermen's and the labourer's of different fields became his day-to-day activities and getting them to the mainstream society became his aim.

On 10 February 1989, he was married toSuprabha Mohanty, who supported him in not only his profession but also took care of his family. He admits that it is truly said "[[Behind a successful man there is a women]]" and do credits his success to his wife.

[[File:Squareimgshashi.jpg|left|thumb|Shashi Bhusan Behera]]

The political era in [[Odisha]] was going on for a major revamp, the beginning of [[Naveen Patnaik|Naveen era]] after the super cyclone of [[Odisha]] can be seen.

== Political career ==
Shashi from the very beginning of his [[Ravenshaw University|university]] days was detrimental of working for the people not for the corporate boss or the executive boss. He wanted to work for the upliftment of peoples who were not regarded as the part of the mainstream society. And it is because of his and Sj ''Akulananda Behera’s'' effort that the fisherman society was included in the Schedule Caste category of Odisha and that the poor and innocent peoples who never were regarded as part of the mainstream society now started to be included.

The non-corrupt and non-compromising ideology of Shashi’s stopped him from compromising and joining the power politics of state. But destiny was to play his role. With the death of the Legendary [[Biju Patnaik|Biju Pattnaik]] and to fill the vacuum created Sj [[Naveen Patnaik]] came to Odisha whose thought ideology and working forced ''Shashi'' to rethink his decision and he meet Sj. ''Naveen Pattnaik'' in the year 2000, who at once like him and wanted him to contest from ''Balipatna'' Electoral Constituency. As destiny wanted something else, he could not contest the 2000 election. But [[Naveen Patnaik]] has set his mind, came the 2004 and Shashi was elected from ''Balianta'' & ''Balipatna'' Electoral Constituency on ''Biju Janata Dal'' Ticket. And he never disappointed [[Naveen Patnaik]] (the most loved and respected leader of Odisha). In 2005 he was selected by the Speaker among the Members of the State Legislative Assembly to be awarded the Prestigious ''Utkalmani Gopabandhu Samman'' for the ''Best Legislator'' in the assembly. The worked for the development of the peoples of Balianta and Balipatna, his non-corrupt and non-compromising inspired many, and he was engulfed in the development of his constituency. It was his effort and vision that the Balianta and Balipatna Constituency was named after ‘Jaydev’ the famous poet who Gita Govinda is recited before lord Jagannath every day. Came the year of 2009, he was confident of his work and effort and that the leader would surely re-elect him. But ''[[Naveen Patnaik]]'' wanted his man in [[Delhi]], he instructed ''Shashi'' to work for the party in the forthcoming election and Shashi with a heavy heart never denied ''[[Naveen Patnaik]]'' and always worked with dedication to serve his people and party. In the year 2010 ''[[Naveen Patnaik]]'' surprised Shashi with a ticket to the upper house of Parliament (the Rajya Sabha). And made him also the leader of ''[[Biju Janata Dal]]'' Parliamentary Party in [[Rajya Sabha]]. With the Changing scenario in ''[[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Odisha]]'' fast shaping Sj. ''[[Naveen Patnaik]]'' wanted ''Shashi'' in ''[[Odisha]]'' and thus was called in the midst of his term to contest from "[[Jayadev (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jaydev]]". He was elected to the State Legislative Assembly on [[Biju Janata Dal]] Ticket from Jaydev Constituency.

Shashi a confidant of Sj. ''Naveen Patnaik'' was given the charge of two important ''Ministry of Finance and Excise'' and was later given with Public Enterprise and upon the resignation of the Agriculture Minister was given with additional charge of ''Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers' Empowerment, Fisheries'' & ''Animal Resources Development''. Now he is also the Chairman of many ''Ministerial Committees.''

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Behera, Shashi Bhusan}}
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Samata Party politicians]]
[[Category:Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Biju Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Orissa MLAs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Odisha]]
[[Category:People from Cuttack district]]
[[Category:Politicians from Bhubaneswar]]

Tamil culture

2026-02-24T12:30:03Z

BrandonGreenlee: quick update

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Tamils}}
'''Tamil culture''' dates back thousands of years. The [[Tamil people]] speak the [[Tamil language]], one of the [[classical languages of India]]. [[Archaeological evidence]] from the [[Tamilakam]] region indicates a continuous history of human occupation for more than 3,800 years. Historically, the region was inhabited by Tamil-speaking [[Dravidian people]]. It was ruled by various kingdoms such as the [[Sangam period]] (3rd century BCE to 3rd century CE) [[Three Crowned Kings|triumvirate]] of the [[Chera dynasty|Cheras]], [[Chola dynasty|Cholas]] and [[Pandya dynasty|Pandyas]], the [[Pallava dynasty|Pallavas]] (3rd–9th century CE), and the later [[Vijayanagara Empire]] (14th–17th century CE). [[Colonial India|European colonization]] began in the 17th century CE, and continued for two centuries until the [[India's Independence|Indian Independence]] in 1947. Due to its long history, the culture has seen multiple influences over the years and have developed diversely.

The Tamils had outside contact in the form of diplomatic and trade relations with other kingdoms to the north and with the [[Roman empire|Romans]] since the Sangam era. The conquests of Tamil kings in the 10th century CE resulted in Tamil culture spreading to [[South Asia|South]] and [[Southeast Asia]]. Tamils form the majority in the [[South India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]] and a significant portion of northern [[Sri Lanka]]. Tamils have migrated world-wide since the 19th century CE and a significant population exists in Sri Lanka, [[South Africa]], [[Mauritius]], [[Reunion Island]], [[Fiji]], as well as other regions such as the Southeast Asia, [[Middle East]], [[Caribbean]] and parts of the [[Western World]].

== History ==
{{further|History of Tamil Nadu|Tamilakam}}

[[Tamilakam]] was the region inhabited by the ancient [[Tamils|Tamil people]].<ref name="Nat">{{cite web|url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/three-crowned-kings-tamilakam/|title=Three Crowned Kings of Tamilakam|publisher=[[National Geographic Society]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=24 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224093728/https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/three-crowned-kings-tamilakam/|url-status=live}}</ref> While archaeological evidence points to [[hominids]] inhabiting the region nearly 400 millennia ago, it has been inhabited by modern humans continuously for more than 3,800 years.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.sciencenews.org/article/sharp-stones-found-india-signal-surprisingly-early-toolmaking-advances|title=Archaeology – Anthropology : Sharp stones found in India signal surprisingly early toolmaking advances|access-date=9 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209183736/https://www.sciencenews.org/article/sharp-stones-found-india-signal-surprisingly-early-toolmaking-advances|archive-date=9 February 2018|url-status=live|date=31 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2018/02/01/very-old-very-sophisticated-tools-found-in-india-the-question-is-who-made-them/|title= Very old, very sophisticated tools found in India. The question is: Who made them?|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=9 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210201237/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2018/02/01/very-old-very-sophisticated-tools-found-in-india-the-question-is-who-made-them/|archive-date=10 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/skeletons-dating-back-3800-years-throw-light-on-evolution/articleshow/1354201.cms|title=Skeletons dating back 3,800 years throw light on evolution|access-date=11 June 2008|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=1 January 2006|archive-date=24 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124105726/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-1354201,prtpage-1.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Excavations at [[Keezhadi excavation site|Keezhadi]] have revealed urban settlements dating to the 6th century BCE.<ref>{{cite news|date=21 August 2020|title=Keezhadi sixth phase: What do the findings so far tell us?|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/keezhadi-sixth-phase-what-do-findings-so-far-tell-us-131269|access-date=31 January 2021|newspaper=[[The News Minute]]|archive-date=24 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124023909/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/keezhadi-sixth-phase-what-do-findings-so-far-tell-us-131269|url-status=live|first=Anjana|last=Shekar }}</ref> The [[Tamilakam]] region has been ruled over by many kingdoms, major of which are the [[Sangam era]] (3rd century BCE to 3rd century CE) rulers of the [[Chera dynasty|Chera]], [[Chola dynasty|Chola]], and [[Pandya dynasty|Pandya]] clans,<ref>{{cite book|author1=Vijaya Ramaswamy|author2=Jawaharlal Nehru|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ALUvDwAAQBAJ&q=sangam+3rd|title=Historical Dictionary of the Tamils|date=25 August 2017|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-53810-686-0|page=xxiv|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716145136/https://books.google.com/books?id=ALUvDwAAQBAJ&q=sangam+3rd#v=snippet&q=sangam%203rd&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Nat"/> the [[Pallava dynasty|Pallavas]] (3rd–9th century CE),<ref>{{cite book|last=Francis|first=Emmanuel|date=28 October 2021|chapter=Pallavas|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119399919.eahaa00499|title=The Encyclopedia of Ancient History|pages=1–4|doi=10.1002/9781119399919.eahaa00499|isbn=978-1-119-39991-9|s2cid=240189630|access-date=23 December 2023|archive-date=28 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328171504/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781119399919.eahaa00499|url-status=live}}</ref> and the later [[Vijayanagara Empire]] (14th–17th century CE).<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qhMHEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA26|page=26|title=Pondicherry, Tamil Nadu and South India Under French Rule: From François Martin to Dupleix 1674-1754|author=J.B.P. More|year=2020|isbn=978-1-00026-356-5|publisher=Manohar|access-date=15 July 2024|archive-date=15 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715173028/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Pondicherry_Tamil_Nadu_and_South_India_u/qhMHEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA26|url-status=live}}</ref> The kingdoms had significant diplomatic and trade contacts with other kingdoms to the north and with the [[Roman Empire|Romans]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Edicts of King Ashoka|url=https://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/ashoka.html|access-date=1 November 2023|publisher=[[Colorado State University]]|quote=Everywhere within Beloved-of-the-Gods, King Piyadasi's domain, and among the people beyond the borders, the Cholas, the Pandyas, the [[Velirs|Satyaputras]], the Keralaputras, as far as Tamraparni|archive-date=11 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511083821/http://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/ashoka.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=On the Roman Trail |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/01/21/stories/2008012150370500.htm |access-date=9 June 2010 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=21 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110160411/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/01/21/stories/2008012150370500.htm |archive-date=10 November 2012 }}</ref> In the 11th century CE, the Chola empire expanded with the conquests of parts of present-day [[Sri Lanka]] and [[Maldives]], and increased influence across the [[Indian Ocean]] with contacts in [[Southeast Asia]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JznfBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT41|page=41|title=South Asia in the World: An Introduction|author=Susan Wadley|year=2014|isbn=978-1-31745-958-3|publisher=Taylor and Francis|access-date=15 July 2024|archive-date=15 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715173028/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/South_Asia_in_the_World_An_Introduction/JznfBQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PT41|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Atlas of the year 1000|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|author=John Man|year=1999|page=104|isbn=978-0-674-54187-0}}</ref> This resulted in Tamil influence spreading to the regions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/gangaikondacholapuram-southern-india-chola-dynasty-ponniyin-selvan-1|title=Chola dynasty|publisher=[[National Geographic Society]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=5 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405021935/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/gangaikondacholapuram-southern-india-chola-dynasty-ponniyin-selvan-1|url-status=live}}</ref>

Before mid 20th century, the regions populated by Tamils were under [[Colonial India|European colonization]] for more than two centuries.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/indias-independence/|title=India's independence|publisher=[[National Geographic Society]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=25 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525052556/https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/indias-independence/|url-status=live}}</ref> During the European occupation, Tamils migrated and settled in various regions across the globe.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Tamil Migration Cycle, 1830-1950|author=Christophe Z. Guilmoto|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=28|date=January 1993|issue=3/4 |pages=111–120 |jstor=4399307 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4399307}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Wagret|first=Paul|title=Nagel's encyclopedia-guide|publisher=Nagel Publishers|location=Geneva|year=1977|page=556|isbn=978-2-82630-023-6|oclc=4202160}}</ref> This resulted in significant [[Tamil diaspora|Tamil population]] in [[Southeast Asia]], [[Caribbean]], [[South Africa]], [[Mauritius]], [[Seychelles]] and [[Fiji]].<ref name="Dias">{{cite web|url=https://www.instituteofasianstudies.com/tamil_diaspora.html|title=Tamil Diaspora|publisher=Institute of Asian Studies|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=2 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002122209/http://instituteofasianstudies.com/tamil_diaspora.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Since the 20th century, Tamils have migrated to other regions such as [[Middle East]] and the [[Western World]] for employment.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unodc.org/southasia/frontpage/2010/may/irregular-migration.html|title=Irregular migration|publisher=[[United Nations]]|date=May 2010|access-date=1 June 2023|archive-date=26 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426075519/https://www.unodc.org/southasia/frontpage/2010/may/irregular-migration.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/anthpubs/ucb/text/kas065_066-009.pdf|title=Image and Identity: Tamil Migration to the United States|author=Kelsey Clark Underwood|publisher=[[University of California]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=24 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324061732/https://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/anthpubs/ucb/text/kas065_066-009.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Dias"/> Tamils form the majority in the [[South India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]] and in northern and eastern provinces of Sri Lanka.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://minorityrights.org/communities/tamils/|title=Tamils|date=16 October 2023 |publisher=Minority rights group|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=4 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604034412/https://minorityrights.org/communities/tamils/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=https://shs.hal.science/halshs-00703310|title=India and Tamil nationalism|author=Anthony Goreau-Ponceaud|publisher=Les Sciences de l'Homme et de la Société|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=15 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715173032/https://shs.hal.science/halshs-00703310|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Language ==
{{Main|Tamil language|Sri Lankan Tamil dialects}}

[[File:Word_Tamil.svg|thumb|Tamil written in [[Tamil script]]]]

Tamil people speak [[Tamil language|Tamil]], which belongs to the [[Dravidian languages]] and is one of the oldest [[Classical language of India]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Krishnamurti|first=Bhadriraju|title=The Dravidian Languages|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|series=Cambridge Language Surveys|year=2003|isbn=978-0-52177-111-5|page=480}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.tamilvu.org/library/kulothungan/pdf/Tamil_Among_the_Classical_Languages_of_the_World.pdf|title=Tamil among the classical languages of the world|publisher=[[Tamil Virtual University]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=22 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122074115/http://www.tamilvu.org/library/kulothungan/pdf/Tamil_Among_the_Classical_Languages_of_the_World.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Tamil language|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tamil-language|encyclopedia=[[Britannica]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=7 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007012008/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tamil-language|url-status=live}}</ref> According to epigraphist [[Iravatham Mahadevan]], the rudimentary [[Tamil Brahmi]] script originated in South India in the 3rd century BCE.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/iravatham-mahadevan-early-tamil-epigraphy-from-the-earliest-times-to-the-sixth-century-a.-d./page/n5/mode/2up|author=Iravatham Mahadevan|title=Early Tamil Epigraphy From The Earliest Times To The Sixth Century A. D.|publisher=[[harvard University Press]]|isbn=978-0-67401-227-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30205148.ece|title=A rare inscription|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=1 July 2009|access-date=1 June 2023|archive-date=22 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922154651/https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30205148.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Though the old Tamil preserved features of [[Proto-Dravidian]] language,<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41599-021-00868-w|title=Ancestral Dravidian languages in Indus Civilization|author=Bahata Ansumali Mukhopadhyay|journal=Humanities and Social Sciences Communications|date=3 August 2021 |volume=8|issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1057/s41599-021-00868-w |access-date=15 July 2024|archive-date=29 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211229161550/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41599-021-00868-w|url-status=live}}</ref> modern-day spoken Tamil uses [[loanword]]s from other languages such as [[English language|English]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://ia801303.us.archive.org/24/items/ColloquialTamil_201512/Colloquial%20Tamil.pdf|page=157|title=Colloquial Tamil|author1=R.E.Asher|author2=E.Annamalai|date=2002 |isbn=978-0-41518-788-6|publisher=[[Routledge]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Southworth|first=Franklin C.|title=Linguistic archaeology of South Asia|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2005|isbn=978-0-41533-323-8|pages=129–132}}</ref> The existent Tamil grammar is largely based on the grammar book ''[[Naṉṉūl]]'' which incorporates facets from the old Tamil literary work ''[[Tolkāppiyam]]''.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.tamiluniversity.ac.in/english/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/paper_01-PDF.pdf|title=Pre-history of Tamil literature|year=2010|author=[[Kamil Zvelebil]]|page=16|access-date=15 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716133216/https://www.tamiluniversity.ac.in/english/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/paper_01-PDF.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The Tamil grammar is classified into five divisions, namely ''eḻuttu'' (letter), ''sol'' (word), ''poruḷ'' (content), ''yāppu'' (prosody), and ''aṇi'' (figure of speech).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.southasia.upenn.edu/tamil/lit.html|title=Five fold grammar of Tamil|work=University of Pennsylvania|access-date=8 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609115617/http://www.southasia.upenn.edu/tamil/lit.html|archive-date=9 June 2007|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tamilvu.org/ta/courses-degree-d021-d0213-html-d02131et-19585|title=Puraporul Ilakkanam- General Introduction|author=P.M.Gangatharan|work=[[Tamil Virtual University]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> Since the later part of the 19th century, Tamils made the language as a key part of the Tamil identity and personified the language in the form of [[Tamil Thai]] ("Tamil mother").<ref name="Sumathi">{{cite book|first=Sumathi|last=Ramasamy|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/jj.5973093|title=Passions of the Tongue: Language Devotion in Tamil India, 1891-1970|chapter=Feminizing Language: Tamil as Goddess, Mother, Maiden|date=1997 |volume=29 |publisher=[[University of California]]|pages=79–134|isbn=978-0-520-20804-9 |access-date=8 February 2024}}</ref> Various [[Variety (linguistics)|varieties]] of Tamil is spoken across regions such as [[Madras Bashai]], [[Kongu Tamil]], [[Madurai Tamil]], [[Nellai Tamil]], Kumari Tamil and various [[Sri Lankan Tamil dialects]] such as Batticaloa Tamil, Jaffna Tamil and Negombo Tamil in Sri Lanka.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Smirnitskaya|first1=Anna|title=Diglossia and Tamil varieties in Chennai|journal=Acta Linguistica Petropolitana|date=March 2019|issue=3|pages=318–334|doi=10.30842/alp2306573714317|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331772782|access-date=4 November 2022|doi-access=free|archive-date=28 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328173206/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331772782_Diglossia_and_Tamil_varieties_in_Chennai|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/several-dialects-of-tamil-and-10-mother-tongues-of-the-dravidian-family/article67481730.ece|title=Several dialects of Tamil|date=31 October 2023|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=5 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205083033/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/several-dialects-of-tamil-and-10-mother-tongues-of-the-dravidian-family/article67481730.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Literature ==
{{Main|Tamil literature|Sri Lankan Tamil literature}}
[[File:WLA_lacma_12th_century_Maharishi_Agastya.jpg|thumb|[[Agastya|Agathiar]], poet from the first Sangam period]]

[[Sangam literature|Tamil literature]] is of considerable antiquity compared to the contemporary literature from other Indian languages and represents one of the oldest bodies of literature in South Asia.<ref name="Old">{{cite report|url=https://www.tamiluniversity.ac.in/english/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/paper_16-PDF.pdf|title=Credentials of Tamil as a classical language|author=George L. Hart|publisher=[[Tamil Virtual University]]|date=August 2018|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=15 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715173029/https://www.tamiluniversity.ac.in/english/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/paper_16-PDF.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Maloney|first=C.|title=The Beginnings of Civilization in South India|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|volume=29|issue=3|pages=603–616|year=1970|jstor=2943246|doi=10.2307/2943246|s2cid=162291987}}</ref> The earliest epigraphic records have been dated to around the 3rd century BCE.<ref>{{cite news|last=Subramaniam|first=T.S.|title=Palani excavation triggers fresh debate|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/article2408091.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India|date=29 August 2011|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=8 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110908080611/http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/article2408091.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Early Tamil literature was composed in three successive poetic assemblies known as [[Tamil Sangams]],<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1353/asi.2003.0031|title=Chera, Chola, Pandya: Using Archaeological Evidence to Identify the Tamil Kingdoms of Early Historic South India|journal=Asian Perspectives|volume=42|issue=2|page=207|year=2003|last1=Abraham|first1=S. A.|s2cid=153420843|hdl=10125/17189|url=http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/17189/1/AP-v42n2-207-223.pdf|access-date=6 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903211259/https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/17189/1/AP-v42n2-207-223.pdf|archive-date=3 September 2019|url-status=live|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Nadarajah|first=Devapoopathy|title=Love in Sanskrit and Tamil Literature: A Study of Characters and Nature, 200 B.C.-A.D. 500|date=1994|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publications|isbn=978-8-12081-215-4}}</ref> the earliest of which destroyed by floods.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TlkoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT155|page=155|title=The Three Ages of Atlantis: The Great Floods That Destroyed Civilization|author1=Diego Marin|author2=Ivan Minella|author3=Erik Schievenin|year=2013|isbn=978-1-59143-757-4|publisher=Inner Traditions/Bear|access-date=15 July 2024|archive-date=15 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715173030/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Three_Ages_of_Atlantis/TlkoDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PT155|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Zvelebil">{{cite book|first=Kamil|last=Zvelebil|title=Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature|year=1992|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|isbn=978-9-00409-365-2|pages=12–13|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qAPtq49DZfoC|access-date=15 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716133218/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Companion_Studies_to_the_History_of_Tami/qAPtq49DZfoC|url-status=live}}</ref> The Sangam literature was broadly classified into three divisions: ''iyal'' (poetry), ''isai'' (music) and ''nadagam'' (drama). There are no surviving works from the later two categories and literature from the first category were further classified into ''illakkanam'' (grammar) and ''ilakkiyam'' (poetry).<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QIeqvcai5XQC|page=2|title=Tamil Literature|author=M. S. Purnalingam Pillai|year=1994|isbn=978-8-12060-955-6|publisher=Asian Educational Services|access-date=15 July 2024|archive-date=15 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715173543/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Tamil_Literature/QIeqvcai5XQC|url-status=live}}</ref> The sangam literature was broadly based on two genres, ''akam'' (internal) and ''puram'' (external) described on the five [[Sangam landscape|landscapes]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7TJlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA610|page=610|title=Ancient India|author=Mahajan V.D.|isbn=978-9-35253-132-5|publisher=S. Chand Publishing|access-date=15 July 2024|archive-date=15 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715173544/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Ancient_India/7TJlDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA610|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sangam.org/an-overview-of-sangam-literature-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95-%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D/|title=Overview of Sangam literature|publisher=Tamil Sangam|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=27 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227021527/https://sangam.org/an-overview-of-sangam-literature-%e0%ae%9a%e0%ae%99%e0%af%8d%e0%ae%95-%e0%ae%87%e0%ae%b2%e0%ae%95%e0%af%8d%e0%ae%95%e0%ae%bf%e0%ae%af%e0%ae%ae%e0%af%8d/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The oldest surviving book is the ''[[Tolkāppiyam|Tolkappiyam]]'', a treatise on Tamil grammar.<ref name="Old"/><ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.tamildigitallibrary.in/admin/assets/book/TVA_BOK_0000132/TVA_BOK_0000132_The_Ancient_Tamils_as_Depicted_in_Tholhappiyam_Poruladihharam.pdf|page=11|title=The Ancient Tamils as depicted in Tolkāppiyam|publisher=S.K.Pillai|year=1934|access-date=15 July 2024|archive-date=28 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528014042/https://www.tamildigitallibrary.in/admin/assets/book/TVA_BOK_0000132/TVA_BOK_0000132_The_Ancient_Tamils_as_Depicted_in_Tholhappiyam_Poruladihharam.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=David|last=Shulman|title=Tamil|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fG8NDQAAQBAJ|year=2016|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-67497-465-4|access-date=8 February 2024|archive-date=14 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714133223/https://books.google.com/books?id=fG8NDQAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> The early Tamil literature was compiled and classified into two categories: ''[[Eighteen Greater Texts|Patinenmelkanakku]]'' ("Eighteen Greater Texts") consisting of the ''[[Eight Anthologies|Ettuttokai]]'' ("Eight Anthologies") and the ''[[Ten Idylls|Pattuppattu]]'' ("Ten Idylls"), and the ''[[Eighteen Lesser Texts|Patinenkilkanakku]]'' ("Eighteen Lesser Texts").<ref>{{cite book|first=Takanobu|last=Takahashi|title=Tamil Love Poetry and Poetics|year=1995|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wgCHuVGyZoEC&pg=PA1|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|isbn=90-04-10042-3|pages=1–3|access-date=15 July 2024|archive-date=15 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715173544/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=wgCHuVGyZoEC&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="IGNOU">{{cite report|url=https://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/22251/5/Unit-10.pdf|title=Early Tamil society|page=2|publisher=[[Indira Gandhi National Open University]]|access-date=15 July 2024|archive-date=20 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120154928/https://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/22251/5/Unit-10.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The Tamil literature that followed in the next 300 years after the Sangam period is generally called the "post-Sangam" literature which included the [[Five Great Epics]] and the [[Five Minor Epics]].<ref name="Zvelebil"/><ref name="IGNOU"/><ref>{{cite book|author=T.V. Mahalingam|title=Proceedings of the Second Annual Conference of the South Indian History Congress|year=1981|publisher=[[University of Michigan]]|pages=28–34}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Ancient Tamil Country: Its Social and Economic Structure|author=S. Sundararajan|publisher=Navrang|year=1991|page=233}}</ref> Another book of the post Sangam era is the ''[[Tirukkural]]'', a book on ethics, by [[Thiruvalluvar]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aPpv2F2RRgcC|title=The Kural|author=P.S.Sundaram|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|year=2005|isbn=978-9-35118-015-9|access-date=15 July 2024|archive-date=15 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715173546/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Kural/aPpv2F2RRgcC|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the beginning of the [[middle age]], [[Vaishnava]] and [[Shaivism|Shaivite]] literature became prominent following the [[Bhakti movement]] in 7th century CE with hymns composed by [[Alwars]] and [[Nayanmars]].<ref name="Bhakti">{{cite book|last=Pillai|first=P. Govinda|title=The Bhakti Movement: Renaissance or Revivalism?|date=4 October 2022 |publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-00078-039-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sep5EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT46|page=46|access-date=15 July 2024|archive-date=15 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715173546/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Bhakti_Movement/sep5EAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PT46|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Padmaja|first=T.|title=Temples of Kr̥ṣṇa in South India: History, Art, and Traditions in Tamil nāḍu|year=2002|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-8-17017-398-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pzgaS1wRnl8C|page=47|access-date=15 July 2024|archive-date=30 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630001437/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Temples_of_Kr%CC%A5%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87a_in_South_India/pzgaS1wRnl8C|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Nair|first1=Rukmini Bhaya|title=Keywords for India: A Conceptual Lexicon for the 21st Century|last2=de Souza|first2=Peter Ronald|year=2020|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]]|isbn=978-1-35003-925-4}}</ref> Notable work from the post-Bhakti period included ''[[Ramavataram]]'' by [[Kambar (poet)|Kambar]] in 12th century CE and ''[[Thiruppugazh|Tiruppugal]]'' by [[Arunagirinathar]] in 15th century CE.<ref>{{cite book|author=P.S.Sundaram|title=Kamba Ramayana|date=3 May 2002|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|isbn=978-9-351-18100-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EPTcCd32pJIC|pages=18–|access-date=15 July 2024|archive-date=15 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715173549/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Kamba_Ramayana/EPTcCd32pJIC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Bergunder|first1=Michael|title=Ritual, Caste, and Religion in Colonial South India|last2=Frese|first2=Heiko|last3=Schröder|first3=Ulrike|date=2011|publisher=Primus Books|isbn=978-9-380-60721-4|page=107|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OcEM2IsnA1AC|access-date=15 July 2024|archive-date=15 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715173548/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Ritual_Caste_and_Religion_in_Colonial_So/OcEM2IsnA1AC|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1578, the Portuguese published a Tamil book in old Tamil script named ''Thambiraan Vanakkam'', thus making Tamil the first Indian language to be printed and published.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tamil-saw-its-first-book-in-1578/article476102.ece|title=Tamil saw its first book in 1578|author=Karthik Madhavan|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=8 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101181012/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tamil-saw-its-first-book-in-1578/article476102.ece|archive-date=1 January 2016|url-status=live|date=21 June 2010}}</ref> ''[[Tamil Lexicon]]'', published by the [[University of Madras]] between 1924 and 1939, was amongst the first comprehensive [[dictionary|dictionaries]] published in the language.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kolappan|first=B.|title=Delay, howlers in Tamil Lexicon embarrass scholars|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=22 June 2014|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/delay-howlers-in-tamil-lexicon-embarrass-scholars/article6138747.ece|access-date=25 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704063848/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/delay-howlers-in-tamil-lexicon-embarrass-scholars/article6138747.ece|archive-date=4 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Madras-Miscellany-The-Tamil-Lexicon/article14964046.ece|title=The Tamil Lexicon|date=27 March 2011|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716133220/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Madras-Miscellany-The-Tamil-Lexicon/article14964046.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The 19th century gave rise to [[Tamil Renaissance]] and writings and poems by authors such as [[Meenakshi Sundaram Pillai]], [[U.V.Swaminatha Iyer]], [[C. W. Thamotharampillai|Damodaram Pillai]], [[V. Kanakasabhai]] and others.<ref>{{cite book|title=The embodiment of bhakti|author=Karen Prechilis|pages=8|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19512-813-0|year=1999|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vu95WgeUBfEC|access-date=15 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716133221/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Embodiment_of_Bhakti/Vu95WgeUBfEC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Tamil Renaissance and the Dravidian Movement, 1905-1944|first=K. Nambi|last=Arooran|publisher=[[University of Michigan]]|year=1980|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WxluAAAAMAAJ|access-date=15 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716133221/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Tamil_Renaissance_and_Dravidian_National/WxluAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/books/seeds-of-tamil-renaissance/article5787804.ece|title=Seeds of Tamil Renaissance|author=Theodore Baskaran|date=19 March 2014 |work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=21 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021193425/https://frontline.thehindu.com/books/seeds-of-tamil-renaissance/article5787804.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> During the [[Indian Independence Movement]], many Tamil poets and writers sought to provoke national spirit, notably [[Bharathiar]] and [[Bharathidasan]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.jlls.org/index.php/jlls/article/download/5312/1872|title=Bharathiyar Who Impressed Bharatidasan|journal=Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies|access-date=1 December 2023|issn=1305-578X|archive-date=24 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224200602/https://www.jlls.org/index.php/jlls/article/download/5312/1872|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Indian Literature: An Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mivv3p-msd8C&pg=PA125|publisher=[[Pearson Education]]|year=2005|isbn=978-8-13170-520-9|page=125|access-date=6 October 2016|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228174600/https://books.google.com/books?id=mivv3p-msd8C&pg=PA125|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Art and architecture ==
According to Tamil literature, there are 64 art forms called ''[[Kalā|aayakalaigal]]''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Āya kalaikaḷ ar̲upattunān̲ku|author=Centur̲aimuttu|year=1978|page=2|publisher=[[University of Michigan]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r88zAAAAMAAJ|access-date=15 July 2024|archive-date=15 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715175323/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/%C4%80ya_kalaika%E1%B8%B7_ar%CC%B2upattun%C4%81n%CC%B2ku/r88zAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Heritage of the Tamils: Siddha Medicine|year=1983|publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies|first=Ca. Vē|last=Cuppiramaṇiyan̲|page=554}}</ref> The art is classified into two broad categories: ''kavin kalaigal'' (beautiful art forms) which include architecture, sculpture, painting and poetry and ''nun kalaigal'' (fine art forms) which include dance, music and drama.<ref>{{cite book|title=Communication as Mission|year=2007|isbn=978-8-18458-006-8|publisher=Indian Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge|editor1=Jose Joseph|editor2=L. Stanislaus|page=123|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oBCBgO0chcMC|access-date=15 July 2024|archive-date=15 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715175324/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Communication_as_Mission/oBCBgO0chcMC|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Architecture ===
[[File:Andal Temple.jpg|thumb|The large ''[[gopuram]]'' is a hallmark of [[Dravidian architecture]]]]

[[Dravidian architecture]] style of temple architecture consisted of a central sanctum (''[[garbhagriha]]'') topped by pyramidal tower or ''[[vimana]]'', porches or ''[[mantapa]]s'' preceding the door leading to the sanctum and large gate-pyramids or ''[[gopuram]]s'' on the quadrangular enclosures that surround the temple. Besides these, they consisted of large pillared halls and one or more [[pushkarni|water tank]]s or wells.<ref name="Hindu">{{cite book|last=Fergusson|first=James|title=History of Indian and Eastern Architecture: Volume 1|publisher=John Murray|location=London|page=309|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofindiana030585mbp/page/308/mode/2up|year=1910|author-link=James Fergusson (architect)}}</ref><ref name="Temple">{{cite book|author=Francis Ching|year=1995|title=A Visual Dictionary of Architecture|publisher=[[John Wiley and Sons]]|location=New York|isbn=978-0-4712-8451-2|page=253|url=https://ia802804.us.archive.org/18/items/avisualdictionaryofarchitecture/A%20Visual%20Dictionary%20of%20Architecture.pdf}}</ref> The gopuram is a monumental tower, usually ornate at the entrance of the temple forms a prominent feature of [[Koil|Hindu temples]] of the Dravidian style.<ref name="Temple"/><ref name="Gopuram">{{cite book|author1=Francis Ching|author2=Mark M. Jarzombek|author3=Vikramaditya Prakash|year=2017|title=A Global History of Architecture|publisher=[[John Wiley and Sons]]|location=New York|isbn=978-1-11898-161-0|page=320|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BtuHDgAAQBAJ|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716133737/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/A_Global_History_of_Architecture/BtuHDgAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HINqPkgNr2MC&pg=PA6|page=6|title=Hinduism|author=David Rose|year=1995|isbn=978-1-85276-770-9|publisher=[[Folens]]|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716133729/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Hinduism/HINqPkgNr2MC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA6|url-status=live}}</ref> They are topped by ''[[kalasam]]s'' ([[finial]]s) and function as gateways through the walls that surround the temple complex.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mgPXEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA224|page=224|title=History of Interior Design|author=Jeannie Ireland|year=2018|isbn=978-1-50131-989-1|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]]|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716133737/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/History_of_Interior_Design/mgPXEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA224|url-status=live}}</ref>

There are a number of early [[Indian rock-cut architecture|rock-cut]] cave-temples established by the various Tamil kingdoms.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9g_uDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA313|page=313|title=The Art of Ancient India: Buddhist, Hindu, Jain|author1=Susan L. Huntington|author2=John C. Huntington|year=2014|isbn=978-8-12083-617-4|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]]|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716133737/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Art_of_Ancient_India/9g_uDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA313|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Cave-temples in the Regions of the Pāṇdya, Muttaraiya, Atiyamān̤ and Āy Dynasties in Tamil Nadu and Kerala|first=D.|last=Dayalan|year=2014|publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HnPOAQAACAAJ|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716062055/https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Cave_temples_in_the_Regions_of_the_P%C4%81.html?id=HnPOAQAACAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Cave-temples of the Pallavas|author=K. R. Srinivasan|year=1964|publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNdOAAAAYAAJ|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716133730/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Cave_temples_of_the_Pallavas/ZNdOAAAAYAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram]], built by the [[Pallava art and architecture|Pallavas]] in the 7th and 8th centuries has more than forty rock-cut temples, monoliths and [[rock relief]]s.<ref name="UNC">{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/249|title=Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|access-date=3 April 2022|archive-date=2 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202145914/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/249|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=James G. Lochtefeld|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M|url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch|url-access=registration|year=2002|publisher=[[Rosen Publishing]]|isbn=978-0-82393-179-8|page=399}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Sacred Places of a Lifetime: 500 of the World's Most Peaceful and Powerful Destinations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jNqDFSxR8-MC&pg=PA154|year=2008|publisher=[[National Geographic Society]]|isbn=978-1-42620-336-7|page=154}}</ref> The Pallavas, who built the group of monuments in [[Mahabalipuram]] and [[Kanchipuram]], were one of the earliest patronisers of the Dravidian architectural style.<ref name="UNC"/><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nzpYb5UOeiwC|page=15|title=Cultural History of India|author=Om Prakash|year=2005|isbn=978-8-12241-5-872|publisher=New Age International|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716133738/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Cultural_History_of_India/nzpYb5UOeiwC|url-status=live}}</ref> These gateways became regular features in the [[Chola art and architecture|Cholas]] and the [[Pandyan art and architecture|Pandya architecture]], was later expanded by the Vijayanagara and the [[Madurai Nayaks|Nayaks]] and spread to other parts such as Sri Lanka.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/a/ars/13441566.0045.004/--tamil-gopura-from-temple-gateway-to-global-icon?rgn=main;view=fulltext|title=The Tamil Gopura From Temple Gateway to Global Icon|author=Crispin Branfoot|journal=Ars Orientalis |date=2015 |volume=45 |publisher=[[University of Michigan]]|doi=10.3998/ars.13441566.0045.004 |access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=4 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604025548/https://quod.lib.umich.edu/a/ars/13441566.0045.004/--tamil-gopura-from-temple-gateway-to-global-icon?rgn=main;view=fulltext|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Michell|first=George|title=The Hindu Temple|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|year=1988|location=Chicago|pages=151–153|isbn=978-0-22653-230-1|url=https://archive.org/details/hindutempleintro0000mich/page/8/mode/2up}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9037402/gopura|title=Gopuram|encyclopedia=[[Britannica]]|access-date=20 January 2008|archive-date=19 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819003114/https://www.britannica.com/technology/gopura|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Madurai]] (also called as "Temple city"), which hosts many temples including the massive [[Meenakshi Amman Temple]] and [[List of temples in Kanchipuram|Kanchipuram]], considered as one of the [[Sapta Puri|seven great holy cities]] are amongst the notable centres of Dravidian architecture.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kanchipuram|title=Kanchipuram|access-date=1 December 2023|encyclopedia=[[Britannica]]|archive-date=23 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223062718/https://www.britannica.com/place/Kanchipuram|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Meenaskshi-Amman-Temple|title=Meenakshi Amman Temple|access-date=1 December 2023|encyclopedia=[[Britannica]]|archive-date=23 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223062718/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Meenaskshi-Amman-Temple|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam|Srirangam Ranganathaswamy Temple]], which is amongst the biggest functioning Hindu temples in the world, has a {{convert|236|ft|m}} high [[Rajagopuram]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5894/|title=Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=16 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516231635/http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5894/|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Emblem of Tamil Nadu|state emblem]] also features the [[Lion Capital of Ashoka]] with an image of a Gopuram on the background.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/the-temple-that-found-a-place-in-tamil-nadus-emblem/article65320415.ece|title=A tower that is emblematic of the State|date=14 April 2022|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=17 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517204734/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/the-temple-that-found-a-place-in-tamil-nadus-emblem/article65320415.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/Which-Tamil-Nadu-temple-is-the-state-emblem/articleshow/55285143.cms|title=Which Tamil Nadu temple is the state emblem?|date=7 November 2016|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|access-date=20 January 2018|archive-date=12 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181112160826/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/Which-Tamil-Nadu-temple-is-the-state-emblem/articleshow/55285143.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

''[[Vimana (architectural feature)|Vimana]]'', which are similar structures built over the inner sanctum of the temple are usually smaller than the gopurams in the Dravidian architecture with a few exceptions such as the [[Brihadisvara Temple]] in [[Thanjavur]].<ref>{{cite book|author=S.R. Balasubrahmanyam|title=Middle Chola Temples|publisher=Thomson Press|year=1975|isbn=978-9-0602-3607-9|pages=16–29}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Neela|first1=N.|last2=Ambrosia|first2=G.|title=Vimana architecture under the Cholas|journal=Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science & Humanities|date=April 2016|volume=3|issue=4|page=57|url=https://www.shanlax.com/wp-content/uploads/SIJ_ASH_V3_N4_008.pdf|access-date=5 July 2019|issn=2321-788X|archive-date=5 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705140824/https://www.shanlax.com/wp-content/uploads/SIJ_ASH_V3_N4_008.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-culture/nagara-style-ayodhya-ram-temple-9118010/|title=What is the Nagara style, in which Ayodhya's Ram temple is being built|date=21 January 2024|access-date=1 June 2024|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|author=Arjun Senguptha|archive-date=26 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526113636/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-culture/nagara-style-ayodhya-ram-temple-9118010/|url-status=live}}</ref> There are more than 34,000 temples in Tamil Nadu built across various periods some of which are several centuries old.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Tamil-Nadu-Andhra-Pradesh-build-temple-ties-to-boost-tourism/articleshow/6284409.cms|title=Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh build temple ties to boost tourism|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 August 2010|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=18 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418203859/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Tamil-Nadu-Andhra-Pradesh-build-temple-ties-to-boost-tourism/articleshow/6284409.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The influence of Tamil culture had led to the construction of various temples outside India by the Tamil dispora.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nri/web-stories/10-hindu-temples-to-visit-outside-india/slideshow/104720622.cms?from=mdr|title=Ten Hindu temples to visit outside India|date=23 October 2021|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|archive-date=2 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802114059/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nri/web-stories/10-hindu-temples-to-visit-outside-india/slideshow/104720622.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/5-hindu-temples-outside-india-that-are-worth-a-visit/photostory/87366618.cms?picid=87366637|title=Five Hindu temples to visit outside India that are worth a visit|date=29 October 2021|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=2 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802114059/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/5-hindu-temples-outside-india-that-are-worth-a-visit/photostory/87366618.cms?picid=87366637|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Mugal Empire|Mugal]] influence in medieval times and the [[British Empire|British]] influence later gave rise to a blend of [[Hindu]], [[Islamic]] and [[Gothic revival]] styles, resulting in the distinct [[Indo-Saracenic]] architecture with several institutions during the British era following the style.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Metcalfe|first=Thomas R.|title=A Tradition Created: Indo-Saracenic Architecture under the Raj|journal=History Today|volume=32|issue=9|url=http://www.historytoday.com/thomas-r-metcalfe/tradition-created-indo-saracenic-architecture-under-raj|access-date=28 December 2012|archive-date=18 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618230153/https://www.historytoday.com/thomas-r-metcalfe/tradition-created-indo-saracenic-architecture-under-raj|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Indo-saracenic Architecture|work=Henry Irwin, Architect in India, 1841–1922|publisher=higman.de|url=http://www.higman.de/Henry%20Irwin/indo-saracenic.htm|access-date=28 December 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730131008/http://www.higman.de/Henry%20Irwin/indo-saracenic.htm|archive-date=30 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|last=Jeyaraj|first=George J.|title=Indo Saracenic Architecture in Channai|publisher=[[Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority]]|url=http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/pdfs/seminar_heritage_buildings/Indo_Saracenic_Architecture_in_Chennai.pdf|access-date=28 December 2012|archive-date=25 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725063408/http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/pdfs/seminar_heritage_buildings/Indo_Saracenic_Architecture_in_Chennai.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> By the early 20th century, the [[art deco]] made its entry upon in the urban landscape.<ref>{{cite news|title=Art Deco Style Remains, But Elements Missing|date=2 September 2014|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2014/sep/02/art-deco-style-remains-but-elements-missing-655242.html|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=28 December 2022|archive-date=8 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208132502/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2014/sep/02/Art-Deco-Style-Remains-But-Elements-Missing-655242.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In the later part of the century, the architecture witnessed a rise in the [[modernism|modern]] [[concrete]] buildings.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/chennai-a-rich-amalgamation-of-various-architectural-styles/article32451353.ece|title=Chennai, a rich amalgamation of various architectural styles|date=27 August 2020|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=17 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717174553/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/chennai-a-rich-amalgamation-of-various-architectural-styles/article32451353.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Chennai looks to the skies|date=31 October 2014|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/homes-and-gardens/Five-years-after-the-CMDA-allowed-buildings-to-go-above-60-metres-Chennai%E2%80%99s-skyline-finally-begins-to-look-up-finds-Vishal-Menon/article60348870.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=28 December 2022|archive-date=8 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208132503/https://www.thehindu.com/features/homes-and-gardens/Five-years-after-the-CMDA-allowed-buildings-to-go-above-60-metres-Chennai%E2%80%99s-skyline-finally-begins-to-look-up-finds-Vishal-Menon/article60348870.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Sculpture and paintings ===
[[File:Krishna Rukmini Satyabhama Garuda.jpg|thumb|[[Krishna]] with [[Rukmini]] and [[Satyabhama]] and his mount [[Garuda]] (12th–13th century CE)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://collections.lacma.org/node/203163|title=Krishna Rajamannar with His Wives, Rukmini and Satyabhama, and His Mount, Garuda | LACMA Collections|publisher=collections.lacma.org|access-date=23 September 2014|archive-date=16 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716040855/http://collections.lacma.org/node/203163|url-status=dead}}</ref>]]

Tamil sculpture ranges from stone sculptures in temples, to detailed [[bronze]] icons.<ref>{{cite web|title=Shilpaic literature of the tamils|first=V.|last=Ganapathi|url=http://www.intamm.com/arts/ancient.htm|publisher=INTAMM|access-date=4 December 2006|archive-date=16 October 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061016163149/http://www.intamm.com/arts/ancient.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The bronze statues of the Cholas are considered to be one of the greatest contributions of Tamil art.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Aschwin|last=Lippe|date=December 1971|title=Divine Images in Stone and Bronze: South India, Chola Dynasty (c. 850–1280)|journal=Metropolitan Museum Journal|volume=4|pages=29–79|quote=The bronze icons of the Early Chola period are one of India's greatest contributions to world art...|doi=10.2307/1512615|publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art|jstor=1512615|s2cid=192943206}}</ref> Models made of a special mixture of [[beeswax]] and [[sal tree]] [[resin]] were encased in clay and fired to melt the wax leaving a hollow mould, which would then be filled with molten metal and cooled to produce bronze statues.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=23F7vTn3hBMC|page=8|title=Art of the Imperial Cholas|author=Vidya Dehejia|year=1990|isbn=978-0-23151-524-5|publisher=Columbia University Press|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716133749/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Art_of_the_Imperial_Cholas/23F7vTn3hBMC|url-status=live}}</ref>

Tamil paintings are usually centered around natural, religious or aesthetic themes.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lD47AAAAMAAJ|page=459|title=Heritage of the Tamils: Art & Architecture|year=1983|publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies|editor=Ca. Vē Cuppiramaṇiyan̲|author=Ē. En̲ Perumāḷ|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716134237/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Heritage_of_the_Tamils/lD47AAAAMAAJ?|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Sittanavasal Cave|Sittanavasal]] is a rock-cut [[monastery]] and temple attributed to Pandyas and Pallavas which consist of [[fresco]]es and [[mural]]s from the 7th century CE, painted with vegetable and mineral dyes in over a thin wet surface of lime plaster.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.indian-heritage.org/swaminathan/sittannavasal/Sittannavasal%20-%20a%20booklet.pdf|author=Sudharsanam|title=A centre for Arts and Culture|access-date=26 October 2012|publisher=Indian Heritage Organization|archive-date=25 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130825144451/http://www.indian-heritage.org/swaminathan/sittannavasal/Sittannavasal%20-%20a%20booklet.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://puratattva.in/2011/05/02/sittanavasal-the-legacy-of-chitrasutra-13.html|title=Sittanavasal – A passage to the Indian History and Monuments|access-date=26 October 2012|publisher=Puratattva|date=2 May 2011|archive-date=14 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120814174527/http://puratattva.in/2011/05/02/sittanavasal-the-legacy-of-chitrasutra-13.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The Ajanta of TamilNadu|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20051127/spectrum/main3.htm|newspaper=The Tribune|date=27 November 2005|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=5 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405133236/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20051127/spectrum/main3.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Similar murals are found in temple walls, the most notable examples are the murals on the [[Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam|Ranganathaswamy Temple at Srirangam]] and the Brihadeeswarar temple at Thanjavur.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wnVuAAAAMAAJ|page=188|title=Tamil Nadu, a Real History|author=K. Rajayyan|year=2005|publisher=[[University of Michigan]]|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716134239/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Tamil_Nadu_a_Real_History/wnVuAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rI1DEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT141|page=141|title=Rajaraja Chola: Interplay Between an Imperial Regime and Productive Forces of Society|author=Raghavan Srinivasan|date=2021 |isbn=978-9-35458-2-233|publisher=Leadstart Publishing|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716134241/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Rajaraja_Chola_Interplay_Between_an_Impe/rI1DEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PT141|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Nayanthara|first=S.|title=The World of Indian murals and paintings|publisher=Chillbreeze|year=2006|isbn=978-8-19040-551-5|pages=55–57|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FbVe7pZ6GEIC|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716134240/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Indian_Murals_and_Paintings/FbVe7pZ6GEIC|url-status=live}}</ref> One of the major forms of Tamil painting is [[Thanjavur painting]], which originated in the 16th century CE where a base made of cloth and coated with [[zinc oxide]] is painted using dyes and then decorated with semi-precious stones, as well as silver or gold threads.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jv_VAAAAMAAJ|page=14|title=Thanjavur Paintings: Materials, Techniques & Conservation|author1=C. B. Gupta|author2=Mrinalini Mani|year=2005|isbn=978-8-18583-223-4|publisher=National Museum|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716134243/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Thanjavur_Paintings/jv_VAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Tanjavur Painting of the Maratha Period: Volume 1|first=Jaya|last=Appasamy|isbn=978-8-17017-127-0|year=1980|publisher=Abhinav Publications|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GtqKd5a-t4oC|page=9|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716134243/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Tanjavur_Painting_of_the_Maratha_Period/GtqKd5a-t4oC|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Music===
{{See also|Music of Tamil Nadu|Ancient Tamil music}}
[[File:Thaarai_Thappattai.jpeg|thumb|[[Tharai]] and [[Parai|Thappattai]], traditional music instruments]]

The ancient Tamil country had its own [[Ancient Tamil music|system of music]] called ''Tamil Pannisai''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Rajagopal|first=Geetha|title=Music rituals in the temples of South India, Volume 1|year=2009|publisher=[[Dorling Kindersley]]|isbn=978-8-12460-538-7|pages=111–112|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SgVPAQAAIAAJ&q=pannisai}}</ref> Sangam literature such as the ''[[Silappatikaram]]'' from 2nd century CE describes music notes and instruments.<ref>{{cite book|last=Nijenhuis|first=Emmie te|title=Indian Music: History and Structure|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|year=1974|isbn=978-9-00403-978-0|pages=4–5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NrgfAAAAIAAJ|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=10 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010005745/https://books.google.com/books?id=NrgfAAAAIAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lsctDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA241|page=241|title=Tamil Pozhil|publisher=Karanthai Tamil Sangam|year=1976|language=ta|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716145142/https://books.google.com/books?id=lsctDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA241#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> A Pallava inscription dated to the 7th century CE has one of the earliest surviving examples of Indian music in notation.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Orality, writing and music in South Asia|date=December 2019|doi=10.13140/RG.2.2.31623.96169|author=Richard Widdess|journal=School of Oriental and African Studies|url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Kudumiyamalai-Music-Inscription-detail-South-India-7-th-century_fig1_338108595}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Widdess|first=D. R.|contribution=The Kudumiyamalai inscription: a source of early Indian music in notation|editor-last=Picken|editor-first=Laurence|title=Musica Asiatica|volume=2|place=London|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=1979|pages=115–150}}</ref> The Pallava inscriptions from the period describe the playing of [[string instrument]] [[veena]] as a form of exercise for the fingers and the practice of singing musical hymns (''Thirupadigam'') in temples. From the 9th century CE, Shaivite hymns ''[[Thevaram]]'' and Vaishnavite hymns (''[[Tiruvaymoli]]'') were sung along with playing of musical instruments. [[Carnatic music]] originated later which included rhythmic and structured music by composers such [[Thyagaraja]], [[Muthuswami Dikshitar]], and [[Shyama Shastri]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pzurjfF3AE4C|page=ix-xvi|title=Music as a history in Tamil Nadu|author=T. K. Venkatasubramanian|year=2010|isbn=978-9-38060-7-061|publisher=Primus Books|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716134755/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Music_as_History_in_Tamilnadu/pzurjfF3AE4C|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Karnatak-music|title=Karnatak music|encyclopedia=[[Britannica]]|access-date=1 March 2023|archive-date=7 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307064333/https://www.britannica.com/art/Karnatak-music|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Villu Paatu]] is an ancient form of musical story-telling method where narration is interspersed with music played from a string bow and accompanying instruments.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last=Sadie|editor-first=Stanley|author=Alastair Dick|title=The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments|publisher=[[Macmillan Press]]|year=1984|volume=3|page=727|isbn=978-0-943818-05-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hLTWAAAAMAAJ|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716134755/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Musical_Inst/hLTWAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&pg=PA1314|page=1314|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature|year=1988|isbn=978-8-12601-194-0|publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716134756/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Encyclopaedia_of_Indian_Literature/zB4n3MVozbUC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA1314|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Gaana]], a combination of various folk musics is sung mainly in Chennai.<ref>{{cite news|title=Torching prejudice through gumption and Gaana|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/music/101019/torching-prejudice-through-gumption-and-gaana.html|last=G|first=Ezekiel Majello|date=10 October 2019|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=12 May 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206015436/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/music/101019/torching-prejudice-through-gumption-and-gaana.html|archive-date=6 December 2020}}</ref>

There are many traditional instruments from the region dating back to the Sangam period such as [[parai]],<ref>{{cite book|title=The Oxford Handbook of Applied Ethnomusicology|year=2015|isbn=978-0-199-35171-8|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|page=370|editor1=Jeff Todd Titon|editor2=Svanibor Pettan}}</ref> [[tharai]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Harihara the Legacy of the Scroll|first=Nithyau|last=Ramkumar|year=2016|isbn=978-9-352-01769-0|publisher=Frog in well|quote=..Thaarai and thappattai, native instruments of Tamil people..}}</ref> [[yazh]],<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7kc1DwAAQBAJ&q=yazh|title=Musical Instruments of India|author=S.Krishnaswami|year=2017|isbn=978-8-12302-494-3|publisher=Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, [[Government of India]]|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716134817/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Musical_Instruments_of_India/7kc1DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=yazh|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[murasu]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/secular-and-sacred/article4268995.ece|title=Secular and sacred|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=3 January 2013|access-date=10 September 2016|archive-date=7 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107170943/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/secular-and-sacred/article4268995.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=When the Kurinji Blooms|first=Rājam|last=Kiruṣṇan̲|year=2002|page=124|isbn=978-8-12501-619-9|publisher=[[Orient BlackSwan]]}}</ref> [[Nadaswaram]], a [[reed instrument]] that is often accompanied by the [[thavil]], a type of [[drum instrument]] are the major musical instruments used in temples and weddings.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v875EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA43|pages=38, 43|title=Problems and prospects of handicraft artisans in thanjavur district|author=K.Leelavathy|isbn=978-8-11965-350-8|publisher=Archers & Elevators Publishing House|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716145143/https://books.google.com/books?id=v875EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA43#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Melam]] is from a group of [[Madhalam|percussion instruments]] from the ancient Tamilakam which are played during events and functions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shaivam.org/siddhanta/isaikkaruvi/mis-thi-isai-karuvi-mathalam.htm|title=Mathalam - Ancient music instruments mentioned in Thirumurai|publisher=Shaivam.org|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130119053719/http://www.shaivam.org/siddhanta/isaikkaruvi/mis-thi-isai-karuvi-mathalam.htm|archive-date=19 January 2013|language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.projectmadurai.org/pm_etexts/utf8/pmuni0127_01.html|title=11th TirumuRai Paurams|publisher=Project Madurai|access-date=1 June 2024|language=ta|archive-date=27 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627210421/https://www.projectmadurai.org/pm_etexts/utf8/pmuni0127_01.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="AA"/>

[[Tyagaraja Aradhana]] is an annual music festival conducted in [[Tiruvaiyaru]], devoted to composer Tyagaraja where thousands of music artists congregate every year.<ref>{{cite book|title=Tourism in Tamil Nadu: Growth and Development|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jTmbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA14|page=14|last=Pillai|first=S. Subramania|publisher=MJP Publisher|year=2019|isbn=978-8-18094-432-1|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716085747/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=jTmbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA14|url-status=live}}</ref> In the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil]] month of [[Margazhi]], music concerts (''[[katcheri]]s'') are generally conducted, popular of which include the [[Madras Music Season]] by the [[Madras Music Academy]] and [[Chennaiyil Thiruvaiyaru]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/topic/Chennai_Margazhi_Season/|title=Margazhi season|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=6 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806053230/https://www.thehindu.com/topic/Chennai_Margazhi_Season/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/dec/05/music-season-begins-with-chennaiyil-thiruvaiyaru-fest-1907231.html|title=Chennai music season begins with 'Chennaiyil Thiruvaiyaru' festival|date=5 December 2018|newspaper=[[Indian Express]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=22 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222132957/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/dec/05/music-season-begins-with-chennaiyil-thiruvaiyaru-fest-1907231.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Knight|first=Douglas M. Jr.|title=Balasaraswati: Her Art and Life|year=2010|publisher=Wesleyan University Press|isbn=978-0-8195-6906-6|page=78|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q3EsA2NooW4C|access-date=8 February 2024|archive-date=14 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714133224/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q3EsA2NooW4C|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Dance===
{{Main|Dance forms of Tamil Nadu}}
[[File:Thanjavur,_Brihadishwara_Temple,_dance_(6851706080).jpg|thumb|A [[Bharatanatyam]] performance]]

[[Bharatanatyam]] is a major genre of [[Indian classical dance]] that originated from Tamil Nadu and practiced till today.<ref name="Loch">{{cite book|first=James|last=Lochtefeld|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M|year=2002|publisher=[[Rosen Publishing]]|isbn=978-0-82393-179-8|pages=103–104|url=https://ia802901.us.archive.org/15/items/JamesLochtefeldTheIllustratedEncyclopediaOfHinduism/James%20Lochtefeld%20The%20Illustrated%20Encyclopedia%20of%20Hinduism.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaculture.gov.in/dance|title=Bhartanatyam|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=30 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730074450/https://www.indiaculture.gov.in/dance|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Banerjee|first=Projesh|title=Indian Ballet Dancing|year=1983|publisher=Abhinav Publications|pages=42–43|isbn=978-0-391-02716-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5fXZKe3xHQAC|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716135259/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Indian_Ballet_Dancing/5fXZKe3xHQAC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Britbn">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/art/bharata-natyam|title=Bharata-natyam|encyclopedia=[[Britannica]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=28 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028175552/https://www.britannica.com/art/bharata-natyam|url-status=live}}</ref> It is one of the oldest classical dance forms of India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/lifestyle-gallery/in-pictures-on-international-dance-day-a-look-at-indias-famous-dance-forms-and-their-exponents-8580737/8/|title=On International Dance Day, a look at some of India's famous dance forms and their exponents|date=29 April 2023|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[The Indian Express]]|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716135308/https://indianexpress.com/just-now-breaking-scroll/?current_story_id=8580737&section_name=null|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Richard Schechner|title=Between Theater and Anthropology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DoEaulAxbu8C|year=2010|publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania]]|isbn=978-0-81227-929-0|page=65}}</ref> The dancer is usually dressed in a colorful silk [[sari]] with various jewelry, special anklets called ''salangai'' made up of small bells and hair plaited in a specific manner, decorated with flowers in a pattern called ''veni''.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://epgp.inflibnet.ac.in/epgpdata/uploads/epgp_content/S000451PA/P001529/M017850/ET/1481178296P3M28TEXT.pdf|title=Performing Arts: Detailed study of Bharatanatyam|publisher=[[Ministry of Human Resource Development]], [[Government of India]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716135301/https://epgp.inflibnet.ac.in/epgpdata/uploads/epgp_content/S000451PA/P001529/M017850/ET/1481178296P3M28TEXT.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Gurcharan Singh Randhawa|author2=Amitabha Mukhopadhyay|title=Floriculture in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bQCIZoKDG1kC&pg=PA607|year=1986|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=978-8-17023-494-4|pages=607–608|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716135302/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=bQCIZoKDG1kC&pg=PA607#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Swarajya Prakash Gupta|author2=Krishna Lal|author3=Mahua Bhattacharyya|title=Cultural tourism in India: museums, monuments & arts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QNeAAAAAMAAJ|year=2002|publisher=Indraprastha Museum of Art and Archaeology|isbn=978-8-12460-215-7|pages=198}}</ref> The dance is characterized by flexing of torso with bent legs or flexed out knees combined with various footwork and a number of gestures known as ''[[abhinaya]]'' using various hand ''[[mudra]]s'', expressions using the eyes and other face muscles.<ref name="Loch"/><ref>{{cite book|author=Janet O'Shea|title=At Home in the World: Bharata Natyam on the Global Stage|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4CfA4uDwCKwC|year=2007|publisher=[[Wesleyan University]]|isbn=978-0-81956-837-3|pages=70, 162, 198–200}}</ref>

[[File:MayilattamDSC_0024.resized.JPG|thumb|left|upright=0.6|A [[Mayilattam]] folk dancer]]

There are many [[folk dance]] forms that originated and are practiced in the region. [[Karakattam]] involves dancers balancing decorated pot(s) on the head while making dance movements with the body.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zQFlAAAAMAAJ|page=344|title=Kaṭṭaikkūttu: The Flexibility of a South Indian Theatre Tradition|author=Hanne M. de Bruin|year=1999|isbn=978-9-06980-103-2|publisher=[[University of Michigan]]|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716135302/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Ka%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADaikk%C5%ABttu/zQFlAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Ritual, State, and History in South Asia|first=J. C.|last=Heesterman|year=1992|page=465|isbn=978-9-00409-467-3|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EtwtSZwyWpgC&pg=PA465|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716135303/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Ritual_State_and_History_in_South_Asia/EtwtSZwyWpgC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA465|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Ethical Life in South Asia|year=2010|isbn=978-0-25335-528-7|publisher=[[Indiana University Press]]|page=105|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7R_nwe6r5R0C|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716135304/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Ethical_Life_in_South_Asia/7R_nwe6r5R0C|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Kavadi Aattam|Kavadiattam]] is part of a ceremonial act of sacrifice, wherein the dancers bear a ''kavadi'', an arch shaped wooden stick balanced on the shoulders with weights on both the ends.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kent|first=Alexandra|title=Divinity and Diversity: A Hindu Revitalization Movement in Malaysia|publisher=[[University of Hawaii Press]]|year=2005|isbn=978-8-79111-489-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ateYBgAAQBAJ|pages=170–174|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716135304/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Divinity_and_Diversity/ateYBgAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Portals: Opening Doorways to Other Realities Through the Senses|first=Lynne|last=Hume|year=2020|isbn=978-1-00018-987-2|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JWGtAwAAQBAJ|page=88|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716135305/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Portals/JWGtAwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Kolattam]] is usually performed by women in which two small sticks (''kol''s) are crisscrossed to make specific rhythms while singing songs.<ref>{{cite book|title=Dances Of India|year=2010|pages=60–65|isbn=978-8-12411-337-0|publisher=Har-Anand Publications|author=Shobana Gupta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7KeAES9dsUcC|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716135305/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Dances_of_India/7KeAES9dsUcC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Footprints of a Young Dancer:Journey & Experience|first=Aburva|last=Govindarajan|year=2016|isbn=978-1-61813-360-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZPepDAAAQBAJ|publisher=eBooks2go|page=26|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716135306/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Footprints_of_A_Young_Dancer/ZPepDAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/kolattam|title=Kolattam|publisher=[[Merriam Webster]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=1 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201052339/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/kolattam|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Kummi]] is similar to Kolattam, with the difference being that hands are used to make sounds while dancing instead of sticks used in the later.<ref>{{cite book|title=Tamil Culture in Ceylon: A General Introduction|first=M. D.|last=Raghavan|year=1971|publisher=[[University of Michigan]]|pages=274–275|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fb4LAAAAIAAJ|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316094022/https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Tamil_culture_in_Ceylon.html?id=Fb4LAAAAIAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hh03DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA919|page=990|title=The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music|year=2017|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|editor=Allison Arnold|isbn=978-1-35154-438-2|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716135307/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Garland_Encyclopedia_of_World_Music/Hh03DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA919|url-status=live}}</ref> In [[Mayilattam]], dancers dressed like [[Indian peafowl|peacocks]] with peacock feathers and headdresses perform movements to various folk songs and tunes while trying to imitate the movements of a peacock.<ref>{{cite book|last=Madhavan|first=Arya|title=Kudiyattam Theatre and the Actor's Consciousness|year=2010|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|isbn=978-9-04202-799-2|page=113|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jfl5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA113|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716135816/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Kudiyattam_Theatre_and_the_Actor_s_Consc/jfl5DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA113|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O3H8EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA207|page=207|title=Jhal Muri: Embracing Life's Unpredictable Flavours|author=Gaurab Dasgupta|year=2024|publisher=Blue Rose|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716135816/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Jhal_Muri_Embracing_Life_s_Unpredictable/O3H8EAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA207|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Oyilattam]], a traditional war dance where few men wearing ankle bells would stand in a line with pieces of colored cloth perform rhythmic steps to the accompanying music.<ref>{{cite book|title=Reinventing the Arts in Modern South India|year=2008|isbn=978-0-19569-084-2|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|first1=Devesh|last1=Soneji|first2=Indira|last2=Viswanathan Peterson|pages=334–335|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_LImAQAAIAAJ&q=Oyilattam|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716135817/https://books.google.co.in/books?redir_esc=y&id=_LImAQAAIAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Oyilattam|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|year=1993|title=Folk dances|journal=Seminar: The Monthly Symposium|publisher=Romeshraj Trust|pages=35}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.szcc.tn.nic.in/states/taminadu/folk/oyilattam.html|title=Oyilattam|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]], South Zone Cultural Center|access-date=3 August 2009|archive-date=19 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619070144/http://www.szcc.tn.nic.in/states/taminadu/folk/oyilattam.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Paampu attam]] is a snake dance performed by young girls, who wear specifically designed costumes like a [[snake]] skin and emulate movements of a snake.<ref>{{cite book|title=Indian Etiquette:A Glimpse Into India's Culture|first=Niraalee|last=Shah|year=2021|isbn=978-1-63886-554-4|publisher=[[Notion Press]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7YdUEAAAQBAJ|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716150207/https://books.google.com/books?id=7YdUEAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-dance/folk-dances/south-india.html|title=Folk dances of South India|publisher=Cultural India|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=5 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205023010/https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-dance/folk-dances/south-india.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Parai Attam|Paraiattam]] is a traditional dance that involves dancing while playing the parai, an ancient [[percussion instrument]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nathalaya.co.uk/classical-and-carnatic-instruments/percussion-instruments/parai|title=Parai|publisher=Nathalaya|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=8 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208162122/https://www.nathalaya.co.uk/classical-and-carnatic-instruments/percussion-instruments/parai|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Harihara the Legacy of the Scroll|first=Nithyau|last=Ramkumar|year=2016|isbn=978-9-35201-769-0|publisher=Frog in well|quote=..Thaarai and thappattai, native instruments of Tamil people..}}</ref> [[Puliyattam]] is performed by male dancers who paint themselves in yellow and black and wear masks, fuzzy ears, paws, [[fangs]] and a tail, and perform movements imitating a tiger.<ref>{{cite book|title=Spirit of the Tiger|year=2012|isbn=978-1-44545-472-6|publisher=Parragon Publishing|page=206|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ixb0rUW0wV0C|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716135820/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Spirit_of_the_Tiger/Ixb0rUW0wV0C|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Snodgrass|first=Mary Ellen|title=The Encyclopedia of World Folk Dance|year=2016|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]]|isbn=978-1-44225-749-8|pages=26–27|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DMGpDAAAQBAJ|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716135820/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Encyclopedia_of_World_Folk_Dance/DMGpDAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Poikkaal Kuthirai Aattam|Puravaiattam]] involves dancers getting into a wooden frame designed like the body of a horse on his/her hips and make prancing movements.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zh6z0nuIjAgC&pg=PA224|page=224|title=History, Religion and Culture of India|year=2004|publisher=Isha books|isbn=978-8-18205-061-7|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716135822/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/History_Religion_and_Culture_of_India/zh6z0nuIjAgC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA224|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Traditions of Indian Folk Dance|first=Kapila|last=Vatsyayan|year=1987|page=337|isbn=978-8-18512-022-5|publisher=Clarion Books|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I2K1AAAAIAAJ|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716140331/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Traditions_of_Indian_Folk_Dance/I2K1AAAAIAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> Other folk dances include Bhagavatha nadanam, Chakkaiattam, Devarattam, Kai silambattam, Kuravanji, Sevaiattam and Urumiattam.<ref>{{cite book|title=Flipside of Hindu Symbolism:Sociological and Scientific Linkages in Hinduism|first=M.K.V.|last=Narayan|year=2007|pages=138–139|isbn=978-1-59682-117-0|publisher=Fultus Corporation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ewRfp4qpvt4C&q=Chakkaiattam|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716140333/https://books.google.co.in/books?redir_esc=y&id=ewRfp4qpvt4C&q=Chakkaiattam#v=snippet&q=Chakkaiattam&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s8vfAAAAMAAJ|pages=226–227|title=Folk Dance Traditions of India|author=Shovana Narayan|publisher=Shubhi Publication|year=2004|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716140333/https://books.google.co.in/books?redir_esc=y&id=s8vfAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Performance arts===
[[File:Tamil nadu, burattini del bommalattam.jpg|thumb|[[Marionette|Doll marionette]]s used in Bommalattam]]

[[Koothu]] is a form of street theater that consists of a play performance which consists of dance along with music, narration and singing.<ref>{{cite book|title=Images of the Body in India: South Asian and European Perspectives on Rituals and Performativity|year=2012|isbn=978-1-13670-392-8|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|editor1=Axel Michaels|editor2=Christoph Wulf|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ui2pAgAAQBAJ&q=koothu|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716140334/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Images_of_the_Body_in_India/ui2pAgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=koothu|url-status=live}}</ref> The performers wear elaborate wooden headgear, special costumes with swirling skirts, ornaments such as heavy anklets along with prominent face painting and make-up. The art is performed during festivals in open public places and is usually dedicated to goddesses such as Mariamman or [[Draupadi]] with stories drawn from Hindu epics, mythology and folklore. The dance is accompanied by music played from traditional instruments and a ''kattiyakaran'' narrates the story during the performance.<ref name="Koothu">{{cite book|title=Masks and Performance with Everyday Materials|first1=Gita|last1=Wolf|first2=V.|last2=Geetha|first3=Anushka|last3=Ravishankar|year=2003|isbn=978-8-18621-147-2|publisher=Tara Publishing|pages=37–38|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c4XWU6kr1_UC&pg=PA37|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716140337/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Masks_and_Performance_with_Everyday_Mate/c4XWU6kr1_UC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA37|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Bommalattam]] is a type of [[puppetry]] that uses various [[Marionette|doll marionette]]s manipulated by rods and strings attached to them.<ref>{{cite book|title=Routledge Handbook of Asian Theatre|year=2016|isbn=978-1-317-27886-3|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|first=Siyuan|last=Liu|page=182|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1iFCwAAQBAJ|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716140340/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Routledge_Handbook_of_Asian_Theatre/H1iFCwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Theatres of India: A Concise Companion|year=2009|pages=71, 433|isbn=978-0-19569-917-3|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|first=Ananda|last=Lal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DftkAAAAMAAJ|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716140347/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Oxford_Companion_to_Indian_Theatre/DftkAAAAMAAJ?|url-status=live}}</ref> The puppeteers operate the puppets behind a screen illuminated by [[oil lamps]] and wear bells which are sounded along with the movements with background music played by traditional instruments. The themes are drawn from various Hindu scriptures such as the [[Puranas]] and epics and/with local folklore.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Cambridge Guide to Asian Theatre|year=1997|isbn=978-0-521-58822-5|page=84|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|first1=James|last1=Brandon|first2=Martin|last2=Banham|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ttnH5W9qoBAC}}</ref> [[Chennai Sangamam]] is a large annual open [[Tamil people|Tamil]] cultural festival held in Chennai with the intention of rejuvenating the old village festivals, art and artists.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/chennai-sangamam-to-return-after-a-decade/articleshow/96609404.cms|title=Chennai Sangamam to return after a decade|date=30 December 2022|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=22 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222132958/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/chennai-sangamam-to-return-after-a-decade/articleshow/96609404.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Martial arts ===
[[File:Silambam vector.svg|thumb|[[Silambam]] is an ancient martial art form]]

[[Silambam]] is a [[Indian martial arts|martial art]] using a long staff of about {{cvt|168|cm}} in length, often made of wood such as bamboo.<ref>{{cite web|title=Martial Arts (Silambam & Kalaripayattu)|url=https://fitindia.gov.in/events/martial-arts-sillambam-kalaripayattu/|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=27 November 2020|archive-date=5 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205090742/https://fitindia.gov.in/events/martial-arts-sillambam-kalaripayattu/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Nainar|first=Nahla|date=20 January 2017|title=A stick in time …|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/A-stick-in-time-%E2%80%A6/article17067195.ece|access-date=11 February 2023|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=2 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902212850/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/A-stick-in-time-%E2%80%A6/article17067195.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> It was used for self-defense and to ward off animals and later evolved into a martial art and dance form.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sarkar|first=John|title=Dravidian martial art on a comeback mode|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/dravidian-martial-art-on-a-comeback-mode/articleshow/2788821.cms|access-date=5 December 2020|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=17 February 2008|archive-date=31 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731104255/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/dravidian-martial-art-on-a-comeback-mode/articleshow/2788821.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Adimurai]] (or Kuttu varisai) is a martial art specializing in empty-hand techniques and application on vital points of the body.<ref name="Warrior">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QlI0fxSm1vgC&pg=PA36|page=36|title=The Way of the Warrior|author=Chris Crudelli|year=2008|isbn=978-1-40533-750-2|publisher=[[Dorling Kindersley]]|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716140848/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Way_of_the_Warrior/QlI0fxSm1vgC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA36|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/life-style/adimurai-oldest-form-of-martial-arts-in-the-world-783629|title=Adimurai|date=18 February 2023 |publisher=[[The Hans India]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=29 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329181645/https://www.thehansindia.com/life-style/adimurai-oldest-form-of-martial-arts-in-the-world-783629|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Luijendijk|first=D.H.|title=Kalarippayat: India's Ancient Martial Art|year=2005|publisher=Paladin Press|isbn=978-1-40922-626-0}}</ref> [[Varma kalai]] is a Tamil traditional art of vital points which combines alternative medicine and martial arts, attributed to sage [[Agastya|Agastiyar]] and might form part of the training of other martial arts such as silambattam, adimurai or [[kalaripayattu|kalari]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Zarrilli, Phillip B.|year=1992|title=To Heal and/or To Harm: The Vital Spots (Marmmam/Varmam) in Two South Indian Martial Traditions Part I: Focus on Kerala's Kalarippayattu|url=https://spa.exeter.ac.uk/drama/staff/kalari/healharm.html|journal=[[Journal of Asian Martial Arts]]|volume=1|issue=1|access-date=23 February 2023|archive-date=1 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601082829/https://spa.exeter.ac.uk/drama/staff/kalari/healharm.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Malyutham]] is the traditional form of combat-wrestling.<ref name="Warrior"/><ref>{{cite journal|first=Joseph S.|last=Alter|author-link=Joseph Alter|date=May 1992|title=The ''sannyasi'' and the Indian wrestler: the anatomy of a relationship|journal=American Ethnologist|volume=19|issue=2|pages=317–336|issn=0094-0496|doi=10.1525/ae.1992.19.2.02a00070|jstor=645039 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/645039|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=9 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309133400/https://www.jstor.org/stable/645039|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

Tamil martial arts uses various types of weapons such as [[valari]] (iron sickle), [[maduvu]] (deer horns), [[sword|vaal]] (sword) and [[shield|kedayam]] (shield), [[Urumi|surul vaal]] (curling blade), [[spear|itti]] or [[vel]] (spear), [[savuku]] (whip), [[Katar (dagger)|kattari]] (fist blade), [[aruval]] (mchete), silambam (bamboo staff), [[knuckleduster|kuttu katai]] (spiked knuckleduster), [[dagger|kathi]] (dagger), [[bow and arrow|vil ambu]] (bow and arrow), [[Gada (mace)|tantayutam]] (mace), [[Trishula|soolam]] (trident), [[valari]] (boomerang), [[discus|chakaram]] (discus) and theepandam (flaming baton).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://silambam.org.in/silambam-education-weapons.html|title=Silambam weapons|work=[[World Silambam Association]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailynews.lk/2024/05/13/featured/535362/hidden-dance-of-the-deadly-staff/|title=Hidden Dance of the Deadly Staff|date=13 May 2024|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[Daily News (Sri Lanka)|Daily News]]}}</ref> Since the early Sangam age, war was regarded as an honourable sacrifice and fallen heroes and kings were worshipped with [[hero stone]]s and heroic [[martyrdom]] was glorified in ancient Tamil literature.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Peter J. Claus|author2=Sarah Diamond|author3=Margaret Ann Mills|title=South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia|year=2003|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-93919-5|pages=21, 386|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ienxrTPHzzwC|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=29 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529095237/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=ienxrTPHzzwC&redir_esc=y|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Modern arts===
{{main|Tamil cinema|Tamil television soap opera}}

Tamil Nadu is also home to the Tamil film industry nicknamed as [[Kollywood]] and is one of the largest industries of film production in India.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Tamil-leads-as-India-tops-film-production/articleshow/21967065.cms|title=Tamil Nadu leads in film production|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 August 2013|access-date=25 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141116192759/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Tamil-leads-as-India-tops-film-production/articleshow/21967065.cms|archive-date=16 November 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=Business Standard|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/tamil-telugu-film-industries-outshine-bollywood/238821/|title=Tamil, Telugu film industries outshine Bollywood|date=25 January 2006|access-date=19 February 2012|last1=Bureau|first1=Our Regional|archive-date=25 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325024848/https://www.business-standard.com/article/Companies/Tamil-Telugu-film-industries-outshine-Bollywood-106012501034_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The term Kollywood is a blend of [[Kodambakkam]] and [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Hiro|first=Dilip|title=After Empire: The Birth of a Multipolar World|year=2010|isbn=978-1-56858-427-0|page=248|publisher=PublicAffairs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zlivv_pQWnAC&q=Kollywood&pg=PA248|access-date=20 October 2020|archive-date=22 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822035814/https://books.google.com/books?id=Zlivv_pQWnAC&q=Kollywood&pg=PA248|url-status=live }}</ref> [[Samikannu Vincent]], who had built the first cinema of South India in [[Coimbatore]], introduced the concept of "Tent Cinema" in the early 1900s, in which a tent was erected on a stretch of open land close to a town or village to screen the films. The first of its kind was established in Madras, called "Edison's Grand Cinemamegaphone".<ref>{{cite news|date=18 October 2013|title=A way of life|newspaper=Frontline|url=https://www.frontline.in/arts-and-culture/cinema/a-way-of-life/article5189219.ece|access-date=19 June 2018|archive-date=6 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140206150806/https://www.frontline.in/arts-and-culture/cinema/a-way-of-life/article5189219.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/Cinema-and-the-city/article15513259.ece|title=Cinema and the city|date=9 January 2009|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 March 2023|archive-date=23 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023234933/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/Cinema-and-the-city/article15513259.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/farewell-to-old-cinema-halls/articleshow/8202426.cms|title=Farewell to old cinema halls|date=9 May 2011|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|access-date=19 June 2018|archive-date=5 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005001958/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/Farewell-to-old-cinema-halls/articleshow/8202426.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The first silent film in South India was produced in Tamil in 1916 and the first Tamil talkie film was ''[[Kalidas (film)|Kalidas]]'', which released on 31 October 1931, barely seven months after the release of India's first talking picture ''[[Alam Ara]]''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Velayutham|first=Selvaraj|title=Tamil cinema: the cultural politics of India's other film industry|page=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=65Aqrna4o5oC&q=Tamil+cinema+industry|isbn=978-0-415-39680-6|year=2008|publisher=[[Routledge]]|access-date=20 October 2020|archive-date=22 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822035817/https://books.google.com/books?id=65Aqrna4o5oC&q=Tamil+cinema+industry|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/from-silent-films-to-the-digital-era-madras-tryst-with-cinema/article32476615.ece|title=From silent films to the digital era — Madras' tryst with cinema|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=30 August 2020|access-date=29 June 2021|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108035615/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/from-silent-films-to-the-digital-era-madras-tryst-with-cinema/article32476615.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Clothing==
[[File:Kanchipuram sarees (7642282200).jpg|thumb|[[Kanchipuram silk sari]]s worn by women on special occasions]]

Ancient literature and epigraphical records describe the various types of dresses.<ref>{{cite book|last=Parthasarathy|first=R.|year=1993|title=The Tale of an Anklet: An Epic of South India – The Cilappatikaram of Ilanko Atikal, Translations from the Asian Classics|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|location=New York|isbn=978-0-23107-849-8}}</ref><ref name="Costume">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ALUvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA34|page=34|title=Historical Dictionary of the Tamils|author=Vijaya Ramaswamy|year=2017|isbn=978-1-53810-686-0|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]]|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716140850/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Historical_Dictionary_of_the_Tamils/ALUvDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA34|url-status=live}}</ref> Tamil women traditionally wear a ''[[sari]]'', a garment that consists of a drape varying from {{cvt|15|ft|order=flip}} to {{cvt|27|ft|order=flip}} in length and {{cvt|2|ft|order=flip}} to {{cvt|4|ft|order=flip}} in breadth that is typically wrapped around the waist, with one end draped over the shoulder, baring the midriff.<ref>{{cite book|last=Boulanger|first=Chantal|title=Saris: An Illustrated Guide to the Indian Art of Draping|year=1997|publisher=Shakti Press International|location=New York|isbn=978-0-96614-961-6|pages=6,15|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_1pEAAAAYAAJ|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716140902/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Saris/_1pEAAAAYAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Lynton|first=Linda|title=The Sari|year=1995|publisher=Harry N. Abrams|location=New York|isbn=978-0-50028-378-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v4dlQgAACAAJ|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716140858/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Sari/v4dlQgAACAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ohvzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA196|page=196|title=Indian Art & Culture|author=Anurag Kumar|year=2016|isbn=978-9-35094-484-4|publisher=Arihant Publication|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716140858/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Indian_Art_Culture/ohvzDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA196|url-status=live}}</ref> Women wear colourful [[silk saree]]s on traditional occasions.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V5P_EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT47|page=47|title=Exploring The Riches Of India|author=Nick Huyes|date=10 May 2024|publisher=Nicky Huys Books|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716150217/https://books.google.com/books?id=V5P_EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT47#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Sociology of Religion|first1=Susanne|last1=C. Monahan|first2=William|last2=Andrew Mirola|first3=Michael|last3=O. Emerson|publisher=Prentice Hall|year=2001|isbn=978-0-13025-380-4|page=83}}</ref> Young girls wear a long skirt called ''pavaadai'' along with a shorter length sari called ''dhavani''.<ref name="Costume"/> [[Kanchipuram silk sari]] is a type of [[silk]] sari made in the Kanchipuram region in Tamil Nadu and these saris are worn as bridal & special occasion saris by most women in South India. It has been recognized as a [[Geographical indication]] by the Government of India in 2005{{ndash}}2006.<ref>{{cite news|title=Weaving through the threads|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-editorialfeatures/weaving-through-threads-of-kancheepurams-history/article3264339.ece|access-date=7 March 2015|archive-date=14 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140614090426/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-editorialfeatures/weaving-through-threads-of-kancheepurams-history/article3264339.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="GI">{{cite report|url=https://ipindia.gov.in/writereaddata/Portal/Images/pdf/Year_wise_GI_Application_Register_-_31-08-2023.pdf|title=Geographical indications of India|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=28 June 2023|archive-date=15 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015172118/https://ipindia.gov.in/writereaddata/Portal/Images/pdf/Year_wise_GI_Application_Register_-_31-08-2023.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Kovai Cora cotton]] is a specific type of [[cotton]] saree made in the [[Coimbatore]] region.<ref name="GI"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/31-ethnic-Indian-products-given-GI-protection-in-0708/292305|title=31 ethnic Indian products given|newspaper=Financial Express|access-date=28 June 2015|archive-date=28 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328173207/https://www.financialexpress.com/policy/economy-31-ethnic-Indian-products-given-GI-protection-in-0708-292305/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The men wear a ''[[veshti]]'', a rectangular piece of non-stitched cloth, of varying lengths, that is wrapped around the legs and knotted at the waist. It is often white, bordered in brightly coloured stripes.<ref name="Dress">{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/cocktail-conversations-veshti-vs-dhoti/articleshow/8324642.cms|title=Veshti Vs Dhoti|date=15 May 2011|access-date=1 June 2025|work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> The style of draping might vary between communities, and men sometimes wear a hip belt to hold the veshti in place.<ref name="Drape"/> Traditional attire includes a ''[[dhoti]]'', a costume similar to veshti, which is a long, white rectangular piece of non-stitched cloth, that is wrapped around the waist, looped around the legs (similar to trousers) and knotted at the waist.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/dhoti|title=About Dhoti|encyclopedia=[[Britannica]]|access-date=12 January 2016|archive-date=13 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313150055/http://www.britannica.com/topic/dhoti|url-status=live}}</ref> A ''[[lungi]]'', which is similar to a veshti but made tubular with the ends stitched together, designed with colourful [[batik]] patterns, is a common form of male attire in the countryside.<ref name="Dress"/><ref name="Cloth">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/India/Clothing|title=Clothing in India|encyclopedia=[[Britannica]]|access-date=12 January 2016|archive-date=17 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317074255/http://www.britannica.com/place/India/Clothing|url-status=live}}</ref> People in urban areas generally wear tailored clothing, and western dress is popular. Western-style school uniforms are worn by both boys and girls in schools, even in rural areas.<ref name="Cloth"/>

== Calendar ==
{{main|Tamil calendar}}

The Tamil calendar is a [[Sidereal time|sidereal]] [[solar calendar]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/indiancalendarwi00sewerich/page/12/mode/2up?q=tamil|pages=11–12|author1=Robert Sewell|author2=Sankara Dikshit|title=The Indian Calendar|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]]|year=1995}}</ref> The ''Tamil [[Panchangam]]'' is based on the same and is generally used in contemporary times to check auspicious times for cultural and religious events.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y4RIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA226|page=226|title=Singapore Ethnic Mosaic, The: Many Cultures, One People|year=2017|isbn=978-9-81323-475-8|publisher=World Scientific Publishing Company|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716150230/https://books.google.com/books?id=Y4RIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA226#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> The calendar follows a 60-year cycle.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.saveca.ca/Sixty%20year%20cycle.pdf|title=Sixty year cycle|publisher=Sankara Vedic Culture and Arts|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716143712/https://www.saveca.ca/Sixty%20year%20cycle.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> There are 12 months in a year starting with ''[[Chithirai]]'' when the [[Sun]] enters the first ''[[Rāśi]]'' and the number of days in a month varies between 29 and 32.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/IndianCalendricSystem-SK-Chatterjee/page/n15/mode/2up?q=tamil|author=S.K. Chatterjee|title=Indian Calendric System|publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, [[Government of India]]|year=1998|pages=9–12}}</ref> The new year starts following the [[March equinox]] in the middle of April.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dbibAAAAQBAJ|page=809|title=Britannica Encyclopedia of World Religions|publisher=[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]]|year=2008|isbn=978-1-59339-491-2|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=6 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806053301/https://books.google.com/books?id=dbibAAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> The days of week (''kiḻamai'') in the Tamil calendar relate to the celestial bodies in the solar system: [[Sun]], [[Moon]], [[Mars]], [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]], [[Jupiter]], [[Venus]], and [[Saturn]], in that order.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w76Ler3OvEcC&pg=PA631|page=631|title=Tamil dictionary|author=Johann Philipp Fabricius|year=1998|isbn=978-8-12060-264-9|publisher=Asian Educational Services|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=6 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806053231/https://books.google.com/books?id=w76Ler3OvEcC&pg=PA631#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Food and hospitality ==
[[File:South Indian food cuisine.jpg|thumb|A traditional meal served on a banana leaf]]
{{Main|Tamil cuisine}}

[[Hospitality]] is a major feature of Tamil culture.<ref>{{cite book|title=Tamil Culture: Religion, Culture, and Literature|author=A. Kiruṭṭin̲an̲|year=2000|isbn=978-8-18605-052-1|publisher=Bharatiya Kala Prakashan|page=77}}</ref> It was considered as a social obligation and offering food to guests was regarded as one of the highest virtues.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8KuQkclfSxsC&pg=PA658|page=658|title=Social Problems in India|author=Selwyn Stanley|year=2004|isbn=978-8-17764-708-2|publisher=Allied Publishers|access-date=15 July 2024|archive-date=15 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715174158/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Social_Problems_in_India/8KuQkclfSxsC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA658|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://irjt.iorpress.org/index.php/irjt/article/view/1049|title=Hospitality Characteristics of Tamil People|journal=International Tamil Research|volume=4|year=2022|access-date=15 July 2024|archive-date=17 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817042310/https://irjt.iorpress.org/index.php/irjt/article/view/1049|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Rice]] is the diet staple and is served with [[Sambar (dish)|sambar]], [[Rasam (dish)|rasam]], and [[poriyal]] as a part of a Tamil meal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2024/Jul/09/rediscovering-the-richness-of-rice|title=Rediscovering the richness of rice|date=9 July 2024|access-date=11 July 2024|publisher=[[The New Indian Express]]|archive-date=11 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711010328/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2024/Jul/09/rediscovering-the-richness-of-rice|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_HwMAQAAMAAJ&q=tamil+meal+sambar+rasam+poriyal|page=412|title=South India Heritage: An Introduction|year=2007|isbn=978-8-18866-164-0|publisher=East West Books}}</ref> [[Bananas]] find mention in the Sangam literature and the traditional way of eating a meal involves having the food served on a [[banana leaf]], which is discarded after the meal. Eating on banana leaves imparts a unique flavor to the food, and is considered healthy.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Bloomsbury Handbook of Indian Cuisine|year=2023|isbn=978-1-350-12864-4|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3jusEAAAQBAJ|page=41|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716151737/https://books.google.com/books?id=3jusEAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://iskconhighertaste.com/bananaleaf_sattvic.html|title=Serving on a banana leaf|publisher=ISCKON|access-date=1 January 2023|archive-date=31 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531220859/http://iskconhighertaste.com/bananaleaf_sattvic.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/health/healthyliving/the-benefits-of-eating-food-on-banana-leaves-242512.html|title=The Benefits of Eating Food on Banana Leaves|work=India Times|date=9 March 2015|access-date=20 March 2016|archive-date=7 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307041415/http://www.indiatimes.com/health/healthyliving/the-benefits-of-eating-food-on-banana-leaves-242512.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Food is usually eaten seated on the floor and the finger tips of the right hand is used to take the food to the mouth.<ref>{{cite book|title=India: The Culture|first=Bobbie|last=Kalman|publisher=Crabtree Publishing Company|year=2009|page=29|isbn=978-0-7787-9287-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UuDBEsOF6G4C|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=19 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419005150/https://books.google.com/books?id=UuDBEsOF6G4C|url-status=live}}</ref>

There are regional sub-varieties namely Chettinadu, Kongunadu, Nanjilnadu, Pandiyanadu and Sri Lankan Tamil cuisines.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/food/recipes|title=Food recipes|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=10 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610171229/https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/food/recipes|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="SL">{{cite web|title=Big, bold flavours from a small island|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/lifestyle/food-and-drink/big-bold-flavours-from-a-small-island-2866110|date=28 January 2024|access-date=1 June 2024|publisher=[[Deccan Herald]]|archive-date=28 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128000946/https://www.deccanherald.com/lifestyle/food-and-drink/big-bold-flavours-from-a-small-island-2866110|url-status=live}}</ref> There are both vegetarian and meat dishes with [[fish]] traditionally consumed across the coast and other meat preferred in the interiors. The Chettinadu cuisine is popular for its meat based dishes and generous usage of [[spices]].<ref name="ETC">{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/food/indias-pluralism-traditional-cuisines-of-tamil-nadu-largely-about-meat-fish/articleshow/49304324.cms?from=mdr|title=India's pluralism: Traditional cuisines of Tamil Nadu largely about meat & fish|publisher=[[The Economic Times]]|date=11 October 2015|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=20 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201220160216/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/food/indias-pluralism-traditional-cuisines-of-tamil-nadu-largely-about-meat-fish/articleshow/49304324.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref> The Kongunadu cuisine uses less spices and are generally cooked fresh. It uses [[coconut]], [[sesame seeds]], [[Arachis hypogaea|groundnut]], and [[turmeric]] to go with various cereals and pulses grown in the region.<ref name="ETC"/><ref name="KN">{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/web-only/2023/Jul/22/flavours-of-kongunadu-there-are-several-tamil-nadus-when-it-comes-to-food-2597501.html|title=Flavours of Kongunadu: There are several Tamil Nadus when it comes to food|date=22 July 2023|access-date=1 June 2024|publisher=[[The New Indian Express]]|archive-date=22 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722180757/https://www.newindianexpress.com/web-only/2023/jul/22/flavours-of-kongunadu-there-are-several-tamil-nadus-when-it-comes-to-food-2597501.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Nanjilnadu cuisine is milder and is usually based on fish and vegetables.<ref name="ETC"/> Sri Lankan Tamil cuisine uses [[gingelly oil]] and [[jaggery]] along with coconut and spices, which differentiates it from the other culinary traditions in the island.<ref name="SL"/> [[Biryani]] is a popular dish with several different versions prepared across various regions.<ref name="KN"/> [[Idli]], and [[Dosa (food)|dosa]] are popular breakfast dishes and other dishes cooked by to the Tamil people include [[upma]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/lifestyle/food/recipes/6-breakfast-items-from-tamil-nadu-to-have-instead-of-idli-and-dosa-article-108816150|title=6 Breakfast Items From Tamil Nadu To Have Instead Of Idli and Dosa|date=27 March 2024|access-date=1 June 2024|publisher=[[Times Now]]|archive-date=27 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327235308/https://www.timesnownews.com/lifestyle/food/recipes/6-breakfast-items-from-tamil-nadu-to-have-instead-of-idli-and-dosa-article-108816150|url-status=live}}</ref> [[idiappam]],<ref>{{cite book|first=K.T.|last=Achaya|title=The Story of Our Food|date=1 November 2003|publisher=Universities Press|isbn=978-8-17371-293-7|page=80}}</ref> [[Pongal (dish)|pongal]],<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4QHE-qKU-ugC&pg=PA170|page=170|title=Acceptable Genes? Religious Traditions and Genetically Modified Foods|year=2009|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-1-43842-894-9|editor=Conrad Bunk|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716151738/https://books.google.com/books?id=4QHE-qKU-ugC&pg=PA170#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> [[paniyaram]],<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x4kkEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT265|title=Tamilnadu A Journey in Time Part II People, Places and Potpourri|author=George Abraham Pottamkulam|year=2021|isbn=978-1-63806-520-3|publisher=[[Notion Press]]|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716141934/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Tamilnadu_A_Journey_in_Time_Part_II/x4kkEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PT265|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[parotta]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yg8HEAAAQBAJ|title=India, Sri Lanka and the SAARC Region: History, Popular Culture and Heritage|author=Lopamudra Maitra Bajpai|year=2020|isbn=978-1-00020-581-7|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716141935/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/India_Sri_Lanka_and_the_SAARC_Region/yg8HEAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Medicine ==
{{main|Siddha medicine}}

[[Siddha medicine]] is a form of [[traditional medicine]] originating from the Tamils and is one of the oldest systems of medicine in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nischennai.org/main/siddha-medicine/|title=About Siddha medicine: Origins|publisher=[[National Institute of Siddha]]|access-date=16 February 2024|archive-date=10 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210052929/https://nischennai.org/main/siddha-medicine/|url-status=live}}</ref> The word literally means perfection in Tamil and the system focuses on wholesome treatment based on various factors. As per Tamil tradition, the knowledge of Siddha medicine came from [[Shiva]], which was passed on to 18 holy men known as ''[[Siddhar]]'' led by [[Agastya]]. The knowledge was then passed on orally and through palm leaf manuscripts to the later generations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ayushedu.bisag-n.gov.in/AYUSH_EDU/siddha|title=About Siddha|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Siddha practitioners believe that all objects including the human body is composed of five basic elements – earth, water, fire, air, sky which are present in food and other compounds, which is used as the basis for the drugs and other therapies.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://siddhacouncil.com/ccrs/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Siddha-Dossier_CCRS_Chennai-1.pdf|title=Siddha system of medicine|date=August 2020|access-date=1 June 2024|publisher=National Siddha Council|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716144733/https://siddhacouncil.com/ccrs/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Siddha-Dossier_CCRS_Chennai-1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Festivals ==
[[File:Madurai-alanganallur-jallikattu.jpg|thumb|[[Jallikattu]], a traditional bull taming event held during [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]] festivities, attracts huge crowds]]

[[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]] is a major and multi-day [[harvest festival]] celebrated by Tamils in the month of [[Thai month|Thai]] according to the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil solar calendar]] (usually falls on 14 or 15 January).<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RNBgCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA126|page=126|title=Vegetarianism and Animal Ethics in Contemporary Buddhism|author=James Stewart|year=2015|isbn=978-1-31762-398-4|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716141936/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Vegetarianism_and_Animal_Ethics_in_Conte/RNBgCgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA126|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Beteille|first=Andre|title=89. A Note on the Pongal Festival in a Tanjore Village|journal=Man|publisher=Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland|volume=64|year=1964|issue=2 |issn=0025-1496|doi=10.2307/2797924|pages=73–75|jstor=2797924 }}</ref> It is dedicated to the [[Surya]], the Sun God and the festival is named after the ceremonial "Pongal", which means "to boil, overflow" and refers to the traditional dish prepared from the new harvest of rice boiled in milk with [[jaggery]] offered to Surya.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Denise Cush|author2=Catherine A. Robinson|author3=Michael York|title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i_T0HeWE-EAC|year=2008|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-7007-1267-0|pages=610–611|access-date=30 October 2019|archive-date=21 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421115354/https://books.google.com/books?id=i_T0HeWE-EAC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=R Abbas|editor=S Ganeshram and C Bhavani|title=History of People and Their Environs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=crxUQR_qBXYC|year=2011|publisher=Bharathi Puthakalayam|isbn=978-9-38032-591-0|pages=751–752|access-date=30 October 2019|archive-date=21 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421115350/https://books.google.com/books?id=crxUQR_qBXYC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=J. Gordon Melton|title=Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lD_2J7W_2hQC|year=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-206-7|pages=547–548}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Roy W. Hamilton|author2=Aurora Ammayao|title=The art of rice: spirit and sustenance in Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yyQoAQAAMAAJ|year=2003|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-93074-198-3|pages=156–157|access-date=30 October 2019|archive-date=21 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421115348/https://books.google.com/books?id=yyQoAQAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> Mattu Pongal is meant for celebration of [[cattle]] when the cattle are bathed, their horns polished and painted in bright colors, garlands of flowers placed around their necks and processions.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Food for the Gods in South India: An Exposition of Data|author=G. Eichinger Ferro-Luzzi|journal=Zeitschrift für Ethnologie|volume=Bd. 103, H. 1|year=1978|issue=1|pages=86–108|publisher=Dietrich Reimer Verlag GmbH|jstor=25841633}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NDBlEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT182|page=182|title=Adi Deo Arya Devata: A Panoramic View oF Tribal-Hindu Cultural Interface|author=Sandhya Jain|year=2022|isbn=979-8-88530-378-1|publisher=[[Notion Press]]|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716141940/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Adi_Deo_Arya_Devata/NDBlEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PT182|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Jallikattu]] is a traditional event held during the period attracting huge crowds in which a bull is released into a crowd of people, and multiple human participants attempt to grab the large hump on the bull's back with both arms and hang on to it while the bull attempts to escape.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Governor-clears-ordinance-on-%E2%80%98jallikattu%E2%80%99/article17074093.ece|title=Governor clears ordinance on 'jallikattu'|last=Ramakrishnan|first=T.|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|date=26 February 2017|language=en|archive-date=20 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520145353/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Governor-clears-ordinance-on-%E2%80%98jallikattu%E2%80%99/article17074093.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/events/jallikattu-bull-festival|title=Jallikattu bull festival|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=10 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610211259/https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/events/jallikattu-bull-festival|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:2019 kolam decoration for Pongal festival, South India.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|Tamils decorate their homes with colorful geometric designs called [[Kolam]] made from rice powder<ref name=mercer22>{{cite book|author=Abbie Mercer|title=Happy New Year|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z3AnvD5jeDMC|year=2007|publisher=[[Rosen Publishing]]|isbn=978-1-4042-3808-4|page=22}}</ref>]]

[[Puthandu]] is known as Tamil New Year which marks the first day of year on the [[Tamil calendar]] and falls on in April every year on the [[Gregorian calendar]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Roshen Dalal|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC&q=puthandu|year=2010|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|isbn=978-0-14341-421-6|page=406|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716151809/https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC&q=puthandu#v=snippet&q=puthandu&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Karthika Deepam|Karthikai Deepam]] is a festival of lights that is observed on the [[Amavasya|full moon day]] of the [[Kārtika (month)|Kartika]] month, called the [[Kartik Purnima|Kartika Pournami]], falling on the months of November or December.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Spagnoli|first1=Cathy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6_Aci8KA7JEC&dq=karthigai+deepam+november+december&pg=PA133|title=Jasmine and Coconuts: South Indian Tales|last2=Samanna|first2=Paramasivam|date=1999|publisher=Libraries Unlimited|isbn=978-1-56308-576-5|page=133|access-date=8 February 2024|archive-date=30 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930150136/https://books.google.com/books?id=6_Aci8KA7JEC&dq=karthigai+deepam+november+december&pg=PA133|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Gajrani|first=S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zh6z0nuIjAgC&dq=karthigai+deepam&pg=PA207|title=History, Religion and Culture of India|date=2004|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-8-18205-061-7|page=207|access-date=8 February 2024|archive-date=30 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930145221/https://books.google.com/books?id=zh6z0nuIjAgC&dq=karthigai+deepam&pg=PA207|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Thaipusam]] is a Tamil festival celebrated on the first full moon day of the Tamil month of Thai coinciding with [[Pushya|Pusam]] star and dedicated to [[Murugan]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Traditional Festivals: A Multicultural Encyclopedia|first=Christian|last=Roy|year=2005|isbn=978-1-85109-689-3|pages=462–463|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Alexandra Kent|title=Divinity and Diversity: A Hindu Revitalization Movement in Malaysia|publisher=[[University of Hawaii Press]]|year=2005|isbn=978-8-79111-489-2}}</ref> [[Aadi Perukku]] is a Tamil cultural festival celebrated on the 18th day of the Tamil month of [[Tamil calendar|Adi]] which pays tribute to [[water]]'s life-sustaining properties. The worship of [[Mariamman|Amman]] and [[Ayyanar]] deities are organized during the month in temples across Tamil Nadu with much fanfare.<ref name="AA">{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2022/jul/26/an-ode-to-aadi-and-ayyanar-2480584.html|title=An ode to Aadi and Ayyanar|newspaper=[[Indian Express]]|date=26 July 2022|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=22 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222132958/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2022/jul/26/an-ode-to-aadi-and-ayyanar-2480584.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Panguni Uthiram]] is marked on the [[purnima]] (full moon) of the month of [[Phalguna|Panguni]] and celebrates the wedding of various Hindu gods.<ref>{{cite book|last=Pechilis|first=Karen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4eLFBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT155|title=Interpreting Devotion: The Poetry and Legacy of a Female Bhakti Saint of India|date=22 March 2013 |page=155|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-136-50704-5|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=13 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213153509/https://books.google.com/books?id=4eLFBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT155|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Holiday Symbols & Customs|year=2015|isbn=978-0-780-81365-6|first=James|last=Chambers|publisher=Infobase Publishing}}</ref>
[[Vaikasi Visakam]] is celebrated on the day the [[Chandra|moon]] transits the [[Visaka]] [[nakshatra]]m in [[Vaikasi]] (May–June), the second month of the Tamil Calendar and commemorates the birth of Murugan.<ref>{{cite book|title=Indian Encyclopedia|author=Subodh Kant|isbn=978-8-177-55257-7|year=2002|publisher=Cosmo Publications|page=7821}}</ref><ref name="TOI">{{cite news |title=Vaikasi Visakam: Date, Time, Significance |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/religion/festivals/vaikasi-visakam-2024-date-time-rituals-and-how-it-is-celebrated/articleshow/110325901.cms |access-date=1 June 2024 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=25 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525111203/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/religion/festivals/vaikasi-visakam-2024-date-time-rituals-and-how-it-is-celebrated/articleshow/110325901.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Eid al-Fitr]] is the major Muslim festival celebrated by the Tamils.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/people-offer-mass-prayers-exchange-greetings-in-tamil-nadu-kerala-ladakh-jampk-on-eid-al-fitr20240410095825/|title=People offer mass prayers, exchange greetings in Tamil Nadu|date=10 April 2024|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[Associated Press]]|archive-date=23 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423103931/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/people-offer-mass-prayers-exchange-greetings-in-tamil-nadu-kerala-ladakh-jampk-on-eid-al-fitr20240410095825/|url-status=live}}</ref> Other festivals celebrated include [[Ganesh Chaturthi]], [[Navarathri]], [[Deepavali]] and [[Christmas]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tamilnadutourism.com/blog/most-important-festivals-of-tamilnadu-that-are-worth-watching-and-experiencing/|title=Important festivals of Tamilnadu|date=14 June 2023 |publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=26 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226135224/https://www.tamilnadutourism.com/blog/most-important-festivals-of-tamilnadu-that-are-worth-watching-and-experiencing/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/photos/festivals|title=Festivals|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=11 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240611190954/https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/photos/festivals|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tamilnadutourism.com/festivals/christmas.php|title=Christmas in Tamil Nadu|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=1 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201140154/https://www.tamilnadutourism.com/festivals/christmas.php|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Religion ==
As per the Sangam era works, the [[Sangam landscape]] was classified into five categories known as ''thinais'', which were associated with a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] deity: [[Murugan]] in ''kurinji'' (hills), [[Thirumal]] in ''mullai'' (forests), [[Indra|Indiran]] in ''marutham'' (plains), [[Varuna]]n in the ''neithal'' (coasts) and [[Durga|Kotravai]] in ''palai'' (desert).<ref>{{cite book|title=Arts and Crafts of Tamil Nadu|first=C.|last=Chandramouli|year=2004|publisher=Directorate of Census Operations|page=74}}</ref> Thirumal is indicated as a deity during the Sangam era, who was regarded as ''Paramporul'' ("the suprement one") and is also known as Māyavan, Māmiyon, Netiyōn, and Māl in various Sangam literature.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hardy|first=Friedhelm|title=Viraha Bhakti: The Early History of Krsna Devotion|year=2015|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]]|isbn=978-8-12083-816-1|pages=156}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Padmaja|first=T.|title=Temples of Kr̥ṣṇa in South India: History, Art, and Traditions in Tamilnāḍu|date=2002|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-398-4|pages=27}}</ref> While [[Shiva]] worship existed in the Shaivite culture as a part of the Tamil pantheon, [[Murugan]] became regarded as the ''Tamil kadavul'' ("God of the Tamils").<ref>{{cite book|last=Clothey|first=Fred W.|title=The Many Faces of Murukan: The History and Meaning of a South Indian God. With the Poem Prayers to Lord Murukan|year=2019|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11080-410-2|pages=34}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Mahadevan|first=Iravatham|title=A Note on the Muruku Sign of the Indus Script in light of the Mayiladuthurai Stone Axe Discovery|year=2006|publisher=Harappa|url=http://www.harappa.com/arrow/stone_celt_indus_signs.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060904034700/http://www.harappa.com/arrow/stone_celt_indus_signs.html|archive-date=4 September 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Essential Hinduism|author1=Steven Rosen|author2=Graham M. Schweig|publisher=Greenwood Publishing|year=2006|page=45}}</ref> There are a number of hill temples dedicated to Murugan foremost of which are the group of six [[Six Abodes of Murugan|Arupadaiveedu]] temples.<ref>{{cite book|last=Aiyar|first=P.V.Jagadisa|title=South Indian Shrines: Illustrated|year=1982|publisher=Asian Educational Services|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-0-4708-2958-5|pages=191–203}}</ref> As per the [[Hindu epic]] ''[[Ramayana]]'' (7th to 5th century BCE), [[Rama]] crossed over to Sri Lanka from the [[Rameswaram]] island via the [[Rama Setu]] on his journey to rescue his wife, [[Sita]] from the [[Ravana]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rameswaram|title=Rameswaram|access-date=1 December 2023|encyclopedia=[[Britannica]]|archive-date=23 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223062719/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rameswaram|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Goldman|first=Robert P.|title=The Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki: An Epic of Ancient India, Vol. I, Bālakānda|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1984|url=https://ia902902.us.archive.org/26/items/vr_001_bk/VR-001-BK.pdf|isbn=978-8-120-83162-9}}</ref>

[[File:Ayyanar_idols_near_Gobichettipalayam.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Aiyyanar|Aiyyan̲ār]], guardian folk deity of Tamils]]

[[Tamil Jain|Jainism]] existed from the Sangam era with inscriptions and drip-ledges from 1st century BCE to 6th century CE and temple monuments likely built by [[Digambara]] Jains in the 9th century CE found in [[Chitharal Jain Monuments|Chitharal]] and several [[Tamil-Brahmi]] inscriptions, stone beds and sculptures from more than 2,200 years ago found in [[Samanar Hills|Samanar hills]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Nagarajan|first=Saraswathy|title=On the southern tip of India, a village steeped in the past|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=17 November 2011|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/travel/on-the-southern-tip-of-india-a-village-steeped-in-the-past/article2636325.ece|access-date=23 March 2017|archive-date=10 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210102314/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/travel/on-the-southern-tip-of-india-a-village-steeped-in-the-past/article2636325.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/2200yearold-tamilbrahmi-inscription-found-on-samanamalai/article3220674.ece|title=2,200-year-old Tamil-Brahmi inscription found on Samanamalai|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=24 March 2012|access-date=19 January 2014|first=T. S.|last=Subramanian|archive-date=1 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101051105/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/2200yearold-tamilbrahmi-inscription-found-on-samanamalai/article3220674.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Kalabhra dynasty]], who were patrons of Jainism, ruled over the [[ancient Tamil country]] in the 3rd–7th century CE.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kulke|first1=Hermann|author-link1=Hermann Kulke|last2=Rothermund|first2=Dietmar|author-link2=Dietmar Rothermund|title=A History of India|date=2007|publisher=[[Routledge]]|location=London|isbn=978-0-415-32920-0|page=105|edition=4th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RoW9GuFJ9GIC|access-date=7 September 2016|language=en|archive-date=23 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223185128/https://books.google.com/books?id=RoW9GuFJ9GIC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=te1sqTzTxD8C&pg=PA72|title=The First Spring: The Golden Age of India|isbn=978-0-6700-8478-4|last1=Eraly|first1=Abraham|year=2011|publisher=Penguin Books India|access-date=8 February 2024|archive-date=5 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405183047/https://books.google.com/books?id=te1sqTzTxD8C&pg=PA72|url-status=live}}</ref> Old Jain temples include [[Trilokyanatha Temple|Kanchi Trilokyanatha temple]], [[Chitharal Jain Temple]], and the [[Tirumalai (Jain complex)|Tirumalai]] temple complex that houses a {{cvt|16|ft}} high sculpture of [[Neminatha]] dated from the 12th century CE.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thread/arts-culture-society/article8179948.ece|title=Looking for Jina Kanchi|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=February 2016|last1=Jain|first1=Mahima A.|access-date=8 February 2024|archive-date=23 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223062719/https://www.thehindu.com/thread/arts-culture-society/article8179948.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Chitharal|work=[[Tamil Nadu Tourism Development Corporation]]|url=http://www.tamilnadutourism.org/places/citiestowns/Kanniyakumari2.aspx?catid=c1&subcat1id=c1s1&subcat2id=c1s1s7|access-date=23 March 2017|archive-date=27 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827113800/http://www.tamilnadutourism.org/places/citiestowns/Kanniyakumari2.aspx?catid=c1&subcat1id=c1s1&subcat2id=c1s1s7|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jainheritagecentres.com/jainism-in-india/tamil-nadu/tirumalai-arihantagiri/|title=Arihantagiri – Tirumalai|date=28 November 2011 |publisher=Jain Heritage centres|access-date=29 December 2022|archive-date=31 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131155905/https://www.jainheritagecentres.com/jainism-in-india/tamil-nadu/tirumalai-arihantagiri/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Buddhist|Buddhism]] had an influence in Tamil Nadu before the later Middle Ages with ancient texts referring to a [[Vihāra]] in [[Nagapattinam|Nākappaṭṭinam]] from the time of [[Ashoka]] in 3rd century BCE and Buddhist relics from 4th century CE found in [[Poompuhar|Kaveripattinam]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Marine archaeological explorations of Tranquebar-Poompuhar region on Tamil Nadu coast|last=Rao|first=S.R.|journal=Journal of Marine Archaeology|volume=2|year=1991|page=6|url=http://drs.nio.org/drs/bitstream/2264/3295/2/Mar_Archaeol_2_5.pdf|access-date=9 February 2024|archive-date=24 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124225917/http://drs.nio.org/drs/bitstream/2264/3295/2/Mar_Archaeol_2_5.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Duraiswamy|first=Dayalan|title=Role of Archaeology on Maritime Buddhism|url=https://www.academia.edu/19992743|access-date=9 February 2024|archive-date=10 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710113323/https://www.academia.edu/19992743|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Chudamani Vihara]] in Nagapattinam was later re-built by the [[Srivijaya]] king [[Maravijayottunggavarman]] under the patronage of [[Raja Raja Chola I]] in early 11th century CE.<ref name="Buddha">{{cite book|title=Survey of Buddhist temples and monasteries|first=Akhtar|last=Malik|year=2007|isbn=978-8-12613-259-1|publisher=Anmol Publications|page=306}}</ref> Around the 7th century CE, the [[Pandyas]] and [[Pallavas]], who patronized Buddhism and Jainism, became patrons of Hinduism following the revival of [[Saivism]] and [[Vaishnavism]] during the [[Bhakti movement]] led by Alwars and Nayanmars.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sastri|first=K.A. Nilakanta|title=A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar|orig-year=1955|year=2002|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-0-19560-686-7|page=333}}</ref><ref name="Bhakti"/> The Bhakti movement gave rise to the 108 [[Divya Desam]]s dedicated to Vishnu and his consort [[Lakshmi]], that are mentioned in the [[Nalayira Divya Prabandham|works]] of the Alvars,<ref>{{cite journal|title=Sri Divya Desams|publisher=Sarva Sastra Maha Vidyalaya|location=[[Coimbatore]]|last=P.M.|first=Neelakrishnan|journal=Ancient Science of Life|pages=193–7|volume=11|issue=3|date=April 1992|pmc=3336602|pmid=22556587}}</ref> and the various Shaivite temples dedicated to [[Shiva]] including the 276 [[Paadal Petra Sthalam]]s that are revered in the verses of Nayanars in the 6th-9th century CE and [[Pancha Bhuta Sthalam]]s each representing a manifestation of the five prime elements of nature.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.templenet.com/Tamilnadu/shivlist.html|title=A comprehensive description of the 276 Shivastalams glorified by the Tevaram hymns|work=Templenet|access-date=11 January 2011|archive-date=25 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525070846/http://www.templenet.com/Tamilnadu/shivlist.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Ramaswamy|first=Vijaya|title=Historical dictionary of the Tamils|year=2007|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-470-82958-5}}</ref>

{{multiple image
| total_width=300
| align=left
| image1=India Meenakshi Temple.jpg
| image2=Nallur_Kandasamy_front_entrance.jpg
| footer=[[Meenakshi Temple]] at [[Madurai]] (left) and [[Nallur Kandaswamy temple]] in [[Sri Lanka]]
}}

In Tamil tradition, Murugan is the youngest son of Shiva and [[Parvati]] and [[Ganesha|Pillayar]] is regarded as the eldest son, who is venerated as the ''Mudanmudar kadavul'' ("foremost god").<ref>{{cite book|title=Tamil Civilization:Quarterly Research Journal of the Tamil University|volume=5|year=1987|publisher=[[University of Michigan]]|page=9}}</ref> The worship of [[Amman (goddess)|Amman]], also called [[Mariamman]], is thought to have been derived from an ancient [[mother goddess]], and is also very common.<ref name="Tradition">{{cite book|title=Ayyanar and Mariamman, Folk Deities in South India|first=Christa|last=Neuenhofer|year=2012|isbn=978-1-457-99010-6|publisher=Blurb, Incorporated}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Principles and Practice of Hindu Religion|work=Hindu Heritage Study Program|url=http://www.bnaiyer.com/hinduism/hist-34.html|access-date=5 December 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061114082702/http://www.bnaiyer.com/hinduism/hist-34.html|archive-date=14 November 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tamilnadutourism.com/temples/amman-temples.php|title=Amman temples|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|archive-date=23 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223062719/https://www.tamilnadutourism.com/temples/amman-temples.php|url-status=live}}</ref> In rural areas, local deities, called [[Aiyyanar|Aiyyan̲ār]] (also known as Karuppan, Karrupasami), are worshipped who are thought to protect the villages from harm.<ref name="Tradition"/><ref>{{cite journal|title=Horse Shrines in Tamil India: Reflections on Modernity|first=Mark|last=Jarzombek|journal=Future Anterior|year=2009|url=http://web.mit.edu/mmj4/www/downloads/future_ant4_1.pdf|volume=4|issue=1|pages=18–36|doi=10.1353/fta.0.0031|doi-access=free|access-date=24 July 2015|archive-date=23 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220823052722/http://web.mit.edu/mmj4/www/downloads/future_ant4_1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Idol worship]] forms a part of the Tamil Hindu culture similar to the Hindu traditions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.htfl.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Hinduism-Philosophy-of-Idol-Worship.pdf|title=Philosophy of Idol Worship|author=[[Swami Sivananda]]|access-date=1 June 2024|work=Hindu Temple of Florida|archive-date=6 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806053230/https://www.htfl.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Hinduism-Philosophy-of-Idol-Worship.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://saivaneethi.org/en/idol-worship/|title=Idol worship|work=Saiva neethi|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> Large idols are common with [[Namakkal Anjaneyar Temple]] hosts a {{cvt|18|ft}} tall [[Hanuman]] statue and temples like the [[Eachanari Vinayagar Temple|Eachanari Vinayagar temple in Coimbatore]], [[Karpaka Vinayakar Temple|Karpaka Vinayakar temple in Pillayarapatti]], and [[Ucchi Pillayar Temple, Rockfort|Uchippillaiyar temple in Tiruchirappalli]] accommodating large [[Ganesha]] statues.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://namakkal.nic.in/tourist-place/namakkalanjaneyartemple/|title=Namakkal Anjaneyar Temple|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|archive-date=25 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925223828/https://namakkal.nic.in/tourist-place/namakkalanjaneyartemple/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/eachanari-vinayagar-temple-coimbatore|title=Eachanari Vinayagar temple|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|archive-date=23 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223062721/https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/eachanari-vinayagar-temple-coimbatore|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/tiruchirappalli-rockfort-temple|title=Ucchi Pillayar Temple, Rockfort|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|archive-date=23 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223074239/https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/tiruchirappalli-rockfort-temple|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{multiple image
| total_width = 450
| perrow =
| align = right
| image1 = Ervadidargah.jpg
| image2 = Vailankanni Church, front view.jpg
| image3 = Tirumalai jaintemple 4.jpg
| footer = [[Erwadi|Erwadi Dargah]] (left), [[Basilica of Our Lady of Good Health|Velankanni basilica]] (center) and [[Tirumalai (Jain complex)|Tirumalai]] [[Mahavira]] temple
}}

The Christian apostle, [[Thomas (apostle)|St. Thomas]], is believed to have preached [[Christianity]] in the area around Chennai between 52 and 70 CE and the [[Santhome Church]], which was originally built by the Portuguese in 1523, is believed to house the remains of St. Thomas, was rebuilt in 1893 in [[neo-Gothic]] style.<ref>{{cite web|title=Santhome Cathedral|url=https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/santhome-cathedral-and-basilica|access-date=28 December 2022|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130204928/https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/santhome-cathedral-and-basilica|url-status=live}}</ref> The 16th century CE [[Basilica of Our Lady of Good Health]] at [[Velankanni]], known as the '[[Lourdes]] of the East', was declared as a holy city by the [[pope]] and is the primary place of worship of Tamil Christians.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/velankanni|title=Velankanni|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|archive-date=5 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205182654/https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/velankanni|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Islam]] was introduced due to the influence of the Arab merchants and the Muslim rulers from the north in the [[middle age]]s. The majority of [[Tamil Muslims]] speak Tamil rather than [[Urdu]] as their mother tongue as they were converts from the native population.<ref>{{cite book|last=Jain|first=Dhanesh|contribution=Sociolinguistics of the Indo-Aryan languages|editor1-last=Cardona|editor1-first=George|editor2-last=Jain|editor2-first=Dhanesh|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages|publisher=[[Routledge]]|place=London|year=2003|series=Routledge language family series|isbn=0-70071-130-9|page=57}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=More|first=J.B.P.|title=Muslim identity, print culture and the Dravidian factor in Tamil Nadu|publisher=[[Orient Longman]]|year=2007|isbn=978-8-12502-632-7|pages=4–11}}</ref> [[Erwadi]] in [[Ramanathapuram district]], which houses an 840-year-old [[mosque]] and [[Nagore Dargah]] are important places of worship for Tamil Muslims.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://utsav.gov.in/view-event/ervadi-santhanakoodu-festival-1|title=Erwadi santhanakoodu festival|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=[[Government of India]]|archive-date=14 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714133236/https://utsav.gov.in/view-event/ervadi-santhanakoodu-festival-1|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Landis|first1=Dan|last2=Albert|first2=Rosita D.|title=Handbook of Ethnic Conflict: International Perspectives|page=150|year=2012|publisher=Springer Science+Business Media, LLC|location=London|isbn=978-1-4614-0447-7}}</ref>

As of the 21st century, majority of the Tamils are adherents of Hinduism.<ref name="relpop">{{cite report|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_data_finder/C_Series/Population_by_religious_communities.htm|title=Census 2001 – Statewise population by Religion|publisher=Censusindia.gov.in|access-date=18 July 2010|archive-date=19 January 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080119031333/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_data_finder/C_Series/Population_by_religious_communities.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The migration of Tamils to other countries resulted in new Hindu temples being constructed in places with significant population of Tamil people and people of Tamil origin, and countries with significant Indian migrants.<ref name="TP">{{cite book|last=Javier|first=A.G.|title=They Do What: A Cultural Encyclopedia of Extraordinary and Exotic Customs from Around the World|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]]|year=2014|isbn=979-8-21615-549-2}}</ref> Sri Lankan Tamils predominantly worship Murugan with numerous temples existing throughout the island including [[Kataragama temple]], [[Nallur Kandaswamy temple]] and [[Maviddapuram Kandaswamy Temple]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Pathmanathan|first=S|author-link=S. Pathmanathan|date=September 1999|title=The guardian deities of Sri Lanka: Skanda-Murgan and Kataragama|url=http://kataragama.org/research/pathmanathan.htm|url-status=live|journal=The Journal of the Institute of Asian Studies|publisher=The institute of Asian studies|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100926205619/http://kataragama.org/research/pathmanathan.htm|archive-date=26 September 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Bechert|first=Heinz|author-link=Heinz Bechert|year=1970|title=Skandakumara and Kataragama: An Aspect of the Relation of Hinduism and Buddhism in Sri Lanka|url=http://kataragama.org/research/bechert.htm|url-status=live|journal=Proceedings of the Third International Tamil Conference Seminar|location=Paris|publisher=International Association of Tamil Research|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100925212357/http://kataragama.org/research/bechert.htm|archive-date=25 September 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Amongst the other notable temples is the Sri Subramanyar Temple at [[Batu Caves]] temple complex in [[Malaysia]], which has one of the largest Murugan statues in the world.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Star|first1=The|title=Tallest statue of deity unveiled|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2006/01/31/tallest-statue-of-deity-unveiled/|url-status=live|access-date=15 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815200705/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2006/01/31/tallest-statue-of-deity-unveiled/|archive-date=15 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Batu Caves|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Batu-Caves|access-date=15 August 2018|encyclopedia=[[Britannica]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815170927/https://www.britannica.com/place/Batu-Caves|archive-date=15 August 2018}}</ref> [[Atheism|Atheist]], [[Rationalism|rationalist]], and [[Humanism|humanist]] philosophies are also adhered by sizeable minorities, as a result of Tamil cultural revivalism in the 20th century, and its antipathy to what it saw as Brahminical Hinduism.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Maloney|first=Clarence|title=Religious Beliefs and Social Hierarchy in Tamiḻ Nāḍu, India|journal=American Ethnologist|volume=2|issue=1|year=1975|pages=169–191|doi=10.1525/ae.1975.2.1.02a00100|doi-access=free}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Tamil culture|Tamil culture]]
[[Category:Tamils]]

List of gurdwaras

2026-02-18T00:50:35Z

BrandonGreenlee: cleanup content additionally and fixed typos per sources

{{Short description|List of Gurdwaras by continent}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2010}}
{{Dynamic list}}
{{Sikhism sidebar}}

A '''[[Gurdwara]]''' ({{langx|pa|ਗੁਰਦੁਆਰਾ}}, ''{{IAST|gurdu'ārā}}'' or {{lang|pa|ਗੁਰਦਵਾਰਾ}}, ''{{IAST|gurdvārā}}''; {{lit|the doorway to the Guru}}) is the [[Sikhs|Sikh]] place of worship and may be referred to as a Sikh temple.


==Asia==
===India===
====Assam====
*[[Gurdwara Sri Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib]]

====Bihar====
*[[Takht Sri Patna Sahib]]
*[[Guru ka Bagh|Gurdwara Guru Ka Bagh]]
*[[Gurudwara Ghai Ghat]]
*[[Gurdwara Handi Sahib]]
*[[Gurdwara Gobind Ghat]]
*[[Gurdwara Bal Lila Maini Sangat]]

====Chandigarh====
*[[Gurdwara Koohni Sahib]]

====Delhi====
*[[Gurudwara Bangla Sahib]]
*[[Gurdwara Dam Dama Sahib]]
*[[Gurdwara Sri Guru Singh Sabha (Greater Kailash)|Gurdwara Sri Guru Singh Sabha]]
*[[Gurdwara Mata Sundri]]
*[[Gurdwara Nanak Piao]]
*[[Gurdwara Rakab Ganj Sahib]]
*[[Gurudwara Sis Ganj Sahib]]

====Gujarat====
*[[Lakhpat Gurdwara Sahib]], [[Lakhpat]]

====Haryana====
*[[Nada Sahib|Gurdwara Nadha Sahib]], [[Panchkula]]
*[[Gurdwara Toka Sahib]], Toka, [[Naraingarh]]
* [[Gurdwara Sri Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib, Dhamtan Sahib]]

====Himachal Pradesh====
*[[Chail Gurudwara]]. [[Chail, Himachal Pradesh|Chali]]
*[[Gurudwara Paonta Sahib]], [[Paonta Sahib]]
*[[Manikaran#Gurudwara Of Manikaran|Manikaran Sahib]], [[Manikaran]]

====Jharkhand====
*[[Gurdwara Guru Singh Sabha Kedli Kalan|Gurdwara Guru Singh Sabha, Kedli Kalan]]

====Karnataka====
*[[Guru Nanak Jhira Sahib]], [[Bidar]]

====Maharashtra====
*[[Gurudwara Khalsa Sabha, Matunga]], [[Mumbai]]
*[[Hazur Sahib]], [[Nanded]]

====Punjab====
[[File:Golden_temple_india.jpg|thumb|Golden temple, Amritsar ]]
*[[Goindwal Sahib]], [[Tarn Taran district|Tarn Taran]]
*[[Gurdwara Baba Atal]], [[Amritsar]]
*[[Gurdwara Baba Bakala Sahib]], [[Baba Bakala]]
*[[Gurudwara Baba Gurditta]], [[Chandpur Rurki]]
*[[Gurdwara Dukh Nivaran Sahib]], [[Patiala]]
*[[Gurdwara Fatehgarh Sahib]], [[Fatehgarh Sahib]]
*[[Gurdwara Shaheed Ganj Sahib]], Amritsar
*[[Gurdwara Guptsar Sahib]], [[Chhattiana, Punjab|Chhattiana]]
*[[Gurdwara Jyoti Sarup]], Fatehgarh Sahib
*[[Gurdwara Karamsar Rara Sahib]], [[Rara Sahib]]
*[[Gurdwara Likhansar Sahib]], [[Talwandi Sabo]]
*[[Gurdwara Mata Sunder Kaur]], [[Mohali]]
*[[Gurudwara Nagiana Sahib]], Udoke, [[Batala]]
*[[Gurudwara Naulakha Sahib]], [[Naulakha, Punjab|Naulakha]]
*[[Parivar Vichora|Gurdwara Parivar Vichhora]], Majri, [[Rupnagar district]]
*[[Kiratpur Sahib#Gurdwara Patal Puri|Gurdwara Patal Puri Sahib]], [[Kiratpur Sahib]]
*Gurdwara Sahib Patshahi Chhevi, [[Khurana, Punjab|Khurana]]
*[[Gurdwara Sri Tarn Taran Sahib]], Tarn Taran
*[[Gurusar Sahib]], Lal Kalan, [[Ludhiana district]]
*[[Harmandir Sahib]], Amritsar
*[[Manji Sahib]], Alamgir, Ludhiana district
*[[Mehdiana Sahib]], Mehdiana, Ludhiana district
*[[Sri Akal Takht Sahib]], Amritsar
*[[Takht Sri Damdama Sahib]], [[Talwandi Sabo]]
*[[Takht Kesgarh Sahib]], [[Anandpur Sahib]]
*[[Gurdwara Sri Ber Sahib]], [[Sultanpur Lodhi]]
*[[Gurdwara Qila Anandgarh Sahib]], Anandpur Sahib

====Rajasthan====
*[[Gurudwara Buddha Johad]], [[Sri Ganganagar district]]

====Sikkim====
*[[Gurdwara Nanaklama]], [[Chungthang]]

==== Uttarakhand ====
*[[Gurudwara Shri Hemkund Sahib]], [[Chamoli district]]
*[[Govindghat|Gurudwara Sri Gobind Ghat]], [[Govindghat]]
*[[Gurudwara Nanakmatta Sahib]], [[Nanakmatta]]
*[[Gurudwara Reetha Sahib]], [[Champawat district]]

====Ladakh====

* [[Gurudwara Patthar Sahib]]

====Uttar Pradesh====
*[[Guru ka Tal]], [[Agra]]

===Pakistan ===
[[File:Inside view of the entrance - Gurdwara Janam Asthan.jpg|thumb|right|220px|[[Gurdwara Janam Asthan]], Pakistan, the birthplace of the founder of Sikhism]]
[[File:Sarovar Sahib, Kartarpur(4).jpg|thumb|right|220px|Pool in [[Gurdwara Nankana Sahib]] in [[Nankana Sahib]], Pakistan, the burial place of the founder of Sikhism]]
[[File:PanjaSahibHasanAbdal.jpg|thumb|Gurdwara Panja Sahib at [[Hasan Abdal]], Punjab, Pakistan]]

====Punjab====
*[[Gurdwara Beri Sahib]], [[Sialkot]]
*[[Gurdwara Darbar Sahib Kartarpur]], [[Kartarpur, Pakistan|Kartarpur]]
*[[Gurdwara Dera Sahib]], [[Lahore]]
*[[Samadhi of Ranjit Singh]], Lahore
*[[Gurdwara Janam Asthan Guru Ram Das]], Lahore
*[[Gurdwara Janam Asthan]], [[Nankana Sahib]]
*[[Gurdwara Chowa Sahib]], [[Jhelum]]
*[[Gurdwara Panja Sahib]], [[Hasan Abdal]]
*[[Gurdwara Makhdoom Pur Pahoran]], [[Makhdoom Pur Pahuran]]
*[[Gurdwara Rori Sahib]], [[Eminabad]]
*[[Gurudwara Shaheed Bhai Taru Singh|Shahid Ganj Bhai Taru Singh]], Lahore
*[[Gurdwara Shahid Ganj Singh Singhania|Gurdwara Shahid Ganj Sighnian]], Lahore

===Other locations in Asia===
====Afghanistan====
*[[Gurdwara Karte Parwan]], [[Kabul]]

====Azerbaijan====
*[[Ateshgah of Baku]], [[Baku]]

====Bangladesh====
*[[Gurdwara Nanak Shahi]], [[Dhaka]]

====Hong Kong====
*[[Khalsa Diwan Sikh Temple]]

====Iran====
*[[Masjid-e-Hindan]], [[Tehran]]

====Malaysia====
==== Johor ====
*Gurdwara Sahib Pontian
*Gurdwara Sahib Johor Bahru
*Gurdwara Sahib Kluang
*Gurdwara Sahib Muar
*Gurdwara Sahib Segamat
*Gurdwara Sahib Babe Ke Guru Ram Das
*Gurdwara Sahib Batu Pahat
==== Kuala Lumpur ====
*Gurdwara Sahib Dharamsala
*Gurdwara Sahib Sentul
*Gurdwara Sahib Sikh Temple Shapan
*Sikh Temple Polis Jalan Parlimen
*Sikh Temple Jinjang
*Gurdwara Sahib Kuyow
*Gurdwara Sahib Mainduab
*Gurdwara Sahib Tatt Khalsa Diwan
*Gurdwara Sahib Police High Street
*Sikh Temple Pulapol
*Gurdwara Sahib Titiwangsa
*Wadda Gurdwara Sahib Kampung Pandan
*Gurdwara Sahib Kg Pandan Settlement
==== Selangor ====
* Gurdwara Sahib Ampang
* Gurdwara Sahib Khalsa Land
* Gurdwara Sahib Berjuntai Tin
* Gurdwara Sahib Bukit Beruntung
* Gurdwara Sahib Kajang
* Gurdwara Sahib Kalumpang
* Gurdwara Sahib Klang
* Gurdwara Sahib Kuala Kubu Baru
* Gurdwara Sahib Lembah Jaya
* Gurdwara Sahib Petaling Jaya
* Gurdwara Sahib Petaling Tin
* Gurdwara Sahib Port Klang
* Gurdwara Sahib Puchong
* Gurdwara Sahib Rasa
* Gurdwara Sahib Rawang
* Gurdwara Sahib Selayang Baru
* Gurdwara Sahib Serdang
* Gurdwara Sahib Serendah
* Gurdwara Sahib Shah Alam
* Gurdwara Sahib Ulu Yam
* Gurdwara Sahib Bandar Sunway
* Gurdwara Sahib Putra Heights
* Gurdwara Sahib Subang
* Gurdwara Sahib Setia City
* Darbar Sri Guru Granth Sahib Ji
<gallery>
File:Gurdwara Sahib Sikh Temple, Johor Bahru, Malaysia (49063693681).jpg|Gurdwara Sahib Sikh Temple, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
File:Sikh Temple 03.jpg|Gurdwara Sahib Kuching
File:KotaKinabalu Sabah GurudwaraSahib-05.jpg|Kota Kinabalu Sabah Gurdwara Sahib
</gallery>

==== Labuan ====
*Gurdwara Sahib Labuan<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pulaulabuan.com/gurdwara-sahib-temple/|title=Gurdwara Sahib Labuan|date=6 March 2021|publisher=PulauLabuan.com|access-date=6 March 2021}}</ref>
==== Kedah ====
*Gurdwara Sahib Kulim
*Gurdwara Sahib Sungai Petani
*Gurdwara Sahib Alor Setar
==== Kelantan ====
*Gurdwara Sahib Tumpat
*Gurdwara Sahib Kota Bahru
*Gurdwara Sahib Kuala Krai
==== Melaka ====
*Gurdwara Sahib Melaka
==== Negeri Sembilan ====
*Gurdwara Sahib Mantin
*Gurdwara Sahib Jelebu
*Gurdwara Sahib Port Dickson
*Gurdwara Sahib Seremban
*Gurdwara Sahib Kuala Pilah
*Gurdwara Sahib Tampin
*Gurdwara Sahib Sri Sendayan
==== Pahang ====
*Gurdwara Sahib Brinchang
*Gurdwara Sahib Bentong
*Gurdwara Sahib Kuala Lipis
*Gurdwara Sahib Tanah Rata
*Gurdwara Sahib Raub
*Gurdwara Sahib Mentakab
*Gurdwara Sahib Kuantan
==== Penang ====
*Gurdwara Sahib Khalsa Dharmak Jatha
*Gurdwara Sahib Police Penang
*Wadda Gurdwara Sahib Penang
*Gurdwara Sahib Perai
*Gurdwara Sahib Butterworth
*Gurdwara Sahib Bayan Baru
==== Perak ====
*Gurdwara Sahib Ayer Papan
*Gurdwara Sahib Bagan Serai
*Gurdwara Sahib Batu Gajah
*Gurdwara Sahib Bercham
*Gurdwara Sahib Bidor
*Gurdwara Sahib Slim River
*Gurdwara Sahib Buntong
*Gurdwara Sahib Chemor
*Gurdwara Sahib Changkat Batu Gajah
*Gurdwara Sahib Changkat Tin
*Gurdwara Sahib Gopeng
*Gurdwara Sahib Greentown
*Gurdwara Sahib Gunong Rapat
*Gurdwara Sahib Jelapang
*Gurdwara Sahib Kampar
*Gurdwara Sahib Malim Nawar
*Gurdwara Sahib Kuala Kangsar
*Gurdwara Sahib Lahat
*Gurdwara Sahib Menglembu Adh Bazaar
*Gurdwara Sahib Menglembu Settlement
*Gurdwara Sahib Parit Buntar
*Gurdwara Sahib Sikh Dharmik Sabha
*Gurdwara Sahib Pokok Assam
*Gurdwara Shaheed Ganj Sahib
*Gurdwara Sahib Polis Ipoh
*Gurdwara Sahib Kampung Kepayang
*Gurdwara Sahib Pusing
*Gurdwara Sahib Railway
*Gurdwara Sahib Siputeh
*Gurdwara Sahib Sitiawan
*Gurdwara Sahib Sungai Siput
*Gurdwara Sahib Taiping
*Gurdwara Sahib Tambun
*Gurdwara Sahib Tanjong Malim
*Gurdwara Sahib Tanjong Rambutan
*Gurdwara Sahib Tanjong Tualang
*Gurdwara Sahib Tapah
*Gurdwara Sahib Teluk Intan
*Gurdwara Sahib Tronoh
*Gurdwara Sahib Tronoh Mines
*Wadda Gurdwara Sahib Ipoh
==== Perlis ====
*Gurdwara Sahib Kangar
==== Sabah ====
*Gurdwara Sahib Singh Sabha Lahad Datu
*Gurdwara Sahib Tawau
*Gurdwara Sahib Kota Kinabalu
*Gurdwara Sahib Sandakan
==== Sarawak ====
*Gurdwara Sahib Kuching
*Gurdwara Sahib Sibu<ref>{{cite web|title=Gurudwara Sahib Bau, Sarawak|url=https://www.allaboutsikhs.com/gurudwaras/gurudwaras-in-malaysia/gurudwara-sahib-bau-sarawak/ |language=en|work=All About Sikhs |accessdate=12 April 2023}}</ref>
*Gurdwara Sahib Miri

====Philippines====
*[[Nanak Darbar Indian Sikh Temple]], [[Iloilo City]]

====Singapore====
*[[Central Sikh Temple]]

==Africa==
===Kenya===
*[[Sikh Temple Makindu, Makindu]]

==Australia==
{{Further|Sikhism in Australia}}

==Europe==
===United Kingdom===
{{Main|List of gurdwaras in the United Kingdom}}

[[File:Gurdwara Sahib Leamington & Warwick.JPG|thumb|[[Gurdwara Sahib Leamington and Warwick]]]]

===Germany===
{{Further|Sikhism in Germany}}

===Netherlands===
{{Further|Sikhism in the Netherlands}}

===Finland===
{{Further|Sikhism in Finland}}

===Switzerland===
{{Further|Sikhism in Switzerland}}

===Austria===
{{Further|Sikhism in Austria}}

===Sweden===
{{Further|Sikhism in Sweden}}

===Denmark===
{{Further|Sikhism in Denmark}}

===Italy===
{{Further|Sikhism in Italy}}

===Portugal===
{{Further|Sikhism in Portugal}}

===Spain===
{{Further|Sikhism in Spain}}

===Norway===
{{Further|Sikhism in Norway}}

===Cyprus===
{{Further|Sikhism in Cyprus}}

===Greece===
{{Further|Sikhism in Greece}}

===Poland===
{{Further|Sikhism in Poland}}

===France===
{{Further|Sikhism in France}}

===Belgium===
{{Further|Sikhism in Belgium}}

===Russia===
{{Further|Sikhism in Russia}}

==North America==
{{Main|List of gurdwaras in North America}}

===Canada===
*[[Gur Sikh Temple]], [[Abbotsford, British Columbia]]
*[[Khalsa Diwan Society Vancouver]], [[Vancouver]]
*[[Ontario Khalsa Darbar]], [[Ontario]]

==See also==
* [[Guru Nanak#Places visited|List of places visited by Guru Nanak]]
* [[List of Sikh festivals]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.worldgurudwaras.com/ World Gurudwaras]

{{Lists of religious worship places}}
{{Sikhism}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gurdwaras}}
[[Category:Gurdwaras| ]]
[[Category:Sikhism-related lists]]
[[Category:Lists of gurdwaras| ]]

Sirsi Marikamba Temple

2026-02-10T08:42:23Z

BrandonGreenlee:

{{Short description|Temple in Sirsi, Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name =
| native_name = ಸಿರ್ಸಿ ಮಾರಿಕಾಂಬಾ ದೇವಸ್ಥಾನ
| native_name_lang = [[Kn]]
| image = Marikamba TempleinSirsi.jpg
| image_upright =
| alt =
| Peetham =
| caption = Sirsi Marikamba Temple

| religious_affiliation = [[Hinduism]]
| deity = Sirsi Marikamba Devi
| tradition =
| organizational_status =
| functional_status =
| governing_body =
| temple_board =
| festival =
| festivals =
| tower =
| temple_tank =
| temple_tree =

| location = [[Sirsi, Karnataka|Sirsi]]
| locale =
| district =
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| province =
| country = {{flag|India}}
| map_type = Karnataka
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_relief =
| map_caption = Location in Karnataka
| coordinates = {{coord|14.6119484|74.8395170|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =

| architecture_type =
| architecture_style = [[Kaavi art|Kavi art]]
| founded_by = Villagers
| creator =
| established = 1688
| groundbreaking =
| year_completed =
| date_demolished =

| facade_direction =
| length =
| width =
| height_max =
| site_area =
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| materials =
| elevation_m =
| elevation_ft =
| elevation_footnotes =

| nrhp =
| added =
| refnum =
| designated =

| embedded =
| designation1 =
| designation1_type =
| designation1_offname =
| designation1_criteria =
| designation1_date =
| delisted1_date =
| designation1_parent =
| designation1_number =
| designation1_free1value =
| designation1_free2value =
| designation1_free3value =

| website = {{URL|marikambatemple.com}}
| footnotes =
}}

{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| image = Sirsi Marikamba Devi ( Durga Devi ).png
| name = Sirsi Marikamba Devi
| caption = Sirsi Marikamba Devi (Durga Devi )
| affiliation = [[Parvati]], [[Durga]], [[Kali]]
| siblings =
| deity_of = Mother of Universe, Goddess of Power, Nourishment, Health, Motherhood, Rain and Harmony.
| birth_place = [[Hangal|Viratanagara (Hangal)]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.marikamba.org/advent.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309025713/http://www.marikamba.org/advent.htm | archive-date=9 March 2016 | title=Marikamba }}</ref>
| abode = [[Sirsi, Karnataka|Sirsi]]
| consort = [[Shiva]]
| mount = Tiger
| mantra = Om Sri Sirsi Marikambeyai Namha
| day = [[Tuesday]] and [[Friday]]
| color = {{color box|Yellow}} Yellow ([[Turmeric]]) {{color box|Red}} Red ([[Kumkuma|Kunkuma]])
| script_name = [[Kannada Script|Kannada]]
| script = ಸಿರ್ಸಿ ಮಾರಿಕಾಂಬಾ ದೇವಿ
| festivals = {{hlist|Sirsi Jathre |Sirsi Marikamba Jayanthi|[[Maha Shivratri]]|[[Holi]]|[[Ugadi]]|[[Gowri Habba]]|[[Navaratri]]|[[Vijayadashami]]|[[Durga Puja]]|[[Karnataka Rajyotsava|Kannada Rajyotsava]]|[[Karthika Deepam|Karthikotsava]]}}<ref>{{cite web | url=http://marikambatemple.com/index | title=Shree Marikamba Temple }}</ref>
| member_of = [[Tridevi]] <hr> Supreme Goddess in [[Shaktism]]
| other_names = Sirsi amma Maari amma [[Durga|Durga Devi]] [[Bhuvaneshwari]] Mahishasura Mardini
| texts = Folk, [[Mahabharata]]
| region = [[Malenadu]]
| weapons ={{hlist|[[Trishula]] |[[Sword]] |[[Gada (mace)|Gada]] |[[Damaru]] |[[Shankha]]|[[Shield]]|[[Scimitar]]|[[Kapala]]}}
| equivalent2_type = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| equivalent2 = [[Karumariamman|Mariyamman]]| ethnic_group = [[Kannadigas]]}}

{{Infobox recurring event
|name = Sirsi Fair
|native_name = ಸಿರ್ಸಿ ಜಾತ್ರೆ
|native_name_lang = kn
|nickname =
|logo =
|logo_alt =
|logo_caption =
|logo_size =
|image = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/3
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Sirsi Marikamba Devi.png
| caption1 = Sirsi Marikambe Rathotsava (Sirsi Marikambe rushing towards Mahishamandala/Bidkibail to slay demon [[Mahishasura]])
| image2 = Shiv-Gauri - Blessings of the Divine.png
| caption2 = (Day 1) Shiva-Sirsi Marikambe Marriage ([[Parvati|Parvati avatar]])
| image3 = Durga Mahisasuramardini.JPG
| caption3 = (Day 2) Sirsi Marikambe slaying Mahishasura ([[Durga|Durga avatar]])
| image4 =Calcutta Art Studio - Goddess Kali - 1883.jpg
| caption4 = (Day 9) Fierce Sirsi Marikambe walk ([[Kali|Kali avatar]])
}}
|image_size =
|alt =
|caption =
|status = Active
|genre = Fair
|date = 
|begins ={{start date|2026|02|24|df=yes}}
|ends = {{end date|2026|03|04|df=yes}}<ref>https://udayavani.com/uttara-kannada-news/Sirsi-Marikamba-Jatre-2026-044913?lang=kn</ref>
|frequency = Biennial
|venue = [[Sirsi, Karnataka|Sirsi]]
|location =
|coordinates = 
|country =
|years_active = {{age|1688|range=no}}
|first = {{start date|1688}}
|founder_name = Villagers
|prev = 2024 <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-14 |title=Sirsi Marikamba Jatra 2024: ಶಿರಸಿ ಮಾರಿಕಾಂಬಾ ದೇವಿ ಜಾತ್ರೆ ದಿನಾಂಕ ಘೋಷಣೆ! |url=https://kannada.news18.com/news/uttara-kannada/uttara-kannada-sirsi-marikamba-jatra-celebration-date-announced-1527038.html |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=News18 ಕನ್ನಡ |language=kn}}</ref>
|last =
|next =2028
|participants =
|attendance = 25,00,000+ <ref>{{cite web | url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/news/uttara-kannada/sirsi-marikamba-jatre-creates-rs-42-lakh-income-for-city-municipal-council/articleshow/90498405.cms | title=ಮಾರಿಕಾಂಬಾ ಜಾತ್ರೆಯಿಂದ ಶಿರಸಿ ನಗರಸಭೆಗೆ 42.64 ಲಕ್ಷ ರೂ. ಆದಾಯ! 25 ಲಕ್ಷ ಜನರ ಆಗಮನ }}</ref>
|capacity =
|area =
|budget =
|activity = {{glossary}}
{{term|[[Parvati|Parvati avatar]]}}{{defn|Day 1: Shiva-Sirsi Marikambe marriage}}
{{term|[[Durga|Durga avatar]]}}{{defn|Day 2: Sirsi Marikambe slay demon Mahishasura Day 2-9 : Vijayotsava}}
{{term|[[Kali|Kali avatar]]}}{{defn|Day 9: Sirsi Marikambe fiercely walk towards outskirts of the city}}
{{glossary end}}
|leader_name =
|patron =
|organised = Sirsi Marikamba Temple
|filing =
|people =
|member =
|sponsor = 
|website = 
|current = 2026
|footnotes = South India's Biggest Fair <ref>{{cite web | url=https://kannada.news18.com/news/state/sirsi-marikamba-devi-jathra-mahotsava-was-inaugurated-yesterday-dkk-ach-742386.html | title=Sirsi Jatre: ದಕ್ಷಿಣ ಭಾರತದ ಅತಿದೊಡ್ಡ ಜಾತ್ರೆಗೆ ಚಾಲನೆ, ಗದ್ದುಗೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ವಿರಾಜಮಾನಳಾದ ಶಿರಸಿ ಮಾರಿಕಾಂಬೆ | date=17 March 2022 }}</ref>
}}
'''Sirsi Marikamba Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to Marikamba Devi ([[Durga|Durga Devi]]), located in [[Sirsi, Karnataka]], It is also known as Marigudi. It was built in 1688. Sri Sirsi Marikamba Devi is the "elder sister" of all Durga Devi's in Karnataka.

==Features==
The temple's façade, a 19th-century addition, is painted blue. After one enters through the façade, there is courtyard in the middle, which has [[cloister]]s surrounding it. The cloisters are filled with images of deities from the [[Hindu epic]]s. The changes made inside the temple have hidden any evidence of older structures. The [[Garbhagriha|sanctum sanctorum]] has the central image of a fierce form of the goddess [[Durga]], multi-armed (eight shoulders<ref name="Idol">{{Cite web|url=http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/temples/marikamba.htm|title= Marikamba Temple of Sirsi|access-date=13 August 2013|publisher=Kamat's Potpourri}}</ref>), riding a tiger and killing a demon. It is believed{{by whom|date=April 2019}} that the {{Convert|7|ft|m|adj=mid|-tall}} image was retrieved from a pond on the road to [[Hangal]]. The temple has very special paintings of murals in [[Kaavi art]], an art form which was popular in the coastal [[Konkan]] region of Karnataka. In this art form, now extinct, the top plastered layer of the mural was first dyed with a red pigment, which when removed revealed a lower white layer of plaster over which the murals were created.<ref name=Rough>{{cite book|title=SouthIndia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sEhJBfbhTAAC&pg=PA262|access-date=12 August 2013|year=2003|publisher=Rough Guides|isbn=978-1-84353-103-6|pages=262–}}</ref>

==Worship==
The main priest at the temple belongs to the [[Vishvakarmas|Vishvakarma]] (Vishvabrahmin) community.<ref name="Idol"/><ref>{{cite book|title=The Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society (Bangalore).|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wP9tAAAAMAAJ|access-date=12 August 2013|year=1999|publisher=The Society}}</ref>

When [[Mahatma Gandhi]] visited Sirsi in 1934 he refused to visit the temple, as animal sacrifice was a prevalent ancient practice at the temple; the sacrifice was in the form of offering of he-buffalo as a sacrifice to appease the goddess.<ref name="Idol"/> A he-buffalo was specially bred for offering as a sacrifice to the deity during the biennial [[Rathayatra]] (chariot festival). Following Gandhi's protest, there was a successful movement in the town to abolish animal sacrifice spearheaded by Keshwain, chief trustee of the temple, in association with Vitthal Rao Hodike, a teacher and dedicated [[Gandhian]] of the town.<ref name=Idol/>

==Gallery==
{{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300
| image_style =
| perrow = 2/2
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Marikamba_TempleinSirsi.jpg
| caption1 = Temple front view
| image2 = Marikambatemple.jpg
| caption2 = Temple hall
| image3 =Sirsi Marikambe mahishasura mardhini.png
| caption3 = Mahishasura mardhini image inside temple
| image4 =Sirsi Marikambe Kali.png
| caption4 = Kali image inside temple
}}

==See also==
* [[Chamundeshwari Temple|Chamundeshwari Temple, Mysore]]
* [[Mookambika Temple, Kollur]]
* [[Annapoorneshwari Temple|Annapurneshwari Temple, Horanadu]]
* [[Yellamma Temple, Saundatti]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150526024303/http://www.marikamba.com/ www.marikamba.com]

[[Category:Hindu temples in Uttara Kannada district]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures completed in 1688]]
[[Category:Durga temples]]
[[Category:Devi temples in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Tourism in Karnataka]]
[[Category:1688 establishments in Asia]]

Karnataka State Film Award for Best Children Film

2026-02-04T21:05:05Z

BrandonGreenlee: fix structure for clarity based on references

{{Short description|Indian film award}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox film award
| name = Karnataka State Film Award for Best Film about Children
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| subheader = State award for contributions to [[Cinema of Karnataka|Kannada cinema]]
| awarded_for = Best Film about Children
| sponsor = [[Government of Karnataka]]
| firstawarded = 1993-94
| lastawarded = 2021
| reward = {{ubl|Silver Medal|[[Indian Rupee|₹]] 50,000}}
| former name =
| holder_label = Most recent winner
| holder = ''Cake''
| award1_type = Total awarded
| award1_winner = 22
| award2_type = First winner
| award2_winner = ''[[Chinnari Mutha]]''
| award3_type = Last winner
| award3_winner =
| website =
| previous =
| next =
}}
'''Karnataka State Film Award for Best Children Film''' is a film award of the [[India]]n state of [[Karnataka]] given during the annual [[Karnataka State Film Awards]]. The award honors [[Kannada cinema|Kannada-language films]] in the category.

==Award winners==
The following is a list of award winners and the films for which they won.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Producer
! Director
! {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|align="center"|[[2021 Karnataka State Film Awards|2021]]
|''Cake''
|Parikshit Ishwar
|Kishore Moodbidri
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/karnataka-state-film-awards-rakshit-shetty-to-archana-jois-see-full-list-of-winners-9398693|title=Karnataka State Film Awards: Rakshit Shetty To Archana Jois, See Full List Of Winners|website=NDTV.com|date=5 October 2025}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"| [[2020 Karnataka State Film Awards|2020]]
|''Padaka''
|Aditya R. Chiranjeevi
|Aditya R. Chiranjeevi
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/karnataka-state-awards-2020-sanchari-vijay-presented-posthumous-jury-award-3443270|title=Karnataka State Awards 2020: Sanchari Vijay presented posthumous Jury Award|website=DeccanHerald.com|date=12 March 2025}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"| [[2019 Karnataka State Film Awards|2019]]
|''Elli Aadodu Naavu Elli Aadodu''
|Srinivas
|G. Arun Kumar
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/karnataka-state-film-awards-2019-list-out/articleshow/117465925.cms|title=Karnataka State Film Awards 2019 List Out|website=TimesofIndia.com|date=23 January 2025}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[2018 Karnataka State Film Awards|2018]]
|''Hoovu-Balli''
|Chandrika Films
|B. Manjunath
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/karnataka-state-film-awards-2018-raghavendra-rajkumar-and-meghana-raj-bag-top-honours-check-out-all-winners/articleshow/73186197.cms|title=KARNATAKA STATE FILM AWARDS 2018: RAGHAVENDRA RAJKUMAR AND MEGHANA RAJ BAG TOP HONOURS; CHECK OUT ALL WINNERS|date=10 January 2020|accessdate=4 May 2020|website=bangalore mirror}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | 2017
| ''Eleyaru Naavu Geleyaru''
| Nagaraj Gopal
| Vikram Soori
|<ref name="vijaykarnataka.com">[https://vijaykarnataka.com/news/karnataka/karnataka-film-awards-announced/articleshow/66367331.cms Karnataka State Film Awards 2017 Announced]</ref>
|-
| align="center" | 2016
| ''[[Jeerjimbe]]''
| [[Pushkara Mallikarjunaiah]] Karthik Saragur
| [[Karthik Saragur]]
|<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/karnataka-state-film-award-winners-for-2016/articleshow/58130032.cms Karnataka State Film Award Winners for 2016]</ref>
|-
| align="center" | 2015
| ''Maneye Modala Paatashaale''
| N. T. Jayarama Reddy
| N. T. Jayarama Reddy
| <ref>[https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/Karnataka-State-Film-Awards-2015-Full-List/articleshow/52311976.cms Karnataka State Film Awards, 2015: Full List]</ref>
|-
| align="center" | 2014
| ''[[Baanaadi]]''
| Dhruthi Nagaraj
| Nagaraj Kote
| <ref>[http://www.deccanherald.com/content/528628/after-national-honour-harivu-bags.html After national honour, 'Harivu' bags top State film award]</ref>
|-
| align="center" | 2013
| ''Haadu Hakki Haadu''
|
| Nagendra Shah
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Karantaka-State-Film-Awards-announced/articleshow/45756810.cms|title=Karantaka State Film Awards announced|work=The Times of India|date=5 January 2015 |accessdate=15 June 2015}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | 2012
| ''Little Master''
|
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cineloka.co.in/latest-news/karnataka-state-film-awards-darshan-and-nirmala-bag-top-honors.html|title=Karnataka State Film Awards: Darshan and Nirmala bag Top Honors|work=Cineloka : The World of Kannada Cinema|accessdate=15 June 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030302/http://www.cineloka.co.in/latest-news/karnataka-state-film-awards-darshan-and-nirmala-bag-top-honors.html|archivedate=4 March 2016}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | 2011
| ''[[Kamsale Kaisale]]''
| {{•}} Nagini Bharana {{•}} Mahesh Nanjaiah
| [[T. S. Nagabharana]]
| <ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Karnataka-State-Film-Awards-2010-11-winners/articleshow/18966690.cms | title=Karnataka State Film Awards 2010-11 winners | date=14 March 2013 | newspaper=The Times of India | first=Sunayana | last=Suresh | accessdate=15 December 2019 }}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | 2010-11
| ''Ondooralli''
|
| Nikhil Manjoo
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/kannada/news-interviews/Kannada-State-Film-Awards-list-2010-11/articleshow/24708518.cms|title=Kannada State Film Awards list 2010-11|work=The Times of India|date=25 October 2013 |accessdate=15 June 2015}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | 2009-10
| ''Kinnara Baale''
| Everest India
| [[P. H. Vishwanath]]
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2011/vishnuvardhan-anu-prabhaka-ksf-awards-201011.html|title=Vishnuvardhan, Anu Prabhakar bag KSF best actor awards|work=www.filmibeat.com|access-date=15 June 2015|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201314/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/kannada/news/2011/vishnuvardhan-anu-prabhaka-ksf-awards-201011.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | 2009-10
| ''Gurukula''
|
| [[Suneel Puranik|Sunil Puranik]]
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2011/vishnuvardhan-anu-prabhaka-ksf-awards-201011.html|title=Vishnuvardhan, Anu Prabhakar bag KSF best actor awards|work=www.filmibeat.com|access-date=15 June 2015|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201314/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/kannada/news/2011/vishnuvardhan-anu-prabhaka-ksf-awards-201011.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | 2008-09
| ''Chaitanya''
|
| Shivaram Krishna
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://info1778.blogspot.com/2011/05/state-film-awards-2008-09-karnataka.html|title=INFORMATION|work=info1778.blogspot.com|accessdate=15 June 2015}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | 2007-08
| ''Ekalavya''
| Abhiruchi Chitra
| [[Baraguru Ramachandrappa]]
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2009/karnantaka-state-film-awards-120109.html|title=Gulabi Talkies bags 3 Karnataka State Film Awards|work=www.filmibeat.com|access-date=15 June 2015|archive-date=14 July 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120714165431/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/kannada/news/2009/karnantaka-state-film-awards-120109.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| 2006-07
| bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" colspan="5"| No Award
|-
| align="center" | 2005-06
| ''[[Thutturi]]''
| [[Jaimala (actress)|Jayamala H. M. Ramachandra]]
| [[P. Sheshadri]]
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/current_state_award05_06.asp|title=Karnataka State Film Awards 2005-06 announced - Nayi Neralu bagged the first best film award|work=viggy.com|accessdate=15 June 2015}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | 2004-05
| ''[[Mithayi Mane]]''
|
| [[Aarathi]]
|
|-
| align="center"| 2003-04
| bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" colspan="5"| No Award
|-
| align="center" | 2002-03
| ''Kalarava''
|
| P. R. Thimmaraju
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/current_state_award02_03.asp|title=Karnataka State Film Awards 2002-2003 announced - Artha of B. Suresh bagged the Best Film Award|work=viggy.com|accessdate=15 June 2015}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | 2001-02
| ''Putti''
| Messes Medhajith Creations
| B. R. Keshav
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/94ff8a4a35a9b8876525698d002642a9/3c89ecbe8d9664ed65257253001b95f7/$FILE/A0580283.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=18 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405022703/http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/94ff8a4a35a9b8876525698d002642a9/3c89ecbe8d9664ed65257253001b95f7/%24FILE/A0580283.pdf |archivedate=5 April 2012 }}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| 2000-01
| bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" colspan="5"| No Award
|-
| align="center"| 1999-2000
| bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" colspan="5"| No Award
|-
| align="center"| 1998-99
| bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" colspan="5"| No Award
|-
| align="center"| 1997-98
| bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" colspan="5"| No Award
|-
| align="center" | 1996-97
| ''Vyuha''
| P. Lakshmi Bai
| G. Mohan Menon
|
|-
| align="center" | 1995-96
| ''Naaviddivi Echcharike''
|
| [[T. S. Nagabharana]]
|
|-
| align="center"| 1994-95
| bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" colspan="5"| No Award
|-
| align="center" | 1993-94
| ''[[Chinnari Mutha]]''
| {{•}}Saroja {{•}} Nagini Bharana {{•}} G. Nandakumar
| [[T. S. Nagabharana]]
|
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Cinema of Karnataka]]
* [[List of Kannada-language films]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Karnataka State Film Awards}}

[[Category:Karnataka State Film Awards]]
[[Category:1993 establishments in Karnataka]]

Israel Aerospace Industries

2026-01-31T21:44:15Z

BrandonGreenlee: minor edit

{{short description|Aerospace and defense manufacturer}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Israel Aerospace Industries Ltd.
| logo = [[File:Israel Aerospace Industries logo.svg|200px]]
| caption =
| type = [[State-owned enterprise]]
| traded_as = {{TASE|ARSP.B1}}
| fate =
| predecessor = Bedek Aviation Company
| successor =
| foundation = {{start date and age|1953}}
| founder = [[Al Schwimmer]] [[Shimon Peres]]
| defunct = 
| location_city = [[Lod]]
| location_country = Israel
| location =
| locations =
| area_served =
| key_people = [[Boaz Levy]] ([[CEO]])
| industry = [[Aerospace manufacturer|Aviation]], [[Arms industry|defense]]
| products = Military weapons and equipment
| services = [[Aircraft maintenance]] Aircraft upgrade
| revenue = {{profit}} {{US$|4.973 billion |link=yes}}
| revenue_year = 2022
| operating_income = {{profit}} {{US$|797 million}}
| income_year = 2022
| net_income = {{profit}} {{US$|213 million}}
| net_income_year = 2022
| assets =
| equity =
| owner =
| num_employees = 15,000
| parent =
| divisions = Bedek Aviation Group Commercial Aircraft Group Military Aircraft Group Systems, Missiles & Space Group
| subsid = [[Elta Systems|ELTA Systems]]
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.iai.co.il/}}
| footnotes =
| intl =
}}

'''Israel Aerospace Industries''' ('''IAI'''; {{Langx|he|התעשייה האווירית לישראל|ha-Ta'asiya ha-Avirit le-Yisra'el}}) is [[Israel]]'s major [[Aerospace manufacturer|aerospace]] and aviation manufacturer, producing aerial and astronautic systems for both [[Arms industry|military]] and civilian usage. It has 14,000 employees as of 2021. IAI is state-owned by the government of Israel.

IAI designs, develops, produces and maintains civil [[aircraft]], [[UAV]]s, [[fighter aircraft]], [[missile]], [[avionics]], and [[Astronautics|space-based]] systems.

IAI's main focus is engineering, [[aviation]] and [[high-tech]] electronics, though it also manufactures military systems for [[Army|ground]] and [[naval]] forces. Many of these products are centered on the core needs of the [[Israel Defense Forces]] (IDF). Other offerings are marketed to numerous foreign militaries.

==History==
Israel Aerospace Industries was founded in 1953 as Bedek Aviation Company under the initiative of [[Shimon Peres]], then director general of the Ministry of Defense, in order to maintain Israel Defense Forces aircraft.<ref>[http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=4387779 Shimon Peres – Profile]{{dead link|date=August 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, Defense News</ref> The company originally had 70 employees and recruited American born aviation expert [[Al Schwimmer]] as the company's founder and first president.<ref>[https://www.haaretz.com/news/national/al-schwimmer-founder-of-israel-aircraft-industries-dies-at-94-1.367102 Al Schwimmer, founder of Israel Aircraft Industries, dies at 94] Haaretz, 11.06.11</ref>

===First aircraft manufacturing===
[[File:Zukit579.jpg|thumb|IAI Tzukit of the [[IAF Aerobatic Team]] (2007)]]

In 1959 Bedek began manufacturing its first aircraft, a [[V-tail]]ed twinjet trainer of French design, the [[Fouga CM.170 Magister]], locally called ''Tzukit'' ([[rock thrush|monticola]]). The ''Tzukit'' became the [[Israeli Air Force]] principal trainer for 50 years. The IAI [[Tzukit]] was also used in the 1967 [[Six-Day War]] by [[147 Squadron (Israel)|147 Squadron]] as a close support aircraft, attacking targets on the Egyptian front during the first day of the war, when Israel's more capable combat aircraft were deployed against Arab air bases and aircraft.<ref name="AE p44">Aloni 2001, p.44.</ref> They were then deployed against [[Jordan]]ian forces, including armour, on the [[West Bank]]. The Magister proved effective at the close-support mission albeit with heavy casualties, with six being lost.<ref name="AE p49-1, 54-5">Aloni 2001, pp. 49–51, 54–55.</ref>

The first aircraft to be fully designed and built by IAI, the [[IAI Arava]] short take-off and landing transport aircraft, first flew in 1969 after three years of development.<ref name=FundingUniverse>{{Citation
| title = Israel Aircraft Industries Ltd. – Company History
| url = http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Israel-Aircraft-Industries-Ltd-Company-History.html
| journal = FundingUniverse
}}</ref>

===The French embargo impact===
[[File:IAI-Kfir-hatzerim-1.jpg|thumb|IAI Kfir]]
In response to the [[France–Israel relations|French embargo]], IAI began developing its own fighter aircraft, a derivative of the [[Mirage 5]] called the [[IAI Nesher]] ("hawk"), in 1968. The Nesher entered service in 1971, in time for the [[Yom Kippur War]]. The Nesher was followed by the [[IAI Kfir]] ("lion cub"), which was developed as a result of Israel's need for adapting the [[Dassault Mirage III]] to the specific requirements of the Israeli Air Force. The '''Kfir''' entered service with the IAF in 1975, the first units being assigned to the [[101 Squadron (Israel)|101st "First Fighter" Squadron]]. Over the following years, several other squadrons were also equipped with the new aircraft. The Kfir's first recorded combat action took place on 9 November 1977, during an Israeli air strike on a training camp at Tel Azia, in [[Lebanon]]. The only air victory claimed by a Kfir during its service with the IAF occurred on 27 June 1979 when a Kfir C.2 shot down a Syrian [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21|MiG-21]].<ref name=FundingUniverse />

The IAI Kfir has been exported to [[Colombia]], [[Ecuador]], [[Sri Lanka]] and was leased to the [[US Navy]] and the [[US Marine Corps]] from 1985 to 1989, to act as adversary aircraft in [[dissimilar air combat training]].<ref>[http://www.globes.co.il/serveen/globes/docview.asp?did=697938 IAI will lease Kfir aircraft to US Air Force, Navy] – Globes; 18 June 2003</ref>

===Diversification===
[[File:HN-Gabriel-1.jpg|thumb|IAI Gabriel]]

In 1969 IAI acquired [[North American Rockwell]]'s [[Jet Commander]] series of business aircraft. This became the basis for the [[IAI Westwind]] line. Work on an improved Westwind – named the Astra – began in the late 1970s<ref name="AI DEC93p314">Relman 1993, p. 314.</ref> by stretching the fuselage and designing a new swept wing, with the first prototype flight occurring on 19 March 1984.<ref name="AI DEC93p316">Relman 1993, p. 316.</ref> The first production Astra flew on 20 March 1985, [[FAA]] certification came on 29 August 1985 and customer deliveries started in 1986.<ref name="AI DEC93p316"/>

In the 1960s, IAI developed the [[Gabriel (missile)|Gabriel anti-ship missile]] and the [[Elta Electronics Industries]] subsidiary developed an inexpensive aircraft radar which would become a successful export item. In the 1970s IAI developed the [[Dabur class patrol boat]].<ref name=FundingUniverse />

In the 1970s IAI also entered the [[Unmanned aerial vehicle]] (UAV) market with the development of the [[IAI Scout]]. In 1984, IAI formed a [[joint venture]] with rival Israeli company [[Tadiran]] to market both companies' UAV's, the [[Tadiran Mastiff]] and the [[IAI Scout]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vectorsite.net/twuav.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902194407/http://www.vectorsite.net/twuav.html|url-status=usurped|title=None|archivedate=2 September 2011}}</ref>

====Developing the maintenance, repair and overhaul business====
By 1980s the original Bedek maintenance business was conducting extensive overhauls on dozens of different aircraft types, working on engines as well as airframes and interiors, IAI could provide more comprehensive refurbishments than even the aircraft manufacturers themselves. The unit had 4,000 employees by the mid-1980s and overhauled a huge range of aircraft, from propeller-driven trainers to airliners; including big civil aviation programs, such as conversion of [[Boeing 747]]s to freighters.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iai.co.il/sip_storage/FILES/4/35704.pdf|title=IAI-Bedek Aviation Group Presentation|publisher=IAI |access-date=16 May 2019}}</ref>

===The Lavi program===
[[File:IAI-Lavi-B-2-hatzerim-2.jpg|thumb|IAI Lavi]]

In 1980 the Government of Israel decided to use the experience IAI had accumulated to develop and manufacture a modern fighter plane to be the mainstay of the [[Israel Air Force]]. The aircraft, called the [[IAI Lavi]], was to be a superior attack aircraft with advanced weapons systems. It had its rollout in July 1986 and successful maiden flight in December 1986.<ref name= Arens>{{Cite news | title = Arrow, Ofeq, Lavi | url = https://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/opinion/arrow-ofeq-lavi-1.130654 | date = 5 August 2004 | last = Arens | first = Moshe | work = [[Haaretz]]}}</ref>

In August 1987, after extensive government deliberations, the decision was made (by one vote) to cancel the Lavi program, due to the questioning of Israel's economic ability to support the cost of such an extensive program.<ref>{{cite web| title="התעשייה האווירית לישראל" לביא | url = http://www.iaf.org.il/186-18185-he/IAF.aspx?indx=1| publisher = Israeli Air Force |access-date=29 December 2012}}</ref> This led to a serious crisis at IAI which necessitated a major reorganization of the company's structure and business strategy; the company's work force of more than 22,000 people was cut by 5,500 in 1988. However, the Lavi program was credited with developing a number of advanced technologies that IAI was able to market.<ref name=Arens />

===1990s onwards{{mdash}}export led growth===
[[file:Shavit Ofek7a.jpg|thumb|An [[Ofeq]] surveillance satellite launch utilising the [[Shavit 2|Shavit]] space vehicle]]
[[File:AMOS-5 Satellite.jpg|thumb|Model of an AMOS-5 satellite during "Semana de Espacio", in IFEMA, Madrid]]
[[File:Arrow-3_Jan-03-2013_(c).jpg|thumb|[[Arrow 3]] missile]]
[[File:avocet2.jpg|thumb|The Avocet ProJet with IAI Logo]]
[[File:IAI Harop PAS 2013 01.jpg|thumb|The [[IAI Harop]] loitering anti-missile drone]]
[[File:LAHAT.jpg|thumb|[[LAHAT]] laser-guided anti-tank missile system]]
[[File:Lora missile launcher.jpg|thumb|200px|LORA tactical ballistic missile system]]
[[File:Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Israeli_Made_Guardium_UGV_(1).jpg|thumb|The Guardium unmanned ground vehicle]]
By 1989 IAI posted a profit of $11.8 million on sales of $1.28 billion. The company had four divisions—Aircraft, Aviation, Electronics, and Technologies—and 17 factories. IAI was established as a world leader in upgrading aircraft. Planes such as the Vietnam-era [[McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II]] were modernized with advanced avionics and weaponry.

In the 1990s IAI entered the space race with the [[Amos (satellite)|AMOS communications satellites]], [[Ofeq|Ofeq observation satellites]] and the [[Shavit 2|Shavit]] space launcher.<ref name=Arens />

In December 1997, the [[IAI Galaxy]], a business jet with an intercontinental range developed as a [[joint venture]] Galaxy Aerospace with the [[Hyatt Corporation]], made its first flight and entered service in 2000. In May 2001, General Dynamics' [[Gulfstream Aerospace]] bought IAI's Galaxy Aerospace Co. L.P. unit for $330 million, although IAI continues to perform most of the assembly and development of the jets which are marketed by Gulfstream.<ref>[http://www.airliners.net/aircraft-data/stats.main?id=226 Israel IAI-1126 Galaxy/Gulfstream G200]. Airliners.net.</ref>

In 2003, Israel Aircraft Industries attempted to enter the VLJ ([[very light jet]]) Market by launching the [[Avocet ProJet]], a 6–8 seat high utilization air taxi with a list price almost half the cost of the least expensive business jet available at that time. In early 2006, ProJet development stalled after a major undisclosed US [[Original equipment manufacturer|OEM]] pulled out of the program due to unspecified reasons.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ainonline.com/issues/09_03/09_03_avocoetjetp1.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050115045244/http://www.ainonline.com/issues/09_03/09_03_avocoetjetp1.html|url-status=dead|title=Aviation International News, September 2003|archivedate=15 January 2005}}</ref>

The company was working with the [[Aviation Technology Group]] on a military trainer version of the [[ATG Javelin]], a fighter style personal jet. The version being developed would have competed against a large field of jet trainers at a much lower cost of acquisition and maintenance. ATG halted development of the Javelin in 2008 due to a lack of funds.

In March 2004 IAI signed a $1.1 billion contract with [[India]] to install three [[EL/W-2090]] [[Airborne early warning and control|AWACS]] systems on Russian-made [[Ilyushin Il-76]] transports, which are based in part on IAI's earlier [[EL/M-2075|EL/M-2075 Phalcon]] platform which was developed in the 1990s.<ref>[http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/Indian-AWACS-Moving-Forward-on-2-Fronts-04855/ Indian AWACS Moving Forward on 2 Fronts] Defense Industry Daily, 8 June 2011</ref> In the late 2000s IAI developed the follow-on [[IAI EL/W-2085|EL/W-2085]] system which is installed on heavily modified Gulfstream G550 aircraft and which besides serving in the IAF were also sold to Singapore and Italy.

On 6 November 2006, IAI changed its corporate name from "Israel Aircraft Industries Ltd." to "Israel Aerospace Industries Ltd."; to more accurately reflect the current scope of the firm's business activities, which includes not just aircraft, but also systems, satellites and launchers, as well as maritime and ground systems.

On 13 April 2009, the ''[[Moscow Times]]'' reported that the Russian [[Ministry of Defence (Russia)|Defense Ministry]] had signed an agreement with Israel Aerospace to purchase $50 million in pilotless drone aircraft. The contract reportedly includes three types of UAVs manufactured by the company.<ref>Combined Dispatches, "Red-Faced Military Buys Israeli Drones", ''[[Moscow Times]]'', 13 April 2009.</ref>

In January 2012, IAI announced a sale of $1.1 billion of defense systems to an Asian country. The deal has been signed but the company did not name the buyer. It was reported that the sale will include IAI aircraft, missiles and intelligence technologies.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id=252795 | title=Israel Aerospace sells $1.1 billion in arms to Asian nation | work=[[Jerusalem Post]] | date=9 January 2012 | access-date=16 May 2019 | agency=[[Reuters]]}}</ref>

On 4 September 2012, the [[Gulfstream G280]], a new twin-engine business jet built by IAI, received full certification from the [[Federal Aviation Administration]] (FAA).<ref name=FG_full_cert>Sarsfield, Kate [http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/israel-and-usa-grant-full-certification-for-gulfstream-g280-376053/ "Israel and USA grant full certification for Gulfstream G280"]. ''[[Flight International]]'', 4 September 2012.</ref>

IAI is a member of the prestigious Trace International and Society of Corporate Compliance and Ethics (SCCE) organizations and recognized in the [[Transparency International]] April 2015 report to be in the top third of worldwide defense companies for its ethics and anti-corruption programs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iai.co.il/2013/36463-en/CompanyInfo.aspx|title=Israel Aerospace Industries Ltd. – Home page|website=www.iai.co.il}}</ref>

In April 2018, IAI systems were observed in a film made by the [[Azerbaijan Army]], specifically the [[IAI Harop]] loitering munition system, resulting in criticism from the [[Armenian government]] concerning the supply of Israeli arms to the Azeri army.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kubovich |first1=Yaniv |title=Advanced Israeli Weapons Sold to Azerbaijan Exposed in Army-produced Pop Music Video|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/advanced-israeli-weapons-sold-to-azerbaijan-exposed-in-pop-music-video-1.6015052|newspaper= Haaretz|access-date=14 December 2019}}</ref> In 2019, IAI sells drone defense systems to governments to be placed in sensitive areas such as borders, army bases, or power plans, and provides equipment to shoot down military drones as well. It also sells to clients such as airports looking to protect against consumer drones.<ref name="Jammer"/> IAI in 2019 is Israel's major aerospace and defense manufacturer. It released its Popstar system in September 2019, which "can detect and track drones up to 4 km away in day or night".<ref name="Jammer">{{cite news |last1=Holmes |first1=Oliver |title=Detectors, jammers and cyber-attackers: the rise of anti-drone tech|website=[[TheGuardian.com]] |date=12 December 2019 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2019/dec/12/detectors-jammers-and-cyber-attackers-the-rise-of-anti-drone-tech|access-date=13 December 2019}}</ref> IAI advised customers in December 2019 not to fly some Boeing 737 freighters it had converted, after IAI said it detected an "apparent irregularity" in the production process. IAI's converted 737s had come into service in 2003.<ref>{{cite news |title=Israel Aerospace Detects 'Irregularity' in Some Converted Boeing 737 Freighters|newspaper=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/israel-aerospace-detects-irregularity-in-some-converted-boeing-737-freighters-1.8257649|access-date=23 December 2019}}</ref>

In July 2021, IAI Aviation Group has agreed to establish a passenger to freighter conversion site to convert the B737-700/800 with Atitech (Italy) in [[Naples International Airport|Naples]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-05|title=Israel Aerospace Industries Will Establish World's First Passenger to Freighter Conversion Site in Europe|url=https://newsroom.aviator.aero/israel-aerospace-industries-will-establish-worlds-first-passenger-to-freighter-conversion-site-in-europe/|access-date=2021-07-08|website=AVIATOR|language=en}}</ref>

== Products ==

[[File:Salon_du_Bourget_20090619_077.jpg|thumb|[[Barak 8]] surface to air missile]]

=== Civilian aircraft produced ===

Source:<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.iai.co.il/sip_storage/files/2/39952.pdf |title= Commercial Aircraft Group |date= 2013 |publisher= IAI}}</ref>

* [[IAI Westwind]] (1965–1987) :
** 1121 '''Jet Commander''', Certification : November 1964, Line relocated in Israël in 1969
** 1123 '''Commodore Jet''', Certification : December 1971, stretched, GE‐[[CJ610]]‐9 turbojets, thrust reversers, wing-tip tanks, APU
** 1124 '''Westwind I''', Certification : March 1976, [[TFE731]]‐3 turbofans, updated systems and avionics
** 1124A '''Westwind II''', Certification : April 1980, winglets, wing refinements, additional tank, upgraded avionics
* [[Gulfstream G100]] (1985–2016)
** 1125 '''Astra''', Certification : August 1985, new wing, modified fuselage, updated systems and avionics
** 1125 '''Astra SP''', Certification : May 1990, digital avionics
** '''G100 (Astra SPX)''', Certification : January 1996, improved engines, upgraded avionics
** '''G150''', Certification : November 2005, fuselage stretched and widened, new nose, new avionics, uprated engines
* [[Gulfstream G200]] (Galaxy, 1997–2011), Certification : December 1998, new fuselage, improved engines, winglets, modified wing, upgraded avionics
* [[Gulfstream G280]], (in production) Certification and EIS: 2011 : All new fuselage, T-Tail, Wings, engines, systems and avionics
* [[IAI Arava|Arava]]: medium-sized [[STOL]] transport aircraft (no longer in production)
* [[IAI Avocet ProJet]]: very light jet<ref>{{Citation | url = http://www.avocetprojet.com/images/exterior1.jpg | title = Exterior | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20051108134515/http://www.avocetprojet.com/images/exterior1.jpg | archive-date = 8 November 2005}}.</ref> (program cancelled in 2005)

=== Civilian air systems ===
* Conversion of passenger aircraft to cargo aircraft
** A330-300
** B737-300
** B737-400
** B737-700
** B737-800
** B767-200
** B767-300
** B747-200
** B747-400
** B777-300
* Flight Guard [[infrared countermeasures]] system against [[MANPAD]] [[Surface-to-air missile|anti-aircraft missile]]s<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.iai.co.il/Default.aspx?docID=25873&FolderID=28973&lang=en&PageNum=3|title=IAI/Elta's "Flight Guard" Commercial Aircraft Protection System Funded|date=8 September 2003|publisher=[[Israeli Aerospace Industries]]}}</ref>

=== Military aircraft ===
* [[Boeing 377 Stratocruiser|377M Anak]] – conversions done to several ex-[[Pan American World Airways]] Boeing 377 Stratocruiser airliners into heavy lift military cargo aircraft after the United States refused the sale of the [[Lockheed C-130 Hercules|C-130]] to the [[Israeli Air Force]].<ref>[http://www.israeli-weapons.com/weapons/aircraft/anak/Anak.htm Israeli-Weapons.com – Anak(Boeing 377)] ''Retrieved 8/28/11''</ref>
* [[IAI Lavi|Lavi]] – an Israeli fighter jet, abandoned when the United States refused to fund an [[F-16]] competitor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://man.fas.org/dod-101/sys/ac/row/3fal90.htm|title=The United States and the LAVI|website=man.fas.org}}</ref>
* [[IAI Kfir|Kfir]] – fighter jet, developed from the Nesher.
* [[IAI Nammer|Nammer]] – fighter jet, updated version of the Kfir.
* [[IAI Nesher|Nesher]] – fighter jet, derivative of the French Mirage 5.
* ELTA-ELI-3001 – AISIS – Airborne Integrated SIGINT System.
* CAEW Conformal Airborne Early Warning Aircraft – based on the G550 and equipped with the phalcon radar.

=== Unmanned aerial vehicles ===
* [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|UAVs]] – unmanned aerial vehicles, manufactured by IAI's MALAT division:
** [[IAI Pioneer|Pioneer]] (with the USA)
** [[RQ-5 Hunter]] (with the USA)
** [[IAI Heron|Heron]] family of long-endurance unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)
** [[IAI Harpy|Harpy]]
** [[IAI Eitan|Eitan]]
** [[IAI I-View|I-View]]
** [[IAI Harop|Harop]]
** [[IAI Ranger|Ranger]]
** [[IAI Scout|Scout]]
** [[IAI Searcher|Searcher]]
** [[IAI Bird-Eye|Bird-Eye]] family of mini-UAV
** [[IAI Panther|Panther]]
** [[IAI Ghost|Ghost]]

=== Military air systems ===
* [[Rafael Python 5]] air-to-air missile (together with [[Rafael Advanced Defense Systems Ltd.]])
* Upgrades to [[F-16]] and [[F-15 Eagle|F-15]], and [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21|MiG-21]] jet fighters
* Upgrades to [[Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation|Sikorsky]] [[CH-53 Sea Stallion|CH-53]] Yas'ur in project "Yas'ur 2000"
* Avionics upgrades for the [[Kamov Ka-50#Ka-50-2 "Erdogan"|Ka-50-2 Erdogan]] [[gunship]] in collaboration with [[Kamov]]
* [[EL/M-2075|Phalcon]] air surveillance system
* [[EL/W-2085|Eitam]] – adaptations of a [[Gulfstream G550]] for [[airborne early warning and control]]
* [[Griffin LGB]] – a system for converting unguided bombs into [[precision-guided munition]]s
* [[SkySniper]] air to surface missile

===Ground defense systems===
[[File:D9-IDF-2018-Zachi-Evenor-1.jpg|thumb|[[IDF Caterpillar D9]] [[armored bulldozer]]]]
* [[IDF Caterpillar D9]]R's [[armor]] kit
* [[IAI JUMPER]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iai.co.il/31015-40145-en/Business_Areas_Military_Land_Precision_Munitions.aspx?btl=1|title=Israel Aerospace Industries Ltd. – Home page|website=www.iai.co.il}}</ref> (See also [[XM501 Non-Line-of-Sight Launch System]])
* Unmanned [[skid steer loader]] "Front Runner"
* Unmanned [[IDF Caterpillar D9]] remote-controlled [[bulldozer]]
* [[AMMAD]]
* [[TopGun (artillery)]]
* [[Scorpius Electronic Warfare System]]

===Ground transportation===
* Assembly of [[DSB Class MF|IC3]] [[diesel multiple unit]] [[train]]s and [[Bombardier Double-deck Coach|double-decker railway coaches]] under license from [[Bombardier Transportation]]
* [[Taxibot]], semi-robotic towbarless [[pushback (aviation)|pushback]] tractor.<ref name=Globes1>{{cite news|url=http://www.globes.co.il/serveen/globes/docview.asp?did=1000620538&fid=1725 |title=New IAI "taxibot" to save airlines billions |date=3 February 2011|access-date=9 July 2012 |work=[[Globes (newspaper)|Globes]]|publisher=[[Globes (newspaper)|Globes]]}}</ref><ref name=Taxibot>{{cite news|url=http://www.iai.co.il/35095-39730-en/Groups_Military_Aircraft_Lahav_Products_TaxiBot.aspx |title=TAXIBOT SYSTEM|access-date=9 July 2012}}</ref>
* [[RBY MK 1]]
* [[RAM MK3]]

==== Creation underway ====
* [[Zibar]]
* [[IDF Caterpillar D9#D9T Panda|D9T Panda]]

===Unmanned ground vehicles===
* [[Guardium]]
* [[Sahar (robot)|Sahar]] – robotic [[Combat engineering|engineering]] [[Reconnaissance|scout]]
* [[Robattle]]
* [[IDF Caterpillar D9#D9T Panda|D9T Panda]] – unmanned version of the [[IDF Caterpillar D9]]T [[armored bulldozer]]

=== Naval systems ===
* [[Super Dvora Mk III class patrol boat]]<ref>{{Citation | url = http://www.iai.co.il/site/en/iai.asp?pi=23048&doc_id=33550 | title = IAI}}.</ref>
* [[Super Dvora Mk II class patrol boat]]
* [[Dvora class fast patrol boat]]
* [[Dabur class patrol boat]]

===Missile systems===
* [[Arrow (Israeli missile)|Arrow]] – Anti-ballistic missile system
* [[Arrow 3]] – Anti-ballistic missile system
* [[Barak 1]] – Surface-to-air missile
* [[Barak 8]] – Surface-to-air missile (jointly developed with [[DRDO]] of [[India]])
* [[Gabriel missile|Gabriel]] – Air-to-surface, surface-to-surface anti-ship missile
* [[Iron Dome]] – mobile all-weather air-defence system
* [[Jericho (missile)#Jericho I|Jericho I]] - Short-range ballistic missile
* [[Jericho (missile)#Jericho II|Jericho II & III]] - Long-range ballistic missile
* [[LAHAT]] – Anti-tank missile
* [[LORA (missile)|LORA]] - Tactical ballistic missile
* [[Nimrod (missile)|Nimrod]] – Air-to-surface, surface-to-surface missile
* [[Wind Demon]] – Air-to-surface, low cost cruise missile <ref>{{cite web |last1=Frantzman |first1=Seth |title=Israel's IAI announces new Wind Demon air-to-surface missile |url=https://breakingdefense.com/2024/07/israels-iai-announces-new-wind-demon-air-to-surface-missile/ |website=Breaking Defense |publisher=Breaking Media, Inc. |access-date=1 October 2024}}</ref>

===Space hardware===
* [[AMOS (satellite bus)]]
** [[Intelsat 24]]
** [[AMOS-2]]
** [[AMOS-3]]
** [[AMOS-4]]
** [[AMOS-6]]
* [[EROS (satellite)]]
** [[EROS A]]
** [[EROS B]]
* [[Ofeq]] [[Satellite]] series
** [[Ofek-7]]
** [[Ofek-9]]
** [[Ofek-10]]
* [[RISAT-2]] satellite
* [[SHALOM (satellite)]]
* [[Shavit 2|Shavit]] space launcher
* Middle East Newsline has reported that IAI will launch one or more [[CubeSat]]s by the end of 2008.<ref>
{{cite web | url = http://www.menewsline.com/stories/2007/may/05_17_4.html | title = ISRAEL PLANS NANO-SATELLITE LAUNCH | publisher = Middle East Newsline | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070906110557/http://www.menewsline.com/stories/2007/may/05_17_4.html | archive-date = 6 September 2007}}</ref>
* [[TecSAR]] reconnaissance satellite, launched on 21 January 2008<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/iran/story/0,,2244324,00.html |title=Israel launches new satellite to spy on Iran |access-date=22 January 2008 |date=21 January 2008 |work=Guardian Unlimited | location=London | first=Mark | last=Tran}}</ref>
* [[VENμS]] satellite

== Manufacturing plants ==
[[File:Bet-Shemesh-Jr-rail.jpg|thumb|Many [[Israel Railways]] [[DSB Class MF|IC3]] trains (one shown at Beit Shemesh, August 2006) were assembled by RAMTA from [[knock-down kit]]s imported from Denmark.]]
* Systems, Missiles & Space Group
** Malam – integration
** Mabat – missiles and satellites
** Tamam – [[inertial guidance]] and [[electro-optic]] systems
* Military Aircraft Group
** Lahav – aircraft upgrades
** Mata – helicopter upgrades
** Golan Industries – crash survival seats and other aircraft parts
** Malat – [[Unmanned Aerial Vehicle]]s
* [[Elta Systems|Elta]] – [[Radar]]s, [[electronic warfare]] and [[ELINT]]
* Bedek Aviation Group – [[Maintenance, repair, and operations|MRO]]
** Aircraft Division – Conversion of passenger aircraft to cargo aircraft, heavy aircraft maintenance, Fleet Maintenance
** Engines Division – Repair and overhaul of civil and military aircraft engines ([[Pratt & Whitney|P&W]], [[GE]])
** Components Division – Repair and overhaul of civil and military aircraft components ([[Auxiliary power unit|APU]], [[Landing gear|Landing Gear]], CSD etc.).
* Commercial Aircraft Group
** Ramta – [[railcar]]s, [[patrol boat]]s, [[armor]] kits for [[engineering vehicle]]s etc.
** Aerostructures
*** Shahal – [[landing gear]] and other aircraft parts
** Technologies
** Business Jets
* Engineering Division – aircraft manufacturing and integration
** Maman – IT Services. mainly implementing and maintaining ERP/SAP Package.

== 2026 Partial Privatisation and IPO ==
For over two decades, the [[Israeli government]] debated the structural transformation of its defense sector, a discussion that culminated in January 2026 with a formal commitment to partially privatize Israel Aerospace Industries through an [[initial public offering]] (IPO) on the [[Tel Aviv Stock Exchange]]<ref name=":0">Scheer, S. (2026, January 12). ''Exclusive: Israel poised to launch defence privatisations in months, says government official''. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/israel-poised-launch-defence-privatisations-months-official-2026-01-12/</ref>. This transition represents a landmark shift for the formerly state-owned enterprise. The move is designed to streamline corporate decision-making by reducing government bureaucracy while simultaneously securing the capital necessary to maintain technological parity in a competitive global market.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-12 |title=Israel moves to float $20 billion Arrow maker IAI and $10 billion Iron Dome developer Rafael |url=https://www.calcalistech.com/ctechnews/article/by3cwqfrbl |access-date=2026-01-14 |website=ctech |language=en}}</ref>

=== Timeline ===
The momentum for this shift grew significantly in late 2025 after a ministerial panel, chaired by Accountant General Yali Rothenberg, approved a strategic framework allowing for the sale of up to 49% of the company’s share capital.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wrobel |first=Sharon |date=2026-01-13 |title=Israel eyes privatization of defense giants IAI and Rafael via public share sale |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-eyes-privatization-of-defense-giants-iai-and-rafael-via-public-share-sale/ |access-date=2026-01-14 |work=The Times of Israel |language=en-US |issn=0040-7909}}</ref>

By January 12, 2026, senior officials confirmed that the primary regulatory hurdles and complex labor union negotiations, which had historically stalled previous privatization attempts, were nearing resolution. This paved the way for a scheduled launch in the second quarter of 2026, with an initial offering of a 25% to 30% stake.<ref name=":1">Bob, Y. J. (2026, January 13). ''Israel moves to privatize defense giants IAI and Rafael.'' The Jerusalem Post. https://www.jpost.com/defense-and-tech/article-883293</ref> To safeguard national security interests and manage market volatility, the government indicated that these shares would be released in a series of small tranches extending through 2027.<ref name=":0" />

As of January 2026, IAI reached a valuation of approximately $20 billion, underpinned by an unprecedented order backlog of $26 billion.<ref>Scheer, S. (2026, January 12). ''Israel poised to launch defence privatisations in months, says government official''. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-poised-launch-defence-privatisations-months-says-government-official-2026-01-12/</ref> This financial surge was largely attributed to the global success of IAI’s missile defense portfolio, particularly the [[Arrow 3|Arrow 3 system]], which secured a record $3.5 billion export agreement with [[Germany]] in late 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wrobel |first=Sharon |date=2026-01-13 |title=Israel eyes privatization of defense giants IAI and Rafael via public share sale |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-eyes-privatization-of-defense-giants-iai-and-rafael-via-public-share-sale/ |access-date=2026-01-14 |work=The Times of Israel |language=en-US |issn=0040-7909}}</ref> CEO [[Boaz Levy]] has characterized the IPO as an essential "future-looking" step, arguing that private investment is the only sustainable way to fund the massive research and development required for the next generation of defense technology.<ref name=":1" />

== See also ==
* [[Aeronautics Defense Systems]]
* [[Elta Systems]]
* [[Military equipment of Israel]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite magazine|last=Aloni|first=Shlomo|title=Golden Heritage: Israeli Aircraft Industries at 50|magazine=[[Air Enthusiast]] |date=September–October 2003|issue=107 |pages=15–30 |issn=0143-5450}}
* Aloni, Shlomo. "Trainers in Combat: Valour and Sacrifice in the Six Day War". ''[[Air Enthusiast]]'', No. 94, July/August 2001. pp. 42–55. ISSN 0143-5450
* {{cite magazine|last=Relman|first=Paul|title=IAI Astra: Israel's star-struck biz jet|magazine=[[Air International]]|date=December 1993|volume=45|issue=6|pages=313–319|issn=0306-5634}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.iai.co.il/Templates/Homepage/Homepage.aspx?lang=EN Israel Aerospace Industries] – official site.
*[http://www.iai.co.il/Default.aspx?FolderID=14467&lang=en&res=0&pos=0 IAI Space Systems]
*[http://www.iai.co.il/18660-en/SystemMissileandSpace_SpaceDivision.aspx IAI Space Division]
*[http://www.iai.co.il/Default.aspx?FolderID=18657&lang=en Official org-chart (2 January 2007)]

{{Israel Aerospace Industries}}
{{IAI aircraft}}{{Portal bar|Spaceflight|Israel}}{{authority control}}

[[Category:Israel Aerospace Industries| ]]
[[Category:1953 establishments in Israel]]
[[Category:Aircraft manufacturers of Israel]]
[[Category:Government-owned companies of Israel]]
[[Category:Companies involved in the Gaza war]]

2019 Indian general election in Kerala

2026-01-31T03:37:06Z

BrandonGreenlee: Content refined and expanded

{{Short description|Indian lower house election in Keralam}} 
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = [[2019 Indian general election]]
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 2014 Indian general election in Kerala
| previous_year = 2014
| next_election = 2024 Indian general election in Kerala
| next_year = 2024
| election_date = 23 April 2019
| seats_for_election = 20 seats
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Rahul Gandhi in Shillong (cropped).jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=0}}
| leader1 = [[Rahul Gandhi]]
| leaders_seat1 = [[Wayanad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Wayanad]]
| party1 = Indian National Congress
| alliance1 = [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
| seats1 = 19
| last_election1 = 12
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 7
| percentage1 = 47.48%
| swing1 =
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Chief Minister Pinarayi Vijayan 2023.tif|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=10}}
| leader2 = [[Pinarayi Vijayan]]
| leaders_seat2 = -
| seats2 = 1
| last_election2 = 8
| party2 = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| alliance2 = [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
| percentage2 = 35.29%
| seat_change2 = {{decrease}} 7
| swing4 =
| image3 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Kummanam Rajasekharan.png|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=05|Location=center}}
| leader3 = [[Kummanam Rajasekharan]]
| leaders_seat3 = [[Thiruvananthapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]] (Lost)
| party3 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| alliance3 = National Democratic Alliance (India)
| seats3 = 0
| last_election3 = 0
| seat_change3 = {{nochange}}
| percentage3 = 15.64%
| map_image = Constituency wise Loksabha Results 2019 - Kerala.svg
| map_size = 200px
| map_caption = [[Kerala]]
| title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| posttitle = Prime Minister after election
| before_election = [[Narendra Modi]]
| before_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| after_election = [[Narendra Modi]]
| after_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|turnout = 77.84% ({{increase}} 3.95%)
}}

The [[2019 Indian general election]] was held in [[Kerala]] on 23 April 2019 to constitute the [[17th Lok Sabha]].<ref name="PerSchedule">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/general-election-will-be-held-in-2019-as-per-schedule-says-rajnath-singh/article24844428.ece|title=General election will be held in 2019 as per schedule, says Rajnath Singh|last=Singh|first=Vijaita|date=1 September 2018|work=The Hindu|access-date=4 January 2019|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

[[Indian National Congress]] led [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|United Democratic Front]] swept 19 out of 20 seats in the state winning more than 47% of total polled votes. [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] led [[National Democratic Alliance]] which formed government at center couldn't win any seats but gathered around 15% vote share. The ruling [[Left Democratic Front]] was decimated in the elections with just one seat, vote share dropped to 36% from 40% in [[2014 Indian general election in Kerala|2014 general elections]].

The state witnessed elections in the backdrop of [[Entry of women to Sabarimala|Sabarimala Temple Protests]], [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF’s PM candidate]] [[Rahul Gandhi]] contesting from state and [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]’s new alliance partner [[Bharath Dharma Jana Sena]] which is a political wing of the powerful [[Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam|SNDP]]. Even [[2016 Indian banknote demonetisation|Demonetization]] and [[Goods and Services Tax (India)|GST]] issues were discussed during election campaign though they were implemented years before the election. Both Sabarimala issue and [[Bharath Dharma Jana Sena|BDJS’s]] partnership were expected to help NDA gain by huge margin, however final results favoured [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]] due to shift of some of core voters of [[Left Democratic Front|LDF]] to NDA through BDJS and more importantly presence of prime minister candidate Rahul Gandhi.

Despite no [[National Democratic Alliance]] winners from the state, it got one ministerial berth in [[Second Modi ministry]] through [[V. Muraleedharan]] a [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]].

==Alliances and parties==
The key alliances that fought for representation of Lok Sabha seats in Kerala are the [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]] which is the Kerala state legislative alliance aligned with the [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]] at the national level and the [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]] comprising primarily the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] and the [[Communist Party of India|CPI]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/lok-sabha-polls-2019-kerala-congress-candidate-list-for-general-elections-to-be-finalised-in-februar-1978673|title=Kerala Congress Candidate List For 2019 Polls To Be Finalised In February|website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ahead-2019-polls-ldf-inducts-4-parties-coalition-kerala-1418323-2018-12-27|title=Ahead of 2019 polls, LDF inducts 4 new parties in the coalition in Kerala|author=P. S. Gopikrishnan Unnithan|date=27 December 2018|website=India Today}}</ref> [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance (NDA)]], which had not won any seat in the state, placed candidates in all constituencies. A new force in the election is the [[Left United Front]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/kerala-bjp-banks-on-temple-politics-1457977-2019-02-17|title=Kerala BJP banks on temple politics|author=Jeemon Jacob|date=17 February 2019|website=India Today}}</ref>

===United Democratic Front===
{{further|List of United Democratic Front candidates for Indian general election, 2019 in Kerala}}
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="height: 50px;"
! scope="col" style="width:4px;"| No.
! scope="col" style="width:200px;"| Party
! scope="col" style="width:80px;"| Election symbol
! scope="col" style="width:60px;"| Seats contested
|- style="height: 45px;"
| ! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};color:white"|'''1.''' || [[Indian National Congress]]|| style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Hand_INC.svg|45px]]|| style="text-align:center;"|16
|- style="height: 45px;"
| ! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}};color:white"|'''2.''' || [[Indian Union Muslim League]]|| style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Lader.svg|40px]] || style="text-align:center;"|2
|- style="height: 45px;"
| ! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Kerala Congress (Mani)}};color:white"|'''3.''' || [[Kerala Congress (M)]] || style="text-align:center;"| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Two Leaves.svg|45px]]|| style="text-align:center;"|1
|- style="height: 45px;"
| ! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}};color:white"|'''4.''' || [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]] ||style="text-align:center;"| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Spade and Stoker.png|40px]] || style="text-align:center;"|1
|- style="height: 45px;"
|}

===Left Democratic Front===
{{further|List of Left Democratic Front candidates for Indian general election, 2019 in Kerala}}
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="height: 50px;"
! scope="col" style="width:4px;"| No.
! scope="col" style="width:200px;"| Party
! scope="col" style="width:80px;"| Election symbol
! scope="col" style="width:60px;"| Seats contested
|- style="height: 45px;"
| ! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white"|'''1.''' || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]|| [[File:CPI(M) election symbol - Hammer Sickle and Star.svg|45px|center|Key]] || style="text-align:center;" |16{{efn|It includes two [[Independent (politician) |Independent]] candidates contesting on [[CPI(M)]] symbol}}
|- style="height: 4px;"
| ! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}};color:white"|'''2.''' || [[Communist Party of India]]|| [[File:CPI symbol.svg|45px|center|Star]] ||style="text-align:center;"|4
|- style="height: 4px;"
|}

===National Democratic Alliance===
{{further|List of National Democratic Alliance candidates for Indian general election, 2019 in Kerala}}

{| class="wikitable"
|- style="height: 50px;"
! scope="col" style="width:4px;"| No. 
! scope="col" style="width:200px;"| Party
! scope="col" style="width:80px;"| Election symbol
! scope="col" style="width:60px;"| Seats contested
|- style="height: 45px;"
| ! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}";color:white"|'''1.''' || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Lotos flower symbol.svg|40px]] ||style="text-align:center;" |15
|- style="height: 45px;"
| ! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Bharath Dharma Jana Sena}};color:white"|'''2.''' || [[Bharath Dharma Jana Sena]]|| style="text-align:center;" | || style="text-align:center;" |4
|- style="height: 45px;"
| ! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Kerala Congress}};color:white"|'''3.''' || [[Kerala Congress (Thomas)]] || style="text-align:center;"| || style="text-align:center;"|1
|- style="height: 45px;"
|}

=== Parties not in any Coalition ===

{| class="wikitable"
|- style="height: 50px;"
! scope="col" style="width:4px;"| No. 
! scope="col" style="width:300px;"| Party
! scope="col" style="width:80px;"| Election symbol
! scope="col" style="width:60px;"| Seats contested
|- style="height: 45px;"

| ! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}; color:white" | '''1.'''
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Elephant Bahujan Samaj Party.svg|frameles|40px]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 16
|- style="height: 45px;"

| ! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Social Democratic Party of India}}; color:white" | '''2.'''
| [[Social Democratic Party of India]]
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" | 10
|- style="height: 45px;"

| ! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)}}; color:white" | '''3.'''
| [[Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)]]
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" | 9
|- style="height: 45px;"

| ! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist)}}; color:white" | '''4.'''
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Red Star]]
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" | 4
|- style="height: 45px;"

| ! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Ambedkarite Party of India}}; color:white" | '''5.'''
| [[Ambedkarite Party of India]]
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
|- style="height: 45px;"

| ! style="text-align:center; background:Green; color:white" | '''6.'''
| [[Peoples Democratic Party (India)|Peoples Democratic Party]]
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
|- style="height: 45px;"

| ! style="text-align:center; background:aqua; color:black" | '''7.'''
| Secular Democratic Congress
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
|- style="height: 45px;"

| ! style="text-align:center; background:darkred; color:white" | '''8.'''
| [[Marxist Communist Party of India (United)]]
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
|- style="height: 45px;"

| ! style="text-align:center; background:darkblue; color:white" | '''9.'''
| Pravasi Nivasi Party
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
|- style="height: 45px;"

| ! style="text-align:center; background:skyblue; color:white" | '''10.'''
| [[Indian Gandhiyan Party]]
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
|- style="height: 45px;"

| ! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Rashtriya Samaj Paksha}}; color:white" | '''11.'''
| [[Rashtriya Samaj Paksha]]
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
|- style="height: 45px;"

| ! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}};color:white" | '''12.'''
| [[Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi]]
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
|- style="height: 45px;"

| ! style="text-align:center; background:yellow; color:black" | '''13.'''
| Samajwadi Forward Bloc Party
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
|- style="height: 45px;"

| ! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Indian National Labour Party}}; color:black" | '''14.'''
| National Labour Party
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
|- style="height: 45px;"

| ! style="text-align:center; background:lightgreen; color:black" | '''15.'''
| Akhila India Makkal Kazhagam
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
|- style="height: 45px;"
|}
[[Aam Aadmi Party|Aam Admi Party]], who had contested in the 2014 elections decided not to contest this election so as to not split anti-BJP votes.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ameerudheen|first=T. A.|title=Elections 2019: Six Lok Sabha seats in Kerala you should watch out for|url=https://scroll.in/article/917444/elections-2019-six-lok-sabha-seats-you-should-watch-out-for-in-kerala|access-date=18 September 2020|website=Scroll.in|date=22 March 2019 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Opinion polls==

=== Seat projections ===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px"
! width="100" rowspan="2" |Date published
! width="175" rowspan="2" |Polling agency
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}"|
! style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}"|
! style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}"|
! rowspan="2" |Lead
|-
! width="50" class="unsortable " |[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
! width="50" class="unsortable " |[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
! width="50" class="unsortable " |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
|-
| Apr 2019
|[https://www.asianetnews.com/elections-survey/asianet-news-az-research-partners-predicts-udf-domination-in-loksabha-election-results-in-kerala-ppyolt AZ Research – Asianet]
|style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}"|'''13'''
|6
|1
|style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}"|'''7'''
|-
|Apr 2019
|[https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha-2019/advantage-nda-but-alliance-could-just-fall-short-of-majority/article26773757.ece CSDS-Lokniti-Hindu]
|5–13
|style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|'''6–14'''
|0–2
|style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}"|'''1–9'''
|-
|Apr 2019
|[https://english.mathrubhumi.com/election/2019/loksabha-election/other-states/mathrubhumi-opinion-poll-live-udf-to-win-alappuzha-mavelikkara-and-pathanamthitta-1.3713495 AC Nielsen – Mathrubhumi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915092824/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/election/2019/loksabha-election/other-states/mathrubhumi-opinion-poll-live-udf-to-win-alappuzha-mavelikkara-and-pathanamthitta-1.3713495 |date=15 September 2019 }}
|style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}"|'''14'''
|5
|1
|style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}"|'''9'''
|-
|Apr 2019
|[https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/times-now-vmr-opinion-poll-for-lok-sabha-election-2019-bjp-narendra-modi-congress-rahul-gandhi/396628 Times Now – VMR]
|style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}"|'''17'''
|2
|1
|style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}"|'''15'''
|-
|Apr 2019
|CVoter
|style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}"|'''17'''
|3
|0
|style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}"|'''14'''
|-
|Apr 2019
|[https://english.manoramaonline.com/in-depth/lok-sabha-elections-2019/2019/04/04/janahitham-survey-manorama-news-ldf-udf-nda-kerala-2.html Manorama – Karvy]
|style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}"|'''13–15'''
|4–5
|0–1
|style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}"|'''9–12'''
|-
|Mar 2019
|[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/nda-will-marginally-fall-short-of-majority-but-form-government-cvoter-survey/articleshow/68347499.cms CVoter – IANS]
|style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}"|'''17'''
|2
|1
|style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}"|'''12'''
|-
|Feb 2019
|[https://www.asianetnews.com/election/asianetnews-az-research-partners-election-survey-live-blog-pmv7xd AZ Research – Asianet]
|style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}"|'''14–16'''
|4–6
|0
|style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}"|'''10–13'''
|-
|Jan 2019
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20190129010658/https://img1.wsimg.com/blobby/go/83899b59-d110-4e93-82bc-eb74aaa7d701/downloads/1d182ejkd_386064.PDF Spick Media]
|style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}"|'''13'''
|5
|2
|style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}"|'''9'''
|-
|Jan 2019
|CVoter
|style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}"|'''16'''
|4
|0
|style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}"|'''16'''
|-
|Oct 2018
|[https://www.manoramanews.com/india/latest/2018/10/06/udf-will-win-election-in-kerala.html ABP News – CSDS]
|style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}"|'''16'''
|4
|0
|style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}"|'''13'''
|-
|Sep 2018
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20190127205835/https://img1.wsimg.com/blobby/go/83899b59-d110-4e93-82bc-eb74aaa7d701/downloads/1cgh920u3_685092.pdf Spick Media]
|style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}"|'''12'''
|7
|1
|style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}"|'''16'''
|}

=== Vote percentage predictions ===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px"
! width="100" rowspan="2" |Date published
! width="175" rowspan="2" |Polling agency
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}"|
! style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}"|
! style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}"|
! rowspan="2" |Lead
|-
! width="50" class="unsortable " |[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
! width="50" class="unsortable " |[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
! width="50" class="unsortable " |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
|-
| Apr 2019
| [https://www.lokniti.org/media/upload_files/Compiled%20Report%20Day%204.pdf CSDS-Lokniti-Hindu]
| 34%
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|'''38%'''
| 18%
| style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" | '''4%'''
|-
| Apr 2019
| [https://english.mathrubhumi.com/election/2019/loksabha-election/other-states/mathrubhumi-opinion-poll-live-udf-to-win-alappuzha-mavelikkara-and-pathanamthitta-1.3713495 A C Nielsen – Mathrubhumi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915092824/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/election/2019/loksabha-election/other-states/mathrubhumi-opinion-poll-live-udf-to-win-alappuzha-mavelikkara-and-pathanamthitta-1.3713495 |date=15 September 2019 }}
| style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}"|'''41%'''
| 37%
| 16%
| style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" | '''4%'''
|-
| Apr 2019
| [https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/times-now-vmr-opinion-poll-for-lok-sabha-election-2019-bjp-narendra-modi-congress-rahul-gandhi/396628 Times Now – VMR]
| style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}"|'''46.97'''%
| 28.11%
| 20.85%
| style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" | '''18.86%'''

|-
| Apr 2019
| CVoter
| style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}"|'''40.7%'''
| 23.3%
| 23.2%
| style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |'''17.4%'''
|-
| Apr 2019
| [https://english.manoramaonline.com/in-depth/lok-sabha-elections-2019/2019/04/04/janahitham-survey-manorama-news-ldf-udf-nda-kerala-2.html Manorama – Karvy]
| style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}"|'''43%'''
| 38%
| 13%
| style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" | '''5%'''

|-
| Jan 2019
| CVoter
| style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}"|'''42.4%'''
| 37.4%
| 15.3%
| style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" | '''10.8%'''
|-
|May 2019
|Axis My India
| style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}"|'''48%'''
|36%
|13%
| style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" | '''12%'''
|}

=== Constituency predictions ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px"
!
! colspan="3" width="150" |'''Manorama – Karvy'''
! colspan="3" width="150" | '''Mathrubhumi – AC Nielsen'''
! colspan="3" |'''AZ Research – Asianet'''
|-
! rowspan="2" width="175" |'''Constituencies'''
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |
|-
! width="50" class="unsortable " |[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
! width="50" class="unsortable " |[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
! width="50" class="unsortable " |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
! width="50" class="unsortable " |[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
! width="50" class="unsortable " |[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
! width="50" class="unsortable " |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
! width="50" class="unsortable " |[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
! width="50" class="unsortable " |[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
! width="50" class="unsortable " |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
|-
! style="text-align:left" |[[Kasaragod (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kasaragod]]
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" | 43%
| 35%
| 19%
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" | 43%
| 35%
| 21%
|33%
! style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |'''34%'''
|17%
|-
! style="text-align:left" |[[Kannur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kannur]]
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |49%
|38%
|9%
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |47%
|44%
|5%
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |'''39%'''
|38%
|17%
|-
! style="text-align:left" |[[Vatakara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vatakara]]
|43%
! style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |44%
|8%
|41%
! style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |43%
|12%
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |'''45%'''
|38%
|13%
|-
! style="text-align:left" |[[Wayanad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Wayanad]]
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |43%
|38%
|9%
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |42%
|34%
|13%
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |'''45%'''
|39%
|16%
|-
! style="text-align:left" |[[Kozhikode (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kozhikode]]
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |42%
|38%
|14%
|39%
! style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |42%
|14%
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |'''44%'''
|36%
|16%
|-
! style="text-align:left" |[[Malappuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Malappuram]]
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |44%
|36%
|10%
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |48%
|39%
|8%
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |'''52%'''
|29%
|15%
|-
! style="text-align:left" |[[Ponnani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ponnani]]
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |55%
|22%
|15%
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |45%
|39%
|10%
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |'''46%'''
|36%
|16%
|-
! style="text-align:left" |[[Palakkad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Palakkad]]
|27%
! style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |51%
|17%
|30%
! style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |34%
|31%
|35%
! style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |'''37%'''
|28%
|-
! style="text-align:left" |[[Alathur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Alathur (SC)]]
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |45%
|38%
|13%
|37%
! style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |44%
|16%
|39%
! style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |'''41%'''
|17%
|-
! style="text-align:left" |[[Thrissur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thrissur]]
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |41%
|37%
|16%
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |39%
|36%
|16%
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |'''36%'''
|32%
|26%
|-
! style="text-align:left" |[[Chalakudy (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chalakudy]]
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |40%
|39%
|13%
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |39%
|37%
|14%
|36%
! style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |'''38%'''
|19%
|-
! style="text-align:left" |[[Ernakulam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ernakulam]]
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |41%
|33%
|11%
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |45%
|34%
|15%
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |'''43%'''
|32%
|20%
|-
! style="text-align:left" |[[Idukki (Lok Sabha constituency)|Idukki]]
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |44%
|39%
|9%
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |42%
|36%
|16%
|37%
! style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |'''38%'''
|14%
|-
! style="text-align:left" |[[Kottayam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kottayam]]
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |49%
|39%
|2%
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |47%
|36%
|9%
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |'''50%'''
|31%
|14%
|-
! style="text-align:left" |[[Alappuzha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Alappuzha]]
|44%
! style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |47%
|4%
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |47%
|35%
|9%
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |'''45%'''
|37%
|13%
|-
! style="text-align:left" |[[Mavelikkara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mavelikkara (SC)]]
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |45%
|44%
|8%
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |44%
|35%
|18%
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |'''46%'''
|33%
|18%
|-
! style="text-align:left" |[[Pathanamthitta (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pathanamthitta]]
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |42%
|33%
|21%
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |32%
|29%
|31%
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |'''36%'''
|20%
|35%
|-
! style="text-align:left" |[[Kollam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kollam]]
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |48%
|41%
|7%
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |47%
|39%
|8%
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |'''44%'''
|32%
|16%
|-
! style="text-align:left" |[[Attingal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Attingal]]
|38%
! style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |44%
|13%
|38%
! style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |46%
|10%
|35%
! style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |'''36%'''
|17%
|-
! style="text-align:left" |[[Thiruvananthapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|35%
|25%
! style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |36%
|33%
|23%
! style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |40%
|34%
|25%
! style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |'''40%'''
|}

== Constituency candidates ==
{{main|List of candidates for the 2019 Indian general election in Kerala}}
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Constituency
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Left Front]]
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
! No.
! Name
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
|-
! 1
| [[Kasaragod Lok Sabha constituency|Kasaragod]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Rajmohan Unnithan]]
| {{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[K. P. Satheesh Chandran]]
| {{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Raveesh Thanthri Kuntar
|-
! 2
| [[Kannur Lok Sabha constituency|Kannur]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[K. Sudhakaran]]
| {{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[P. K. Sreemathy]]
| {{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| C. K. Padmanabhan
|-
! 3
| [[Vatakara Lok Sabha constituency|Vatakara]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[K. Muraleedharan]]
| {{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[P. Jayarajan]]
| {{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| V. K. Sajeevan
|-
! 4
| [[Wayanad Lok Sabha constituency|Wayanad]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Rahul Gandhi]]
| {{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India}}
| [[P. P. Suneer]]
| {{Party name with colour|Bharath Dharma Jana Sena}}
| Thushar Vellapally
|-
! 5
| [[Kozhikode Lok Sabha constituency|Kozhikode]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[M. K. Raghavan]]
| {{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[A. Pradeepkumar]]
| {{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| K. P. Prakash Babu
|-
! 6
| [[Malappuram Lok Sabha constituency|Malappuram]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian Union Muslim League}}
| [[P. K. Kunhalikutty]]
| {{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[V. P. Sanu]]
| {{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Unnikrishnan Master
|-
! 7
| [[Ponnani Lok Sabha constituency|Ponnani]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian Union Muslim League}}
| [[E. T. Mohammed Basheer]]
| {{Party name with colour|Independent politician|shortname=IND}}
| [[P. V. Anvar]]
| {{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| V. T. Rema
|-
! 8
| [[Palakkad Lok Sabha constituency|Palakkad]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[V. K. Sreekandan]]
| {{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[M. B. Rajesh]]
| {{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| C. Krishnakumar
|-
! 9
| [[Alathur Lok Sabha constituency|Alathur (SC)]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Remya Haridas]]
| {{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[P. K. Biju]]
| {{Party name with colour|Bharath Dharma Jana Sena}}
| T. V. Babu
|-
! 10
| [[Thrissur Lok Sabha constituency|Thrissur]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[T. N. Prathapan]]
| {{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India}}
| [[Rajaji Mathew Thomas]]
| {{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Suresh Gopi]]
|-
! 11
| [[Chalakudy Lok Sabha constituency|Chalakudy]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Benny Behanan]]
| {{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Innocent Vareed Thekkethala]]
| {{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| A. N. Radhakrishnan
|-
! 12
| [[Ernakulam Lok Sabha constituency|Ernakulam]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Hibi Eden]]
| {{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[P. Rajeev (Kerala)|P. Rajeev]]
| {{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Alphons Kannanthanam]]
|-
|-
! 13
| [[Idukki Lok Sabha constituency|Idukki]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Dean Kuriakose]]
| {{Party name with colour|Independent politician|shortname=IND}}
| [[Joice George]]
| {{Party name with colour|Bharath Dharma Jana Sena}}
| Biju Krishnan
|-
! 14
| [[Kottayam Lok Sabha constituency|Kottayam]]
| {{Party name with colour|Kerala Congress (M)}}
| [[Thomas Chazhikadan]]
| {{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[V. N. Vasavan]]
| {{Party name with colour|Kerala Congress (Thomas)|shortname=KC(T)}}
| [[P. C. Thomas]]
|-
! 15
| [[Alappuzha Lok Sabha constituency|Alappuzha]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Shanimol Usman]]
| {{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[A. M. Ariff]]
| {{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[K. S. Radhakrishnan]]
|-
! 16
| [[Mavelikara Lok Sabha constituency|Mavelikkara (SC)]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Kodikunnil Suresh]]
| {{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India}}
| [[Chittayam Gopakumar]]
| {{Party name with colour|Bharath Dharma Jana Sena}}
| Thazhava Sahadevan
|-
! 17
| [[Pathanamthitta Lok Sabha constituency|Pathanamthitta]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Anto Antony]]
| {{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Veena George]]
| {{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[K. Surendran]]
|-
! 18
| [[Kollam Lok Sabha constituency|Kollam]]
| {{Party name with colour|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
| [[N. K. Premachandran]]
| {{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[K. N. Balagopal]]
| {{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| K. V. Sabu
|-
! 19
| [[Attingal Lok Sabha constituency|Attingal]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Adoor Prakash]]
| {{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[A. Sampath]]
| {{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Shobha Surendran]]
|-
! 20
| [[Thiruvananthapuram Lok Sabha constituency|Thiruvananthapuram]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Shashi Tharoor]]
| {{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India}}
| [[C. Divakaran]]
| {{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Kummanam Rajasekharan]]
|-
|}

== Voter turnout ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! rowspan="2" |Constituency no.
! rowspan="2" |Constituency
! rowspan="2" |Electors
! rowspan="2" |Total Votes
! rowspan="2" |% Voter Turnout
|-
| 1 || Kasaragod || 1,363,937 || 1,100,099 ||80.6%
|-
| 2 || Kannur || 1266550 || 1054746 ||83.2%
|-
| 3 || Vadakara || 1288926 || 1065932 ||82.6%
|-
| 4 || Wayanad || 1359679 || 1092759 ||80.3%
|-
| 5 || Kozhikode || 1318024 || 1076882 ||81.7%
|-
| 6 || Malappuram || 1370544 || 1034799 ||75.5%
|-
| 7 || Ponnani || 1356803 || 1017366 ||74.9%
|-
| 8 || Palakkad || 1323010 || 1028874 ||77.7%
|-
| 9 || Alathur || 1266794 || 1019376 ||80.4%
|-
| 10 || Thrissur || 1337110 || 1042122 ||77.9%
|-
| 11 || Chalakudy || 1230197 || 990433 ||80.5%
|-
| 12 || Ernakulam || 1245972 || 967390 ||77.6%
|-
| 13 || Idukki || 1204191 || 919559 ||76.3%
|-
| 14 || Kottayam || 1206698 || 910648 ||75.4%
|-
| 15 || Alappuzha || 1356701 || 1090112 ||80.3%
|-
| 16 || Mavelikkara || 1308102 || 972360 ||74.3%
|-
| 17 || Pathanamthitta || 1382741 || 1027378 ||74.3%
|-
| 18 || Kollam || 1296720 || 969017 ||74.7%
|-
| 19 || Attingal || 1350710 || 1006048 ||74.4%
|-
| 20 || Thiruvananthapuram || 1371427 || 1011268 ||73.7%
|}
<ref name="eciturnout2">[https://eci.gov.in/files/file/9997-final-voter-turnout-of-phase-1-and-phase-2-of-the-lok-sabha-elections-2019/ Final voter turnout of Phase 1 and Phase 2 of the Lok Sabha Elections 2019], The Election Commission of India (20 April 2019, updated 4 May 2019)</ref>

==Bogus votes detection and re-polling==
The [[Election Commission of India]] ordered re-polling on 19 May 2019 in 3 booths in Kasaragod and one in Kannur constituencies after confirming bogus votes.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bogus Voting: Election Commission orders re polling in four booths in Kerala|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/bogus-voting-election-commission-orders-re-polling-four-booths-kerala-101891|access-date=18 May 2019|work=The News Minute|date=16 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Re-polling at 4 booths in north Kerala on May 19 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha-2019/re-polling-at-4-booths-in-north-kerala-on-may-19/article27150548.ece |access-date=18 May 2019 |work=The Hindu |date=16 May 2019 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Results ==
===Results by alliance or party===
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Vote Share (By alliance)
| label1 = [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
| value1 = 47.48
| color1 = {{Party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| label2 = [[Left Democratic Front|LDF]]
| value2 = 35.29
| color2 = {{Party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| label3 = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| value3 = 15.64
| color3 = {{Party color|National Democratic Alliance}}
| label4 = Others
| value4 = 1.59
| color4 = Silver
}}
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan="4" rowspan="2"|Alliance/Party
!colspan="3"|Popular vote
!colspan="3"|Seats
|-
!Votes
!%
!±[[Percentage point|pp]]
!Contested
!Won
!'''+/−'''
|-
|rowspan="5" {{Party color cell|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
!rowspan="5"style="background:#ADD8E6"|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|7,596,610
|37.46%
| {{increase}} 6.36%
| 16
| 15
| {{decrease}} 7
|-
|{{Party color cell|Indian Union Muslim League}}
|[[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]
|1,111,697
|5.48%
| {{increase}} 0.94%
| 2
| 2
| {{steady}}
|-
|{{Party color cell|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]]
|499,677
|2.46%
| {{increase}} 0.19%
| 1
| 1
|{{steady}}
|-
|{{Party color cell|Kerala Congress (M)}}
|[[Kerala Congress (M)|KEC(M)]]
|421,046
|2.08%
|{{decrease}} 0.28%
| 1
|1
| {{steady}}
|-
!colspan="2"style="background:#ADD8E6"|Total
!style="background:#ADD8E6"|9,629,030
!style="background:#ADD8E6"|47.48 %
!style="background:#ADD8E6"|{{increase}} 5.50%
!style="background:#ADD8E6"|20
!style="background:#ADD8E6"|19
!style="background:#ADD8E6"|{{decrease}} 5
|-
|rowspan="4" {{Party color cell|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
!rowspan="4"style="background:#FFE6E6"|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|5,266,510
|25.97%
|{{increase}} 4.38%
| 14
|1
| {{decrease}} 4
|-
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|1,233,886
|6.08%
|{{decrease}} 1.51%
| 4
|0
| {{decrease}} 1
|-
|{{Party color cell|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF Ind.]]
|655,991
|4.24%
|{{decrease}} 5.01%
| 2
|0
| {{decrease}} 2
|-
!colspan="2"style="background:#FFE6E6"|Total
!style="background:#FFE6E6"|7,156,387
!style="background:#FFE6E6"|35.29%
!style="background:#FFE6E6"|{{decrease}} 4.83%
!style="background:#FFE6E6"|20
!style="background:#FFE6E6"|1
!style="background:#FFE6E6"|{{increase}} 8
|-
|rowspan="4" {{Party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
!rowspan="4"style="background:#fef3e8"|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|2,635,810
|13.00%
|{{decrease}} 2.67%
| 15
|0
| {{steady}}
|-
|{{Party color cell|Bharath Dharma Jana Sena}}
|[[Bharath Dharma Jana Sena|BDJS]]
|380,847
|1.88%
| New
| 4
|0
| {{steady}}
|-
|{{Party color cell|Kerala Congress (Thomas)}}
|[[Kerala Congress (Thomas)|KC (T)]]
|155,135
|0.76%
| New
| 1
|0
| {{steady}}
|-
!colspan="2"style="background:#fef3e8"|Total
!style="background:#fef3e8"|3,171,792
!style="background:#fef3e8"|15.64%
!style="background:#fef3e8"|{{increase}} 4.82%
!style="background:#fef3e8"|20
!style="background:#fef3e8"|0
!style="background:#fef3e8"|{{steady}}
|-
|colspan=4 |Others
|324,125
|1.59%
|
|
|
|
|-
!colspan=4 |Total
!20,397,168
!100%
!{{increase}} 3.95%
!
!20
!
|}

=== Constituency results===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan="2" rowspan="2"|Constituency
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner-up
! colspan="2" |Margin
|-
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
! data-sort-type=number | %
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
!data-sort-type=number | Votes
!data-sort-type=number | %
!data-sort-type=number | Votes
!data-sort-type=number | %
|-
!1
|[[Kasaragod Lok Sabha constituency | Kasaragod]]
|Rajmohan Unnithan
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|4,74,961
|43.17
|K. P. Sathishchandran
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|4,34,523
|39.50
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|40,438
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|3.67
|-

!2
|[[Kannur Lok Sabha constituency | Kannur]]
|K. Sudhakaran
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|5,29,741
|50.22
|P. K. Sreemathi Teacher
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|4,35,182
|41.26
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|94,559
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|8.96
|-

!3
|[[Vatakara Lok Sabha constituency | Vadakara]]
|K. Muraleedharan
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|5,26,755
|49.42
|P. Jayarajan
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|4,42,092
|41.47
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|84,663
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|7.95
|-

!4
|[[Wayanad Lok Sabha constituency | Wayanad]]
|Rahul Gandhi
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|7,06,367
|64.64
|P. P. Suneer
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|2,74,597
|25.13
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|4,31,770
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|39.51
|-

!5
|[[Kozhikode Lok Sabha constituency | Kozhikode]]
|M. K. Raghavan
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|4,93,444
|45.82
|A. Pradeep Kumar
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|4,08,219
|37.91
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|85,225
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|7.91
|-

!6
|[[Malappuram Lok Sabha constituency | Malappuram]]
|P. K. Kunhalikutty
|{{Party color cell|Indian Union Muslim League}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]
|5,89,873
|57.00
|V. P. Sanu
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|3,29,720
|31.86
|style="background:{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}} ; color:white;"|2,60,153
|style="background:{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}} ; color:white;"|25.14
|-

!7
|[[Ponnani Lok Sabha constituency | Ponnani]]
|E. T. Mohammed Basheer
|{{Party color cell|Indian Union Muslim League}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]
|5,21,824
|51.29
|P. V. Anvar Puthan Veetil
|{{Party color cell|Independent}}
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|3,28,551
|32.29
|style="background:{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}} ; color:white;"|1,93,273
|style="background:{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}} ; color:white;"|19.00
|-

!8
|[[Palakkad Lok Sabha constituency | Palakkad]]
|V. K. Sreekandan
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|3,99,274
|38.81
|M. B. Rajesh
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|3,87,637
|37.68
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|11,637
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|1.13
|-

!9
|[[Alathur Lok Sabha constituency | Alathur]]
|Ramya Haridas
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|5,33,815
|52.37
|Dr. P. K. Biju
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|3,74,847
|36.77
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|1,58,968
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|15.60
|-

!10
|[[Thrissur Lok Sabha constituency | Thrissur]]
|T. N. Prathapan
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|4,15,089
|39.83
|Rajaji Mathew Thomas
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|3,21,456
|30.85
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|93,633
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|8.98
|-

!11
|[[Chalakudy Lok Sabha constituency | Chalakudy]]
|Benny Behanan
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|4,73,444
|47.80
|Innocent
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|3,41,170
|34.45
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|1,32,274
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|13.35
|-

!12
|[[Ernakulam Lok Sabha constituency | Ernakulam]]
|Hibi Eden
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|4,91,263
|50.78
|P. Rajeev
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|3,22,110
|33.30
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|1,69,153
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|17.48
|-

!13
|[[Idukki Lok Sabha constituency | Idukki]]
|Adv. Dean Kuriakose
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|4,98,493
|54.21
|Adv. Joice George
|{{Party color cell|Independent}}
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|3,27,440
|35.61
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|1,71,053
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|18.60
|-

!14
|[[Kottayam Lok Sabha constituency | Kottayam]]
|Thomas Chazhikadan
|{{Party color cell|Kerala Congress (M)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Kerala Congress (M)|KEC(M)]]
|4,21,046
|46.24
|V. N. Vasavan
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|3,14,787
|34.57
|style="background:{{party color|Kerala Congress (M)}} ; color:white;"|1,06,259
|style="background:{{party color|Kerala Congress (M)}} ; color:white;"|11.67
|-

!15
|[[Alappuzha Lok Sabha constituency | Alappuzha]]
|Adv. A. M. Ariff
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|4,45,970
|40.91
|Adv. Shanimol Osman
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|4,35,496
|39.95
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|10,474
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|0.96
|-

!16
|[[Mavelikara Lok Sabha constituency | Mavelikkara]]
|Kodikunnil Suresh
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|4,40,415
|45.29
|Chittayam Gopakumar
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|3,79,277
|39.01
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|61,138
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|6.28
|-

!17
|[[Pathanamthitta Lok Sabha constituency | Pathanamthitta]]
|Anto Antony
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|3,80,927
|37.08
|Veena George
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|3,36,684
|32.77
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|44,243
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|4.31
|-

!18
|[[Kollam Lok Sabha constituency | Kollam]]
|N. K. Premachandran
|{{Party color cell|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]]
|4,99,677
|51.57
|K. N. Balagopal
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|3,50,821
|36.20
|style="background:{{party color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}} ; color:white;"|1,48,856
|style="background:{{party color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}} ; color:white;"|15.37
|-

!19
|[[Attingal Lok Sabha constituency | Attingal]]
|Adv. Adoor Prakash
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|3,80,995
|37.87
|Dr. A. Sampath
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|3,42,748
|34.07
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|38,247
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|3.80
|-

!20
|[[Thiruvananthapuram Lok Sabha constituency | Thiruvananthapuram]]
|Dr. Shashi Tharoor
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|4,16,131
|41.15
|Kummanam Rajasekharan
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|3,16,142
|31.26
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|99,989
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|9.89
|-
|}

=== Alliance votes by constituency ===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="font-size:95%;"
!No.
!Constituency
! style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}; color:white;" |UDF Votes
! style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}; color:white;" |LDF Votes
! style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}; color:white;" |NDA Votes
|-
!1
! style="background-color: {{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" | [[Kasaragod (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kasaragod]]
| style="background:lightgreen;" |'''4,74,961'''
|4,34,523
|1,76,049
|-
!2
! style="background-color: {{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" | [[Kannur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kannur]]
| style="background:lightgreen;" |'''5,29,741'''
|4,35,182
|68,509
|-
!3
! style="background-color: {{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" | [[Vatakara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vatakara]]
| style="background:lightgreen;" |'''5,26,755'''
|4,42,092
|80,128
|-
!4
! style="background-color: {{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" | [[Wayanad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Wayanad]]
| style="background:lightgreen;" |'''7,06,367'''
|2,74,597
|78,816
|-
!5
! style="background-color: {{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" | [[Kozhikode (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kozhikode]]
| style="background:lightgreen;" |'''4,93,444'''
|4,08,219
|1,61,216
|-
!6
! style="background-color: {{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" | [[Malappuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Malappuram]]
| style="background:lightgreen;" |'''5,89,873'''
|3,29,720
|82,332
|-
!7
! style="background-color: {{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" | [[Ponnani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ponnani]]
| style="background:lightgreen;" |'''5,21,824'''
|3,28,551
|1,10,603
|-
!8
! style="background-color: {{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" | [[Palakkad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Palakkad]]
| style="background:lightgreen;" |'''3,99,274'''
|3,87,637
|2,18,556
|-
!9
! style="background-color: {{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" | [[Alathur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Alathur (SC)]]
| style="background:lightgreen;" |'''5,33,815'''
|3,74,847
|89,837
|-
!10
! style="background-color: {{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" | [[Thrissur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thrissur]]
| style="background:lightgreen;" |'''4,15,089'''
|3,21,456
|2,93,822
|-
!11
! style="background-color: {{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" | [[Chalakudy (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chalakudy]]
| style="background:lightgreen;" |'''4,73,444'''
|3,41,170
|1,54,159
|-
!12
! style="background-color: {{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" | [[Ernakulam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ernakulam]]
| style="background:lightgreen;" |'''4,91,263'''
|3,22,110
|1,37,749
|-
!13
! style="background-color: {{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" | [[Idukki (Lok Sabha constituency)|Idukki]]
| style="background:lightgreen;" |'''4,98,493'''
|3,27,440
|78,648
|-
!14
! style="background-color: {{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" | [[Kottayam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kottayam]]
| style="background:lightgreen;" |'''4,21,046'''
|3,14,787
|1,55,135
|-
!15
! style="background-color: {{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" | [[Alappuzha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Alappuzha]]
|4,35,496
| style="background:lightgreen;" |'''4,45,970'''
|1,87,729
|-
!16
! style="background-color: {{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" | [[Mavelikkara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mavelikkara (SC)]]
| style="background:lightgreen;" |'''4,40,415'''
|3,79,277
|1,33,546
|-
!17
! style="background-color: {{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" | [[Pathanamthitta (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pathanamthitta]]
| style="background:lightgreen;" |'''3,80,927'''
|3,36,684
|2,97,396
|-
!18
! style="background-color: {{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" | [[Kollam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kollam]]
| style="background:lightgreen;" |'''4,99,677'''
|3,50,821
|1,03,339
|-
!19
! style="background-color: {{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" | [[Attingal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Attingal]]
| style="background:lightgreen;" |'''3,80,995'''
|3,42,748
|2,48,081
|-
!20
! style="background-color: {{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" | [[Thiruvananthapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
| style="background:lightgreen;" |'''4,16,151'''
|2,58,556
|3,16,142
|}

== Party votes by assembly segment ==

=== Results===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!colspan=2|Party
! Votes secured
! Percentage of total votes (in %)
! Assembly segments
! Position in Assembly (as of 2021 election)
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
! [[Indian National Congress]]
| 75,96,610
| 37.46
| 96
| 21
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|
! [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 52,66,510
| 25.97
| 16
| 62
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}"|
! [[Indian Union Muslim League]]
| 11,11,697
| 5.48
| 14
| 15
|-
|bgcolor=#CC9900|
! [[Kerala Congress (M)]]
| 4,21,046
| 2.08
| 6
| 5
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}"|
! [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
| 4,99,677
| 2.46
| 7
| {{dash}}
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
! [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 26,35,810
| 13.00
| 1
| 0
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India}}"|
! [[Communist Party of India]]
| 12,33,886
| 6.08
| {{dash}}
| 17
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharath Dharma Jana Sena}}"|
! [[Bharath Dharma Jana Sena]]
| 3,80,847
| 1.88
| {{dash}}
| {{dash}}
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Kerala Congress (Thomas)}}"|
! [[Kerala Congress (Thomas)]]
| 1,55,135
| 0.76
| {{dash}}
| {{dash}}
|-
|bgcolor=#FAF8FA|
! Others
|{{dash}}
|11
|{{dash}}
|20
|-
!colspan=4|Total
!colspan=4|140
|}
<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/10961-17state-wise-seat-won-valid-votes-polled-by-political-parties/ |website = eci.gov.in | title = Votes secured by the political parties in Kerala, 2019 | access-date= 10 March 2020}}</ref>

=== Votes by State Legislative Assembly constituencies ===
According to the [[Election Commission of India|ECI]], the details of the valid votes polled in the state legislative assembly constituencies of Kerala are as follows:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/10961-17state-wise-seat-won-valid-votes-polled-by-political-parties/ |website= eci.gov.in |title = Assembly constituency wise lead of political parties, Kerala (2019) | access-date= 10 March 2020}}</ref>

[[File:2019 Lok Sabha in Kerala.svg|500px]]

{{bar box
|Delayed bone age=7%
|Hypertelorism=46%
|Brachydactyly=44%
|Triangular face=42%
|Speech delay=39%
|Frontal bossing=36%
|Anomalous ear=30%
|Café-au-lait spots=30%
|Cryptorchidism=30%
|Cardiac abnormalities=30%

|titlebar=#DDD
|left1=Alliance
|right2=assembly segments.
|width=400px
|bars=
{{bar pixel|UDF|blue|123}}
{{bar pixel|LDF|red|16}}
{{bar pixel|NDA|orange|1}}
|caption=Total assembly lead out of 140.
}}

{{bar box
|Delayed bone age=7%
|Hypertelorism=46%
|Brachydactyly=44%
|Triangular face=42%
|Speech delay=39%
|Frontal bossing=36%
|Anomalous ear=30%
|Café-au-lait spots=30%
|Cryptorchidism=30%
|Cardiac abnormalities=30%

|titlebar=#DDD
|left1=Alliance
|right2=assembly segments
|width=400px
|bars=
{{bar pixel|UDF|blue|16}}
{{bar pixel|LDF|red|117}}
{{bar pixel|NDA|orange|7}}
|caption=Second position in the assembly segments (out of 140).
}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! No. !! Constituency !! Assembly Segment !!Style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}};color:white;"| UDF !!Style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}};color:white;"| LDF !!Style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}};color:white;"| NDA !! Lead !! Runner-up!! Margin
|-
| 1 || rowspan="7"| [[Kasaragod (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kasaragod]] || [[Manjeshwar (State Assembly constituency)|Manjeshwaram]] || 68217 || 32796 || 57104 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#FF9933|'''NDA'''|| 11113
|-
| 2 || [[Kasaragod (State Assembly constituency)|Kasaragod]] || 69790 || 28567 || 46630 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#FF9933|'''NDA'''|| 23160
|-
| 3 || [[Udma (State Assembly constituency)|Udma]] || 72324 || 63387 || 23786 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF''' || 8937
|-
| 4 || [[Kanhangad (State Assembly constituency)|Kanhangad]] || 72570 || 74791 || 20046 || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF''' || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || 2221
|-
| 5 || [[Thrikaripur (State Assembly constituency)|Thrikaripur]] || 74504 || 76403 || 8652 || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF''' || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''|| 1899
|-
| 6 || [[Payyanur (State Assembly constituency)|Payyanur]] || 56730 || 82861 || 9268 || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF''' || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''|| 26131
|-
| 7 || [[Kalliasseri (State Assembly constituency)|Kalliasseri]] || 59848 || 73542 || 9854 || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF''' || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''|| 13694
|-
| 8 || rowspan="7"| [[Kannur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kannur]] || [[Taliparamba (State Assembly constituency)|Taliparamba]] || 81444 || 80719 || 8659 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 725
|-
| 9 || [[Irikkur (State Assembly constituency)|Irikkur]] || 90221 || 52901 || 7289 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''|| style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 37320
|-
| 10 || [[Azhikode (State Assembly constituency)|Azhikode]] || 73075 || 51218 || 11728 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 21857
|-
| 11 || [[Kannur (State Assembly constituency)|Kannur]] || 70683 || 47260 || 9740 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 23423
|-
| 12 || [[Dharmadom (State Assembly constituency)|Dharmadom]] || 70631 || 74730 || 8538 || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF''' || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''|| 4099
|-
| 13 || [[Mattanur (State Assembly constituency)|Mattanur]] || 67092 || 74580 || 11612 || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''|| 7488
|-
| 14 || [[Peravoor (State Assembly constituency)|Peravoor]] || 74539 || 50874 || 10054 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 23665
|-
| 15 || rowspan="7"| [[Vatakara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vatakara]] || [[Thalassery (State Assembly constituency)|Thalassery]] || 53932 || 65401 || 13456 || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF''' || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''|| 11469
|-
| 16 || [[Kuthuparamba (State Assembly constituency)|Kuthuparamba]] || 68492 || 64359 || 15303 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 4133
|-
| 17 || [[Vatakara (State Assembly constituency)|Vatakara]] || 71162 || 48199 || 9469 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 22963
|-
| 18 || [[Kuttiadi (State Assembly constituency)|Kuttiadi]] || 83628 || 65736 || 7851 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 17892
|-
| 19 || [[Nadapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Nadapuram]] || 87061 || 69465 || 8408 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 17596
|-
| 20 || [[Quilandy (State Assembly constituency)|Koyilandy]] || 79800 || 58755 || 16588 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 21045
|-
| 21 || [[Perambra (State Assembly constituency)|Perambra]] || 80929 || 67725 || 8505 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 13204
|-
| 22 || rowspan="7"| [[Wayanad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Wayanad]] || [[Mananthavady (State Assembly constituency)|Mananthavady]] || 93237 || 38606 || 13916 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 54631
|-
| 23 || [[Sulthan Bathery (State Assembly constituency)|Sulthan Bathery]] || 110697 || 40232 || 17602 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 70465
|-
| 24 || [[Kalpetta (State Assembly constituency)|Kalpetta]] || 101229 || 37475 || 14122 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 63754
|-
| 25 || [[Thiruvambady (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvambady]] || 91152 || 36681 || 7767 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 54471
|-
| 26 || [[Eranad (State Assembly constituency)|Eranad]] || 92909 || 36382 || 6133 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 56527
|-
| 27 || [[Nilambur (State Assembly constituency)|Nilambur]] || 103862 || 42202 || 10749 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 61660
|-
| 28 || [[Wandoor (State Assembly constituency)|Wandoor]] || 111948 || 42393 || 8301 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 69555
|-
| 29 || rowspan="7"| [[Kozhikode (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kozhikode]] || [[Balussery (State Assembly constituency)|Balussery]] || 83059 || 73314 || 18836 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 9745
|-
| 30 || [[Elathur (State Assembly constituency)|Elathur]] || 67280 || 67177 || 24649 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 103
|-
| 31 || [[Kozhikode North (State Assembly constituency)|Kozhikode North]] || 54246 || 49688 || 28665 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 4558
|-
| 32 || [[Kozhikode South (State Assembly constituency)|Kozhikode South]] || 54608 || 40877 || 20173 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 13731
|-
| 33 || [[Beypore (State Assembly constituency)|Beypore]] || 69402 || 58979 || 25697 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 10423
|-
| 34 || [[Kunnamangalam (State Assembly constituency)|Kunnamangalam]] || 81551 || 70259 || 30650 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 11292
|-
| 35 || [[Koduvally (State Assembly constituency)|Koduvally]] || 81689 || 45781 || 11682 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 35908
|-
| 36 || rowspan="7"| [[Malappuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Malappuram]] || [[Kondotty (State Assembly constituency)|Kondotty]] || 87561 || 48248 || 13832 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 39313
|-
| 37 || [[Manjeri (State Assembly constituency)|Manjeri]] || 85579 || 49531 || 11595 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 36048
|-
| 38 || [[Perinthalmanna (State Assembly constituency)|Perinthalmanna]] || 79867 || 56829 || 9851 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 23038
|-
| 39 || [[Mankada (State Assembly constituency)|Mankada]] || 85193 || 49928 || 10160 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 35265
|-
| 40 || [[Malappuram (State Assembly constituency)|Malappuram]] || 94704 || 49728 || 7343 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 44976
|-
| 41 || [[Vengara (State Assembly constituency)|Vengara]] || 82388 || 30500 || 7504 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 51888
|-
| 42 || [[Vallikunnu (State Assembly constituency)|Vallikunnu]] || 73861 || 44339 || 21802 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 29522
|-
| 43 || rowspan="7"| [[Ponnani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ponnani]] || [[Tirurangadi (State Assembly constituency)|Tirurangadi]] || 85428 || 38444 || 10663 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 46984
|-
| 44 || [[Tanur (State Assembly constituency)|Tanur]] || 75210 || 43044 || 14791 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 32166
|-
| 45 || [[Tirur (State Assembly constituency)|Tirur]] || 90734 || 49349 || 11365 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 41385
|-
| 46 || [[Kottakkal (State Assembly constituency)|Kottakkal]] || 87795 || 45596 || 13506 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 42199
|-
| 47 || [[Thavanur (State Assembly constituency)|Thavanur]] || 62481 || 50128 || 20769 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 12353
|-
| 48 || [[Ponnani (State Assembly constituency)|Ponnani]] || 61294 || 51555 || 17498 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 9739
|-
| 49 || [[Thrithala (State Assembly constituency)|Thrithala]] || 58496 || 50092 || 21838 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 8404
|-
| 50 || rowspan="7"| [[Palakkad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Palakkad]] || [[Pattambi (State Assembly constituency)|Pattambi]] || 67644 || 50465 || 20716 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 17179
|-
| 51 || [[Shornur (State Assembly constituency)|Shornur]] || 49810 || 60902 || 32308 || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF''' || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''|| 11092
|-
| 52 || [[Ottapalam (State Assembly constituency)|Ottapalam]] || 54386 || 60846 || 35683 || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF''' || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''|| 6460
|-
| 53 || [[Kongad (State Assembly constituency)|Kongad]] || 52456 || 52812 || 29104 || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF''' || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''|| 356
|-
| 54 || [[Mannarkkad (State Assembly constituency)|Mannarkkad]] || 78250 || 48625 || 18560 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF''' || 29625
|-
| 55 || [[Malampuzha (State Assembly constituency)|Malampuzha]] || 47743 || 69037 || 41413 || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF''' || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''|| 21294
|-
| 56 || [[Palakkad (State Assembly constituency)|Palakkad]] || 48425 || 44086 || 39963 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 4339
|-
| 57 || rowspan="7"| [[Alathur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Alathur]] || [[Tarur (State Assembly constituency)|Tarur]] || 72441 || 47602 || 8601 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 24839
|-
| 58 || [[Chittur (State Assembly constituency)|Chittur]] || 79423 || 55956 || 9885 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 23467
|-
| 59 || [[Nenmara (State Assembly constituency)|Nenmara]]|| 82539 || 52318 || 12345 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 30221
|-
| 60 || [[Alathur (State Assembly constituency)|Alathur]]|| 73120 || 50407 || 6959 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 22713
|-
| 61 || [[Chelakkara (State Assembly constituency)|Chelakkara]]|| 76034 || 52339 || 17133 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 23695
|-
| 62 || [[Kunnamkulam (State Assembly constituency)|Kunnamkulam]]|| 69908 || 55586 || 17228 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 14322
|-
| 63 || [[Wadakkanchery (State Assembly constituency)|Wadakkanchery]]
| 79028 || 59488 || 17424 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 19540
|-
| 64 || rowspan="7"| [[Thrissur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thrissur]] || [[Guruvayur (State Assembly constituency)|Guruvayur]]
| 65160 || 44695 || 33967 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 20465
|-
| 65 || [[Manalur (State Assembly constituency)|Manalur]]
| 63420 || 50482 || 44765 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 12938
|-
| 66 || [[Ollur (State Assembly constituency)|Ollur]]
| 63406 || 47372 || 39594 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 16034
|-
| 67 || [[Thrissur (State Assembly constituency)|Thrissur]]
| 55668 || 31110 || 37641 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#FF9933|'''NDA'''|| 18027
|-
| 68 || [[Nattika (State Assembly constituency)|Nattika]]
| 52558 || 50131 || 48171 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 2427
|-
| 69 || [[Irinjalakuda (State Assembly constituency)|Irinjalakuda]]
| 57481 || 46091 || 42857 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 11390
|-
| 70 || [[Puthukkad (State Assembly constituency)|Puthukkad]]
| 56848 || 51006 || 46410 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 5842
|-
| 71 || rowspan="7"| [[Chalakudy (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chalakudy]] || [[Kaipamangalam (State Assembly constituency)|Kaipamangalam]]
| 51212 || 51154 || 24420 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 58
|-
| 72 || [[Chalakudy (State Assembly constituency)|Chalakudy]]
| 69536 || 48827 || 23433 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 20709
|-
| 73 || [[Kodungallur (State Assembly constituency)|Kodungallur]]
| 61085 || 49355 || 29732 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 11730
|-
| 74 || [[Perumbavoor (State Assembly constituency)|Perumbavoor]]
| 69526 || 46903 || 22954 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 22623
|-
| 75 || [[Angamaly (State Assembly constituency)|Angamaly]]
| 72496 || 44696 || 13863 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 27800
|-
| 76 || [[Aluva (State Assembly constituency)|Aluva]]|| 76318 || 44215 || 21951 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 32103
|-
| 77 || [[Kunnathunad (State Assembly constituency)|Kunnathunad]]
| 72762 || 55431 || 17581 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 17331
|-
| 78 || rowspan="7"| [[Ernakulam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ernakulam]] || [[Kalamassery (State Assembly constituency)|Kalamassery]]
| 73745 || 53056 || 21026 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 20689
|-
| 79 || [[Paravur (State Assembly constituency)|Paravur]]
| 71025 || 56940 || 23035 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 14085
|-
| 80 || [[Vypen (State Assembly constituency)|Vypen]]
| 68047 || 44806 || 14940 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 23241
|-
| 81 || [[Kochi (State Assembly constituency)|Kochi]]
| 71270 || 41957 || 14747 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 29313
|-
| 82 || [[Thrippunithura (State Assembly constituency)|Thrippunithura]]
| 71631 || 52404 || 25304 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 19227
|-
| 83 || [[Ernakulam (State assembly constituency)|Ernakulam]]
| 61920 || 30742 || 17769 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 31178
|-
| 84 || [[Thrikkakara (State Assembly constituency)|Thrikkakara]]
| 73216 || 41439 || 20710 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 31777
|-
| 85 || rowspan="7"| [[Idukki (Lok Sabha constituency)|Idukki]] || [[Muvattupuzha (State Assembly constituency)|Muvattupuzha]]
| 78799 || 46260 || 12867 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 32539
|-
| 86 || [[Kothamangalam (State Assembly constituency)|Kothamangalam]]
| 67942 || 47346 || 12092 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 20596
|-
| 87 || [[Devikulam (State Assembly constituency)|Devikulam]]
| 66748 || 42712 || 7498 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 24036
|-
| 88 || [[Udumbanchola (State Assembly constituency)|Udumbanchola]]
| 63550 || 51056 || 10863 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 12494
|-
| 89 || [[Thodupuzha (State Assembly constituency)|Thodupuzha]]
| 79342 || 42319 || 15223 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 37023
|-
| 90 || [[Idukki (State Assembly constituency)|Idukki]]
| 71218 || 50290 || 10891 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 20928
|-
| 91 || [[Peerumade (State Assembly constituency)|Peerumade]]
| 70098 || 46718 || 9070 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 23380
|-
| 92 || rowspan="7"| [[Kottayam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kottayam]] || [[Piravom (State Assembly constituency)|Piravom]]
| 66192 || 57088 || 22772 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 9104
|-
| 93 || [[Pala (State Assembly constituency)|Pala]]
| 66971 || 33499 || 26533 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 33472
|-
| 94 || [[Kaduthuruthy (State Assembly constituency)|Kaduthuruthy]]
| 65877 || 39170 || 20895 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 26707
|-
| 95 || [[Vaikom (State Assembly constituency)|Vaikom]]
| 47256 || 56476 || 21871 || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF''' || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''|| 9220
|-
| 96 || [[Ettumanoor (State Assembly constituency)|Ettumanoor]]
| 55356 || 46911 || 20112 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 8445
|-
| 97 || [[Kottayam (State Assembly constituency)|Kottayam]]
| 54831 || 40864 || 21564 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 13967
|-
| 98 || [[Puthuppally (State Assembly constituency)|Puthuppally]]
| 63811 || 39484 || 20911 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 24327
|-
| 99 || rowspan="7"| [[Alappuzha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Alappuzha]] || [[Aroor (State Assembly constituency)|Aroor]]
| 65656 || 65008 || 25250 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 648
|-
| 100 || [[Cherthala (State Assembly constituency)|Cherthala]]
| 66326 || 83221 || 22655 || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF''' || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''|| 16895
|-
| 101 || [[Alappuzha (State Assembly constituency)|Alappuzha]]
| 65828 || 65759 || 21303 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 69
|-
| 102 || [[Ambalappuzha (State Assembly constituency)|Ambalappuzha]]
| 53159 || 52521 || 25061 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 638
|-
| 103 || [[Haripad (State Assembly constituency)|Haripad]]
| 61445 || 55601 || 26238 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 5844
|-
| 104 || [[Kayamkulam (State Assembly constituency)|Kayamkulam]]
| 58073 || 62370 || 31660 || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF''' || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''|| 4297
|-
| 105 || [[Karunagappally (State Assembly constituency)|Karunagappally]]
| 63303 || 58523 || 34111 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 4780
|-
| 106 || rowspan="7"| [[Mavelikara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mavelikara]] || [[Changanassery (State Assembly constituency)|Changanassery]]
| 64368 || 40958 || 13884 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 23410
|-
| 107 || [[Kuttanad (State Assembly constituency)|Kuttanad]]
| 55253 || 52630 || 14476 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 2623
|-
| 108 || [[Mavelikara (State Assembly constituency)|Mavelikara]]
| 60392 || 59423 || 23387 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 969
|-
| 109 || [[Chengannur (State Assembly constituency)|Chengannur]]
| 61242 || 51403 || 24854 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 9839
|-
| 110 || [[Kunnathur, Kerala Assembly constituency|Kunnathur]]
| 69500 || 62327 || 21136 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 7173
|-
| 111 || [[Kottarakkara (State Assembly constituency)|Kottarakkara]]
| 62998 || 60244 || 19091 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 2754
|-
| 112 || [[Pathanapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Pathanapuram]]
| 64244 || 49512 || 15495 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 14732
|-
| 113 || rowspan="7"| [[Pathanamthitta (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pathanamthitta]] || [[Kanjirappally (State Assembly constituency)|Kanjirappally]]
| 55330 || 45587 || 36628 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 9743
|-
| 114 || [[Poonjar (State Assembly constituency)|Poonjar]]
| 61530 || 43601 || 30990 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 17929
|-
| 115 || [[Thiruvalla (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvalla]]
| 54250 || 50511 || 40186 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 3739
|-
| 116 || [[Ranni (State Assembly constituency)|Ranni]]
| 50755 || 42931 || 39560 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 7824
|-
| 117 || [[Aranmula (State Assembly constituency)|Aranmula]]
| 59277 || 52684 || 50497 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 6593
|-
| 118 || [[Konni (State Assembly constituency)|Konni]]
| 49667 || 46946 || 46506 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 2721
|-
| 119 || [[Adoor (State Assembly constituency)|Adoor]]
| 49280 || 53216 || 51260 || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF''' || style="background:#FF9933|'''NDA'''|| 1956
|-
| 120 || rowspan="7"| [[Kollam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kollam]] || [[Chavara (State Assembly constituency)|Chavara]]
| 74562 || 46994 || 11655 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 27568
|-
| 121 || [[Punalur (State Assembly constituency)|Punalur]]
| 73622 || 54956 || 16168 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 18666
|-
| 122 || [[Chadayamangalam (State Assembly constituency)|Chadayamangalam]]
| 70387 || 56155 || 15820 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 14232
|-
| 123 || [[Kundara (State Assembly constituency)|Kundara]]
| 79217 || 54908 || 14696 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 24309
|-
| 124 || [[Kollam (State Assembly constituency)|Kollam]]
| 68748 || 44203 || 12871 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 24545
|-
| 125 || [[Eravipuram (State Assembly constituency)|Eravipuram]]
| 67582 || 44162 || 11488 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 23420
|-
| 126 || [[Chathannoor (State Assembly constituency)|Chathannoor]]
| 63146 || 46114 || 19621 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 17032
|-
| 127 || rowspan="7"| [[Attingal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Attingal]] || [[Varkala (State Assembly constituency)|Varkala]]
| 48019 || 42335 || 34343 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 5684
|-
| 128 || [[Attingal (State Assembly constituency)|Attingal]]
| 50045 || 48492 || 42389 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 1553
|-
| 129 || [[Chirayinkeezhu (State Assembly constituency)|Chirayinkeezhu]]
| 56314 || 47750 || 32829 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 8564
|-
| 130 || [[Nedumangad (State Assembly constituency)|Nedumangad]]
| 54506 || 55265 || 36417 || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF''' || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''|| 759
|-
| 131 || [[Vamanapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Vamanapuram]]
| 59671 || 50231 || 29681 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 9440
|-
| 132 || [[Aruvikkara (State Assembly constituency)|Aruvikkara]]
| 58952 || 50403 || 30151 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 8549
|-
| 133 || [[Kattakkada (State Assembly constituency)|Kattakkada]]
| 51962 || 45822 || 40692 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 6140
|-
| 134 || rowspan="7"| [[Thiruvananthapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]] || [[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
| 46964 || 37688 || 45479 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#FF9933|'''NDA'''|| 1485
|-
| 135 || [[Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency)|Vattiyoorkavu]]
| 53545 || 29414 || 50709 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#FF9933|'''NDA'''|| 2836
|-
| 136 || [[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
| 57077 || 27530 || 42877 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#FF9933|'''NDA'''|| 14200
|-
| 137 || [[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]
| 46472 || 33921 || 58513 || style="background:#FF9933|'''NDA''' || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF'''|| 12041
|-
| 138 || [[Parassala (State Assembly constituency)|Parassala]]
| 69944 || 47942 || 42887 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 22002
|-
| 139 || [[Kovalam (State Assembly constituency)|Kovalam]]
| 73221 || 42050 || 41092 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 31171
|-
| 140 || [[Neyyattinkara (State Assembly constituency)|Neyyattinkara]]
| 66834 || 37925 || 32368 || style="background:#0078FF|'''UDF''' || style="background:#ED1C24|'''LDF'''|| 28909
|}

== See also ==
* [[Elections in Kerala]]
* [[Politics of Kerala]]
* [[2020 Kerala local body elections]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
==Notes==
{{notelist}}
{{Indian general election, 2019|state=autocollapse}}
{{Kerala elections}}

==External links==
*[http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/generalelection2019.html Election Commission of Kerala]
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/date/kerala_lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_date_2019/ Kerala lok sabha election 2019 date and schedule]
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190420063643/https://www.indiancrux.info/2019/04/2019-lok-sabha-election-kerala-state-constituencies-wise-result.html 2019 Lok Sabha Election Kerala State Constituencies Wise Results]}}

[[Category:Indian general elections in Kerala]]
[[Category:2019 in Kerala]]
[[Category:2019 Indian general election by state or union territory|K]]

Arvind Deshpande

2026-01-29T01:23:36Z

BrandonGreenlee: cleaned up details and added references

{{short description|Indian film actor (1932–1987)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Arvind Deshpande
| image =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1932|05|31|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai|Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1987|01|03|1932|05|31|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai|Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|director}}
| othername =
| spouse = [[Sulabha Deshpande]]
| children =
| website =
}}

'''Arvind Deshpande''' (31 May 1932 – 3 January 1987) was an acclaimed Indian film, theatre and television actor and theatre director. Apart from [[Marathi theatre]] as well as [[Hindi theatre]] in [[Mumbai]], he acted in many mainstream Bollywood as well as art house films as a character actor, apart from TV series and plays.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0221216/ |title=Arvind Deshpande Filmography |publisher=Internet Movies Data Base | accessdate=23 June 2015}}</ref>

==Birth and career==
He was born on 31 May 1932 in Mumbai.

Deshpande was a leading figure in experimental theatre movement of the 1960s. He was associated with ''Rangayan'', that he co-founded with his wife [[Sulabha Deshpande]] and [[Vijaya Mehta]]. In 1971 along with his wife Sulabha Deshpande he co-founded theatre group ''Awishkar'' along with its children's wing ''Chandrashala'', which continues to perform professional children theatre.<ref>{{cite news |title=Quality, not quantity of life, matters, feels Sulabha Deshpande |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/quality-not-quantity-of-life-matters-feels-sulabha-deshpande/1016147/0 |publisher=Indian Express |date=13 October 2012 }}</ref> Arvind and Sulabha Deshpande along with playwright [[Vijay Tendulkar]] were also at the centre of the ''Chhabildas Movement'' in Marathi experimental theatre during the 1960s and 70s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thebigindianpicture.com/2013/12/the-rest-is-history/#sthash.IMryvSsC.dpuf|title=The Rest is History|publisher=The Big Indian Picture|accessdate=23 June 2015}}</ref><ref>[http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/veteran-actor-sulabha-deshpande-passes-away-2834931/ Arvind Deshpande]</ref>

==Personal life==
Arvind was married to noted theatre actor-director, [[Sulabha Deshpande]].

==Awards==
* National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Marathi

==Death==
He died on 3 January 1987.<ref name=ar>{{cite web |title=Remembering Arvind Deshpande (May 31, 1932 – January 3, 1987) |url=http://www.mumbaitheatreguide.com/dramas/features/11/jan/07-remembering-arvind-deshpande-feature.asp |date=January 2007 |publisher= }}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+As actor
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
| 1971 || ''[[Shantata! Court Chalu Aahe]]'' || || [[Marathi language|Marathi]] ||
|-
| 1975 || ''Zunj'' || || ||
|-
| 1976 || ''[[Shaque]]'' || Subramaniam || [[Hindi]] ||
|-
| 1977 || ''Chaani'' || || ||
|-
| 1977 || ''Chani'' || || ||
|-
| 1978 || ''[[Ankhiyon Ke Jharokhon Se]]'' || Dr Kapoor || Hindi ||
|-
| 1978 || ''[[Gaman]]'' || Shankar || Hindi ||
|-
| 1979 || ''[[Baton Baton Mein]]'' || Mr. Braganza || Hindi ||
|-
| 1979 || ''[[Saanch Ko Aanch Nahin]]'' || Satyaprakash Agarwal || Hindi ||
|-
| 1980 || ''[[Kasturi (1980 film)|Kasturi]]'' || || Hindi ||
|-
| 1980 || ''[[Albert Pinto Ko Gussa Kyoon Aata Hai? (1980 film)|Albert Pinto Ko Gussa Kyoon Aata Hai]]'' || Albert's father || Hindi ||
|-
| 1980 || ''[[Aakrosh (1980 film)|Aakrosh]]'' || Dr. Vasant M. Patil || Hindi ||
|-
| 1981 || ''[[Ek Duuje Ke Liye]]'' || Dr. Kundanlal || Hindi ||
|-
| 1982 || ''[[Vijeta (1982 film)|Vijeta]]'' || || Hindi ||
|-
| 1982 || ''Pyaar Ke Rahi'' || Sunder Swaroop || ||
|-
| 1982 || ''Bhannat Bhanu'' || || ||
|-
| 1982 || ''[[Bheegi Palkein]]'' || Janki Kishan Acharya || Hindi ||
|-
| 1983 || ''[[Woh Saat Din]]'' || Anand's father || Hindi ||
|-
| 1983 || ''[[Sadma]]'' || J. K. Malhotra || Hindi ||
|-
| 1984 || ''Sasural'' || || ||
|-
| 1984 || ''[[Duniya (1984 film)|Duniya]]'' || Albert Pinto || Hindi ||
|-
| 1984 || ''[[Tarang (film)|Tarang]]'' || Kalyan || Hindi ||
|-
| 1984 || ''Mohan Joshi Hazir Ho!'' || Khandke || ||
|-
| 1984 || ''[[Kanoon Kya Karega]]'' || Advocate Jaswant Lal || Hindi ||
|-
| 1985 || ''[[Meraa Ghar Mere Bachche]]'' || J. S. Acharya || Hindi ||
|-
| 1985 || ''[[Sanjog (1985 film)|Sanjog]]'' || Narayan's father || Hindi ||
|-
|1986 || ''[[Manav Hatya]]'' || Ramakrishna || Hindi ||
|-
| 1986 || ''[[Sheesha (1986 film)|Sheesha]]'' || || Hindi ||
|-
| 1987 || ''[[Sadak Chhap]]'' || Shankar's father || Hindi ||
|-
| 1989 || ''Oonch Neech Beech'' || Doctor || || (final film role)
|}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|nm0221216}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Deshpande, Arvind}}
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi theatre]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Indian theatre directors]]
[[Category:1987 deaths]]

Vijay Anand Reddy

2026-01-26T06:28:31Z

BrandonGreenlee: edit

{{short description|Indian oncologist (born 1959)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dr Vijay Anand Reddy
| image = Dr Vijay Anand Reddy.jpg
| image_upright = 1.05
| birth_date = 20 October 1959
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]]
| occupation = [[Oncologist]]
| known for = [[Eye cancer treatment]] [[Breast cancer treatment]] [[Proton therapy]]
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2026)<ref name="Seven from Telangana named for Padma Shri honour">{{cite news |last1=|first1=|title=Seven from Telangana named for Padma Shri honour|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/seven-from-telangana-named-for-padma-shri-honour/article70550381.ece|accessdate=25 January 2026|publisher=The Hindu|date=25 January 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260125185811/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/seven-from-telangana-named-for-padma-shri-honour/article70550381.ece|archivedate=25 January 2026|language=en-IN}}</ref>
}}

'''Dr. Vijay Anand Reddy''' (born 20 October 1959) is an Indian [[oncologist]] known for his contributions to the field of [[cancer]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telanganatoday.com/innovations-make-cancer-therapy-less-traumatic-dr-vijay-anand-reddy|title=Innovations make cancer therapy less traumatic: Dr Vijay Anand Reddy|last=AuthorTelanganaToday|website=Telangana Today|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/cancer-patients-taken-for-a-ride/article4498032.ece|title='Cancer patients taken for a ride'|last=Mallikarjun|first=Y.|date=2013-03-12|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-01-18|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2017/aug/29/cancer-cannot-conquer-the-spirit-says-dr-vijay-anand-in-book-on-survivors-and-their-battles-1649405.html|title=Cancer cannot conquer the spirit, says Dr Vijay Anand in book on survivors and their battles|website=The New Indian Express|date=29 August 2017 |access-date=2019-01-18}}</ref> He serves as the director and senior consultant [[oncologist]] at Apollo Cancer Hospital, Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sehat.com/dr-vijay-anand-reddy-radiation-oncologist-hyderabad|title=Dr. Vijay Anand Reddy, Radiation Oncologist - Apollo Healthcity|website=Sehat|access-date=2019-01-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/health-and-wellbeing/240818/burnt-tobacco-not-as-harmless-as-advertised.html|title=Burnt tobacco not as harmless as advertised|last=Garari|first=Kaniza|date=2018-08-24|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|access-date=2019-01-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/2017-02-05/Cancer-survivors-play-key-role-in-removal-of-stigma/278440|title=Cancer survivors play key role in removal of stigma|date=2017-02-05|website=The Hans India|language=en|access-date=2019-01-18}}</ref> He also served as the President of Association of Radiation Oncologists of India & Chairman of Indian College of Radiation Oncology.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Reddy|first=P. Vijay Anand|title=Interview of Dr. P. Vijay Anand Reddy in conversation with Dr. Sapna Gupta|journal=Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics|volume=9|issue=1|pages=165–166|issn=1998-4138|pmid=23691558|year=2013|doi=10.4103/0973-1482.110359 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2018-02-10/100-delegates-attend-AROI-conference/358198|title=100 delegates attend AROI conference|date=2018-02-10|website=The Hans India|language=en|access-date=2019-01-18}}</ref>

==Life and career==
Reddy was born in the [[Hyderabad]] city in Telangana state. He graduated in medicine (MBBS) from the [[Osmania Medical College]], [[Hyderabad]] in 1982. His master's degree was also obtained from the same institution in 1992. He also secured a DNB in Radiation Oncology National Board of Examinations, New Delhi.

He also served as a consultant ocular oncologist at the L.V. Prasad Eye Institute from 1998. In 2002, he was appointed as the director & senior consultant at Apollo Cancer Hospital, Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/sectors/pharma/apollo-unveils-tomotherapy-to-boost-precision-cancer-care/story/237170.html|title=Apollo unveils Tomotherapy to boost precision cancer care|website=www.businesstoday.in|date=10 September 2016 |access-date=2019-01-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telanganatoday.com/kavitha-launches-book-on-cancer-survivors|title=Kavitha launches book on cancer survivors|last=AuthorTelanganaToday|website=Telangana Today|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-18}}</ref> In 2003 he founded CURE foundation for the poor so they could avail the best of cancer care.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.siasat.com/news/cancer-crusaders-invitation-cup-2018-1312882/|title=Cancer Crusaders Invitation Cup – 2018|date=2018-02-05|website=The Siasat Daily|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-01-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2018/jan/19/celebs-to-play-golf-for-cancer-1758982.html|title=Celebs to play golf for cancer|website=The New Indian Express|date=20 January 2018 |access-date=2019-01-18}}</ref>

He has served as a member on numerous prestigious committees and bodies, including the [[American Society of Clinical Oncology]], [[American Society for Radiation Oncology]], European Society of Medical Oncology, [[Union for International Cancer Control]], Indian Society of Oncology and others.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gupta (Dutta)|first=Sapna|date=2013-01-01|title=Interview of Dr. P. Vijay Anand Reddy in conversation with Dr. Sapna Gupta|url=http://www.cancerjournal.net/article.asp?issn=0973-1482;year=2013;volume=9;issue=1;spage=165;epage=166;aulast=Gupta;type=0|journal=Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics|language=en|volume=9|issue=1|pages=165–6|doi=10.4103/0973-1482.110359 |doi-access=free |issn=0973-1482|pmid=23691558}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/cancer-patients-taken-for-a-ride/article4498032.ece|title='Cancer patients taken for a ride'|last=Mallikarjun|first=Y.|date=2013-03-12|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-01-18|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He has also received international fellowships from Clinical Oncology Fellowship of the Meyerstein Institute of Clinical Oncology, London; Nargis Dutt Memorial Cancer Foundation Fellowship of the New York Hospital, New York; Ocular Oncology Fellowship at Wills Eye Hospital and Children's Hospital, Philadelphia, and, Head and Neck Oncology Fellowship at Peter McCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sehat.com/dr-vijay-anand-reddy-radiation-oncologist-hyderabad|title=Dr. Vijay Anand Reddy, Radiation Oncologist - Apollo Healthcity|website=Sehat|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hyderabad.apollohospitals.com/dr-p-vijay-anand-reddy-oncologist/|title=Dr Vijay Anand Reddy - Best Radiation Oncologist - Apollo Hospitals|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-22}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Honors and achievements==
*International Cancer Research Technology Award from UICC, Geneva, Switzerland
*Nargis Dutt Memorial Foundation Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.incredb.org/investigator.php?incredb_id=318|title=Palkonda Vijay Anand Reddy, M.D., D.N.B., F.U.I.C.C., F.N.D.M profile in India Cancer Research Database|website=www.incredb.org|access-date=2019-01-18|archive-date=30 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730104033/http://www.incredb.org/investigator.php?incredb_id=318|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*INTERNATIONAL CANCER RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AWARD” Awarded in 1992 by UICC, Geneva, Switzerland<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hyderabad.apollohospitals.com/dr-p-vijay-anand-reddy-oncologist/|title=Dr Vijay Anand Reddy - Best Radiation Oncologist - Apollo Hospitals|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-18}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
*Best Scientific Paper award of the National Conference of Oncologists of India in 1996
*Young Scientist award from Indo-American Cancer Congress in 1966
*International Cancer Research Technology Transfer Award of the UICC in 1998 from UICC<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://studylib.net/doc/7644994/curriculam-vitae---dr.-vijay-anand-reddy|title=CURRICULAM VITAE - Dr. Vijay Anand Reddy|website=studylib.net|language=en|access-date=2019-01-18}}</ref>
*2001 Young Investigators’ Award from [[Eli Lilly & Company]], USA.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://studylib.net/doc/7755695/the-author---dr.-vijay-anand-reddy|title=THE AUTHOR - Dr. Vijay Anand Reddy|website=studylib.net|language=en|access-date=2019-01-18}}</ref>
*BEST POSTER award of the [[American Academy of Ophthalmology|American Academy of Ophthalmolog]]y in 2008
*The Legend in the Field of Oncology” at the Times Healthcare Achievers Awards function at HICC, Hyderabad on 28th Feb’ 2017
*AOS achievement award from American Academy of Ophthalmology in January 2018

==Selected bibliography==
* {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jJQyDwAAQBAJ|title=I am a Survivor: 108 Stories of Triumph Over Cancer|last=Reddy|first=Vijay Anand|date=2017-08-25|publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited|isbn=9789386815866|language=en}}
*{{Cite journal|last1=Ali|first1=Mohammad Javed|last2=Honavar|first2=Santosh G.|last3=Reddy|first3=Vijay Anand|date=2013|title=Distant metastatic retinoblastoma without central nervous system involvement|journal=Indian Journal of Ophthalmology|volume=61|issue=7|pages=357–359|doi=10.4103/0301-4738.97077|issn=1998-3689|pmc=3759110|pmid=23548316 |doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal|last1=Reddy|first1=Vijay Anand|last2=Honavar|first2=Santosh G.|last3=Mulay|first3=Kaustubh|last4=Ali|first4=Mohammad Javed|last5=Shah|first5=Sneha J.|date=2013-04-30|title=Primary Intraocular Malignant Extrarenal Rhabdoid Tumor: A Clinicopathological Correlation|url=https://www.healio.com/ophthalmology/journals/jpos/%7b5297c211-f580-4785-b1e5-d2bfac447dba%7d/primary-intraocular-malignant-extrarenal-rhabdoid-tumor-a-clinicopathological-correlation|journal=Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus|language=en|doi=10.3928/01913913-20130423-03|issn=0191-3913|pmid=23614508|volume=50 |issue=6|pages=e18-20|url-access=subscription}}
* {{Cite journal|last1=Anand P Reddy|first1=Vijay|last2=Mulay|first2=Kaustubh|date=28 June 2013|title=Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the lacrimal gland: role of nuclear survivin (BIRC5) as a prognostic marker|journal= Histopathology|volume=62|issue=6|pages=840–846|doi=10.1111/his.12073|pmid=23611357|s2cid=40645730}}
*{{Cite journal|last1=Mulay|first1=Kaustubh|last2=Ali|first2=Mohammad Javed|last3=Honavar|first3=Santosh G.|last4=Reddy|first4=Vijay Anand P.|date=2014|title=Orbital alveolar soft-part sarcoma: clinico-pathological profiles, management and outcomes|journal=Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics|volume=10|issue=2|pages=294–298|doi=10.4103/0973-1482.136570|issn=1998-4138|pmid=25022380|doi-access=free}}
*{{Cite journal|last1=Manjandavida|first1=Fairooz Puthiyapurayil|last2=Honavar|first2=Santosh G.|last3=Gowrishankar|first3=Swarnalatha|last4=Mulay|first4=Kaustubh|last5=Reddy|first5=Vijay Anand P.|last6=Vemuganti|first6=Geeta K.|date=2013|title=Optic nerve meningeal hemangiopericytoma: a clinicopathologic case report|journal=Survey of Ophthalmology|volume=58|issue=4|pages=341–347|doi=10.1016/j.survophthal.2012.10.001|issn=1879-3304|pmid=23294915}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Ali|first=Mohammad Javed|date=2014|title=Lacrimal surgery: Glorious past, exciting present era and the audacity of hope for a brilliant future|journal=Saudi Journal of Ophthalmology|volume=28|issue=1|pages=1–2|doi=10.1016/j.sjopt.2013.12.005|issn=1319-4534|pmc=3923203|pmid=24526850}}
*{{Cite journal|last1=More|first1=Niteen B.|last2=Reddy|first2=Vijay Anand P.|date=2012-06-01|title=Radiation Oncology in 21st century – Changing the paradigms|journal=Apollo Medicine|volume=9|issue=2|pages=115–125|doi=10.1016/j.apme.2012.05.006|issn=0976-0016}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Ali|first=Mohammad Javed|date=2014|title=Lacrimal surgery: Glorious past, exciting present era and the audacity of hope for a brilliant future|journal=Saudi Journal of Ophthalmology|volume=28|issue=1|pages=1–2|doi=10.1016/j.sjopt.2013.12.005|issn=1319-4534|pmc=3923203|pmid=24526850}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.drvijayanandreddy.com Official Website]

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Reddy, Vijay Anand}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Indian oncologists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Telangana]]
[[Category:People from Mahbubnagar district]]

St Clara's Church (Assonora)

2026-01-23T11:43:52Z

BrandonGreenlee: made article

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox church
| image = St Clara Church, Assonora .jpg
| caption = St Clara's Church
| name = St Clara's Church
| location = [[Assonora]], [[Goa]]
| country = India
| denomination = [[Roman Catholic]]
| status = [[Church (building)|Church]]
| membership = 2,300
| architect =
| dedication = [[Saint Clare of Assisi]]
| client =
| archdiocese = [[Archdiocese of Goa and Daman]]
| engineer =
| completed date = 1781
| founded date = 1768
| date_demolished =
| cost =
| structural_system =
| style = Baroque
| size =
}}

'''Church of St. Clara''', also known as the '''St. Clara of Assisi Chapel''', is a [[Roman Catholic]] church in [[Assonora]], [[Goa]], India.<ref>{{cite news|title=Devotion to Our Lady of Perpetual Succour|url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/devotion-to-our-lady-of-perpetual-succour/|publisher=[[The Navhind Times]]|date=October 27, 2015}}</ref> The church was built in 1768 and the religious order based in the Parish of St. Clare Church at Assonora is the Poor Sisters of Our Lady (PSOL), based at the Infant Jesus of Prague Convent, Auchit Waddo in Assonora.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://goanchurches.info/church/st-clare-church-assonora-goa/|title=Goan Churches}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Clara's Church}}
[[Category:Colonial Goa]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Goa]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in North Goa district]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic churches completed in 1768]]
[[Category:1768 establishments in the Portuguese Empire]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic church buildings in Goa]]
[[Category:Churches in North Goa district]]
[[Category:18th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in India]]

{{India-RC-church-stub}}

The Adventures of Tenali Raman

2026-01-17T02:52:46Z

BrandonGreenlee:

{{Use Indian English|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}}
{{Infobox television
| image = The Adventures of Tenali Raman.webp
| alt_name = Tenali Rama
| genre = cartoon
| based_on =
| writer = Ariel Prendergast
| creative_director = Roger Dondis
| opentheme =
| country = India
| language = {{ubl|Hindi|English}}
| num_episodes = 26
| runtime = 11 minutes
| company = [[Toonz India Ltd]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2003|06|14|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2003|12|13|df=yes}}
}}
'''''The Adventures of Tenali Raman''''' is an Indian animated television series that premiered on Cartoon Network India on 14 June 2003. It was produced by '''[https://toonz.co/ Toonz Animation Studios]''', [[Trivandrum]]. Promoted with the tagline "Get Ready for the Rama Effect", the series aired every Saturday and Sunday on Cartoon Network in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2003/06/19/stories/2003061900590600.htm |title=The Hindu Business Line : 'Cartoon network focus on India-centric image-building' |publisher=Thehindubusinessline.in |date=19 June 2003 |access-date=17 August 2013}}</ref><ref name="hindu2003">{{cite web|url=http://hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/06/20/stories/2003062001610200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050114123752/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/06/20/stories/2003062001610200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 January 2005 |title=Adventures of Tenali Raman |date=20 June 2003 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=17 August 2013}}</ref>

''The Adventures of Tenali Rama'' is the first Indian animated television series.<ref>{{cite web|author=Nita Sathyendran |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/animated-adventures/article4101912.ece |title=Animated adventures |publisher=The Hindu |date=16 November 2012 |access-date=17 August 2013}}</ref> It was available in English and Hindi languages on Cartoon Network.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k3/june/june82.htm |title=Indiantelevision dot com's Breaking News : Cartoon Network to air 'The adventures of Tenali Raman' on 14 June |publisher=Indiantelevision.com |date=12 June 2003 |access-date=17 August 2013}}</ref> Shortly after that, it was made available in Tamil (Original dub for Cartoon Network) and also dubbed in Malayalam which was telecasted on [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] in the same year but got stopped abruptly. It was redubbed once again in Tamil, [[Malayalam]] and [[Kannada]] when it was aired on [[Chutti TV]], [[Kochu TV]] and [[Chintu TV]] respectively.

== Creation ==
''Tenali Rama'' is a part of the Cartoon Network's localisation strategy for India. It was the fourth Indian produced animated series acquired by the network.<ref name="hindu2003" /> Talking about the reasons for acquiring such India-centric animated series, Ian Diamond, senior vice-president and general manager, [[Turner Broadcasting System|Turner Entertainment Networks]] Asia, said, "Providing content based on the Indian story-telling heritage is a critical mandate for Cartoon Network in its mission to contextualise the Network for our Indian audiences."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/5751_Cartoon-Network-acquires-two-new-Indian-animated-series-from-Toonz-Animation |title=Cartoon Network acquires two new Indian animated series from Toonz Animation > afaqs! news & features |publisher=Afaqs.com |date=27 February 2003 |access-date=17 August 2013}}</ref>

Roger Dondis, the creative director of the'' Tenali Raman'' series, recalled: "When I landed at the Toonz Animation Studios in 2001 they had the basic idea and several drawings. The folk tales of Tenali Raman were very short and many of them were not appropriate for modern cartoons so the scriptwriter Arial Prendergast had to take the basic idea and stretch it out. And we had to constantly hold meetings with our Indian colleagues to get the nuances just right."<ref name="Cartoons jump the 'desi' wagon">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/02/24/stories/2003022400240200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031114185542/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/02/24/stories/2003022400240200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 November 2003 |title=Cartoons jump the 'desi' wagon |date=24 February 2003 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=17 August 2013}}</ref>

Dan McHale, the animation director of the series, came to train the artists to do the in-betweens and clean up. He also did the voiceover of the character Raj Guru and the theme song for the series. He said, "Though I have done voices before this is the first time I have done the music." P. Jayakumar, Director of Operations, Toonz Animation, said, "To produce a half-hour animation episode in any of the studios in the United States costs around $300,000 and in an [sic] Hollywood Studio it costs around $500,000. While in India it only costs $60,000 to $70,000. The only problem is the quality of animation produced in India is not of international standards even now and many studios fail to make on time delivery. To overcome this problem, Toonz Animation ensures at least 10 percent of their staff has international exposure. These expatriates then train their Indian counterparts. Toonz has been able to curb costs by doing everything here in India, and the 26 episode series of ''Tenali Raman'' just cost $50,000 for two 11-minute episodes."<ref name="Cartoons jump the 'desi' wagon"/>

The series was also shown in France (at Cannes) where it was appreciated.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/11/07/stories/2002110700720300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030729183742/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/11/07/stories/2002110700720300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 July 2003 |title=Tenali Rama goes 'global' |date=7 November 2002 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=17 August 2013}}</ref> A comic book edition of ''Tenali Raman'' was published by Penguin Books India.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.penguinbooksindia.com/en/content/adventures-tenali-raman-vol-1 |title=The Adventures of Tenali Raman Vol 1 |publisher=Penguin Books India |date=20 July 2013 |access-date=17 August 2013}}</ref>

==Characters==
*[[Tenali Rama|Ramakrishna]] (Tenali Raman)
*King [[Krishnadevaraya]]
*Rajguruji Tattacharya
*Tingary
*[[Kali|Goddess Kali]]
* Princess Shobha
*Attakori Molla
*Appanna
*Krishnadevaraya's mother
*Tenali Raman's wife
*Sundari the cat
*Senapati
*Ayyapan
*Sir Nigel Strawson III
Villains
*Horse trader
*The Northern emperor
*Green raja
*The evil fakir
*Thieves

==See also==
*[[List of Indian animated television series]]
*[[Akbar Birbal]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Children television series in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Adventures Of Tenali Raman}}
[[Category:Indian children's animated comedy television series]]
[[Category:Tenali Rama]]
[[Category:Cartoon Network (Indian TV channel) original programming]]
[[Category:2003 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian historical television series]]
[[Category:Television series set in the 16th century]]

Dr. H. Gordon Roberts Hospital, Shillong

2025-12-30T00:35:39Z

BrandonGreenlee: updated details

{{more citations needed|date=January 2021}}
{{Primary sources|date=July 2024}}{{Infobox hospital
| name = Dr. H. Gordon Roberts Hospital, Shillong
| org_group = Christian Hospital
| image =
| image_alt = 
| caption = Entrance to the Main Hospital
| coordinates = {{coord|25.587857|91.875140|type:landmark|display=inline, title}}
| pushpin_map = 
| logo = 
| logo_size = 
| location = Shillong
| region = North East of India
| state = Meghalaya
| country = India
| healthcare = 
| funding = 
| type = Multi-Specialty Hospital and School of Nursing
| speciality = 
| standards = 
| emergency = 
| affiliation = 
| patron = 
| network = 
| beds = 350
| founded = 25 March 1922
| closed = 
| website = {{URL|www.drhgrobertshospital.com/}}
| other_links = 
}}
'''Dr. H. Gordon Roberts Hospital, Shillong''', or '''KJP Hospital''' ('''Khasi Jaintia Presbyterian Hospital'''), is one of the oldest medical centres in [[Meghalaya]]. This Christian institution was founded by Dr. Hughes Gordon Roberts and is located in the city of [[Shillong]] in the north east of [[India]].<ref name=About>{{cite web|url=https://drhgrobertshospital.com/about/|title=Dr. H. Gordon Roberts Hospital, About Us|website=Hospital|accessdate=April 11, 2020}}</ref>

==History==
Dr. H. Gordon Roberts was the founder of the hospital. He arrived in Shillong in 1913 and started work with a small dispensary at Mission Compound near the KJP Girls’ High School. He started the construction of the building of the hospital in 1915 with the permission given by the government of Assam. The work was started on the edge of the town, in the part called Jaiaw where it stands to this date. The hospital was officially opened on the 25 March 1922 by the then Governor of Assam, Sir William Marris, as a 90-bed hospital and was known as the Khasi Hills Welsh Mission Hospital. Roberts was the founder and the first chief medical officer of the hospital which is still known as "Dr. Roberts Hospital" by many people.<ref name=About />

For many years, the hospital was one of the few institutions in the north east of India in which major surgery could be performed. [[Robert Arthur Hughes|Dr. R. A. Hughes]], a very qualified surgeon with additional training in tropical medicine, came to Shillong in March 1939 and he became senior medical officer in 1942 on the retirement of Roberts. He expanded the hospital's accommodation, introduced the latest operating techniques, started the first blood bank in Shillong, introduced the latest anesthetic machine (EMO) and other facilities like the boiler generating steam for the hospital. He was assisted by Khasi doctors such as Dr. Drin Sing Hynniewta who joined from 1928 in the Department of O&G and Dr. (Miss) O. Roy as an anaesthetist. From time to time, missionary doctors came to help Hughes; among them were Dr. Stanley Russell and Dr. P.A. Shave.<ref name=About />

With the departure of the missionaries, when Hughes retired in 1969 the responsibility of running the hospital fell passed to the Khasi Jaintia Presbyterian Synod and Dr. E.C. Synkon was appointed as senior medical officer, Dr. S. P. Sen. Gupta as the surgeon superintendent and Mr. O. Gilbert as the secretary of the hospital. After a brief spell as surgeon, Sen. Gupta left in 1972 and Gilbert retired due to ill health.<ref name=About />

In 1981, at the KJP Synod meeting held at Mawlai Phudmawri once again changed the name of the hospital to "The Khasi and Jaintia Presbyterian Synod Hospital, Jaiaw Shillong". Dr. P. Lamare took over as the medical superintendent and secretary of the managing committee of the hospital.<ref name=About />

After the Lamare's retirement in 1998, Dr. (Mrs.) K. Ropmay was appointed as acting medical superintendent until the end of 2000 when Dr. Sandi Syiem MD was appointed as the medical superintendent on honorary basis until January 2006 when to Dr. David D. Tariang became the new medical superintendent.<ref name=About />

==See also==
* [[Council of Christian Hospitals]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Hospital buildings completed in 1925]]
[[Category:Teaching hospitals in India]]
[[Category:Mission hospitals]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

Sweta Rai

2025-12-16T13:38:43Z

BrandonGreenlee: made a article

{{Short description|Indian film producer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sweta Rai
| image =Sweta Rai.jpg
| caption =Sweta Rai in 2020
| occupation = Film producer entrepreneur film director
| organization = Indo Holly Films Diverse Cinema
| website = {{URL|www.sweta-rai.com}}
}}

'''Sweta Rai''' is an Indian film producer, director and entrepreneur who is based in United States.<ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news |author=Divya Kala Bhavani |title=A glimpse into the lives of Indian doctors fighting COVID-19 in the US |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/a-glimpse-into-the-lives-of-indian-doctors-fighting-covid-19-in-the-us/article31914923.ece |accessdate=10 November 2023|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=25 June 2020}}</ref><ref name="The Indian Express">{{cite news |author=Jayashree Narayanan |title=Five Indian doctors in US tell their pandemic story in a documentary|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/sweta-rai-documentary-covid19-doctors-abroad-6503672/ |accessdate=10 November 2023|website=[[The Indian Express]]|date=20 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MP CM discusses portrayal of women empowerment in cinema with filmmaker Shweta Rai |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/out-of-box/mp-cm-discusses-portrayal-of-women-empowerment-in-cinema-with-filmmaker-shweta-rai20210301213904/ |accessdate=10 November 2023 |website=[[ANI News]] | date=1 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

== Film career ==
She runs her own film production company called Indo Holly Films and [[Over-the-top media services|over-the-top content platform]] Diverse Cinema.<ref name="The Hans India">{{cite news|title=Indian-origin CEO bags Women Impact Tech award| url=https://www.thehansindia.com/business/indian-origin-ceo-bags-women-impact-tech-award-763188 |accessdate=10 November 2023|website=[[The Hans India]]|date=23 September 2022}}</ref><ref name="Amar Ujala">{{Cite web |title=Diverse Cinema: ओटीटी पर भारत की बेटी का बड़ा प्रयोग, NFT के जरिये फिल्में बेच सकेंगे दुनिया भर के निर्माता |url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/bollywood/hollywood-producer-silicon-valley-tech-entertainment-entrepreneur-sweta-rai-launches-ott-channel-diverse-cinem |accessdate=10 November 2023 |website=[[Amar Ujala]]|language=hi}}</ref> Sweta has a [[Master of Fine Arts]] degree in producing from the [[American Film Institute]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alumni Connection |url=http://alumniconnection.afi.com/news/november-news-2/ |accessdate=10 November 2023| language=en-US|website=[[American Film Institute]]}}</ref> and she was one of the jury members of the 17th [[Beverly Hills Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite web |title=THE 17TH ANNUAL BEVERLY HILLS FILM FESTIVAL – JURY MEMBERS|url=https://beverlyhillsfilmfestival.com/2017-jury/ |accessdate=10 November 2023|website=[[Beverly Hills Film Festival]]}}</ref>

Sweta Rai was one of the producers for ''[[Surviving the Wild]]'', featuring [[Jon Voight]] and [[Jamie Kennedy]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=N'Duka |first=Amanda |date=2018-01-11 |title=Screen Media Acquires Sophie Turner-Starring 'Josie'; Jon Voight's 'Surviving The Wild' Lands At SP Releasing |url=https://deadline.com/2018/01/screen-media-sophie-turner-dylan-mcdermott-josie-jon-voight-surviving-the-wild-sp-releasing-1202240924/ |accessdate=10 November 2023 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Later, she worked as a [[supervising producer]] on the 2020 [[Hallmark Channel]] feature film ''[[J.L. Family Ranch]] 2: The Wedding Gift'' featuring [[James Caan]], [[Bo Derek]], and [[Trevor Donovan]].<ref name="Brown Girl Magazine">{{Cite web |last=Magazine |first=Brown Girl |date=2020-11-25 |title=Hollywood Film Producer and Entrepreneur Sweta Rai Makes Waves With her Lockdown Film |url=https://browngirlmagazine.com/hollywood-film-producer-and-entrepreneur-sweta-rai-makes-waves-with-her-lockdown-film/ |accessdate=10 November 2023|website=Brown Girl Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> She has also worked as a co-producer and executive producer for some other films.<ref name="Bollywood Couch">{{Cite web |last=Mahanta |first=Jutikaa |date=2018-12-02 |title=SWETA RAI, AN INDIAN MAKING HISTORY WITH BACK TO BACK HOLLYWOOD MOVIE RELEASES AS A PRODUCER |url=https://www.bollywoodcouch.com/sweta-rai-an-indian-making-history-with-back-to-back-hollywood-movie-releases-as-a-producer/ |accessdate=10 November 2023 |website=bollywoodcouch.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ten Women Of Indian Origin Making Us Proud During The COVID-19 Pandemic|url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/news/ten-women-indian-origin-proud-covid-19/ |accessdate=10 November 2023|website=[[SheThePeople]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hollywood Director Shweta Rai meets CM |url=https://www.thehitavada.com/Encyc/2021/3/2/Hollywood-Director-Shweta-Rai-meets-CM.html |date=2 March 2021|accessdate=10 November 2023 |website=[[The Hitavada]]}}</ref>

In 2020, She produced, and directed a documentary feature film called ''A Pandemic: Away from the Motherland''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rodriguez |first=Liz |date=2020-10-10 |title=A Pandemic: Away from the Motherland |url=https://moviemarker.co.uk/a-pandemic-away-from-the-motherland/ |accessdate=10 November 2023 |website=Movie Marker |language=en-US}}</ref> based on [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-11 |title=A Pandemic: Away from the Motherland – Sweta Rai |url=https://dclifemagazine.com/entertainment/a-pandemic-away-from-the-motherland/ |accessdate=10 November 2023|website=DC Life Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Jennie Kermode |title=A Pandemic: Away From The Motherland – Review|url=https://www.eyeforfilm.co.uk/review/a-pandemic-away-from-the-motherland-2020-film-review-by-jennie-kermode |accessdate=10 November 2023|website=eyeforfilm.co.uk|date=15 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Tushaar Kuthiala |title=Unsung heroes: NRI Sweta Rai's documentary highlights stellar efforts of Indian-origin doctors during the pandemic|url=https://www.connectedtoindia.com/unsung-heroes-nri-sweta-rais-documentary-highlights-stellar-efforts-of-indian-origin-doctors-8454.html |accessdate=10 November 2023|website=connectedtoindia.com|date=23 October 2020}}</ref> The film was also in the race for the [[93rd Academy Awards]].<ref name="Deadline Oscar">{{Cite web |last=Carey |first=Patrick Hipes, Matthew |last2=Hipes |first2=Patrick |last3=Carey |first3=Matthew |date=2021-01-28 |title=Oscars: Documentary Feature Entries Shatter Record; Animated Feature, International Films In Running Confirmed |url=https://deadline.com/2021/01/oscars-2021-eligible-documentary-animation-international-categories-1234682643/ |accessdate=10 November 2023 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
!scope="col" rowspan="2"|Year
! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Title
! colspan="3" scope="col" | Credited as
! rowspan="2" scope="col" class="unsortable"| Notes
! rowspan="2" scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
!Producer
!Director
!Writer
|-
!scope="row"|2018
|''[[Surviving the Wild]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|Co-producer Directed by [[:fr:Patrick Alessandrin|Patrick Alessandrin]] Co-produced by [[Steven Paul]], Patrick Alessandrin, [[Vail Bloom]], and Michael Givens.
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Bollywood Couch"/>
|-
!scope="row"|2020
|''JL Family Ranch: The Wedding Gift''
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|[[Supervising producer]] It is the sequel to [[JL Ranch]] (2016) Featuring [[Bo Derek]], [[Skyler Shaye]], [[James Caan]], [[Dylan Walsh]], [[Jon Voight]] and [[Abby Brammell]].
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Brown Girl Magazine"/>
|-
!scope="row"|2020
|''A Pandemic: Away from the Motherland''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|Film was in the race for the [[93rd Academy Awards]]
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Deadline Oscar"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Pandemic documentary by Sweta Rai on COVID-19 doctors living away from their motherland filmed from a Los Angeles apartment during strict LA-lockdown|url=https://dclifemagazine.com/entertainment/a-pandemic-away-from-the-motherland/ |accessdate=10 November 2023|website=dclifemagazine.com}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|TBA
|''Shades''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|About skin complexion biases that women face in different parts of the world.
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Brown Girl Magazine"/>
|}

== Awards and accolades ==
In 2022, she was awarded Women Impact Tech award by American Business Women’s Association as a part of [[American Business Women's Day]].<ref name="The Hans India"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Diverse Cinema Founder SwetaRai Wins Women Impact Tech Award |url=https://www.womenentrepreneurindia.com/news/diverse-cinema-founder-swetarai-wins-women-impact-tech-award-nwid-2412.html |accessdate=10 November 2023 |website=womenentrepreneurindia.com|language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|www.sweta-rai.com}}
* {{IMDb name|6012679}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes person|sweta_rai}}
* {{Instagram|swetarai}}

[[Category:Indian film producers]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in the United States]]
[[Category:Indian documentary film directors]]
[[Category:English film directors]]
[[Category:English film producers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Nidhi Subbaiah

2025-12-13T17:07:10Z

BrandonGreenlee: small edit

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Indian name|Nidhi|Subbaiah}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nidhi Subbaiah
| image = NidhiSubbaiah.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1985|2|16}}
| birth_place = [[Kodagu]], [[Karnataka]], India
| alma_mater = SJCE, Mysore
| occupation = Actress, model
| yearsactive = 2009–present
}}
'''Nidhi Subbaiah''' (born 16 February 1985<ref name="Quint Subbaiah DOB">{{Cite web |url=https://hindi.thequint.com/news/india/famous-personalities-you-share-your-birthday-today-with-16-february |title=16 फरवरी: आज आप अपना बर्थडे इन हस्तियों के साथ शेयर कर रहे हैं |date=16 February 2018 |website=Quint Hindi |quote=बॉलीवुड एक्ट्रेस निधि सुबैया का आज 33वां जन्मदिन है. [Translation: Today is Bollywood actress Nidhi Subaiya's 33rd birthday.] |access-date=26 July 2019 |archive-date=3 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403020438/https://hindi.thequint.com/news/india/famous-personalities-you-share-your-birthday-today-with-16-february |url-status=dead }}</ref>) is an Indian actress and model, who has appeared in various television advertisements and films, she is known for her performance in successful Kannada movies such as ''[[Pancharangi]]'' (2010) and ''[[Krishnan Marriage Story]]'' (2011). She made her Bollywood debut with ''[[Oh My God (2012 film)|Oh My God]]'' and ''[[Ajab Gazabb Love]]'' (in a lead role).

==Early life==
Nidhi was born on 16 February 1985 in the [[Kodagu district]] of [[Karnataka]] as the only child to Bollachanda Subhash Subbaiah and Jhansi Subbaiah.<ref name="bangaloremirror1">{{cite news |url=http://www.bangaloremirror.com/index.aspx?page=article&sectid=24&contentid=201009262010092618524335134b53f42 |title=Nidhi had a little lamb, Entertainment - Bollywood - Bangalore Mirror, Bangalore Mirror |publisher=Bangaloremirror.com |date=26 September 2010 |accessdate=8 November 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100928151924/http://www.bangaloremirror.com/index.aspx?page=article&sectid=24&contentid=201009262010092618524335134b53f42 |archivedate=28 September 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Soon afterwards, her family later moved to [[Mysore]], where she spent most of her childhood and completed her education.

Nidhi had made her mark in sports by winning gold medals at national level sports meets in sailing while she was studying II PUC in Mysore.<ref name="Ni"/> She also has the credit of winning three gold medals in a calendar year at the sports meet in sailing events at Visakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh and at Chilka Lake in Orissa.<ref name="Ni">{{cite news |url=http://www.kodagufirst.in/?p=2837 |title=Actress Nidhi Subbaiah gets H-category MUDA site for excelling in sports |date=9 August 2012 |website=kodagufirst.in }}</ref> Besides being a sportsperson of repute, Nidhi was also a Naval NCC cadet who won the best cadet award in the year 2004.<ref>{{cite web |title=List of NCC candidates who are Adjudged BEST CADET in RD Camp |url=http://kea.kar.nic.in/SPL_CATEG_PRESS_%20NOTE.htm |access-date=14 October 2016 |archive-date=14 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714155654/http://kea.kar.nic.in/SPL_CATEG_PRESS_%20NOTE.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

An alumnus of St. Joseph's Central, Mysore, Mahajanas PU college, Mysore, she went on to study [[Civil Engineering]] from Sri Jayachamarajendra College of Engineering (SJCE), Mysore. She quit in the second year as her modelling career took off and this ultimately led her to pursue a career in acting.

==Personal life==
Subbaiah married her longtime boyfriend entrepreneur Lavesh Khairajani in 2017 in [[Coorg]], [[Karnataka]]. They were divorced in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Celebrity Wedding |title=Nidhi Subbaiah and Lavesh Khairajani, Coorg |work=Wedding Sutra |date=27 February 2017 |access-date=15 February 2018 |url=https://www.weddingsutra.com/celebrity-weddings/celeb-weddings/nidhi-subbaiah-and-lavesh-khairajani-coorg/}}</ref>

==Career==
She first ventured into modelling, appearing in various television commercials,{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}} with [[Glow & Lovely|Fair & Lovely]] being the most notable, through which she landed her first acting assignment.<ref name="bangaloremirror1"/> She made her acting debut with ''[[Abhimani (2009 film)|Abhimani]]'' in 2009, which did not fare well at the box office.<ref>{{cite news |author=SHARADHA SRINIDHI, TNN |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-06-18/news-interviews/28175758_1_song-sets-actress |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501033909/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-06-18/news-interviews/28175758_1_song-sets-actress |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 May 2013 |title=Nidhi doesn't mind showing skin |date=18 June 2009 |work=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=4 August 2012}}</ref> She has also acted in Suri's ''[[Anna Bond]]'' that features her alongside [[Puneeth Rajkumar]] and [[Priyamani]]. The film did fairly well at the box office.<ref>{{cite news |author=Prathibha Joy, TNN |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-27/news-interviews/30204343_1_puneeth-rajkumar-krishnan-marriage-story-anna-bond |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106045747/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-27/news-interviews/30204343_1_puneeth-rajkumar-krishnan-marriage-story-anna-bond |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 November 2011 |title=Nidhi Subbaiah bags Suri's next |date=27 September 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=4 August 2012}}</ref> She then made a special appearance in Poornima Mohan's ''School Days''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-poornima-mohan-back-to-her-school-days/20111104.htm |title=Poornima Mohan goes back to her school days - Rediff.com Movies |work=Rediff.com |date=4 November 2011 |accessdate=4 August 2012}}</ref> Nidhi's first [[Hindi cinema|Bollywood]] outing was ''[[Oh My God (2012 film)|Oh My God]]'', which starred [[Akshay Kumar]]. She had a small role in the movie. Nidhi's first Bollywood movie as a leading actress was ''[[Ajab Gazabb Love]]'', where she co-stars with [[Jackky Bhagnani]] and then went on to star in many more films.

She participated in the reality show [[Bigg Boss Kannada (season 8)]] as one of the contestants and got evicted on 4 July 2021 as the first contestant to be evicted in the second innings.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/bigg-boss-kannada-season-8-nidhi-subbaiah-opens-up-about-why-she-chose-to-be-a-part-of-the-show/articleshow/81256983.cms |title=Nidhi Subbaiah opens up about why she chose to be a part of the show |work=The Times of India |date=1 March 2021 |access-date=21 March 2021}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Language
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan="3" |2009 ||''[[Abhimani (2009 film)|Abhimani]]'' || Aparna || rowspan="2" | [[Kannada]] ||
|-
|''[[Chamkaisi Chindi Udaysi]]'' || Kamala ||
|-
|''Sweet Heart'' || Meenakshi || Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2010 ||''[[Krishna Nee Late Aagi Baaro]]''|| Lakshmi || Kannada ||
|-
|''[[Pancharangi]]''|| Ambika || rowspan="4" |[[Kannada]]|| Nominated, [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Kannada]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2011 ||''[[Veera Bahu (film)|Veera Bahu]]''|| Devi ||
|-
|''[[Krishnan Marriage Story]]''|| Khushi ||[[South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Special Appreciation Award-Kannada]] Nominated, [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Kannada]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |2012 ||''[[Anna Bond]]''|| Divya ||[[SIIMA Award for Best Actress - Kannada|SIIMA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role - Kannada]]
|-
|''[[OMG – Oh My God!]]''|| Shweta Tiwari || rowspan="4" |[[Hindi language|Hindi]]||
|-
|''[[Ajab Gazabb Love]]''|| Madhuri Singh Chouhan ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2016 ||''[[Direct Ishq]]''|| Dolly Pandey ||
|-
|''[[Love Shagun]]''|| Tia ||<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/love-shagun-cast-and-crew-shoot-for-a-song-at-madh-island/16071184 |title='Love Shagun' cast and crew shoot for a song at Madh Island |accessdate=18 March 2015 |author=The Centerstage Team |newspaper=Mid-Day Infomedia Ltd}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Nanna Ninna Prema Kathe]]'' || Rekha/Preeti || rowspan="6" |[[Kannada]]||
|-
|2017||''5G''|| Rashi ||
|-
|2019
|''[[Ayushman Bhava (2019 film)|Ayushman Bhava]]''
|Chukki
|Nominated- [[SIIMA Award for Best Actress - Kannada|SIIMA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role - Kannada]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://siima.in/2019-nominations.php |title=The 9th South Indian International Movie Awards Nominations for 2019 |website=[[South Indian International Movie Awards]] |access-date=24 August 2021 |archive-date=28 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828223640/https://siima.in/2019-nominations.php |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
|''[[Chef Chidambara]]''
|Mona
|
|-
|''[[UI (film)|UI]]''
|Sunaina
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suresh |first=Sunayana |title=Exclusive: Nidhi Subbaiah bags a pivotal role in Upendra's UI |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/nidhi-subbaiah-bags-a-pivotal-role-in-upendras-ui/articleshow/92865472.cms |access-date=30 April 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''[[Edagaiye Apaghatakke Karana]]''|| Pooja
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suresh |first=Sunayana |title=Exclusive: Diganth and Nidhi Subbaiah reunite on screen after 11 years |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/exclusive-diganth-and-nidhi-subbaiah-reunite-on-screen-after-11-years/articleshow/94268432.cms |access-date=30 April 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}
<big>'''Television'''</big>

2021 - [[Bigg Boss Kannada (season 8)|''Bigg Boss Kannada Season 8'']] 2021 - ''[[Bigg Boss Second Innings]]''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Nidhi Subbaiah}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{DNA India|nidhi-subbaiah}}
* {{BH person|nidhi-subbaiah}}
* {{Twitter}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Subbaiah, Nidhi}}
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Kannada actresses]]
[[Category:People from Kodagu district]]
[[Category:Actresses from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kodava people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Female models from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Participants in Indian reality television series]]

Office (TV series)

2025-12-06T15:55:21Z

BrandonGreenlee: Adding new data w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian Tamil-language soap opera}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{About|the STAR Vijay Tamil-language series|the JioHotstar Tamil-language sitcom|Office (2025 TV series)|the Hotstar Hindi-language sitcom|The Office (Indian TV series)|the international sitcom franchise|The Office}}
{{Infobox television
| native_name =
| image = Office Tamil serial.jpg
| caption = Promotional image for ''Office''
| genre = [[Television comedy|Comedy]]
| creator =
| based_on =
| writer = S. Ramana Girivasan
| narrated = Venkatachalam A
| director = Ram Vinayak
| starring = [[Karthik Raj]] [[Shruthi Raj]] [[Vishnu (TV actor)|Vishnu]] [[Madhumila]] [[Udhayabhanu Maheswaran|Uday Mahesh]]
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 562
| list_episodes =
| producer = K. J. Ganesh
| company = Venus Infotainment
| theme_music_composer = Ilayavan
| opentheme =
| composer = Ilayavan
| cinematography =
| editor = S.Mathan kumar
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = approx. 20-22 minutes per episode
| channel = [[STAR Vijay]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=y|2013|3|11}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=y|2015|6|5}}
}}

'''''Office''''' is a 2013 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[workplace comedy]] television series starring [[Karthik Raj]], [[Shruthi Raj]], [[Vishnu (TV actor)|Vishnu]], [[Madhumila]], [[Udhayabhanu Maheswaran]], [[Suzane George]], Sidharth and Anbazhagan. The series was directed by Ram Vinayak and produced by K. J. Ganesh.

It aired on [[STAR Vijay]] from 11 March 2013 to 5 June 2015 Monday through Friday at 10:00PM ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]]). It was the first full workplace drama in the Tamil television industry. This programs was re-aired on Shakthi TV.

==Summary==

Office deals with the story and happenings of employees at Netech Solutions, an IT company. For Karthick, Vishnu, Raji, and Lakshmi, their office is a place where friendships and relationships bloom, even as they struggle to hold it together.<ref>{{cite news|title=Office|url=https://www.hotstar.com/us/tv/office/1409|website=Hotstar}}</ref>

==Seasons overview==
{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
!style="padding:0 9px;" rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Season
!style="padding:0 9px;" rowspan="2"|Episodes
!style="padding:0 90px;" colspan="2"|Originally aired (Singapore dates)
!style="padding:0 9px;" rowspan="2"|Time
|-
!First aired
!Last aired
|-
|scope="row" style="background:#FB607F; color:#100;"|
|'''1'''
|396
|{{start date|df=yes|2013|3|11}}
|{{end date|df=yes|2014|10|1}}
| Monday - Friday 7.30PM ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]]) & 10:00PM ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]])
|-
|scope="row" style="background:#8d85f2; color:#100;"|
|'''2'''
| 166
| {{start date|df=yes|2014|10|6}}
| {{end date|df=yes|2015|6|5}}
| Monday - Friday 10:00PM ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]])
|}

==Cast==
===Season 1===
{{div col}}
* [[Karthik Raj]] as Karthikeyan "Karthik"
* [[Shruthi Raj]] as Rajalakshmi "Raji"
* [[Vishnu (TV actor)|Vishnu]] as Vishnuvardhan "Vishnu"
* [[Udhayabhanu Maheswaran|Uday Mahesh]] as Vishwanathan
* [[Madhumila]] as Lakshmi<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tamil.filmibeat.com/television/serial-actress-madumila-plays-sister-role-cinema-200130.html|title= Office serial actress Mathumila Plays sister role|website=tamil.filmibeat.com|date= 6 May 2014}}{{unreliable source?|date=September 2015}}</ref>
* [[Suzane George]] as Suzane <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindiancinema.com/2014/08/office-serial-susan-george-cute.html|title=office serial Susan George cute, beautiful photos and pictures|website=www.newindiancinema.com|access-date=20 August 2015|archive-date=27 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927072927/http://www.newindiancinema.com/2014/08/office-serial-susan-george-cute.html|url-status=dead}} {{unreliable source?|date=September 2015}}</ref>
* Madhan Pandian as Madhan
* Vyshali Krishnan as Shwetha
* Gemini Mani as Mohan
* Anbazhagan "Anbu" as Anbu
* Azhagappan as Kattadurai "Katta"
* Raghavendran as Puli
* Mahalakshmi as Angel
* Jeevitha as Soundarya
* [[Jeeva Ravi|R. Raveendran]] (R. Ravi/Jeeva Ravi) as Karthikeyan's father
* Rekha Suresh as Karthikeyan's mother
* Isvar as Gautham Victor
* David Solomon Raja as David
* Akalya Venkatesan as Sumanthi
{{div col end}}

===Season 2===
{{div col}}
* [[Karthik Raj]] as Karthikeyan
* [[Shruthi Raj]] as Rajalakshmi
* [[Vishnu (TV actor)|Vishnu]] as Vishnuvardhan
* [[Uday Mahesh]] as Vishwanathan
* Preethi Kumar as Manimegalai
* Sidharth kumaran as Kamal
* Anbazhagan as Anbu
* Azhagappan as Katta
* Raghavendra as Puli
* [[Pavithra Janani]] as Vanitha
* Anu Sulash as Madhavi
* Hema Rajkumar as Radhika
* [[Jeeva Ravi|R. Raveendran]] (R. Ravi/Jeeva Ravi) as Karthikeyan's father
* Rekha Suresh as Karthikeyan's mother
*[[Ashwin Kumar Lakshmikanthan]] as Ashwin
*[[Jacquline Lydia]] as Jacqueline
{{div col end}}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable" width="90%"
|- bgcolor="blue"
!style="width:25pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"| Year
!style="width:80pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"| Award
!style="width:120pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"| Category
!style="width:60pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"| Recipient
!style="width:60pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"| Role
!style="width:40pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"| Result
|-
|rowspan="11" | 2014
|-
| rowspan="10" | [[Vijay Television Awards]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/Vijay-Television-awards-launched/articleshow/35617411.cms|title= Vijay Television Awards launched|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://awardsandwinners.com/category/Vijay-Awards/|title= Vijay Television Awards 2014 Winners |website=awardsandwinners.com}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" | Favourite Find
| [[Madhumila]]
| Mahalakshmi
| {{Won}}
|-
| Vishnu
| Vishnu
| {{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | Favourite Comedian Fiction
| Vishnu
| Vishnu
| {{Won}}
|-
| Anbazhagan
| Anbu
| {{Nom}}
|-
| Favourite Actor Male
| [[Karthik Raj]]
| Karthikeyan
| {{Nom}}
|-
| Favourite Actor Female
| [[Shruthi Raj]]
| Rajalakshmi
| {{Nom}}
|-
| Favourite Screen Pair
| [[Karthik Raj]] & [[Shruthi Raj]]
| Karthik & Raji
| {{Won}}
|-
| Favourite Fiction Series
| Office
|
| {{Nom}}
|-
| Favourite Supporting Actor Male
| [[Udhayabhanu Maheswaran|Uday Mahesh]]
| Vishwanathan
| {{Won}}
|-
| Favourite Supporting Actor Female
| [[Suzane George]]
| Suzane
| {{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2015
| rowspan="5" | [[Vijay Television Awards]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.vinodadarshan.com/2015/09/winners-2nd-vijay-television-awards-2015.html|title= Vijay Television Awards 2015 Winners |website= www.vinodadarshan.com}}</ref>
| Favourite Actor Male
| [[Karthik Raj]]
| Karthikeyan
| {{Nom}}
|-
| Favourite Actor Female
| [[Shruthi Raj]]
| Rajalakshmi
| {{Nom}}
|-
| Favourite Screen Pair
| [[Karthik Raj]] & [[Shruthi Raj]]
| Karthik & Raji
| {{Won}}
|-
| Favourite Fiction Series
| Office
|
| {{Nom}}
|-
| Favourite Supporting Actor Female
| Hema
| Radhika
| {{Nom}}
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt10266512}}

{{STAR Vijay TV shows}}

[[Category:Star Vijay original programming]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:2013 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:Tamil-language workplace television series]]
[[Category:2015 Tamil-language television series endings]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romance television series]]

William Mackesy

2025-11-16T03:41:47Z

BrandonGreenlee: made stub

{{Short description|Officer of the British and Indian Armies}}
[[Lieutenant general|Lieutenant General]] '''William Henry Mackesy''' (1 May 1837 – 6 March 1914) was an [[Irish people|Irish-born]] officer of the [[British Army|British]], [[Bengal Army|Bengal]], and [[British Indian Army|Indian]] armies who saw [[active duty]] in the [[Crimean War]] and the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Indian Mutiny]] of 1857.

==Early life==
Mackesy was born on 1 May 1837, a son of John Mackesy [[Doctor of medicine|MD]] of [[Waterford]], [[Ireland]]. He was educated privately and then for two years at the [[Royal Military College, Sandhurst]], as a gentleman cadet, graduating in 1854.
<ref name=WW>[https://doi.org/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U188504 "Mackesy, Lt-Gen. William Henry"], ''[[Who's Who (UK)|Who's Who]]'', online edition by Oxford University Press, 1 December 2007, accessed 12 November 2025 {{subscription}}; and [https://www.angloboerwar.com/images/pdf/WhoWasWhoVol1-m1.pdf print edition] from ''Who Was Who, Vol. 1, 1897–1915'', at angloboerwar.com</ref><ref name=BAD>''British Army Despatch'', Friday 11 August 1854, p. 2: "To be Ensigns without purchase... Gentleman Cadet William Henry Mackesy, from the Royal Military College."</ref>

His uncle [[Thomas Mackesy]] (1790–1869), a surgeon who served with the British Army, was Mayor of Waterford and President of the [[Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland]].<ref>Randie Doxey [https://www.munster-express.ie/all-front-page-news/civic-trusts-salute-to-thomas-mackesy/ "Civic Trust's salute to Thomas Mackesy"], The Munster Express, 18 January 2018, accessed 15 November 2025</ref>

==Career==
From Sandhurst, in August 1854 Mackesy was commissioned as an [[Ensign (rank)|Ensign]] into the [[Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders|79th Cameron Highlanders]], without [[Purchase of commissions in the British Army|purchase]].<ref name=BAD/> He served in the Crimean War, taking part in the [[Battle of the Great Redan|assault on Sebastopol]] in 1855. After that, he was posted to [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], one of the [[Presidencies and provinces of British India]], and saw action in the Indian Mutiny. He was at the [[Siege of Lucknow|capture of Lucknow]] in 1858 and was then posted as an Assistant Field Engineer in the [[Crimea]] and in [[Oudh State|Oudh]], from 1858 to 1859;<ref name=WW/> in 1862 he was admitted as an Associate of the [[Institution of Civil Engineers]];<ref>"William Henry Mackesy"
in ''United Kingdom Civil Engineer Records, 1820–1930'', 3 July 1862</ref> in 1866 he was a Captain and transferred from the 79th Foot to the [[Bengal Staff Corps]].<ref>"GAZETTE ANNOUNCEMENTS", ''Dublin Evening Mail'', Wednesday 19 December 1866, p. 3: "Dec 18. 79th Foot—Lieutenant Neil Campbell to Captain, without purchase, vice William Henry Mackesy, appointed to the Bengal Staff Corps"</ref> Mackesy later served the Public Works and Military Works Departments as an engineer.<ref name=WW/> In January 1870, he was promoted to [[brevet]] Major,<ref>"Orders by His Excellency the Go.–General of India", ''Civil & Military Gazette'' (Lahore), Thursday 17 February 1870, p. 8</ref> in August 1874 (marking twenty years of service) to substantive Major,<ref>"Captain (Brevet Major) W. H. Mackesy, Bengal Staff Corps, having completed twenty years' service, is Promoted to the rank of Major, from 4th August, 1874", ''The Broad Arrow'' (London), Saturday 19 September 1874, p. 21</ref> and in October 1877 to Lieutenant-Colonel.<ref>"To be Lieutenant-Colonels", ''Naval & Military Gazette and Weekly Chronicle of the United Service'', Wednesday 3 October 1877, pp. 17–18</ref> In March 1879, on his return to India from a home leave, Mackesy transferred to the Military Department as a temporary Colonel<ref>"ARMY AND NAVY: Lieut.-Colonel William Henry Mackesy, of the Bengal Staff Corps, son to the late Doctor John Mackesy, of Waterford" ''Dublin Evening Mail'', Thursday 27 March 1879, p. 4</ref> and in 1882 was back in the Bengal Staff Corps as a full Colonel.<ref>"The undermentioned Lieut. Cols, to be Colonels", ''Allen's Indian Mail'' (London), Monday 9 October 1882, p. 17</ref> In July 1883, he took command of the [[24th Punjab Infantry]].<ref>"TELEGRAPHIC INTELLIGENCE", ''Civil & Military Gazette'' (Lahore), Wednesday 18 July 1883, p. 1: "Colonel W. H. Mackesy, 24th Punjab Infantry, succeeds to the temporary command of the regiment, when Colonel F. B. Norman, C.B., proceeds to..."</ref> In September 1883, he also took command of the Mooltan Brigade to cover for the leave of Brigadier-General William Gordon.<ref>"Colonel W. H. Mackesy, 24th Punjab Native Infantry, will command the Mooltan Brigade during General Gordon's absence on leave", ''Civil & Military Gazette'' (Lahore), Wednesday 29 August 1883, p. 1</ref> In June 1890, he was granted a distinguished service pension of £100 a year.<ref>"Colonel W. H. Mackesy, Bengal Staff Corps, and formerly with the Cameron Highlanders, has been granted a distinguished service pension", ''Naval & Military Record and Royal Dockyards Gazette'', Thursday 19 June 1890, p. 7</ref>

After promotion to temporary Lieutenant General in 1890,<ref>"Colonel William Henry Mackesy, Bengal Staff Corps, from Jan. 14, 1890, in room of Lieut.-General the Hon. G. T. Chesney, K.C.B., C.S.I., C.I.E.", ''Homeward Mail from India, China and the East'' (London), Monday 9 June 1890, p. 7</ref> Mackesy was made a substantive Major General on 10 December 1892.<ref>"Indian Staff Corps: The under-mentioned Colonels to be Major-Generals (Dec. 10)... William Henry Mackesy", ''Army and Navy Gazette'' (London), Saturday 31 December 1892, p. 13</ref> In 1897, he retired as a Lieutenant General onto the Unemployed Supernumerary List of the Indian Army.<ref>"From the LONDON GAZETTE of Tuesday, Dec. 21", ''London Evening Standard'', Wednesday 22 December 1897, p. 10: "Indian Staff Corps. Lieut. General W. H. Mackesy is transferred to the Unemployed Supernumerary List."</ref><ref name=WW/>

==Personal life==
On 1 September 1870, at [[St Mary's, Cadogan Street|St Mary's, Chelsea]], while a Major in the Bengal Staff Corps on home leave, Mackesy married Teresa Mary Creagh, a daughter of Pierse Creagh, late of [[Mountjoy Square]], Dublin, and Bryan's Castle, [[County Clare]].<ref>"MARRIAGES", ''Warder and Dublin Weekly Mail'', Saturday 10 September 1870, p. 8</ref> A daughter was born at [[Lahore]] on 13 January 1872.<ref>"BIRTHS... Mackesy — Jan. 13, at Lahore, wife of Major W. H. Mackesy, Bengal Staff Corps, a daughter.", ''The Homeward Mail from India, China and the East'', Monday 12 February 1872, p. 11</ref> They also had three sons.<ref name=WW/>

Mackesy retired to the parish of [[St George Hanover Square]], [[Westminster]], in 1897.<ref name=WW/> In 1898, his daughter Violet Mary was married in [[Kensington]].<ref>[https://www.freebmd.org.uk/cgi/information.pl?cite=VJ0jPuUN8K%2BJBOt2howUdg&scan=1 "MACKESY Violet Mary"], [[FreeBMD]], accessed 13 November 2025</ref><ref>"DEATH OF CAPT. W.E. ROGERSON, ADJUTANT OF THE DURHAM LIGHT INFANTRY", ''Durham County Advertiser'', Friday 20 November 1914, p. 8</ref>

At the time of the [[1911 United Kingdom census]], Mackesy and his wife were living at 65, Albert Hall Mansions, [[Knightsbridge]], with two servants, a cook and a parlourmaid. They stated their places of birth as Waterford and Dublin respectively, and Mrs Mackesy was aged sixty.<ref>
[[1911 United Kingdom census]], [https://www.ancestry.co.uk/api/media/retrieval/v2/image/namespaces/2352/media/rg14_00427_0117_03.jpg?securitytoken=e48d97d1e2d91f37030ceaf699544681 65, Albert Hall Mansions, Knightsbridge], Ancestry.com, accessed 13 November 2025 {{subscription}}</ref>

Mackesy died at Albert Hall Mansions on 6 March 1914,<ref>"MACKESY William Henry of 65 Albert Hall-mansions Knightsbridge died 6 March 1914... £1836 7s 1d", ''Wills and Administrations (England & Wales) 1914'' (London: High Court of Justice, 1915), p. 101</ref><ref name=Will>"RECENT WILLS: Lieut-General William Henry Mackesy, of Albert Hall Mansions, Knightsbridge, S W, late 79th Highlanders and Indian Army, £1,836", ''Daily Express'', Tuesday 21 April 1914, p. 5</ref> leaving an estate valued at £1,836,<ref name=Will/> {{Inflation|UK|1836|1914|fmt=eq|cursign=£}}.

The Mackesys' son [[Pierse Joseph Mackesy]] (1883–1956) became a British Army major-general.<ref>Roger T. Stearn, "Mackesy, Pierse Joseph (1883–1956)", in ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'' (Oxford University Press, 2004), online edition</ref> His son [[Piers Mackesy]] (1924–2014) was a military historian.<ref>[https://www.scotsman.com/news/obituaries/obituary-dr-piers-mackesy-history-tutor-military-historian-and-author-1-3486382 "Obituary: Dr Piers Mackesy"], ''The Scotsman'', 24 July 2014, accessed 12 November 2025</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT: Mackesy, William Henry}}
[[Category:1837 births]]
[[Category:1914 deaths]]
[[Category:Bengal Staff Corps officers]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of the Crimean War]]
[[Category:British Indian Army generals]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Indian Rebellion of 1857]]
[[Category:Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Waterford (city)]]
[[Category:Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders officers]]

Parashuramrao Shrinivas I

2025-11-04T20:29:32Z

BrandonGreenlee: Adding initial biography first draft

{{Short description|Pant Pratinidhi of Aundh from 1777 to 1848}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Parashuramrao Shrinivas I
| image =
| caption =
| succession = [[Raja|Pant Pratinidhi]] of [[Aundh State|Aundh]]
| reign = 30 August 1777 – {{Nowrap|11 June 1848}}<ref name="aundhstate" /><ref name="parashaundh" />
| coronation = 12 September 1777<ref name="parashaundh" />
| predecessor = Bhagwant Rao
| regent =
| successor = Shrinivasrao Parashuram
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1777|08|30|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Aundh State]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1848|06|11|1777|08|30|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Aundh State]]
| burial_date = 1848
| burial_place =
| spouse = 2
| issue = Shrinivasrao Parashuram (adopted)<ref name="aundhstate" />
| regnal name =
| posthumous name =
| father = Bhagwant Rao
| mother = [[Rani]] of [[Aundh State]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| royal house = [[Royal family of Aundh]]
}}

'''Parashuramrao Shrinivas I''' (30 August 1777 – 11 June 1848) was the hereditary ruler of [[Aundh State]] from his birth in 1777 until his death in 1848.{{Sfn|Rothermund|1983|p=9}}<ref name="aundhstate">{{Cite book |last=Rothermund |first=Indira |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cVkmAAAAMAAJ |title=The Aundh Experiment: A Gandhian Grass-roots Democracy |date=1983 |publisher=Somaiya |isbn=978-0-8364-1194-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="unusualraja">{{Cite book |last=Pant |first=Apa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xJNAAAAAMAAJ |title=An Unusual Raja: Mahatma Gandhi and the Aundh Experiment |date=1989 |publisher=Sangam Books |isbn=978-0-86131-752-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="parashaundh">{{Cite book |last=Pant |first=Apa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bw4IAQAAIAAJ&q=Parshuram+Shrinivas |title=An Extended Family Or Fellow Pilgrims |date=1990 |publisher=Sangam Books |isbn=978-0-86311-109-9 |language=en}}</ref>

== Life ==
Parashuramrao's father died the day he was born, enthroning him at birth. Parashuramrao (alias Thotepant) created riots with the help of Ramoshis kept by him in his service.{{cn|date=October 2025}}

At only twelve days old, Parshuram Shrinivas (Thote Pant), became a Pratinidhi. His mother thought that he was an inauspicious child, having 'killed' his father, though he was actually born a day after the death. She shunned and neglected him. Even as a child, Thote Pant was strong-willed.<ref name="parashaundh" />

Parashuramrao created tumult in the Peshwa region between the Warana and Neera. In a battle between Bapu Gokhale and Parashuramrao in March 1806, Parashuramrao was seriously injured and taken prisoner by the Peshwas. Parashuramrao Shrinivas, known as a valiant soldier and oppressive ruler, was accused of mismanaging the state.<ref name="aundhstate" />

Later Parashuramrao was released from prison and resumed authority over his state.

After the fall of Peshwa rule, the [[British East India company]] entered separate treaties in 1820 with the [[Jagir|Jagirdars]] who were nominally subordinate to the Raja of [[Satara state|Satara]].<ref name="Kulkarni1995">{{cite book |author=Sumitra Kulkarni |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SYOSHaZnBy8C&pg=PR9 |title=The Satara Raj, 1818-1848: A Study in History, Administration, and Culture |publisher=Mittal Publications |year=1995 |isbn=978-81-7099-581-4 |page=18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=geopolitical history of aundh state |url=https://oldisrj.lbp.world/UploadedBData/6473.pdf}}</ref> He adopted the title of Pant in 1846, on which occasion he paid tribute to the Raja of [[Satara State|Satara]] and married two wives, from whom he later separated.

He had no son and therefore, adopted a child of one of his relatives in 1843, who became Shrinivasrao Parshuram (1833–1901). Shrinivasrao Parshuram succeeded him and was considered an erudite and well-loved ruler. He introduced primary and secondary schools in his state, and was himself a Councillor in the Legislative Assembly of Bombay.<ref name="aundhstate" />

Parashuramrao died in 1848 and was succeeded by his adopted son Shrinivasrao Parashuram .<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-08 |title=AUNDH |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/a/aundh.html |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=archive.is |archive-date=2018-08-08 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180808230903/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/a/aundh.html |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref name="unusualraja" /><ref name="parashaundh" />

== References ==

{{reflist}}
[[Category:1777 births]]
[[Category:1848 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian royalty]]
[[Category:People from the Maratha Empire]]
[[Category:People from Satara district]]

G. M. Bhat

2025-10-29T04:07:32Z

BrandonGreenlee: started.

{{Undisclosed paid|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{short description|Geologist from Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{Infobox person
|name=G. M. Bhat
|honorific_prefix=Prof.
|image=
|imagesize=
|caption=
|birth_name=
|birth_date={{birth date and age|df=yes|1959|7|2}}
|birth_place=[[Srinagar]], Jammu and Kashmir
|alma_mater=[[University of Kashmir]] (BA, MA),
[[University of Jammu]] (Ph.D)
|death_date=
|death_place=
|occupation=Geologist
|spouse=
|website=
|footnotes=
|children=
}}
'''G. M. Bhat''' (born 2 July 1959) is a geologist from [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India. He was the head professor at Department of Geology of [[University of Jammu|Jammu University]].<ref name="gk-2023">{{cite news |last1=Shah |first1=Syed Amjad |title=Geologists rule out sinking of land at Thathri in Doda |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/jammu/geologists-rule-out-sinking-of-land-at-thathri-in-doda |access-date=11 February 2023 |work=[[Greater Kashmir]] |language=en}}</ref>

In 2020, he was nominated as a member of the Scientific Board of Geoscience Programme (IGCP) by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).<ref name="de-2020">{{cite news |last1=Excelsior |first1=Daily |title=Prof G M Bhat nominated to Research Board for UNESCO, IUGS |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/prof-g-m-bhat-nominated-to-research-board-for-unesco-iugs/ |access-date=11 February 2023 |work=[[Daily Excelsior]] |date=18 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

In addition to his work as a professor, Bhat has also served as the Head of the Geological Department at Jammu University.<ref name="gk-2023"/>

==Early life==
Ghulam M. Bhat was born on 2 July 1959 in [[Srinagar]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Prof. Ghulam M. Bhat: A Pioneer in the Field of Geology |url=https://www.tahirrihat.com/2017/12/prof-ghulam-m-bhat-pioneer-in-field-of.html |access-date=12 February 2023 |work=Tahir Rihat |date=11 December 2017}}</ref> He has received his Bachelor of Science degree from [[University of Kashmir|Kashmir University]] in Srinagar, India in 1979. He then went on to earn his Master of Science from [[University of Jammu|Jammu University]] in 1981 and his Master of Philosophy from the same institution in 1983. In 1987, he completed his Doctor of Philosophy degree from Jammu University.<ref>{{cite web |title=INDIAN RESEARCH INFORMATION NETWORK SYSTEM |url=https://jammuuniversity.irins.org/profile/64357#education_information_panel |website=irins.inflibnet.ac.in |access-date=12 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="gm-career"/>

==Career==
G.M. Bhat started his career as a lecturer in higher education in Srinagar in 1986–1987. He then joined Jammu University in 1987 and served as a lecturer until 1992. He was promoted to senior lecturer in 1992 and served in this position until 1998. In 1997, he was designated as a reader in [[sedimentology]] and [[biostratigraphy]]. In 1999, he became a reader in the department of geology and geophysics at the University of Kashmir in Srinagar.<ref name="gm-career">{{cite book |title=Geoenvironment: Challenges Ahead |date=2009 |publisher=Macmillan Publishers India Limited |isbn=978-0-230-63909-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lhDmBzFCJSgC&dq=prof+GM+Bhat+geology+University+of+Kashmir&pg=PT2 |access-date=12 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

Throughout his career, Bhat has been an active member of various professional organizations. He has served as the chairman of the Siwalik Research Group and as the convener of the Convention of Indian Association Sedimentologists in 1999. He has also been the convener of the International Research Working Group on Mitigation of Natural Hazards in Jammu and Kashmir in 1999. Bhat has served as the head of the Geological Department at Jammu University.<ref name="de-2020"/>

In 2013, he was appointed as rector at Bhaderwah Campus of [[University of Jammu|Jammu University]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Prof G M Bhat Appointed Rector Of Bhaderwah Campus |url=https://kashmirlife.net/prof-g-m-bhat-appointed-rector-bhaderwah-campus-48436/ |access-date=12 February 2023 |work=[[Kashmir Life]] |date=15 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Civil Society hails efforts of Prof G M Bhat - Early Times Newspaper Jammu Kashmir |url=http://www.earlytimes.in/newsdet.aspx?q=163986 |access-date=11 February 2023 |work=www.earlytimes.in |date=24 November 2015}}</ref>

==Works==
He has published numbers of articles and books, some of them are as follow;<ref>{{cite web |title=G M Bhat |url=https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=6MxEhCIAAAAJ&hl=en |website=scholar.google.co.in |publisher=[[Google Scholar]] |access-date=11 February 2023}}</ref>

#"Petrogenesis of the flood basalts from the Early Permian Panjal Traps, Kashmir, India: Geochemical evidence for shallow melting of the mantle" (2014/9/1) by J Gregory Shellnutt, Ghulam M Bhat, Kuo-Lung Wang, Michael E Brookfield, Bor-Ming Jahn, Jaroslav Dostal.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shellnutt |first1=J. Gregory |last2=Bhat |first2=Ghulam M. |last3=Wang |first3=Kuo-Lung |last4=Brookfield |first4=Michael E. |last5=Jahn |first5=Bor-Ming |last6=Dostal |first6=Jaroslav |title=Petrogenesis of the flood basalts from the Early Permian Panjal Traps, Kashmir, India: Geochemical evidence for shallow melting of the mantle |journal=Lithos |date=2014 |volume=204 |pages=159–171 |doi=10.1016/j.lithos.2014.01.008 |bibcode=2014Litho.204..159S |url=https://www.academia.edu/13912933 |issn=0024-4937}}</ref>
#"No link between the [[Panjal Traps]] (Kashmir) and the Late Permian mass extinctions" (2011/10) by JG Shellnutt, GM Bhat, ME Brookfield, B‐M Jahn.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shellnutt |first1=J. G. |last2=Bhat |first2=G. M. |last3=Brookfield |first3=M. E. |last4=Jahn |first4=B.-M. |title=No link between the Panjal Traps (Kashmir) and the Late Permian mass extinctions: AGE OF THE PANJAL TRAPS |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |date=October 2011 |volume=38 |issue=19 |pages=n/a |doi=10.1029/2011GL049032 |s2cid=55300337 |url=https://www.academia.edu/1080906 |access-date=11 February 2023|doi-access=free }}</ref>
#"Two-stage marine anoxia and biotic response during the Permian–Triassic transition in Kashmir, northern India: pyrite framboid evidence" (2019/1/1) by Yuangeng Huang, Zhong-Qiang Chen, Thomas J Algeo, Laishi Zhao, Aymon Baud, Ghulam M Bhat, Lei Zhang, Zhen Guo.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Huang |first1=Yuangeng |last2=Chen |first2=Zhong-Qiang |last3=Algeo |first3=Thomas J. |last4=Zhao |first4=Laishi |last5=Baud |first5=Aymon |last6=Bhat |first6=Ghulam M. |last7=Zhang |first7=Lei |last8=Guo |first8=Zhen |title=Two-stage marine anoxia and biotic response during the Permian-Triassic transition in Kashmir, northern India: pyrite framboid evidence |journal=Global and Planetary Change |date=1 January 2019 |volume=172 |pages=124–139 |doi=10.1016/j.gloplacha.2018.10.002 |bibcode=2019GPC...172..124H |s2cid=133980679 |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019GPC...172..124H/abstract |access-date=11 February 2023 |issn=0921-8181}}</ref>
#"Origin of the silicic volcanic rocks of the Early Permian Panjal Traps, Kashmir, India" (2012/12/12) by J Gregory Shellnutt, Ghulam M Bhat, Kuo-Lung Wang, Michael E Brookfield, Jaroslav Dostal, Bor-Ming Jahn.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shellnutt |first1=J. Gregory |last2=Bhat |first2=Ghulam M. |last3=Wang |first3=Kuo-Lung |last4=Brookfield |first4=Michael E. |last5=Dostal |first5=Jaroslav |last6=Jahn |first6=Bor-Ming |title=Origin of the silicic volcanic rocks of the Early Permian Panjal Traps, Kashmir, India |journal=Chemical Geology |date=12 December 2012 |volume=334 |pages=154–170 |doi=10.1016/j.chemgeo.2012.10.022 |bibcode=2012ChGeo.334..154S |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0009254112005219 |access-date=11 February 2023 |language=en |issn=0009-2541|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
#"Hot springs and the geothermal energy potential of Jammu & Kashmir State, NW Himalaya, India" (2013/11/1) by J Craig, A Absar, G Bhat, G Cadel, M Hafiz, N Hakhoo, R Kasskari, J Moore, TE Ricchiuto, J Thurow, B Thusu.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Craig |first1=J. |last2=Absar |first2=A. |last3=Bhat |first3=G. |last4=Cadel |first4=G. |last5=Hafiz |first5=M. |last6=Hakhoo |first6=N. |last7=Kashkari |first7=R. |last8=Moore |first8=J. |last9=Ricchiuto |first9=T. E. |last10=Thurow |first10=J. |last11=Thusu |first11=B. |title=Hot springs and the geothermal energy potential of Jammu & Kashmir State, N.W. Himalaya, India |journal=Earth-Science Reviews |date=1 November 2013 |volume=126 |pages=156–177 |doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2013.05.004 |bibcode=2013ESRv..126..156C |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0012825213000949 |access-date=11 February 2023 |language=en |issn=0012-8252|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
#"Petroleum systems and hydrocarbon potential of the North-West Himalaya of India and Pakistan" (2018/12/1) by J Craig, N Hakhoo, GM Bhat, M Hafiz, MR Khan, R Misra, SK Pandita, BK Raina, J Thurow, B Thusu, W Ahmed, S Khullar.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Craig |first1=J. |last2=Hakhoo |first2=N. |last3=Bhat |first3=G. |last4=Hafiz |first4=M. |last5=Khan |first5=Muhammad Rustam |last6=Misra |first6=R. |last7=Pandita |first7=S. K. |last8=Raina |first8=B. K. |last9=Thurow |first9=J. |last10=Thusu |first10=B. |last11=Ahmed |first11=Waquar |last12=Khullar |first12=S. |title=Petroleum systems and hydrocarbon potential of the North-West Himalaya of India and Pakistan |journal=Earth-Science Reviews |date=2018 |volume=187 |pages=109–185 |doi=10.1016/J.EARSCIREV.2018.09.012 |bibcode=2018ESRv..187..109C |s2cid=135179390 |language=en}}</ref>
#"Geology and hydrocarbon potential of Neoproterozoic–Cambrian Basins in Asia: an introduction" (2012) by GM Bhat, J Craig, M Hafiz, N Hakhoo, JW Thurow, B Thusu, A Cozzi.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bhat |first1=G. M. |last2=Craig |first2=J. |last3=Thurow |first3=J. W. |last4=Thusu |first4=B. |last5=Cozzi |first5=A. |title=Geology and Hydrocarbon Potential of Neoproterozoic–Cambrian Basins in Asia |journal=Geological Society, London, Special Publications |date=1 January 2012 |volume=366 |url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsl/books/book/1938/Geology-and-Hydrocarbon-Potential-of |publisher=Geological Society of London |doi=10.1144/SP366 |language=en|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
#"Depositional environments and diagenesis of the kuldhar and Keera Dome carbonates (Late Bathonian–Early Callovian) of Western India" (2006/10/1) by AHM Ahmad, GM Bhat, M Haris Azim Khan.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ahmad |first1=A. H. M. |last2=Bhat |first2=G. M. |last3=Khan |first3=M. Haris Azim |title=Depositional Environments and Diagenesis of the Kuldhar and Keera Dome Carbonates (Late Bathonian Early Callovian) of Western India |journal=Journal of Asian Earth Sciences |date=1 October 2006 |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=765–778 |doi=10.1016/j.jseaes.2005.06.013 |bibcode=2006JAESc..27..765A |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006JAESc..27..765A/abstract |issn=1367-9120}}</ref>
#Foundations: DN Wadia and his links with the Geology Department at the University of Jammu, India (2016) by E. R. Craig-Geen, GM Bhat, Jonathan Craig, Bindra Thusu.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Craig-Geen |first1=E. |last2=Bhat |first2=G |last3=Craig |first3=Jonathan |last4=Thusu |first4=Bindra |title=Foundations: DN Wadia and his links with the Geology Department at the University of Jammu, India |journal=Himalayan Geology |date=2016 |volume=37 |pages=67–71 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303009256}}</ref>
#Geology and Hydrocarbon Potential of Neoproterozoic-Cambrian Basins in Asia.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bhat |first1=G. M. |title=Geology and Hydrocarbon Potential of Neoproterozoic-Cambrian Basins in Asia |date=2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XI-Projtc9IC |access-date=11 February 2023 |publisher=Geological Society of London |isbn=9781862393462 |language=en}}</ref>
#Geoenvironment : challenges ahead.<ref>{{cite book |title=Geoenvironment: Challenges Ahead |date=2009 |publisher=Macmillan Publishers India Limited |isbn=978-0-230-63909-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lhDmBzFCJSgC |access-date=11 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
#Northwest Himalayan successions along Jammu-Srinagar transect : field guide.<ref name="wc-1">{{cite book |title=Northwest Himalayan successions along Jammu-Srinagar transect : field guide {{!}} WorldCat.org |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/824696836 |access-date=11 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhat, G. M.}}
[[Category:Geology educators]]
[[Category:University of Kashmir alumni]]
[[Category:University of Jammu alumni]]
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Jammu]]

Sanjay Koradia

2025-10-16T11:59:23Z

BrandonGreenlee: made a pg

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}

'''Sanjay Koradia''' (born 1972)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Sanjay Sukhabhai Koradia(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- JUNAGADH(JUNAGADH) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Gujarat2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=5025 |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Gujarat]]. He is a member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] from Junagadh Assembly constituency in [[Junagadh district]]. He won the [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |date=2022-12-08 |title=Junagadh Election 2022 Final Results LIVE: BJP Candidate SANJAY SUKHABHAI KORADIA wins from Junagadh , Details Inside |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/junagadh-election-result-2022-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-result-winner-loser-tally-bjp-congress-aap-gujarat-assembly-election-result-news-1568213 |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat Election Result 2022: Constituency Wise Winning Candidates List |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/gujarat-election-results-2022-constituency-wise-winning-candidates-list |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-09 |title=Gujarat Election Results 2022: Full list of winners & constituencies |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/gujarat-election-results-2022-full-list-of-winners-constituencies/articleshow/96105904.cms |access-date=2025-01-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Koradia is from [[Junagadh]], Gujarat. He is the son of Kushnadas Vallabhdas Koradia. He studied Class 12 at Javahar Vinay Mandir, Shahpur (Sourath), and passed the HSC examinations in 1991 and later discontinued his studies. He is into business and runs food industries and his wife is also a business partner.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Koradia won from [[Junagadh Assembly constituency]] representing the Bharatiya Janata Party in the 2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election. He polled 86,616 votes and defeated his nearest rival and sitting MLA, Bhikhabhai Joshi of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 40,256 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Junagadh Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Sanjay Sukhabhai Koradia Of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/elections/junagadh-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-6562867.html |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenDec2022/ConstituencywiseS0686.htm?ac=86 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205171338/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenDec2022/ConstituencywiseS0686.htm?ac=86 |archive-date=5 February 2023 |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=results.eci.gov.in |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Junagadh Assembly Seat, Gujarat Election 2022 – Get Junagadh constituency news updates and complete details {{!}} Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/gujarat-assembly-election/junagadh-86 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203050028/https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/gujarat-assembly-election/junagadh-86 |archive-date=3 February 2023 |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Koradia, Sanjay}}
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Junagadh district]]

National Forest Commission

2025-10-01T09:56:57Z

BrandonGreenlee: Adding a entry added tags.

{{Short description|India non-ministerial government department responsible for forests}}
{{About|the forestry agency for India|Forestry Commissions worldwide|Forestry Commission}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = National Forest Commission
| type =
| nativename =
| nativename_a =
| nativename_r =
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| seal =
| seal_width =
| seal_caption =
| picture =
| picture_width =
| picture_caption =
| formed = {{Start date|2003||}}
| preceding1 =
| dissolved =
| superseding =
| jurisdiction = [[India]]
| headquarters =
| region_code =
| coordinates =
| employees =
| budget =
| minister1_name =
| minister1_pfo =
| chief1_name = Justice [[Bhupinder Nath Kirpal]]<ref>[https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/releases98/lyr2003/rfeb2003/21022003/r2102200335.html "NATIONAL FOREST COMMISSION SET UP JUSTICE B.N. KIRPAL TO HEAD THE FIRST EVER COMMISSION"], Ministry of Environment & Forests, Govt. of India, 21st February 2003. Last accessed 21 November 2021</ref>
| chief1_position = Chairman
| agency_type = [[Non-ministerial government department]]
| parent_department = {{ubl|[[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]]}}
| child1_agency = [[Indian Forest Service]]
| child2_agency = Indian Board of Wildlife
| child3_agency =
| keydocument1 =
| website =
| footnotes =
| map =
| map_width =
| map_caption =
}}

The '''National Forest Commission''' is a non-ministerial government department responsible for the assessment of policy in India regarding publicly owned forests and laws relating to both public and private [[Forestry in India]]. The commission was set up in 2003 to review and assess [[India]]'s policy and law and their effect on India's forests. It was given instructions to make recommendations on ways India could achieve sustainable forest and ecological security.<ref name="FCHistory">{{cite web|url=http://envfor.nic.in/divisions/1-8.pdf|title=National Forest Commission Report, Chapters 1–8|year=2006|publisher=Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111119082833/http://envfor.nic.in/divisions/1-8.pdf|archive-date=2011-11-19}}</ref> The report made over 300 recommendations to the [[Environmental policy of India|Indian Board of Wildlife]].

== History ==
The National Forest Commission of India was recommended on 21 January 2002 during a meeting of the Indian Board of Wild Life.<ref name=FCHistory/> The objective was to look into the restructuring, reform and strengthening the institutions affiliated with the forests of India. The board was initially made up of seven forestry commissioners and was chaired by former [[Chief Justice of India]], [[Bhupinder Nath Kirpal]]. The commission was formally established on the 7th February 2003 based on the need for efficient management of forests, wood for commercial and industrial purposes and for medicinal plants. The recommendations were aimed at positively affecting poverty, environmental protection, with gender equity in the better management of the forest resources.<ref>[http://wgbis.ces.iisc.ernet.in/envis/doc99html/econafr230830.html National Forest Commission Public Notice] Western Ghats biodiversity information system - Centre for Ecological Sciences.</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Joint Forest Management]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Organizations established in 2003]]
[[Category:Forestry agencies in India]]
[[Category:Forestry in India]]
[[Category:2003 establishments in India]]

Rode, Moga

2025-09-14T05:46:55Z

BrandonGreenlee: Adding some info initial version

{{Short description|Village in Punjab, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
[[File:Rode village in Moga tehsil, Survey of India geographical block-map for 44 N NW Ferozepore (1921) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Rode village in Moga tehsil, Survey of India geographical block-map for 44 N NW Ferozepore (1921)]]
'''Rode''' is a village located in Bagha Purana tehsil of [[Moga district]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]]. As per the 2011 census, it had a population of 9,270.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Rode Population - Moga, Punjab |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/33968-rode-punjab.html |access-date=1 July 2025 |website=census2011.co.in}}</ref>

== History ==
[[Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale|Jarnail Singh Bhindanwale]], a major figure of the [[Dharam Yudh Morcha]], was born in Rode in 1947.<ref name="eos">{{cite book |last=Siṅgh |first=Major Gurmukh (retd.) |url=https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIiE-l/page/n365/mode/2up |title=Sant Jarnail Siṅgh Bhiṇḍrāṅvāle |date=2011 |publisher=Punjab University, Patiala |isbn=978-8173805301 |editor1-last=Siṅgh |editor1-first=Harbans |edition=3rd |location=Patiala, Punjab |pages=352–354 |language=en |orig-date=1997}}</ref> Sikh leader [[Amritpal Singh]] was arrested in Rode in 2023.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=23 April 2023 |title='Waris Punjab De' chief Amritpal Singh arrested from Punjab's Moga in joint operation; sent to Assam's Dibrugarh jail |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/amritpal-singh-waris-punjab-de-punjab-arrested/article66769442.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423073440/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/amritpal-singh-waris-punjab-de-punjab-arrested/article66769442.ece |archive-date=23 April 2023 |access-date=23 April 2023 |website=TheHindu}}</ref>

== Notable figures ==

* [[Navtej Bharati]]
* [[Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale|Jarnail Singh Bhindanwale]]

== References ==
<references />

{{coord|30|40|51|N|75|01|09|E|display=title|region:IN_type:city}}

[[Category:Villages in Moga district]]

{{India-geo-stub}}

Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Rajkot

2025-09-11T19:01:03Z

BrandonGreenlee: Adding a info and citations

#REDIRECT [[Eparchy of Rajkot]]
{{R from move}}

2020–2021 China–India skirmishes order of battle: India

2025-09-07T16:09:30Z

BrandonGreenlee: Created Initial Page With Sources - done

Indian order of battle during the [[2020–2021 China–India skirmishes]]:

==Political leadership==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Position
!Name of officeholder
|-
|[[President of India]] (Commander-in-Chief)
|
[[Ram Nath Kovind]]
|-
|[[Prime Minister of India]]
|
[[Narendra Modi]]
|-
|[[Minister of Defence (India)|Defence Minister]]
|
[[Rajnath Singh]]
|-
|[[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Home Minister]]
|
[[Amit Shah]]
|}

==Indian Armed Forces==
[[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|Chief of Defence Staff]] (CDS):

===Indian Army===
[[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]] (COAS): Gen. [[Manoj Mukund Naravane]]

'''Northern Command''' (Lt-Gen. [[Yogesh Kumar Joshi]], GOC-in-C)
*[[XIV Corps (India)|XIV Corps]] (Fire and Fury Corps) (Lt-Gen. [[Harinder Singh (general)|Harinder Singh]] to 13 October 2020; Lt-Gen. P.G.K. Menon from 13 October 2020, GOC)<ref>{{cite news |last=Negi |first=Manjeet |date=13 October 2020 |title=Lt General PGK Menon takes over as commander of Fire & Fury Corps |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/lt-general-pgk-menon-takes-over-commander-fire-and-fury-corps-1731240-2020-10-13 |work=India Today |location= |access-date=17 September 2021}}</ref>
**3rd Infantry (Trishul) Division (Maj-Gen. Abhijit Bapat, GOC)<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=8 August 2020 |title=Border row: India, China hold Major General-level talks on disengagement process |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/aug/08/border-row-india-china-hold-major-general-level-talks-on-disengagement-process-2180919.html |work=The New Indian Express |location= |access-date=17 September 2021}}</ref>
***81 Infantry Brigade<ref name="loaded">{{cite news |last1=Sagar |first1=Pradip R.|last2=Ahuja|first2=Namrata Biji |date=14 June 2020 |title=Locked and loaded|url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/more/2020/06/04/locked-and-loaded.html|work=TheWeek.in |location= |access-date=17 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Bajwa |first=Mandeep Singh |date=19 June 2020 |title=Military Digest: Standing Up to Chinese Aggression |url= https://indianexpress.com/article/india/standing-up-to-chinese-aggression-6465965/|work=The Indian Express |location= |access-date=17 September 2021}}</ref>
****1 Bihar Regiment<ref name="fightback">{{cite news |last=Singh |first=Rahul |date=10 July 2020 |title=After Galwan fightback, 16 Bihar moving to Col Babu's home state |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bihar-regiment-to-move-out-of-lac-position/story-Us57chKKSmWr3SluluYZAN.html |work=Hindustan Times |location= |access-date=17 September 2021}}</ref>
****16 [[Bihar Regiment]] (Col. [[B. Santosh Babu]])<ref name="fightback"/><ref name="awards">{{cite web |url=https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/userfiles/PIB%20Delhi/FINAL%20AWARD%20RD%202021%20TO%20BE%20ANNOUNCED%20ON%2025%20JAN%202021.pdf |title=List of Personnel Being Conferred Gallantry and Distinguished Awards on the Occasion of Republic Day 2021 |author= |date=25 January 2021 |website=Press Information Bureau |publisher=Government of India|access-date=17 September 2021}}</ref>
***114 Infantry Brigade (Patrolling Point 15)<ref name="loaded"/><ref name="deployment">{{cite news |author= |date=11 June 2020 |title=Chinese Army build-up from Ladakh to Arunachal, Indian Army increases troop deployment all along LAC|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chinese-army-build-up-from-ladakh-to-arunachal-indian-army-increases-troop-deployment-all-along-lac/articleshow/76319787.cms |work=Times of India |location= |access-date=17 September 2021}}</ref>
***70 Infantry Brigade (Eastern Ladakh)<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=25 May 2020 |title=With presence of over 5,000 Chinese troops, India increases troops' strength in Ladakh, other areas|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/with-presence-of-over-5000-chinese-troops-india-increases-troops-strength-in-ladakh-other-areas/articleshow/75970298.cms |work=Times of India |location= |access-date=17 September 2021}}</ref>
*Elements of [[I Corps (India)|I Corps]] (Strike Corps) transferred from South-Western Command<ref>{{cite news |last=Peri |first=Dinakar |date=3 September 2021 |title=Army carries out armoured exercise in Super High Altitude Area of Ladakh |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/army-carries-out-armoured-exercise-in-super-high-altitude-area-of-ladakh/article36271293.ece |work=The Hindu |location= |access-date=17 September 2021}}</ref>

Individual soldiers and larger elements of the following regiments under Northern Command stationed in Ladakh in 2020–2021 (mentioned for service during Operation Snow Leopard):<ref name="awards"/>
*[[Regiment of Artillery (India)|81 Field Artillery]]
*16 [[Punjab Regiment (India)|Punjab Regiment]]
*29 [[Punjab Regiment (India)|Punjab Regiment]]
*14 [[Maratha Light Infantry]]
*3 [[The Grenadiers|Grenadiers]]
*6 [[The Grenadiers|Grenadiers]]
*17 [[Kumaon Regiment]]
*1/[[1st Gorkha Rifles (The Malaun Regiment)|1 Gorkha Rifles (The Malaun Regiment)]]
*3/[[1st Gorkha Rifles (The Malaun Regiment)|1 Gorkha Rifles (The Malaun Regiment)]]
*[[4th Gorkha Rifles|4 Gorkha Rifles]]
*2 [[Dogra Regiment]]
*16 Bihar Regiment
*4 [[Mahar Regiment]]
*13[[Mahar Regiment]]
*4 [[Parachute Regiment (India)|Parachute Regiment]]
*9 [[Parachute Regiment (India)|Parachute Regiment]]
*2 [[Ladakh Scouts]]
*4 [[Ladakh Scouts]]
*18 [[Brigade of the Guards|Guards Regiment]]
*11 [[Indian Army Corps of Engineers|Engineer Regiment]]
*3 [[Indian Army Corps of Signals|Infantry Division Signals Regiment]]

'''Western Command''' (Lt-Gen. [[Ravendra Pal Singh (general)|Ravendra Pal Singh]], GOC-in-C)
*[[IX Corps (India)|9 Corps]] (reserve brigades deployed) (Lt-Gen. Upendra Dwivedi to 26 March 2021; Lt-Gen. P.N. Ananthanarayanan from March 2021, GOC)<ref name="deployment"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lt-gen-upendra-dwivedi-is-new-commander-of-rising-star-corps/story-2BQe8v5ia9KuvO2NWNTDWI.html|title=Lt Gen Upendra Dwivedi is new commander of Rising Star Corps|date=2020-02-17|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=17 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Ananthanarayanan |first1=P N |title=PN Anantharayanan new GOC 9 Corps |date=26 March 2021 |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/lt-gen-pn-ananthanarayanan-takes-over-as-general-officer-commanding-of-rising-star-corps/|access-date=17 September 2021}}</ref>

'''Eastern Command''' (Lt-Gen. [[Anil Chauhan]] to 31 May 2021; Lt-Gen. [[Manoj Pande (lieutenant general)|Manoj Pande]] from 1 June 2021)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/naravane-appointed-as-new-vice-chief-of-indian-army-four-army-commanders-appointed/articleshow/70339637.cms|title=Naravane appointed as new Vice Chief of Indian Army, four army commanders appointed|first1=Shaurya Karanbir|last1=Gurung|website=The Economic Times|date=23 July 2019 |access-date=17 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1723161 |title=Lt Gen Manoj Pande relinquishes Command of Andaman & Nicobar Command |author= |date=31 May 2021 |website=Press Information Bureau (Government of India) |publisher=Press Information Bureau |access-date=17 September 2021 |quote=}}</ref>
*[[IV Corps (India)|IV Corps]] (training brigades deployed) (Lt-Gen. Shantanu Dayal to 26 January 2021; Lt-Gen. Ravin Khosla from January 2021, GOC)<ref name="deployment"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/assam/assam-lt-gen-ravin-khosla-takes-over-command-of-gajraj-corps.html|title=Assam: Lt Gen Ravin Khosla takes over command of Gajraj Corps|date=2021-01-21|access-date=17 September 2021}}</ref>
*[[XXXIII Corps (India)|XXXIII Corps]] (training brigades deployed) (Lt-Gen. [[Nav Kumar Khanduri]] to 13 September 2020; Lt-Gen. A.K. Singh from 14 September 2020, GOC)<ref name="deployment"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/lt-gen-nav-k-khanduri-assumes-charge-as-commander-of-trishakti-corps20190913201530/|title=Lt. Gen Nav K Khanduri assumes charge as commander of Trishakti Corps|website=www.aninews.in|language=en|access-date=17 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uniindia.com/lieutenant-general-ajay-kumar-singh-calls-on-sikkim-chief-minister-ps-tamang/east/news/2259872.html|title=Lt Gen AK Singh calls on Sikkim CM|date=2020-12-10|access-date=17 September 2021}}</ref>

===Indian Navy===
[[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]] (CNS): Adm. [[Karambir Singh]]

'''[[Western Naval Command]]''' (VAdm. [[Ajit Kumar P]] to 28 February 2021, FOC-in-C)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/vice-admiral-r-hari-kumar-takes-charge-as-western-naval-command-chief/articleshow/81253791.cms|title=Vice Admiral R Hari Kumar takes charge as Western Naval Command Chief|publisher=Times Of India|date=28 February 2021}}</ref>
*Flag Officer Naval Aviation (FONA) & Flag Officer Goa Naval Area (FOGNA): RAdm. [[Philipose George Pynumootil]]<ref name="MiG Indian Navy">{{cite news |title=Indian Navy to move MiG-29K fighter jets to north amid border row with China|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/navy-to-move-mig-29k-fighters-to-north-amid-border-row/story-yU5X9WP1VxjVHvqOuLNoYO.html|date=21 July 2020 |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=17 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Rear Admiral Philipose George Pynumootil, NM Assumes Charge as Flag Officer Naval Aviation (FONA)|url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/rear-admiral-philipose-george-pynumootil-nm-assumes-charge-flag-officer-naval-aviation-fona|date=26 February 2019|access-date=17 September 2021}}</ref>

===Indian Air Force===
[[Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Chief of the Air Staff]] (CAS): ACM [[R. K. S. Bhadauria]] to 30 September 2021; ACM [[Vivek Ram Chaudhari]] from 30 September 2021<ref>{{cite web |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1759645 |title=Air Chief Marshal VR Chaudhari Takes Over as the Chief of the Air Staff|author= |date=30 September 2021 |website=Press Information Bureau (Government of India) |publisher=Press Information Bureau |access-date=15 October 2021}}</ref>

'''[[Western Air Command (India)|Western Air Command]]''' (AM [[Balakrishnan Suresh]] to 31 July 2020;<ref>{{cite web |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1642580 |title=Air Marshal B Suresh PVSM AVSM VM ADC, Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief, WAC IAF proceeds on superannuation|author= |date=31 July 2020 |website=Press Information Bureau (Government of India) |publisher=Press Information Bureau |access-date=17 September 2021}}</ref> AM Vivek Ram Chaudhari to 30 June 2021;<ref>{{cite web |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1731870 |title=Air Marshal Vivek Ram Chaudhary PVSM AVSM VM assumes charge as Vice Chief of the Air Staff|author= |date=1 July 2021 |website=Press Information Bureau (Government of India) |publisher=Press Information Bureau |access-date=17 September 2021}}</ref> AM [[Balabhadra Radha Krishna]] from 1 July 2021;<ref>{{cite web |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1731961 |title=Air Marshal B R Krishna AVSM SC Assumes the Command of Western Air Command|author= |date=1 July 2021 |website=Press Information Bureau (Government of India) |publisher=Press Information Bureau |access-date=17 September 2021}}</ref> AM [[Amit Dev]] from 1 October 2021<ref>{{cite web |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1759989 |title=Air Marshal Amit Dev AVSM VSM ADC Assumes Command of Western Air Command|author= |date=1 October 2021 |website=Press Information Bureau (Government of India) |publisher=Press Information Bureau |access-date=15 October 2021}}</ref>
*AOC Jammu & Kashmir (AVM P. M. Sinha)<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=3 July 2020 |title=PM Modi makes a quick dash to Leh to meet soldiers on forward posts amid Indo-China tension |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/pm-modi-in-leh-live-updates-indo-china-clash-galwan-ladakh-631216 |work=IndiaTV |location= |access-date=17 September 2021}}</ref>
**AOC Leh (ACmde Subroto Kundu)<ref name="reviews">{{cite news |title=IGP Ladakh reviews security arrangements|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/igp-ladakh-reviews-security-arrangements/|date=9 April 2020 |work=Daily Excelsior |access-date=17 September 2021}}</ref>

==Indo-Tibetan Border Police==
DG [[Surjeet Singh Deswal]]

'''North-West Frontier HQ''' (IG Deepam Seth)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kaushik |first1=Krishn |last2=Singh|first2=Sushant|last3=Roy|first3=Shubhajit |date=24 June 2020 |title=India, China look at a roadmap: Consensus on disengagement — Planned in stages in each sector, no timeline yet|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-china-border-disengagement-galwan-faceoff-6472274/|work=The Indian Express |location= |access-date=17 September 2021}}</ref>
*Leh Sector (DIG)<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=1 April 2019 |title=India activates strategic ITBP command from J-K to counter Chinese build up|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-activates-strategic-itbp-command-from-j-k-to-counter-chinese-build-up/articleshow/68671009.cms?from=mdr |work=The Economic Times |location= |access-date=17 September 2021}}</ref>
**Leh (SSP Sargun Shukla)<ref name="reviews"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{China–India relations}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian order of battle in the 2020-2021 China-India skirmishes}}
[[Category:Orders of battle]]

George Thomas Kottukapally

2025-08-29T17:36:30Z

BrandonGreenlee: adjust intro also and fixed typos

{{Short description|Indian politician (1901–1970)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = George Thomas Kottukapally
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date |df=yes|1901|10|29}}
| birth_place = [[Pala, Kottayam]]
| death_date = {{death date |df=yes|1970|10|11}}
| death_cause = [[Heart attack]]
| alma_mater = Collin's Institute, Calcutta
| office = Member of Parliament for [[Muvattupuzha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Meenachil]]
| term_start = 1953
| term_end = 1957
| predecessor = [[P. T. Chacko]]
| successor = ''Constituency abolished''
| office1 = Member of Parliament for [[Muvattupuzha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Muvattupuzha]]
| parliament =
| majority =
| term_start1 = 1957
| term_end1 = 1962
| predecessor1 = ''New constituency''
| successor1 = [[Cherian J. Kappan]]
| residence = Pala, Kottayam
| occupation = Member of Parliament, Public intellectual, Planter, Philanthropist, Social Activist, former [[United Nations]] representative
| father = George Menamparambil
| mother = Kunjely Kottukapally
| spouse = Chechamma Thomas
| children = 9 sons and 4 daughters
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]

}}
{{Indian name|Thomas Kottukapally|George}}'''George Thomas Kottukapally''' of [[Pala, Kottayam, Kerala]], India (29 October 1901 – 11 October 1970), was a Member of Parliament,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1957-election-results.html|title = 1957 India General (2nd Lok Sabha) Elections Results}}</ref> philanthropist, one of South India's largest plantation owners, public intellectual, an [[Indian independence activist]] and a member of the [[Indian National Congress]] including having taken part in the [[Indian Independence Movement]] through the [[Non co-operation movement]] in 1921.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150227185141/http://www.refocusindia.com/member-of-parliament-lok-sabha-profile-1526-Kottukapally,%20Shri%20George%C2%A0Thomas Bio-Data of George Thomas Kottukapally]}}</ref> Post India's Independence in 1947, Kottukapally was elected as the Municipal Chairman, a position equivalent to that of a Mayor for the municipal township of [[Pala, Kottayam]], [[Kerala]] which he held between 1948 and 1953.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150227185141/http://www.refocusindia.com/member-of-parliament-lok-sabha-profile-1526-Kottukapally,%20Shri%20George%C2%A0Thomas Bio-Data of George Thomas Kottukapally]}}</ref> Further, he was elected as an Indian [[Member of Parliament]] representing the [[Indian National Congress]] party in the [[1st Lok Sabha]] and the [[2nd Lok Sabha]] from 1953 till 1962<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150227185141/http://www.refocusindia.com/member-of-parliament-lok-sabha-profile-1526-Kottukapally,%20Shri%20George%C2%A0Thomas Bio-Data of George Thomas Kottukapally]}}</ref> for the erst-while constituency of [[Muvattupuzha (Lok Sabha constituency)]] which consisted of the whole of [[Idukki]], parts of [[Kottayam]], [[Pathanamthitta]] and [[Chalakudy]]. He was also India's representative to the [[United Nations]] in Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]'s Delegation in 1958.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://164.100.47.194/loksabha/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/802.htm|title = Members Bioprofile}}</ref>

==Family History==
According to the local church's records and the family privately held manuscripts, the [[Kottukapally family]]'s origin lies in the traditionally held belief in which their ancestry is traced to a [[Brahmin]] family "Kottakkavu" from 52 AD, wherein members of the family converted and become members of the [[Kottakkavu Mar Thoma Syro-Malabar Pilgrim Church, North Paravur]], one among the seven Churches acknowledged as to be founded [[Thomas the Apostle]], one of the [[Twelve Apostles]] of [[Jesus Christ]].<ref>Feature on George Thomas Kottukapally on his demise, ''Malayalam Manorama Newspaper'', 1970</ref> The family name "Kottukapally" is traced as a derivative from the [[Brahmin]] family name "Kottakkavu" given that members from the Kottakkavu Illam converted to Christianity from the evangelical activity undertaken by [[Thomas the Apostle]].<ref>Feature on George Thomas Kottukapally on his demise, ''Malayalam Manorama Newspaper'', 1970</ref> The Kottukapally family ties with the township of [[Pala, Kottayam]] started in the 18th century, with the family having moved to Pala, Kottayam to start the trading market in pepper under the invitation of the Kartha, a local chieftain equivalent to that of a Duke, of [[Meenachil]].<ref>Feature on George Thomas Kottukapally on his demise, ''Malayalam Manorama Newspaper'', 1970</ref> As historical evidence, the family still has a part of their 280-year-old famed ancestral home or known as the Kottukapally [[Tharavad]] currently under the custodianship of George Thomas Kottukapally's youngest son John Thomas Kottukapally located in the heartland of Pala, Kottayam.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cntraveller.com/recommended/tropical/five-stylish-kerala-homestays/page/the-kottukapally-family-home,-pala |title=Kottukapally Tharavad as covered by the Conde Nast Traveller Magazine |access-date=27 February 2015 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402171200/http://www.cntraveller.com/recommended/tropical/five-stylish-kerala-homestays/page/the-kottukapally-family-home,-pala |url-status=dead }}</ref> Thereby, in founding a pepper trading market, the Kottukapally family is considered as one of the founding families of modern Pala, Kottayam, of what is known as 'Angadi' Pala, Kottayam.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cntraveller.com/recommended/tropical/five-stylish-kerala-homestays/page/the-kottukapally-family-home,-pala |title=Kottukapally Tharavad as covered by the Conde Nast Traveller Magazine |access-date=27 February 2015 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402171200/http://www.cntraveller.com/recommended/tropical/five-stylish-kerala-homestays/page/the-kottukapally-family-home,-pala |url-status=dead }}</ref> With this lineage, George Thomas Kottukapally's past, present and future were both inextricably linked such that his political, social and economic vision for Pala, Kottayam led him to be elected as the Chairman, a position equivalent to that of a [[Mayor]], for the Municipality of Pala, Kottayam which he held between 1948 and 1953.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150227185141/http://www.refocusindia.com/member-of-parliament-lok-sabha-profile-1526-Kottukapally,%20Shri%20George%C2%A0Thomas Bio-Data of George Thomas Kottukapally]}}</ref>

The Kottukapally family of Pala, Kottayam held a strong-hold in the political landscape of Pala, Kottayam wherein George Thomas Kottukapally's elder brother George Joseph Kottukapally was also an [[Indian independence activist]] and was twice elected as a Member of the [[Sree Moolam Popular Assembly]], the equivalent of being a Member of Parliament in the erst-while Kingdom of [[Travancore]] under the [[Maharaja of Travancore]].<ref>Feature on George Thomas Kottukapally on his demise, ''Malayalam Manorama Newspaper'', 1970</ref> Post George Thomas Kottukapally's demise, the next generation continued with his eldest son Joseph Thomas Kottukapally having stepped into providing leadership to the township of Pala, Kottayam by being the Municipal Chairman of Pala, Kottayam, an elected position which he held onto for 16-years.<ref>Feature on George Thomas Kottukapally in his Memory, ''Malayalam Manorama Newspaper'', 2012</ref>

==Social Contributions==
George Thomas Kottukapally's contributions as one of Kerala's earliest and leading [[philanthropist]], educationalist and a social contributor was highlighted by the former [[President of India]] [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] in his speech while inaugurating the 62nd foundation day celebrations of [[St. Thomas College, Pala]] as well as to mark the 111th birth anniversary. . y of George Thomas Kottukappally in 2012 by stating "People of [[Kottayam]] are grateful to the gesture of 'Father' (being the financial sponsor and a co-founder) George Thomas Kottukapally in providing acres of land for the creation of this college in 1950s".<ref>[http://www.abdulkalam.com/kalam/jsp/display_content.jsp?menuid=28&menuname=Speeches%20/%20Lectures&linkid=68&linkname=Recent&content=2130&columnno=0&starts=0&menu_image=-&contentsForum=Address%20and%20interaction%20with%20the%20Students%20Foundation%20Day%20Celebrations%20of%20%20St%20Thomas%20College&titlename=null President of India Abdul Kalam's reflection on the contribution of George Thomas Kottukapally]</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/kalam-to-inaugurate-st-thomas-college-foundation-day-celebrations/article3858834.ece President APJ Kalam to inaugurate St. Thomas College, Pala's foundation day celebrations, ''The Hindu'']</ref> George Thomas Kottukapally's family ancestry and lineage, being a son of an ancient and prominent [[Syro-Malabar]] [[Saint Thomas Christian]] aristocratic Kottukapally family of Pala, Kottayam had deeply influenced his life, leading him to be a prominent supporter and as a key financial benefactor of the [[Saint Thomas Christian]] [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]] in Pala, Kottayam and the State of Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cntraveller.com/recommended/tropical/five-stylish-kerala-homestays/page/the-kottukapally-family-home,-pala |title=Kottukapally Tharavad as covered by the Conde Nast Traveller Magazine |access-date=27 February 2015 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402171200/http://www.cntraveller.com/recommended/tropical/five-stylish-kerala-homestays/page/the-kottukapally-family-home,-pala |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150227185141/http://www.refocusindia.com/member-of-parliament-lok-sabha-profile-1526-Kottukapally,%20Shri%20George%C2%A0Thomas Bio-Data of George Thomas Kottukapally]}}</ref><ref>Feature on George Thomas Kottukapally on his demise, ''Malayalam Manorama Newspaper'', 1970</ref> George Thomas Kottukapally's contributions in a personal capacity include having financially supported as well as in having provided the land for the establishment of the [[Bishop's House, Pala]], later leading to the formal establishment of the [[Syro-Malabar Eparchy of Pala]]. He also provided his personal land as well as the financing for the establishment of a set of Kerala's well-known university-level colleges which include [[St. Thomas College, Pala]] founded in 1950, [[Alphonsa College, Pala]] founded in 1964 and [[St. Thomas Teacher's Training College, Pala]] founded in 1957.<ref>[http://www.abdulkalam.com/kalam/jsp/display_content.jsp?menuid=28&menuname=Speeches%20/%20Lectures&linkid=68&linkname=Recent&content=2130&columnno=0&starts=0&menu_image=-&contentsForum=Address%20and%20interaction%20with%20the%20Students%20Foundation%20Day%20Celebrations%20of%20%20St%20Thomas%20College&titlename=null President of India Abdul Kalam's reflection on the contribution of George Thomas Kottukapally]</ref>

According to [[K. P. S. Menon (senior)]], India's first foreign secretary under Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], in a public foreword about Kottukapally's contributions, he acknowledged that Kottukapally as the Municipal Chairman from 1948 till 1953 was a 'key architect' and was one of the 'founding fathers' of the post-Independent Indian township of Pala, Kottayam stating that, "Not only Pala but all Kerala is indebted to Mr. Kottukapally for his services in the agricultural, industrial and banking fields. It was largely due to him and his tirelessly advocacy and his intercession with men at the top that the magnificent hydro-electric project in [[Idukki]] materialised".<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150227185141/http://www.refocusindia.com/member-of-parliament-lok-sabha-profile-1526-Kottukapally,%20Shri%20George%C2%A0Thomas Bio-Data of George Thomas Kottukapally]}}</ref> Currently, economic-wise, the township and the region of Pala, Kottayam is ranked as one of the richest and most prosperous [[Syro-Malabar]] [[Saint Thomas Christian]] belt in the State of Kerala.

==Field of Banking==
In the field of banking, George Thomas Kottukapally held the position of being the President of the important and powerful lobby group [[Travancore-Cochin Bankers Association]] and was one of the key promoters and a director of [[Palai Central Bank]] founded in 1927, then the 17th largest among the 94 scheduled banks in India at its peak in 1960.<ref>[http://www.refocusindia.com/member-of-parliament-lok-sabha-profile-1526-Kottukapally,%2 0Shri%20George%C2%A0Thomas Bio-Data of George Thomas Kottukapally]{{dead link|date=May 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> [[Palai Central Bank]] was also Kerala's largest and most important private enterprise after the State Government of Kerala.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150227185141/http://www.refocusindia.com/member-of-parliament-lok-sabha-profile-1526-Kottukapally,%20Shri%20George%C2%A0Thomas Bio-Data of George Thomas Kottukapally]}}</ref> But, in 1960, the [[Kerala High Court]] ordered the liquidation of [[Palai Central Bank]] on a petition from the Reserve Bank of India.<ref>History of the Reserve Bank of India - Volumes I & II - Oxford University Press</ref> That having said, in Volume II of the History of [[Reserve Bank of India]] covering the years 1951–1967, a 27-page appendix viz. "Appendix C: The Palai Central Bank" extensively covers the history of the Bank. The following is an extract: "While defending the Reserve Bank as 'one of the best central banks in the world' maintaining a 'high level of efficiency', the [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], was reported to have acknowledged that it may have made a 'mistake' in closing down the [[Palai Central Bank]]."<ref>[http://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/content/PDFs/90044.pdf] The Palai Central Bank Appendix C</ref> In the field of commerce, industry and trade, George

==Planter and Agriculturist==
Thomas Kottukapally was one of South India's leading agriculture plantation owner-cum-investor-cum-industrialist having been the Managing Director and director of several cross-holding businesses, planting and banking companies such as Teekoy Rubbers (India) Ltd, Karikode Rubbers (1945) Ltd, Periyar & and Pareekanni Rubber Limited.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150227185141/http://www.refocusindia.com/member-of-parliament-lok-sabha-profile-1526-Kottukapally,%20Shri%20George%C2%A0Thomas Bio-Data of George Thomas Kottukapally]}}</ref>

Historically, the Kottukapally family is recorded as one of the largest land-holding families in the State of Kerala<ref>[http://kasargod.nic.in/land/surplusland/hosdurg/15/cheemeni.pdf State Government Kerala Record on George Thomas Kottukpally's holding in the village of Cheemeni Village, Kasargod, Kerala, India]</ref> while, currently, George Thomas Kottukapally though deceased, still continues to be ranked historically as one of the largest [[Christians|Christian]] landowners in the [[Indian sub-continent]].<ref>[http://kasargod.nic.in/land/surplusland/hosdurg/15/cheemeni.pdf State Government Kerala Record on George Thomas Kottukpally's holding in the village of Cheemeni Village, Kasargod, Kerala, India]</ref> Post his demise, the State Government of Kerala, India had appropriated a large part of his estates and land bank on the basis of surplus land of which included the [[Cheemeni]] Village in the district of [[Kasargod]], Kerala, India.<ref>[http://kasargod.nic.in/land/surplusland/hosdurg/15/cheemeni.pdf State Government Kerala Record on George Thomas Kottukpally's holding in the village of Cheemeni Village, Kasargod, Kerala, India]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kottukapally, George Thomas}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Kerala]]
[[Category:1901 births]]
[[Category:1970 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Pala, Kerala]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kottayam district]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Kerala]]
[[Category:India MPs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:India MPs 1952–1957]]

Kamat ministry

2025-08-22T12:26:53Z

BrandonGreenlee: Revised and enhanced article content

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox government cabinet
| cabinet_type = Ministry
| cabinet_number =
| jurisdiction = [[Goa]]
| flag =
| flag_border = true
| incumbent =
| image =
| image_size = 100
| caption =
| date_formed = 8 June 2007<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/jun/08goapoll.htm |title=Digambar Kamat sworn-in as Goa CM |publisher=Rediff.com |date= |accessdate=2017-08-21}}</ref>
| date_dissolved = 9 March 2012
| government_head = [[Digambar Kamat]]
| government_head_history =
| state_head = Governor
*[[S. C. Jamir]]
*[[Shivinder Singh Sidhu]]
*[[Kateekal Sankaranarayanan]]
| members_number =
| former_members_number =
| total_number =
| political_parties = *'''[[Indian National Congress]]'''
*'''[[Nationalist Congress Party]]'''
*'''[[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]]'''
*[[Save Goa Front]]
| legislature_status = [[Coalition government|Coalition]]
| opposition_cabinet =
| opposition_party = 
| opposition_leader = 
| election = [[2007 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| last_election =
| legislature_term = 5 years
| budget =
| advice_and_consent1 =
| advice_and_consent2 =

| incoming_formation =
| outgoing_formation =
| previous = [[Fifth Pratapsingh Rane ministry]]
| successor = [[Second Parrikar ministry]]
}}

'''Kamat cabinet''' was the [[Council of Ministers]] in [[2007 Goa Legislative Assembly election|Goa Legislative Assembly]] headed by [[Chief Minister]] [[Digambar Kamat]].<ref name=a>{{cite web| author=PTI |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Goa-Cabinet-to-be-expanded-next-week-Kamat/articleshow/2114229.cms |title=Goa Cabinet to be expanded next week: Kamat|publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2007-06-11 |accessdate=2017-08-21}}</ref>

== Council members ==
* [[Ravi Naik]]<ref name=a />
* [[Sudin Dhavalikar]]<ref name=a />
* [[Jose Philip D'Souza]]<ref name=a />
* [[Filipe Nery Rodrigues]]<ref name=c />
* [[Manohar Ajgaonkar]]<ref name=c />
* [[Joaqium Alemao]]<ref name=c />
* [[Vishwajit Pratapsingh Rane|Vishwajit Rane]]<ref name=c>{{cite web|author=Pushpa Iyengar |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-digambar-kamat-announces-new-cabinet-1106028 |title=Digambar Kamat announces new Cabinet|publisher=Dnaindia.com |date=2007-06-26 |accessdate=2017-08-21}}</ref>
* [[Aleixo Sequeira]]<ref name=c />
* [[Churchill Alemao]]
* [[Atanasio Monserrate]]
* [[Nilkanth Halarnkar]]

== Former members ==
* [[Pandurang Madkaikar]]<ref name=c /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/kamat-drops-madkaikar-from-cabinet-inducts-dhavalikar/553070 |title=Kamat drops Madkaikar from cabinet, inducts Dhavalikar |publisher=Outlookindia.com |date=2008-03-12 |accessdate=2017-08-21}}</ref>
* [[Dayanand Narvekar]]<ref name=c />
* [[Francisco Pacheco (politician)|Francisco Pacheco]]<ref name=c />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Goa Cabinets}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Digambar Kamat ministry}}
[[Category:Indian ministries established in 2007]]
[[Category:2007 establishments in Goa]]
[[Category:Goa ministries]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress state ministries of Goa|Kamat]]
[[Category:Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress of Goa]]
[[Category:2012 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Indian ministries disestablished in 2012]]