https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Brahmashri+Pradeep+BhanotBharatpedia - User contributions [en]2026-08-17T08:32:20ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.43.6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Associated_Press&diff=435015Associated Press2023-10-09T12:31:41Z<p>Brahmashri Pradeep Bhanot: Edit</p>
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<div>{{Short description|American multinational nonprofit news agency}}<br />
{{About-distinguish-text|the American news agency|the [[Australian Associated Press]], the [[Associated Press of Pakistan]], the Pakistani [[Associated Press Service]], or British [[PA Media]]}}<br />
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox company<br />
| name = Associated Press<br />
| logo = Associated Press logo 2012.svg<br />
| type = [[Nonprofit organization|Not-for-profit]] [[cooperative]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ap.org/about/our-people/leadership-team |title=Leadership Team |publisher=Associated Press |access-date=1 October 2021 |archive-date=March 14, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314182613/http://ap.org/company/board-of-directors |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
| industry = [[News media]]<br />
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1846|05|22}}<ref name="origin">{{cite magazine |url=http://www.editorandpublisher.com/news/documents-shed-new-light-on-birth-of-ap-wire-older-than-originally-thought/ |title=Documents Shed New Light on Birth of AP; Wire Older Than Originally Thought |date=31 January 2006 |magazine=[[Editor & Publisher]] |access-date=27 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728032840/http://www.editorandpublisher.com/news/documents-shed-new-light-on-birth-of-ap-wire-older-than-originally-thought/ |archive-date=28 July 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
| location_city = [[200 Liberty Street]], {{nowrap|[[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]], U.S.}}<br />
| area_served = Worldwide<br />
| key_people = {{unbulleted list|Steven R. Swartz ([[Chairperson|chairman]])|[[Daisy Veerasingham]] (president and [[CEO]])}}<br />
| products = [[News agency|Wire service]]<br />
| revenue = {{loss}} [[United States dollar|US$]]510.135 million (2017)<ref name="pdf">{{cite news | title=Consolidated Financial Statements | publisher=Associated Press | date=April 2015 | url=https://www.ap.org/about/annual-report/2017/ap-financials-2017.pdf| access-date=2016-06-02 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160615091057/http://www.ap.org/annual-report/2015/AssociatedPress_2015FinancialStatements.pdf | archive-date=2016-06-15 | url-status=live }}</ref><br />
| net_income = {{loss}} US$-73.966&nbsp;million (2017)<ref name="pdf"/><br />
| members = <br />
| num_employees = 3,300<br />
| homepage = {{unbulleted list|{{URL|https://www.apnews.com|apnews.com}}|{{URL|https://www.ap.org|ap.org}} (Corporate)}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Associated Press''' ('''AP''') is an American [[not-for-profit organization|not-for-profit]] [[news agency]] headquartered in [[New York City]]. Founded in 1846, it operates as a [[cooperative]], [[unincorporated association]], and produces news reports that are distributed to its members, major U.S. daily newspapers and radio and television broadcasters. Since the award was established in 1917, the AP has earned 58 [[Pulitzer Prizes]], including 35 for photography. The AP is also known for its widely used ''[[AP Stylebook]]'', its [[AP poll]]s tracking [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA sports]], and its election polls and results during [[Elections in the United States|US elections]].<br />
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By 2016, news collected by the AP was published and republished by more than 1,300 newspapers and broadcasters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ap.org/about/annual-report/2016/AssociatedPress_2016FinancialStatements.pdf|title=2016 Consolidated Financial Statements|date=April 5, 2017|website=Associated Press|access-date=March 4, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304172429/https://www.ap.org/about/annual-report/2016/AssociatedPress_2016FinancialStatements.pdf|archive-date=March 4, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The AP operates 248 [[news bureau]]s in 99 countries, and publishes in English, Spanish, and Arabic.<ref name=bythenumbers2019/> It also operates the AP Radio Network, which provides twice hourly newscasts and daily sportscasts for broadcast and satellite radio and television stations. Many newspapers and broadcasters outside the United States are AP subscribers, paying a fee to use AP material without being contributing members of the cooperative. As part of their cooperative agreement with the AP, most member news organizations grant automatic permission for the AP to distribute their [[local news]] reports. The AP traditionally employed the "[[inverted pyramid (journalism)|inverted pyramid]]" formula for writing, a method that enables news outlets to edit a story to fit its available publication area without losing the story's essentials, although in 2007, then-AP President [[Tom Curley]] called the practice "dead".<ref>{{cite journal |date=November 2, 2007 |title=Associated Press CEO: "The Inverted Pyramid Is Dead" |url=https://www.adweek.com/digital/associated-press-ceo-the-inverted-pyramid-is-dead/ |journal=Adweek |url-access=subscription |access-date=February 23, 2020 |archive-date=October 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022065957/https://www.adweek.com/digital/associated-press-ceo-the-inverted-pyramid-is-dead/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
[[File:the associated press building in new york city.jpg|thumb|upright|Logo on the former AP building in New York City]]<br />
{{Further|Telegraph in United States history#Newspaper users}}<br />
The Associated Press was formed in May 1846<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newyorknatives.com/on-this-day-in-nycs-history-associated-press-formed/|title=Associated Press Founded - This Day in History May 22|work=New York Natives|date=2015-05-22|access-date=2016-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324173630/http://newyorknatives.com/on-this-day-in-nycs-history-associated-press-formed/|archive-date=2016-03-24|url-status=dead}}</ref> by five daily newspapers in [[New York City]] to share the cost of transmitting news of the [[Mexican–American War]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/15108618|title=Network effects|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=2018-02-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221035608/http://www.economist.com/node/15108618|archive-date=2018-02-21|url-status=live}}</ref> The venture was organized by [[Moses Yale Beach]] (1800–68), second publisher of ''[[The Sun (New York)|The Sun]]'', joined by the ''[[New York Herald]]'', the ''[[New York Courier and Enquirer]]'', ''[[The Journal of Commerce]]'', and the ''[[New York Evening Express]]''.<ref>Beach, Stanley, [https://archives.yale.edu/repositories/11/resources/850 Archives at Yale, Stanley Yale Beach papers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331233228/https://archives.yale.edu/repositories/11/resources/850 |date=March 31, 2023 }}, Number: GEN MSS 802, 1911-1948</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/gilpress/2016/06/26/the-birth-of-atari-modern-computer-design-and-the-software-industry-this-week-in-tech-history/|title=The Birth of Atari, Modern Computer Design, And The Software Industry: This Week In Tech History|last=Press|first=Gil|work=Forbes|access-date=2018-02-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221040359/https://www.forbes.com/sites/gilpress/2016/06/26/the-birth-of-atari-modern-computer-design-and-the-software-industry-this-week-in-tech-history/|archive-date=2018-02-21|url-status=live}}</ref> Some historians<ref name=Tribune>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Us-kDH5LqHEC&q=tribune+associated+press+1849&pg=PA93|title=The Nation's Newsbrokers: The formative years, from pretelegraphs to 1865|last=Schwarzlose|first=Richard Allen|date=1989|publisher=Northwestern University Press|isbn=9780810108189|page=93|access-date=January 4, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190104124424/https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=Us-kDH5LqHEC&pg=PA93#v=onepage&q=tribune%20associated%20press%201849|archive-date=January 4, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> believe that the ''[[New-York Tribune]]'' joined at this time; documents show it was a member in 1849. ''[[The New York Times]]'' became a member in September 1851.<br />
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Initially known as the New York Associated Press (NYAP), the organization faced competition from the Western Associated Press (1862), which criticized its monopolistic news gathering and [[price setting]] practices. An investigation completed in 1892 by [[Victor Lawson]], editor and publisher of the ''[[Chicago Daily News]]'', revealed that several principals of the NYAP had entered into a secret agreement with United Press, a rival organization, to share NYAP news and the profits of reselling it. The revelations led to the demise of the NYAP and in December 1892, the Western Associated Press was incorporated in Illinois as the Associated Press. A 1900 [[Illinois Supreme Court]] decision (''Inter Ocean Publishing Co. v. Associated Press'') that the AP was a [[public utility]] and operating in restraint of trade resulted in the AP's move from Chicago to New York City, where corporation laws were more favorable to cooperatives.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNHHDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA69|title=International News Agencies: A History|last=Palmer|first=Michael B.|date=2019|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=9783030311773|page=69|access-date=3 June 2020|archive-date=March 26, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164823/https://books.google.com/books?id=fNHHDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA69|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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[[Melville Stone]], who had founded the ''[[Chicago Daily News]]'' in 1875, served as AP general manager from 1893 to 1921. The cooperative grew rapidly under the leadership of Kent Cooper, who served from 1925 to 1948 and who built up bureau staff in South America, Europe and (after [[World War II]]), the Middle East. He introduced the "telegraph typewriter" or teletypewriter into newsrooms in 1914.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022|reason=1914 is nine years before Cooper's term started}} In 1935, the AP launched the [[Wirephoto]] network, which allowed transmission of news photographs over leased private telephone lines on the day they were taken. This gave the AP a major advantage over other news media outlets. While the first network was only between New York, Chicago, and San Francisco, eventually the AP had its network across the whole United States.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rNoDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA392 |title=Wire That Photo |journal=Popular Mechanics |date=July 1937 |access-date=June 4, 2014}}</ref><br />
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In 1945, the [[Supreme Court of the United States]] held in ''[[Associated Press v. United States]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/326/1/ |title=Associated PRess v. United States, 326 U.S. 1 (1945) |date=1945 |website=Justia |access-date=October 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505000929/https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/326/1/ |archive-date=May 5, 2022}}</ref> that the AP had been violating the [[Sherman Antitrust Act]] by prohibiting member newspapers from selling or providing news to nonmember organizations as well as making it very difficult for nonmember newspapers to join the AP.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mtsu.edu/first-amendment/article/45/associated-press-v-united-states |title=Associated Press v. United States (1945) |last=Vile |first=John R |website=The First Amendment Encyclopedia |access-date=October 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526215914/https://www.mtsu.edu/first-amendment/article/45/associated-press-v-united-states |archive-date=May 26, 2022}}</ref> The decision facilitated the growth of its main rival [[United Press International]], headed by [[Hugh Baillie]] from 1935 to 1955.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}}<br />
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The AP entered the broadcast field in 1941 when it began distributing news to radio stations; it created its own radio network in 1974. In 1994, it established APTV, a global video newsgathering agency. APTV merged with WorldWide Television News in 1998 to form [[Associated Press Television News|APTN]], which provides video to international broadcasters and websites. In 2004, the AP moved its headquarters from its long time home at [[50 Rockefeller Plaza]] to [[450 West 33rd Street]] in Manhattan. In 2019, AP had more than 240 bureaus globally.<ref name="bythenumbers2019">{{Cite web |title=AP by the numbers |website=Associated Press |agency=Associated Press |date=2019 |access-date=10 September 2020 |url=https://www.ap.org/about/annual-report/2019/ap-by-the-numbers |archive-date=December 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201214065039/https://www.ap.org/about/annual-report/2019/ap-by-the-numbers |url-status=dead }}</ref> Its mission—"to gather with economy and efficiency an accurate and impartial report of the news"—has not changed since its founding, but digital technology has made the distribution of the AP news report an interactive endeavor between the AP and its 1,400 U.S. newspaper members as well as broadcasters, international subscribers, and online customers.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}}<br />
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The AP began diversifying its news gathering capabilities and by 2007 the AP was generating only about 30% of its revenue from United States newspapers. 37% came from the global broadcast customers, 15% from online ventures and 18% came from international newspapers and from photography.<ref>{{cite news |title=Down On The Wire |url=https://www.forbes.com/2008/02/13/media-newspapers-ap-biz-media-cx_lh_0214ap.html |quote=Last year, AP generated only about 30% of its revenue from U.S. newspapers. The rest came from global broadcast customers (37%), online ventures (15%) and other revenue sources, such as international clients and photography, (18%). Forbes.com is a customer of AP |work=[[Forbes]]|access-date=2009-04-09|date=2008-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331174432/http://www.forbes.com/2008/02/13/media-newspapers-ap-biz-media-cx_lh_0214ap.html |archive-date=31 March 2009 |url-status=live |first=Louis |last=Hau}}</ref><br />
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===Web resources===<br />
The AP's multi-topic structure has resulted in web portals such as [[Yahoo!]] and [[MSN]] posting its articles, often relying on the AP as their first source for news coverage of breaking news items. This and the constant updating evolving stories require has had a major impact on the AP's public image and role, giving new credence to the AP's ongoing mission of having staff for covering every area of news fully and promptly. In 2007, Google announced that it was paying to receive AP content, to be displayed in [[Google News]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Google News Becomes A Publisher |url=http://www.informationweek.com/news/internet/showArticle.jhtml;jsessionid=PBT2QGMTUGF0AQSNDLOSKH0CJUNN2JVN?articleID=201803549&_requestid=555255 |quote='Because the Associated Press, Agence France-Presse, U.K. Press Association and the Canadian Press don't have a consumer Web site where they publish their content, they have not been able to benefit from the traffic that Google News drives to other publishers,' Josh Cohen, business product manager for Google News, explained in a blog post. |work=[[Information Week]] |date=August 31, 2007 |access-date=2008-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080627154658/http://www.informationweek.com/news/internet/showArticle.jhtml;jsessionid=PBT2QGMTUGF0AQSNDLOSKH0CJUNN2JVN?articleID=201803549&_requestid=555255 |archive-date=June 27, 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> interrupted from late 2009 to mid-2010 due to a licensing dispute.<ref>{{cite news |title=Google Stops Hosting New AP Content |url=http://paidcontent.org/article/419-google-stops-hosting-new-ap-content |access-date=2010-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100112081900/http://paidcontent.org/article/419-google-stops-hosting-new-ap-content |archive-date=12 January 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Google, AP reach deal for Google News content|url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-30684_3-20015053-265.html|publisher=[[CNET]]|date=August 30, 2010|access-date=2012-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102200432/http://news.cnet.com/8301-30684_3-20015053-265.html|archive-date=January 2, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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A 2017 study by [[NewsWhip]] revealed that AP content was more engaged with on [[Facebook]] than content from any individual English-language publisher.<ref>{{Cite press release|url=https://www.ap.org/press-releases/2017/ap-content-drives-more-facebook-engagements-than-individual-publishers-in-june-july|title=AP content drives more Facebook engagements than individual publishers in June, July|publisher=Associated Press|access-date=2018-04-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407053939/https://www.ap.org/press-releases/2017/ap-content-drives-more-facebook-engagements-than-individual-publishers-in-june-july|archive-date=2018-04-07|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Timeline===<br />
* 1849: The Harbor News Association opened the first [[news bureau]] outside the United States in [[Halifax Regional Municipality, Nova Scotia|Halifax]], [[Nova Scotia]], to meet ships sailing from Europe before they reached dock in New York.<br />
* 1876: [[Mark Kellogg (reporter)|Mark Kellogg]], a [[Stringer (journalism)|stringer]], was the first AP [[news correspondent]] to be killed while reporting the news, at the [[Battle of the Little Bighorn]].<br />
* 1893: [[Melville E. Stone]] became the general manager of the reorganized the AP, a post he held until 1921. Under his leadership, the AP grew to be one of the world's most prominent news agencies.<br />
* 1899: The AP used [[Guglielmo Marconi]]'s wireless [[Telegraphy|telegraph]] to cover the [[America's Cup]] yacht race off [[Sandy Hook, New Jersey|Sandy Hook]], [[New Jersey]], the first news test of the new technology.<br />
* 1914: The AP introduced the [[teleprinter]], which transmitted directly to printers over telegraph wires. Eventually a worldwide network of 60-word-per-minute teleprinter machines is built.<br />
* 1935: The AP initiated [[WirePhoto]], the world's first wire service for photographs. The first photograph to transfer over the network depicted an airplane crash in [[Morehouse, New York|Morehouse]], [[New York (state)|New York]], on [[New Year's Day]], 1935.<br />
* 1938: The AP expanded new offices at [[50 Rockefeller Plaza]] (known as "50 Rock") under an agreement made as part of the [[construction of Rockefeller Center]] in New York City. The building would remain its headquarters for 66 years.<ref name="AP_PR">{{Cite press release|title=AP leaves 50 Rock for West 33rd Street Headquarters|agency=Associated Press|date=2004-07-19|url=http://www.ap.org/pages/about/pressreleases/pr_071904.html|access-date=2009-11-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090427134855/http://www.ap.org/pages/about/pressreleases/pr_071904.html|archive-date=2009-04-27|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* 1941: The AP expanded from print to radio broadcast news.<br />
* {{anchor|Times Wide World Photo| Wide World Photo| Wide World News Photo Service}}1941: Wide World News Photo Service purchased from ''[[The New York Times]]''.<ref name="NYT020116">{{cite news|author1=Rachel L. Swarns, Darcy Eveleigh and Damien Cave|title=Unpublished Black History|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/national/unpublished-black-history|access-date=February 1, 2016|work=The New York Times|date=February 1, 2016|quote=The Times's picture agency, Wide World News Photo Service, which had staff members in London, Berlin and elsewhere, was sold to The Associated Press in 1941.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201021932/http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/national/unpublished-black-history|archive-date=February 1, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=WIDE WORLD, INC., SOLD TO THE A.P.; News Photo Service in Western Hemisphere Will Be Turned Over to New Owners Friday COOPER TELLS OF PLANS Purchase in Line With Policy of Accelerating Collection and Output of Pictures |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1941/07/26/archives/wide-world-inc-sold-to-the-ap-news-photo-service-in-western.html |access-date=30 April 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]] |agency=Associated Press |date=26 July 1941 |archive-date=April 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430051853/https://www.nytimes.com/1941/07/26/archives/wide-world-inc-sold-to-the-ap-news-photo-service-in-western.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
*1943: The AP sends [[Ruth Cowan Nash]] to cover the deployment of the [[Women's Army Corps|Women's Army Auxiliary Corps]] to [[Algeria]]. Nash is the first American woman war correspondent.<ref name="GOTOWAR">[https://niemanreports.org/articles/go-to-war-i-did-and-at-considerable-trouble/ "Go to War I Did, and at Considerable Trouble"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726104418/https://niemanreports.org/articles/go-to-war-i-did-and-at-considerable-trouble/ |date=July 26, 2020 }} Ramirez, Maria. Nieman Reports, Nieman Foundation at Harvard.</ref><br />
* 1945: AP [[war correspondent]] [[Joseph Morton (correspondent)|Joseph Morton]] was executed along with nine [[Office of Strategic Services|OSS]] men and four British [[Special Operations Executive|SOE]] agents by the Germans at [[Mauthausen concentration camp]]. Morton was the only [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] correspondent to be executed by the [[Axis Powers|Axis]] during [[World War II]]. That same year, AP [[Paris]] bureau chief [[Edward Kennedy (journalist)|Edward Kennedy]] defied an Allied headquarters [[news blackout]] to report [[Nazi Germany]]'s surrender, touching off a bitter episode that lead to his eventual dismissal by the AP. Kennedy maintains that he reported only what German radio already had broadcast.<br />
* 1951: AP war correspondent [[Prague]] bureau chief [[William N. Oatis]] was arrested for [[espionage]] by the Communist government of [[Czechoslovakia]]. He was not released until 1953.<br />
* 1974: The AP launches the Associated Press Radio Network headquartered in Washington, D.C.<br />
* 1994: The AP launches [[Associated Press Television News|APTV]], a global video news gathering agency, headquartered in London.<br />
* 2004: The AP moves its headquarters from 50 Rock to 450 West 33rd Street, New York City.<ref name="AP_PR"/><br />
* 2006: The AP joins [[YouTube]].<br />
* 2008: The AP launched AP Mobile (initially known as the AP Mobile News Network), a multimedia news portal that gives users news they can choose and provides anytime access to international, national and local news. The AP was the first to debut a dedicated iPhone application in June 2008 on stage at Apple's WWDC event. The app offered AP's own worldwide coverage of [[breaking news]], sports, entertainment, politics and business as well as content from more than 1,000 AP members and [[third-party source]]s.<ref name="anniversary">Associated Press (2009-05-21). [http://www.ap.org/pages/about/pressreleases/pr_052109a.html "AP Mobile rings in one-year anniversary"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100219092206/http://www.ap.org/pages/about/pressreleases/pr_052109a.html |date=February 19, 2010 }}, ''AP'', Press Release.</ref><br />
*2008: The AP opens its Pyongyang bureau.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jean H. Lee|url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/person/jean-h-lee|access-date=2021-11-13|publisher=Wilson Center|archive-date=November 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113234604/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/person/jean-h-lee|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* 2010: The AP launched multi-device World Cup Soccer Applications providing real-time news coverage of the 2010 World Cup on desktop, Apple and Android devices.<br />
* 2010: AP earnings fall 65% from 2008 to just $8.8{{nbsp}}million. The AP also announced that it would have posted a loss of $4.4{{nbsp}}million had it not liquidated its German-language news service for $13.2{{nbsp}}million.<ref name="Media Post">{{cite web |title=Associated Press Reports Narrow 2009 Profit|publisher=Media Post|date=2010-04-30|url= http://www.mediabistro.com/fishbowlny/media_companies/associated_press_reports_narrowed_2009_profit_160099.asp|access-date=2010-04-30| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100504052734/http://www.mediabistro.com/fishbowlny/media_companies/associated_press_reports_narrowed_2009_profit_160099.asp| archive-date= 4 May 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref><br />
* 2011: AP revenue dropped $14.7{{nbsp}}million in 2010. 2010 revenue totaled $631{{nbsp}}million, a decline of 7% from the previous year. The AP rolled out price cuts designed to help newspapers and broadcasters cope with declining revenue.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=14 April 2011|title=AP loses $14.7M in 2010 as revenue falls 7 percent|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/business/ap-loses-147m-in-2010-as-revenue-falls-7-percent/|access-date=13 January 2021|website=The Seattle Times|archive-date=February 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226014337/https://www.seattletimes.com/business/ap-loses-147m-in-2010-as-revenue-falls-7-percent/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* 2012: [[Gary B. Pruitt]] succeeded [[Tom Curley]] to become president and CEO. Pruitt is the 13th leader of the AP in its 166-year history.<ref>{{cite news| title= Gary Pruitt, of McClatchy, to become new president and CEO of The Associated Press| url= http://www.ap.org/content/press-release/2012/gary-pruitt-of-mcclatchy-to-become-new-president-and-ceo-of-the-associated-press| agency= Associated Press| access-date= 14 December 2012| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121214084533/http://ap.org/Content/Press-Release/2012/Gary-Pruitt-of-McClatchy-to-become-new-president-and-CEO-of-The-Associated-Press| archive-date= 14 December 2012| url-status= live}}</ref><br />
* 2016: The AP Reports that income dropped to $1.6{{nbsp}}million from $183.6{{nbsp}}million in 2015. The 2015 profit figure was bolstered by a one-time, $165{{nbsp}}million tax benefit.<ref>{{cite news |title=Newspaper decline continues to weigh on AP earnings |url=https://www.ap.org/ap-in-the-news/2017/newspaper-decline-continues-to-weigh-on-ap-earnings |agency=Associated Press |publisher=Associated Press |access-date=2018-07-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718055350/https://www.ap.org/ap-in-the-news/2017/newspaper-decline-continues-to-weigh-on-ap-earnings |archive-date=2018-07-18 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
* 2017: The AP moved its headquarters to [[200 Liberty Street]], New York City.<br />
* 2018: The AP unveiled AP Votecast to replace [[exit polls]] for the 2018 US midterm elections.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://blog.ap.org/products-and-services/ap-votecast-debuts-tuesday |title=AP VoteCast debuts Tuesday |website=Associated Press Blog |last=Easton |first=Lauren |access-date=November 9, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109153234/https://blog.ap.org/products-and-services/ap-votecast-debuts-tuesday |archive-date=November 9, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Governance==<br />
The AP is governed by an elected [[board of directors]].<ref name="board">{{cite web |title=Facts & Figures: AP Board of Directors |publisher=Associated Press |url=http://www.ap.org/Company/Board-of-Directors |url-status=live |access-date=November 17, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314182613/http://ap.org/company/board-of-directors |archive-date=2012-03-14}}</ref> Since April 2017, the chairman is Steven Swartz, president and CEO of [[Hearst Communications]].<br />
<br />
==Election polls==<br />
<br />
The AP is the only organization that collects and verifies election results in every city and county across the United States, including races for the U.S. president, the Senate and House of Representatives, governor as well as other statewide offices.<ref name=understanding>{{cite web |title=Understanding the Election |url=https://www.ap.org/media-center/understanding-the-election |website=Associated Press |access-date=November 15, 2020 |archive-date=February 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210223204033/https://www.ap.org/media-center/understanding-the-election |url-status=live }}</ref> Major news outlets rely on the polling data and results provided by the Associated Press before declaring a winner in major political races, particularly the presidential election.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sadler |first1=Megan |title=How the Associated Press calls election races and ensures vote count accuracy |url=https://www.wvlt.tv/2020/11/10/how-the-associated-press-calls-election-races-and-ensures-vote-count-accuracy/ |access-date=November 15, 2020 |work=[[WVLT-TV]] |agency=Associated Press |date=November 10, 2020 |archive-date=November 10, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110181846/https://www.wvlt.tv/2020/11/10/how-the-associated-press-calls-election-races-and-ensures-vote-count-accuracy/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In declaring the winners, the AP has historically relied on a robust network of local reporters with first-hand knowledge of assigned territories who also have long-standing relationships with county clerks as well as other local officials. Moreover, the AP monitors and gathers data from county websites and electronic feeds provided by states. The research team further verifies the results by considering demographics, number of absentee ballots, and other political issues that may have an effect on the final results.<ref name=understanding/> In 2018, the AP has introduced a new system called AP VoteCast, which was developed together with [[NORC at the University of Chicago]] in order to further improve the reliability of its data and overcome biases of its legacy [[exit poll]].<ref>{{cite web |title=AP VoteCast |url=https://www.ap.org/en-us/topics/politics/elections/ap-votecast/about |website=Associated Press |access-date=November 15, 2020 |archive-date=February 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210223210751/https://www.ap.org/en-us/topics/politics/elections/ap-votecast/about |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
Recognized for its integrity and accuracy, the organization has collected and published presidential election data since 1848.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Storey |first1=Kate |title=How the Associated Press Plans to Determine the Winner of This Year's Election |url=https://www.esquire.com/news-politics/a34496862/how-associated-press-counts-us-presidential-election-votes-results/ |access-date=November 15, 2020 |work=[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]] |date=October 29, 2020 |archive-date=November 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130143928/https://www.esquire.com/news-politics/a34496862/how-associated-press-counts-us-presidential-election-votes-results/ |url-status=live }}</ref> During the 2016 election, the AP was 100% accurate in calling the president and congressional races in every state.<ref name=understanding/><br />
<br />
==Sports polls==<br />
{{main|AP Poll}}<br />
<br />
The AP conducts polls for numerous [[college athletics|college sports]] in the [[United States]]. The AP college football rankings were created in 1936, and began including the top 25 teams in 1989. Since 1969, the final poll of each season has been released after all bowl games have been played.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nola.com/lsu/index.ssf/2017/08/post_205.html|title=The best and worst of LSU's AP preseason poll history|work=NOLA.com|access-date=July 20, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720225231/https://www.nola.com/lsu/index.ssf/2017/08/post_205.html|archive-date=July 20, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The AP released its all-time Top 25 in 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/blakewilliams3012/2016/08/21/what-the-last-five-seasons-of-the-ap-poll-say-about-trending-teams-in-college-football/|title=What The Last Five Seasons Of The AP Poll Say About Trending Teams In College Football|last=Williams|first=Blake|work=Forbes|access-date=July 20, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720200305/https://www.forbes.com/sites/blakewilliams3012/2016/08/21/what-the-last-five-seasons-of-the-ap-poll-say-about-trending-teams-in-college-football/|archive-date=July 20, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> {{as of|2017}}, 22 different programs had finished in the number one spot of the poll since its inception.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ncaa.com/news/football/article/2017-08-21/college-football-rankings-who-has-been-no-1-ap-preseason-poll-most|title=College football rankings: Who has been No. 1 in the AP preseason poll most often and how did they finish?|date=2017-08-21|publisher=NCAA|access-date=July 20, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720195201/https://www.ncaa.com/news/football/article/2017-08-21/college-football-rankings-who-has-been-no-1-ap-preseason-poll-most|archive-date=July 20, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> In the pre-bowl game determination era, the AP poll was often used as the distinction for a national champion in football.<br />
<br />
The AP college basketball poll has been used as a guide for which teams deserve national attention. The AP first began its poll of college basketball teams in 1949, and has since conducted over 1,100 polls. The college basketball poll started with 20 teams and was reduced to 10 during the 1960-61 college basketball season. It returned to 20 teams in 1968-69 and expanded to 25 beginning in 1989–90. The final poll for each season is released prior to the conclusion of the [[NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament|NCAA tournament]], so all data includes regular season games only. In 2017, The AP released a list of the Top 100 teams of all time. The poll counted poll appearances (one point) and No. 1 rankings (two points) to rank each team.<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 29, 2017 |title=AP Top 25 polls highlight Top 100 all-time in college basketball |work=The Denver Post |url=https://www.denverpost.com/2017/03/29/ap-top-100-college-basketball-programs-all-time/ |url-status=live |access-date=July 20, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720225211/https://www.denverpost.com/2017/03/29/ap-top-100-college-basketball-programs-all-time/ |archive-date=July 20, 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Sports awards==<br />
<br />
===Baseball===<br />
The AP began its [[Major League Baseball]] Manager of the Year Award in 1959, for a manager in each league.<ref name=APManagerOfYr>[http://www.baseball-almanac.com/awards/aw_mgy2.shtml AP Manager of the Year Award] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100201204555/http://baseball-almanac.com/awards/aw_mgy2.shtml |date=February 1, 2010 }}. Baseball-Almanac.com. Retrieved 2009-09-29. Although the award began in 1959, AP gave a "manager of the year" award in 1950 to Eddie Sawyer of the Philadelphia Phillies.{{Cite news|title=Eddie Sawyer Honored in Baseball Vote|work=Prescott Evening Courier|date=November 8, 1950|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=7tIKAAAAIBAJ&pg=6370,6584502|page=Section 2, Page 1|access-date=2010-09-16|archive-date=February 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227110618/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=7tIKAAAAIBAJ&pg=6370,6584502|url-status=dead}}</ref> From 1984 to 2000, the award was given to one manager in all of MLB.<ref>In 1959, when the AP began its Manager of the Year Award for a manager in each league, [[The Sporting News Manager of the Year Award|''The Sporting News'' Manager of the Year Award]] (begun in 1936) was for one manager in all of MLB. In 1983, MLB began its own [[Manager of the Year Award]], for a manager in each league. The following year (1984) the AP changed its award to one in all of MLB. In 1986, ''The Sporting News'' changed its award to one for each league.</ref> The winners were chosen by a national panel of AP baseball writers and radio men. The award was discontinued in 2001.<ref name=APManagerOfYr/><br />
<br />
===Basketball===<br />
Every year, the AP releases the names of the winners of its [[Associated Press College Basketball Player of the Year|AP College Basketball Player of the Year]] and [[Associated Press College Basketball Coach of the Year|AP College Basketball Coach of the Year]] awards. It also honors a group of [[NCAA Men's Basketball All-Americans|All-American]] players.<br />
<br />
===Football===<br />
* [[AP NFL Coach of the Year]]<br />
* [[AP NFL Most Valuable Player]]<br />
* [[AP NFL Offensive Player of the Year]]<br />
* [[AP NFL Defensive Player of the Year]]<br />
* [[AP NFL Rookie of the Year]]<br />
* [[AP NFL Comeback Player of the Year]]<br />
<br />
==Associated Press Television News==<br />
{{Main|Associated Press Television News}}<br />
[[File:APTNheadquarter.jpg|thumb|The APTN Building in London]]<br />
In 1994, London-based Associated Press Television (APTV) was founded to provide agency news material to television broadcasters.<ref name="Reuters">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/06/03/business/ap-buys-worldwide-television-news.html|title=A.P. Buys Worldwide Television News|agency=Reuters|work=The New York Times |date=June 3, 1998 |access-date=July 20, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709100154/https://www.nytimes.com/1998/06/03/business/ap-buys-worldwide-television-news.html|archive-date=2018-07-09|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1998, the AP purchased Worldwide Television News (WTN) from the ABC News division of [[The Walt Disney Company]], Nine Network Australia and ITN London.<ref name="Reuters"/><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=3 June 1998|title=A.P. Buys Worldwide Television News|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/06/03/business/ap-buys-worldwide-television-news.html|access-date=13 January 2021|website=The New York Times|archive-date=July 9, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709100154/https://www.nytimes.com/1998/06/03/business/ap-buys-worldwide-television-news.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The AP publishes 70,000 videos and 6,000 hours of live video per year, {{as of|2016|lc=y}}. The agency also provides five simultaneous live video channels, AP Direct via satellite for broadcasters, and four live channels on AP Live Choice for digital publishers. The AP was the first news agency to launch a live video news service in 2003.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.journalism.co.uk/news/ap-experiments-with-live-streams-as-appetite-for-up-to-the-minute-video-grows-/s2/a601343/|title=AP experiments with live streams as appetite for up-to-the-minute video grows|date=2016-01-13|access-date=2018-04-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720225134/https://www.journalism.co.uk/news/ap-experiments-with-live-streams-as-appetite-for-up-to-the-minute-video-grows-/s2/a601343/|archive-date=July 20, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
== AP Stylebook ==<br />
{{Excerpt|AP Stylebook|only=paragraphs}}<br />
<br />
==Litigation and controversies==<br />
{{criticism section|date=September 2022}}<br />
<br />
===Kidnapping of Tina Susman===<br />
In 1994, [[Tina Susman]] was on her fourth trip to [[Somalia]], reporting for the AP. She was reporting on U.S. [[peacekeeping]] troops leaving the country. Somali rebels outnumbered her bodyguards in [[Mogadishu]],<ref name=Oprah>{{cite news|url=https://www.oprah.com/omagazine/adventurous-thinkers/all|title=Adventurous Thinkers|last=Burford|first=Michelle|publisher=O, The Oprah Magazine|date=July 2002|access-date=February 12, 2020|archive-date=February 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203194721/https://www.oprah.com/omagazine/adventurous-thinkers/all|url-status=live}}</ref> dragged her from her car in broad daylight,<ref name=AJR>{{cite news|url=https://ajrarchive.org/Article.asp?id=1281&id=1281|title=When a Journalist is Kidnapped |date=September 1994|last=Callahan|first=Christopher|publisher=[[Philip Merrill College of Journalism]]}}</ref> and held her for 20 days. She told ''[[Quill (magazine)|The Quill]]'' that she believes being a woman was an advantage in her experience there.<ref name=Q02>{{cite news|url=https://www.quill.spjnetwork.org/2002/11/20/women-in-war-zones/|last=Dietrich|first=Heidi|title=Women in War Zones|publisher=The Quill|date=20 November 2002|access-date=February 12, 2020|archive-date=February 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204191438/https://www.quill.spjnetwork.org/2002/11/20/women-in-war-zones/|url-status=live}}</ref> The AP had requested news organizations including ''The New York Times'', the ''[[Chicago Tribune]],'' and ''[[The Washington Post]]'' to suppress the story to discourage the emboldening of the kidnappers.<ref name=AJR/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/08/08/business/media-business-press-somalia-20-days-terror-lesson-for-journalists.html|title=In Somalia, 20 days of terror and a lesson for journalists|work=The New York Times|first=William|last=Glaberson|date=August 8, 1994|access-date=February 12, 2020|archive-date=May 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521121732/https://www.nytimes.com/1994/08/08/business/media-business-press-somalia-20-days-terror-lesson-for-journalists.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Christopher Newton===<br />
In September 2002, [[Washington, D.C.]] bureau reporter Christopher Newton, an AP reporter since 1994, was fired after he was accused of fabricating sources since 2000, including at least 40 people and organizations. Prior to his firing, Newton had been focused on writing about federal law-enforcement while based at the [[United States Department of Justice|Justice Department]]. Some of the nonexistent agencies quoted in his stories included "Education Alliance", the "Institute for Crime and Punishment in Chicago", "Voice for the Disabled", and "People for Civil Rights".<ref>{{cite news| url = http://www.slate.com/?id=2073304 |title=Fib Newton | date=October 29, 2002 | work=[[Slate.com]] |access-date=April 16, 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080508022026/http://www.slate.com/?id=2073304| archive-date=May 8, 2008 | url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
===FBI impersonation case===<br />
In 2007, an [[FBI]] agent working in Seattle impersonated an AP journalist and infected the computer of a 15-year old suspect with a malicious surveillance software.<ref name="LA Times">{{cite news |last=Miller |first=Mary Ann |url=https://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-associated-press-lawsuit-20150827-story.html |title=Associated Press sues after FBI impersonates journalist in sting operation |work=Los Angeles Times |date=August 27, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224101449/http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-associated-press-lawsuit-20150827-story.html |archive-date=December 24, 2017 }}</ref><ref name="huff post">{{cite news |last=Reilly |first=Ryan |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/fbi-impersonate-ap-journalist_us_57dab3efe4b0071a6e05a3a7 |title=An FBI Agent Did A Pretty Terrible Job Of Pretending To Be A Journalist |work=HuffPost |date=September 15, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306211618/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/fbi-impersonate-ap-journalist_us_57dab3efe4b0071a6e05a3a7 |archive-date=March 6, 2018 }}</ref> The incident sparked a strongly worded statement from the AP demanding the bureau never impersonate a member of the news media again.<ref name="Associated Press">{{cite news |last=Tucker |first=Eric |url=https://apnews.com/920b9db9559442a18dcd05037e3093c4 |title=AP demands FBI never again impersonate journalist |work=Associated Press |date=November 10, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224101310/https://apnews.com/920b9db9559442a18dcd05037e3093c4 |archive-date=December 24, 2017 }}</ref> In September 2016 the incident resulted in a report by the Justice Department, which the AP said "effectively condone[d] the FBI's impersonation".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Colford|first=Paul|date=September 15, 2016|title=AP statement on inspector general report|url=https://blog.ap.org/announcements/ap-statement-on-inspector-general-report|access-date=2021-05-15|website=Associated Press - Blog|archive-date=May 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515130517/https://blog.ap.org/announcements/ap-statement-on-inspector-general-report|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="washington post">{{cite news|last=Wemple|first=Erik|date=September 15, 2016|title=Justice Department report 'effectively condone[s]' FBI impersonation incident|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/erik-wemple/wp/2016/09/15/ap-justice-department-report-effectively-condones-fbi-impersonation-incident/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224101226/https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/erik-wemple/wp/2016/09/15/ap-justice-department-report-effectively-condones-fbi-impersonation-incident/|archive-date=December 24, 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
In December 2017, following a US court appearance, a judge ruled in favor of the AP in a lawsuit against the FBI for fraudulently impersonating a member of the news media.<ref name="washington examiner">{{cite news |last=Cohen |first=Kelly |url=http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/appeals-court-sides-with-associated-press-in-lawsuit-against-fbi/article/2643647 |title=Appeals Court sides with Associated Press in lawsuit against FBI |work=Washington Examiner |date=December 15, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224101355/http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/appeals-court-sides-with-associated-press-in-lawsuit-against-fbi/article/2643647 |archive-date=December 24, 2017 }}</ref><ref name="chiacagotribune">{{cite news |last=Gresko |first=Jessica |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/sns-bc-us--fbi-impersonation-of-journalists-20171113-story.html |title=US court hears case involving impersonation of AP journalist |work=Chicago Tribune |date=November 15, 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224101405/http://www.chicagotribune.com/sns-bc-us--fbi-impersonation-of-journalists-20171113-story.html |archive-date=December 24, 2017 |access-date=January 19, 2019 }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Fair-use controversy ===<br />
In June 2008, the AP sent numerous [[Digital Millennium Copyright Act|DMCA]] take-down demands and threatened legal action against several [[blog]]s. The AP contended that the internet blogs were violating the AP's [[copyright]] by linking to AP material and using headlines and short summaries in those links. Many bloggers and experts noted that the use of the AP news fell squarely under commonly accepted internet practices and within [[fair use|fair-use]] standards.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/node/4381 |title = AP's Fair Use Challenge (Harvard Law) |work = Berkman Center for Internet and Society |date = 2008-06-17 |access-date = 2014-06-04 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110512044752/http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/node/4381 |archive-date = 2011-05-12 |url-status = dead }}</ref> Others noted and demonstrated that the AP routinely takes similar excerpts from other sources, often without attribution or licenses. The AP responded that it was defining standards regarding citations of AP news.<ref>{{cite news |title = The Associated Press to Set Guidelines for Using Its Articles in Blogs |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/16/business/media/16ap.html | quote= The Associated Press...said that it will, for the first time, attempt to define clear standards as to how much of its articles and broadcasts bloggers and Web sites can excerpt without infringing on The A.P.'s copyright. | work =[[The New York Times]]| date = June 16, 2008 |access-date=2009-04-09 |first=Saul |last=Hansell| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090409031736/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/16/business/media/16ap.html | archive-date= 9 April 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Shepard Fairey ===<br />
In March 2009, the AP counter-sued artist [[Shepard Fairey]] over [[Obama HOPE poster|his famous image of Barack Obama]], saying the uncredited, uncompensated use of an AP photo violated [[Copyright law of the United States|copyright laws]] and signaled a threat to [[journalism]]. Fairey had sued the AP the previous month over his artwork, titled "Obama Hope" and "Obama Progress", arguing that he did not violate copyright law because he dramatically changed the image. The artwork, based on an April 2006 picture taken for the AP by [[Mannie Garcia]], was a popular image during the [[2008 United States presidential election|2008 presidential election]] and now hangs in the [[National Portrait Gallery (United States)|National Portrait Gallery]] in Washington, D.C. According to the AP lawsuit filed in federal court in Manhattan, Fairey knowingly "misappropriated The AP's rights in that image". The suit asked the court to award the AP profits made off the image and damages. Fairey said he looked forward to "upholding the [[Freedom of speech|free expression]] rights at stake here" and disproving the AP's accusations.{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}} In January 2011 this suit was settled with neither side declaring their position to be wrong but agreeing to share reproduction rights and profits from Fairey's work.<ref name=NPRFaireyvAPSettlement>{{cite news|last=Memmott|first=Mark|title=Shepard Fairey And AP Settle Copyright Dispute Over 'Hope' Poster|url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2011/01/12/132860606/shepard-fairey-and-ap-settle-copyright-dispute-over-hope-poster|access-date=31 August 2012|work=NPR|date=11 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623172550/http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2011/01/12/132860606/shepard-fairey-and-ap-settle-copyright-dispute-over-hope-poster|archive-date=23 June 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Hot News ===<br />
In January 2008, the AP sued competitor [[All Headline News]] (AHN) claiming that AHN allegedly infringed on its copyrights and a contentious "quasi-property" right to facts.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Schonfeld|first=Erick|title=Hot News: The AP Is Living In The Last Century|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/02/22/AR2009022201243.html|date=February 22, 2009|access-date=April 25, 2010|newspaper=The Washington Post|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604165028/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/02/22/AR2009022201243.html|archive-date=June 4, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last= Anderson | first= Nate | title= Who owns the facts? The AP and the "hot news" controversy | work= Ars Technica | url= https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2009/05/who-owns-the-facts-the-ap-and-the-hot-news-controversy.ars | access-date=June 14, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111231024500/http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2009/05/who-owns-the-facts-the-ap-and-the-hot-news-controversy.ars | archive-date=2011-12-31 | url-status= live }}</ref> The AP complaint asserted that AHN reporters had copied facts from AP news reports without permission and without paying a syndication fee. After AHN moved to dismiss all but the copyright claims set forth by the AP, a majority of the lawsuit was dismissed.<ref>{{Cite court|litigants=The Associated Press v. All Headline News Corp.|vol=08|reporter=Civ.|opinion=323|court=United States District Court, Southern District of New York |date=February 17, 2009|url= https://www.scribd.com/doc/12637101/Decision-AP-Hot-News-Doctrine}}</ref> The case has been dismissed and both parties settled.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.citmedialaw.org/sites/citmedialaw.org/files/2009-06-15-Order%20of%20Dismissal.pdf |title=Citizen Media Law Project |access-date=June 4, 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Hoax tweet and flash crash===<!-- [[AP Tweet Flash Crash of 2013]] and [[2013 Flash Crash]] redirect here --><br />
On April 23, 2013, hackers posted a tweet to AP's [[Twitter]] account about fictional attacks on the [[White House]], falsely claiming that President [[Barack Obama|Obama]] had been injured.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-04-23 |title=AP Twitter account hacked in fake 'White House blasts' post |language=en-GB |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-21508660 |access-date=2023-08-19}}</ref> The hoax caused a [[flash crash]] on the American stock markets, with the [[Dow Jones Industrial Average|Dow Jones index]] briefly falling by 143 points.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Moore |first=Heidi |last2=Roberts |first2=Dan |date=2013-04-23 |title=AP Twitter hack causes panic on Wall Street and sends Dow plunging |language=en-GB |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2013/apr/23/ap-tweet-hack-wall-street-freefall |access-date=2023-08-19 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Justice Department subpoena of phone records===<br />
{{main|2013 Department of Justice investigations of reporters}}<br />
<br />
On May 13, 2013, the AP announced telephone records for 20 of their reporters during a two-month period in 2012, had been [[subpoenaed]] by the [[U.S. Justice Department]] and described these acts as a "massive and unprecedented intrusion" into news-gathering operations.<ref name=TTSanchez>{{cite news |last=Sanchez |first=Raf |title=US Justice Department secretly seizes Associated Press phone records |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/us-politics/10055318/US-Justice-Department-secretly-seizes-Associated-Press-phone-records.html |work=The Telegraph |access-date=May 15, 2013 |location=London |date=May 13, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514070630/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/us-politics/10055318/US-Justice-Department-secretly-seizes-Associated-Press-phone-records.html |archive-date=May 14, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=TG130513>{{cite news|title=US government secretly obtained Associated Press phone records|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/may/13/america-government-associated-press-phone-records|work=The Guardian|date=15 May 2013|access-date=17 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927231734/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/may/13/america-government-associated-press-phone-records|archive-date=27 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The AP reported that the Justice Department would not say why it sought the records, but sources stated that the [[United States Attorney for the District of Columbia]]'s office was conducting a criminal investigation into a May 7, 2012 AP story about a [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] operation that prevented a terrorist plot to detonate an explosive device on a commercial flight.<ref name=RC-Ingram>{{cite news|last=Ingram|first=David|title=Associated Press says U.S. government seized journalists' phone records|url=http://ca.reuters.com/article/topNews/idCABRE94C0ZW20130513|work=Reuters Canada|access-date=15 May 2013|date=2013-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529084725/http://ca.reuters.com/article/topNews/idCABRE94C0ZW20130513|archive-date=29 May 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> The DOJ did not direct subpoenas to the AP, instead going to their phone providers, including [[Verizon Wireless]].<ref name=verizonslate>{{cite news |last=Gallagher |first=Ryan |title=Verizon Wireless Secretly Passed AP Reporters' Phone Records to Feds |url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/future_tense/2013/05/16/verizon_wireless_passed_ap_reporters_phone_records_to_the_feds.html |work=Slate |access-date=20 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130519142639/http://www.slate.com/blogs/future_tense/2013/05/16/verizon_wireless_passed_ap_reporters_phone_records_to_the_feds.html |archive-date=19 May 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[U.S. Attorney General]] [[Eric Holder]] testified under oath in front of the House Judiciary Committee that he recused himself from the leak investigations to avoid any appearance of a conflict of interest. Holder said his Deputy Attorney General, [[James M. Cole]], was in charge of the AP investigation and would have ordered the subpoenas.<ref name=nbcpolitics>{{cite news |last= Curry |first= Tom |title= Holder addresses AP leaks investigation, announces IRS probe |url= http://nbcpolitics.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/05/14/18253923-holder-addresses-ap-leaks-investigation-announces-irs-probe |work= NBC News |access-date= 1 June 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130608041857/http://nbcpolitics.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/05/14/18253923-holder-addresses-ap-leaks-investigation-announces-irs-probe |archive-date= 8 June 2013 |url-status= live }}</ref><br />
<br />
===AP collaboration with Nazi Germany===<br />
{{Further|Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy#Business collaboration|Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda}}<br />
<br />
The AP remained in Nazi Germany despite intense pressures, working to gather the news from 1933 to 1941, when the news organization was expelled from the country. AP Bureau Chief Louis Lochner earned the 1939 Pulitzer Prize<ref>{{Cite web |last=The Pulitzer Prizes |title=Louis P. Lochner of ''Associated Press'' |url=https://www.pulitzer.org/winners/louis-p-lochner |access-date=2023-06-06 |website=www.pulitzer.org |language=en |archive-date=June 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607075715/https://www.pulitzer.org/winners/louis-p-lochner |url-status=live }}</ref> for his dispatches from Berlin. After being expelled from Germany, AP worked with a Waffen SS photographer who had taken over AP's former German photo service to obtain photos from areas under Nazi control.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://zeithistorische-forschungen.de/sites/default/files/medien/Druckausgabe/2016-1/ZF_1_2016_Scharnberg_en.pdf |title=Harriet Scharnberg, THE A AND P OF PROPAGANDA, Associated Press and Nazi Photojournalism |access-date=September 29, 2022 |archive-date=October 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020145848/https://zeithistorische-forschungen.de/sites/default/files/medien/Druckausgabe/2016-1/ZF_1_2016_Scharnberg_en.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Heinzerling |first=Larry |date=May 10, 2017 |title=Covering Tyranny: The AP and Nazi Germany 1933-1945 |url=https://www.ap.org/about/history/ap-in-germany-1933-1945/ap-in-germany-report.pdf |url-status=live |website=AP review of Germany operations |access-date=June 6, 2023 |archive-date=May 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520000233/https://www.ap.org/about/history/ap-in-germany-1933-1945/ap-in-germany-report.pdf }}</ref> This relationship involved the Bureau Laux, run by the [[Waffen-SS]] photographer [[Helmut Laux]].<ref name="Rosenwald 2017">{{cite news |date=10 May 2017 |title=The secret deal the Associated Press made with the Nazis during WWII |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |location=[[Washington, D.C.]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2017/05/10/the-secret-deal-the-associated-press-made-with-the-nazis-during-wwii/ |url-status=live |access-date=19 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230091547/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2017/05/10/the-secret-deal-the-associated-press-made-with-the-nazis-during-wwii/ |archive-date=30 December 2022 |issn=0190-8286 |oclc=2269358 |author-last=Rosenwald |author-first=Michael S.}}</ref><ref name="Crary 2017">{{cite news |author-last=Crary |author-first=David |title=AP releases in-depth review of its coverage of Nazi Germany |url=https://apnews.com/article/new-york-race-and-ethnicity-world-war-ii-germany-archive-7fb06e5ff1d94ed5859b5eeaf4f16b45 |access-date=13 July 2021 |publisher=Associated Press |date=May 10, 2017 |quote=With [[American entry into World War II|the U.S. entry into the war against Germany]] in December 1941, AP's American staff members were arrested and interned for five months before being deported in a [[prisoner exchange]]. The AP German picture service was seized, handed over to the [[Government of Nazi Germany|German Foreign Ministry]] and put under control of a [[Waffen-SS]] photographer, [[Helmut Laux]]. Most German former AP personnel were forced into Laux's operation; others were sent to military units. |archive-date=July 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713160037/https://apnews.com/article/new-york-race-and-ethnicity-world-war-ii-germany-archive-7fb06e5ff1d94ed5859b5eeaf4f16b45 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
The mechanism for this interchange was that a courier flew to [[Lisbon]] and back each day transporting photos from and for Nazi Germany's wartime enemy, the United States, via [[diplomatic pouch]]. The transactions were initially conducted at the AP bureau under Luiz Lupi in Lisbon, and from 1944, when the exchange via Lisbon took too long, also at the AP bureau in [[Stockholm]] under Eddie Shanke. Here, as a cover, the Swedish agency, {{Ill|Pressens Bild|sv}}, was involved as an intermediary. An estimated 40,000 photos were exchanged between the enemies in this way.<ref>{{cite web |trans-title=Secret Photos. The Cooperation between Associated Press (AP) and Nazi Germany 1942–1945 |work=Zeithistorische Forschungen/Studies in Contemporary History 14 |date=2017 |author=Norman Domeier |title=GEHEIME FOTOS - Die Kooperation von Associated Press und NS-Regime (1942–1945) |url=http://www.zeithistorische-forschungen.de/2-2017/id=5484 |access-date=March 8, 2020 |archive-date=May 15, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515174901/https://zeithistorische-forschungen.de/2-2017/id=5484 |url-status=live }}</ref> AP distributed some of the images it received to customers, writing in the captions that the images originated from Nazi Germany. The exchange of photos was sanctioned by the U.S. government. The AP was kicked out of Nazi Germany when [[American entry into World War II|the United States entered World War II]] in December 1941.<ref name="Crary 2017" /><br />
<br />
===Israeli–Palestinian conflict===<br />
In his book ''Broken Spring: An American-Israeli Reporter's Close-up View of How Egyptians Lost Their Struggle for Freedom'', former AP correspondent [[Mark Lavie]] claimed that the editorial line of the Cairo bureau was that the conflict was Israel's fault and the Arabs and Palestinians were blameless.<ref name=Friedman >{{cite news | last=Friedman |first=Matti |author-link=Matti Friedman | title = What the Media Gets Wrong About Israel | url = https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/11/how-the-media-makes-the-israel-story/383262/3/ | access-date = 10 December 2014 | work = The Atlantic | date = 30 November 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141210143643/http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/11/how-the-media-makes-the-israel-story/383262/3/ | archive-date = 10 December 2014 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name=Lavie15>{{cite news |title= ''Broken Spring'' by Mark Lavie |url= http://www.timesofisrael.com/broken-spring-by-mark-lavie |access-date= 10 December 2014 |work= Times of Israel |date= 15 September 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141215104230/http://www.timesofisrael.com/broken-spring-by-mark-lavie/ |archive-date= 15 December 2014 |url-status= live }}</ref><ref name=Lavie14>{{cite news |last1 = Lavie |first1 = Mark |title = Why Everything Reported from Gaza is Crazy Twisted |url = http://www.thetower.org/article/why-everything-reported-from-gaza-is-crazy-twisted |access-date = 10 December 2014 |work = The Tower |date = August 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141210150516/http://www.thetower.org/article/why-everything-reported-from-gaza-is-crazy-twisted/ |archive-date = 10 December 2014 |url-status = live }}</ref> Israeli journalist [[Matti Friedman]] accused the AP of killing a story he wrote about the "war of words", "between Israel and its critics in human rights organizations", in the aftermath of the [[Gaza War (2008–09)|Israel/Gaza conflict of 2008–09]].<ref name=Friedman/><br />
<br />
==== Tuvia Grossman photograph ====<br />
On September 29, 2000, the first day of the [[Second Intifada]], the AP sent out of a photograph of a badly bloodied young man behind whom a police officer could be seen with a baton raised in a menacing fashion; a gas station with Hebrew lettering could also be seen in the background.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|title=The pictures that are worth more than 1000 words|url=https://www.jpost.com/features/front-lines/the-pictures-that-are-worth-more-than-1000-words|access-date=September 30, 2021|work=The Jerusalem Post|archive-date=September 30, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930220602/https://www.jpost.com/features/front-lines/the-pictures-that-are-worth-more-than-1000-words|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|title=This Week in Israeli History: Tuvia Grossman – The Bloodied "Palestinian," Bar Giora and Menachem Ussishkin|url=https://www.jpost.com/blogs/my-nation-lives/this-week-in-israeli-history-tuvia-grossman-the-bloodied-palestinian-bar-giora-and-menachem-ussishkin-419484|access-date=September 30, 2021|work=The Jerusalem Post|archive-date=September 30, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930220601/https://www.jpost.com/blogs/my-nation-lives/this-week-in-israeli-history-tuvia-grossman-the-bloodied-palestinian-bar-giora-and-menachem-ussishkin-419484|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book|last=Markl|first=Florian|title="'Israel Threatens to Defend Itself': The Depiction of Israel in the Media". In Confronting Antisemitism through the Ages: A Historical Perspective (eds. Armin Lange, Kerstin Mayerhofer, Dina Porat, Lawrence H. Schiffman, Florian Markl)|publisher=De Gruyter|year=2021|location=Berlin, Boston|pages=473–474}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last=Beeson|first=Patrick|title="Photojournalism." In "Media Bias: Finding It, Fixing It."|publisher=McFarland & Co|year=2007|pages=184, 190}}</ref> The AP labelled it with the caption "An Israeli policeman and a Palestinian on the Temple Mount", and the picture and caption were subsequently published in several major American newspapers, including the [[The New York Times|''New York Times'']] and the [[The Boston Globe|''Boston Globe'']].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> In reality, the injured man in the photograph was a Jewish yeshiva student from Chicago named [[Tuvia Grossman]], and the police officer, a Druze named Gidon Tzefadi, was protecting Grossman from a Palestinian mob who had clubbed, stoned, and stabbed Grossman.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> There are also no gas stations with Hebrew lettering on the Temple Mount.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><br />
<br />
The episode is often cited by those who accuse the media of having an anti-Israel bias, and was the impetus for the founding of [[HonestReporting]].<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite news|date=2000-10-06|title=Carnage for the Cameras|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB970792194386173971|access-date=September 30, 2021|archive-date=September 30, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930220542/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB970792194386173971|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Koltermann|first=Felix|title=Fotoreporter im Konflikt: Der internationale Fotojournalismus in Israel/Palästina|publisher=transcript Verlag|year=2017|location=Bielefeld|pages=25 n.3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Photo that Started it All|url=https://honestreporting.com/the-photo-that-started-it-all/|access-date=September 30, 2021|website=Honest Reporting|archive-date=October 3, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003070124/https://honestreporting.com/the-photo-that-started-it-all/|url-status=live}}</ref> After a letter from Grossman's father noted the error, the AP, the New York Times, and other papers published corrections; despite these corrections, the photograph continues to be used by critics of Israel as a symbol of Israeli aggression and violence.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2003-03-14|title=Nyt & Israel|url=https://www.nationalreview.com/2003/03/nyt-israel-tom-gross/|access-date=2021-10-01|website=National Review|archive-date=October 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001003306/https://www.nationalreview.com/2003/03/nyt-israel-tom-gross/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== Israeli airstrike on the AP office building ====<br />
During the [[2021 Israel–Palestine crisis]], the Israeli army [[Destruction of al-Jalaa Building|destroyed the al-Jalaa Highrise]], a building housing the AP's Gaza offices and [[Al Jazeera]] offices. Israel stated that the building housed [[Hamas]] military intelligence and had given advanced warning of the strike, and no civilians were harmed.<ref>{{cite news |date=8 June 2021 |title=Israel Says Gaza Tower That Housed AP Was Also Hamas Electronic Warfare Site |work=[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]] |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-06-08/ap-gaza-tower-housed-hamas-electronic-warfare-site-israel-says |url-status=live |access-date=28 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319051018/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-06-08/ap-gaza-tower-housed-hamas-electronic-warfare-site-israel-says |archive-date=19 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=May 16, 2021 |title=AP's top editor wants investigation into Israeli bombing of its Gaza office |publisher=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/aps-top-editor-wants-investigation-into-israeli-bombing-its-gaza-office-2021-05-16/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807160636/https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/aps-top-editor-wants-investigation-into-israeli-bombing-its-gaza-office-2021-05-16/ |archive-date=2021-08-07}}</ref> AP CEO Gary Pruitt released a statement on May 16, stating that he "had no indication Hamas was in the building" and called on the Israeli government to provide the evidence. He said that "the world will know less about what is happening in Gaza because of what happened today."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-middle-east-business-israel-palestinian-conflict-f595d0ea0a7e21a4e4974ae55e00024d|title=Statement: AP 'horrified' by Israeli attack on its office|date=May 16, 2021|website=Associated Press|access-date=May 17, 2021|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210516130244/https://apnews.com/article/israel-middle-east-business-israel-palestinian-conflict-f595d0ea0a7e21a4e4974ae55e00024d|archive-date=May 16, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 17 May, [[United States Secretary of State|US secretary of state]] [[Antony Blinken]] said he had not seen any evidence that Hamas operated from the building housing the AP and Al Jazeera, but it is the job of others to handle intelligence matters. Israel reportedly shared intelligence with American officials and U.S. president [[Joe Biden]] showing Hamas offices inside the building.<ref>{{cite news |title=Israel showed US 'smoking gun' on Hamas in AP office tower, officials say |url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/israel-showed-us-smoking-gun-on-hamas-in-ap-office-tower-officials-say-668303 |access-date=28 June 2021 |work=Jerusalem Post |date=17 May 2021 |archive-date=May 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526000159/https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/israel-showed-us-smoking-gun-on-hamas-in-ap-office-tower-officials-say-668303 |url-status=live }}</ref> Journalist Matti Friedman also supported the Israeli government's claim.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Alexandra Ma |last2=Sinéad Baker |date=May 17, 2021 |title=A former Associated Press editor suggested that Hamas did have offices in the agency's Gaza City building, which Israel destroyed over the weekend |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/former-associated-press-editor-suggests-hamas-in-gaza-city-building-2021-5 |access-date=June 11, 2022 |work=[[Business Insider]] |archive-date=June 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612001603/https://www.businessinsider.com/former-associated-press-editor-suggests-hamas-in-gaza-city-building-2021-5 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Reporters Without Borders]] asked the [[International Criminal Court]] to investigate the bombing as a possible [[war crime]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Blinken hasn't seen any evidence on AP Gaza building strike |url=https://apnews.com/article/middle-east-israel-business-israel-palestinian-conflict-government-and-politics-abd641af1607fbae7f49e1cce7dbc49e |access-date=27 May 2021 |work=AP NEWS |date=17 May 2021 |archive-date=May 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527191818/https://apnews.com/article/middle-east-israel-business-israel-palestinian-conflict-government-and-politics-abd641af1607fbae7f49e1cce7dbc49e |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
On June 8, Israeli Ambassador to the US [[Gilad Erdan]] met with AP CEO Gary Pruitt and vice president for foreign news, Ian Phillips, to discuss the operation. In coordination with the IDF, Erdan said the site was used by Hamas intelligence officials to develop and carry out [[SIGINT]] and electronic warfare operations, targeting both IDF and civilian systems in Israel, including devices to disrupt the [[Iron Dome]].<ref>{{cite news |date=9 June 2021 |title=Blinken hasn't seen any evidence on AP Gaza building strike |work=Jerusalem Post |url=https://www.jpost.com/arab-israeli-conflict/erdan-hamas-tried-to-develop-iron-dome-busting-tech-in-ap-gaza-building-670433 |access-date=28 June 2021 |archive-date=June 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628151418/https://www.jpost.com/arab-israeli-conflict/erdan-hamas-tried-to-develop-iron-dome-busting-tech-in-ap-gaza-building-670433 |url-status=live }}</ref> Erdan also said the Israeli government does not believe the AP was aware of the Hamas presence because it was a secret unit. He said the Israeli government was willing to help rebuild the AP's offices and ensure they will be able to bring equipment into Gaza.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fung |first=Katherine |date=June 8, 2021 |title=Israel offers to help rebuild Associated Press building destroyed in Gaza bombing |url=https://www.newsweek.com/israel-offers-help-rebuild-associated-press-building-destroyed-gaza-bombing-1598655 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220611231613/https://www.newsweek.com/israel-offers-help-rebuild-associated-press-building-destroyed-gaza-bombing-1598655 |archive-date=June 11, 2022 |work=[[Newsweek]] |access-date=June 12, 2022 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==== Firing of Emily Wilder ====<br />
In May 2021, the AP said it would launch a review of its social media policies after questions were raised about the firing of a journalist who expressed pro-Palestinian views on social media. The announcement came after some AP journalists signed a letter expressing concern over the termination of former news associate Emily Wilder, whom the AP said committed multiple violations of the company's [[social media policy]]. Wilder was the target of a right-wing online harassment campaign for her activism while at Stanford University. The AP has said that Wilder's previous activism played no role in her termination.<ref>{{Citation |title=AP vice president speaks out on Emily Wilder firing |date=May 30, 2021 |url=https://www.cnn.com/videos/media/2021/05/30/associated-press-managing-editor-brian-carovillano-intv-emily-wilder-firing-stelter-rs-vpx.cnn |publisher=[[CNN Reliable Sources]] |access-date=June 12, 2022 |archive-date=March 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328173028/https://www.cnn.com/videos/media/2021/05/30/associated-press-managing-editor-brian-carovillano-intv-emily-wilder-firing-stelter-rs-vpx.cnn |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Migrant Boat NFT ===<br />
On January 10, 2022, AP announced it would start selling [[non-fungible token]]s (NFTs) of their photographs in partnership with a company named [https://xooa.com/ Xooa], with the proceeds being used to fund their operations.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Clark |first1=Mitchell |title=The Associated Press is starting its own NFT marketplace for photojournalism |url-status=live |access-date=March 4, 2022 |url=https://www.theverge.com/2022/1/10/22876993/associated-press-ap-nft-marketplace-xooa-blockchain-photo-journalism-funding |date=January 10, 2022 |work=The Verge |archive-date=March 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304220742/https://www.theverge.com/2022/1/10/22876993/associated-press-ap-nft-marketplace-xooa-blockchain-photo-journalism-funding }}</ref> One of the NFTs they promoted on Twitter on 24 February was an aerial shot depicting an overcrowded migrant boat in the [[Mediterranean Sea]]. The tweet received negative backlash from users and other journalists, with AP being accused of profiting off of human suffering and the picture choice being "dystopian" and "in extremely poor taste". The tweet was subsequently deleted and the NFT, which was to be sold the next day, was pulled from market. Global director of media relations Lauren Easton apologized, saying "This was a poor choice of imagery for an NFT. It has not and will not be put up for auction [...] AP's NFT marketplace is a very early pilot program, and we are immediately reviewing our efforts".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bissada |first1=Masoj |title=AP Cancels Sale Of NFT Of Migrants Floating In Overcrowded Boat In Mediterranean |url-status=live |access-date=March 4, 2022 |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/masonbissada/2022/02/24/ap-cancels-sale-of-nft-of-migrants-floating-in-overcrowded-boat-in-mediterranean/ |date=February 25, 2022 |work=Forbes |archive-date=March 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303033300/https://www.forbes.com/sites/masonbissada/2022/02/24/ap-cancels-sale-of-nft-of-migrants-floating-in-overcrowded-boat-in-mediterranean/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Cantor |first1=Matthew |title='Profiting off suffering': AP cancels sale of migrant boat NFT amid backlash |url-status=live |access-date=March 4, 2022 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2022/feb/24/profiting-off-suffering-ap-cancels-sale-of-migrant-boat-nft-amid-backlash |date=February 24, 2022 |work=The Guardian |archive-date=March 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304004915/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2022/feb/24/profiting-off-suffering-ap-cancels-sale-of-migrant-boat-nft-amid-backlash }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Awards received==<br />
The AP has earned 58 [[Pulitzer Prizes]], including 35 for photography, since the award was established in 1917.<ref>{{Cite web|date=|title=Pulitzer Prizes won by the AP|url=https://www.ap.org/about/awards-and-recognition/pulitzer-prizes|access-date=December 26, 2022|publisher=Associated Press|archive-date=March 2, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302113204/https://www.ap.org/about/awards-and-recognition/pulitzer-prizes|url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2020, [[Dar Yasin]], [[Mukhtar Khan]], and [[Channi Anand]] of the AP were honored with the 2020 [[Pulitzer Prize for Feature Photography]].<ref>{{cite news |title=AP's Kashmir photographers win Pulitzer for lockdown coverage |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/05/ap-kashmir-photographers-win-pulitzer-lockdown-coverage-200504200043152.html |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English]] |date=May 5, 2020 |access-date=May 5, 2020 |archive-date=May 5, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505073918/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/05/ap-kashmir-photographers-win-pulitzer-lockdown-coverage-200504200043152.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The choice caused controversy,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/3-indian-photojournalists-from-j-k-win-pulitzer/story-hN3xlFniHQ9jBH7hk2gUHK.html|title=3 Indian photojournalists from Jammu and Kashmir win Pulitzer Prize|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=May 6, 2020|first=Ashiq|last=Hussain|access-date=May 6, 2020|archive-date=May 7, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507104555/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/3-indian-photojournalists-from-j-k-win-pulitzer/story-hN3xlFniHQ9jBH7hk2gUHK.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/kashmiri-pulitzer-prize-winners-caught-in-political-debate/1824727|title=Kashmiri Pulitzer Prize winners caught in political debate|magazine=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|date=May 5, 2020|access-date=May 6, 2020|via=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] (IANS)|archive-date=September 19, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919100327/https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/kashmiri-pulitzer-prize-winners-caught-in-political-debate/1824727|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Pulitzer Prize questions India's legitimacy over Kashmir|url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/national/pulitzer-prize-questions-indias-legitimacy-over-kashmir|work=[[National Herald]]|date=May 5, 2020|access-date=May 6, 2020|archive-date=May 7, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507142140/https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/national/pulitzer-prize-questions-indias-legitimacy-over-kashmir|url-status=live}}</ref> because it was taken by some as questioning "India's legitimacy over Kashmir" as it had used the word "independence" in regard to [[Revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir|revocation of Article 370]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/pulitzer-prize-questions-indias-legitimacy-over-kashmir-ld/1824441|title=Pulitzer Prize questions India's legitimacy over Kashmir (Ld)|date=5 May 2020|magazine=Outlook|access-date=May 6, 2020|via=(IANS)|archive-date=May 10, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510020414/https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/pulitzer-prize-questions-indias-legitimacy-over-kashmir-ld/1824441|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
* [[Agence France-Presse]]<br />
* ''[[Associated Press v. Meltwater]]''<br />
* [[Australian Associated Press]]<br />
* [[The Canadian Press]]<br />
* [[EFE]]<br />
* [[George E. Bria|George Emil Bria]]<br />
* [[International Press Telecommunications Council]]<br />
* [[List of news agencies]]<br />
* [[List of online image archives]]<br />
* [[NewsML]]<br />
* [[News Industry Text Format]]<br />
* [[Reuters]]<br />
* [[TweenTribune]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
=== Citations ===<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
=== Sources ===<br />
{{refbegin}}<br />
* {{cite book |agency = Associated Press |title = Breaking News: How the Associated Press Has Covered War, Peace and Everything Else |year = 2007 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=jxMLBzrbnFwC |publisher = [[Princeton Architectural Press]] |location = New York, NY |isbn = 978-1-56898-689-0 }}<br />
* {{cite book |last = Fenby |first = Jonathan |title = The International News Services |url = https://archive.org/details/internationalnew00fenb |url-access = registration |year = 1986 |publisher = Schocken Books |location = New York, NY |isbn = 0-8052-3995-2 }}<br />
* {{cite book |last = Schwarzlose |first = Richard Allen |title = The American Wire Services: A Study of Their Development as a Social Institution |year = 1979 |publisher = Arno Press |location = New York, NY |isbn = 0-405-11774-4 }}<br />
* {{cite book |last= Schwarzlose |first = Richard Allen |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Us-kDH5LqHEC |title = The Nation's Newsbrokers, Volume 1: The Formative Years: From Pretelegraph to 1865 |year = 1989 |publisher = Northwestern University Press |location = Evanston, IL |isbn = 0-8101-0818-6 }}<br />
* {{cite book |last = Schwarzlose |first = Richard Allen |title = The Nation's Newsbrokers |volume = 2: The Rush to Institution: From 1865 to 1920 |year = 1990 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=EAWXKB8ybWEC |publisher = Northwestern University Press |location = Evanston, IL |isbn = 0-8101-0819-4 }}<br />
* {{cite book |last = Silberstein-Loeb |first = Jonathan |title = The International Distribution of News: The Associated Press, Press Association, and Reuters, 1848–1947 |year = 2014 }}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* Blanchard, Margaret A. "The Associated Press antitrust suit: A philosophical clash over ownership of first amendment rights." ''Business History Review'' 61.1 (1987): 43–85.<br />
* Blondheim, Menahem. ''News over the Wires: The Telegraph and the Flow of Public Information in America, 1844-1897'' (Harvard U. Press, 1994).<br />
* Blondheim, Menahem. "The click: Telegraphic technology, journalism, and the transformations of the New York Associated Press." ''American Journalism'' 17.4 (2000): 27–52.<br />
* Coopersmith, Jonathan. "From lemons to lemonade: The development of AP Wirephoto." ''American Journalism'' 17.4 (2000): 55–72.<br />
* Dell'Orto, Giovanna. ''AP foreign correspondents in action: World War II to the present'' (Cambridge University Press, 2016) [https://books.google.com/books?id=cW3OCgAAQBAJ&dq=.+AP+Foreign+Correspondents+in+Action:+World+War+II+to+the+Present.&pg=PR10 online].<br />
* [[David Halberstam|Halberstam, David.]] ''Breaking news: how the Associated Press has covered war, peace, and everything else'' (Princeton Architectural Press, 2007) [https://www.eiu.edu/booth/exhibits/breakingnews/fullprogram.pdf online].<br />
* Kirat, Mohamed, and David Weaver. "Foreign news coverage in three wire services: A study of AP, UPI, and the nonaligned news agencies pool." ''Gazette'' (Leiden, Netherlands) 35.1 (1985): 31–47.<br />
* Rantanen, Terhi. "Foreign dependence and domestic monopoly: The European news cartel and US associated presses, 1861–1932." ''Media History'' 12.1 (2006): 19–35.<br />
* Renaud, Jean-Luc. "US government assistance to AP's world-wide expansion." ''Journalism Quarterly'' 62.1 (1985): 10–36.<br />
* Seo, Soomin. "Blue-Collar witnesses to power: The culture of photographers at the Associated Press." ''Journalism Studies'' 20.15 (2019): 2200–2217. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Soomin-Seo/publication/331557515_Blue-Collar_Witnesses_to_Power_The_Culture_of_Photographers_at_the_Associated_Press/links/5d018e934585157d15a6a12d/Blue-Collar-Witnesses-to-Power-The-Culture-of-Photographers-at-the-Associated-Press.pdf online]<br />
* Smethers, J. Steven. "Pounding Brass for the Associated Press: Delivering News by Telegraph in a Pre-Teletype Era." ''American Journalism'' 19.2 (2002): 13–30.<br />
* Watts, Liz. "AP's first female reporters." ''Journalism History'' 39.1 (2013): 15–28. [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00947679.2013.12062897?needAccess=true&role=button online]<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{Official website}}<br />
* {{YouTube|c=UCHTK-2W11Vh1V4uwofOfR4w|AP film and video archive}}<br />
* [https://www.ap.org/about/news-values-and-principles/downloads/ap-news-values-and-principles.pdf The Associated Press Statement of News Values and Principles]<br />
{{Clear}}<br />
{{News agencies}}<br />
{{White House James S. Brady Press Briefing Room Seating Chart}}<!-- additional categories found at [[:Category:Associated Press]] --><br />
{{PulitzerPrize PublicService 2001–2025}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Associated Press| ]]<br />
[[Category:1846 establishments in New York (state)]]<br />
[[Category:Sports mass media in the United States]]<br />
[[Category:Cooperatives in the United States]]<br />
[[Category:News agencies based in the United States]]<br />
[[Category:Non-profit organizations based in New York City]]<br />
[[Category:Photo archives in the United States]]<br />
[[Category:Publications established in 1846]]<br />
[[Category:College football awards organizations]]<br />
[[Category:Pulitzer Prize for Public Service winners]]<br />
[[Category:Fact-checking websites]]<br />
[[Category:Photo agencies]]<br />
[[Category:Pulitzer Prize for Feature Photography winners]]<br />
[[Category:Multinational companies headquartered in the United States]]<br />
[[Category:Cooperatives based in New York (state)]]</div>Brahmashri Pradeep Bhanothttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madhya_Pradesh_women%27s_cricket_team&diff=434835Madhya Pradesh women's cricket team2023-09-20T09:54:34Z<p>Brahmashri Pradeep Bhanot: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian domestic cricket team}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}<br />
The '''Madhya Pradesh women's cricket team''' is an Indian domestic cricket team representing the [[India|Indian]] state of [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/4/4748/4748.html|title=Madhya Pradesh Women at Cricketarchive}}</ref> The team has represented the state in [[Women's Senior One Day Trophy]] ([[List A cricket|List A]]) and [[Senior women's T20 league]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bcci.tv/senior-womens-one-day-league-2016-17/results|title=senior-womens-one-day-league|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170117083321/http://www.bcci.tv/senior-womens-one-day-league-2016-17/results|archive-date=17 January 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bcci.tv/senior-womens-t20-league-2016-17/results|title=senior-womens-t20-league|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116153953/http://www.bcci.tv/senior-womens-t20-league-2016-17/results|archive-date=16 January 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Honours==<br />
* '''[[Inter State Women's Competition]]:'''<br />
** Runners-up (1): [[2008–09 Inter State Women's Competition|2008–09]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Cricket in India}}<br />
{{Women's Inter State Cricket in India}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Cricket in Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Women's cricket teams in India]]<br />
{{Cricket-org-stub}}</div>Brahmashri Pradeep Bhanothttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allunkal_Dam&diff=394699Allunkal Dam2023-07-07T13:08:58Z<p>Brahmashri Pradeep Bhanot: Shared a valuable resource.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Diversion dam in Kerala, India}}<br />
{{Infobox dam<br />
| location_map = India Kerala#India<br />
| name = Allunkal Dam<br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| location = [[Pathanamthitta district|Pathanamthitta]], [[Kerala]]<br />
| purpose = P<br />
| status = O<br />
| owner = Energy Development Company Limited<br />
| dam_type = B<br />
| dam_crosses = [[Kakkattar|Kakkad River]]<br />
| dam_length = {{cvt|121|m}}<br />
| dam_height_foundation = {{cvt|12|m}}<br />
| spillway_capacity = {{cvt|1120|m3/s}}<br />
| plant_turbines = 2 × 3.5 [[Watt|MW]]<br />
| plant_capacity = 7<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|9|20|15|N|76|56|50|E|region:IN|display=inline}}<br />
| plant_coordinates = {{coord|9|20|15|N|76|56|49|E|region:IN|display=inline}}<br />
| plant_operator = EDCL Power Projects Limited<br />
| plant_name = Allunkal Power House<br />
| plant_type = R<br />
| plant_commission = {{start date and age|2009|p=y}}<br />
| plant_annual_gen = 32 MU<br />
| website = [https://www.edclgroup.com/business-areas/power-generation/ullunkal-hep Ullunkal Hydroelectric Project]<br />
| operator = EDCL Power Projects Limited<br />
| name_official = Ullunkal Dam<br />
}}The '''Allunkal Dam''' ({{Lang-ml|അള്ളുങ്കൽ അണക്കെട്ട്}}) is a concrete [[Weir|diversion weir]] built across the [[Kakkattar|Kakkad River]] in [[Chittar, Kerala|Chittar]] [[Panchayati raj|panchayat]] of [[Ranni, Kerala|Ranni taluk]] in [[Pathanamthitta district]] of the Indian state of [[Kerala]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=2 X 3.5 MW Ullunkal Hydro Power Project in Kerala, India |url=https://cdm.unfccc.int/Projects/DB/SGS-UKL1251372072.5/view |access-date={{date|06-07-2023}} |website=cdm.unfccc.int |language=en |format=PDF}}</ref> The dam is {{Convert|121|m}} long and {{Convert|12|m}} tall above the bed.<ref name=":1" /> It is part of the Ullunkal Hydroelectric Project, a small-scale private [[Hydroelectric power in India|hydroelectric]] project operated by EDCL Power Projects Limited, a subsidiary of Energy Development Company Limited (EDCL).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ullunkal HEP « EDCL Group |url=https://www.edclgroup.com/business-areas/power-generation/ullunkal-hep/ |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=www.edclgroup.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=7 MW Ullunkal Hydro Electric Project |url=https://projectreporter.co.in/prcontentdetail.aspx?id=6054 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=projectreporter.co.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Access ==<br />
The dam is located about {{Cvt|3.2|km}} from the nearest town of Chittar, {{Cvt|4.7|km}} from [[Seethathodu]] and {{Cvt|33|km}} from the district headquarters in [[Pathanamthitta]]. [[Chengannur railway station|Chengannur]] is the nearest railway station, about {{Cvt|52|km}} away.<br />
<br />
== Project history ==<br />
In 1994, the project was allotted to Travancore Electro Chemical Industries Limited (TECIL), and later, it was taken over by Energy Development Company Limited (EDCL).<ref name=":0" /> The project was commissioned in {{Date|Nov 2008}} by then-Electricity Minister [[A. K. Balan|A.K. Balan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=വെളിച്ചം പകരുമീ കക്കാട്ടാർ |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/news/kerala/news-pathanamthittakerala-02-07-2021/953898 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=Deshabhimani |language=ml}}</ref> The contract with the government is for 30 years. The electricity generated is paid by the company to [[Kerala State Electricity Board]] (KSEB). In addition to the Ullunkal project, EDCL has the Karikkayam Hydroelectric Project in the Kakkad River downstream of the Allunkal dam, with an [[Nameplate capacity|installed capacity]] of 15 MW (3 × 5 MW). It is operated by Ayyappa Hydro Power Limited, which is a subsidiary of EDCL.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ayyappa Hydro Power commissions Karikkayam HEP |url=https://www.projectstoday.com/News/Ayyappa-Hydro-Power-commissions-Karikkayam-HEP |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=www.projectstoday.com}}</ref> The Ullunkal project site was heavily damaged during the [[2018 Kerala floods]], resulting in a loss of around ₹ 25 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=അള്ളുങ്കൽ ജലവൈദ്യുതി പദ്ധതി തകർന്നു; 25 കോടി നഷ്ടം |url=https://www.madhyamam.com/kerala/allungal-hydro-electric-project-kerala-news/552691 |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=www.madhyamam.com |language=ml}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Power generation ==<br />
The power station is located near the dam on the bank of the Kakkad River. It has a total installed capacity of 7 MW with two 3.5 MW S-type [[Kaplan turbine|Kaplan turbines]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala State Electricity Board Limited - Generation |url=https://www.kseb.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=45&Itemid=553&la&lang=en |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=www.kseb.in}}</ref> The annual production of electricity at the plant is about 32 million units (MU).<ref name=":0" /> The electricity generated at the Allunkal power house is distributed to KSEB's [[Kakkad Hydro Electric Project|Kakkad power station]] switch yard at Seethathodu through a dedicated {{Cvt|4|km}} long double-circuit transmission line.<ref name=":1" /> After the generation of electricity in the power house, water is released directly into the Kakkad River through a tailrace channel, and the [[tailwater]] is collected at the power house in Karikkayam for further power generation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ഒരു എഞ്ചിനീയറുടെ സർവീസുൽസവം 118. പാർട്ട് 3. {{!}} Malayali Manasu |url=https://malayalimanasu.com/special/service-story-of-an-engineer-by-johny-thekkethala-6/ |access-date=2023-07-07 |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[List of dams and reservoirs in Kerala]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Dams in Pathanamthitta district]]</div>Brahmashri Pradeep Bhanothttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maharashtra_women%27s_cricket_team&diff=434839Maharashtra women's cricket team2023-06-20T13:29:55Z<p>Brahmashri Pradeep Bhanot: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox cricket team<br />
|name = Maharashtra Women<br />
|image = <br />
|captain = Priyanka Garkhede<br />
|coach = <br />
|founded =<br />
|ground = [[Maharashtra Cricket Association Cricket Stadium]], [[Pune]] <br />
|capacity = 34,000<br />
|owner = [[Maharashtra Cricket Association]]<br />
| title1 = [[Women's Senior One Day Trophy|WSODT]]<br />
| title1wins = 0<br />
| title2 = [[Senior Women's T20 League|SWTL]]<br />
| title2wins = 0 <br />
|website = [http://cricketmaharashtra.com/ MCA]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Maharashtra women's cricket team''' is an Indian domestic cricket team representing the [[India|Indian]] state of [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/4/4750/4750.html|title=Maharashtra Women at Cricketarchive}}</ref> The team has represented the state in [[Women's Senior One Day Trophy]] ([[List A cricket|List A]]) and [[Senior women's T20 league]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bcci.tv/senior-womens-one-day-league-2016-17/results|title=senior-womens-one-day-league|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170117083321/http://www.bcci.tv/senior-womens-one-day-league-2016-17/results|archive-date=17 January 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bcci.tv/senior-womens-t20-league-2016-17/results|title=senior-womens-t20-league|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116153953/http://www.bcci.tv/senior-womens-t20-league-2016-17/results|archive-date=16 January 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> The team is owned and govern by [[Maharashtra Cricket Association]]. It plays its home games at [[Gahunje]] based [[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium|stadium]].<br />
<br />
==Current squad==<br />
*[[Smriti Mandhana]]<br />
*Mukta Magre<br />
*Hrutuja Deshmukh<br />
*Shivali Shinde (wk)<br />
*Aditi Gaekwad<br />
*[[Anuja Patil]]<br />
*Sayali Lonkar<br />
*Rutuja Gilbile<br />
*Priyanka Ghodke<br />
*Priyanka Garkhede (c)<br />
*Shardda Pokharkar<br />
*Maya Sonawane<br />
*Utkarsha Pawar<br />
<br />
==Honours==<br />
* '''[[Inter State Women's Competition]]:'''<br />
** Runners-up (1): [[2007–08 Inter State Women's Competition|2007–08]]<br />
* '''[[Women's Senior One Day Trophy]]:'''<br />
** Runners-up (4): [[2006–07 Senior Women's One Day League|2006–07]], [[2007–08 Senior Women's One Day League|2007–08]], [[2008–09 Senior Women's One Day League|2008–09]], [[2016–17 Senior Women's One Day League|2016–17]]<br />
* '''[[Women's Senior T20 Trophy]]:'''<br />
** Runners-up (5): [[2009–10 Senior Women's T20 League|2009–10]], [[2014–15 Senior Women's T20 League|2014–15]], [[2015–16 Senior Women's T20 League|2015–16]], [[2017–18 Senior Women's T20 League|2017–18]], [[2021–22 Women's Senior T20 Trophy|2021–22]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Cricket in India}}<br />
{{Women's Inter State Cricket in India}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Women's cricket teams in India]]<br />
[[Category:Cricket in Maharashtra]]</div>Brahmashri Pradeep Bhanothttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_members_of_the_Board_of_Control_for_Cricket_in_India&diff=434825List of members of the Board of Control for Cricket in India2023-06-07T07:16:54Z<p>Brahmashri Pradeep Bhanot: Removed Overlinking per BP: Overlink</p>
<hr />
<div>{{EngvarB|date=August 2013}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2013}}<br />
{{Short description|List of members of BCCI}}<br />
'''Board of Control for Cricket in India''' ([[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]), is the governing body of cricket in India, It is a full member of the [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC), the international [[Sport governing body|governing body]] of cricket. BCCI is made up of full and associate member associations. These member associations are grouped into zones, depending on their location in India, [[North Zone cricket team|North]] zone, [[Central Zone cricket team|Central]] zone, [[East Zone cricket team|East]] zone, [[West Zone cricket team|West]] zone and [[South Zone cricket team|South]] zone.<br />
<br />
Most of the member associations govern cricket in their respective states while some govern the sport in their regions such as [[Mumbai]], historic areas of [[Princely state]] such [[Hyderabad State]], some govern it in [[Union territory|Union territories]] such as [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Puducherry (union territory)|Pondicherry]] etc., government institutions such as Army, Services and Universities.<br />
<br />
==Affiliated Members==<br />
Membership of the Board of Control for Cricket in India is made up of Full Members and Associate Members.<ref>{{Cite book |title=BCCI Constitution PDF Archived |url=http://relaunch-live.s3.amazonaws.com/cms/documents/58cd5b0aa29c3-BCCI%20Constitution%20as%20Finalized%20by%20COA.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127035803/http://relaunch-live.s3.amazonaws.com/cms/documents/58cd5b0aa29c3-BCCI%20Constitution%20as%20Finalized%20by%20COA.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2021}}</ref><ref name=constitution2022>{{cite book |title=BCCI Constitution |url=https://bcciplayerimages.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/bcci/documents/1638281851_BCCI-%20Constitution-.pdf |publisher=BCCI |access-date=20 September 2022 |date=2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Full Members ===<br />
The majority of full members are [[States and union territories of India|state]] cricket associations. Each state is permitted one representative, except for [[Gujarat]] and [[Maharashtra]], which have three. There are additional representatives from Indian [[Railways Sports Promotion Board|Railways]], [[Services Sports Control Board|Services]] and [[Association of Indian Universities|Universities]]. Changes recommended by the [[Lodha Committee]] included restricting full membership to state associations and limiting states to one full member, with the others becoming associate members,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Menon |first1=Suresh |title=Wisden India Almanack 2017 |date=23 February 2017 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=9789385936500 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AqcoDgAAQBAJ |via=Google Books}}</ref> but these have not been fully adopted by the BCCI, with existing members retaining full membership except for [[Cricket Club of India]] (Mumbai) and National Cricket Club (Kolkata).<ref name=supremecourt2018/><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+<br />
!Name<br />
!Represents<br />
!Zone<br />
|-<br />
|[[Andhra Cricket Association]]<br />
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
|[[South Zone cricket team|South]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Arunachal Cricket Association]]<br />
|[[Arunachal Pradesh]]<br />
|[[East Zone cricket team|East]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Assam Cricket Association]]<br />
|[[Assam]]<br />
|East<br />
|-<br />
|[[Association of Indian Universities]]<br />
|[[Indian Universities]]<br />
|{{center|–}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Baroda Cricket Association]]<br />
|[[Vadodara]]<br />
|[[West Zone cricket team|West]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Bihar Cricket Association]]<br />
|[[Bihar]]<br />
|East<br />
|-<br />
|[[Chhattisgarh State Cricket Sangh]]<br />
|[[Chhattisgarh]]<br />
|[[Central Zone cricket team|Central]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Cricket Association of Bengal]]<br />
|[[West Bengal]]<br />
|East<br />
|-<br />
|[[Cricket Association of Mizoram]]<br />
|[[Mizoram]]<br />
|East<br />
|-<br />
|[[Cricket Association of Uttarakhand]]<br />
|[[Uttarakhand]]<br />
|Central<br />
|-<br />
|[[Delhi & District Cricket Association]]<br />
|[[Delhi]]<br />
|[[North Zone cricket team|North]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Goa Cricket Association]]<br />
|[[Goa]]<br />
|South<br />
|-<br />
|[[Gujarat Cricket Association]]<br />
|[[Gujarat]]<br>{{small|(excluding [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] and [[Vadodara]])}}<br />
|West<br />
|-<br />
|[[Haryana Cricket Association]]<br />
|[[Haryana]]<br />
|North<br />
|-<br />
|[[Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association]]<br />
|[[Himachal Pradesh]]<br />
|North<br />
|-<br />
|[[Hyderabad Cricket Association]]<br />
|[[Telangana]]<br />
|South<br />
|-<br />
|[[Jammu & Kashmir Cricket Association]]<br />
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
|North<br />
|-<br />
|[[Jharkhand State Cricket Association]]<br />
|[[Jharkhand]]<br />
|East<br />
|-<br />
|[[Karnataka State Cricket Association]]<br />
|[[Karnataka]]<br />
|South<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kerala Cricket Association]]<br />
|[[Kerala]]<br />
|South<br />
|-<br />
|[[Madhya Pradesh Cricket Association]]<br />
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
|Central<br />
|-<br />
|[[Maharashtra Cricket Association]]<br />
|[[Maharashtra]]<br>{{small|(excluding [[Mumbai]] and [[Vidarbha]])}}<br />
|West<br />
|-<br />
|[[Manipur Cricket Association]]<br />
|[[Manipur]]<br />
|East<br />
|-<br />
|[[Meghalaya Cricket Association]]<br />
|[[Meghalaya]]<br />
|East<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mumbai Cricket Association]]<br />
|[[Mumbai]]<br />
|West<br />
|-<br />
|[[Nagaland Cricket Association]]<br />
|[[Nagaland]]<br />
|East<br />
|-<br />
|[[Odisha Cricket Association]]<br />
|[[Odisha]]<br />
|East<br />
|-<br />
|[[Punjab Cricket Association]]<br />
|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]<br />
|North<br />
|-<br />
|[[Railways Sports Promotion Board]]<br />
|[[Indian Railways]]<br />
|Central<br />
|-<br />
|[[Rajasthan Cricket Association]]<br />
|[[Rajasthan]]<br />
|Central<br />
|-<br />
|[[Saurashtra Cricket Association]]<br />
|[[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]]<br />
|West<br />
|-<br />
|[[Services Sports Control Board]]<br />
|[[Indian Armed Forces]]<br />
|North<br />
|-<br />
|[[Sikkim Cricket Association]]<br />
|[[Sikkim]]<br />
|East<br />
|-<br />
|[[Tamil Nadu Cricket Association]]<br />
|[[Tamil Nadu]]<br />
|South<br />
|-<br />
|[[Tripura Cricket Association]]<br />
|[[Tripura]]<br />
|East<br />
|-<br />
|[[Uttar Pradesh Cricket Association]]<br />
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
|Central<br />
|-<br />
|[[Vidarbha Cricket Association]]<br />
|[[Vidarbha]]<br />
|Central<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Associate Members ===<br />
All members not meeting the criteria for full members are classified as associate members. They include:<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Name<br />
!Represents<br />
!Zone<br />
|-<br />
|[[Cricket Association of Pondicherry]]{{efn|Puducherry became a full member of the BCCI in 2019,<ref>{{cite news |title=Cricket Association of Pondicherry is a Full Member of BCCI |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/cricket-association-of-pondicherry-is-a-full-member-of-bcci/article28563744.ece |access-date=22 September 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=18 July 2019}}</ref> but was not listed as a full member in the Memorandum of Association (constitution) as of September 2022.<ref name=constitution2022/>}}<br />
|[[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]<br />
|[[South Zone cricket team|South]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Cricket Club of India]]<ref name=supremecourt2018>{{Cite web |title=Supreme Court approves new BCCI constitution, with a couple of key tweaks |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/supreme-court-approves-new-bcci-constitution-with-a-couple-of-key-tweaks-1154796 |access-date=2022-09-20 |website=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref name=supremecourt2022>{{cite news |title=Decoded: What does SC verdict on BCCI's new constitutional amendments mean? |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/sports/explained-supreme-court-s-verdict-on-bcci-s-new-constitutional-amendments-122091500971_1.html |access-date=20 September 2022 |work=Business Standard |date=15 September 2022}}</ref><br />
|{{center|–}}<br />
|{{center|–}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[National Cricket Club]]<ref name=supremecourt2018/><ref name=supremecourt2022/><br />
|{{center|–}}<br />
|{{center|–}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Union Territory Cricket Association]]<ref name=chandigarh>{{cite web |title=Cricket Association of Uttarakhand gets BCCI membership |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/cricket-association-of-uttarakhand-gets-bcci-membership-1197461 |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=21 September 2022 |date=14 August 2019}}</ref><br />
|[[Chandigarh]]<br />
|[[North Zone cricket team|North]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[BCCI domestic teams]]<br />
* [[List of Indian state football associations]]<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.bcci.tv Official BCCI Website]<br />
<br />
{{Cricket in India}}<br />
{{BCCI Members}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Members of the Board of Control for Cricket in India}}<br />
[[Category:Indian cricket lists]]<br />
[[Category:Cricket administration in India]]</div>Brahmashri Pradeep Bhanothttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Potala_Palace&diff=388343Potala Palace2023-03-10T23:24:41Z<p>Brahmashri Pradeep Bhanot: Finished writing a new addition.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Fortress in Lhasa, Tibet}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates}}<br />
{{Infobox Tibetan Buddhist monastery<br />
|name = པོ་ཏ་ལ་ཕོ་བྲང <br /> Potala Palace<br />
|image = Palacio de Potala - 02.JPG<br />
|alt = <br />
|caption = <br />
|pushpin_map = Tibet<br />
|coordinates = {{coord|29|39|28|N|91|07|01|E|type:landmark_region:CN|display=inline,title}}<br />
|map_caption = Location within Tibet Autonomous Region<br />
|location = [[Lhasa (prefecture-level city)|Lhasa, Tibet]], China<br />
|founded_by = [[Songtsen Gampo]]<br />
|established = 1649<br />
|sect = <br />
<!-- |date_renovated = Modern palace constructed by the [[5th Dalai Lama]] in 1645 <br /> Renovated:1989 to 1994, 2002<br />
|religious_affiliation = [[Tibetan Buddhism]] parameters do nor exist--><br />
|lineage = [[Dalai Lama]]<br />
|dedicated_to = <br />
|head_lama = [[14th Dalai Lama]]<br />
|colleges = <br />
|no._of_monks = <br />
|architecture = <br />
|footnotes = {{designation list | embed=yes<br />
| designation1=WHS<br />
| designation1_offname= Historic Ensemble of the Potala Palace, Lhasa<br />
| designation1_date = 1994 (18th [[World Heritage Committee|session]])<br />
| designation1_type = Cultural<br />
| designation1_criteria = i, iv, vi<br />
| designation1_number = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/707 707]<br />
| designation1_free1name = Region<br />
| designation1_free1value = [[List of World Heritage Sites in Asia|Asia-Pacific]]<br />
| designation1_free2name = Extensions<br />
| designation1_free2value = 2000; 2001<br />
}}<!--- End {{designation list}} ---><br />
}}<!--- End {{Infobox Tibetan Buddhist monastery}} ---><br />
The '''Potala Palace''' is a [[Dzong architecture|''dzong'' fortress]] in [[Lhasa (prefecture-level city)|Lhasa, Tibet]], China. It was the winter palace of the [[Dalai Lama]]s from 1649 to 1959, has been a museum since then, and a [[World Heritage Site]] since 1994.<br />
<br />
The palace is named after [[Mount Potalaka]], the mythical abode of the [[bodhisattva]] [[Avalokiteśvara]].<ref>[[Rolf Stein|Stein, R. A]]. ''Tibetan Civilization'' (1962). Translated into English with minor revisions by the author. 1st English edition by Faber & Faber, London (1972). Reprint: Stanford University Press (1972), p. 84</ref> The [[5th Dalai Lama]] started its construction in 1645<ref name="Laird, Thomas 2006 pp. 175">Laird, Thomas. (2006). ''The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama'', pp. 175. Grove Press, New York. {{ISBN|978-0-8021-1827-1}}.</ref> after one of his spiritual advisers, Konchog Chophel (died 1646), pointed out that the site was ideal as a seat of government, situated as it is between [[Drepung Monastery|Drepung]] and [[Sera Monastery|Sera]] monasteries and the old city of [[Lhasa]].<ref name="autogenerated1">Karmay, Samten C. (2005). "The Great Fifth", p. 1. Downloaded as a pdf file on 16 December 2007 from: [http://www.iias.nl/nl/39/IIAS_NL39_1213.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130915182901/http://www.iias.nl/nl/39/IIAS_NL39_1213.pdf}}</ref> It may overlay the remains of an earlier fortress called the White or Red Palace on the site,<ref>[[Tsepon W. D. Shakabpa|W. D. Shakabpa]], ''One hundred thousand moons'', translated with an introduction by [[Derek F. Maher]], Vol.1, BRILL, 2010 p.&nbsp;48</ref> built by [[Songtsen Gampo]] in 637.<ref>Michael Dillon, ''China : a cultural and historical dictionary,'' Routledge, 1998, p.&nbsp;184.</ref><br />
<br />
The building measures {{convert|400|m}} east-west and {{convert|350|m}} north-south, with sloping stone walls averaging {{convert|3|m}} thick, and {{convert|5|m}} thick at the base, and with copper poured into the foundations to help proof it against earthquakes.<ref>Booz, Elisabeth B. (1986). ''Tibet'', pp. 62–63. Passport Books, Hong Kong.</ref> Thirteen storeys of buildings, containing over 1,000 rooms, 10,000 shrines and about 200,000 statues, soar {{convert|117|m}} on top of Marpo Ri, the "Red Hill", rising more than {{convert|300|m}} in total above the valley floor.<ref name=autogenerated2>Buckley, Michael and Strausss, Robert. ''Tibet: a travel survival kit'', p. 131. Lonely Planet. South Yarra, Vic., Australia. {{ISBN|0-908086-88-1}}.</ref><br />
<br />
Tradition has it that the three main hills of [[Lhasa]] represent the "Three Protectors of Tibet". [[Chokpori]], just to the south of the Potala, is the soul-mountain ({{bo|w=bla ri}}) of [[Vajrapani]], Pongwari that of [[Manjusri]], and Marpori, the hill on which the Potala stands, represents [[Avalokiteśvara]].<ref>Stein, R. A. (1972). ''Tibetan Civilization'', p. 228. Translated by J. E. Stapleton Driver. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California. {{ISBN|0-8047-0806-1}} (cloth); {{ISBN|0-8047-0901-7}} (paper).</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
[[File:The Zhol PIllar in 1949.jpg|thumb|left|The Sertreng ceremony photographed by [[Hugh Edward Richardson]] on 28 April 1949 with the double giant thangka banner on the white front of the palace.]]<br />
{{Infobox Chinese<br />
| pic = Potala Palace in Different Languages.png<br />
| piccap = "Potala Palace" in Tibetan Umey script (top), traditional Mongol script (left), Latinized Tibetan, Wylie Latinization of Tibetan script, Mongol Cyrillic script, the holy Lantsa script, Devanagari script, traditional Chinese (bottom left), and simplified Chinese (bottom right).<br />
| picupright = 0.725<br />
| tib = པོ་ཏ་ལ་ཕོ་བྲང<br />
| wylie = po ta la pho brang<br />
| mong = ᠪᠦᠲᠠᠯᠠ ᠥᠷᠳᠥᠨ<br />
}}The site on which the Potala Palace rises is built over a palace erected by [[Songtsen Gampo]] on the Red Hill.<ref>[[Derek F. Maher]] in [[W. D. Shakabpa]], ''One hundred thousand moons'', translated with an introduction by [[Derek F. Maher]], BRILL, 2010, Vol. 1, p.&nbsp;123.</ref> The Potala contains two chapels on its northwest corner that conserve parts of the original building. One is the Phakpa Lhakhang, the other the Chogyel Drupuk, a recessed cavern identified as Songtsen Gampo's meditation cave.<ref>Gyurme Dorje, ''Tibet Handbook: With Bhutan'', Footprint Travel Guides, 1999 pp. 101–3.</ref> [[Lozang Gyatso, 5th Dalai Lama|Lozang Gyatso]], the Great Fifth Dalai Lama, started the construction of the modern Potala Palace in 1645<ref name="Laird, Thomas 2006 pp. 175" /> after one of his spiritual advisers, Konchog Chophel (died 1646), pointed out that the site was ideal as a seat of government, situated as it is between [[Drepung]] and [[Sera Monastery|Sera]] monasteries and the old city of Lhasa.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> The external structure was built in 3 years, while the interior, together with its furnishings, took 45 years to complete.<ref>W. D. Shakabpa, ''One hundred thousand moons'', translated with an introduction by Derek F. Maher BRILL, 2010, Vol.1, pp.&nbsp;48–9.</ref> The Dalai Lama and his government moved into the Potrang Karpo ('White Palace') in 1649.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> Construction lasted until 1694,<ref name="autogenerated3">Stein, R. A. ''Tibetan Civilization'' (1962). Translated into English with minor revisions by the author. 1st English edition by Faber & Faber, London (1972). Reprint: Stanford University Press (1972), p. 84.</ref> some twelve years after his death. The Potala was used as a winter palace by the Dalai Lama from that time. The Potrang Marpo ('Red Palace') was added between 1690 and 1694.<ref name="autogenerated3" /><br />
<br />
The new palace got its name from a hill on [[Cape Comorin]] at the southern tip of India—a rocky point sacred to the bodhisattva of compassion, who is known as [[Avalokitesvara]], or Chenrezi. The Tibetans themselves rarely speak of the sacred place as the "Potala", but rather as "Peak Potala" (''Tse Potala''), or most commonly as "the Peak".<ref>Lowell Thomas, Jr. (1951). ''Out of this World: Across the Himalayas to Tibet''. Reprint: 1952, p. 181. Macdonald & Co., London</ref><br />
<br />
The palace was moderately damaged during the [[1959 Tibetan uprising|Tibetan uprising against the Chinese in 1959]], when Chinese shells were launched into the palace's windows.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Topping |first=Audrey |title=JOURNEY TO TIBET: HIDDEN SPLENDORS OF AN EXILED DEITY |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/12/09/archives/journey-to-tibet-hidden-splendors-of-an-exiled-deity.html |access-date=2023-06-15 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Before Chamdo Jampa Kalden was shot and taken prisoner by soldiers of the [[People's Liberation Army]], he witnessed "Chinese cannon shells began landing on Norbulingka past midnight on 19 March 1959... The sky lit up as the Chinese shells hit the Chakpori Medical College and the Potala."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Aukatsang|first1=Youdon|last2=Aukatsang|first2=Kaydor|author-link2=Kaydor Aukatsang|title=The Lion From Chamdo: Remembering a True Son of Tibet|publisher=Mahayana Press|location=New Delhi, India|page=8|language=en}}</ref> It also escaped damage during the [[Cultural Revolution]] in 1966 through the personal intervention of [[Zhou Enlai]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Larsen |first1=Ingrid |title=Climbing to Great Heights - The Potala Palace |url=https://www.smithsonianjourneys.org/blog/climbing-to-great-heights-the-potala-palace-180951293/ |website=smithsonianjourneys.org |access-date=8 May 2021 |quote=The Potala was spared at the insistence of Chairman Mao’s comrade, Zhou Enlai, who reportedly deployed his own troops to protect it.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=II. Cultural Relics and Ancient Books and Records Are Well Preserved and Utilized |url=http://www.china.org.cn/e-white/2/2.2.htm |website=Govt. White Papers - china.org.cn |access-date=8 May 2021}}</ref> who was then the [[Premier of the People's Republic of China]]. According to Tibetan historian Tsering Woeser, the palace, which harboured "over 100,000 volumes of scriptures and historical documents" and "many store rooms for housing precious objects, handicrafts, paintings, wall hangings, statues, and ancient armour", "was almost robbed empty".<ref>[[Oser]], [http://www.hrichina.org/sites/default/files/PDFs/CRF.4.2007/CRF-2007-4_Potala.pdf Decline of Potala], 2007</ref>[[File:IMG 1206 Lhasa Potala.jpg|thumb|The former quarters of the Dalai Lama. The figure in the throne represents [[Tenzin Gyatso]], the incumbent [[Dalai Lama]]|left]]The Potala Palace was inscribed to the [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage List]] in 1994. In 2000 and 2001, [[Jokhang Temple]] and [[Norbulingka]] were added to the list as extensions to the sites. Rapid modernisation has been a concern for UNESCO, however, which expressed concern over the building of modern structures immediately around the palace which threaten the palace's unique atmosphere.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6920782.stm | work=BBC News | title=Development 'not ruining' Potala | date=28 July 2007 | access-date=22 May 2010}}</ref> The Chinese government responded by enacting a rule barring the building of any structure taller than 21 metres in the area. UNESCO was also concerned over the materials used during the restoration of the palace, which commenced in 2002 at a cost of RMB180 million (US$22.5 million), although the palace's director, Qiangba Gesang, has clarified that only traditional materials and craftsmanship were used. The palace has also received restoration works between 1989 and 1994, costing RMB55 million (US$6.875 million).<br />
<br />
The number of visitors to the palace was restricted to 1,600 a day, with opening hours reduced to six hours daily to avoid over-crowding from 1 May 2003. The palace was receiving an average of 1,500 a day prior to the introduction of the quota, sometimes peaking to over 5,000 in one day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/en/doc/2003-08/15/content_255095.htm|title=Tourist entry restriction protects Potala Palace<!-- Bot generated title -->|work=chinadaily.com.cn}}</ref> Visits to the structure's roof were banned after restoration efforts were completed in 2006 to avoid further structural damage.<ref>[http://english.gov.cn/2005-11/04/content_91537.htm Potala Palace bans roof tour<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070526082726/http://english.gov.cn/2005-11/04/content_91537.htm }}</ref> Visitorship quotas were raised to 2,300 daily to accommodate a 30% increase in visitorship since the opening of the [[Qingzang railway]] into Lhasa on 1 July 2006, but the quota is often reached by mid-morning.<ref>[http://english.gov.cn/2006-07/28/content_348907.htm Tibet's Potala Palace to restrict visitors to 2,300 a day<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070520101551/http://english.gov.cn/2006-07/28/content_348907.htm }}</ref> Opening hours were extended during the peak period in the months of July to September, where over 6,000 visitors would descend on the site.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.china-embassy.org/eng/gyzg/t316250.htm|title=Tibet bans price rises at all tourist sites(05/04/07)|work=china-embassy.org}}</ref><br />
<br />
in February 2022 Tibetan pop star [[Tsewang Norbu]] set himself on fire in front of the Potala Palace and died. The [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China|Foreign Ministry of China]] has disputed this.<ref name="Economist">{{cite web|title=Deciphering a Tibetan Pop Star's Self-immolation |url=https://www.economist.com/china/2022/04/02/deciphering-a-tibetan-pop-stars-self-immolation |website=economist.com |access-date=6 April 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Architecture ==<br />
[[File:Lhasa Potala.jpg|thumb|Architecture of the Potala Palace]]<br />
Built at an altitude of 3,700&nbsp;m (12,100&nbsp;ft), on the side of Ri Marpo ('Red Mountain') in the centre of Lhasa Valley,<ref>Stein, R. A. ''Tibetan Civilization'' (1962). Translated into English with minor revisions by the author. 1st English edition by Faber & Faber, London (1972). Reprint: Stanford University Press (1972), p. 206</ref> the Potala Palace, with its vast inward-sloping walls broken only in the upper parts by straight rows of many windows, and its flat roofs at various levels, is not unlike a fortress in appearance. At the south base of the rock is a large space enclosed by walls and gates, with great [[portico]]s on the inner side. A series of tolerably easy staircases, broken by intervals of gentle ascent, leads to the summit of the rock. The whole width of this is occupied by the palace.<br />
<br />
The central part of this group of buildings rises in a vast quadrangular mass above its satellites to a great height, terminating in gilt canopies similar to those on the [[Jokhang]]. This central member of Potala is called the "red palace" from its crimson colour, which distinguishes it from the rest. It contains the principal halls and chapels and shrines of past Dalai Lamas. There is in these much rich decorative painting, with jewelled work, carving and other ornamentation.<br />
<br />
The lower white frontage on the south side of the palace was used to hoist two gigantic thangkas joined representing the figures of [[Tara (Buddhism)|Tara]] and [[Sakyamuni]] during the Sertreng Festival on the 30th day of the second Tibetan month.<ref>[http://web.prm.ox.ac.uk/tibet/glossary.php.html Sertreng].</ref><ref>[http://web.prm.ox.ac.uk/tibet/photo_BMR.6.8.5.html The Potala taken from the south].</ref><br />
<br />
The Chinese [[Putuo Zongcheng Temple]], also a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]], built between 1767 and 1771, was in part modelled after the Potala Palace. The palace was named by the American television show ''[[Good Morning America]]'' and newspaper ''[[USA Today]]'' as one of the "[[Seven Wonders of the World#New Seven Wonders|New Seven Wonders]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/GMA/7Wonders/|title=ABC Good Morning America "7 New Wonders" Page|work=Yahoo}}</ref><br />
<br />
The nine-storey [[Leh Palace]] in [[Leh, Ladakh]], India built by King [[Sengge Namgyal]] (c. 1570–1642), was a precursor of the Potala Palace.<br />
<br />
== The Lhasa Zhol Pillars ==<br />
[[File:Lhasa Zhol Rdo-rings 1993.JPG|thumb|[[Lhasa Zhol Pillar]] in 1993]]<br />
Lhasa Zhol Village has two stone pillars or ''rdo-rings'', an interior stone pillar or ''doring nangma'', which stands within the village fortification walls, and the exterior stone pillar or ''doring chima'',<ref>Larsen and Sinding-Larsen (2001), p. 78.</ref> which originally stood outside the South entrance to the village. Today the pillar stands neglected to the East of the Liberation Square, on the South side of Beijing Avenue.<br />
<br />
The ''doring chima'' dates as far back as circa 764, "or only a little later",<ref>Richardson (1985), p. 2.</ref> and is inscribed with what may be the oldest known example of Tibetan writing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.blackwellreference.com/public/tocnode?id=g9780631214816_chunk_g978063121481622_ss1-17|title=Tibetan writing|last=Coulmas|first=Florian|year=1999|publisher=Blackwell Reference Online|access-date=2009-10-20|archive-date=16 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716031534/http://www.blackwellreference.com/public/tocnode?id=g9780631214816_chunk_g978063121481622_ss1-17|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
The pillar contains dedications to a famous Tibetan general and gives an account of his services to the king including campaigns against China which culminated in the brief capture of the Chinese capital [[Chang'an]] (modern [[Xian]]) in 763<ref>Snellgrove and Richardson (1995), p. 91.</ref> during which the Tibetans temporarily installed as Emperor a relative of Princess Jincheng Gongzhu (Kim-sheng Kong co), the Chinese wife of [[Trisong Detsen]]'s father, [[Me Agtsom]].<ref>Richardson (1984), p. 30.</ref><ref>Beckwith (1987), p. 148.</ref><br />
<br />
==Gallery==<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Potala Palace (23651397662).jpg|View showing recent Western Gate shops, highway, 2015<br />
File:Potala-from-behind 07-2005.jpg|View of the Potala from behind, seen from Ching Drol Chi Ling<br />
File:Potala Palace HQ.jpg|alt=|Potala Palace with Lhasa in the foreground<br />
File:The quiet and peaceful park, pond, and chapel behind the Potala.jpg|The park, pond, and chapel behind the Potala<br />
File:Deatail of decoration in Potala.jpg|Detail of decoration in Potala<br />
File:Mendicant monk. Lhasa 1993.jpg|[[Mendicant]] monk at base of Potala, 1993<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
*[[Norbulingka]], the Dalai Lama's former summer palace<br />
*[[Jokhang Temple Monastery]]<br />
*[[Dhvaja]]<br />
*''[[Kundun]]'', a 1997 film about the Dalai Lama, chiefly set inside the palace<br />
*''[[Seven Years in Tibet]]''<br />
*[[Leh Palace]]<br />
*[[Mount Putuo]]<br />
*[[List of tallest structures built before the 20th century]]<br />
<br />
== Footnotes ==<br />
{{Reflist|colwidth=35em}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
*{{EB1911|wstitle=Lhasa|volume=16|pages=529–532}} (See p.&nbsp;530.)<br />
* [[Beckwith, Christopher I.]] (1987). ''The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia''. Princeton University Press. Princeton, New Jersey. {{ISBN|0-691-02469-3}}.<br />
* "Reading the Potala". Peter Bishop. In: ''Sacred Spaces and Powerful Places in Tibetan Culture: A Collection of Essays''. (1999) Edited by Toni Huber, pp.&nbsp;367–388. The Library of Tibetan Works and Archives, Dharamsala, H.P., India. {{ISBN|81-86470-22-0}}.<br />
* Das, Sarat Chandra. ''Lhasa and Central Tibet''. (1902). Edited by W. W. Rockhill. Reprint: Mehra Offset Press, Delhi (1988), pp.&nbsp;145–146; 166–169; 262-263 and illustration opposite p.&nbsp;154.<br />
* Larsen and Sinding-Larsen (2001). ''The Lhasa Atlas: Traditional Tibetan Architecture and Landscape'', Knud Larsen and Amund Sinding-Larsen. Shambhala Books, Boston. {{ISBN|1-57062-867-X}}.<br />
* [[Richardson, Hugh E.]] (1984) ''Tibet & Its History''. 1st edition 1962. Second Edition, Revised and Updated. Shambhala Publications. Boston {{ISBN|0-87773-376-7}}.<br />
* Richardson, Hugh E. (1985). ''A Corpus of Early Tibetan Inscriptions''. Royal Asiatic Society. {{ISBN|0-94759300-4}}.<br />
* Snellgrove, David & Hugh Richardson. (1995). ''A Cultural History of Tibet''. 1st edition 1968. 1995 edition with new material. Shambhala. Boston & London. {{ISBN|1-57062-102-0}}.<br />
* von Schroeder, Ulrich. (1981). ''Indo-Tibetan Bronzes''. (608 pages, 1244 illustrations). Hong Kong: Visual Dharma Publications Ltd. {{ISBN|962-7049-01-8}}<br />
* von Schroeder, Ulrich. (2001). ''Buddhist Sculptures in Tibet''. Vol. One: ''India & Nepal''; Vol. Two: ''Tibet & China''. (Volume One: 655 pages with 766 illustrations; Volume Two: 675 pages with 987 illustrations). Hong Kong: Visual Dharma Publications, Ltd. {{ISBN|962-7049-07-7}}<br />
* von Schroeder, Ulrich. 2008. ''108 Buddhist Statues in Tibet''. (212 p., 112 colour illustrations) (DVD with 527 digital photographs). Chicago: Serindia Publications. {{ISBN|962-7049-08-5}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/707 Potala Palace] at [[UNESCO|UNESCO.org]]<br />
*[https://treasuryoflives.org/institution/Potala Potala Palace] with related biographies, art, and timelines (The Treasury of Lives)<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080518185033/http://www.thdl.org/xml/show.php?xml=collections%2Fhistory%2Fhsct%2Fsites%2Fhsctregions.xml&div=hsct5702&m=hp Potala] (Tibetan and Himalayan Digital Library)<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070716074430/http://www.chibs.edu.tw/publication/chbs/10/chbs1011.htm#nf28 Research work on possible relation with Potala, Malaya Mountains and South India]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070224150028/http://www.thdl.org/texts/reprints/kailash/kailash_07_01_01.pdf Research work on Buddhism in India]<br />
* [https://maps.google.com/maps?t=k&ie=UTF8&ll=29.656806,91.117773&spn=0.004065,0.006791&z=17 Google Maps location of Potala Palace]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110816074748/http://www.sight3d.com/sights/Potala-Palace Three-dimensional rendering of Potala Palace] {{in lang|en|es|de}}<br />
* {{Osmway |176772035}}<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170721080353/http://www.ancientpotalapalace.com/ The Potala palace] (archived)<br />
* [https://www.tibettravelexpert.com/attraction/lhasa/potala-palace/ Potala Palace Tour] in Tibet is one of the most prominent attractions to be visited not only by the tourists from all around the world but even to the native Tibetans and the Potala Place had been list in UNESCO's World Heritage in 1994.<br />
<br />
{{Buddhism topics}}<br />
{{Dalai Lamas}}<br />
{{TibetanBuddhism}}<br />
{{Lhasa}}<br />
{{Dzongs of Tibet}}<br />
{{World Heritage Sites in China}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Buddhist buildings in Tibet]]<br />
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Lhasa]]<br />
[[Category:Dzongs in Tibet]]<br />
[[Category:Palaces in Tibet]]<br />
[[Category:Royal residences in Tibet]]<br />
[[Category:Buddhist pilgrimage sites in China]]<br />
[[Category:Houses completed in 1694]]<br />
[[Category:1640s establishments in Tibet]]<br />
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in Tibet]]<br />
[[Category:1694 establishments in Asia]]<br />
[[Category:Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Tibet]]<br />
[[Category:History of Lhasa]]</div>Brahmashri Pradeep Bhanothttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tetracameralism&diff=388580Tetracameralism2022-04-09T08:31:25Z<p>Brahmashri Pradeep Bhanot: Just finished drafting a fresh page.</p>
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<div>#REDIRECT [[Multicameralism]]<br />
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{{R to related topic}}<br />
}}</div>Brahmashri Pradeep Bhanothttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Identity_politics&diff=386346Identity politics2022-02-03T20:58:43Z<p>Brahmashri Pradeep Bhanot: Contributed a new addition to the platform.</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Politics based on one's identity}}<br />
{{use dmy dates}}<br />
'''Identity politics''' is politics based on a particular identity, such as [[Race (human categorization)|race]], [[nationality]], [[religion]], [[gender]], [[sexual orientation]], [[Socioeconomic status|social background]], [[social class]].<ref name="Bernstein 2005 pp. 47–74">{{cite journal | last=Bernstein | first=Mary | title=Identity Politics | journal=Annual Review of Sociology | publisher=Annual Reviews | volume=31 | year=2005 | issn=0360-0572 | eissn=1545-2115 | jstor=29737711 | pages=47–74 | doi=10.1146/annurev.soc.29.010202.100054 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/29737711 | access-date=2021-11-01}}</ref> Depending on which definition of identity politics is assumed, the term could also encompass other social phenomena which are not commonly understood as exemplifying identity politics, such as governmental migration policy that regulates mobility based on identities, or far-right nationalist agendas of exclusion of national or ethnic others. For this reason, Kurzwelly, Pérez and Spiegel,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kurzwelly |first1=Jonatan |last2=Pérez |first2=Moira |last3=Spiegel |first3=Andrew D. |title=Identity politics and social justice |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10624-023-09686-9 |journal=Dialectical Anthropology |language=en |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages= 5–18|doi=10.1007/s10624-023-09686-9 |s2cid=256894138 |issn=0304-4092}}</ref> who discuss several possible definitions of the term, argue that it is an analytically imprecise concept.<br />
<br />
The term "identity politics" dates to the late twentieth century, although it had precursors in the writings of individuals such as [[Mary Wollstonecraft]] and [[Frantz Fanon]].<ref name="SEP">{{cite web |last1=Heyes |first1=Cressida |title=Identity Politics |url=https://stanford.library.sydney.edu.au/archives/sum2019/entries/identity-politics/ |access-date=4 September 2022 |archive-date=12 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012135030/https://stanford.library.sydney.edu.au/archives/sum2019/entries/identity-politics/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Many contemporary advocates of identity politics take an [[Intersectionality theory|intersectional perspective]], which accounts for the range of interacting systems of oppression that may affect their lives and come from their various identities. According to many who describe themselves as advocates of identity politics, it centers the lived experiences of those facing systemic oppression; the purpose is to better understand the interplay of racial, economic, sex-based, and gender-based oppression (among others) and to ensure no one group is disproportionately affected by political actions, present and future.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Garza|first=Alicia|title=Identity Politics: Friend of Foe?|url=https://belonging.berkeley.edu/identity-politics-friend-or-foe|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Smith|first=Barbara|title=It's Really Up To Us: Barbara Smith on Combahee, Coalitions and Dismantling White Supremacy|url=https://millennialsarekillingcapitalism.libsyn.com/its-really-up-to-us-barbara-smith-on-combahee-coalitions-and-dismantling-white-supremacy|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://monthlyreview.org/2019/01/01/a-black-feminist-statement/|title=A Black Feminist Statement|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Such contemporary applications of identity politics describe people of specific race, ethnicity, sex, [[gender identity]], [[sexual orientation]], age, economic class, disability status, education, religion, language, profession, political party, veteran status, recovery status, and geographic location. These identity [[Label (sociology)|labels]] are not mutually exclusive but are in many cases compounded into one when describing hyper-specific groups. An example is that of [[African-American]], [[homosexual]], [[women]], who constitute a particular hyper-specific identity class.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15295030903015062|doi=10.1080/15295030903015062|title="Queer Nation is Dead/Long Live Queer Nation": The Politics and Poetics of Social Movement and Media Representation|year=2009|last1=Gray|first1=Mary L.|journal=Critical Studies in Media Communication|volume=26|issue=3|pages=212–236|s2cid=143122754}}</ref> Those who take an intersectional perspective, such as [[Kimberlé Crenshaw]], criticise narrower forms of identity politics which overemphasise inter-group differences and ignore intra-group differences and forms of oppression.<br />
<br />
Criticisms of identity politics generally come from either the [[Centre-right politics|centre-right]] or the [[Far-left politics|far-left]] on the political spectrum. Many [[Socialism|socialists]] and ideological [[Marxism|Marxists]] have deeply criticized identity politics for its divisive nature, claiming that it forms identities that can undermine [[proletariat]] unity and the [[Class conflict|class struggle]] as a whole.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="KišičekŽagar2013" /><ref name="Niezen2008" /><ref name="Parenti" /> On the other hand, many conservative [[think tank]]s and [[Fox News|media]] outlets have criticized identity politics for other reasons, claiming that it is inherently collectivist and prejudicial. Right-wing critics of identity politics have seen it as [[Political particularism|particularist]], in contrast to the [[universalism]] of [[Liberalism|liberal]] or Marxist perspectives, or argue that it detracts attention from non-identity based structures of oppression and exploitation. A leftist critique of identity politics, such as that of [[Nancy Fraser]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fraser|first=Nancy|title=From Redistribution to Recognition? Dilemmas of Justice in a 'Post-Socialist' Age|url=https://www.academia.edu/8569335|journal=}}</ref> argues that political mobilization based on identitarian affirmation leads to surface redistribution — a redistribution within the existing structure and existing relations of production that does not challenge the status quo. Instead, Fraser argued, identitarian deconstruction, rather than affirmation, is more conducive to a leftist politics of economic redistribution. Other critiques, such as that of Kurzwelly, Rapport and Spiegel,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kurzwelly|first1=Jonatan|last2=Rapport|first2=Nigel|last3=Spiegel|first3=Andrew|title=Encountering, explaining and refuting essentialism|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343029871|journal=[[Anthropology Southern Africa]]|volume=43|issue=2 |pages=65–81|doi=10.1080/23323256.2020.1780141 |hdl=10023/24669 |s2cid=221063562 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> point out that identity politics often leads to reproduction and [[Reification (fallacy)|reification]] of [[Essentialism|essentialist]] notions of identity, notions which are inherently erroneous.<br />
<br />
== Terminology ==<br />
During the late 1970s, increasing numbers of women—namely Jewish women, women of color, and lesbians—criticized the assumption of a common "woman's experience" irrespective of unique differences in race, ethnicity, class, sexuality, and culture.<ref name="Ackelsberg 1996 87–100">{{Cite journal|last=Ackelsberg|first=Martha A.|title=Identity Politics, Political Identities: Thoughts toward a Multicultural Politics|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3346926|journal=Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies|volume=16|issue=1|pages=87–100|doi=10.2307/3346926|jstor=3346926 |issn=0160-9009}}</ref> The term "identity politics" was coined by the [[Combahee River Collective]] in 1977.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Home Girls: A Black Feminist Anthology|publisher=Kitchen Table: Women of Color Press|year=1983|isbn=0-913175-02-1|editor-last=Smith|editor-first=Barbara|location=New York, NY|pages=xxxi-xxxii}}</ref> The collective group of women saw identity politics as an analysis that introduced opportunity for Black women to be actively involved in politics, while simultaneously acting as a tool to authenticate Black women's personal experiences.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/975027867|title=How we get free : Black feminism and the Combahee River Collective|others=Taylor, Keeanga-Yamahtta.|year=2017|isbn=978-1-60846-855-3|location=Chicago, Illinois|oclc=975027867}}</ref> In the ensuing decades, it has been employed in myriad cases with different connotations dependent upon the term's context.<ref name="Wiarda-2016" /><ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/identity-politics/|title=Identity Politics|first=Cressida|last=Heyes|journal=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, [[Center for the Study of Language and Information|CSLI]], [[Stanford University]]|access-date=2012-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060830015202/http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/identity-politics/|archive-date=30 August 2006|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It subsequently gained currency with the emergence of [[social activism]],{{Clarify|reason=Social activism has long preceded the 80's, what does "emergence" mean exactly?}} manifesting in various dialogues within the [[feminist movement|feminist]], American [[civil rights movement|civil rights]], and [[LGBT]] movements, as well as multiple [[nationalist]] and [[postcolonial]] organizations.<ref name=OB/><ref>{{Cite web|last=Gray|first=John|title=Divided we stand: identity politics and the threat to democracy|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/john-gray-identity-politics-contemporary-francis-fukuyama-lies-bind-kwame-anthony-appiah-review|access-date=2020-06-11|website=www.newstatesman.com|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
In academic usage, the term ''identity politics'' refers to a wide range of political activities and theoretical analyses rooted in experiences of injustice shared by different, often excluded social groups. In this context, identity politics aims to reclaim greater self-determination and political freedom for marginalized peoples through understanding particular [[paradigm]]s and lifestyle factors, and challenging externally imposed characterizations and limitations, instead of organizing solely around ''[[status quo]]'' belief systems or traditional party affiliations.<ref name="Stanford"/> ''Identity'' is used "as a tool to frame political claims, promote political ideologies, or stimulate and orient social and political action, usually in a larger context of inequality or injustice and with the aim of asserting group distinctiveness and belonging and gaining power and recognition."<ref name="OB">{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Oxford Bibliographies|author=Vasiliki Neofotistos|title=Identity Politics|url=http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199766567/obo-9780199766567-0106.xml|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2013|access-date=18 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181027214156/http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199766567/obo-9780199766567-0106.xml|archive-date=27 October 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
The term ''identity politics'' may have been used in political discourse since at least the 1970s.<ref name="Wiarda-2016">{{cite book |last=Wiarda |first=Howard J. |title=Political Culture, Political Science, and Identity Politics: An Uneasy Alliance |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1hHtCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA150 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=[[Abingdon-on-Thames|Abingdon]] |isbn=978-1-317-07885-2 |oclc=982044314 |orig-date=1st pub. [[Ashgate]]:2014 |access-date=21 February 2018 |quote=There are disputes regarding the origins of the term 'identity politics' .... Almost all authors, even while disagreeing over who was the first to use the term, agree that its original usage goes back to the 1970s and even the 1960s. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819161909/https://books.google.com/books?id=1hHtCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA150 |archive-date=19 August 2017 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The first known written appearance of the term is found in the April 1977 statement of the [[Black feminist]] [[Socialism|socialist]] group, [[Combahee River Collective]], which was originally printed in 1979's ''Capitalist Patriarchy and the Case for Socialist Feminism'',<ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=4SqXDwAAQBAJ Capitalist Patriarchy and the Case for Socialist Feminism]'', ed. Zillah R. Eisenstein (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1979)</ref> later in ''Home Girls: A Black Feminist Anthology,'' edited by [[Barbara Smith]], a founding member of the Collective,<ref>{{Cite book|title=Home Girls: A Black Feminist Anthology|publisher=Kitchen Table: Women of Color Press|year=1983|isbn=0-913175-02-1|editor-last=Smith|editor-first=Barbara|location=New York, NY|pages=275}}</ref> who have been credited with coining the term.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Collier-Thomas|first1=edited by Bettye|last2=Franklin|first2=V.P.|title=Sisters in the struggle African American women in the civil rights-black power movement|publisher=New York University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8147-1603-8|page=39|edition=[Online-Ausg.].|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iR6NVzFEntgC&pg=PA194|access-date=11 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617165603/https://books.google.com.au/books?id=iR6NVzFEntgC&pg=PA194|archive-date=17 June 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Harris |first=Duchess |chapter=From the Kennedy Commission to the Combahee Collective: Black Feminist Organizing, 1960–1980 |title=Sisters in the Struggle: African American Women in the Civil Rights-Black Power Movement |publisher=[[NYU Press]] |isbn=0-8147-1603-2 |page=300}}</ref> In their terminal statement, they said:<ref>{{Cite book|title=Home Girls: A Black Feminist Anthology|publisher=Kitchen Table: Women of Color Press|year=1983|isbn=0-913175-02-1|editor-last=Smith|editor-first=Barbara|edition=1st|location=New York, NY|pages=275}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Blockquote<br />
| quote = [A]s children we realized that we were different from boys and that we were treated different—for example, when we were told in the same breath to be quiet both for the sake of being 'ladylike' and to make us less objectionable in the eyes of white people. In the process of consciousness-raising, actually life-sharing, we began to recognize the commonality of our experiences and, from the sharing and growing consciousness, to build a politics that will change our lives and inevitably end our oppression....We realize that the only people who care enough about us to work consistently for our liberation are us. Our politics evolve from a healthy love for ourselves, our sisters and our community which allows us to continue our struggle and work. This focusing upon our own oppression is embodied in the concept of identity politics. We believe that the most profound and potentially most radical politics come directly out of our own identity, as opposed to working to end somebody else's oppression.<br />
| author = Combahee River Collective<br />
| title = "The Combahee River Collective Statement"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://circuitous.org/scraps/combahee.html|title=The Combahee River Collective Statement|access-date=4 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224021117/http://circuitous.org/scraps/combahee.html|archive-date=24 February 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />
|source=|book=<br />
}}<br />
Identity politics, as a mode of categorizing, are closely connected to the ascription that some social groups are oppressed (such as women, [[ethnic minorities]], and [[sexual minorities]]); that is, the idea that individuals belonging to those groups are, by virtue of their identity, more vulnerable to forms of oppression such as [[cultural imperialism]], [[violence]], [[exploitation of labour]], [[marginalization]], or subjugation.<ref name=Stanford>{{cite web|last1=Heyes|first1=Cressida|title=Identity Politics|url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/identity-politics/|website=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University|access-date=3 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327180804/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/identity-politics/|archive-date=27 March 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Therefore, these lines of social difference can be seen as ways to gain empowerment or avenues through which to work towards a more equal society.<ref name=":0"/> In the United States, identity politics is usually ascribed to these oppressed minority groups who are fighting discrimination. In Canada and Spain, identity politics has been used to describe [[Separatism|separatist]] movements; in Africa, Asia, and eastern Europe, it has described violent nationalist and ethnic conflicts. Overall, in Europe, identity politics are exclusionary and based on the idea that the [[silent majority]] needs to be protected from [[globalization]] and [[immigration]].<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-050718-033542|doi-access=free|title=Identity Politics and Populism in Europe|year=2020|last1=Noury|first1=Abdul|last2=Roland|first2=Gerard|journal=Annual Review of Political Science|volume=23|pages=421–439}}</ref><br />
<br />
During the 1980s, the politics of identity became very prominent and it was also linked to a new wave of social movement activism.<ref name="Calhoun">{{cite book |last1=Calhoun |first1=Craig |author-link1=Craig Calhoun |title=Social Theory and the Politics of Identity|editor=Craig Calhoun|publisher=Blackwell |year=1994 |isbn=978-1-55786-473-4}}{{page needed}}</ref>{{Additional citation needed}}<br />
<br />
==Debates and criticism==<br />
===Nature of the movement===<br />
The term ''identity politics'' has been applied retroactively to varying movements that long predate its coinage. Historian [[Arthur Schlesinger Jr.]] discussed identity politics extensively in his 1991 book ''[[The Disuniting of America]]''. Schlesinger, a strong supporter of liberal conceptions of [[civil rights]], argues that a [[liberal democracy]] requires a common basis for culture and society to function. Rather than seeing civil society as already fractured along lines of power and powerlessness (according to race, ethnicity, sexuality, etc.), Schlesinger suggests that basing politics on group marginalization is itself what fractures the civil polity, and that identity politics therefore works against creating real opportunities for ending marginalization. Schlesinger believes that "movements for civil rights should aim toward full acceptance and integration of marginalized groups into the mainstream culture, rather than … perpetuating that marginalization through affirmations of difference."<ref>M.A. Chaudhary & Gautam Chaudhary, Global Encyclopaedia of Political Geography, New Delhi, 2009, {{ISBN|978-81-8220-233-7}}, p. 112</ref><br />
<br />
[[Brendan O'Neill (journalist)|Brendan O'Neill]] has suggested that identity politics causes (rather than simply recognizing and acting on) political schisms along lines of [[social identity]]. Thus, he contrasts the politics of [[gay liberation]] and identity politics by saying: "[[Peter Tatchell|[Peter] Tatchell]] also had, back in the day, … a commitment to the politics of liberation, which encouraged gays to come out and live and engage. Now, we have the politics of identity, which invites people to stay in, to look inward, to obsess over the body and the self, to surround themselves with a moral forcefield to protect their worldview—which has nothing to do with the world—from any questioning."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Brendan|first1=O'Neill|title=Identity politics has created an army of vicious, narcissistic cowards|url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/identity-politics-has-created-an-army-of-vicious-narcissistic-cowards|work=The Spectator|access-date=28 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630173221/http://blogs.spectator.co.uk/coffeehouse/2015/02/identity-politics-has-created-an-army-of-vicious-narcissists/|archive-date=30 June 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>{{undue weight inline|Why is O'Neill noteworthy?}}<br />
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Similarly in the United Kingdom, author [[Owen Jones (writer)|Owen Jones]] argues that identity politics often marginalize the [[working class]], saying:<br />
{{blockquote|In the 1950s and 1960s, left-wing intellectuals who were both inspired and informed by a powerful labour movement wrote hundreds of books and articles on working-class issues. Such work would help shape the views of politicians at the very top of the Labour Party. Today, progressive intellectuals are far more interested in issues of identity. ... Of course, the struggles for the emancipation of women, gays, and ethnic minorities are exceptionally important causes. New Labour has co-opted them, passing genuinely progressive legislation on gay equality and women's rights, for example. But it is an agenda that has happily co-existed with the sidelining of the working class in politics, allowing New Labour to protect its radical flank while pressing ahead with Thatcherite policies.|Owen Jones|''[[Chavs: The Demonization of the Working Class]]''<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Owen|title=Chavs: The Demonization of the Working Class|url=https://archive.org/details/chavsdemonizatio00jone_371|url-access=limited|date=2012|publisher=Verso|location=London|isbn=978-1-84467-864-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/chavsdemonizatio00jone_371/page/n142 255]|edition=updated}}</ref>{{undue weight inline|Why is Jones noteworthy?}}}}<br />
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===LGBT issues===<br />
{{See also|LGBT social movements|Queer nationalism|Political lesbianism|Bisexual politics}}<br />
The [[gay liberation]] movement of the late 1960s through the mid-1980s urged [[lesbian]]s and [[gay men]] to engage in radical [[direct action]], and to counter societal shame with [[gay pride]].<ref name=HoffmanIntro>{{cite book|last=Hoffman|first= Amy |title=An Army of Ex-Lovers: My life at the Gay Community News |year=2007 |publisher=University of Massachusetts Press |isbn=978-1558496217 |pages=xi–xiii}}</ref> In the [[feminism|feminist]] spirit of the personal being political, the most basic form of activism was an emphasis on [[coming out]] to family, friends and colleagues, and living life as an openly lesbian or [[gay]] person.<ref name=HoffmanIntro/> While the 1970s were the peak of "gay liberation" in New York City and other urban areas in the United States, "gay liberation" was the term still used instead of "gay pride" in more oppressive areas into the mid-1980s, with some organizations opting for the more inclusive, "lesbian and gay liberation".<ref name=HoffmanIntro/><ref name=Hoffman2007>{{cite book|last=Hoffman|first= Amy |title=An Army of Ex-Lovers: My life at the Gay Community News |year=2007 |publisher=University of Massachusetts Press |isbn=978-1558496217 }}</ref> While women and [[transgender]] activists had lobbied for more inclusive names from the beginning of the movement, the [[initialism]] [[LGBT]], or "[[Queer]]" as a counterculture shorthand for [[LGBT]], did not gain much acceptance as an umbrella term until much later in the 1980s, and in some areas not until the '90s or even '00s.<ref name=HoffmanIntro/><ref name=Hoffman2007/><ref name=Hollibaugh>{{cite web|author1=phoenix|title=Gay Rights Are Not Queer Liberation|url=http://www.autostraddle.com/gay-rights-are-not-queer-liberation-the-nation-interviews-amber-hollibaugh-140431/|website=autostraddle.com|access-date=1 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402122449/http://www.autostraddle.com/gay-rights-are-not-queer-liberation-the-nation-interviews-amber-hollibaugh-140431/|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> During this period in the United States, identity politics were largely seen in these communities in the definitions espoused by writers such as self-identified, "black, dyke, feminist, poet, mother" [[Audre Lorde]]'s [[Audre Lorde#Personal identity|view]], that [[lived experience]] matters, defines us, and is the only thing that grants authority to speak on these topics; that, "If I didn't define myself for myself, I would be crunched into other people's fantasies for me and eaten alive."<ref name=Zami>{{Cite book|title=Zami: A New Spelling of My Name|last=Lorde|first=Audre|publisher=Crossing Press|year=1982|isbn=978-0-89594-123-7|location=New York|title-link=Zami: A New Spelling of My Name}}</ref><ref name=Kemp>Kemp, Yakini B. (2004). "Writing Power: Identity Complexities and the Exotic Erotic in Audre Lorde's writing". ''Studies in the Literary Imagination''. '''37''': 22–36.</ref><ref name=Leonard>Leonard, Keith D. (28 September 2012). [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/486572 ""Which Me Will Survive": Rethinking Identity, Reclaiming Audre Lorde"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220052903/https://muse.jhu.edu/article/486572 }}. ''Callaloo''. '''35''' (3): 758–77. {{doi|10.1353/cal.2012.0100}}. {{ISSN|1080-6512}}.</ref><br />
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By the 2000s, in some areas of [[queer studies]] (notably those around [[gender]]) the idea of "identity politics" began to shift away from that of naming and claiming lived experience, and authority arising from lived experience, to one emphasizing choice and performance.<ref name=4-encylopedia>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Queer Theory and the Social Construction of Sexuality|encyclopedia=Homosexuality|publisher=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|access-date=15 November 2011|url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/homosexuality/#QueTheSocConSex|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111209062102/http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/homosexuality/#QueTheSocConSex|archive-date=9 December 2011|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Some who draw on the work of authors like [[Judith Butler]] particularly stress this concept of remaking and unmaking performative identities.<ref name=ButlerPerformative>{{Cite journal|title = Performative Acts and Gender Constitution: An Essay in Phenomenology and Feminist Theory|last = Butler|first = Judith|date = 1988 |journal = Theatre Journal |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=519–531|doi = 10.2307/3207893|jstor = 3207893}}</ref> Writers in the field of [[Queer theory]] have at times taken this to the extent as to now argue that "queer", despite generations of specific use to describe a "non-heterosexual" sexual orientation,<ref name="oed">{{cite encyclopedia | year =2014 | title = queer | encyclopedia = Oxford English Dictionary | publisher = Oxford University Press}}</ref> no longer needs to refer to any specific sexual orientation at all; that it is now only about "disrupting the mainstream", with author [[David M. Halperin]] arguing that straight people may now also self-identify as "queer".<ref name=Halperin>{{cite book |author=Halperin, David M. |title=One Hundred Years of Homosexuality: And Other Essays on Greek Love |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-415-90097-3 |title-link=One Hundred Years of Homosexuality }}</ref> However, many LGBT people believe this concept of "[[queer heterosexuality]]" is an oxymoron and offensive form of [[cultural appropriation]] which not only robs gays and lesbians of their identities, but makes invisible and irrelevant the actual, lived experience of oppression that causes them to be marginalized in the first place.<ref name="appropriation">{{cite news |last=Mortimer |first=Dora |title= Can Straight People Be Queer? - An increasing number of young celebrities are labeling themselves 'queer.' But what does this mean for the queer community? |url= https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/avy9vz/can-straight-people-be-queer-435 |website=[[Vice Media]]}}</ref><ref name=4-encylopedia/> "It desexualizes identity, when the issue is precisely about a sexual identity."<ref name=Jagose>[[Annamarie Jagose|Jagose, Annamarie]], 1996. ''Queer Theory: An Introduction''. New York: New York University Press.</ref><br />
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Some supporters of identity politics take stances based on [[Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak]]'s work (namely, "Can the Subaltern Speak?") and have described some forms of identity politics as [[strategic essentialism]], a form which has sought to work with [[Hegemony|hegemonic]] discourses to reform the understanding of "universal" goals.<ref name=Spivak>{{Cite book|title=Other Asias|last=Spivak|first=Gayatri Chakrovotry|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|year=2008|isbn=978-1405102070|location=Malden, M.A.|pages=260}}</ref><ref name=Abraham>{{Cite journal|last=Abraham|first=Susan|year=2009|title=Strategic Essentialism in Nationalist Discourses: Sketching a Feminist Agenda in the Study of Religion|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/266799|journal=Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion|volume=25|issue=1|pages=156–161|via=Project Muse|doi=10.2979/fsr.2009.25.1.156|s2cid=143105193|access-date=17 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018190808/https://muse.jhu.edu/article/266799|archive-date=18 October 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=Ritze>G. Ritze/J. M. Ryan eds., ''The Concise Encyclopedia of Sociology'' (2010) p. 193</ref> Others point out the erroneous logic and the ultimate dangers of reproducing strong identitarian divisions inherent in essentialism.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kurzwelly|first=J.|author2=Rapport, N.|author3=Spiegel, A. D.|title=Encountering, explaining and refuting essentialism|journal=Anthropology Southern Africa|year=2020|volume=43|issue=2|pages=65–81|doi=10.1080/23323256.2020.1780141|hdl=10023/24669 |s2cid=221063562|hdl-access=free}}</ref><br />
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===Critique of identity politics===<br />
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==== "Divide and rule" ====<br />
Critics argue that groups based on a particular shared identity (e.g. race, or gender identity) can divert energy and attention from more fundamental issues, similar to the history of [[divide and rule]] strategies.<br />
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In response to the formulations of the [[Combahee River Collective]] that necessitated the organization of women around intersectional identities to bring about broader social change, socialist and radical feminists insisted that, instead, activism would require support for more "basic" forms of oppression.<ref name="Ackelsberg 1996 87–100" /> Other feminists also mirrored this sentiment, implying that a politics of issues should supersede a politics of identity. Tarrow also asserts that identity politics can produce insular, sectarian, and divisive movements incapable of expanding membership, broadening appeals, and negotiating with prospective allies.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tarrow|first=Sidney|title=Power in Movement|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1998|location=Cambridge, MA|pages=119|language=English}}</ref> In other words, separate organization undermines movement identity, distracts activists from important issues, and prevents the creation of a common agenda.<br />
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==== Socialist critique ====<br />
Those who criticize identity politics from the right see it as inherently [[Collectivism and individualism|collectivist]] and [[Prejudice|prejudicial]], in contradiction to the ideals of [[classical liberalism]].<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Leadership|first1=Jonathan Haidt is the Thomas Cooley Professor of Ethical|last2=Institute|first2=NYU Stern School of Business This essay is an edited version of his Wriston Lecture for the Manhattan|last3=November 15|first3=delivered on|title=The Age of Outrage|url=https://www.city-journal.org/html/age-outrage-15608.html|access-date=2021-03-08|website=City Journal|language=en}}</ref> Those who criticize identity politics from the left, such as [[Marxism|Marxists]] and [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninists]], see identity politics as a version of [[bourgeois nationalism]], i.e. as a [[Divide and rule|divide and conquer]] [[strategy]] by the [[ruling class]]es to divide people by [[nationality]], [[Race (classification of human beings)|race]], [[ethnicity]], [[religion]], etc. so as to [[Distraction|distract]] the [[working class]] from uniting for the purpose of [[Class conflict|class struggle]] and [[proletarian revolution]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name="KišičekŽagar2013">{{cite book|author1=Gabrijela Kišiček|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RlKaBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA471|title=What Do We Know About the World?: Rhetorical and Argumentative Perspectives|author2=Igor Ž. Žagar|publisher=University of Windsor|isbn=978-0-920233-70-2|page=471|quote=One of the most famous rallying cries of communism Workers of the world, unite!}}</ref><ref name="Niezen2008">{{cite book|author=Ronald Niezen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m8W6xPPdYLcC&pg=PA129|title=A World Beyond Difference: Cultural Identity in the Age of Globalization|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4051-3710-2|page=129|quote=The famous rallying cry from The Communist Manifesto, “workers of the world unite!” was meant only to hasten the [...]}}</ref><ref name="Parenti" /><br />
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Sociologist [[Charles Derber]] asserts that the American left is "largely an identity-politics party" and that it "offers no broad critique of the political economy of capitalism. It focuses on reforms for Blacks and women and so forth. But it doesn't offer a contextual analysis within capitalism." Both he and [[David North (socialist)|David North]] of the [[Socialist Equality Party (United States)|Socialist Equality Party]] posit that these fragmented and isolated identity movements which permeate the left have allowed for a far-right resurgence.<ref name="HedgesTD2">{{cite news |last=Hedges |first=Chris |author-link=Chris Hedges |title=The Bankruptcy of the American Left |work=Truthdig |url=https://www.truthdig.com/articles/bankruptcy-american-left/ |url-status=dead |access-date=9 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209135923/https://www.truthdig.com/articles/bankruptcy-american-left/ |archive-date=9 February 2018 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Cornel West]] asserted that discourse on racial, gender and sexual orientation identity was "crucial" and "indispensable", but emphasized that it "must be connected to a moral integrity and deep political solidarity that hones in on a financialized form of predatory capitalism. A capitalism that is killing the planet, poor people, working people here and abroad."<ref>{{cite news |title=Cornel West: "Bernie Was Crushed by Neoliberalism" |url=https://jacobinmag.com/2020/12/cornel-west-interview-bernie-black-lives-matter |work=[[Jacobin (magazine)|Jacobin]] |access-date=December 7, 2020}}</ref> Historian [[Gary Gerstle]] writes that identity politics and multiculturalism thrived in the [[neoliberal]] era precisely because these movements did not threaten [[capital accumulation]], and over the same period "pressure on capitalist elites and their supporters to compromise with the working class was vanishing." The ideological space to oppose capitalism shrank with the end of [[communism]], forcing the left to "redefine their radicalism in alternative terms".<ref>{{cite book |last=Gerstle|first=Gary|author-link=Gary Gerstle|title=The Rise and Fall of the Neoliberal Order: America and the World in the Free Market Era|url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-neoliberal-order-9780197519646?cc=us&lang=en&|location= |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|page=149|isbn=978-0197519646}}</ref><br />
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Critiques of identity politics have also been expressed by writers such as [[Eric Hobsbawm]],<ref name=":2">{{cite web |last=Hobsbawm |first=Eric |url=http://banmarchive.org.uk/articles/1996%20annual%20lecture.htm |title=Identity Politics and the Left |website=Institute of Education |access-date=April 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918013136/http://banmarchive.org.uk/articles/1996%20annual%20lecture.htm |archive-date=18 September 2017}}</ref> [[Todd Gitlin]],<ref>[https://www.pbs.org/thinktank/transcript235.html PBS.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804215455/http://www.pbs.org/thinktank/transcript235.html }}, Thinktank transcript 235</ref> [[Adolph Reed]],<ref>Ben Norton, June 29, 2015 "Adolph Reed: Identity Politics Is Neoliberalism" https://bennorton.com/adolph-reed-identity-politics-is-neoliberalism/</ref><ref>Hope Reese, JStor Daily, "Adolph Reed Jr.: The Perils of Race Reductionism" https://daily.jstor.org/adolph-reed-jr-the-perils-of-race-reductionism/</ref> [[Michael Tomasky]], [[Richard Rorty]], [[Michael Parenti]],<ref name="Parenti">{{citation|last=Parenti|first=Michael|title=Blackshirts and Reds: Rational Fascism and the Overthrow of Communism|year=1997|publisher=[[City Lights Bookstore|City Lights Books]]|location=San Francisco|isbn=978-0872863293|page=151|author-link=Michael Parenti|quote="Seizing upon anything but class, U.S. leftists today have developed an array of identity groups centering around ethnic, gender, cultural, and life-style issues. These groups treat their respective grievances as something apart from class struggle, and have almost nothing to say about the increasingly harsh politico-economic ''class'' injustices perpetrated against us all."}}</ref> [[Jodi Dean]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Dean|first=Jodi|author-link=Jodi Dean|title=The Communist Horizon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kBghOq42S3YC&pg=PA53|publisher=Verso|page=53|isbn=978-1844679546}}</ref> [[Sean Wilentz]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ppionline.org/ppi_ci.cfm?knlgAreaID=115&subsecID=172&contentID=2049|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100116130524/http://www.ppionline.org/ppi_ci.cfm?knlgAreaID=115&subsecID=172&contentID=2049 |archive-date=16 January 2010 |last=Sleeper |first=Jim |title=In Defense of Civic Culture |publisher=[[Progressive Policy Institute]]. ppionline.org |access-date=4 September 2017}}</ref> and philosopher [[Slavoj Žižek]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Slavoj|last=Žižek|author-link=Slavoj Žižek|title=Ein Plädoyer für die Intoleranz|year=2015|isbn=9783709201886|publisher= Passagen Verlag Ges.M.B.H |language=German}}</ref> Hobsbawm, as a Marxist, criticized nationalisms and the principle of national self-determination adopted in many countries after 1919, since in his view national governments are often merely an expression of a ruling class or power, and their proliferation was a source of the wars of the 20th century. Hence, Hobsbawm argues that identity politics, such as [[queer nationalism]], [[Islamism]], [[Cornish nationalism]] or [[Ulster loyalism]] are just other versions of [[bourgeois nationalism]]. The view that identity politics (rooted in challenging racism, sexism, and the like) obscures class inequality is widespread in the United States and other Western nations. This framing ignores how class-based politics are identity politics themselves, according to [[Jeff Sparrow]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/nov/18/class-and-identity-politics-are-not-mutually-exclusive-the-left-should-use-this-to-its-benefit|title=Class and identity politics are not mutually exclusive. The left should use this to its benefit {{!}} Jeff Sparrow|last=Sparrow|first=Jeff|date=17 November 2016|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-07-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718030629/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/nov/18/class-and-identity-politics-are-not-mutually-exclusive-the-left-should-use-this-to-its-benefit|archive-date=18 July 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />
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Considering the effectiveness of identity politics for achieving social justice, Kurzwelly raised four main points of critique:<blockquote>[..] an argument for identity politics and strategic essentialism [could be], [f]or example, claims that because racism is real, and that people keep perceiving social race as real (despite scientific rejection of biological races), may justify using racial and other racialising categories to correct social injustices based upon them. Yet, there are several arguments against such a stance: (1) Social essentialism is inherently erroneous so seeking to address social injustices using essentialist thinking perpetuates that error and risks unforeseen consequences (even if motivated by good intentions [...]). (2) Addressing injustices through using essentialist identity categories assumes that people are necessarily underprivileged primarily because of their identity. Even if, in specific contexts, experiences of oppression and exploitation statistically correlate with identity, using identity categories is an imprecise and indirect strategy for addressing their exploitation and oppression. Rather than using fixed identity categories as variables for social justice, one could take account of contextual relative positionality, or use processual variables, both of which would be more precise in assessing relative privilege and capability to seek justice and access rights. (3) Seeking to address injustices on the basis of identities sometimes forces people to adopt and perform an unwanted identity, and to comply with normative expectations about its contents. For example, [...] gender-specific legislation in Argentina forced gender-non-conforming persons to choose between seeking justice and expressing their identity. Similarly, a shift from justice based on fixed categories to justice based on processes might offer a solution. (4) Overall, using essentialist identities in struggles for justice and political change—the strategy of identity politics—stands in an uneasy tension with a politics that prioritises redistribution of means of production and seeks sustained change in economic relations [...].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kurzwelly |first=Jonatan |title=Bones and injustices: provenance research, restitutions and identity politics |journal=Dialectical Anthropology |volume=47 |pages=45–56 |language=en |doi=10.1007/s10624-022-09670-9 |s2cid=253144587 |issn=0304-4092|doi-access=free }}</ref></blockquote><br />
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==== Intersectional critique ====<br />
In her journal article ''Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics and Violence against Women of Color,'' [[Kimberlé Crenshaw]] treats identity politics as a process that brings people together based on a shared aspect of their identity. Crenshaw applauds identity politics for bringing African Americans (and other non-white people), gays and lesbians, and other oppressed groups together in community and progress.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Crenshaw|first=Kimberlé|author-link=Kimberlé Crenshaw|title=Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against Women of Color|jstor=1229039|journal=Stanford Law Review|volume=43|issue=6|pages=1241–99|doi=10.2307/1229039|citeseerx=10.1.1.695.5934}}</ref> But she critiques it because "it frequently conflates or ignores intragroup differences."<ref name=":0" />&nbsp;Crenshaw argues that for Black women, at least two aspects of their identity are the subject of oppression: their race and their sex.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics|last=Crenshaw|first=Kimberlé|publisher=University of Chicago Legal Forum|year=1989|pages=139–68|url=https://philpapers.org/archive/CREDTI.pdf?source=post_page---------------------------}}</ref> Thus, although identity politics are useful, we must be aware of the role of&nbsp;[[intersectionality]]. Nira Yuval-Davis supports Crenshaw's critiques&nbsp;in ''Intersectionality and Feminist Politics''&nbsp;and explains that "Identities are individual and collective narratives that answer the question 'who am/are I/we?"&nbsp;<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Yuval-Davis|first=Nira|title=Intersectionality and Feminist Politics|url=http://ejw.sagepub.com/content/13/3/193|journal=European Journal of Women's Studies|language=en|volume=13|issue=3|pages=193–209|doi=10.1177/1350506806065752|s2cid=145319810|issn=1350-5068|access-date=11 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103075104/http://ejw.sagepub.com/content/13/3/193|archive-date=3 November 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />
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In ''Mapping the Margins'', Crenshaw illustrates her point using the&nbsp;[[Clarence Thomas Supreme Court nomination|Clarence Thomas]]/[[Anita Hill]] controversy. Anita Hill [[Clarence Thomas Supreme Court nomination#Anita Hill testimony|accused]] US Supreme Court Justice nominee Clarence Thomas of sexual harassment; Thomas would be the second African American judge on the Supreme Court. Crenshaw argues that Hill was then deemed anti-Black in the movement against racism, and although she came forward on the feminist issue of sexual harassment, she was excluded because when considering feminism, it is the narrative of white middle-class women that prevails.<ref name=":0" /> Crenshaw concludes that acknowledging intersecting categories when groups unite on the basis of identity politics is better than ignoring categories altogether.<ref name=":0"/><br />
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== Examples ==<br />
{{Main category|Identity politics}}<br />
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=== Racial and ethnocultural ===<br />
{{Further|Ethnocultural politics in the United States}}<br />
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Ethnic, religious and racial identity politics dominated American politics in the 19th century, during the [[Second Party System]] (1830s–1850s)<ref>Daniel Walker Howe, "[https://academic.oup.com/jah/article-abstract/77/4/1216/850758 The Evangelical Movement and Political Culture in the North During the Second Party System]," ''Journal of American History'' (1991) 77#4 pp: 1216-1239.</ref> as well as the [[Third Party System]] (1850s–1890s).<ref>Jon Gjerde, ''The Minds of the West: Ethnocultural Evolution in the Rural Middle West, 1830-1917'' (1999).</ref> Racial identity has been the central theme in [[Politics of the Southern United States|Southern politics]] since [[End of slavery in the United States of America|slavery was abolished]].<ref>{{cite journal |first=Harold D. |last=Woodman |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2211941 |title=Class, Race, Politics, and the Modernization of the Postbellum South |journal=The Journal of Southern History |volume=63 |issue=1 |pages=3–22 |doi=10.2307/2211941 |jstor=2211941 |access-date=May 6, 2021}}</ref><br />
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Similar patterns which have appeared in the 21st century are commonly referenced in popular culture,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newsweek.com/2019/11/15/literary-influences-superstar-musician-david-bowie-1468145.html |title=The Literary Influences of Superstar Musician David Bowie|author=John O'Connell|quote=As the husband of a Muslim woman from Somalia, [[David Bowie|Bowie]] couldn't help but be highly attuned to racial identity politics.|work=[[Newsweek]]}}</ref> and are increasingly analyzed in media and social commentary as an interconnected part of politics and society.<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://time.com/5444761/donald-trump-midterms-race-candidates/ |title=How President Trump Put Race at the Center of the Midterms|author=Tessa Berenson|quote=Some Republicans worry that Trump’s focus on racial identity politics so close to the election is undercutting their message to swing voters on subjects like the economy and health care.|magazine=[[TIME]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/opponents-on-the-left-pouring-gasoline-on-donald-trump-s-fires-20190818-p52i92.html |title=Opponents on the left pouring gasoline on Donald Trump's fires|author-link=James Kirchick|author=James Kirchick|quote=Trump’s game isn’t difficult to discern. He is practicing the same resentment-based, racial-identity politics that has fuelled his political rise since the earlier part of this decade, when he began expressing doubts that the first black American president was actually born in the United States.|work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]}}</ref> Both a majority and minority group phenomenon, racial identity politics can develop as a reaction to the historical legacy of race-based oppression of a people<ref>{{cite book|author1=Tamar Mayor|title=Gender Ironies of Nationalism: Sexing the Nation|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0415162555|page=331|quote=For example, where a legacy of oppression based on race exists, an identity politics of race can be formed in opposition to that form of oppression, and it can help to provide an occasion for racial pride and resistance to that oppression.}}</ref> as well as a general group identity issue, as "racial identity politics utilizes racial consciousness or the group's collective memory and experiences as the essential framework for interpreting the actions and interests of all other social groups."<ref>{{cite book|author1=James Jennings|title=Blacks, Latinos, and Asians in Urban America: Status and Prospects for Politics and Activism|publisher=[[Praeger Publishing]]|isbn=978-0275949341|page=35|chapter=Building Coalitions}}</ref><br />
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[[Carol M. Swain]] has argued that non-white ethnic pride and an "emphasis on racial identity politics" is fomenting the rise of [[white nationalism]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Carol M. Swain|author-link1=Carol M. Swain|title=The New White Nationalism in America: Its Challenge to Integration|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0521545587|page=xvi|chapter=Preface|quote=The continued emphasis on racial identity politics and the fostering of an ethnic group pride on the part of nonwhite minority groups.}}</ref> Anthropologist [[Michael Messner]] has suggested that the [[Million Man March]] was an example of racial identity politics in the United States.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Michael A. Messner|author-link1=Michael Messner|title=Politics of Masculinities: Men in Movements|publisher=[[SAGE Publications]]|isbn=978-0803955776|page=[https://archive.org/details/politicsofmascul00mess/page/79 79-80]|chapter=Racial and sexual identity politics|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/politicsofmascul00mess/page/79}}</ref><br />
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==== Arab identity politics ====<br />
{{See also|Arab identity|Arab nationalism|Pan-Arabism}}<br />
Arab identity politics concerns the form of identity-based politics which is derived from the racial or ethnocultural consciousness of the [[Arabs]]. In the [[Regionalism (international relations)|regionalism]] of the [[Arab world]] and the [[Middle East]], it has a particular meaning in relation to the national and cultural identities of the citizens of non-Arab countries, such as [[Turkey]] and [[Iran]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Arshin Adib-Moghaddam|title=Middle East Review (IDE-JETRO)|publisher=[[Institute of Developing Economies]]|location=[[Japan External Trade Organization]]|isbn=978-0980415810|edition=Volume 7|chapter=The myth of "National Identity": Psycho-nationalism in Iran and the Arab world|quote=Iranian and Arab identity politics thwarted, perverted, and dismembered communitarian thinking for long periods in the twentieth century and the same applies to other forms of psycho-nationalism in Turkey}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Elizabeth Monier|title=[[Contemporary Politics (journal)|''Contemporary Politics'']]|chapter=The Arabness of Middle East regionalism: the Arab Spring and competition for discursive hegemony between Egypt, Iran and Turkey|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|edition=Volume 20, No. 4|pages=421–434|quote=To explore the role played by Arab identity politics in regionalism with regard to the status of non-Arab states, this article presents a study of the competing hegemonic regional discourses employed by Turkey, Iran and Egypt}}</ref> In their 2010 ''Being Arab: Arabism and the Politics of Recognition'', academics [[Christopher Wise]] and [[Paul James (academic)|Paul James]] challenged the view that, in the post-[[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|Afghanistan]] and [[Iraq War|Iraq]] invasion era, Arab identity-driven politics were ending. Refuting the view that had "drawn many analysts to conclude that the era of Arab identity politics has passed", Wise and James examined its development as a viable alternative to [[Islamic fundamentalism]] in the Arab world.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Christopher Wise|author2=Paul James|author-link1=Christopher Wise|author-link2=Paul James (academic)|title=Being Arab: Arabism and the Politics of Recognition|publisher=[[Arena (Australian publishing co-operative)|Arena Publications]]|isbn=978-0980415810}}</ref><br />
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According to [[Marc Lynch]], the post-[[Arab Spring]] era has seen increasing Arab identity politics, which is "marked by state-state rivalries as well as state-society conflicts". Lynch believes this is creating a new [[Arab Cold War]], no longer characterized by Sunni-Shia sectarian divides but by a reemergent [[Arab identity]] in the region.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lynch|first1=Mark|author-link=Marc Lynch|title=The Arab Uprisings Explained: New Contentious Politics in the Middle East|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|isbn=978-0231158855|page=119}}</ref> [[Najla Said]] has explored her lifelong experience with Arab identity politics in her book ''Looking for Palestine''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.salon.com/2013/07/28/najla_said_my_arab_american_story_is_not_typical_in_any_way/|title=Najla Said: "My Arab-American story is not typical in any way"|work=[[Salon (website)|Salon]]}}</ref><br />
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==== Asian-American identity politics ====<br />
{{See also|Pan-Asianism|Asian American activism|Asian American movement|Asian Americans}}<br />
In the political realm of the United States, according to Jane Junn and Natalie Masuoka, the possibilities which exist for an Asian American vote are built upon the assumption that those Americans who are broadly categorized as Asians share a sense of racial identity, and this [[Group consciousness (political science)|group consciousness]] has political consequences. However, the belief in the existence of a monolithic Asian American bloc has been challenged because populations are diverse in terms of national origin and language—no one group is predominant—and scholars suggest that these many diverse groups favor groups which share their distinctive national origin over any belief in the existence of a [[Pan-Asianism|pan-ethnic racial identity]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Junn|first1=Jane|last2=Masuoka|first2=Natalie|title=Asian American Identity: Shared Racial Status and Political Context|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20446825|journal=Perspectives on Politics|volume=6|issue=4|pages=729–740|doi=10.1017/S1537592708081887 |jstor=20446825 |s2cid=144081361 |issn=1537-5927}}</ref> According to the 2000 Consensus, more than six national origin groups are classified collectively as Asian American, and these include: Chinese (23%), Filipino (18%), Asian Indian (17%), Vietnamese (11%), Korean (11%), and Japanese (8%), along with an “other Asian” category (12%). In addition, the definitions which are applied to racial categories in the United States are uniquely American constructs that Asian American immigrants may not adhere to upon entry to the United States.<br />
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Junn and Masuoka find that in comparison to blacks, the Asian American identity is more latent, and racial group consciousness is more susceptible to the surrounding context.<br />
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==== Black feminist identity politics ====<br />
{{See also|Black feminism|Combahee River Collective|Black women in American politics}}<br />
Black feminist identity politics concern the identity-based politics derived from the lived experiences of struggles and oppression faced by Black women.<ref name=":03">{{Cite book|last=Hooper|first=Cindy|title=Conflict: African American Women and the New Dilemma of Race and Gender Politics|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2012|location=California|pages=44–45}}</ref><br />
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In 1977, the [[Combahee River Collective]] (CRC) Statement argued that black women struggled with facing their oppression due to the sexism present within the [[Civil rights movement|Civil Rights Movement]] and the racism present within [[second-wave feminism]]. This statement—in which the CRC coined the term "identity politics"—gave black women in the U.S. a political foothold—both within radical movements and at large—from which they could confront the oppression they were facing. The CRC also claimed to expand upon the prior feminist adage that "the personal is political,"<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/975027867|title=How we get free : Black feminism and the Combahee River Collective|others=Taylor, Keeanga-Yamahtta.|isbn=978-1-64259-104-0|location=Chicago, Illinois|oclc=975027867}}</ref> pointing to their own consciousness-raising sessions, centering of black speech, and communal sharing of experiences of oppression as practices that expanded the phrase's scope. As mentioned earlier K. Crenshaw, claims that the oppression of black women is illustrated in two different directions: race and sex.<ref>{{Citation|last=Crenshaw|first=Kimberlé|title=Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory, and Antiracist Politics [1989]|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429500480-5|work=Feminist Legal Theory|pages=57–80|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780429500480-5|isbn=978-0-429-50048-0|access-date=2020-10-09}}</ref><br />
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In 1988, Deborah K. King coined the term [[Multiple jeopardy]], theory that expands on how factors of oppression are all interconnected. King suggested that the identities of gender, class, and race each have an individual prejudicial connotation, which has an incremental effect on the inequity of which one experiences<ref>{{Cite journal|last=King|first=Deborah K.|title=Multiple Jeopardy, Multiple Consciousness: The Context of a Black Feminist Ideology|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/494491|journal=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society|volume=14|issue=1|pages=42–72|doi=10.1086/494491|issn=0097-9740|s2cid=143446946}}</ref><br />
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In 1991, Nancie Caraway explained from a white feminist perspective that the politics of black women had to be comprehended by broader feminist movements in the understanding that the different forms of oppression that black women face (via race and gender) are interconnected, presenting a compound of oppression ([[Intersectionality]]).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Caraway|first=Nancie E.|title=The Challenge and Theory of Feminist Identity Politics: Working on Racism|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3346851|journal=Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies|volume=12|issue=2|pages=109–129|doi=10.2307/3346851|jstor=3346851}}</ref><br />
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==== Hispanic/Latino identity politics ====<br />
{{See also|Hispanic and Latino Americans in politics}}<br />
According to Leonie Huddy, Lilliana Mason, and S. Nechama Horwitz, the majority of Latinos in the United States identity with the Democratic Party.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Huddy|first1=Leonie|last2=Mason|first2=Lilliana|last3=Horwitz|first3=S. Nechama|title=Political Identity Convergence: On Being Latino, Becoming a Democrat, and Getting Active|journal=RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences|volume=2|issue=3|pages=205–228|doi=10.7758/rsf.2016.2.3.11|jstor=10.7758/rsf.2016.2.3.11 |s2cid=59026229 |issn=2377-8253|doi-access=free}}</ref> Latinos' Democratic proclivities can be explained by: ideological policy preferences and an expressive identity based on the defense of Latino identity and status, with a strong support for the latter explanation hinged on an analysis of the 2012 Latino Immigrant National Election Study and American National Election Study focused on Latino immigrants and citizens respectively. When perceiving pervasive discrimination against Latinos and animosity from the Republican party, a strong partisanship preference further intensified, and in return, increased Latino political campaign engagement.<br />
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==== Indian caste ====<br />
{{Main|Caste politics}}<br />
In India, [[Caste system of India|castes]] play a role in electoral politics, government jobs and [[affirmative actions]].<ref>India's New Economic Policy: A Critical Analysis, p. 41, Waquar Ahmed, Amitabh Kundu, Richard Peet, Routledge</ref><br />
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==== Māori identity politics ====<br />
{{See also|Māori identity|Māori nationalism}}<br />
Due to somewhat competing tribe-based versus pan-Māori concepts, there is both an internal and external utilization of Māori identity politics in New Zealand.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Roger Maaka|author2=Augie Fleras|title=The Politics of Indigeneity: Challenging the State in Canada and Aotearoa New Zealand|publisher=[[Otago University Press]]|isbn=978-1877276538|page=67|quote=The tensions created by the intersection of tribe as identity, versus tribe as organisation, are central to Maori identity politics.}}</ref> Projected outwards, Māori identity politics has been a disrupting force in the [[politics of New Zealand]] and post-colonial conceptions of nationhood.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Tatiana Tökölyová|title=Journal of Nationalism, Memory & Language Politics|publisher=[[Walter de Gruyter]]|location=[[University of International and Public Relations Prague]]|page=67|edition=Volume 11, Edition 1|chapter=Transnationalism in the Pacific Region as a Concept of State Identity|quote=Maori identity politics have disrupted the colonially-inspired constructions of the New Zealand nation and state from a base of indigeneity.}}</ref> Its development has also been explored as causing parallel ethnic identity developments in non-Māori populations.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Hal B. Levine|title=Constructing collective identity: a comparative analysis of New Zealand Jews, Maori, and urban Papua New Guineans|publisher=[[Peter Lang (publisher)|Peter Lang]]|isbn=978-3631319444|page=11|quote=The material on biculturalism particularly shows how ethnicity interdigitates with identity politics for Maori and stimulates parallel developments among non-Maori New Zealanders.}}</ref> Academic [[Alison Jones]], in her co-written ''Tuai: A Traveller in Two Worlds'', suggests that a form of Māori identity politics, directly oppositional to [[Pākehā]] (white New Zealanders), has helped provide a "basis for internal collaboration and a politics of strength".<ref>{{cite book|editor1=Te Kawehau Hoskins|editor2=Alison Jones|title=Critical Conversations in Kaupapa Maori|publisher=[[Huia Publishers]]|isbn=978-1775503286|quote=As Jones and Jenkins (2008) point out, an oppositional Māori identity politics has been the 'basis for internal collaboration and a politics of strength' (p.475).}}</ref><br />
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A 2009, [[Ministry of Social Development (New Zealand)|Ministry of Social Development]] journal identified Māori identity politics, and societal reactions to it, as the most prominent factor behind significant changes in self-identification from the 2006 New Zealand census.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Kukutai |first=Tahu |author-link=Tahu Kukutai |last2=Didham |first2=Robert |title=In Search of Ethnic New Zealanders: National Naming in the 2006 Census |url=https://www.msd.govt.nz/about-msd-and-our-work/publications-resources/journals-and-magazines/social-policy-journal/spj36/36-in-search-of-ethnic-new-zealanders.html |journal=Social Policy Journal of New Zealand |publisher=[[Ministry of Social Development (New Zealand)]] |access-date=May 6, 2021 |quote=Māori identity politics and Treaty settlements, as well as their reactions – the latter included challenges to historical settlements and so-called “race-based” funding.}}</ref><br />
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==== Muslim identity politics ====<br />
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Since the 1970s, the interaction of religion and politics has been associated with the rise of Islamist movements in the Middle East. Salwa Ismail posits that the Muslim identity is related to social dimensions such as gender, class, and lifestyles ([[Intersectionality]]), thus, different Muslims occupy different social positions in relation to the processes of globalization. Not all uniformly engage in the construction of Muslim identity, and they do not all apply to a monolithic Muslim identity.<br />
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The construction of British Muslim identity politics is marked with Islamophobia; Jonathan Brit suggests that political hostility toward the Muslim "other" and the reification of an overarching identity that obscures and denies cross-cutting collective identities or existential individuality are charges made against an assertive Muslim identity politics in Britain.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hopkins|first=Peter|title=Muslims in Britain: Race, Place and Identities|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|year=2009|pages=210–211|language=English}}</ref> In addition, because Muslim identity politics is seen as internally/externally divisive and therefore counterproductive, as well as the result of manipulation by religious conservatives and local/national politicians, the progressive policies of the anti-racist left have been outflanked. Brit sees the segmentation that divided British Muslims amongst themselves and with the anti-racist alliance in Britain as a consequence of patriarchal, conservative mosque-centered leadership.<br />
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A ''[[Le Monde]]''/[[IFOP]] poll in January 2011 conducted in France and Germany found that a majority felt Muslims are "scattered improperly"; an analyst for ''IFOP'' said the results indicated something "beyond linking immigration with security or immigration with unemployment, to linking Islam with a threat to identity".<ref>{{cite news|title=European Poll: An Islamic Threat?|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2011/01/201116112228783789.html|url-status=live|access-date=19 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014114808/http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2011/01/201116112228783789.html|archive-date=14 October 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />
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==== White identity politics ====<br />
{{See also|White identity|White nationalism|White supremacy|White defensiveness|White backlash|Identitarian movement}}<br />
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In 1998, political scientists [[Jeffrey Kaplan (academic)|Jeffrey Kaplan]] and Leonard Weinberg predicted that, by the late 20th-century, a "Euro-American radical right" would promote a trans-national [[White people|white]] identity politics, which would invoke populist grievance narratives and encourage hostility against non-white peoples and [[multiculturalism]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Jeffrey Kaplan|author-link1=Jeffrey Kaplan (academic)|author2=Leonard Weinberg|title=The Emergence of a Euro-American Radical Right|publisher=[[Rutgers University Press]]|isbn=978-0813525648|page=18}}</ref> In the United States, mainstream news has identified [[Donald Trump]]'s presidency as a signal of increasing and widespread utilization of white identity politics within the Republican Party and political landscape.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://apnews.com/c13df86fa32d4938b4d15f205531719a |title=Trump's America: Where politics dictate definition of racism|author1=Claire Galofaro|author2=Bill Barrow|quote=Bremner’s show carries just one current of the heated national debate on race that has been fanned by Trump’s unrepentant use of white identity politics|publisher=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> Journalists [[Michael Scherer]] and [[David Smith (journalist)|David Smith]] have reported on its development since the mid-2010s.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/dec/07/kamala-harris-democratic-primary-whitewash-2020-debates |title=After Kamala: activists fear Democratic primary whitewash|author-link=David Smith (journalist)|author=David Smith|quote=Donald Trump’s Republican party has leaned into white identity politics.|work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/white-identity-politics-drives-trump-and-the-republican-party-under-him/2019/07/16/a5ff5710-a733-11e9-a3a6-ab670962db05_story.html |title=White identity politics drives Trump, and the Republican Party under him|author-link=Michael Scherer|author=Michael Scherer|quote=Trump’s combustible formula of white identity politics already has reshaped the Republican Party, sidelining, silencing or converting nearly anyone who dares to challenge the racial insensitivity of his utterances.|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref><br />
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[[Ron Brownstein]] believed that President Trump uses "White Identity Politics" to bolster his base and that this would ultimately limit his ability to reach out to non-[[White American]] voters for the [[2020 United States presidential election]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2019/08/trump-2020-democrats-racism/596155/ |title=The Limits of Trump's White Identity Politics|author-link=Ron Brownstein|author=Ron Brownstein|work=[[The Atlantic]]}}</ref> A four-year [[Reuters]] and [[Ipsos]] analysis concurred that "Trump's brand of white identity politics may be less effective in the 2020 election campaign."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-election-race-poll/for-trump-appeals-to-white-fears-about-race-may-be-a-tougher-sell-in-2020-reuters-ipsos-poll-idUSKCN1V90TX |title=For Trump, appeals to white fears about race may be a tougher sell in 2020: Reuters/Ipsos poll|author=Chris Kahn|work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> Alternatively, examining the same poll, [[David Smith (journalist)|David Smith]] has written that "Trump’s embrace of white identity politics may work to his advantage" in 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/jul/21/trump-race-charlottesville-democrats-ilhan-omar-2020 |title={{-'}}It's a political civil war': Trump's racist tirades set tone for 2020 |author-link=David Smith (journalist)|author=David Smith|quote=Intentionally or not, Trump’s embrace of white identity politics may work to his advantage next year... A Reuters/Ipsos poll showed his net approval among Republicans rose by five points to 72%.|date=December 8, 2019|work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> During the [[2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries|Democratic primaries]], presidential candidate [[Pete Buttigieg]] publicly warned that the president and his administration were using white identity politics, which he said was the most divisive form of identity politics.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Maureen Groppe|title=Pete Buttigieg says Donald Trump's white 'identity politics' contributing to a 'crisis of belonging{{'-}} |url=https://eu.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2019/05/12/pete-buttigieg-says-donald-trump-divides-white-identity-politics/1151265001/|newspaper=[[USA Today]] |date=May 13, 2019}}<br />
* {{cite news|title=Pete Buttigieg warns Democrats about lure of identity politics |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/may/12/pete-buttigieg-human-rights-campaign-trump|newspaper=[[The Guardian]] }}</ref> Columnist [[Reihan Salam]] writes that he is not convinced that Trump uses "white identity politics" given the fact that he still has significant support from liberal and moderate Republicans – who are more favorable toward immigration and the legalization of undocumented immigrants – but believes that it could become a bigger issue as whites become a minority and assert their rights like other minority groups.<ref name=Salam>{{Cite news|first=Reihan |last= Salam |title=Reihan Salam: Is 'white nationalism' rising? |newspaper=[[Dallas Morning News]]}}</ref> Salam also states that an increase in "white identity" politics is far from certain given the very high rates of [[Interracial marriage in the United States|intermarriage]] and the historical example of the once Anglo-Protestant cultural majority embracing a more inclusive white cultural majority which included Jews, Italians, Poles, Arabs, and Irish.<ref name=Salam />{{undue weight inline}}<br />
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Columnist [[Ross Douthat]] has argued that it has been important to American politics since the [[Richard Nixon]]-era of the Republican Party,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/10/opinion/racism-republicans-trump.html |title=Can the Right Escape Racism?|author-link=Ross Douthat|author=Ross Douthat|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> and historian [[Nell Irvin Painter]] has analyzed [[Eric Kaufmann]]'s thesis that the phenomenon is caused by immigration-derived [[racial diversity]], which reduces the white majority, and an "anti-majority adversary culture".<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/reviews/review-essay/2019-10-15/what-white-america |title= What Is White America? The Identity Politics of the Majority |author-link=Nell Irvin Painter|author=Nell Irvin Painter|magazine=[[Foreign Affairs]]}}</ref> Writing in ''[[Vox Media|Vox]]'', political commentator [[Ezra Klein]] believes that demographic change has fueled the emergence of white identity politics.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/7/16/20695031/trump-ocasio-cortez-omar-pressley-tlaib-pelosi-squad |title=Trump vs. "the Squad"|author-link=Ezra Klein|author=Ezra Klein|quote=The other views American politics through the lens of demographic change and the white identity politics it triggers.|publisher=[[Vox Media]]}}</ref><br />
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=== Gender ===<br />
Gender identity politics is an approach that views politics, both in practice and as an academic discipline, as having a gendered nature and that gender is an identity that influences how people think.<ref>Celis, K. Kantola, J. Waylen, G. Weldon, S. [https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199751457.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199751457-e-34?print=pdf 'Introduction: Gender and Politics: A Gendered World, a Gendered Discipline'], The Oxford Handbook of Gender and Politics, 2013</ref> Politics has become increasingly gender political as formal structures and informal 'rules of the game' have become gendered. How institutions affect men and women differently are starting to be analysed in more depth as gender will affect institutional innovation.<ref>[Mona L. Krook, Fiona Mckay] [https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/uea/reader.action?docID=665680] [''Gender, Politics and Institutions''], 2011, Palgrave Macmillan</ref><br />
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A key element of studying electoral behavior in all democracies is [[Partisanship|political partisanship]]. In 1996, Eric Plutzer and John F. Zipp examined the election of 1992 election, also commonly referred to as "[[Year of the Woman]]", where a then-record- breaking fourteen women ran for governor or U.S. senator, four of whom were successfully elected into office. In analyzing the possibility that male and female voters react differently to the opportunity to cast a vote for a woman, the study provided lent support to the idea that women tend to vote for women and men tend to vote against them.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Plutzer |first1=Eric |last2=Zipp |first2=John F. |title=Identity Politics, Partisanship, and Voting for Women Candidates |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/297738 |journal=Public Opinion Quarterly |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=30 |doi=10.1086/297738 |issn=0033-362X}}</ref> For example, among Republican voters in California, [[Barbara Boxer]] ran 10 points behind [[Bill Clinton]] among men and about even among women, while [[Dianne Feinstein]] ran about 6 points among men but 11 points ahead among women. This gender effect was further amplified for Democratic female candidates who were rated as feminist. These results demonstrate that gender identity has and can function as a cue for voting behavior.<br />
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==== Women's identity politics in the United States ====<br />
Scholars of social movements and democratic theorists disagree on whether identity politics weaken women's social movements and undermine their influence on public policy or have reverse effects. S. Laurel Weldon argues that when marginalized groups organize around an intersectional social location, knowledge about the social group is generated, feelings of affiliation between group members are strengthened, and the movement's agenda becomes more representative. Specifically for the United States, Weldon suggests that organizing women by race strengthens these movements and improves government responsiveness to both violence against women of color and women in general.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Weldon|first=S. Laurel|title=Women's Movements, Identity Politics, and Policy Impacts: A Study of Policies on Violence against Women in the 50 United States|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4148079|journal=Political Research Quarterly|volume=59|issue=1|pages=111–122|doi=10.1177/106591290605900110 |jstor=4148079 |s2cid=154528767 |issn=1065-9129}}</ref><br />
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=== Representation in modern democracies ===<br />
{{see also|Political representation}}<br />
One of the major challenges in providing quality representation within all modern democracies comes from the many different ways in conceptualizing representation. [[Hanna Fenichel Pitkin]], in her seminal study ''The Concept of Representation'',<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Fenichel Pitkin |first=Hanna |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/9780520340503 |title=The Concept of Representation |publisher=University of California Press |doi=10.1525/9780520340503 |isbn=978-0-520-34050-3}}</ref> identifies four forms: descriptive, substantive, formalistic, and symbolic representation.<br />
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==== Formalistic representation ====<br />
Formalistic representation focuses on the formal procedures of institutions and has two dimensions: authorization and accountability.<ref name=":3" /> Authorization looks at the means by which a representative obtains their position in office. Accountability centers around the ability of constituents to ''punish'' representatives for failing to act according to their wishes or the ''responsiveness'' of the representative to the constituents.<br />
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==== Symbolic representation ====<br />
Symbolic Representation involves constituents's perception of their representatives, including the represented's feelings of being fairly and effectively represented.<ref name=":3" /> Work on symbolic representation by scholars of race and ethnic politics indicate that marginalized group’s presence cues the legitimacy of both outcomes and procedure.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Theobald |first1=N. A. |last2=Haider-Markel |first2=D. P. |title=Race, Bureaucracy, and Symbolic Representation: Interactions between Citizens and Police |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mun006 |journal=Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=409–426 |doi=10.1093/jopart/mun006 |issn=1053-1858}}</ref> A study by Nancy Scherer and Brett Curry was concerned with the question if racial diversity on the federal bench impact citizens' views of the U.S. courts. They found that African- Americans had more trust in the legitimacy of the federal courts as the proportion of African-American judges rose. <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Scherer |first1=Nancy |last2=Curry |first2=Brett |title=Descriptive Race Representation and Public Support for the U.S. Courts |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.986356 |journal=SSRN Electronic Journal |doi=10.2139/ssrn.986356 |issn=1556-5068}}</ref> Another study by Matthew Hayes and Matthew V. Hibbing evaluated that when the level of black representation was below proportional levels, perceptions of fairness and satisfaction decreased (e.g. symbolic representation).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hayes |first1=Matthew |last2=Hibbing |first2=Matthew V. |title=The Symbolic Benefits of Descriptive and Substantive Representation |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11109-016-9345-9 |journal=Political Behavior |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=31–50 |doi=10.1007/s11109-016-9345-9 |s2cid=254934399 |issn=0190-9320}}</ref><br />
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==== Descriptive representation ====<br />
Descriptive representation refers to whether officeholders resemble those being represented. It is concerned only with who a representative is, such as their race, ethnicity, gender, sexual identity, etc.<ref name=":3" /><br />
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==== Substantive representation ====<br />
Substantive representation is defined as having one's policy views expressed by an elected representative, independent of whether the representatives resemble their constituents and their social and [[Demography|demographic]] identities.<ref name=":3" /> There have been studies that examined the substantive benefits of minority groups's representation. In a series of experiments by Amanda Clayton, Diana Z. O'Brien, and Jennifer M. Piscopo, these researchers controlled both the makeup of the decision-making body and the outcome reached.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Clayton |first1=Amanda |last2=O'Brien |first2=Diana Z. |last3=Piscopo |first3=Jennifer M. |title=All Male Panels? Representation and Democratic Legitimacy |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12391 |journal=American Journal of Political Science |volume=63 |issue=1 |pages=113–129 |doi=10.1111/ajps.12391 |s2cid=158870325 |issn=0092-5853}}</ref> Across all decision outcomes and issue topics, women's equal presence legitimized the decision-making process for respondents. Moreover, gender balance helped improve perceptions of substantive legitimacy when the decision-making body reached an anti-feminist decision. This effect was more pronounced among men, who tend to hold less certain views on women's rights.<br />
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== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
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== Further reading ==<br />
* Mike Gonzales. 2018. "[https://www.heritage.org/civil-society/commentary/it-time-debate-and-end-identity-politics It Is Time to Debate—and End—Identity Politics]". The Heritage Foundation.<br />
* Christopher T. Stout. 2020. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=PGnaDwAAQBAJ The Case for Identity Politics: Polarization, Demographic Change, and Racial Appeals]''. University of Virginia Press.<br />
* {{cite book |last=Táíwò|first=Olúfhemi O.|title=Elite Capture: How the Powerful Took Over Identity Politics (And Everything Else) |publisher=[[Haymarket Books]]|isbn=978-1642596885}}<br />
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==External links==<br />
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*[https://web.archive.org/web/20161206100016/http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/project/57/religion_in_international_affairs.html Initiative on Religion in International Affairs] at Harvard<br />
*[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/identity-politics/ "Identity politics"], ''[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]'', 16 July 2002<br />
*Joan Mandel. [https://userpages.umbc.edu/~korenman/wmst/identity_pol.html "How Political Is the Personal?: Identity Politics, Feminism and Social Change"], [[University of Maryland, Baltimore County]]<br />
*[https://www.seattleweekly.com/news/a-marxist-critiques-identity-politics/ "A Marxist Critiques Identity Politics"]. ''[[Seattle Weekly]]''. 25 April 2017.<br />
*[https://www.jacobinmag.com/2017/08/identity-politics-gay-rights-neoliberalism-stonewall-feminism-race "Identity Politics Can Only Get Us So Far"]. ''[[Jacobin (magazine)|Jacobin]]''. 3 August 2017.<br />
*[https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/jul/14/identity-politics-right-left-trump-racism "Why identity politics benefits the right more than the left"]. ''[[The Guardian]]''. 14 July 2018.<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Identity politics}}<br />
[[Category:Human rights]]<br />
[[Category:Identity politics| ]]<br />
[[Category:Intersectionality]]<br />
[[Category:Majority–minority relations]]<br />
[[Category:Political terminology]]</div>Brahmashri Pradeep Bhanot