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Johannesburg

2023-10-07T07:34:36Z

BradyLukis: Add Khoe native name, source official motto with ref, add wiki links

{{Short description|Largest city in South Africa}}
{{About|the city in South Africa}}
{{redirect|eGoli|other uses|Goli (disambiguation)|and|Egoli (disambiguation)}}

{{Use South African English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Johannesburg
| official_name = City of Johannesburg
| settlement_type = [[Megacity]]
| native_name = {{Unbulleted list
|{{small|{{lang-zu|eGoli}}}}
|{{small|{{lang-naq|!Huni //hÄb}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://humanities.uct.ac.za/apc/place-names-pre-colonial-origin-and-their-use-today |title=Place Names of Pre-colonial Origin and their Use Today |date=2 August 2012 |access-date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://archive.ph/MNjy2 }}</ref> }}
}}
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
|perrow = 1/2/2/2/1
|border = infobox
|total_width = 290
|caption_align = center
|image1 = Johannesburg CBD (cropped).jpg
|caption1 = [[Johannesburg CBD]]
|image2 = 9 2 228 0069-Art Gallery2-Johannesburg-s.jpg
|caption2 = [[Johannesburg Art Gallery]]
|image3 = Johannesburg_Skyline.jpg
|caption3 = [[Hillbrow Tower]] and [[Ponte City]]
|image4 = Mandela_Bridge,_Johannesburg,_Gauteng,_South_Africa.jpg
|caption4 = [[Nelson Mandela Bridge]]
|image5 =
|caption5 = [[FNB Stadium]]
|image6 = The_Wits_University_East_Campus_(archived).jpg
|caption6 = [[University of the Witwatersrand]]
|image7 = SouthAfrica_Johannesburg-Brixton_SentechTower.jpg
|caption7 = [[Brixton Tower]]
|color = white
}}
| image_flag = Flag of Johannesburg, South Africa.svg
| image_shield = Coat of Arms of Johannesburg.svg
| nickname = Jo'burg; Jozi; {{lang|ve|Muḓi Mulila Ngoma|italics=no}} ([[Venda language|Venda]] version), {{lang|ts|Joni|italics=no}} ([[Tsonga language|Tsonga]] version); {{lang|bho|Jobhag|italics=no}} ([[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] version);<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.citizen.co.za/witness/archive/chilli-city-20150430/ |title=Chilli city |date=14 November 2010 |access-date=27 November 2022 |archive-date=27 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127071622/https://www.citizen.co.za/witness/archive/chilli-city-20150430/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Egoli ("Place of Gold");<ref name="eGoli">{{cite web |title=Egoli definition and meaning |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/egoli |website=Collins English Dictionary |access-date=17 July 2018 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308080321/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/egoli |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Gauteng]] ("Place of Gold")
| motto = "Service with Pride"<ref>{{cite web |title=Johannesburg (South Africa) |url=https://www.joburg.org.za/about_/government/Pages/Senior%20Management/Vision,-Mission-and-Objectives.aspx|access-date=7 October 2023}}</ref>
| pushpin_map = South Africa Gauteng#South Africa#Africa
| coordinates = {{Coord|26|12|16|S|28|2|44|E|region:ZA-GT|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = South Africa
| subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of South Africa|Province]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Gauteng]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of municipalities of South Africa|Municipality]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality|City of Johannesburg]]
| subdivision_type4 = Main Place
| established_title = Established
| established_date = {{Start date and age|1886}}<ref name=established>{{cite thesis |last=Robson |first=Linda Gillian |title=The Royal Engineers and settlement planning in the Cape Colony 1806–1872: Approach, methodology and impact |date=2011 |type=PhD thesis |publisher=University of Pretoria |chapter=Annexure A |chapter-url=https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/handle/2263/26503/05back.pdf?sequence=6&isAllowed=y#page=31 |url=https://repository.up.ac.za/handle/2263/26503 |hdl=2263/26503 |pages=xlv–lii |access-date=13 November 2022 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326030353/https://repository.up.ac.za/handle/2263/26503 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| government_type = [[Metropolitan municipality (South Africa)|Metropolitan municipality]]
| leader_party = [[Al Jama-ah]]
| leader_title = [[Mayor of Johannesburg|Mayor]]
| leader_name = [[Kabelo Gwamanda]]
| area_total_km2 = 1644.98
| area_urban_km2 = 3357
| area_urban_footnotes = <ref name="citypop"/>
| elevation_m = 1753
| population_footnotes = <ref name=population>{{Cite web |url=http://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/johannesburg-population |title=Population of Johannesburg |access-date=8 September 2019 |archive-date=20 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920153100/http://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/johannesburg-population/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| population_total = 6,766,278
| population_as_of = 2023
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_metro = 11000000
| population_urban = 8,500,000
| population_density_metro_km2 = auto
| population_density_urban_km2 = auto
| population_urban_footnotes = <ref name="citypop"/>
| demographics_type1 = Racial makeup (2019)
| demographics1_footnotes = <ref name=population/>
| demographics1_title1 = [[Bantu peoples of South Africa|Black African]]
| demographics1_info1 = 76.4%
| demographics1_title2 = [[White South African|White]]
| demographics1_info2 = 12.3%
| demographics1_title3 = [[Coloureds|Coloured]]
| demographics1_info3 = 5.6%
| demographics1_title4 = [[Indian South African|Indian]]/[[Asian South African|Asian]]
| demographics1_info4 = 4.9%
| demographics1_title5 = Other
| demographics1_info5 = 0.8%
| demographics_type2 = [[First language]]s (2011)
| demographics2_footnotes = <ref name="census2011">{{cite web |url=https://census2011.adrianfrith.com/place/798 |title=Johannesburg |work=Census 2011 |access-date=27 November 2017 |archive-date=7 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160907192944/http://census2011.adrianfrith.com/place/798 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| demographics2_title1 = [[Zulu language|Zulu]]
| demographics2_info1 = 23.41%
| demographics2_title2 = [[South African English|English]]
| demographics2_info2 = 20.10%
| demographics2_title3 = [[Sesotho]]
| demographics2_info3 = 9.61%
| demographics2_title4 = [[Setswana]]
| demographics2_info4 = 7.68%
| demographics2_title5 = [[Afrikaans]]
| demographics2_info5 = 7.28%
| demographics2_title6 = Other
| demographics2_info6 = 18.10%
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]]
| blank_info_sec1 = {{increase}} 0.75 '''High''' (2012)<ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://www.gcro.ac.za/sites/default/files/maps/pdfs/gcro_map_of_the_month_hdi_1996_to_2012_april_2014.pdf |title=Gauteng's Human Development Index |publisher=Gauteng City-Region Observatory |date=2013 |access-date=1 January 2015 |page=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111013905/http://www.gcro.ac.za/sites/default/files/maps/pdfs/gcro_map_of_the_month_hdi_1996_to_2012_april_2014.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2015}}</ref>
| blank_name_sec2 = GDP
| blank_info_sec2 = {{US$|link=yes}}131 billion (2020)<ref name="btjbvsct">{{cite report |last= |first= |title=Top 150 richest cities in the world |url=http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/richest-cities-2020.html |date=11 March 2020 |access-date=19 February 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=9 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209143848/http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/richest-cities-2020.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| blank1_name_sec2 = GDP per capita (PPP)
| blank1_info_sec2 = {{US$}}16{{thin space}}370 (2014)<ref name="btjbvsct" />
| timezone1 = [[South African Standard Time|SAST]]
| utc_offset1 = +2
| postal_code_type = [[List of postal codes in South Africa|Postal code]] (street)
| postal_code = 2001
| postal2_code_type = [[Post-office box|PO box]]
| postal2_code = 2000
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in South Africa|Area code]]
| area_code = 010 and 011
| website = {{URL|http://www.joburg.org.za}}
| image_map = {{hidden begin|title=OpenStreetMap|ta1=center}}{{Infobox mapframe|frame-width=250}}{{hidden end}}
}}
'''Johannesburg''' ({{IPAc-en|dʒ|oʊ|ˈ|h|æ|n|ᵻ|s|b|ɜːr|ɡ}} {{respell|joh|HAN|iss|burg}}, {{IPAc-en|USalso|-|ˈ|h|ɑː|n|-|}} {{respell|-|HAHN|-}}, {{IPA-af|jʊəˈɦanəsbœrχ|lang}}; [[Zulu language|Zulu]] and {{lang-xh|eGoli}} {{IPA-zu|ɛˈɡɔːli|}}) (colloquially known as '''Jozi''', '''Joburg''', '''Jo'burg''' or "'''The City of Gold'''")<ref name="Mango">{{cite web |title=Johannesburg: The City of Gold |website=Johannesburg: The City of Gold |url=https://www.flymango.com/en/explore/johannesburg-the-city-of-gold |date=22 October 2019 |access-date=17 December 2020 |archive-date=18 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118162157/https://www.flymango.com/en/explore/johannesburg-the-city-of-gold |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="SA.net">{{cite web |title=The history of Joburg, City of Gold |url=https://www.southafrica.net/za/en/travel/article/the-history-of-joburg-city-of-gold |work=SouthAfrica.net |access-date=17 December 2020 |archive-date=27 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127030548/https://www.southafrica.net/za/en/travel/article/the-history-of-joburg-city-of-gold |url-status=live }}</ref> is the most populous city in [[South Africa]], classified as a [[Megacity#List of megacities|megacity]];<ref name="citypopulation">{{cite web |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/world/agglomerations/ |title=Major Agglomerations of the World |website=CityPopulation.de |access-date=17 September 2020 |archive-date=12 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140057/https://www.citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html |url-status=live }}</ref> it is [[List of urban areas by population|one of the 100 largest urban areas in the world]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Th. Brinkhoff |url=http://www.citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html |title=Principal Agglomerations of the World |publisher=Citypopulation.de |date=23 January 2010 |access-date=2 July 2010 |archive-date=4 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100704112702/http://www.citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html |url-status=live }}</ref> According to [[Demographia]], the Johannesburg–[[Pretoria]] urban area (combined because of strong transport links that make commuting feasible) is the 26th-largest in the world in terms of population, with 14,167,000 inhabitants.<ref>{{cite web |title=DEMOGRAPHIA WORLD URBAN AREAS |url=http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf |website=[[Demographia]] |publication-date=June 2021 |edition=17th |access-date=8 November 2017 |archive-date=7 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207210003/http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> It is the [[provinces of South Africa|provincial]] capital and largest city of [[Gauteng]], which is the wealthiest province in South Africa.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fasken.com/johannesburg/ |title=Johannesburg |access-date=25 May 2015 |archive-date=26 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426213642/http://www.fasken.com/johannesburg/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Johannesburg is the seat of the [[Constitutional Court of South Africa|Constitutional Court]], the highest court in South Africa.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bhana |first=Deeksha |title=The Constitutional Court as the apex court for the common law of contract: Middle ground between the approaches of the Constitutional Court and the Supreme Court of Appeal |journal=South African Journal on Human Rights |volume=34 |pages=8–32 |year=2018 |s2cid=149346012 |doi=10.1080/02587203.2018.1432100}}</ref> Most of the major South African companies and banks have their head offices in Johannesburg. The city is located within the mineral-rich [[Witwatersrand]] hills, the epicentre of the international-scale mineral, gold and (specifically) diamond trade.

Johannesburg was established in 1886,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-03 |title=Johannesburg {{!}} City, History, Map, & Points of Interest {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Johannesburg-South-Africa |access-date=2023-09-05 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> following the discovery of gold, on what had been a farm. Due to the extremely large gold deposits found along the [[Witwatersrand]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Ritchie |first=Kevin |title=A jubilee that truly sparkles |url=https://www.iol.co.za/travel/south-Africa/northern-cape/a-jubilee-that-truly-sparkles-1332007 |publisher=IOL |date=2 July 2012 |access-date=10 September 2019 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308091514/https://www.iol.co.za/travel/south-africa/northern-cape/a-jubilee-that-truly-sparkles-1332007 |url-status=live }}</ref> within ten years, the population had grown to over 100,000 inhabitants. A separate city from the late 1970s until 1994, [[Soweto]] is now part of the Greater Johannesburg metropolitan area. An acronym for "South-Western Townships", Soweto was organised initially as a collection of nondescript settlements on the outskirts of the city, populated mostly by African labourers working in the gold mining industry. Soweto, although eventually incorporated into Johannesburg, had been explicitly separated as a residential area for blacks only—no whites allowed—who were not permitted to live in other "white-designated" areas of Johannesburg. Another region, [[Lenasia]], is predominantly populated by English-speaking Indo-South Africans (people of [[Indian people|Indian]] and [[South Asian]] descent). These areas were, in previous decades, designated as non-white areas, in accordance with the segregationist policies of the time—known as [[apartheid]]. It would go on to be one of the host cities of the official tournament of the [[2010 FIFA World Cup]]—and it hosted the [[2010 FIFA World Cup Final|final]].

The [[metropolis]] is an [[global city|alpha global city]], as listed by the [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network]]. In 2019, the population of the city of Johannesburg was 5{{thin space}}635{{thin space}}127, making it the [[List of municipalities in South Africa|most populous city]] in South Africa.<ref name=population/> In the same year, the population of metro Johannesburg's [[urban agglomeration]] was put at 8{{thin space}}000{{thin space}}000.<ref name=population/> Land area of the municipal city ({{cvt|1645|km2|disp=or}}) is large in comparison with those of other major cities, resulting in a moderate population density of {{convert|2364|/km2|abbr=out}}.

== Etymology ==
Controversy surrounds the origin of the name. There were quite a number of people with the name "Johannes" who were involved in the early history of the city. Among them is the principal clerk attached to the office of the surveyor-general Hendrik Dercksen, [[Christiaan Johannes Joubert]], who was a member of the [[Volksraad of the South African Republic|Volksraad]] and was the Republic's chief of mining. Another was Stephanus Johannes Paulus Kruger (better known as [[Paul Kruger]]), president of the [[South African Republic]] (ZAR) from 1883 to 1900. [[Jan Meyer|Johannes Meyer]], the first government official in the area is another possibility.<ref name="Jo01">{{cite web |title=How was Johannesburg named? |url=https://www.joburg.org.za/play_/Pages/Play%20in%20Joburg/Culture%20and%20Heritage/Links/How-was-Johannesburg-named.aspx |website=www.joburg.org.za |language=en-ZA |access-date=30 April 2020 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308184520/https://www.joburg.org.za/play_/Pages/Play%20in%20Joburg/Culture%20and%20Heritage/Links/How-was-Johannesburg-named.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>

Precise records for the choice of name were lost. Johannes Rissik and Johannes Joubert were members of a delegation sent to [[England]] to obtain mining rights for the area. Joubert had a park in the city named after him, and Rissik has his name for one of the main streets in the city where the historically important albeit dilapidated [[Rissik Street Post Office]] is located.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rissik Street Post Office Johannesburg – The Heritage Portal |url=http://www.theheritageportal.co.za/thread/rissik-street-post-office-johannesburg |website=www.theheritageportal.co.za |access-date=31 May 2017 |archive-date=18 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018195115/http://www.theheritageportal.co.za/thread/rissik-street-post-office-johannesburg |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://joburg.org.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=295:rissik-street-post-office&catid=38:heritage&Itemid=51 |title=City of Johannesburg – Rissik Street Post Office |access-date=16 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111105718/http://joburg.org.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=295:rissik-street-post-office&catid=38:heritage&Itemid=51 |archive-date=11 November 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Johannesburg City Hall|City Hall]] is also located on Rissik Street.

==History==
{{main|History of Johannesburg|Timeline of Johannesburg}}
The region surrounding Johannesburg was originally inhabited by [[San people|San]] hunter-gatherers who used stone tools. There is evidence that they lived there up to ten centuries ago.<ref>{{cite web |title=Melville Koppies: Ancient History |url=http://mk.org.za/mkhist1.htm |website=mk.org.za |access-date=20 July 2021 |archive-date=15 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315061153/http://www.mk.org.za/mkhist1.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Stone-walled ruins of Sotho–Tswana towns and villages are scattered around the parts of the former [[South African Republic|Transvaal]] in which Johannesburg is situated.<ref>{{citation |last=Mason |first=Revil |title=Origins of Black People of Johannesburg and the Southern Western Central Transvaal, AD 300-1880 |number=Occasional Paper No. 16 |publisher=Archeological Research Unit (University of the Witwatersrand) |date=1986}}</ref>

By the mid-18th century, the broader region was largely settled by various [[Sotho–Tswana]] communities (one linguistic branch of Bantu-speakers), whose villages, towns, chiefdoms and kingdoms stretched from the [[Bechuanaland Protectorate]] (what is now [[Botswana]]) in the west,<ref>{{cite news |title=Botswana profile |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13041658 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=9 August 2012 |access-date=17 December 2020 |archive-date=11 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211052647/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13041658 |url-status=live }}</ref> to present day [[Lesotho]] in the south,<ref>{{cite book |title=Historical Dictionary of the British Empire |editor-first1=James S. |editor-last1=Olson |editor-first2=Robert S. |editor-last2=Shadle |publisher=Greenwood Press |year=1996 |page=118 |isbn=0-313-27917-9}}</ref> to the present day [[Northern Sotho language|Pedi]] areas of the [[Limpopo|Limpopo Province]]. More specifically, the stone-walled ruins of [[Sotho–Tswana]] towns and villages are scattered around the parts of the former Transvaal province in which Johannesburg is situated.

Many Sotho–Tswana towns and villages in the areas around Johannesburg were destroyed and their people driven away during the wars emanating from [[Zulu Kingdom|Zululand]] during the late 18th and early 19th centuries (the [[mfecane]] or difaqane wars),{{citation needed|date=February 2023}} and as a result, an offshoot of the Zulu kingdom, the [[Ndebele people (Zimbabwe)|Ndebele]] (often referred to as the Matabele, the name given them by the local Sotho–Tswana), set up a kingdom to the northwest of Johannesburg around modern-day Rustenburg.

=== Gold rush and naming of the city ===
{{main|Witwatersrand Gold Rush}}
[[File:langlaagte.jpg|thumb|left|The Langlaagte farm near [[Paarlshoop]], on the [[Witwatersrand]] – site of the first discovery of gold in 1886.]]
[[File:Ferreira's Gold Mine in 1886.jpg|thumb|left|[[Ferreirasdorp]] gold mine in 1886, the oldest part of Johannesburg<ref name="Yap1996">{{cite book |author=Melanie Yap |title=Colour, Confusion and Concessions: The History of the Chinese in South Africa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ca9nqe6PRoC&pg=PA84 |access-date=2013-05-07 |year=1996 |publisher=Hong Kong University Press |isbn=978-962-209-424-6 |page=84}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Chinatown Precinct Plan |url=http://www.joburg-archive.co.za/2011/inner_city/chinatown_precinct_plan2009.pdf |publisher=City of Johannesburg |access-date=10 May 2013 |quote=The oldest part of Johannesburg was first known as Ferreira's Camp and later Ferreiradorp. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063523/http://www.joburg-archive.co.za/2011/inner_city/chinatown_precinct_plan2009.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref> and where the first gold diggers initially settled.<ref name=westgate>{{cite web |title=Westgate Station Precinct Spatial Development Framework and Implementation Plan |url=http://www.joburg-archive.co.za/2011/inner_city/westgate/sdf_plan_analysis_heritage_assets.pdf |publisher=City of Johannesburg (Archive) |access-date=7 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185711/http://www.joburg-archive.co.za/2011/inner_city/westgate/sdf_plan_analysis_heritage_assets.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref>]]

The main Witwatersrand gold reef was discovered in June 1884 on the farm Vogelstruisfontein by [[Jan Gerritse Bantjes (son)|Jan Gerritse Bantjes]], son of [[Jan Bantjes]], this triggered the [[Witwatersrand Gold Rush]] and the founding of Johannesburg in 1886. The discovery of gold rapidly attracted people to the area, making necessary a name and governmental organisation for the area. Jan, Johan and Johannes were common male names among the Dutch of that time; two men involved in surveying the area for the best location of the city, Christian Johannes Joubert and Johann Rissik, are considered the source of the name by some. Johannes Meyer, the first government official in the area is another possibility. Precise records for the choice of name were lost.<ref name=Joburg>{{cite web |url=http://www.joburg.org.za/index.php?option=com_content&id=275&Itemid=51 |title=How was Johannesburg named? |publisher=Official Website of the City of Johannesburg |year=2015 |access-date=17 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417124059/http://www.joburg.org.za/index.php?option=com_content&id=275&Itemid=51 |archive-date=17 April 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Within ten years, the city of Johannesburg included 100,000 people.<ref name="ReidLane2004"/>

In September 1884, the Struben brothers discovered the Confidence Reef on the farm Wilgespruit near present-day Roodepoort, which further boosted excitement over gold prospects.<ref name="DGJ01">{{Cite book |title=A Concise Historical Dictionary of Greater Johannesburg |last1=Musiker |first1=Naomi |last2=Musiker |first2=Reuben |publisher=Francolin |year=2000 |isbn=978-1868590711 |location=Cape Town}}</ref>{{rp|254}} The first gold to be crushed on the Witwatersrand was the gold-bearing rock from the Bantjes mine crushed using the Struben brothers stamp machine. News of the discovery soon reached Kimberley and directors Cecil Rhodes and Sir Joseph Robinson rode up to investigate the rumours for themselves. They were guided to the Bantjes camp with its tents strung out over several kilometres and stayed with Bantjes for two nights.{{Citation needed|date=June 2016}}

In 1884, they purchased the first pure refined gold from Bantjes for £3,000. Incidentally, Bantjes had from 1881 been operating the Kromdraai Gold Mine in the Cradle of Humankind together with his partner Johannes Stephanus Minnaar where they first discovered gold in 1881, and which also offered another kind of discovery—the early ancestors of all mankind.{{citation needed|date=April 2015}} Some report Australian George Harrison as the first to make a claim for gold in the area that became Johannesburg, as he found gold on a farm in July 1886. He did not remain in the area.<ref name="George Harrison">{{cite web |url=http://www.travelhouseuk.co.uk/news/travel-insight/johannesburg-the-city-built-on-gold.htm |title=Johannesburg: The City Built on Gold |author=Victor Hunt |publisher=Travelhouse UK |date=7 December 2013 |access-date=16 September 2014 |archive-date=14 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914050649/http://www.travelhouseuk.co.uk/news/travel-insight/johannesburg-the-city-built-on-gold.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

Gold was earlier discovered some {{convert|400|km|0|abbr=off}} to the east of present-day Johannesburg in [[Barberton, South Africa|Barberton]]. [[Prospecting|Gold prospectors]] soon discovered the richer gold reefs of the [[Witwatersrand]] offered by Bantjes. The original miners' camp, under the informal leadership of Col [[Ignatius Ferreira]], was located in the Fordsburg dip, possibly because water was available there, and because of the site's proximity to the diggings. Following the establishment of Johannesburg, the area was taken over by the Transvaal government who had it surveyed and named it Ferreira's Township, today the suburb of [[Ferreirasdorp]]. The first settlement at Ferreira's Camp was established as a tented camp and which soon reached a population of 3,000 by 1887.<ref name="ReidLane2004">{{cite book |author1=Andrew M. Reid |author2=Paul J. Lane |title=African Historical Archaeologies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T3PUSDyy4vQC&pg=PA347 |access-date=7 May 2013 |year=2004 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-306-47996-0 |page=347 |archive-date=2 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902010158/https://books.google.com/books?id=T3PUSDyy4vQC&pg=PA347 |url-status=live }}</ref> The government took over the camp, surveyed it and named it Ferreira's Township.<ref name="Leyds1964">{{cite book |author=Gerald Anton Leyds |title=A History of Johannesburg: The Early Years |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mukQAQAAIAAJ |access-date=7 May 2013 |year=1964 |publisher=Nasionale Boekhandel Beperk |pages=(from snippet view) |archive-date=2 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902010207/https://books.google.com/books?id=mukQAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> By 1896, Johannesburg was established as a city of over 100,000 inhabitants, one of the fastest growth cities ever.<ref name="ReidLane2004"/>

Mines near Johannesburg are among the deepest in the world, with some as deep as {{Convert|4000|m}}.<ref>{{cite book |author=Geological Society of London |title=Mineral Deposits and Earth Evolution |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7wW-y9jT3NMC&q=golden+arc+welkom&pg=PA31 |year=2005 |publisher=Geological Society of London |page=31 |isbn=9781862391826 |access-date=18 October 2020 |archive-date=2 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902010209/https://books.google.com/books?id=7wW-y9jT3NMC&q=golden+arc+welkom&pg=PA31 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Rapid growth, Jameson Raid and the Second Boer War ===
[[File:SA1899 pg038 Johannesburg in 1889.jpg|thumb|Johannesburg in 1889]]
[[File:SA1899_pg268_Commissioner_Street,_Johannesburg.jpg|thumb|[[Commissioner Street (Johannesburg)|Commissioner Street]] in 1895]]
Like many late 19th-century mining towns, Johannesburg was a rough and disorganised place, populated by white miners from all continents, African tribesmen were recruited to perform unskilled mine work, African women beer brewers cooked for and sold beer to the black migrant workers, a very large number of European prostitutes, gangsters, impoverished Afrikaners, tradesmen, and the "[[Laundry#South Africa|AmaWasha]]", Zulu men who surprisingly dominated laundry work.<ref>{{cite book |first=Charles |last=van Onselen |title=New Nineveh and New Babylon}}</ref> As the value of control of the land increased, tensions developed between the [[Boer]]–dominated Transvaal government in Pretoria and the British, culminating in the [[Jameson Raid]] that ended in fiasco at [[Doornkop]] in January 1896. The [[Second Boer War]] (1899–1902) saw British forces under Field Marshal Frederick Sleigh Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts, occupy the city on 30 May 1900 after a series of battles to the south-west of its then-limits, near present-day Krugersdorp.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}}

Fighting took place at the Gatsrand Pass (near Zakariyya Park) on 27 May, north of Vanwyksrust—today's Nancefield, [[Eldorado Park, Gauteng|Eldorado Park]] and Naturena—the next day, culminating in a mass infantry attack on what is now the waterworks ridge in Chiawelo and Senaoane on 29 May.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_remository&Itemid=401&func=select&id=5 |title=Battle for Johannesburg |access-date=17 April 2015 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923231101/http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_remository&Itemid=401&func=select&id=5 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defenceweb.co.za/ebooks/0%202009may27%20Two%20Battles%20for%20Johannesburg%20_final%20draft_.pdf |title=Hidden in Plain Sight: Johannesburg's Battlefields |author=Engelbrecht, Leon |date=27 May 2009 |access-date=17 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417133321/http://www.defenceweb.co.za/ebooks/0%202009may27%20Two%20Battles%20for%20Johannesburg%20_final%20draft_.pdf |archive-date=17 April 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

During the Boer war, many African mineworkers left Johannesburg creating a labour shortage, which the mines ameliorated by bringing in labourers from China, especially southern China. After the war, they were replaced by black workers, but many Chinese stayed on, creating Johannesburg's Chinese community, which during the apartheid era, was not legally classified as "Asian", but as "Coloured". The population in 1904 was 155,642, of whom 83,363 were [[White people|whites]].<ref name="EB1911">{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Johannesburg |volume=19 |page=432}}</ref>

=== Post-Union history ===
[[File:Johannesburg-c1910.jpg|thumb|Pritchard Street c. 1910]]
In 1917, Johannesburg became the headquarters of the [[Anglo American plc|Anglo-American Corporation]] founded by [[Ernest Oppenheimer]] which ultimately became one of the world's largest corporations, dominating both gold-mining and diamond-mining in South Africa. Major building developments took place in the 1930s, after South Africa went off the gold standard.{{Citation needed|date=September 2016}} In the late 1940s and early 1950s, [[Hillbrow]] went high-rise. In the 1950s and early 1960s, the apartheid government constructed the massive agglomeration of townships that became known as [[Soweto]]. New freeways encouraged massive sub[[urban sprawl]] to the north of the city.{{Citation needed|date=September 2016}} In the late 1960s and early 1970s, tower blocks (including the [[Carlton Centre]] and the [[Southern Life Centre]]) filled the skyline of the central business district.

Under the system of ''apartheid'' (Afrikaans for "apartness", or "separate development" although the system was founded by the British), a comprehensive system of racial separation was imposed upon South Africa starting in 1948. For its growth, the economy of Johannesburg depended upon hundreds of thousands of skilled white workers imported from Europe and semi- and un-skilled black workers imported from other parts of Southern Africa. Though they worked together they were forced by the government to live separately. Work was considered to be an exception to ''apartheid'' in order to keep Johannesburg functioning as South Africa's economic capital.<ref name="Brogan, Patrick page 86">Brogan, Patrick ''The fighting never stopped: a comprehensive guide to world conflicts since 1945'', New York: Vintage Books, 1989 page 86.</ref>
[[File:Stuttafords_Johannesburg_1957.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Stuttafords]] department stores in Johannesburg in 1957]]

In the 1950s, the government began a policy of building townships for black families (prior to this unskilled workers were asked to work on "single status" in male-only hostels at the mines and had to commute to see their families in whatever province they originated) outside of Johannesburg to provide workers for Johannesburg.<ref name="Brogan, Patrick page 86"/> [[Soweto]], a township founded for black workers coming to work in the gold mines of Johannesburg, was intended to house 50,000 people, but soon was the home of ten times that number as thousands of unemployed rural blacks came to Johannesburg for employment and an income to send back to their villages.<ref name="Brogan, Patrick page 92">Brogan, Patrick ''The fighting never stopped: a comprehensive guide to world conflicts since 1945'', New York: Vintage Books, 1989 page 92.</ref> It was estimated that in 1989, the population of Soweto was equal to that of Johannesburg, if not greater.<ref name="Brogan, Patrick page 92"/>

In March 1960, Johannesburg witnessed widespread demonstrations against ''apartheid'' in response to the [[Sharpeville massacre]].<ref name="Brogan, Patrick page 80">Brogan, Patrick ''The fighting never stopped: a comprehensive guide to world conflicts since 1945'', New York: Vintage Books, 1989 page 80.</ref> On 11 July 1963, the [[South African Police]] raided a house in the Johannesburg suburb of [[Rivonia]] where nine members of the banned [[African National Congress]] (ANC) were arrested on charges of planning sabotage. Their arrest led to the famous [[Rivonia Trial]].<ref name="Brogan, Patrick page 92"/> The nine arrested included one Indo-South African, one coloured, two whites and five blacks, one of whom was the future president [[Nelson Mandela]].<ref name="Brogan, Patrick page 91">Brogan, Patrick ''The fighting never stopped: a comprehensive guide to world conflicts since 1945'', New York: Vintage Books, 1989 page 91.</ref> At their trial, the accused freely admitted that they were guilty of what they were charged with, namely of planning to blow up the hydro-electric system of Johannesburg to shut down the gold mines, but Mandela argued to the court that the ANC had tried non-violent resistance to ''apartheid'' and failed, leaving him with no other choice.<ref name="Brogan, Patrick page 91"/> The trial made Mandela into a national figure and a symbol of resistance to ''apartheid''.<ref name="Brogan, Patrick page 91"/>
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Straatbeeld in Johannesburg TMnr 10004282.jpg|thumb|Street scene in Johannesburg in 1970]]

On 16 June 1976, demonstrations broke out in Soweto over a government decree that black school-children be educated in Afrikaans instead of English, and after the police fired on the demonstrations, rioting against ''apartheid'' began in Soweto and spread into the greater Johannesburg area.<ref>Brogan, Patrick ''The fighting never stopped: a comprehensive guide to world conflicts since 1945'', New York: Vintage Books, 1989 page 93.</ref> About 575 people, the majority of whom were black, were killed in the [[Soweto uprising]] of 1976.<ref name="Brogan, Patrick page 80"/> Between 1984 and 1986, South Africa was in turmoil as a series of nationwide protests, strikes and riots took place against ''apartheid'', and the black townships around Johannesburg were scenes of some of the fiercest struggles between the police and anti-''apartheid'' demonstrators.<ref>Brogan, Patrick ''The fighting never stopped: a comprehensive guide to world conflicts since 1945'', New York: Vintage Books, 1989 page 100.</ref>

The central area of the city underwent something of a decline in the 1980s and 1990s, due to the high crime rate and when property speculators directed large amounts of capital into suburban shopping malls, decentralised office parks, and entertainment centres. [[Sandton City]] was opened in 1973, followed by Rosebank Mall in 1976, and [[Eastgate Shopping Centre, Johannesburg|Eastgate]] in 1979.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.amethyst.co.za/JhbGuide/Johannesburg.htm |title=History of Johannesburg |publisher=Amethyst.co.za |date=5 April 2003 |access-date=2 July 2010 |archive-date=14 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090614225343/http://www.amethyst.co.za/JhbGuide/Johannesburg.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

During the 1990s, the city faced rapid growth of crime throughout large parts of the city. Some areas of skyscrapers were abandoned, many residents left their homes, and businesses moved out. Some historical buildings in central areas were destroyed by fires that spread relentlessly.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Guardian Staff |date=1999-05-30 |title=Johannesburg, the most dangerous city on earth? |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/may/30/southafrica1 |access-date=2022-10-22 |website=the Guardian |language=en |archive-date=22 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022032433/https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/may/30/southafrica1 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== 21st century ===
[[File:Watching South Africa & Mexico match at World Cup 2010-06-11 in Soweto 7.jpg|left|thumb|Fans of [[South Africa national soccer team]] watching the [[2010 FIFA World Cup]] with [[vuvuzela]]s in the [[Township (South Africa)|township]] of [[Soweto]], a [[Suburbs of Johannesburg|suburb of Johannesburg]].]]

Like many cities around the world, there is an increasing focus on the rejuvenation of the inner city of Johannesburg. One of these initiatives is the Maboneng District located on the south-eastern side of the [[Johannesburg CBD|CBD]]. Originally a hub for art, it has expanded to include restaurants, entertainment venues and retail stores as well as accommodation and hotels. Maboneng calls itself "a place of inspiration—a creative hub, a place to do business, a destination for visitors and a safe, integrated community for residents. A beacon of strength in Africa's most economically prosperous city".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mabonengprecinct.com/ |title=Maboneng {{!}} The heart and essence of the city of Joburg |website=Maboneng |language=en-US |access-date=3 December 2017 |archive-date=4 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204061402/http://www.mabonengprecinct.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

After being destroyed in 2008 to make way for a motor showroom by Imperial Holdings, the iconic Rand Steam Laundries are now being redeveloped as an exact replica, by the order of the Johannesburg Heritage Council. Apart from one filtration shed, there is nothing left on the site after being destroyed. The site will consist of a {{cvt|5000|m2}} precinct.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://marketplace.infrastructurephotos.com/downloads/randsteam-redevelopment/ |title=Rand Steam information |access-date=24 April 2018 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224011725/https://marketplace.infrastructurephotos.com/downloads/randsteam-redevelopment/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2016-05-24-the-battle-to-rebuild-joburgs-historic-laundry-buildings-has-finally-been-won/https://mg.co.za/article/2016-05-24-the-battle-to-rebuild-joburgs-historic-laundry-buildings-has-finally-been-won/ |title=The battle to rebuild Jo'burg's historic laundry buildings has finally been won |last=Pather |first=Ra'eesa |work=The M&G Online |access-date=24 April 2018 |language=en |archive-date=24 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424202523/https://mg.co.za/article/2016-05-24-the-battle-to-rebuild-joburgs-historic-laundry-buildings-has-finally-been-won/https://mg.co.za/article/2016-05-24-the-battle-to-rebuild-joburgs-historic-laundry-buildings-has-finally-been-won/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 12 May 2008, a series of riots started in the township of [[Alexandra, South Africa|Alexandra]], in the north-eastern part of Johannesburg, when locals attacked migrants from [[Mozambique]], Malawi and [[Zimbabwe]], killing two people and injuring 40 others. These riots sparked the [[xenophobia|xenophobic]] attacks of 2008.<ref name="bbc">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7396868.stm |title=South African mob kills migrants |publisher=BBC |access-date=19 May 2008 |date=12 May 2008 |archive-date=13 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313001302/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7396868.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[2019 Johannesburg riots]] were similar in nature and origin to the [[Xenophobia in South Africa#May 2008 riots|2008 xenophobic riots]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/gauteng-xenophobia-attacks-akin-to-2008-crisis-institute-of-race-relations-20190905 |title=Gauteng xenophobia attacks akin to 2008 crisis – Institute of Race Relations |date=5 September 2019 |website=News24 |language=en |access-date=22 September 2019 |archive-date=15 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915032441/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/gauteng-xenophobia-attacks-akin-to-2008-crisis-institute-of-race-relations-20190905 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

A completely refurbished [[Soccer City]] stadium in Johannesburg hosted the [[2010 FIFA World Cup]] [[FIFA World Cup Final|final]].<ref>{{cite web |title=FNB Stadium (Soccer City) – Johannesburg – The Stadium Guide |url=https://www.stadiumguide.com/fnbstadium/ |language=nl |date=2 March 2015 |access-date=30 May 2023 |archive-date=30 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530200948/https://www.stadiumguide.com/fnbstadium/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

From 22 to 24 August 2023, Johannesburg hosted [[15th BRICS summit|15th BRICS Summit.]]<ref>{{cite web |title=15th BRICS Summit: Johannesburg II Declaration |url=https://mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/37030/15th+BRICS+Summit+Johannesburg+II+Declaration |website=mea.gov.in |language=english}}</ref>

On 31 August 2023, at least 76 people died when a [[2023 Johannesburg building fire|building caught fire]] in Johannesburg. The building had been taken over by a gang who were illegally renting it out.<ref>{{cite news |title=Inside a 'hijacked' South African building |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-66757878 |work=BBC News}}</ref>

== Geography ==
=== Topography ===
[[File:Soccer City Stadium, Johannesburg, South Africa (4690804881).jpg|thumb|[[Satellite image]] of Johannesburg]]
[[File:JohannesburgGP-Aerial.jpg|thumb|January 2008 Johannesburg aerial view looking towards the south-east]]
Johannesburg is located in the eastern plateau area of South Africa known as the [[Highveld]], at an elevation of {{convert|1753|m|ft}}. The former [[Central Business District]] is located on the southern side of the prominent ridge called the [[Witwatersrand]] (English: White Water's Ridge) and the terrain falls to the north and south. By and large the Witwatersrand marks the watershed between the [[Limpopo River|Limpopo]] and [[Vaal River|Vaal]] rivers as the northern part of the city is drained by the [[Jukskei River]] while the southern part of the city, including most of the Central Business District, is drained by the [[Klip River]]. The north and west of the city has undulating hills while the eastern parts are flatter.

Johannesburg may not be built on a river or harbour, but its streams contribute to two of southern Africa's mightiest rivers, the [[Limpopo River|Limpopo]] and the [[Orange River|Orange]]. Most of the springs from which many of these streams emanate are now covered in concrete and canalised, accounting for the fact that the names of early farms in the area often end with "fontein", meaning "spring" in Afrikaans. Braamfontein, Rietfontein, Zevenfontein, Doornfontein, Zandfontein and Randjesfontein are some examples. When the first white settlers reached the area that is now Johannesburg, they noticed the glistening rocks on the ridges, running with trickles of water, fed by the streams—giving the area its name, the Witwatersrand, "the ridge of white waters". Another explanation is that the whiteness comes from the quartzite rock, which has a particular sheen to it after rain.<ref>Lucille Davie ''Water, water every day'' www.joburg.org.za, 24 December 2004.</ref>

The site was not chosen for its streams, however. The main reasons the city was founded where it stands today was because of the gold. Indeed, the city once sat near massive amounts of gold, given that at one point the Witwatersrand gold industry produced forty per cent of the planet's gold.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Johannesburg-South-Africa |title=Johannesburg |last=Campbell |first=James T. |date=19 August 2015 |website=Britannica.com |access-date=8 November 2016 |archive-date=9 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109090744/https://www.britannica.com/place/Johannesburg-South-Africa |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Parks and gardens ===
{{Main|Johannesburg City Parks}}
[[File:South-Africa Johannesburg Botanical Garden-002 (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Johannesburg Botanical Garden]]]]
Parks and gardens in Johannesburg are maintained by [[Johannesburg City Parks|Johannesburg City Parks and Zoo]].<ref name="cityparks-whoweare">{{cite web |url=http://www.jhbcityparks.com/index.php/whoweare |title=Custodians of Joburg's green heritage |publisher=Johannesburg City Parks |access-date=29 September 2008 |archive-date=20 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130320045003/http://www.jhbcityparks.com/index.php/whoweare |url-status=dead}}</ref> City Parks is also responsible for planting the city's many green trees, making Johannesburg one of the 'greenest' cities in the world. It has been estimated that there are six million trees in the city with the number growing every year—1.2 million on pavements and sidewalks, and a further 4.8 million in private gardens.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.southafrica.info/what_happening/conf_expo/world_summit/urbanforest.htm |title=South Africa's official gateway – investment, travel, country information |access-date=25 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203064143/http://www.southafrica.info/what_happening/conf_expo/world_summit/urbanforest.htm |archive-date=3 February 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> City Parks continues to invest in planting trees, particularly those previously disadvantaged areas of Johannesburg which were not positive beneficiaries of apartheid Johannesburg's urban planning. [[Johannesburg Botanical Garden]], located in the suburb of [[Emmarentia, Gauteng|Emmarentia]], is a popular recreational park.

Johannesburg and environs also offer various options to visitors wishing to view [[wildlife]], in addition to the [[Johannesburg Zoo]], one of the largest in South Africa. The [[Lion Park]] nature reserve, next to [[Lesedi Cultural Village]], is home to over 80 lions and various other game, while the [[Krugersdorp Nature Reserve]], a 1500 [[Hectare|ha]] [[game reserve]], is a forty-minute drive from the city centre. The De Wildt Cheetah Centre<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dewildt.co.za/ |title=The Ann van Dyk Cheetah Centre – De Wildt |access-date=25 May 2015 |archive-date=19 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319224331/https://dewildt.co.za/ |url-status=live }}</ref> in the [[Magaliesberg]] runs a successful breeding program for [[cheetah]], [[African wild dog|wild dog]] and other [[endangered species]]. The Rhino & Lion Nature Reserve,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rhinolion.co.za/newsite/default.asp |title=The Nearest Faraway Place – Johannesburg, South Africa |website=rhinolion.co.za |access-date=15 January 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122121501/http://www.rhinolion.co.za/newsite/default.asp |archive-date=22 November 2012}}</ref> situated in the "Cradle of Humankind" on 1200 ha of "the typical [[highveld]] of Gauteng" also runs a breeding programme for endangered species including Bengal tigers, Siberian tigers and the extremely rare [[white lion]].{{citation needed|date=August 2015}} To the south, {{convert|11|km|abbr=off}} from the city centre, is the [[Klipriviersberg Nature Reserve]] home to large mammals and hiking trails. Separating Lenasia and the Soweto suburbs is the [[Olifantsvlei Nature Reserve]] protected area.

=== Climate ===
[[File:A Johannesburg Summers Day.jpg|thumb|left|An aerial photograph of summer rain clouds over Johannesburg. The city's climate experiences regular daily thunderstorms from November to March in the afternoons.]]
Johannesburg is situated on the highveld plateau, and has a [[oceanic climate|subtropical highland climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Cwb''). The city enjoys a sunny climate, with the summer months (October to April) characterised by hot days followed by afternoon thundershowers and cool evenings, and the winter months (May to September) by dry, sunny days followed by cold nights.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.safarinow.com/cms/johannesburg-gauteng/irie.aspx |title=Johannesburg & Gauteng Weather and Climate |publisher=Safarinow.com |access-date=14 April 2013 |archive-date=22 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522144627/http://www.safarinow.com/cms/johannesburg-gauteng/irie.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> Temperatures in Johannesburg are usually fairly mild due to the city's high elevation, with an average maximum daytime temperature in January of {{convert|25.6|C}}, dropping to an average maximum of around {{convert|16|C}} in June. The [[UV index]] for Johannesburg in summers is extreme, often reaching 14–16 due to the high elevation and its location in the subtropics.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uvawareness.com/uv-index/uv-index.php?location=johannesburg |title=UV index of Johannesburg |publisher=uvawareness |access-date=13 December 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222081241/http://www.uvawareness.com/uv-index/uv-index.php?location=johannesburg |archive-date=22 December 2015}}</ref>

Winter is the sunniest time of the year, with mild days and cool nights, dropping to {{convert|4.1|C|1}} in June and July. The temperature occasionally drops to below freezing at night, causing [[frost]]. Snow is a rare occurrence, with snowfall having been experienced in the twentieth century during May 1956, August 1962, June 1964 and September 1981. In the 21st century, there was light sleet in 2006, as well as snow proper on 27 June 2007 (accumulating up to {{convert|10|cm|0|disp=or}} in the southern suburbs),<ref>{{cite web |author=SABCnews.com |title=Joburg covered by snow as temperature drops |url=http://www.sabcnews.com/south_africa/general/0,2172,151555,00.html |access-date=16 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629130254/http://www.sabcnews.com/south_africa/general/0%2C2172%2C151555%2C00.html |archive-date=29 June 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> 7 August 2012,<ref>{{cite news |last=Bauer |first=Nickolaus |date=7 August 2012 |title=Snow in the city delights Jo'burg residents |newspaper=Mail & Guardian |url=http://mg.co.za/article/2012-08-07-snow-in-joburg |access-date=7 August 2012 |archive-date=9 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120809062941/http://mg.co.za/article/2012-08-07-snow-in-joburg |url-status=live }}</ref> and 10 July 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kitongo |first=Gertrude |date=2023-07-11 |title=South Africans abuzz after first snowfall in over a decade |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/11/africa/johannesburg-rare-snow-fall-spc-intl/index.html |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=CNN |language=en |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727224524/https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/11/africa/johannesburg-rare-snow-fall-spc-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Regular cold fronts pass over in winter bringing very cold southerly winds but usually clear skies. The annual average rainfall is {{convert|713|mm|1}}, which is mostly concentrated in the summer months. Infrequent showers occur through the course of the winter months. The lowest nighttime minimum temperature ever recorded in Johannesburg is {{convert|-8.2|C|1}}, on 13 June 1979. The lowest daytime maximum temperature recorded is {{convert|1.5|C|1}}, on 19 June 1964.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://old.weathersa.co.za/Pressroom/2009/Its_cold_in_Gauteng.jsp |title=Johannesburg temperature records |publisher=[[South African Weather Service]] |access-date=8 April 2012}}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

{{Johannesburg weatherbox}}

== Demographics ==

{{Historical populations
| title= Johannesburg population
| percentages = pagr
| 1886 |3000
| 1904 |99052
| 1908 |180687
| 1985 |1783000
| 1990 |1898000
| 2000 |2745000
| 2001 |3326055
| 2005 |3272600
| 2011 |4474829
|source =<ref name =JoziPop1880s>{{cite news |url=http://www.blackpast.org/gah/johannesburg-south-africa-1886 |title=Johannesburg, South Africa (1886-- ) – The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed |website=blackpast.org |date=6 July 2010 |access-date=30 November 2015 |archive-date=8 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208150842/http://www.blackpast.org/gah/johannesburg-south-africa-1886 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="EB1911"/><ref name=unhabitat2014>{{Cite book |url=http://unhabitat.org/the-state-of-african-cities-2014/ |title=The State of African Cities 2014 |isbn=978-92-1-132598-0 |publisher=[[United Nations Human Settlements Programme]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910195641/https://unhabitat.org/the-state-of-african-cities-2014/ |archive-date=10 September 2014 |date=10 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="statssaPop">{{cite web |title=Local Municipality, City of Johannesburg |url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/?page_id=993&id=city-of-johannesburg-municipality |website=Statistics South Africa |access-date=27 November 2017 |archive-date=2 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102081023/https://www.statssa.gov.za/?page_id=993 |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

According to the 2011 [[Statistics South Africa|South African National Census]], the population of Johannesburg is 4,434,827 people,<ref name=statssaPop/> making it the most populous city in South Africa (it has been the most populous city in South Africa since at least the 1950s).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iqtwdzPV7XI |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/iqtwdzPV7XI |archive-date=2021-12-11 |url-status=live |title=The Union of South Africa, 1956 |last=travelfilmarchive |date=8 November 2012 |via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pdAgUgrc4qg |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/pdAgUgrc4qg |archive-date=2021-12-11 |url-status=live |title=British Empire: The British Colony Of The Union Of South Africa 1956. |last=darren lennox |date=23 February 2017 |via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> From the 2001 census, the people live in 1,006,930 formal households, of which 86% have a flush or [[chemical toilet]], and 91% have [[refuse]] removed by the municipality at least once a week. 81% of households have access to running water, and 80% use electricity as the main source of energy. 29% of Johannesburg residents stay in informal dwellings.<ref>{{Cite journal |author1=Beall, Jo |author2=Crankshaw, Owen |author3=Parnell, Susan |year=2000 |title=Local government, poverty reduction and inequality in Johannesburg |journal=Environment and Urbanization |volume=12 |pages=107–122 |doi=10.1177/095624780001200108 |s2cid=16645676}} [http://eau.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/12/1/107 Abstract] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090723224506/http://eau.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/12/1/107 |date=23 July 2009 }}</ref> 66% of households are headed by one person.

Johannesburg's [[urban agglomeration]] spreads well beyond the administrative boundary of the [[City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality|municipality]]. The population of the whole area has been estimated to be variously at 7,860,781 in 2011 by "citypopulation.de",<ref name="citypop">{{cite web |url=http://www.citypopulation.de/SouthAfrica-UA.html |title=South Africa: Provinces and Major Urban Areas |author=Thomas Brinkhoff |date=15 September 2014 |publisher=City Population |access-date=17 April 2015 |archive-date=6 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306142835/http://www.citypopulation.de/SouthAfrica-UA.html |url-status=live }}</ref> or 9,115,000 in 2018 by [[Demographia]] (for "Johannesburg-East Rand", 41st highest in the world).<ref name=Demographia>{{cite book |author1=Demographia |title=Demographia World Urban Areas |date=April 2016 |edition=12th |url=http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf |access-date=2 February 2019 |archive-date=7 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207210003/http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The area of this urban agglomeration was put by Demographia to be 2,590 km2, 31st largest in the world.<ref name=Demographia/> [[Suburbs of Johannesburg|Johannesburg's suburbs]] are the product of [[urban sprawl]] and are regionalised into north, south, east and west, and they generally have different personalities.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2019-04-30-apartheid-legacy-of-urban-sprawl-is-the-challenge-our-cities-face/ |title=Apartheid legacy of urban sprawl is the challenge our cities face |work=Daily Maverick |access-date=2 July 2019 |archive-date=15 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115183006/https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2019-04-30-apartheid-legacy-of-urban-sprawl-is-the-challenge-our-cities-face/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Greater Johannesburg consists of more than five hundred suburbs in an area covering more than {{convert|200|sqmi|km2|spell=in|abbr=off}}.<ref name=":0"/> Although black Africans can be found throughout Johannesburg and its surrounding area, greater Johannesburg remains highly racially segregated.<ref name=":0"/>

Within the Metropolitan Municipality, the old centre, established in 1886 and given city status in 1928, has been listed in recent censuses as a "main place". {{As of|2011}}, this main place had a population of 957,441 and an area of 334.81 km2.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/?page_id=4286&id=11306 |title=Main Place |last1=Africa |first1=Statistics South |date=2011 |website=www.statssa.gov.za |publisher=Statistics South Africa |access-date=27 November 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201033221/http://www.statssa.gov.za/?page_id=4286&id=11306 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://census2011.adrianfrith.com/place/798015 |title=Census 2011 — Main Place "Johannesburg" |website=census2011.adrianfrith.com |language=en |access-date=27 November 2017 |archive-date=12 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212101431/https://census2011.adrianfrith.com/place/798015 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://census2011.adrianfrith.com/place/798015 |title=Main Place "Johannesburg" |publisher=[[South African National Census of 2011]] |access-date=27 April 2018 |archive-date=27 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327161936/https://census2011.adrianfrith.com/place/798015 |url-status=live }}</ref> Some authors consider the metropolitan area to include most of Gauteng province.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gugler |first1=Josef |title=World Cities Beyond the West: Globalization, Development and Inequality |date=2004 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521536851 |page=348 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lw3iPzyfpdQC |language=en |access-date=24 August 2020 |archive-date=2 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902010217/https://books.google.com/books?id=lw3iPzyfpdQC |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[United Nations|UN]]'s Population Division in 2016 estimated the metropolitan area population to be 9,616,000.<ref name="UN WUP 2016">{{cite web |title=The World's Cities in 2016 |url=http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/urbanization/the_worlds_cities_in_2016_data_booklet.pdf |publisher=[[United Nations]] |page=11 |date=2016 |access-date=5 December 2017 |archive-date=1 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001173328/http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/urbanization/the_worlds_cities_in_2016_data_booklet.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

Blacks account for 73% of the population, followed by [[White South African|whites]] at 18%, [[coloured]]s at 6% and [[Asian South African|Asians]] at 4%. 42% of the population is under the age of 24, while 6% of the population is over 60 years of age. 37% of city residents are unemployed. 91% of the unemployed are Black African. Women comprise 43% of the working population. 19% of economically active adults work in wholesale and retail sectors, 18% in financial, real estate and business services, 17% in the community, social and personal services and 12% are in manufacturing. Only 0.7% work in mining.

=== Religion ===
[[File:Dutch Reformed Church in Jeppestown.JPG|thumb|Dutch Reformed Church in [[Jeppestown]]]]
53% belong to mainstream Christian churches, 24% are not affiliated with any organised religion, 14% are members of [[African Initiated Church|African Independent Churches]], 3% are [[Muslim]], 1% are [[Jewish]] and 1% are [[Hindu]]. There are [[Islam|Muslim]] mosques, [[Hindu]] temples, A Sikh Gurudwara (Sikh Temple) in Sandton and a large number of synagogues.

====Christianity====
Among the [[places of worship]], they are predominantly [[Christianity|Christian]] churches and temples: [[Serbian Orthodox church]], [[Zion Christian Church]], [[Apostolic Faith Mission of South Africa]], [[Assemblies of God]], [[Baptist Union of Southern Africa]] ([[Baptist World Alliance]]), [[Methodist Church of Southern Africa]] ([[World Methodist Council]]), [[Anglican Church of Southern Africa]] ([[Anglican Communion]]), [[Presbyterian Church of Africa]] ([[World Communion of Reformed Churches]]), [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Johannesburg]] ([[Catholic Church]]) and the [[Johannesburg South Africa Temple]] ([[Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]]).<ref>Britannica, [https://www.britannica.com/place/South-Africa SouthAfrica] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629053318/https://www.britannica.com/place/South-Africa |date=29 June 2019 }}, britannica.com, US, accessed on 7 July 2019</ref>

====Judaism====
Most of Johannesburg's estimated 50, 000 Jews live in the North Eastern suburbs; [[Glenhazel]], [[Raedene Estate]], [[Kew, Gauteng|Kew]], [[Norwood, Gauteng|Norwood]] [[Highlands North, Gauteng|Highlands North]], [[Sandringham, Gauteng|Sandringham]], [[Savoy Estate]], [[Waverley, Johannesburg|Waverley]], [[Orchards, Johannesburg|Orchards]], [[Oaklands, Gauteng|Oaklands]] and [[Fairmount, Gauteng|Fairmount]].<ref>[https://www.sajbd.org/media/our-johannesburg Our Johannesburg] Jewish Affairs. 6 May 2020</ref> There are many [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox]] synagogues in the city including; [[Great Park Synagogue (Johannesburg)|Great Park Synagogue]], [[Oxford Shul]] and [[Doornfontein Synagogue]]. There is a smaller number of synagogues serving the city's [[Reform Judaism|Reform Jews]], including [[Temple Israel (Johannesburg)|Temple Israel]] and [[Beit Emanuel, Johannesburg|Beit Emanuel]].

=== Languages ===
[[File:Johannesburg dominant language map.svg|thumb|Geographical distribution of home languages in Johannesburg
{{div col|colwidth=10em|content=
{{legend|#8dd3c7|[[Afrikaans]]}}
{{legend|#ffffb3|[[South African English|English]]}}
{{legend|#bebada|[[Southern Ndebele language|Ndebele]]}}
{{legend|#fb8072|[[Xhosa language|Xhosa]]}}
{{legend|#80b1d3|[[Zulu language|Zulu]]}}
{{legend|#fdb462|[[Northern Sotho language|Northern Sotho]]}}
{{legend|#b3de69|[[Sotho language|Sotho]]}}
{{legend|#fccde5|[[Tswana language|Tswana]]}}
{{legend|#ccebc5|[[Venda language|Venda]]}}
{{legend|#ffed6f|[[Tsonga language|Tsonga]]}}
{{legend|#d0d0d0|No language dominant}}
}}]]

32% of Johannesburg residents speak [[Nguni languages]] at home, 24% speak [[Sotho languages]], 18% speak English, 7% speak [[Afrikaans]] and 6% speak [[Tshivenda]].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Gender
!Population
!%
|-
| Female
| 473,148
| 49.42
|-
| Male
| 484,293
| 50.58
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Race
!Population
!%
|-
| [[Bantu peoples of South Africa|Black African]]
| 614,793
| 64.21
|-
| [[White South African|White]]
| 133,379
| 13.93
|-
| [[Coloured]]
| 133,029
| 13.89
|-
| [[Asian South African|Asian]]
| 63,918
| 6.68
|-
|Other
|12,320
|1.29
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! [[First language]]
! Population<ref name="census2011" /><ref name="census2011 gov.za">{{Cite web |last=Africa |first=Statistics South |title=Local Municipality {{!}} Statistics South Africa |url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/?page_id=993 |access-date=2021-08-22 |language=en-US |archive-date=22 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722214641/http://www.statssa.gov.za/?page_id=993 |url-status=live }}</ref>
! %
|-
| [[Zulu language|Zulu]]
| 1,022,747
| 23.41
|-
|-
| [[Sesotho language|Sotho]]
| 420,117
| 9.61
|-
| [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]]
| 298,523
| 6.83
|-
| [[Afrikaans]]
| 318,063
| 7.28
|-
| [[Tswana language|Tswana]]
| 335,713
| 7.68
|-
| [[Sepedi]]
| 317,277
| 7.26
|-
| [[South African English|English]]
| 878,230
| 20.10
|-
| [[Tsonga language|Tsonga]]
| 287,625
| 6.58
|-
| [[Swazi language|Swazi]]
| 35,926
| 0.82
|-
| [[Venda language|Venda]]
| 141,435
| 3.24
|-
| [[Southern Ndebele language|Ndebele]]
| 126,587
| 2.90
|-
| [[Languages of South Africa|Other]]
| 168,566
| 3.86
|-
| [[South African Sign Language|Sign language]]
| 18,793
| 0.43
|}

=== Education ===
[[File:Great_Hall_University_Witwatersrand.jpg|thumb|left|The [[University of the Witwatersrand]]]]
Johannesburg has a well-developed higher education system of both [[private university|private]] and [[public university|public universities]]. Johannesburg is served by the public universities [[University of the Witwatersrand]] and the [[University of Johannesburg]].

[[University of Johannesburg]] was formed on 1 January 2005, when three separate universities and campuses—[[Rand Afrikaans University]], [[Technikon Witwatersrand]], and the Johannesburg campuses of [[Vista University]]—were merged. The new university offers education primarily in English and [[Afrikaans]], although courses may be taken in any of South Africa's official languages.

The [[University of the Witwatersrand]] is one of the leading universities in Africa,<ref>{{cite web |last=University of the Witwatersrand |title=Wits Facts |url=http://www.wits.ac.za/aboutwits/witstoday/facts-and-figures/3083/facts_and_figures.html |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand |access-date=26 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814035045/http://www.wits.ac.za/aboutwits/witstoday/facts-and-figures/3083/facts_and_figures.html |archive-date=14 August 2011}}</ref> and is famous as a centre of resistance to [[apartheid]]. It is attached to the world's third largest hospital, the [[Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital]], located in [[Soweto]].

The [[University of Pretoria]]'s business school the [[Gordon Institute of Business Science]] is located in Illovo, Johannesburg.

Many private colleges are also situated in Johannesburg, such as [[Damelin]],<ref name="Damelin">{{cite web |url=http://www.educor.co.za/campuses/face-to-face-campuses/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006032337/http://www.educor.co.za/campuses/face-to-face-campuses |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 October 2011 |title=Face to Face Campuses |publisher=Educor |access-date=19 May 2013}}</ref> [[CTI Education Group|CTI]],<ref name = "CTI">{{cite web |url=http://www.cti.co.za/contact-us |title=Contact Us – CTI Education Group |publisher=Cti.co.za |access-date=19 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528084223/http://www.cti.co.za/contact-us |archive-date=28 May 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Lyceum College]]<ref name = "Lyceum">{{cite web |url=http://www.lyceum.co.za/college-south-africa-sa-colleges |title=College South Africa | SA Colleges |publisher=Lyceum.co.za |access-date=19 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702141254/http://www.lyceum.co.za/college-south-africa-sa-colleges |archive-date=2 July 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and the [[Monash University, South Africa campus|South African campus]]<ref name="Monash">{{cite web |url=http://www.monash.ac.za/about/contact/ |title=Contact us – Monash South Africa |publisher=Monash.ac.za |access-date=19 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512020840/http://www.monash.ac.za/about/contact/ |archive-date=12 May 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> of [[Monash University]] (six of the other campuses are in Australia, while the eighth is in [[Malaysia]]), as well as the [[Midrand Graduate Institute]]<ref name = "MGI">{{cite web |url=http://www.mgi.ac.za/contact-us.html |title=Contact Us |publisher=Mgi.ac.za |access-date=19 May 2013 |archive-date=29 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629190229/http://www.mgi.ac.za/contact-us.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> which is located in [[Midrand]].

Johannesburg also has one of several [[film schools]] in the country, one of which has won an Academy Award for Best Foreign Student Film in 2006.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gfo.co.za/content/GFOcongratulatesAFDAonAcademyMaywin065.doc |title=Archived copy |access-date=2 March 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304005253/http://www.gfo.co.za/content/GFOcongratulatesAFDAonAcademyMaywin065.doc |archive-date=4 March 2009}}, 23 May 2006</ref> The South African School of Motion Picture and Live Performance, or [[AFDA]] for short, is situated in Auckland Park.

Johannesburg also has three teacher-training colleges and a technical college. There are numerous kindergartens, primary schools and high schools in the region.

== Economy ==
[[File:Johannesburg Stock Exchange.jpg|thumb|The [[Johannesburg Stock Exchange]]]]
Johannesburg is the economic and financial hub of South Africa, producing 16% of South Africa's gross domestic product, and accounts for 40% of Gauteng's economic activity.{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}} In a 2008 survey conducted by [[Mastercard]], Johannesburg ranked 47 out of 50 top cities in the world as a worldwide centre of commerce (the only city in Africa).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mastercard.com/us/company/en/wcoc/pdf/WCoC_Brochure_FINAL.pdf |title=Mastercard – Global Leading Company in Payment Solutions Offering Credit, Debit, Prepaid Cards & More |website=[[Mastercard]] |access-date=14 December 2007 |archive-date=16 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216061729/http://www.mastercard.com/us/company/en/wcoc/pdf/WCoC_Brochure_FINAL.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

Mining was the foundation of the [[Witwatersrand]]'s economy, but its importance is gradually declining due to dwindling reserves and service and manufacturing industries have become more significant to the city's economy. While gold mining no longer takes place within the [[city limits]], most mining companies still have their headquarters in Johannesburg. The city's manufacturing industries extend across a range of areas and there is still a reliance on heavy industries including steel and cement plants. The service and other industries include banking, IT, real estate, transport, broadcast and print media, private health care, transport and a vibrant leisure and consumer retail market.{{Citation needed|date=January 2009}} Johannesburg has Africa's largest stock exchange, the [[JSE Limited|JSE]] although it has moved out of the central business district. Due to its commercial role, the city is the seat of the provincial government and the site of a number of government branch offices, as well as consular offices and other institutions.

The Witwatersrand urban complex is a major consumer of water in a dry region. Its continued economic and population growth has depended on schemes to divert water from other regions of South Africa and from the highlands of [[Lesotho]], the biggest of which is the [[Lesotho Highlands Water Project]], but additional sources will be needed early in the 21st century.

The container terminal at [[City Deep, Gauteng|City Deep]] is known to be the largest "[[dry port]]" in the world,{{Citation needed|reason=Johannesburg not mentioned in dry port article, largest dry port in world is significant claim|date=March 2015}} with some 50% of cargo that arrives through the ports of [[Durban]] and [[Cape Town]] arriving in Johannesburg. The City Deep area has been declared an IDZ (industrial development zone) by the Gauteng government.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}}

=== Retail ===
{{See also|Category: Shopping centres in Johannesburg}}
[[File:Sandton.jpg|thumb|right|[[Sandton City]] shopping mall in [[Sandton]], Johannesburg.]]

Johannesburg's largest shopping centres, measured by gross leasable area (GLA, the uniform measure of centre size as determined by the International Council of Shopping Centers) are Sandton City, Eastgate, Mall of Africa, Westgate and Cresta. [[Melrose Arch]] is one of its most prestigious.{{citation_needed|date=October 2012}} Other centres include [[Hyde Park Corner (shopping centre)|Hyde Park Corner]], [[Rosebank, Gauteng|Rosebank]], [[Southgate Shopping Centre|Southgate]], The Glen Shopping Centre, Johannesburg South, and Clearwater Mall. There were also plans to build a large shopping centre, known as the Zonk'Izizwe Shopping Resort, in [[Midrand]], but these have been indefinitely delayed due to the opening of [[Mall of Africa]]. "Zonk'Izizwe" means "All Nations" in [[Zulu language]], indicating that the centre will cater to the city's diverse mix of peoples and races. Also a complex named Greenstone in Modderfontein has been opened.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://architectafrica.com/bin0/features-GreenstoneMall-Bentel-05.html |title=GREENSTONE MALL : BENTEL INTERNATIONAL: Architect Africa Features Page |publisher=Architectafrica.com |access-date=2 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051208015832/http://www.architectafrica.com/bin0/features-GreenstoneMall-Bentel-05.html |archive-date=8 December 2005 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Cradlestone Mall is a new mall named for its location which is close to the [[Cradle of Humankind]], a World Heritage Site.

== Law and government ==
=== Government ===
{{Main|City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality}}
[[File:Johannesburg 2006 regions with legend.PNG|thumb|The seven regions of the city]]

Upon the creation of the Metropolitan Municipality in 2000 the city was subdivided into eleven regions, simply named Region 1 to Region 11. These were reorganised in 2006 into the current seven regions named alphabetically Region A to Region G, as shown on the nearby map.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Abraham, Anish |date=11 May 2006 |title=Jozi plans major restructuring |publisher=City of Johannesburg |url=http://www.joburg.org.za/2006/may/may11_structure.stm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060627140019/http://www.joburg.org.za/2006/may/may11_structure.stm |archive-date=27 June 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{As of|2006}} the seven regions are:
*''Region A'': Diepsloot, Kya Sand;
*''Region B'': Randburg, Rosebank, Emmarentia, Greenside, Melville, Northcliff, Rosebank, Parktown, Parktown North;
*''Region C'': Roodepoort, Constantia Kloof, Northgate;
*''Region D'': Doornkop, Soweto, Dobsonville, Protea Glen;
*''Region E'': Alexandra, Wynberg, Sandton;
*''Region F'': Inner City;
*''Region G'': Orange Farm, Ennerdale, Lenasia.

In the 2016 municipal elections, the ruling party, the ANC, lost their majority in Johannesburg for the first time since taking power in 1994, claiming only 44.12% of the vote. The Economic Freedom Fighters and Democratic Alliance both agreed to vote for the DA mayoral candidate, [[Herman Mashaba]], who was sworn into power as the first Democratic Alliance mayor of Johannesburg on 22 August 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ewn.co.za/2016/08/22/Victory-for-DA-as-Herman-Mashaba-is-elected-Mayor-of-Johannesburg |title=Victory for DA as Herman Mashaba is elected Mayor of Johannesburg |first=Clement |last=Manyathela |website=ewn.co.za |access-date=15 January 2017 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224015436/https://ewn.co.za/2016/08/22/Victory-for-DA-as-Herman-Mashaba-is-elected-Mayor-of-Johannesburg |url-status=live }}</ref> The ANC returned to the city's executive on 4 December 2019 following the election of its regional chair, [[Geoff Makhubo]], to the mayoralty.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Deklerk |first1=Aphiwe |title=ANC's Geoff Makhubo is the new Joburg mayor |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2019-12-04-ancs-geoff-makhubo-is-the-new-joburg-mayor/ |access-date=4 December 2019 |agency=TimesLIVE |date=4 December 2019 |archive-date=4 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204204352/https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2019-12-04-ancs-geoff-makhubo-is-the-new-joburg-mayor/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Makhubo died on 9 July 2021 and [[Eunice Mgcina]] was appointed acting mayor.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/eunice-mgcina-is-acting-mayor-of-joburg-f762bc6e-dc76-4c5f-8d6e-4e44ae858d6f |title=Eunice Mgcina is acting mayor of Joburg |work=iol.co.za |last=Nkosi |first=Ntombi |date=9 July 2021 |access-date=20 July 2021 |archive-date=11 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711192839/https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/eunice-mgcina-is-acting-mayor-of-joburg-f762bc6e-dc76-4c5f-8d6e-4e44ae858d6f |url-status=live }}</ref> A new mayor, Jolidee Matongo, was elected unopposed on 10 August 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Nonkululeko Njilo |title=Jolidee Matongo becomes new mayor of Joburg unopposed |url=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/south-africa/2021-08-10-jolidee-matongo-becomes-new-mayor-of-joburg-unopposed2/ |access-date=2021-08-10 |website=SowetanLIVE |language=en-ZA |archive-date=10 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810144558/https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/south-africa/2021-08-10-jolidee-matongo-becomes-new-mayor-of-joburg-unopposed2/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Matongo died in a car accident in September 2021 and [[Mpho Moerane]] was elected to succeed him.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zulu |first=Sifiso |title=Mpho Moerane is officially Joburg's new mayor |url=https://ewn.co.za/2021/10/01/mpho-moerane-is-officially-joburg-s-new-mayor |access-date=2021-10-01 |website=ewn.co.za |language=en |archive-date=15 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715162707/https://ewn.co.za/2021/10/01/mpho-moerane-is-officially-joburg-s-new-mayor |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Crime ===
[[File:South african police may 2010.jpg|thumb|Officers of the [[South African Police Service]] with [[R4 assault rifle|Vektor R5]] rifles on parade in Johannesburg, 2010]]
[[File:Soweto township.jpg|thumb|A [[shanty town]] in [[Soweto]] [[Township (South Africa)|township]]]]
After the [[Group Areas Act]] was scrapped in 1991, Johannesburg was affected by [[urban blight]]. Thousands of poor black people, who had been forbidden to live in the city proper, moved into the city from surrounding black townships like [[Soweto]] and many immigrants from economically beleaguered and war torn African nations flooded into South Africa. Many buildings were abandoned by [[landlord]]s, especially in high-density areas, such as [[Hillbrow]]. Many corporations and institutions, including the [[JSE Securities Exchange|stock exchange]], moved their headquarters away from the city centre, to suburbs like [[Sandton]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Johannesburg Stock Exchange History - Property24.com |url=http://www.property24.com/articles/johannesburg-stock-exchange-history/16977 |website=www.property24.com |access-date=18 February 2016 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224180746/https://www.property24.com/articles/johannesburg-stock-exchange-history/16977 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Reviving the city centre is one of the main aims of the municipal government of Johannesburg. Drastic measures have been taken to reduce crime in the city. These measures include [[closed-circuit television]] on street corners. As of 11 December 2008, every street corner in Johannesburg central is under high-tech [[Closed-circuit television|CCTV]] surveillance.<ref name="iol.co.za">{{cite news |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/joburg-surveillance-zooms-in-428633 |work=IOL News |title=Joburg Surveillance Zooms In |date=11 December 2008 |last=Gifford |first=Gill |access-date=9 July 2018 |archive-date=7 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307215528/https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/joburg-surveillance-zooms-in-428633 |url-status=live }}</ref> The CCTV system, operated by the Johannesburg Metropolitan Police Department (JMPD), is also able to detect stolen or hijacked vehicles by scanning the number plates of every vehicle travelling through the central business district (CBD), then comparing them to the eNaTIS database. The JMPD claims that the average response time by police for crimes committed in the CBD is 60 seconds.<ref name="iol.co.za"/>

Crime levels in Johannesburg have dropped as the economy has stabilised and begun to grow.<ref>[http://mg.co.za/article/2006-07-07-drop-in-serious-crime-joburg Drop in serious crime in Jo'burg] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710071256/http://mg.co.za/article/2006-07-07-drop-in-serious-crime-joburg |date=10 July 2018 }}, ''Mail & Guardian Online'', 7 July 2006.</ref> Between 2001 and 2006, R9-billion (US$1.2 billion) has been invested in the city centre. Further investment of around R10-billion (US$1.5 billion) is expected in the city centre alone by 2010. This excludes development directly associated with the 2010 FIFA World Cup.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/joburg039s-residential-projects-are-supporting-an-acceleration-of-the-rejuvenation-effort-2007-05-25 |publisher=engineeringnews.co.za |title=Joburg's residential projects are supporting an acceleration of the rejuvenation effort |date=25 May 2007 |last=van der Merwe |first=Christy |access-date=9 July 2018 |archive-date=10 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710040725/http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/joburg039s-residential-projects-are-supporting-an-acceleration-of-the-rejuvenation-effort-2007-05-25 |url-status=live }}</ref> In an effort to prepare Johannesburg for the [[2010 FIFA World Cup]], local government enlisted the help of [[Rudy Giuliani]], former [[Mayor of New York City]], to help bring down the crime rate, as the opening and closing matches of the tournament were played in the city.<ref>{{cite press release |date=6 August 2006 |url=http://www.24-7pressrelease.com/view_press_release.php?rID=16863 |title=City of Johannesburg is calling for Internal Branding Advice from Global Gurus |url-status=dead |access-date=10 September 2006 |archive-date=15 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130915003232/http://www.24-7pressrelease.com/view_press_release.php?rID=16863}}</ref>

[[Murders]] in the Johannesburg municipality amounted to 1,697 in 2007 according to the South African Medical Research Council, a rate of 43 per 100,000 inhabitants.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mrc.ac.za/crime/nimmsreport2007.pdf |title=A profile of fatal injuries in South Africa |access-date=22 October 2009 |page=49 |publisher=South African Medical Research Council |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726194935/http://www.mrc.ac.za/crime/nimmsreport2007.pdf |archive-date=26 July 2011}}</ref> In 2016 that number had sharply declined to 29.4 per 100,000 inhabitants, placing the murder rate at more than half of that of [[Cape Town]] and even below the national average.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/lifestyle/230123/cape-town-is-one-of-the-most-violent-cities-in-the-world/ |title=Cape Town is one of the most violent cities in the world |publisher=businesstech.co.za |access-date=19 November 2020 |archive-date=1 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201212215/https://businesstech.co.za/news/lifestyle/230123/cape-town-is-one-of-the-most-violent-cities-in-the-world/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Culture==
Johannesburg is a cultural hub in South Africa<ref name="JoburgCulture1">{{cite web |url=http://www.joburg.org.za/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1690&Itemid=49 |title=city of Johannesburg – Arts, culture and heritage |access-date=25 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525231039/http://www.joburg.org.za/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1690&Itemid=49 |archive-date=25 May 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and has a wide variety of cultural venues, making it a prominent area for many creative and cultural industries.<ref name = "JoburgCulture1"/>

Johannesburg is home to the National School of Arts, The University of Witwatersrand's School of the Arts and the South African Ballet Theatre,<ref name = "JoburgCulture1"/><ref name = "NSA">{{cite web |url=http://www.artschool.co.za/ |title=National School of the Arts |access-date=25 May 2015 |archive-date=22 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150522195259/http://www.artschool.co.za/ |url-status=live }}</ref> as well as the [[Johannesburg Art Gallery]]<ref name = "JoziArtGallery">{{cite web |url=http://www.artthrob.co.za/Galleries/Johannesburg-Art-Gallery.aspx |title=Johannesburg Art Gallery |access-date=25 May 2015 |website=Art Throb |archive-date=14 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414144357/http://www.artthrob.co.za/Galleries/Johannesburg-Art-Gallery.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> and other prominent cultural landmarks, such as the [[Mary Fitzgerald Square]]<ref name = "JoburgCulture1"/> and numerous other museums, theatres, galleries and libraries.<ref name = "JoburgCulture1"/>

The [[Johannesburg City Library]] is located in the Central Business District of Johannesburg.<ref>{{cite web |last=City of Johannesburg |title=Region F libraries |url=https://www.joburg.org.za/about_/regions/Pages/Region%20F%20-%20Inner%20City/Region-F-Libraries.aspx |access-date=9 July 2018 |archive-date=10 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710013851/https://www.joburg.org.za/about_/regions/Pages/Region%20F%20-%20Inner%20City/Region-F-Libraries.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Museums and galleries ===
[[File:9 2 228 0069-Art Gallery-Johannesburg-s (square).jpg|thumb|[[Johannesburg Art Gallery]]]]
[[File:Apartheidmuseumpool.JPG|thumb|[[Apartheid Museum]]]]
Specialist museums cover subjects such as Africana, costume, design, [[fossils]], geology, [[military history]], medical, [[pharmacy]], photography and transportation networks such as railways. [[Gold Reef City]], a living museum, was originally part of the Crown Mines Complex, where gold was mined to a depth of {{convert|3000|m}}. The [[Market Theatre (Johannesburg)|Market Theatre]] stages plays, comedy shows, and musical performances.

The following is a list of some of the museums and galleries that can be found in Johannesburg.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.places.co.za/html/johannesburg_museums.html |title=Johannesburg Museums |publisher=Places.co.za |access-date=2 July 2010 |archive-date=18 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100618071844/http://www.places.co.za/html/johannesburg_museums.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>
*AECI Dynamite Factory Museum
::The AECI Dynamite Factory Museum, housed in the 1895 residence of a mining official, records the history of explosives, with particular emphasis on their use in the mining industry.
*Adler Museum of Medicine
::History of Medicine, brainchild of Dr Cyril Adler, was formally inaugurated 1962. The museum's role was to collect and preserve for posterity all material that would illustrate the history of medicine in general and of South Africa in particular.
*[[Apartheid Museum]]
*[[Constitution Hill, Johannesburg]]
*[[Hector Pieterson Museum]]
*[[James Hall Transport Museum]]
*[[Johannesburg Art Gallery]]
*Madiba Freedom Museum
:: Named after the former President Mandela's clan, the museum's theme is Mzabalazo and charts South Africa's journey to democracy.
*[[MuseuMAfricA]].
*Origins Centre Museum
::Located on the campus of the [[University of the Witwatersrand]] in [[Braamfontein]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://origins.org.za/index.php/origins_site/widearticle/C37/ |title=Vitis US |publisher=Origins Centre |access-date=10 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210154403/http://origins.org.za/index.php/origins_site/widearticle/C37/ |archive-date=10 December 2008}}</ref> this museum contains some excellent examples of southern African rock art and the origins of humankind.
*Bernberg Fashion Museum
:: Bernberg Fashion Museum is primarily a museum collection, consisting of objects, and explains why and how clothing has changed and how the fashions of the past influence those of today.
*[[South African National Museum of Military History]]
*Zoology Museum
:: The Zoology Museum is the only natural history museum in Johannesburg which is unusual because all the other major cities in South Africa have large public natural history museums. It has retained a unique character as the display specimens are exhibited in finely crafted teak cabinets which allow the viewer to engage directly with scores of objects at close range.

=== Entertainment and performing arts ===
[[File:Rise Against at RAMFest 2013 in Johannesburg, South Africa.jpg|thumb|right|[[Rise Against]] live in Johannesburg, South Africa as part of [[RAMFest]] 2013]]

Johannesburg hosts many of South Africa's premier music events, such as [[RAMFest]]'s Johannesburg leg,<ref name = "RAM10">{{cite web |url=http://www.songkick.com/festivals/44346-ramfest/id/3810841-ramfest-2010 |title=Ramfest 2010 | Ramfest 2010 Line-up and Posters |publisher=Songkick |access-date=5 March 2013 |archive-date=2 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502071343/http://www.songkick.com/festivals/44346-ramfest/id/3810841-ramfest-2010 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name = "RAM11JOZI">{{cite web |author=Johannesburg, South Africa |url=http://www.songkick.com/festivals/44346-ramfest/id/7361686-ramfest-2011 |title=Ramfest 2011 | Ramfest 2011 Line-up and Posters |publisher=Songkick |date=12 March 2011 |access-date=5 March 2013 |archive-date=2 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502074246/http://www.songkick.com/festivals/44346-ramfest/id/7361686-ramfest-2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name = "RAM12JOZI">{{cite web |author=Johannesburg, South Africa |url=http://www.songkick.com/festivals/44346-ramfest/id/10817988-ramfest-2012 |title=Ramfest 2012 | Ramfest 2012 Line-up and Posters |publisher=Songkick |date=10 March 2012 |access-date=5 March 2013 |archive-date=18 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121118043323/http://www.songkick.com/festivals/44346-ramfest/id/10817988-ramfest-2012 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name = "RAM13">{{cite web |url=http://www.bizcommunity.com/Article/196/429/88021.html |title=Ramfest 2013 line-up |publisher=Bizcommunity.com |date=21 January 2013 |access-date=5 March 2013 |archive-date=7 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407062925/http://www.bizcommunity.com/Article/196/429/88021.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[In the City (South African festival)|In The City]]<ref name="VITC2012">{{cite web |url=http://www.drop-your-drink.com/2012/09/vodacom-unlimited-in-city-presents-bloc.html |title=Archived copy |website=www.drop-your-drink.com |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212101418/http://www.drop-your-drink.com/2012/09/vodacom-unlimited-in-city-presents-bloc.html |archive-date=12 February 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and many international tours from bands and artists around the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dailymaverick.co.za/article/2011-02-14-u2-in-johannesburg-the-real-greatest-show-on-earth |title=U2 in Johannesburg – the real greatest show on earth – Daily Maverick |first=Styli |last=Charalambous |date=14 February 2011 |access-date=17 September 2013 |archive-date=13 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013015217/http://dailymaverick.co.za/article/2011-02-14-u2-in-johannesburg-the-real-greatest-show-on-earth |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://mg.co.za/article/2011-10-09-coldplay-makes-joburg-paradise |title=Coldplay makes Jo'burg Paradise |first1=Genevieve |last1=Quintal |first2=Jenna |last2=Etheridge |date=9 October 2011 |access-date=17 September 2013 |archive-date=20 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220023851/http://mg.co.za/article/2011-10-09-coldplay-makes-joburg-paradise |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dailymaverick.co.za/article/2011-10-31-kings-of-leon-anything-but-a-royal-performance |title=Kings of Leon: anything but a royal performance – Daily Maverick |first=Styli |last=Charalambous |date=31 October 2011 |access-date=17 September 2013 |archive-date=1 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101194036/http://dailymaverick.co.za/article/2011-10-31-kings-of-leon-anything-but-a-royal-performance |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ewn.co.za/2012/11/11/Thousands-attend-Linkin-Park-concert |title=Thousands attend Linkin Park concert |first=Andrea van |last=Wyk |access-date=17 September 2013 |archive-date=20 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220074154/http://ewn.co.za/2012/11/11/Thousands-attend-Linkin-Park-concert |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |date=5 January 2013 |title=Billboard Boxscore |magazine=Billboard |volume=124 |issue=51 |issn=0006-2510 |access-date=7 January 2013 |url=http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/currentboxscore.jsp |archive-url=http://www.freezepage.com/1357566049IANLXYVBOK?url=http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/currentboxscore.jsp |archive-date=7 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rollingstone.co.za/musicrev/item/2139-report-red-hot-chili-peppers-electrify-fnb-stadium |title=Report: Red Hot Chili Peppers Electrify FNB Stadium – Rolling Stone South Africa |first=KAYLEIGH |last=VOGES |website=www.rollingstone.co.za |date=6 December 2018 |access-date=17 September 2013 |archive-date=20 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220004239/http://www.rollingstone.co.za/musicrev/item/2139-report-red-hot-chili-peppers-electrify-fnb-stadium |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.timeslive.co.za/entertainment/music/2013/04/29/the-master-of-puppets-metallica-pulls-johannesburg-s-strings |title=TimesLIVE |website=www.timeslive.co.za |access-date=17 September 2013 |archive-date=2 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702005424/http://www.timeslive.co.za/entertainment/music/2013/04/29/the-master-of-puppets-metallica-pulls-johannesburg-s-strings |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.timeslive.co.za/thetimes/2012/12/11/bieber-busts-jozi-ticket-bank |title=Bieber busts Jozi ticket bank |access-date=17 September 2013 |archive-date=16 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016062601/http://www.timeslive.co.za/thetimes/2012/12/11/bieber-busts-jozi-ticket-bank |url-status=live }}</ref> Several critically acclaimed musical acts come from Johannesburg, such as [[Kongos (band)|Kongos]], [[Johnny Clegg]], [[Zebra & Giraffe]], [[Man As Machine]], [[The Parlotones]], and [[Shortstraw|ShortStraw]].

The [[Joburg Theatre]] complex hosts drama, opera and ballet.

The [[Market Theatre Foundation]] houses the historic [[Market Theatre (Johannesburg)|Market Theatre]] in Newtown with various sized stages holding performances from theatre to music and dance. The foundation also oversees the [https://www.marketlab.co.za Market Theatre Laboratory] and [https://marketphotoworkshop.co.za The Market Photo Workshop] – run training programmes for young creatives and presenting work to the public.

=== Public art ===
Public art ranges from sculptures to murals to pieces by artists like [[William Kentridge]] and [[Gerhard Marx]]'s [[Fire Walker]]. Many pieces are developed through community workshops, such as the Vilakazi Street sculptures. Others are functional, such as street furniture found in [[Hillbrow]] and the city centre.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}

As part of the Johannesburg Development Agency's (JDA) policy to make city areas desirable to potential investors, the organisation has identified public art as a way to improve the urban experience of the city.<ref>{{cite web |title=JDA's PUBLIC ART STRATEGY 2011–2016 |url=http://www.jda.org.za/docs/publi_art_strategy.pdf |website=www.jda.org.za |publisher=Johannesburg Development Agency |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401054603/http://www.jda.org.za/docs/publi_art_strategy.pdf |archive-date=1 April 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The JDA spends 1 percent of all projects of over R10-million on public art.<ref>{{cite web |title=Place making and public art |url=http://www.jda.org.za/index.php/whatwedo/programmes/inner-city |website=www.jda.org.za |publisher=Johannesburg Development Agency |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331210050/http://www.jda.org.za/index.php/whatwedo/programmes/inner-city |archive-date=31 March 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Architecture and urbanism ===
{{Main|Architecture of Johannesburg|Suburbs of Johannesburg}}
[[File:Trust Bank Building.jpg|thumb|[[Trust Bank Building]] in 2018]]
[[File:Joburg skyline.jpg|thumb|Johannesburg Central Business District]]
Johannesburg is home to some of Africa's tallest structures, such as the [[Sentech Tower]], [[Hillbrow Tower]], the [[Carlton Centre]] and [[Ponte City Apartments]]. The Johannesburg city skyline has most of the tallest buildings on the continent and contains most international organisations such as [[IBM]], [[Absa Group|Absa]], [[BHP]], [[Willis Group]], [[First National Bank (South Africa)|First National Bank]], [[Nedbank]] and [[Standard Bank]]. Many of the city's older buildings have been demolished and more modern ones built in their place. North of the CBD is [[Hillbrow]], the most densely populated residential area in southern Africa. Northwest of the CBD is [[Braamfontein]], a secondary CBD housing many offices and business premises. The CBD is predominated by four styles of architecture, being [[Colonial architecture|Victorian Colonial]], [[Edwardian Baroque]], [[Art Deco]] and [[Modernism]].

The city is often described as Africa's economic powerhouse, and contentiously as a modern and prosperous African city.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news |last=Smith |first=David |title=Johannesburg rebuked over 'world-class city' advert |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/11/johannesburg-world-class-city-advert |access-date=15 July 2013 |newspaper=The Guardian |date=12 July 2013 |archive-date=4 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130904072916/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/11/johannesburg-world-class-city-advert |url-status=live }}</ref> Johannesburg, like many metropolises, has more than one central business district (CBD), including, but not limited to, Sandton, Rosebank and Roodepoort in addition to the original CBD. Some tend to include Benoni and Germiston as well.

Due to its many different central districts, Johannesburg would fall under the [[multiple nuclei model]] in [[human geography]] terms. It is the hub of South Africa's commercial, financial, industrial, and mining undertakings. Johannesburg is part of a larger urban region. It is closely linked with several other satellite towns. [[Randburg]] and [[Sandton]] form part of the northern area. The east and west ridges spread out from central Johannesburg. The Central Business District covers an area of {{convert|6|km2|0|abbr=out}}. It consists of closely packed skyscrapers such as the [[Carlton Centre]], [[Marble Towers]], [[Trust Bank Building]], [[Ponte City Apartments]], [[Southern Life Centre]] and [[11 Diagonal Street]].

Johannesburg's city centre retains its elements of a rectangular grid pattern that was first officially recorded in 1886.<ref name=":0"/> Streets are narrow and filled with high rises built in the mid- to late 1900s. Old Victorian–era buildings first built in the late 1800s have been torn down long ago.<ref name=":0"/> The 1900s brought along with it the introduction of many different architectural styles and structures. The Johannesburg Art Gallery and Supreme Court Building being two examples. These were important Beaux-Arts structures, with the style put in place by (at the time) colonial parent, the British Empire.<ref name=":0"/> South Africa didn't borrow architectural techniques exclusively from Britain, however. They were also inspired by American models and styles, having built several structures like the ESKOM Building and the Corner House to emulate the prowess of New York City, located in the United States.<ref name=":0"/>
{{wide image|Panoramic Joburg.jpg|1100px|Panoramic view of the [[Johannesburg CBD|Johannesburg Central Business District]]}}

=== Sports ===
[[File:FIFA World Cup 2010 Uruguay Ghana.jpg|thumb|left|[[Uruguay national football team|Uruguay]] vs. [[Ghana national football team|Ghana]] at the [[FNB Stadium]], during the [[2010 FIFA World Cup]]]]

Johannesburg's most popular sports by participation are [[association football]], [[cricket]], [[rugby union]], and [[running]]. Early each Sunday morning, tens of thousands of runners gather to take part in informal runs organised by several athletic clubs.

The city has several football clubs in the [[Premier Soccer League]] (PSL) and the [[National First Division]]. In the PSL, the top Johannesburg teams are all fierce rivals and include [[Kaizer Chiefs F.C.|Kaizer Chiefs]] (nicknamed ''Amakhosi''), [[Orlando Pirates F.C.|Orlando Pirates]] (nicknamed the ''Buccaneers''), [[Moroka Swallows F.C.|Moroka Swallows]] and [[Wits University F.C.|Wits University]] (nicknamed the ''Clever Boys''). They are based at the city's [[FNB Stadium|FNB]], [[Orlando Stadium|Orlando]], [[Dobsonville Stadium|Dobsonville]] and [[Bidvest Stadium|Bidvest]] stadiums. Several large-scale league and cup games are played at [[Soccer City]] the venue of the [[2010 FIFA World Cup]] final. First Division teams are [[Jomo Cosmos]] and [[FC AK]]. Katlehong City and Alexandra United, play at [[Alexandra Stadium|Alexandra]] and Reiger Park stadium respectively.

Cricket is one of the more popular sports. In cricket, the [[Highveld Lions]] represent Johannesburg, the rest of Gauteng as well as the [[North West Province|North West]] at the [[Wanderers Stadium]] which was the venue for the [[2003 Cricket World Cup]] Final in which [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] successfully defended their title against [[India national cricket team|India]]. Wanderers Stadium hosted what many cricket fans consider the greatest ever [[One Day International cricket|ODI]] match in which South Africa successfully chased down 434 runs. They take part in the [[first-class cricket|first class]] [[SuperSport Series]], the [[limited overs cricket|one-day]] [[MTN Domestic Championship]] and the [[Twenty20]] [[Ram Slam T20 Challenge]]. Johannesburg also hosted matches from and the final of the [[2007 ICC World Twenty20]], in which India beat [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]] in the final.

The [[Lions (United Rugby Championship)|Lions]], formerly the Cats, represent Johannesburg, [[North West (South African province)|North West]] and [[Mpumalanga]] in the [[United Rugby Championship]] competition, which includes teams from South Africa, Ireland, Italy, Scotland and Wales. The [[Golden Lions]] compete in the [[Currie Cup]], which they have won on ten occasions. They are housed at [[Ellis Park Stadium]], which also hosted the [[World Rugby|IRB]] [[1995 Rugby World Cup Final]], in which the South African [[Springboks]] defeated the New Zealand [[All Blacks]].

The city's [[Ticketpro Dome]] and the [[Ellis Park Arena]] hosted two of the three [[NBA Africa Game (disambiguation)|NBA Africa Game]]s.<ref>{{cite news |title=Getting to know Africa's flashy basketball arenas |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/news/getting-to-know-africas-flashy-basketball-arenas |access-date=10 December 2020 |work=[[FIBA]] |date=2 September 2019 |archive-date=7 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107193242/https://www.fiba.basketball/news/getting-to-know-africas-flashy-basketball-arenas |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Infrastructure ==

=== Transportation ===
Johannesburg is a young and sprawling city, with its public transportation built in its infancy, geared towards private motorists, and lacks a convenient public transportation system. The City though has invested a large percentage of its budget toward an effective integrated public transportation system. A significant number of the city's residents are dependent on the city's informal minibus taxis.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}}

==== Roads ====
{{Main|Johannesburg freeways}}
[[File:Johannesburg,_Gauteng,_South_Africa_(2417711025).jpg|thumb|The [[M1 (Johannesburg)|M1]] is a major freeway in Johannesburg]]
Johannesburg shares a network of [[Metropolitan Routes in Johannesburg|metropolitan routes]] with [[Krugersdorp]] and [[Ekurhuleni]]. The fact that Johannesburg is not near a large navigable body of water has meant that ground transportation has been the most important method of transporting people and goods in and out of the city. One of Africa's most famous "beltways" or ring roads/orbitals is the [[Johannesburg Ring Road]]. The road is composed of three freeways that converge on the city, forming an {{convert|80|km|adj=on}} loop around it: the [[N3 Eastern Bypass (South Africa)|N3 Eastern Bypass]], which links Johannesburg with [[Durban]]; the [[N1 Western Bypass (South Africa)|N1 Western Bypass]], which links Johannesburg with [[Pretoria]] and [[Cape Town]]; and the [[N12 Southern Bypass (South Africa)|N12 Southern Bypass]], which links Johannesburg with [[Witbank|eMalahleni]] and [[Kimberley, Northern Cape|Kimberley]]. The [[N3 road (South Africa)|N3]] was built exclusively with [[Asphalt concrete|asphalt]], while the [[N12 (South Africa)|N12]] and [[N1 road (South Africa)|N1]] sections were made with concrete, hence the nickname given to the N1 Western Bypass, "The Concrete Highway". In spite of being up to 12 lanes wide in some areas, the Johannesburg Ring Road is frequently clogged with traffic. The Gillooly's Interchange (renamed George Bizos Interchange in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-13 |title=Here are the streets affected by Ekurhuleni's new name changes |url=https://www.citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/government/2740326/city-of-ekurhuleni-street-name-changes-13-october-2021/ |access-date=2022-01-02 |website=The Citizen |language=en}}</ref>), built on an old farm and the point at which the N3 Eastern Bypass and the [[R24 (Gauteng)|R24 Airport Freeway]] intersect, is the busiest interchange in the Southern Hemisphere.<ref name=sanral>{{cite web |title=Busiest freeways in southern hemisphere |url=http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/busiest-freeways-in-southern-hemisphere-2008-09-26 |publisher=SA National Roads Agency |date=26 September 2008 |access-date=15 July 2013 |archive-date=16 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616164747/http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/busiest-freeways-in-southern-hemisphere-2008-09-26 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is claimed<ref name=sanral/><ref>{{cite news |last=Staff Reporter |title=18 perish in road accidents |url=http://www.newsday.co.zw/2013/05/10/18-perish-in-road-accidents |access-date=15 July 2013 |newspaper=NewsDay |date=10 May 2013 |archive-date=19 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719181822/http://www.newsday.co.zw/2013/05/10/18-perish-in-road-accidents/ |url-status=live }}</ref> that the N1 is the busiest road in South Africa.

Johannesburg has the most freeways connected to it.{{Clarify|date=July 2009}} It has the [[N1 road (South Africa)|N1]], [[N3 road (South Africa)|N3]], [[N12 road (South Africa)|N12]], [[N14 road (South Africa)|N14]], [[N17 road (South Africa)|N17]], [[R21 (Gauteng)|R21]], [[R24 (Gauteng)|R24]] and the [[R59 (Free State)|R59]], all leading to Johannesburg. The [[M1 (Johannesburg)|M1]] and [[M2 road (Johannesburg)|M2]] freeways were built to direct traffic towards the city centre. These two freeways are congested due to mass urbanisation.

==== Bus and taxi transit ====
[[Image:Rea Vaya stop in CBD.JPG|thumb|[[Rea Vaya]] bus stop in [[Johannesburg CBD]] in Commissioner Street at Ntemi Piliso Street]]
Johannesburg is served by a bus fleet operated by MetroBus, a corporate unit of the City of Johannesburg.<ref>{{cite web |title=Metrobus |url=http://www.mbus.co.za/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050211061241/http://www.mbus.co.za/ |archive-date=11 Feb 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=About Us |url=https://mbus.joburg.org.za/about-us |website=City of Johannesburg |publisher=Metrobus |access-date=19 September 2023}}</ref> It has a fleet consisting of approximately 550 single and double-decker buses, plying 84 different routes in the city. This total includes 200 modern buses (150 double-deckers and 50 single-deckers), made by [[Volvo]], [[Scania AB]] and Marcopolo/Brasa in 2002. Metrobus' fleet carries approximately 20 million passengers per annum. In addition, there are a number of private bus operators, though most focus on the inter-city routes, or on bus charters for touring groups. The city's main bus terminus is situated in [[Gandhi Square]], where passengers can also obtain information regarding the Metrobus service from the walk-in customer information desk.

In 2010, in order to create an efficient public transport system the [[Rea Vaya]] bus rapid system was developed/built. The buses run on their own dedicated bus lanes on the main trunk and complementary routes. The buses also have large feeder routes that run on ordinary roads. The Rea Vaya works on a smartcard payment system, on entering the station or bus the passenger taps his/her smartcard onto the validator/scanner and taps out at the next station with the calculated amount. The routes cover both the southern and northern suburbs with the main trunk route running from Soweto to Sandton and Rosebank, and the feeder and complementary routes covering most of Johannesburg, with the notable exceptions of Midrand and Centurion. A subsequent expansion (phase 1-C;1-D) will cover these areas. In 2017, the [[Rea Vaya]] bus rapid transit was recorded to be making huge losses recovering only about 40 per cent of the operating costs and relying heavily on government subsidies.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.fin24.com/Economy/bus-rapid-transit-bleeding-cash-20170226-2 |title=Bus Rapid Transit bleeding cash |work=Fin24 |access-date=2 July 2019 |archive-date=2 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702073721/https://www.fin24.com/Economy/bus-rapid-transit-bleeding-cash-20170226-2 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Johannesburg has two kinds of taxis, [[taxicab|metered taxis]] and [[Minibus taxi#Minibus taxi|minibus taxis]]. Unlike many cities, metered taxis are not allowed to drive around the city looking for passengers and instead must be called and ordered to a destination. The Gauteng Provincial Government has launched a new metered taxi programme in an attempt to increase the use of metered taxis in the city.{{Citation needed|date=January 2009}}

The minibus "taxis" are the ''de facto'' standard and essential form of transport for the majority of the population. Since the 1980s, the minibus taxi industry has been severely affected by [[Taxi wars in South Africa|turf wars]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://yoinsta.com/tag/knysna |title=Posts filled under #knysna |last=YoInsta |website=yoinsta.com |access-date=28 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228112329/https://yoinsta.com/tag/knysna |archive-date=28 December 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Greef |first=Kimon de |date=2018-07-22 |title=In South Africa's 'Mafia-Like' Taxi Industry, 11 Die in Latest Attack |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/22/world/africa/south-africa-taxi-attack.html |access-date=2022-03-09 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513083505/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/22/world/africa/south-africa-taxi-attack.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Airports ====
[[Image:Ekurhuleni_Aerotropolis.jpg|thumb|[[O. R. Tambo International Airport]]]]
Johannesburg is served principally by [[O. R. Tambo International Airport]] (formerly Johannesburg International Airport and before that Jan Smuts Airport) for both domestic and international flights. [[Lanseria Airport]], located to the north-west of the city and closer to the business hub of [[Sandton]], is used for commercial flights to [[Cape Town]], [[Durban]], [[Port Elizabeth]], Botswana, and [[Sun City, North West|Sun City]]. Other airports include [[Rand Airport]] and [[Grand Central Airport]]. Rand Airport, located in [[Germiston, Gauteng|Germiston]], is a small airfield used mostly for private aircraft and the home of [[South African Airways]]' first Boeing 747–200 ZS-SAN and also 747SP ZS-SPC and now serves as an aviation museum. Grand Central is located in Midrand and also caters to small, private aircraft.

==== Rail ====
[[Image:South Africa-Metrorail-001.jpg|thumb|[[Metrorail Gauteng]] at [[Braamfontein]], Johannesburg]]
The [[Metrorail Gauteng]] [[commuter rail]] system connects central Johannesburg to [[Soweto]], [[Pretoria]], and most of the satellite towns along the [[Witwatersrand]]. The railways transport huge numbers of commuters every day. However, the Metrorail infrastructure was built in Johannesburg's infancy and covers only the older areas in the city's south. The northern areas, including the business districts of [[Sandton, Gauteng|Sandton]], [[Midrand, Gauteng|Midrand]], [[Randburg, Gauteng|Randburg]], and [[Rosebank, Gauteng|Rosebank]], are served by the rapid [[railway|rail]] link [[Gautrain]].

[[File:Gautrain..., O R Tambo Intl Airport South Africa.jpg|thumb|[[Gautrain]] station at OR Tambo Airport]]
A part of the Gauteng Provincial Government's Blue IQ Project, [[Gautrain]] has made provision for a rapid [[railway|rail]] link, running north to south, between Johannesburg and Pretoria, and west to east between Sandton and the [[OR Tambo International Airport]]. Construction of the Gautrain Rapid Rail started in October 2006 and was completed in June 2012. It consists of a number of underground stations, as well as above-ground stations. Stations on the north–south line include Johannesburg's [[Johannesburg Park Station|Park Station]] (underground), [[Rosebank (Gautrain station)|Rosebank]] (underground), [[Sandton (Gautrain station)|Sandton]] (underground), [[Marlboro (Gautrain station)|Marlboro]] (above-ground and raised), [[Midrand (Gautrain station)|Midrand]], [[Pretoria railway station|Pretoria]] Station and [[Hatfield (Gautrain station)|Hatfield]]. There is also a line from the O.R. Tambo International Airport (above-ground and raised) travelling to Sandton via [[Rhodesfield (Gautrain station)|Rhodesfield]] (raised) and Marlboro. A 200-kilometre expansion is underway and will consist of 3 new lines and 18 new stations, and is expected to cost R18 billion and one-lines (Soweto Mamalodi) could take 4 years to build, most of the new stations will be in Johannesburg.

The east–west line from the airport to Sandton opened in June 2010 in time for the [[2010 FIFA World Cup]], while the north–south line opened on 2 August 2011, except for Park Station, which opened in 2012.

The rail system was designed to alleviate traffic on the [[N1 (South Africa)|N1]] freeway between Johannesburg and Pretoria, which records vehicle loads of up to 300,000 per week day.<ref>{{cite web |title=Why Rapid Rail |url=http://www.gautrain.co.za/about/about-gautrain/why-rapid-rail/ |publisher=Gautrain |access-date=24 August 2017 |archive-date=25 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825063354/http://www.gautrain.co.za/about/about-gautrain/why-rapid-rail/ |url-status=live }}</ref> An extensive bus feeder system has also been implemented, which allows access to the main stations from the outer suburbs, but is limited to a five-kilometre radius, which neglects the rest of the suburbs. This is the first new major railway system that has been laid in South Africa since 1977.<ref>{{cite web |title=Railway country. 150 Years of Rail in South Africa |url=http://www.transnetfreightrail-tfr.net/Heritage/150years/150YearsRail.pdf |publisher=Transnet |access-date=24 August 2017 |archive-date=12 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012074755/http://www.transnetfreightrail-tfr.net/Heritage/150years/150YearsRail.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2010, a [[Johannesburg-Durban High Speed Rail|high-speed rail link]] was proposed between Johannesburg and [[Durban]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/ambitious-plans-will-still-need-funding/browse/3.html |access-date=19 September 2010 |title=Railway Gazette: Ambitious plans will still need funding |archive-date=15 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615134927/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/ambitious-plans-will-still-need-funding/browse/3.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2020 the government announced plans for high-speed rail from Johannesburg to [[Soweto]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 October 2020 |title=South Africa's Rail Expansion Plan Links Soweto to Johannesburg |language=en |work=Bloomberg.com |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-10-25/south-africa-s-rail-expansion-plan-links-soweto-to-johannesburg |access-date=25 October 2020 |archive-date=28 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028213615/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-10-25/south-africa-s-rail-expansion-plan-links-soweto-to-johannesburg |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Freight ====
City Deep Terminal is the name of Africa's largest [[dry port]] and was officially opened by the South African Railways Services (SARS) in 1977. The container terminal is connected to the Port of Durban, Port of Ngqurha, Port of Cape Town, as well as Southern Africa by road and rail. At least forty percent of container export/imports run on the Natal Corridor (Natcor) which is directly linked by rail to City Deep.

=== Telecommunication ===
Johannesburg has 4 major cellular telecommunications operators: [[Vodacom]], [[MTN Group|MTN]], [[Cell C]], and [[Telkom Mobile]]. Vodacom's global headquarters is located in [[Midrand]]. It was formed in 1994, just after the South African elections of 1994.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.africanwireless.com/vodacom_history.htm |title=Vodacom History |publisher=Africanwireless.com |access-date=2 July 2010 |archive-date=27 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327001945/http://www.africanwireless.com/vodacom_history.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Media ===
[[File:SouthAfricanBroadcastingCorporationHQ.jpg|thumb|[[South African Broadcasting Corporation]] headquarters in Uitsaaisentrum, Johannesburg]]
Johannesburg has a number of regional radio stations such as [[94.7 Highveld Stereo]], [[Radiokansel / Radio Pulpit]], [[Kaya FM]], [[Radio 2000]], [[YFM]], [[Metro FM]], [[5FM]], [[Jacaranda FM]], [[SAfm]], [[Phalaphala FM]], [[Radio 702]] and [[UJFM]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Radio Stations |url=https://www.joburg.org.za/work_/keysectors/Pages/Radio-Stations.aspx |website=www.joburg.org.za |language=en-ZA |access-date=30 April 2020 |archive-date=1 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201142105/https://www.joburg.org.za/work_/keysectors/Pages/Radio-Stations.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>

Johannesburg is also the headquarters of state-owned broadcaster [[South African Broadcasting Corporation]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC) |url=https://www.gov.za/about-government/contact-directory/soe/soe/south-african-broadcasting-corporation-sabc |website=gov.za |access-date=16 July 2020 |archive-date=18 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718000435/https://www.gov.za/about-government/contact-directory/soe/soe/south-african-broadcasting-corporation-sabc |url-status=live }}</ref> and pay-broadcast network Multichoice<ref>{{Cite web |title=MultiChoice Group |url=https://www.multichoice.com/contact-us/ |website=multichoice.com |access-date=16 July 2020 |archive-date=11 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811123220/https://www.multichoice.com/contact-us/ |url-status=live }}</ref> which distributes [[M-Net]] and [[DStv]] a digital satellite service, while [[etv (South Africa)|eTV]] also has a presence in the city. The city has two television towers, the [[Hillbrow Tower]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hillbrow Tower – symbol of Joburg |url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/tourism-south-africa/travel/cities/hillbrow-tower-symbol-of-joburg |website=brandsouthafrica.com |access-date=16 July 2020 |archive-date=16 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716134357/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/tourism-south-africa/travel/cities/hillbrow-tower-symbol-of-joburg |url-status=dead}}</ref> and the [[Sentech Tower]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The story behind Sentech's iconic tower – TechCentral |url=https://techcentral.co.za/the-story-behind-sentechs-iconic-tower/18447/ |website=techcentral.co.za |date=27 October 2010 |access-date=30 April 2020 |archive-date=26 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826123608/https://techcentral.co.za/the-story-behind-sentechs-iconic-tower/18447/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==International relations==
===Twin towns – sister cities===
Johannesburg is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:<ref name=twins>{{cite web |title=Twinning agreements |url=https://www.joburg.org.za/departments_/Documents/GSPCR/CoJ_IR%20Strategy_Sep2021.pdf |website=joburg.org.za |publisher=City of Johannesburg |access-date=23 September 2023}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*{{flagicon|ETH}} [[Addis Ababa]], Ethiopia
*{{flagicon|UK}} [[Birmingham]], United Kingdom
*{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Montreal]], Canada
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[New York City]], United States
*{{flagicon|PSE}} [[Ramallah]], Palestine
*{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil
*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Shanghai]], China
*{{flagicon|NAM}} [[Windhoek]], Namibia
{{div end}}

===Partner cities===
Johannesburg is cooperating with:<ref name=twins/><ref>{{cite web |title=Международные и межрегиональные связи |url=https://www.gov.spb.ru/helper/new_stat/inter/ |website=gov.spb.ru |publisher=Federal city of Saint Petersburg |language=ru |access-date=30 January 2020 |archive-date=5 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105013852/http://gov.spb.ru/helper/new_stat/inter/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*{{flagicon|GHA}} [[Accra]], Ghana
*{{flagicon|DRC}} [[Kinshasa]], DR Congo
*{{flagicon|MOZ}} [[Matola]], Mozambique
*{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Saint Petersburg]], Russia
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Val-de-Marne]], France
{{div end}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== References ==
*Felix Urban: ''Acoustic Competence. Investigating sonic empowerment in urban cultures. Johannesburg and Berlin.'' 1. Edition. Tectum, Baden-Baden 2016, {{ISBN|978-3-8288-3683-9}}.
*''Johannesburg: The Elusive Metropolis''. Sarah Nuttall. Duke University Press. 9 January 2005. 210 pages. {{ISBN|0-8223-6610-X}}.
*''Early Johannesburg, Its Buildings and People''. Hannes Meiring, Human & Rousseau. 1986. 143 pages. {{ISBN|0-7981-1456-8}}
*''Gold! Gold! Gold! The Johannesburg Gold Rush''. Eric Rosenthal, AD. Donker, 1970, {{ISBN|0-949937-64-9}}
*''The Corner House: The Early History of Johannesburg''. Alan Patrick Cartwright. MacDonald. 1965. 295 pages.

== External links ==

*{{Official website|http://www.joburg.org.za/ }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090618134156/http://www.joburgtourism.com/ Johannesburg Tourism official website]
*{{OSM|n|261833893}}

{{Provincial capitals of South Africa}}
{{City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality}}
{{Greater Johannesburg|communities}}
{{World's most populous urban areas}}

[[Category:Johannesburg| ]]
[[Category:Greater Johannesburg]]
[[Category:Populated places in the City of Johannesburg]]
[[Category:Cities in South Africa]]
[[Category:Provincial capitals in South Africa]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1886]]
[[Category:Populated places founded by Afrikaners]]

1993 in Kerala

2023-10-04T08:01:10Z

BradyLukis:

{{Year in Kerala}}Events in the year '''1993''' in the Indian state of '''Kerala'''.

== Incumbents ==
[[List of governors of Kerala|'''Governor of Kerala''']] -

* [[B. Rachaiah]]

[[List of chief ministers of Kerala|'''Chief minister of Kerala''']] –

* [[K. Karunakaran]]

== Events ==

* 29 July - [[Chekannur Maulavi]] allegedly abducted by Islamic fundamentalists and disappeared.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Correspondent |first=Special |date=2018-10-15 |title=Chekannur Moulavi case: accused let off |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/chekannur-moulavi-case-accused-let-off/article25231374.ece |access-date=2023-09-28 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* 30 August - [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] started it's broadcasting as first private channel in [[Malayalam]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harikrishnan |first=S. |date=2020-12-22 |title='Munshi': Success secrets of the longest running Malayalam political satire |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/munshi-success-secrets-longest-running-malayalam-political-satire-140085 |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>
* 6 October - [[Kannur Kotta rape case]]
* October - Nearly 500 women in Kollada village near [[Cherupuzha, Kannur|Cherupuzha]] observed ''Kitchen Bandh'' in protest to [[Kannur Kotta rape case|Kotta rape case]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=TNM |date=2015-06-11 |title=A 22-year-old 'kitchen bandh' and victory for a rape survivor |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/22-year-old-kitchen-bandh-and-victory-rape-survivor-30360 |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

== Deaths ==

* 22 November - [[P. A. Backer]], [[Film director]], (b. 1940)
* 30 November - [[Sebastian Kappen]], [[Theology|theologist]], (b. 1924)

== See also ==

* [[History of Kerala]]
* [[1993 in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1993 in India]]
[[Category:Years in Kerala]]
[[Category:1990s in Kerala]]

Harjit Sajjan

2023-09-16T04:04:32Z

BradyLukis:

{{Short description|Canadian politician (born 1970)}}
{{Use Canadian English}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[The Honourable]]
| name = Harjit Sajjan
| honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=CAN|PC|OMM|MSM|CD|MP|size=100%}}
| image = Harjit Sajjan - 2023 - P060539-646377 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Sajjan in 2023
|office = [[President of the King's Privy Council for Canada]]
|term_start = July 26, 2023
|term_end =
|predecessor = [[Bill Blair (politician)|Bill Blair]]
|successor =
|primeminister = [[Justin Trudeau]]
|office1 = [[Minister of Emergency Preparedness]]
|term_start1 = July 26, 2023
|term_end1 =
|predecessor1 = Bill Blair
|successor1 =
|primeminister1 = Justin Trudeau
| office3 = [[Minister of International Development (Canada)|Minister of International Development]]
| primeminister3 = Justin Trudeau
| term_start3 = October 26, 2021
| term_end3 = July 26, 2023
| predecessor3 = [[Karina Gould]]
| successor3 = [[Ahmed Hussen]]
|office2 = [[Regional Development Agency (Canada)|Minister responsible for the Pacific Economic Development Agency of Canada]]
|term_start2 = October 26, 2021
|primeminister2 = Justin Trudeau
| office4 = [[Minister of National Defence (Canada)|Minister of National Defence]]
| primeminister4 = Justin Trudeau
| term_start4 = November 4, 2015
| term_end4 = October 26, 2021
| predecessor4 = [[Jason Kenney]]
| successor4 = [[Anita Anand]]
| office5 = [[Minister of Veterans Affairs (Canada)|Minister of Veterans Affairs]]
| primeminister5 = Justin Trudeau
| term_start5 = February 12, 2019
| term_end5 = March 1, 2019
| predecessor5 = [[Jody Wilson-Raybould]]
| successor5 = [[Lawrence MacAulay]]
| termlabel5 = Acting
| riding6 = [[Vancouver South]]
| parliament6 = Canadian
| term_start6 = October 19, 2015
| term_end6 =
| predecessor6 = [[Wai Young]]
| successor6 =
| birth_name = Harjit Singh Sajjan
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|mf=yes|1970|9|6}}
| birth_place = Bombeli, [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality = Canadian
| party = [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Kuljit Kaur|1996}}
| children = 2
| profession = Police officer
| occupation = Politician
| residence = [[Vancouver]], [[British Columbia]], Canada<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.ca/res/rep/off/ovr2019app/51/table12E.html|title=Official Voting Results|publisher=Elections Canada|access-date=January 23, 2021|archive-date=April 24, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424102941/https://www.elections.ca/res/rep/off/ovr2019app/51/table12E.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| allegiance = {{flag|Canada}}
| battles = {{plainlist|
* [[NATO intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnian War]]
* [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|War in Afghanistan]]
* [[Operation Medusa]]
}}
| branch = {{army|CAN}}
| serviceyears = 1989–2015<ref name=release151110>{{cite news|last1=Pugliese|first1=David|title=Defence Minister Harjit Sajjan released from military — so he doesn't have to take orders from generals|url=http://news.nationalpost.com/news/canada/defence-minister-harjit-sajjan-released-from-military-so-he-doesnt-have-to-take-orders-from-generals|access-date=11 November 2015|work=National Post|agency=Postmedia News|publisher=Postmedia Network Inc.|date=10 November 2015|archive-date=April 30, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430052924/https://nationalpost.com/category/news/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| rank = [[File:Canadian Army OF-4.svg|20px]] [[Lieutenant-colonel (Canada)|Lieutenant-Colonel]]
| mawards = {{unbulleted list|[[Order of Military Merit (Canada)|Order of Military Merit]]|[[Meritorious Service Medal (Canada)| Meritorious Service Medal]]|[[Canadian Forces Decoration]]|[[South-West Asia Service Medal]]|[[General Campaign Star]]|[[Commendation Medal]]|[[NATO Medal|NATO Service Medal]]|[[Canadian Peacekeeping Service Medal]]}}
| unit = [[The British Columbia Regiment]]
| commands = [[The British Columbia Regiment (Duke of Connaught's Own)]]
| module = {{Infobox police officer|embed=yes
| currentstatus = Retired
| serviceyears =
| branch = Gang Crime Unit
| rank = Detective
| department = [[Vancouver Police Department]]
}}
}}

'''Harjit Singh Sajjan''' {{post-nominals|country=CAN|PC|OMM|MSM|CD|MP}} ({{IPAc-en|'|h|ɑːr|dʒ|iː|t|_|'|s|ɪ|ŋ|_|'|s|æ|dʒ|ən}}, {{Respell|HAR|jeet|_|SING|_|SAJ|ən}}; born September 6, 1970) is a Canadian politician who has served as the [[Minister of Emergency Preparedness|minister of emergency preparedness]] and the [[President of the King's Privy Council for Canada|president of the Privy Council]] since July 26, 2023. A member of the [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal Party]], Sajjan represents the [[British Columbia]] (BC) [[Electoral district (Canada)|riding]] of [[Vancouver South]] in the [[House of Commons of Canada|House of Commons]], taking office as [[Member of Parliament (Canada)|member of Parliament]] (MP) following the [[2015 Canadian federal election|2015 election]].

Sajjan served as the [[Minister of National Defence (Canada)|minister of national defence]] from 2015 to 2021 and [[Minister of International Development (Canada)|minister of international development]] from 2021 to 2023. Before his entry into politics, Sajjan worked as a detective in the [[Vancouver Police Department]] and was a lieutenant-colonel in the [[Canadian Army]]. He is Canada's first [[Sikhism|Sikh]] minister of national defence,<ref>{{cite news| url=https://nationalpost.com/news/politics/harjit-sajjan-orders-crackdown-as-canadian-forces-facebook-page-features-racist-vulgar-comments| title=Harjit Sajjan orders crackdown as Canadian Forces Facebook page features racist, vulgar comments| date=April 12, 2018| first=David| last=Pugliese| work=[[Ottawa Citizen]]| access-date=August 31, 2018| archive-date=April 30, 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430052950/https://nationalpost.com/news/politics/harjit-sajjan-orders-crackdown-as-canadian-forces-facebook-page-features-racist-vulgar-comments| url-status=live}}</ref> and was also the first [[Sikhism in Canada|Sikh Canadian]] to command a [[Canadian Army]] reserve regiment.

==Early and personal life==
Sajjan was born on September 6, 1970, in Bombeli, a village in the [[Hoshiarpur district]] of [[Punjab, India]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Hon. Harjit Singh Sajjan, P.C., M.P.|url=https://lop.parl.ca/sites/ParlInfo/default/en_CA/People/Profile?personId=18450|access-date=2021-04-30|publisher=[[Parliament of Canada]]|archive-date=December 10, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210155015/https://lop.parl.ca/sites/ParlInfo/default/en_CA/People/Profile%3FpersonId%3D18450|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://vancouversun.com/life/who-are-we-part-12-in-defence-of-the-rights-of-others-with-video|title=Who are we? Part 12: In defence of the rights of others (with video)|last=Bramham|first=Daphne|date=18 September 2012|website=www.vancouversun.com|publisher=[[Vancouver Sun]]|access-date=2015-11-05|archive-date=September 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918145648/https://vancouversun.com/life/who-are-we-part-12-in-defence-of-the-rights-of-others-with-video|url-status=live}}</ref> His father, Kundan Sajjan, was a [[head constable]] with the [[Punjab Police (India)|Punjab Police]] in India,<ref>{{cite web |title=Hoshiarpur village rejoices as Sajjan wins |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/diaspora/hoshiarpur-village-rejoices-as-sajjan-wins/148627.html |website=www.tribuneindia.com |access-date=February 19, 2019 |archive-date=November 20, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120095633/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/diaspora/hoshiarpur-village-rejoices-as-sajjan-wins/148627.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and is currently a member of the [[World Sikh Organization]] (WSO), a Sikh advocacy group.<ref name="CBC profile" /> Sajjan, along with his mother and older sister, immigrated to Canada in 1976, when he was five years old, to join their father who had left for BC two years earlier to work at a sawmill.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.macleans.ca/politics/ottawa/harjit-sajjan-the-secret-weapons-of-trudeaus-commando-in-chief/|title=Behind the sunglasses: Harjit Sajjan's rise to cabinet|last=Geddes|first=John|date=2016-03-08|website=Macleans.ca|publisher=[[Maclean's]]|language=en-US|access-date=2016-03-08|archive-date=February 5, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205085622/http://www.macleans.ca/politics/ottawa/harjit-sajjan-the-secret-weapons-of-trudeaus-commando-in-chief/|url-status=live}}</ref> While the family was getting established in their new life in Canada, his mother worked on berry farms in BC [[Lower Mainland]] during the summer where Sajjan and his sister would frequently join her.<ref name=":2" /> Harjit Singh grew up in South [[Vancouver]].<ref name=":2" />

Sajjan married Kuljit Kaur, a family physician in 1996, and they have a son and a daughter, Arjun and Jeevut.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="CBC">{{cite web|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/harjit-sajjan-badass-canada-defence-minister-1.3304931|title=Harjit Sajjan: Meet Canada's new 'badass' defence minister|date=November 5, 2015|work=cbc.ca|access-date=November 5, 2015|archive-date=November 5, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105140205/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/harjit-sajjan-badass-canada-defence-minister-1.3304931|url-status=live}}</ref>

Sajjan was [[Amrit Sanchar|baptized as a Sikh]] when he was a teenager, seeing it as a way to get away from a bad crowd, such as his classmate [[Bindy Johal]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name="foreignpolicy.com">{{cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/11/05/canadas-new-defense-minister-made-his-own-gas-mask-to-work-with-his-sikh-beard/|title=Canada's New Defense Minister Made His Own Gas Mask to Work With His Sikh Beard|work=Foreign Policy|date=November 5, 2015 |access-date=March 7, 2017|archive-date=February 18, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218104937/http://foreignpolicy.com/2015/11/05/canadas-new-defense-minister-made-his-own-gas-mask-to-work-with-his-sikh-beard/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Military and police career ==
Sajjan joined [[The British Columbia Regiment (Duke of Connaught's Own)]] in 1989 as a [[Trooper (rank)|trooper]] and was commissioned as an officer in 1991. He eventually rose to the rank of [[Canadian Armed Forces ranks and insignia|lieutenant-colonel]]. He deployed overseas four times in the course of his career: once to [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], and three times to [[Canada's role in the Afghanistan War|Afghanistan]].<ref name="CBC profile" /> Sajjan began his 11-year career as an officer of the Vancouver Police Department after returning from his Bosnian deployment.<ref name="CBC profile">{{cite web | url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/harjit-sajjan-badass-canada-defence-minister-1.3304931 | title=Harjit Sajjan: Meet Canada's new 'badass' defence minister | publisher=[[CBC News]] | date=5 November 2015 | access-date=5 November 2015 | author=Baluja, Tamara | archive-date=November 5, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105140205/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/harjit-sajjan-badass-canada-defence-minister-1.3304931 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2" /> He ended his career with the Vancouver Police Department as a detective with the department's gang crimes unit specializing in drug trafficking<ref name="CBC profile" /> and organized-crime investigation.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="foreignpolicy.com" />

Sajjan's first deployment to Afghanistan was shortly before the start of [[Operation Medusa]] in 2006, during which he took leave from his work in the Vancouver Police Department's gang squad.<ref name=":2" /> He deployed with the 1st Battalion, [[The Royal Canadian Regiment|Royal Canadian Regiment]] Battle Group in [[Kandahar]] and worked as a liaison officer with the Afghan police.<ref name=":1" /> Sajjan found that corruption in the Afghan government was driving recruitment to the [[Taliban]].<ref name=":1" /> After reporting these findings to [[Canadian Armed Forces ranks and insignia|Brigadier General]] [[David Fraser (military officer)|David Fraser]], Sajjan was tasked with helping the general plan aspects of Operation Medusa.<ref name=":1" />

Fraser evaluated Sajjan's leadership during the operation as "nothing short of brilliant".<ref name=":1" /> When Sajjan returned to Vancouver, Fraser sent a letter to the police department which called Sajjan "the best single Canadian intelligence asset in theatre", stated that his work saved "a multitude of coalition lives", and noted that the Canadian Forces should "seek his advice on how to change our entire tactical intelligence training and architecture".<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalobserver.com/2017/04/29/analysis/heres-what-harjit-sajjan-really-did-operation-medusa|title=Here's what Harjit Sajjan really did with OPERATION MEDUSA|last=Garossino|first=Sandy|date=April 29, 2017|website=[[National Observer (Canada)|National Observer]]|access-date=May 1, 2017|archive-date=April 30, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170430013224/http://www.nationalobserver.com/2017/04/29/analysis/heres-what-harjit-sajjan-really-did-operation-medusa|url-status=live}}</ref> Sajjan was [[mentioned in dispatches]] for the usefulness of his tactical counterinsurgency knowledge in the planning and implementation of an unnamed operation in September 2006 to secure important terrain.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2017/04/28/defence-minister-harjit-sajjan-pays-price-for-rash-battlefield-boast.html|title=Defence Minister Harjit Sajjan pays price for rash battlefield boast|last=Campion-Smith|first=Bruce|date=April 28, 2017|work=[[Toronto Star]]|access-date=November 2, 2017|archive-date=September 27, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170927193748/https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2017/04/28/defence-minister-harjit-sajjan-pays-price-for-rash-battlefield-boast.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Upon his return, Sajjan left his position with the Vancouver police, but stayed as a reservist and started his own consulting business that taught intelligence gathering techniques to Canadian and American military personnel.<ref name=":1" /> He also consulted for US policy analyst and Afghanistan expert [[Barnett Rubin]], which began as a correspondence over Sajjan's views on how to tackle the Afghan opium trade and evolved into a collaboration as advisers to American military and diplomatic leaders in Afghanistan.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{cite book|last1=Rubin|first1=Barnett|last2=Sherman|first2=Jake|title=Counter-Narcotics to Stabilize Afghanistan: The False Promise of Crop Eradication|date=2008|publisher=[[New York University]]|pages=57–58|url=http://cic.es.its.nyu.edu/sites/default/files/counternarcoticsfinal.pdf|access-date=6 November 2015|archive-date=November 6, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106133132/http://cic.es.its.nyu.edu/sites/default/files/counternarcoticsfinal.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

Sajjan returned to Afghanistan for another tour of duty in 2009, taking another tour of leave from the Vancouver Police Department to do so.<ref name=":2" /> Having already taken two leaves of absence, Sajjan had to leave the Vancouver Police Department for his third tour of duty in 2010, during which he was assigned as a special assistant to then Major-General [[James L. Terry]], the commander of American forces in Afghanistan.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{cite web|url=https://www.nationalobserver.com/2015/11/04/opinion/you-have-no-idea-how-badass-trudeaus-defence-minister-really|title=You have no idea how badass Trudeau's Defence Minister really is|work=National Observer|date=November 4, 2015 |access-date=February 21, 2018|archive-date=February 7, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207174933/https://www.nationalobserver.com/2015/11/04/opinion/you-have-no-idea-how-badass-trudeaus-defence-minister-really|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2011, he became the first [[Sikh]] to command a Canadian Army reserve regiment when he was named commander of The British Columbia Regiment (Duke of Connaught's Own).<ref>Garima Goswami, [http://www.darpanmagazine.com/magazine/spotlight/taking-commandlieutenantcolonel-harjit-singh-sajjan/ Taking Command - Lieutenant-Colonel Harjit Singh Sajjan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305191843/http://www.darpanmagazine.com/magazine/spotlight/taking-commandlieutenantcolonel-harjit-singh-sajjan/ |date=March 5, 2016 }}, ''Darpan Magazine'', April 20, 2013.</ref>

He was bestowed with the [[Meritorious Service Medal (Canada)|Meritorious Service Medal]] in 2012<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gg.ca/honour.aspx?id=903&t=16&ln=Sajjan|title=The Governor General of Canada > Find a Recipient|work=gg.ca|access-date=November 6, 2015|archive-date=April 30, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430053001/https://www.gg.ca/en/honours/recipients|url-status=live}}</ref> for diluting the [[Taliban insurgency|Taliban's]] influence in Kandahar Province.<ref name="CBC profile" /> He has also been awarded the [[Canadian Peacekeeping Service Medal]],<ref name="CBC profile" /> the [[Order of Military Merit (Canada)|Order of Military Merit]] award, and served as [[Aide-de-camp|Aide-de-Camp]] to the [[Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia|lieutenant governor of British Columbia]].<ref name=":0">[http://harjitsajjan.liberal.ca/biography/ Meet Harjit Sajjan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105133239/http://harjitsajjan.liberal.ca/biography/ |date=November 5, 2015 }}, Liberal.ca.</ref>

His Sikh beliefs require him to keep his facial hair which prevents the use of regular military gas masks, so Sajjan invented his own gas mask that worked with his beard, and patented it in 1996.<ref name="foreignpolicy.com" /><ref>{{cite patent |country=CA |number=2189378 |status=patent| title = Protective hood}}</ref>

== Political career ==
[[File:Canadian Minister of Defence Harjit Singh Sajjan addresses the U.S. congressional delegation in Halifax, NS, for the 2016 Halifax International Security Forum (30299569794).jpg|left|thumb|Sajjan speaking at the [[Halifax International Security Forum]] in 2016]]
[[File:Secretary Pompeo, Secretary Mattis, Canadian Foreign Minister Freeland and Canadian Defense Minister Sajjan Address the Press (44499792130).jpg|left|thumb|Sajjan with U.S. Secretary of State [[Mike Pompeo]] and U.S. Secretary of Defense [[James Mattis]] in 2018]]
Sajjan was elected for the riding of [[Vancouver South]] during the [[2015 Canadian federal election|2015 federal election]], defeating Conservative incumbent [[Wai Young]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://globalnews.ca/news/2284476/liberal-harjit-sajjan-defeats-tory-incumbent-wai-young-in-vancouver-south/ | title=Liberal Harjit Sajjan defeats Tory incumbent Wai Young in Vancouver South | work=Global News | author=Jon Azpiri | date=October 19, 2015 | access-date=October 19, 2015 | archive-date=October 22, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022232903/http://globalnews.ca/news/2284476/liberal-harjit-sajjan-defeats-tory-incumbent-wai-young-in-vancouver-south/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/canada-election-2015-list-of-elected-b-c-candidates-1.3279444 | title=Canada election 2015: List of elected B.C. candidates | publisher=CBC News | date=October 19, 2015 | access-date=October 20, 2015 | archive-date=November 11, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151111145013/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/canada-election-2015-list-of-elected-b-c-candidates-1.3279444 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nri/nris-in-news/19-indian-canadians-elected-to-canadian-parliament/articleshow/49464520.cms | title=19 Indian-Canadians elected to Canadian parliament | publisher=[[The Economic Times]] | date=October 20, 2015 | access-date=October 20, 2015 | archive-date=November 11, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151111145903/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nri/nris-in-news/19-indian-canadians-elected-to-canadian-parliament/articleshow/49464520.cms | url-status=live }}</ref> Sajjan was appointed [[Minister of National Defence (Canada)|minister of national defence]] in the [[Cabinet of Canada|federal Cabinet]], headed by [[Justin Trudeau]], on November 4, 2015.<ref>{{cite web|title=Full list of Justin Trudeau's cabinet|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/full-list-of-justin-trudeau-s-cabinet-1.3300699|website=CBC News|access-date=November 4, 2015|archive-date=April 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403163026/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/full-list-of-justin-trudeau-s-cabinet-1.3300699|url-status=live}}</ref> He was also briefly acting minister of [[Veterans Affairs Canada|veterans affairs]] in February 2019 following the resignation of [[Jody Wilson-Raybould]],<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Walsh|first1=Marieke|last2=Feb 12|first2=Marco Vigliotti Published on|last3=2019 1:30pm|date=2019-02-12|title=Sajjan acting veterans affairs minister after Wilson-Raybould's resignation|url=https://ipolitics.ca/2019/02/12/sajjan-named-acting-veterans-affairs-minister-after-wilson-rayboulds-resignation/|access-date=2020-10-22|website=iPolitics|language=en-US|archive-date=October 24, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024163903/https://ipolitics.ca/2019/02/12/sajjan-named-acting-veterans-affairs-minister-after-wilson-rayboulds-resignation/|url-status=live}}</ref> until the appointment of [[Lawrence MacAulay]] to the portfolio.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lawrence MacAulay named veterans affairs minister in mini cabinet shuffle|url=https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/newsalert-trudeau-names-macaulay-veterans-affairs-minister-in-cabinet-shuffle|access-date=2020-10-22|website=National Post|language=en-CA|archive-date=April 30, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430052919/https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/newsalert-trudeau-names-macaulay-veterans-affairs-minister-in-cabinet-shuffle|url-status=live}}</ref>

His alleged links with the [[Khalistan movement]] have caused diplomatic friction with Punjab's former chief minister, [[Amarinder Singh]].<ref>{{cite news |author1=By M.D. |title=A minister's faith complicates Canada's relations with India |url=https://www.economist.com/erasmus/2017/05/08/a-ministers-faith-complicates-canadas-relations-with-india |newspaper=The Economist |date=8 May 2017 |access-date=February 19, 2019 |archive-date=February 19, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219130308/https://www.economist.com/erasmus/2017/05/08/a-ministers-faith-complicates-canadas-relations-with-india |url-status=live }}</ref> Harjit Sajjan also has faced allegations from [[New Democratic Party]] (NDP) that he is "playing down his connections to the detainee controversy during the [Afghanistan] combat mission [Medusa], where Canadians handed over prisoners to torture by Afghan authorities."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chase |first1=Steven |title=Opposition denounce Defence Minister Sajjan, make case for non-confidence |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/opposition-denounce-defence-minister-sajjan-make-case-for-non-confidence/article34924034/ |newspaper=The Globe and Mail |date=May 8, 2017 |access-date=August 29, 2017 |archive-date=April 30, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430052950/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/opposition-denounce-defence-minister-sajjan-make-case-for-non-confidence/article34924034/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In September 2019, Sajjan attended an event that was held to celebrate the [[70th anniversary of the People's Republic of China|70th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China]], for which he was subsequently criticized by the Conservatives.<ref>{{cite news |title=Glavin: Liberals still kowtowing to China's thugs –– just with a bit more subtlety than usual |url=https://ottawacitizen.com/opinion/columnists/glavin-liberals-still-kowtowing-to-chinas-thugs-just-with-a-bit-more-subtlety-than-usual |agency=Ottawa Citizen |publisher=Ottawa Citizen |date=October 2, 2019 |access-date=October 6, 2019 |archive-date=October 6, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191006202110/https://ottawacitizen.com/opinion/columnists/glavin-liberals-still-kowtowing-to-chinas-thugs-just-with-a-bit-more-subtlety-than-usual |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Harjit Sajjan criticized for attending event celebrating Chinese regime |url=https://ipolitics.ca/2019/09/30/harjit-sajjan-criticized-for-attending-event-celebrating-chinese-regime/ |agency=iPolitics |publisher=iPolitics |date=Sep 30, 2019 |access-date=October 6, 2019 |archive-date=October 7, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007063139/https://ipolitics.ca/2019/09/30/harjit-sajjan-criticized-for-attending-event-celebrating-chinese-regime/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=npsajjan/> A spokesperson for Sajjan said that he appeared in his capacity as a candidate for his riding and did not stay for long.<ref name=npsajjan>{{cite news |title=Defence minister ripped for attending gala honouring Chinese Communist Party anniversary |agency=NP |publisher=NP |date=September 30, 2019 |quote=“During the event, Mr. Sajjan delivered brief remarks where he spoke of the long-standing focus of the organization on promoting diversity and their efforts to grant Chinese-Canadians the right to vote. Mr. Sajjan took the opportunity to state that the Chinese government needed to address the consular cases of the two arbitrarily detained Canadians. Mr. Sajjan believes in standing up for the rights of Canadians and has done so on numerous occasions. Shortly following the remarks, Mr. Sajjan departed. … Mr. Sajjan did not stay for dinner.”}}</ref>

=== Controversy over role in Operation Medusa ===
In an April 2017 public speech in [[New Delhi]], Sajjan called himself "the architect" of [[Operation Medusa]], a September 2006 Canadian offensive to remove [[Taliban]] fighters from around [[Kandahar]].<ref name=":4" /> In July 2015, Sajjan had made the same claim during an episode of the BC program ''Conversations That Matter'', stating that General [[Jonathan Vance]], the [[Chief of the Defence Staff (Canada)|chief of the defence staff]] at the time the story broke in 2017, saw him as "the architect" in the 2006 offensive.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2017/04/29/harjit-sajjan-apologizes-for-claiming-he-was-architect-of-canadas-largest-afghanistan-battle.html|title=Harjit Sajjan apologizes for claim about Afghan offensive|last=Campion-Smith|first=Bruce|date=April 29, 2017|work=[[Toronto Star]]|access-date=November 2, 2017|archive-date=October 3, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003195323/https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2017/04/29/harjit-sajjan-apologizes-for-claiming-he-was-architect-of-canadas-largest-afghanistan-battle.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h1fWSq0mnXM|title=Canada Minister of Defense Lt Col Harjit Sajjan: Fighting Terrorism|date=July 2, 2015|website=[[YouTube]]|publisher=Conversations That Matter, with Stuart McNish, presented by the [[Simon Fraser University]] Centre for Dialogue|at=Statement at 14:08|access-date=November 2, 2017|archive-date=September 28, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928041813/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h1fWSq0mnXM|url-status=live}}</ref> At the time of Operation Medusa, Sajjan was a [[major]] in the [[Canadian Army]] reserve and a liaison officer to [[Task Force Kandahar]], where large combat operations such as Medusa were usually worked upon by generals and [[colonel]]s.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news|url=https://nationalpost.com/news/politics/sajjan-retracts-claim-he-was-architect-of-canadas-biggest-combat-operation-in-afghanistan|title=Sajjan retracts claim he was 'architect' of Canada's biggest combat operation in Afghanistan|last=Fisher|first=Matthew|date=April 27, 2017|work=[[National Post]]|access-date=November 2, 2017|archive-date=April 30, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430053004/https://nationalpost.com/news/politics/sajjan-retracts-claim-he-was-architect-of-canadas-biggest-combat-operation-in-afghanistan|url-status=live}}</ref>

One of the anonymous officers cited in the ''[[National Post]]'', which first broke the story, called Sajjan's statement "a bald-faced lie", while others praised him on a personal level and for his expert intelligence work, but found his claim "really, quite outrageous" because the planning for Operation Medusa was collaborative.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":7" /> Canadian historian [[Jack Granatstein]] said that Sajjan was a skilled intelligence officer who would have presented important intelligence in the leadup to the operation, but that he "certainly wouldn't have been the chief planner". Granatstein said that while the mistake was not one that was worth resigning over, it would still hurt his relationship with the military.<ref name=":4" /> In an interview on [[AM640 Toronto Radio|AM640]], [[Chris Vernon|Christopher Vernon]], a British officer who served as chief of staff for [[NATO]] forces in Southern Afghanistan at Kandahar during Medusa, said that Sajjan's role in the planning was "more than integral" and that Sajjan was a "pivotal player" in the operation. Vernon noted that Sajjan had worked "hand-in-glove" with the Australian [[lieutenant colonel]] who was the lead planner and that without Sajjan's intelligence work, the operation would not have happened.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/3439350/commentary-operation-medusa-wouldnt-have-happened-without-minister-sajjan/|title=Operation Medusa wouldn't have happened without Minister Sajjan|last=Dwivedi|first=Supriya|date=May 10, 2017|website=[[Global News]]|access-date=November 2, 2017|archive-date=November 7, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107032429/https://globalnews.ca/news/3439350/commentary-operation-medusa-wouldnt-have-happened-without-minister-sajjan/|url-status=live}}</ref> Brigadier-General [[David Fraser (soldier)|David Fraser]] had also extensively praised the indispensable nature of Sajjan's role in Operation Medusa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalobserver.com/2017/04/29/analysis/heres-what-harjit-sajjan-really-did-operation-medusa/|title=Here's what Harjit Sajjan really did with OPERATION MEDUSA|last=Garossino|first=Sandy|date=April 29, 2017|website=[[National Observer (Canada)|National Observer]]|access-date=November 2, 2017|archive-date=November 7, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107114043/https://www.nationalobserver.com/2017/04/29/analysis/heres-what-harjit-sajjan-really-did-operation-medusa|url-status=live}}</ref>

Sajjan issued apologies in which he apologized to members of the Canadian Forces, the [[United States Armed Forces]], and the [[Afghan Armed Forces]] in the operation, and noted that the successes of Operation Medusa were due to the contributions of all members of the Canadian Forces who were involved. Sajjan also acknowledged that describing himself as "the architect" was a mistake, and highlighted the role of Brigadier-General [[David Fraser (soldier)|David Fraser]] in leading the team that planned the operation.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/HarjitSajjan/status/858332848612417536|title=I made a mistake in describing my role. I wish to retract that description and apologize for it. I am truly sorry: www.facebook.com/harjit.sajjan.7/posts/675523262650123 …|last=Sajjan|first=Harjit|date=April 29, 2017|website=[[Twitter]]|language=en|access-date=November 2, 2017|archive-date=July 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712122943/https://twitter.com/HarjitSajjan/status/858332848612417536|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/harjit.sajjan.7/posts/675523262650123|title=The response to my remarks about Operation Medusa has been a good reminder of something important for me as a leader - always set a standard that honours those you serve.|last=Sajjan|first=Harjit|date=April 29, 2017|website=[[Facebook]]|language=en|access-date=November 2, 2017|archive-date=December 17, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217213149/https://www.facebook.com/harjit.sajjan.7/posts/675523262650123|url-status=live}}</ref>

Sajjan was supported by Justin Trudeau amidst calls from the opposition for him to resign.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/sajjan-apology-operation-medusa-1.4093270|title=Opposition accuses defence minister of 'stolen valour' in demanding resignation for Afghan battle claim|work=CBC News|access-date=2017-08-29|language=en|archive-date=June 1, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170601103542/http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/sajjan-apology-operation-medusa-1.4093270|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2017/05/01/trudeau-backs-sajjan-after-exaggerated-operation-medusa-claim.html|title=Trudeau backs Sajjan after exaggerated combat claim from Afghanistan mission {{!}} Toronto Star|website=thestar.com|date=May 2017 |access-date=2017-08-29|archive-date=August 30, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830102157/https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2017/05/01/trudeau-backs-sajjan-after-exaggerated-operation-medusa-claim.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A failed vote of no confidence in Sajjan was put forth by the [[Conservative Party of Canada]] in the House of Commons.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://beta.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/liberals-vote-down-conservatives-non-confidence-motion-against-sajjan/article34933544/|title=Liberals vote down Conservatives' non-confidence motion against Sajjan|date=2017-05-09|work=The Globe and Mail|access-date=2017-08-29|language=en-GB|archive-date=April 30, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430052919/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/liberals-vote-down-conservatives-non-confidence-motion-against-sajjan/article34933544/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.news1130.com/2017/05/03/tories-target-trudeau-inflated-claims-defence-minister/|title=Tories target Trudeau over inflated claims by defence minister - NEWS 1130|date=2017-05-03|work=NEWS 1130|access-date=2017-08-29|language=en-US|archive-date=September 23, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923185145/http://www.news1130.com/2017/05/03/tories-target-trudeau-inflated-claims-defence-minister/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Sajjan was moved from minister of defence to minister of international development in an October 2021 cabinet reshuffle.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/pm-trudeau-names-new-ministers-to-several-key-files-in-sizable-cabinet-shakeup-1.5638339 |title=PM Trudeau names new ministers to several key files in sizable cabinet shakeup |last=Aiello|first=Rachel |date= 2021-10-26|website=CTV News |publisher= |access-date=2022-02-01 |quote=}}</ref>

==Honours and decorations==

Sajjan has received the following honours and decorations during and after his military career.

{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:DarkGreen;color:white " align="center"
|Ribbon || Description || Notes
|-
|[[File:Order of Military Merit (Canada) ribbon (OMM).jpg|80px]] || [[Order of Military Merit (Canada)|Order of Military Merit]] (OMM) ||
*Appointed Officer (OMM) on 17 October 2012<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gg.ca/en/honours/recipients/150-4379|title=Order of Military Merit List|publisher=The Governor General of Canada}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:MSM Ribbon-military.png|80px]] || [[Meritorious Service Medal (Canada)|Meritorious Service Medal]] (MSM) ||
* Awarded August 22, 2012<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gg.ca/en/honours/recipients/139-903|title=The Diamond Jubilee Medal List|publisher=The Governor General of Canada}}</ref>
* Military Division
|-
|[[File:South-West Asia Service Medal with Afganistan bar ribbon.png|80px]] || [[South-West Asia Service Medal]] ||
* With Clasp "AFGHANISTAN"
|-
|[[File:CAN General Campaign Star SWA two bars (390 days).png|80px]] || [[General Campaign Star (Canada)|General Campaign Star]] ||
* South West Asia Ribbon
* 2 Rotation Bars
|-
|[[File:UK MID 1920-94.svg|80px]] || [[Mentioned in dispatches]] ||
* Awarded June 4, 2008<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gg.ca/en/honours/recipients/134-576|title=The Diamond Jubilee Medal List|publisher=The Governor General of Canada}}</ref>
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-leaf|ribbon=NATO Medal Yugoslavia ribbon bar with decoration.svg|width=80}}||[[NATO Medal]] for the former Yugoslavia||
*with '''FORMER YUGOSLAVIA''' clasp
|-
|[[File:CPSM Ribbon.png|80px]] || [[Canadian Peacekeeping Service Medal]] ||
|-
|[[File:UK Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal ribbon.svg|80px]] || [[Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal]] ||
*Decoration awarded in 2002<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gg.ca/en/honours/recipients/125-38518|title=The Diamond Jubilee Medal List|publisher=The Governor General of Canada}}</ref>
*Canadian version
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-leaf|ribbon=QEII Diamond Jubilee Medal ribbon.svg|width=80}}||[[Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal]]||
*Decoration awarded in 2012<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gg.ca/en/honours/recipients/126-205838|title=The Diamond Jubilee Medal List|publisher=The Governor General of Canada}}</ref>
*Canadian version
|-
|[[File:CD-ribbon and bar.png|80px]] || [[Canadian Forces' Decoration]] (CD) ||
*with one Clasp for 22 years of services
|-
|[[File:Army_Commendation_Medal_ribbon.svg|80px]] || [[Commendation Medal]] ||
* From the [[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]] of the United States of America
|-
|[[File:Canadian Chief of the Defence Staff Commendation.jpg|80px]] || Chief of Defence Staff Commendation ||
|-
| || Deputy Minister Award||
* From the [[Department of National Defence (Canada)|Department of National Defence]]
|-
|
|[[Top 25 Canadian Immigrant Awards]]
|
* 2016 recipient<ref>{{Cite web|title=Canadas Top 25 Immigrants 2016|url=https://canadianimmigrant.ca/canadas-top-25-immigrants/canadas-top-25-immigrants-2016|access-date=2021-06-18|website=Canadian Immigrant|language=en-US}}</ref>
|}

==Electoral record==
{{2021 Canadian federal election/Vancouver South}}
{{2019 Canadian federal election/Vancouver South}}

{{Canadian election result/top|CA|2015|Vancouver South|percent=yes|change=yes|expenditures=yes}}
{{CANelec|CA|Liberal|Harjit Sajjan|21,773|48.81|+15.05|$161,402.16}}
{{CANelec|CA|Conservative|[[Wai Young]]|15,115|33.88|-8.54|$118,748.27}}
{{CANelec|CA|NDP|Amandeep Nijjar|6,230|13.97|-7.10|$63,954.79}}
{{CANelec|CA|Green|Elain Ng|1,149|2.58|+0.37|$5,232.68}}
{{CANelec|CA|Marxist-Leninist|Charles Boylan|178|0.40|–|–}}
{{CANelec|CA|Progressive Canadian|Raj Gupta|166|0.37|–|–}}
{{Canadian election result/total|Total valid votes/Expense limit|44,611|100.00| |$203,440.39}}
{{Canadian election result/total|Total rejected ballots|259|0.58|–}}
{{Canadian election result/total|Turnout|44,870|64.04|–}}
{{Canadian election result/total|Eligible voters|70,062}}
{{CANelec/gain|CA|Liberal|Conservative|+11.80}}
{{CANelec/source|Source: [[Elections Canada]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.ca/Scripts/vis/candidates?L=e&ED=59040&EV=41&EV_TYPE=1&PC=&PROV=BC&PROVID=59&MAPID=&QID=8&PAGEID=17&TPAGEID=&PD=&STAT_CODE_ID=-1|title=Voter Information Service - Who are the candidates in my electoral district?|first=Elections|last=Canada|website=www.elections.ca|access-date=February 9, 2020|archive-date=October 4, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004032248/http://www.elections.ca/Scripts/vis/candidates?L=e&ED=59040&EV=41&EV_TYPE=1&PC=&PROV=BC&PROVID=59&MAPID=&QID=8&PAGEID=17&TPAGEID=&PD=&STAT_CODE_ID=-1|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.ca/content2.aspx?section=can&dir=cand/canlim&document=index&lang=e|title=Final Election Expenses Limits for Candidates|first=Elections|last=Canada|website=www.elections.ca|access-date=April 30, 2021|archive-date=August 15, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150815061116/http://www.elections.ca/content2.aspx?section=can&dir=cand%2Fcanlim&document=index&lang=e|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
{{end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==

* [http://harjitsajjan.liberal.ca/ Official Website]
* [https://pm.gc.ca/en/cabinet/honourable-harjit-sajjan Bio & mandate from the Prime Minister]
* {{Canadian Parliament links|ID=18450}}

{{s-start}}
{{Canadian federal ministry navigational box header |ministry=29}}
{{ministry box cabinet posts
|post1preceded = [[Karina Gould]]
|post1 = [[Minister of International Development (Canada)|Minister of International Development]]
|post1years = October 26, 2021 – July 26, 2023
|post1followed = [[Ahmed Hussen]]
|post2preceded = [[Jason Kenney]]
|post2 = [[Minister of National Defence (Canada)|Minister of National Defence]]
|post2years = November 4, 2015 – October 26, 2021
|post2followed = [[Anita Anand]]}}
{{s-end}}
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{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sajjan, Harjit}}
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Canadian Army officers]]
[[Category:Canadian Sikhs]]
[[Category:Canadian people of Punjabi descent]]
[[Category:Canadian police officers]]
[[Category:Defence ministers of Canada]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Canada]]
[[Category:Liberal Party of Canada MPs]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Members of the 29th Canadian Ministry]]
[[Category:Members of the House of Commons of Canada from British Columbia]]
[[Category:Members of the King's Privy Council for Canada]]
[[Category:Officers of the Order of Military Merit (Canada)]]
[[Category:People from Hoshiarpur district]]
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[[Category:Foreign-born Canadian politicians]]

Bokshu – The Myth

2023-09-10T14:28:56Z

BradyLukis: Created an enlightening write-up.

{{Short description|Indian English language movie}}
{{Infobox film
| name =
| image = Bokshu The Myth.png
| alt =
| caption = Poster
| native_name = 
| director = [[Shyamaprasad]]
| writer = Shyamaprasad [[Richard Stanley (director)|Richard Stanley]] [[Shashi Warrier]]
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = M P S Prasad
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Steven Berkoff]]
*[[Irrfan Khan]]
*Heather Prete
*David Millbern
*[[Nandana Sen]]
*[[Vineeth]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Torben Fosberg
| editing = [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]
| music = [[Louis Banks]]
| studio = Arjun Creations
| distributor = 
| released = 2002 {{Film date|df=yes|2006|5|22|[[Cannes Film Festival]]}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = English
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Bokshu – The Myth''''' is a 2002 Indian English-language psychological thriller film<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T95kAAAAMAAJ&q=Bokshu+%E2%80%93+The+Myth|title=Variety International Film Guide |page=200 |publisher=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] }}</ref> directed by [[Shyamaprasad]] and starring [[Steven Berkoff]], [[Irrfan Khan]], Heather Prete, David Millbern, [[Nandana Sen]] and [[Vineeth]]. The storyline is based on [[Ganga Prasad Vimal]]'s novel ''Mrigaantak''.<ref name="r">{{cite web |last=Warrier |first=Shobha |title=Why can't an Indian make a film in English? |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/may/22sen.htm |work=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=26 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RiluAAAAMAAJ&q=Bokshu+%E2%80%93+The+Myth|title=Rashtriya Sahara - Volume 10, Issues 7-10 |page=89|publisher=Sahara India Mass Communication}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gq4aAQAAIAAJ&q=Bokshu+%E2%80%93+The+Myth|title=Indian Summer: Films, Filmmakers and Stars Between Ray and Bollywood|publisher=Olivares|isbn=9788885982680 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WQtlAAAAMAAJ&q=Bokshu+%E2%80%93+The+Myth|title=Cinema in India - Volume 3 |page=43|publisher=[[National Film Development Corporation of India|National Film Development Corporation]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NEQ15_uDrvsC&q=Bokshu+%E2%80%93+The+Myth|title=Indian Panorama |page=2|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] }}</ref> The film was released in film festivals.

== Cast ==
*[[Steven Berkoff]] as Professor Metcalf
*[[Irrfan Khan]] as High priest
*Heather Prete as Metcalf's daughter (anthropologist)
*David Millbern as Metcalf's daughter's friend (anthropologist)
*[[Nandana Sen]] as Rati
*[[Harish Patel]]
*[[Vineeth]] as Rati's lover
*Ashok Mandanna
*[[Surekha Sikri]]
*[[Mita Vashisht]]
*Khalid Tyabj

== Production ==
The film was first shot in [[Hampi]] (which resembled the Jaled village in the [[Himalayas]]) for sixty days with a cave set erected by [[Thota Tharani]].<ref name="t">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bangalore-times/watch-out-bokshu-is-here/articleshow/6402883.cms|title=Watch Out! Bokshu is here|first=Allen J.|last= Mendonca|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film was then shot at various locations in the Himayalas including [[Kedarnath]].<ref name="r"/><ref name="t"/><ref name="i">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dcs-AQAAIAAJ&q=Bokshu+%E2%80%93+The+Myth|title=India Today International - Volume 2 |page=36|publisher=[[India Today]]}}</ref> [[Steven Berkoff]]'s character transforms into a tiger.<ref name="i"/>

== Reception ==
Deborah Young of ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' wrote that ""Bokshu, the Myth" hits every cliche in the book, yet still gets across some sense of the power of myth over human life".<ref>{{cite web |last=Young |first=Deborah |title=Bokshu, The Myth |url=https://variety.com/2006/film/markets-festivals/bokshu-the-myth-1200515561/ |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=26 May 2023 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0313307}}

[[Category:Indian thriller films]]

Harganpur

2023-09-07T01:49:09Z

BradyLukis: Added a new addition to the platform.

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Use Indian English}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Harganpur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.31253|N|79.21359|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mainpuri district|Mainpuri]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bhongaon]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1.17
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1035
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 205267
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Harganpur''' ([[Devanagari]]: हरगंपुर {{IAST|Harganpur}}) is a village in [[Sultanganj, Mainpuri|Sultanganj]] block of [[Mainpuri district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. As of 2011, it has a population of 1,035, in 181 households.

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Harganpur had a population of 1,035, in 181 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|167}} This population was 51.8% male (536) and 48.2% female (499). The 0-6 age group numbered 188 (93 male and 95 female), or 18.2% of the total population. 47 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 4.5% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1259/download/4050/DH_2011_0917_PART_B_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|130-1}}

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Harganpur as having a population of 612 people, in 100 households.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Mainpuri |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/29484/download/32665/28516_1981_MAI.pdf |access-date=25 July 2023}}</ref>{{rp|168-9}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Harganpur as comprising 2 hamlets, with a total population of 382 people (206 male and 176 female), in 80 households and 76 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 279 acres.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (24 - Mainpuri District) |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28772/download/31954/22833_1961_MAI.pdf |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref>{{rp|xciv}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Harganpur had 1 primary school; it did not have any healthcare facilities. Drinking water was provided by hand pump and tube well/borehole; there were no public toilets. The village had a post office but no public library; there was at least some access to electricity for residential and agricultural purposes. Streets were made of both ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' and ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1258/download/4046/DH_2011_0917_PART_A_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|167-72}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mainpuri district}}

[[Category:Villages in Mainpuri district]]

Yogita Bali

2023-07-19T12:33:49Z

BradyLukis: Just completed a comprehensive guide.

{{Short description|Indian female hockey player}}

{{About|the field hockey player|the actress|Yogeeta Bali}}
'''Yogita Bali''' (born 8 May 1987) is an Indian female hockey player from [[Amritsar]] who played for [[India women's national field hockey team]] as a goal keeper.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Coaching camp for Indian women hockey probables from Aug 8 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/coaching-camp-for-indian-women-hockey-probables-from-aug-8-115080500484_1.html |access-date=2023-06-13 |website=Business Standard |language=en-US}}</ref> She represented India at 16th [[Asian Games]] and [[Field hockey at the Summer Olympics|FIH Olympic]] and was the former coach for senior women's hockey team during 2017-2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Hockey Federation |url=https://tms.fih.ch/people/160 |access-date=2023-06-13 |website=tms.fih.ch}}</ref> She competed in 2nd Asian Champions Trophy in [[Ordos City|Ordos]], [[China]], and the FIH Champions League in [[Dublin]], [[Ireland]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhogal |first=Jimmy |title=Asian Champions Trophy Hockey: Indian Women's Team Announced |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/hockey/asian-champions-trophy-hockey-indian-womens-team-announced |access-date=2023-06-14 |website=www.sportskeeda.com |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Indian women lose to SA in FIH Champions Challenge 1 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/hockey/top-stories/indian-women-lose-to-sa-in-fih-champions-challenge-1/articleshow/8988477.cms |access-date=2023-06-14 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Bali is a three time holder of Best Player of the Tournament award in the All India Railway Women Hockey Championship.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhardwaj |first=Aakanksha |title=National hockey team players’ Jalandhar connect |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jalandhar/national-hockey-team-players-jalandhar-connect-392561 |website=Tribune India}}</ref>

== Career ==
'''As a Player'''

Bali was part of Indian women hockey team as a goalkeeper in the year 2010 and 2011. She played for Asian Champions Trophy, 2010 Asian Games, 2012 Olympic Qualifier and 2013 HWL R2 in Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Yogita Bali |url=https://stick2hockey.com/hockey-player/yogita-bali/ |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=Stick2Hockey |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2013 at the FIH World League Round 2 which was held in New Delhi, India, she paved the way for India to win a Gold medal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fédération Internationale de Hockey {{!}} Official Website |url=https://www.fih.hockey/ |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=International Hockey Federation |language=en}}</ref>

'''As a Coach'''

Bali, as the coach of the Indian senior women's hockey team,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Keeping faith on veteran: Savita comeback shot in arm for women's hockey team |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2018/mar/15/keeping-faith-on-veteran-savita-comeback-shot-in-arm-for-womens-hockey-team-1787412.html |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> led the team in securing the Silver Medal at the Asian Champion Trophy held in Korea.<ref name=":0" /> In 2018, Junior Youth Olympic Games held in Argentina she trained the junior women's national squad where the Indian team won silver medal.

== Awards and achievements ==
Goodwill Ambassador of India Sports<ref>{{Cite web |title=Goodwill Ambassador {{!}} India Sport |url=http://indiasport.org/goodwill-ambassador/ |access-date=2023-06-14 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Best Player of the Tournament award thrice (2012, 2013 and 2022)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Datt |first=Anil |title=Yogita’s appointment as coach of junior hockey team hailed |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/ludhiana/yogita-s-appointment-as-coach-of-junior-hockey-team-hailed-430436 |website=Tribune India}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
[https://heroesconnect.hockeyindia.org/members/profile/yogita-bali Yogita Bali] at [[Hockey India]]

[https://tms.fih.ch/people/160 Yogita Bali] at [[International Hockey Federation]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bali, Yogita}}
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{Improve categories}}

Anglo-Indian reserved seats in the Lok Sabha

2023-05-22T05:02:35Z

BradyLukis: Added structure.

{{Short description|Reserved seats in the Lok Sabha}}
Between 1952 and 2020, two seats were reserved in the [[Lok Sabha]], the lower house of the [[Parliament of India]], for members of the [[Anglo-Indian]] community. These two members were nominated by the [[President of India]] on the advice of the [[Government of India]]. In January 2020, the Anglo-Indian reserved seats in the Parliament and [[State Legislative Assembly (India)|State Legislatures]] of India were discontinued by the 126th Constitutional Amendment Bill of 2019, when enacted as the [[One Hundred and Fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India#:~:text=The One Hundred and Fourth,Lok Sabha and State Legislative|104th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2019]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Anglo Indian Representation To Lok Sabha, State Assemblies Done Away; SC-ST Reservation Extended For 10 Years: Constitution (104th Amendment) Act To Come Into Force On 25th Jan|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/215637.pdf|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=25 January 2020|website=egazette.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/government/anglo-indian-mps.html|title=Anglo Indian Members of Parliament (MPs) of India - Powers, Salary, Eligibility, Term|website=www.elections.in}}</ref>

The Article 331 of the Indian Constitution gave reservation to the Anglo-Indian community during the creation of the Constitution, the article 331 also says that this reservation would cease to exist 10 years after the commencement of the Constitution. But this reservation was extended to 1970 through the 8th Amendment. The period of reservation was extended to 1980 through 23rd amendment and then to 1990 through 45th amendments, to 2006 through 62nd amendment, to 2010 through 79th amendments and to 2020 through the 95th Amendment.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indialegallive.com/top-news-of-the-day/news/centre-notifies-constitutional-amendment-away-quota-anglo-india-84961|title=Centre notifies constitutional amendment doing away with quota for Anglo Indian|access-date=3 June 2020}}</ref> In January 2020, the Anglo-Indian reserved seats in the Parliament and State Legislatures of India were abolished by the 104th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/constitution-104th-amendment-act-to-come-into-force-151919|title=Anglo Indian Representation To Lok Sabha, State Assemblies Done Away; SC-ST Reservation Extended For 10 Years: Constitution (104th Amendment) Act To Come Into Force On 25th Jan|website=www.livelaw.in|access-date=2 June 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/government/anglo-indian-mps.html|title=Anglo Indian Members of Parliament (MPs) of India - Powers, Salary, Eligibility, Term|website=www.elections.in}}</ref> The reason cited by the [[Minister of Law and Justice|Union Law Minister]] [[Ravi Shankar Prasad]] who introduced the Bill in the Lok Sabha is that the Anglo-Indians population in India was just 296 in the [[2011 Census of India]], though this figure is disputed.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/who-are-the-anglo-indians-and-why-do-they-have-a-quota-in-lok-sabha-and-some-state-legislatures/527529|title=Who are the Anglo-Indians and why do they have a quota in Lok Sabha and some state legislatures?|author=Sumeet Kaul|access-date =2 June 2020}}</ref> The total number of Anglo-Indians is disputed with estimates up to 150,000. Some sources suggest a population between 75,000 and 100,000.<ref>https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2019/12/13/kerala-anglo-indian-community-ernakulam-kollam-kannur {{Bare URL inline}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/212353/anglo-indians-yearn-magical-past | title=Anglo-Indians yearn for the magical past | date=17 December 2011 }}</ref>

==History==
{{main|Reserved political positions in India}}
The Anglo-Indian community were the only community in India that had its own representatives nominated to the [[Lok Sabha]] ([[lower house]]) in the [[Parliament of India]]. This right was secured from [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] by [[Frank Anthony]], the first and long-time president of the All India Anglo-Indian Association. The community was represented by two members. This was done because the community had no native state of its own. Fourteen [[States and union territories of India|states]] of India ([[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Bihar]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Gujarat]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Telangana]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Uttarakhand]] and [[West Bengal]]) also had a nominated member each in their respective [[State Legislative Assembly (India)|State Legislative Assemblies]].

The reserved seats were expected to have been phased out by the 1960s, but continued to be renewed by successive governments, until this provision was abolished in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/apr/16/the-two-mps-of-british-descent-who-do-not-have-to-stand-in-indian-election|title=The two MPs of British descent who do not have to stand in Indian election|first=Michael|last=Safi|via=www.theguardian.com}}</ref> Law Minister Ravi Shankar Prasad cited the 2011 Census as counting merely 296 Anglo-Indians in India, prompting challenges from many opposition MPs. [[Kanimozhi]] of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] party pointed out that the state [[Tamil Nadu]] alone had a few thousand Anglo-Indians.<ref name=":0" />

===Before independence===
[[Henry Gidney]] was a nominated member of the [[Central Legislative Assembly]] under the 'Special Interests/Anglo-Indian' category in the [[1920 Indian general election|1920]], [[1923 Indian general election|1923]], [[1926 Indian general election|1926]], [[1930 Indian general election|1930]], and [[1934 Indian general election|1934]] elections.

==Historical Anglo-Indian members in the Lok Sabha==
The following is a list of members nominated for the seats after each election.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aiadanapur.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=66&Itemid=81|title=Anglo Indian MP's In India|website=www.aiadanapur.org}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1951–52 Indian general election|1951–52]]
|rowspan=5|[[Frank Anthony]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)|rowspan=5}}
|rowspan=4|[[A. E. T. Barrow]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)|rowspan=6}}
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|[[Marjorie Godfrey]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|[[Rudolph Rodrigues]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|rowspan=3|[[A. E. T. Barrow]]
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|rowspan=2|[[Frank Anthony]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|[[Joss Fernandez]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|[[Paul Mantosh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|[[Frank Anthony]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|rowspan=3|[[Robert E. Williams (politician)|Robert E. Williams]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|1993
!colspan=3|vacant
|-
|1995
|[[Sheila F. Irani]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[Neil O'Brien (quizmaster)|Neil O'Brien]]
|[[Hedwig Rego]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|rowspan=2|[[Beatrix D'Souza]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samata Party|rowspan=2}}
|[[Neville Foley]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samata Party}}
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|[[Denzil B. Atkinson]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|rowspan=2|[[Ingrid McLeod]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|[[Francis Fanthome]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[Charles Dias]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[George Baker (Indian actor)|George Baker]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Richard Hay (politician)|Richard Hay]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
* [[Reserved political positions in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Parliament of India}}

[[Category:Ethnic bodies and representatives elections]]

Monty Panesar

2023-02-19T04:32:43Z

BradyLukis: Initiated a new article outline.

{{Short description|English cricketer}}
{{Use British English}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Monty Panesar
| image = Monty Panesar (2014) (02).jpg
| country = England
| full_name = Mudhsuden Singh Panesar
| nickname =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1982|4|25|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Luton]], [[Bedfordshire]], England
| heightft = 6
| heightinch = 1
| batting = Left-handed
| bowling = [[Slow left arm orthodox]]
| role = [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowler]]
| international = true
| internationalspan = 2006–2013
| testdebutdate = 1 March
| testdebutyear = 2006
| testdebutagainst = India
| testcap = 631
| lasttestdate = 26 December
| lasttestyear = 2013
| lasttestagainst = Australia
| odidebutdate = 12 January
| odidebutyear = 2007
| odidebutagainst = Australia
| odicap = 200
| odishirt = 77
| lastodidate = 13 October
| lastodiyear = 2007
| lastodiagainst = Sri Lanka
| oneT20I = true
| T20Icap = 23
| T20Idebutdate = 9 January
| T20Idebutyear = 2007
| T20Idebutagainst = Australia
| club1 = [[Northamptonshire County Cricket Club|Northamptonshire]]
| year1 = 2001–2009
| clubnumber1 = 7
| club2 = [[Highveld Lions]]
| year2 = 2009
| club3 = [[Sussex County Cricket Club|Sussex]]
| year3 = 2010–2013
| clubnumber3 = 7
| club4 = [[Essex County Cricket Club|Essex]] (on loan)
| year4 = 2013
| club5 = [[Essex County Cricket Club|Essex]]
| year5 = 2014–2015
| clubnumber5 = 77
| club6 = [[Northamptonshire County Cricket Club|Northamptonshire]]
| year6 = 2016
| columns = 4
| column1 = [[Test cricket|Test]]
| matches1 = 50
| runs1 = 220
| bat avg1 = 4.88
| 100s/50s1 = 0/0
| top score1 = 26
| deliveries1 = 12,475
| wickets1 = 167
| bowl avg1 = 34.71
| fivefor1 = 12
| tenfor1 = 2
| best bowling1 = 6/37
| catches/stumpings1 = 10/–
| column2 = [[One Day International|ODI]]
| matches2 = 26
| runs2 = 26
| bat avg2 = 5.20
| 100s/50s2 = 0/0
| top score2 = 13
| deliveries2 = 1,308
| wickets2 = 24
| bowl avg2 = 40.83
| fivefor2 = 0
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 3/25
| catches/stumpings2 = 3/–
| column3 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches3 = 219
| runs3 = 1,536
| bat avg3 = 8.39
| 100s/50s3 = 0/0
| top score3 = 46[[not out|*]]
| deliveries3 = 48,193
| wickets3 = 709
| bowl avg3 = 31.22
| fivefor3 = 39
| tenfor3 = 6
| best bowling3 = 7/60
| catches/stumpings3 = 44/–
| column4 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches4 = 85
| runs4 = 141
| bat avg4 = 8.81
| 100s/50s4 = 0/0
| top score4 = 17[[not out|*]]
| deliveries4 = 3,725
| wickets4 = 83
| bowl avg4 = 34.84
| fivefor4 = 1
| tenfor4 = 0
| best bowling4 = 5/20
| catches/stumpings4 = 15/–
| date = 15 December
| year = 2016
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/england/content/player/18655.html CricInfo
|caption=Panesar in 2006}}

'''Mudhsuden Singh''' "'''Monty'''" '''Panesar''' (born 25 April 1982) is a former English international cricketer. A [[left-arm orthodox spin|left-arm spinner]], Panesar made his [[Test cricket]] debut in 2006 against [[Indian Cricket Team|India]] in [[Nagpur]] and [[One Day International]] debut for [[England cricket team|England]] in 2007. In English county cricket, he last played for [[Northamptonshire County Cricket Club|Northamptonshire]] in 2016, and has previously played for [[Northamptonshire County Cricket Club|Northamptonshire]] until 2009, [[Sussex County Cricket Club|Sussex]] from 2010 to 2013 and [[Essex County Cricket Club|Essex]] from 2013 to 2015. He has also played for the [[Highveld Lions cricket team|Lions]] in [[Cricket in South Africa|South Africa]].

Born in [[Luton]] to Indian parents, Panesar is a [[Sikh]], and so he wears a black ''[[Turban (Sikhism)#Patka/Keski Turban|patka]]'' (a smaller version of the full Sikh [[turban]]) while playing and training.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.biographyonline.net/sport/monty_panesar.html |title=Monty Panesar Biography |publisher=Biographyonline.net |access-date=18 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100607124042/http://www.biographyonline.net/sport/monty_panesar.html |archive-date=7 June 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Many of his fans have emulated him by wearing patkas and fake beards while watching him play.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.roundeight.com/cricket/monty-panesar-needs-a-hug-not-the-sack/| title=Monty Panesar Needs A Hug Not The Sack|access-date=22 January 2015}}</ref>

When first selected for England he was widely perceived as being a particularly inept batsman and fielder, which resulted in much ironic cheering;<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.sikhachievers.com/monty-panesar-famous-cricket-player-england-sports/|title=Monty Panesar|access-date= 22 January 2015}}</ref> the [[Test Match Special|TMS]] commentator [[Henry Blofeld]] once accidentally referred to him as [[Monty Python]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Atherton |first=Michael |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/main.jhtml?view=DETAILS&grid=&xml=/sport/2006/05/21/scaths221.xml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070325100444/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/main.jhtml?view=DETAILS&grid=&xml=/sport/2006/05/21/scaths221.xml |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 March 2007 |title=Aussies will lap up Monty's circus act |work=The Telegraph|access-date=18 March 2010}}</ref> Panesar lost his place in the England Test team, being replaced by [[Graeme Swann]] and losing his central contract.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/england/8250676.stm|title= Harmison & Panesar lose contracts|access-date=22 January 2015}}</ref> However, his form improved with [[Sussex County Cricket Club]], and so he was recalled to the squad for the [[2010–11 Ashes series]], although he did not feature in any matches.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ecb.co.uk/news/england/england-archive/england-in-australia-2010-11/england-ashes-squad,312127,EN.html|title=Tremlett and Panesar return for Ashes|access-date=22 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150123012430/http://www.ecb.co.uk/news/england/england-archive/england-in-australia-2010-11/england-ashes-squad,312127,EN.html|archive-date=23 January 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/series/428731.html|title= The Ashes, 2010/11|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=22 January 2015}}</ref> After taking 69 wickets in the 2011 county season Panesar earned a recall for the series against [[English cricket team against Pakistan in the UAE in 2011–12|Pakistan in the UAE]];<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.thenational.ae/sport/cricket/spin-bowler-monty-panesar-gets-england-recall-for-test-series-in-uae|title= Spin bowler Monty Panesar gets England recall for Test series in UAE|access-date= 22 January 2015}}</ref> he played in the second Test – his first Test appearance in over two and a half years.<ref name="Panesar">{{cite web|url= http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/18655.html?class=1;template=results;type=allround;view=match|title= Statistics / Statsguru / MS Panesar / Test matches|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date= 22 January 2015}}</ref> Panesar also played in 3 Test matches in [[English cricket team in India in 2012–13|India in 2012]], before deputising for the injured Graeme Swann as lead spinner in the [[English cricket team in New Zealand in 2012–13|England tour of New Zealand]], where he managed just 5 wickets costing 70 runs each.

His last international series was against Australia in the 2013–14 Ashes though he has not announced retirement since. In January 2017, Panesar was recruited by Cricket Australia as a spin-bowling consultant for the tour of India, after spending his winter as a club cricketer in Sydney.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-australia-2016-17/content/story/1078042.html|title=Panesar to mentor Australia's spinners ahead of India tour|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=2017-01-17}}</ref>

==Early life==
Panesar's father, Paramjit Singh, is an architect and real estate developer, who, along with Panesar's mother Gursharan Kaur, migrated from [[Punjab, India]] to [[Luton]] in England in 1979,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ecb.co.uk/england/panesar-set-to-make-history,7170,EN.html |title=Panesar set to make history – England |publisher=European Central Bank |access-date=18 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080428005813/http://www.ecb.co.uk/england/panesar-set-to-make-history,7170,EN.html |archive-date=28 April 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> where they continue to live, and where Monty Panesar was born. Panesar has a younger brother, Isher Singh

Panesar, and sister, Charanjit Kaur Panesar. Panesar is a supporter of [[Luton Town F.C.|Luton Town]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www1.skysports.com/watch/video/sports/football/teams/arsenal/8656042/monty-panesar-soccer-am |title=Monty Panesar – Soccer AM | work=[[Sky Sports]]|access-date=26 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/av/football/21217744 |title=Luton fan Panesar wants Arsenal draw|publisher=[[BBC Sport]] |accessdate=26 February 2021}}</ref> Panesar was educated at St. Matthew's Infant and Junior Schools and [[Stopsley High School]], Luton. For Sixth Form, he studied at [[Bedford Modern School]].<ref>''School of the Black And Red, A History of Bedford Modern School'' by Andrew Underwood (1981); reset and updated by Peter Boon, Paul Middleton and Richard Wildman, 2010</ref> He also has a degree in [[computer science]] from [[Loughborough University]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Emma John |url=http://observer.guardian.co.uk/osm/story/0,,1931014,00.html |title=Juggling with destiny|work=The Guardian |access-date=2014-06-04}}</ref>

==Cricketing ability==
Panesar is primarily a left-arm [[finger spin]] bowler. Early in his career, former England head coach [[Duncan Fletcher]] described him as "the best finger spinner in the world".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sport.guardian.co.uk/englandpakistan2006/story/0,,1840884,00.html|title=Fletcher finally heaps praise on Panesar|author=Booth, Lawrence |work=The Guardian}}</ref>

Over the years, Panesar has acquired many nicknames. He is most commonly known simply as Monty, however other nicknames have included "The Python" (a reference to [[Monty Python]]), "The Sikh of Tweak" (probably a humorous reference to [[Australia national cricket team|Australian]] [[leg spin|leg-spinner]] [[Shane Warne|Shane Warne's]] [[sobriquet]], "The Sheikh of Tweak)",<ref>{{cite news|last=Thompson |first=Anna |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/england/6178327.stm |title=Panesar makes dream Ashes debut |work=BBC News |access-date=18 March 2010}}</ref> "Parmesan Tony" (an anagram),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/606/A21721529 |title=606 – – A21721529 – Review of the week |publisher=BBC |access-date=18 March 2010 |archive-date=8 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108155913/http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/606/A21721529 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/606/A21871866 |title=606 – – A21871866 – Review of the week |publisher=BBC |access-date=18 March 2010 |archive-date=8 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108155918/http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/606/A21871866 |url-status=dead }}</ref> "The Beard to be Feared".

===Bowling===
Panesar has certain physical attributes that help with his spin bowling: he has unusually large hands, measuring {{convert|14|in|cm}},<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news.com.au/couriermail/story/0,23739,20924203-10389,00.html | title=Monty's Massive Paw | author=Robert Craddock and Jon Pierik | work=Courier Mail| date=14 December 2006}}</ref> and can also rotate his hand at his wrist through 360 degrees.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/columnists/scyldberry/2349654/The-hand-of-Monty.html | title=The Hand of Monty | author=Scyld Berry | work=The Telegraph| date=9 November 2006}}{{dead link|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

Panesar's first [[Test cricket|Test match]] was against [[Indian national cricket team|India]] at [[Vidharba Cricket Association Ground|Nagpur]]. His first Test wicket was of the highly respected Indian batsman [[Sachin Tendulkar]]. He also bowled batsmen [[Rahul Dravid]] and [[Mohammad Kaif]].<ref name="Panesar"/> Panesar took his first 5 wicket haul at [[Trent Bridge]] against [[Sri Lankan cricket team in England in 2006|Sri Lanka]], taking 5–78.<ref name="Panesar"/> On 11 June 2007, Panesar became the first English spinner to take 10 wickets in a match since [[Phil Tufnell]] when he returned match figures of 10/187. This was achieved against the [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]] in the Third Test at [[Old Trafford Cricket Ground|Old Trafford]].<ref name="cricbuzz.com">{{cite web|url=https://m.cricbuzz.com/amp/cricket-news/1077/panesar-trying-to-keep-monty-mania-in-check|title=Panesar trying to keep Monty mania in check|website=Cricbuzz|access-date=1 April 2019}}</ref> He took his 100th Test wicket on 25 May 2008, against New Zealand, also at Old Trafford.<ref name="cricbuzz.com"/>

In an interview with the UK's ''[[Daily Mirror]]'' newspaper, Panesar stated his intention to develop a left-handed version of the [[doosra]], the off-spinner's version of the [[googly]]:
{{cquote|I am working on my version of the doosra – a ball which turns the other way – but we will just have to see what happens with it. As I gradually add things, it is one of my ambitions to be the best. It would be nice one day to be recognised as that.}}
[[File:Monty Panesar bowl.jpg|thumb|upright|Panesar bowls in the nets at [[Adelaide Oval]]]]

===Batting===
Panesar is not a confident batsman, averaging just under 9 runs per innings in first-class matches, and under 5 runs per innings in Test matches.<ref name="Panesar"/> However, he has had significant batting performances: he scored a quick-fire 26 against Sri Lanka including a six off [[Muttiah Muralitharan|Murali]] in 2006, and in the [[2009 Ashes series#First Test|Ashes First Test]] in 2009, he and [[James Anderson (cricketer)|James Anderson]] stayed in for 40 minutes, jointly surviving 69 balls to secure an important draw.<ref>{{cite web|last=Brett |first=Oliver |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/england/8146497.stm |title=Defiant England cling on for draw |work=BBC News |access-date=2014-06-04}}</ref> In domestic cricket, Panesar made his highest first-class score of 46[[not out|*]] against [[Middlesex County Cricket Club|Middlesex]] on 7 May 2010.<ref name="Panesar"/>

===Fielding===
Panesar's [[fielding (cricket)|fielding]] has been criticised and at the start of his Test career, this led to loud sardonic cheers from the crowd for completing even the simplest fielding tasks.

===Work ethic===
Former England captain [[Andrew Strauss]], who has captained him in four Tests, said that Panesar "will be on the ground earlier than anyone, getting (ex-assistant coach) [[Matthew Maynard]] to hit catches to him. He will then bowl through most of the net session, before staying out long after most of the guys are back in the comfort of the dressing room, working on his batting, learning new shots, and perfecting those he already has."<ref>{{cite web|last=Strauss |first=Andrew |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/main.jhtml?xml=/sport/2006/08/13/scstra13.xml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070331032939/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/main.jhtml?xml=/sport/2006/08/13/scstra13.xml |url-status=dead |archive-date=31 March 2007 |title=Monty has been a revelation to us all |work=The Telegraph|access-date=18 March 2010}}</ref>

However, Panesar was dropped by Sussex in the summer of 2013 in part due to a poor on-field attitude. Struggling with a sore shoulder, he had fallen into the habit of stopping the ball with his boot in the field and throwing it back to the wicketkeeper underarm.<ref name="PanesarSlash">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/england/content/current/story/659867.html |title= Panesar in the slashes |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=7 August 2013}}</ref>

==Domestic career==
Originally a [[medium pace bowling|medium-pace bowler]], he shifted to spin at around sixteen following advice from the [[Northamptonshire County Cricket Club|Northamptonshire]] coaching staff.
Paul Taylor, the former Northamptonshire seamer, suggested he switch to spin during a school coaching session.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.buzzle.com/editorials/1-14-2006-86380.asp |title=Cricket: Panesar Can Shine in India If Selected |publisher=Buzzle.com |access-date=18 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090905085606/http://www.buzzle.com/editorials/1-14-2006-86380.asp |archive-date=5 September 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

As a schoolboy Panesar played cricket at [[Bedford Modern School]] for Stopsley High School, Dunstable Town CC and Luton Indian CC before being selected for the England Under-19 team.
His [[first-class cricket|first-class]] debut came in 2001 at the age of 19 against [[Leicestershire County Cricket Club|Leicestershire]]. He took eight wickets in the match including 4–11 in the second innings, bowling 16 maidens.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/72/72829.html|title=Northamptonshire v Leicestershire CricInfo Championship 2001 (Division 1)|access-date=23 January 2015}}</ref> His appearances over the next few years were limited, partly because of his commitment as a full-time student at [[Loughborough University]].<ref name="Uni">{{cite web|url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/service/publicity/news-releases/2006/11_Panesar.html|title=University delighted at Panesar's England call|access-date=23 January 2015}}</ref>

After graduating, he became a more important member of the team and had a fine [[Northamptonshire County Cricket Club in 2005|season in 2005]], taking 51 [[County Championship]] wickets at an [[bowling average|average]] of just 22.47 including career-best figures of 7–181 against [[Essex County Cricket Club|Essex]].<ref name="FC">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/10/10641/f_Bowling_by_Season.html|title= FIRST-CLASS BOWLING IN EACH SEASON BY MONTY PANESAR|access-date= 23 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/82/82954.html|title= Essex v Northamptonshire, Frizzell County Championship 2005 (Division 2)|access-date=23 January 2015}}</ref>
In the 2009–10 season he signed to play for the [[Highveld Lions cricket team|Highveld Lions]] in South Africa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/england/content/story/428096.html|title=Panesar joins Highveld Lions|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=25 October 2009}}</ref>
In the 2010 season Panesar joined [[Sussex County Cricket Club|Sussex]] after leaving Northamptonshire at the end of the 2009 season.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/counties/sussex/8344403.stm|title= Spinner Panesar signs for Sussex|access-date= 23 January 2015}}</ref> He impressed at Sussex in his debut season, taking 52 wickets, including two five-wicket hauls, at an average of 25.69. He went on to score 163 runs at an average of 10.86 with a career-high score of 46 not out.<ref name="FC"/> In the 2011 season Panesar picked up 69 wickets for his county, making him the second highest wicket taker. He took them at an average of 27.24, which included three five-wicket hauls.<ref name="FC"/>

During the 2012 season he picked up his career-best figures in both an innings and a match. He took 7–60 in the first innings, and 6–77 in the second, taking 13–137 for the match against [[Somerset County Cricket Club|Somerset]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/391/391752.html|title=Somerset v Sussex, LV County Championship 2012 (Division 1)|access-date= 23 January 2015}}</ref>
Panesar struggled for Sussex during the 2013 season, and when Sussex announced that his contract would not be renewed at the end of the season, Panesar was loaned out to Essex.<ref name="Loan">{{cite news|url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/cricket/23600790|title= Monty Panesar: Essex sign Sussex spinner until end of season|work= BBC Sport|access-date=23 January 2015}}</ref> Panesar later signed a 2-year contract with Essex, beginning in the 2014 season.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/cricket/24756809|title=Monty Panesar: Essex sign England spinner|work=BBC Sport |access-date=23 January 2015}}</ref> However, in September 2015, it was announced that he was one of four players released by Essex at the end of the 2015 season.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/cricket/34260389|title=Monty Panesar: Former England spinner released by Essex|work=BBC Sport|access-date=29 September 2015}}</ref> He returned to play for Northamptonshire in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/county-cricket-2016/content/story/995197.html|title=Panesar added to Northamptonshire squad|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=25 May 2016}}</ref>

In August 2019, Panesar revealed that he was in talks with the Indian domestic team [[Puducherry cricket team|Puducherry]], with a view to play in the [[2019–20 Ranji Trophy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketaddictor.com/cricket/monty-panesar-eyeing-to-play-ranji-trophy/ |title=Monty Panesar Eyeing To Play Ranji Trophy |work=CricTracker |access-date=2 September 2019}}</ref>

==International career==

===Test selection: England in India, 2005–06===
{{See also|English cricket team in India in 2005-06}}
Due to his performances in 2005, many figures called for Panesar's inclusion in the English Test squad for the 2006 tour of India.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/england/4594806.stm |title=Coach backs Panesar England claim |author=Soni, Paresh |publisher=BBC }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/england/4650106.stm |title=Emburey wants specialists picked |author=Lillywhite, Jamie |publisher=BBC }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/england/4758274.stm |title=Jonathan Agnew column |publisher=BBC }}</ref> For a place as back-up spinner to incumbent [[Ashley Giles]] he faced competition from [[left-arm orthodox spin|left-armer]] [[Ian Blackwell]] and [[off spin|off-spinners]] [[Shaun Udal]] and [[Alex Loudon]]. It was suggested that his reputation for poor batting and fielding might hamper his chances of selection, but earlier in 2005 he had attended the [[Darren Lehmann]] Academy in [[Adelaide]] in order to address these issues. He was selected in January 2006 for the tour to [[India national cricket team|India]], and made his international debut in the first Test against India in Nagpur. He took three wickets, including India's two best batsmen, [[Sachin Tendulkar]] and captain [[Rahul Dravid]]. The former, who Panesar states was his childhood hero and was the spinner's first international Test wicket, later signed the cricket ball that dismissed him and presented it to Panesar.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/england/6897015.stm |title=BBC SPORT; Panesar treasures Tendulkar prize |work=BBC News |access-date=2014-06-04}}</ref> Panesar went on to play in the second and third Test matches, in [[Punjab Cricket Association Stadium|Mohali]] and [[Wankhede Stadium|Mumbai]] with thirty-five of his family members attending the Test at Mohali, Punjab.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060310/cth1.htm |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India – Chandigarh Stories |work=The Tribune|access-date=18 March 2010}}</ref>

===Sri Lanka and Pakistan in England, 2006===
{{See also|Sri Lankan cricket team in England in 2006|Pakistani cricket team in England in 2006}}
On 11 May 2006 Panesar made his maiden Test appearance in England against Sri Lanka at [[Lord's]]. He played a small role in the first and second Tests, taking only five wickets.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/shared/fds/hi/statistics/cricket/scorecards/2006/5/12214/html/scorecard.stm |title=England v Sri Lanka at Lord's |publisher=BBC }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/shared/fds/hi/statistics/cricket/scorecards/2006/5/12215/html/scorecard.stm |title=England v Sri Lanka at Edgbaston |publisher=BBC }}</ref> He was to fare better in the third by claiming his first five wicket haul with bowling figures of 5/78.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://statserver.cricket.org/guru?sdb=player;playerid=10782;class=testplayer;filter=basic;team=0;opposition=0;notopposition=0;season=0;homeaway=0;continent=0;country=0;notcountry=0;groundid=0;startdefault=2006-03-01;start=2006-03-01;enddefault=2007-07-31;end=2007-07-31;tourneyid=0;finals=0;daynight=0;toss=0;scheduledovers=0;scheduleddays=0;innings=0;result=0;followon=0;seriesresult=0;captain=0;keeper=0;dnp=0;recent=;runslow=;runshigh=;batposition=0;dismissal=0;viewtype=bow_match;bowposition=0;ballslow=;ballshigh=;bpof=0;overslow=;overshigh=;conclow=;conchigh=;wicketslow=;wicketshigh=;dismissalslow=;dismissalshigh=;caughtlow=;caughthigh=;caughttype=0;stumpedlow=;stumpedhigh=;csearch=;submit=1;.cgifields=viewtype |title=Statsguru – MS Panesar – Test Bowling |publisher=ESPNcricinfo }}</ref> He followed this up with an innings of 26 from 28 balls that included a swept six, adding 37 for the final wicket with [[Liam Plunkett]], although Sri Lanka won the Test by 134 runs.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/shared/fds/hi/statistics/cricket/scorecards/2006/6/12216/html/scorecard.stm |title= England v Sri Lanka at Trent Bridge |publisher=BBC }}</ref>

Panesar took three wickets in the first innings of the Test against Pakistan at [[Old Trafford Cricket Ground|Old Trafford]], [[Manchester]] on 27 June 2006. His wicket-taking was overshadowed by [[Steve Harmison]] who took a six wicket haul to get Pakistan all out for 119 in the 1st innings. However, Panesar took 5–72 in the second innings, and Harmison 5–57.<ref name="Panesar"/> The pair took 19 of the 20 Pakistani wickets in the match (the other being a run out) in an innings-and-120-run victory. This was the first time two bowlers had taken all bowling wickets since [[Jim Laker]]'s record match figures of 19 for 90 again at Old Trafford.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/cricket/pakistan-119-amp-222-england-4619dec-panesar-spin-and-harmison-pace-create-dream-cricket-410009.html|title= Pakistan 119 & 222 England 461-9dec: Panesar spin and Harmison pace create dream cricket|website= [[Independent.co.uk]]|access-date=23 January 2015}}</ref>

In the first innings at Headingley, Panesar picked up three wickets including that of [[Inzamam-ul-Haq]], who overbalanced and dislodged the bails with his stomach to be dismissed [[hit wicket]]. In the second innings Panesar had figures of 3 for 39. Panesar was given some credit for responding to criticism from England coach Duncan Fletcher.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/engvpak/content/story/255171.html |title=Cricinfo – Fletcher stays cool over Panesar |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=18 March 2010}}</ref> Despite his performances in the Test arena against Pakistan in the summer of 2006, Panesar was overlooked for the 30-man ODI squad for the 2006 [[ICC Champion's Trophy]] in India.

===England in Australia, 2006–07===
{{See also|2006-07 Ashes series|English cricket team in Australia in 2006-07}}
The likelihood of Panesar playing against [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] in the 2006–07 Ashes series led to media commentary by some Australian players, who indicated that they would take an aggressive approach towards him. Australian captain [[Ricky Ponting]] said, "We'll try to make some sort of impact on him early on, and we won't let him get on top. The way our left-handers, especially [[Justin Langer]] and [[Matthew Hayden|Matty Hayden]], play spin is to be fairly aggressive." However, he was also praised by Ponting. Ponting told the ''[[The Age|Sunday Age]]'', "He (Panesar) didn't look like he was scared to throw the ball up a little bit and actually try to get you out. He's got good, subtle changes of pace and, watching the other night (against Pakistan), a really good arm ball as well.".

Panesar was left out of the England team for the first two Tests of the series, which led to a petition being started by [[BBC Radio Five Live]], calling out for his inclusion.<ref>{{cite web |author=James Bridgeman |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/fivelivebreakfast/2006/12/the_breakfast_panesar_petition.html |title=BBC Radio Five Live – 5 live Breakfast |publisher=BBC |access-date=18 March 2010 |archive-date=8 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108095319/http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/fivelivebreakfast/2006/12/the_breakfast_panesar_petition.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Panesar was eventually selected to play in the third Test at the [[WACA Ground|WACA]] in [[Perth, Western Australia|Perth]]. He finished the first innings with figures of 5 for 92 off 24 overs, with [[Justin Langer]], [[Andrew Symonds]] and [[Adam Gilchrist]] among his wickets, becoming the first English spin bowler to take five wickets in a Test match at the WACA in Perth, his other two wickets being [[Shane Warne]] and [[Brett Lee]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=ay39JDirQydk|title= Monty Panesar Gets Five Wickets to Upstage Warne on Ashes Debut|website= [[Bloomberg News]]|access-date=23 January 2015}}</ref> He also performed respectably with the bat, finishing on 16 not out as part of England's best partnership in the innings. He remained in the team for the rest of the series, finishing with a record of 10 wickets at an average of 37.90 and collecting a total of 35 runs.<ref name="Panesar"/>
He was the joint third highest wicket taker for [[England cricket team|England]] behind [[Matthew Hoggard]] and [[Andrew Flintoff]], tying with [[Steve Harmison]], having only played in three out of the five Tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.howstat.com/cricket/Statistics/Series/SeriesAnalysis.asp?SeriesCode=0555&Scope=02&SortOrderB=W#bowl?data-scroll=false|title= 2006–2007 Australia v. England – Series Batting and Bowling Analysis (England)|access-date= 23 January 2015}}</ref>

After the Ashes series, Panesar was selected in the England squad for the [[Commonwealth Bank]] series with [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] and [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]]. He made his ODI debut against Australia at [[Melbourne Cricket Ground|Melbourne]] on 12 January 2007 and played in nine matches in the series. His attacking style, bowling economically and aggressively in equal parts, resulted in him taking nine wickets and conceding 4.60 runs per over.<ref name="Panesar"/>

===World Cup 2007===
{{See also|2007 Cricket World Cup}}
Following his performances in the Ashes and Commonwealth Bank series Panesar was selected in England's World Cup squad. He struggled to pick up wickets, only taking 7 at an average of 40.42, but bowled fairly economically conceding 4.42 runs per over. His best performance came on 11 April 2007 in a [[2007 Cricket World Cup Super Eight stage|Super Eight]]'s group game against [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]] where he took 3/25 off his seven overs which included two maidens.<ref name="Panesar"/>

===West Indies in England, 2007===
{{See also|West Indian cricket team in England in 2007}}
Panesar was in the team for all four Tests against the [[West Indian cricket team|West Indies]] in May and June 2007. He got his first six wicket haul in Tests during the first innings of the first Test at [[Lord's]] when he took 6/129.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/england/6678215.stm |title=Moores defends misfiring Harmison |work=BBC News |access-date=18 March 2010}}</ref> Five of his six victims were trapped [[leg before wicket|LBW]], all given out by the Nursery End umpire [[Asad Rauf]]. Panesar's first Test ten wicket haul came in the third Test at [[Old Trafford (cricket ground)|Old Trafford]], in which he took four first innings wickets, and six in the second innings, for match figures of 10/187. He became the first English spin bowler to take [[ten wickets in a match]] for ten years, since [[Phil Tufnell]] did so in 1997.<ref>{{cite news|last=Gough |first=Martin |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/england/5231790.stm |title=Why we love Monty |work=BBC News |access-date=18 March 2010}}</ref> He was awarded his first man of the match award for the performance. Panesar achieved his sixth 5-wicket haul in the final Test match, at [[Riverside Ground|Chester-le-Street]]. He took the wicket of the otherwise immovable [[Shivnarine Chanderpaul]] wicket to end the West Indies second innings. He finished the series with 23 wickets at an average of 18.69, an achievement which won him the man of the series award.

Panesar was not selected for the following [[Twenty20]] matches, with both sides electing not to include full-time spinners in their sides. He played in two of the three ODI matches taking 1/57 overall at 4.07 runs an over.

===India in England, 2007===
{{See also|Indian cricket team in England in 2007}}
Panesar played in all three Tests against [[India national cricket team|India]] in July and August. He played fairly well in the first and second Tests but struggled in the third Test. In the first Test at [[Lord's]] he took 2/85, trapping Sachin Tendulkar LBW when he was on 16 runs (an identical dismissal to his first Test wicket). In the first innings of the second Test at [[Trent Bridge]] he took 4/101. In the third Test at [[the Oval]] he struggled on a flat pitch, taking 2/217 in the match. He took 8 wickets in the series at an average of 50.37.
He played in six of the seven ODI matches performing fairly unspectacularly. He took 6/268 runs overall at 4.78 runs an over.<ref name="Panesar"/>

===England in Sri Lanka, 2007–08===
{{See also|English cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2007-08}}
In October 2007, Panesar was dropped for the first four matches of the five match ODI series, the England selectors opting to pick [[Graeme Swann]]. Panesar played in the fifth match, where he bowled tightly taking 1/31 at 3.10 runs an over.
There was speculation that Swann would challenge Panesar for the Test place or at least play alongside him on the back of his strong performances in the first four ODIs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/england/content/story/319587.html |title=Giles: Swann is threat to Panesar |publisher=Content-usa.cricinfo.com |access-date=2014-06-04}}</ref> However, Panesar was given a vote of confidence from the England Coach, [[Peter Moores (cricketer)|Peter Moores]], who called him "(England's) number one Test spinner".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/england/content/story/320684.html |title='Panesar our No. 1 Test spinner' – Moores |publisher=Content-usa.cricinfo.com |access-date=2014-06-04}}</ref> In the event, England opted to play Panesar ahead of Swann in the three match series in December. In the first match at [[Asgiriya Stadium|Kandy]] Panesar took 6/178, but in the second Test at [[Sinhalese Sports Club Ground|Columbo]] and the third Test at [[Galle International Stadium|Galle]] he only managed figures of 2/151 and 0/76 respectively. He finished the series with 8 wickets at an average of 50.63.<ref name="Panesar"/>

===England in New Zealand, 2008===
{{see also|English cricket team in New Zealand in 2007–08}}
In February 2008, England played two 20/20 matches against New Zealand where Panesar was omitted from the team in favour of the spinner Graeme Swann and England won both matches. Following this was the five match ODI series where Swann was again picked ahead of Panesar, although Swann was dropped after scoring only 7 and 1 with the bat in the first two matches yet he was not replaced by Panesar or any other spinner. Panesar was then selected for the three Test matches ending the series with 11 wickets at an average of 30.18, with England winning the series 2–1.<ref name="Panesar"/>

===New Zealand in England, 2008===
{{see also|New Zealand cricket team in England in 2008}}
[[File:Monty Panesar2.jpg|thumb|right|Panesar at Lord's playing for England v New Zealand, May 2008]]
In May 2008, New Zealand arrived in England for a three-Test series to be followed by a single 20/20 match and a five match ODI series. Once again Panesar was selected for the entire Test series and in the second match at [[Old Trafford Cricket Ground|Old Trafford]] he achieved his best single innings figures to date of 6/37, including the captain [[Daniel Vettori]]. He ended the series with 9 wickets at an average of 27.22. Despite recording his best ever innings figures in the second Test, Panesar was once again omitted from the 20/20 and ODI teams in favour of the spinner Graeme Swann.

===Australia in England, 2009===
{{see also|2009 Ashes series|Australian cricket team in England in 2009}}
Panesar, along with Swann, was selected for the first Test of the 2009 Ashes series, held at the [[SWALEC Stadium]] in [[Cardiff]], as England opted to utilise two spinners. On a pitch which was expected to turn, his bowling appeared unthreatening, only taking one wicket in 35 overs. He did make a contribution with the bat as he and James Anderson blocked out the final 11½ overs of the match, denying Australia their final wicket and salvaging a draw for England. In view of his lack of penetration, Panesar was dropped for the remainder of the series, not appearing again in the Test team until 25 January 2012.<ref name="Panesar"/>

===England in Australia, 2010–11===
{{see also|2010-11 Ashes series|English cricket team in Australia in 2010–11}}
After strong performances for his county Sussex, Panesar was announced as part of the England squad to tour Australia for the Ashes on 23 September 2010. Panesar was selected ahead of legspinner [[Adil Rashid]] and offspinner [[James Tredwell]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/the-ashes-2010-11/content/current/story/478475.html |title=Chris Tremlett and Monty Panesar earn Ashes calls |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2013-08-02}}</ref> He did not play in any of the Tests but played in two of the tour matches against [[Australia A cricket team|Australia A]] and [[Victoria cricket team|Victoria]], taking 6 wickets.

===England in the United Arab Emirates, 2012===
{{see also|Pakistani cricket team vs England in the UAE in 2011–12}}
After a fruitful season for his county Sussex which proved to be his best claiming 69 wickets in the County Championship,<ref name="FC"/> Panesar was picked as the second spinner behind Graeme Swann for the tour of Pakistan. He played in the second warm-up match against the Pakistan Cricket Board XI and took 8–103 including a 5 wicket haul in the first innings.<ref name="FC"/> He was picked for the second Test starting on 25 January 2012 in Abu Dhabi, this was his first match in over two and a half years. He took 6–62 in the second innings his first 5 wicket haul in a Test match since May 2008, this was to be in vain as England lost the match and series to a humiliating defeat. He was picked to play in the Third Test in Dubai and again took seven wickets including a back to back 5 wicket haul 5–124.<ref name="Panesar"/> However England lost the match and suffered a heavy 3–0 series defeat.

===England in Sri Lanka, 2012===
{{see also|English cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2011–12}}
Panesar played in a three-day warm up match against the Sri Lanka cricket board XI performing quite well taking his first 5-wicket haul on Sri Lankan pitches taking match figures of 6–67.<ref name="FC"/> He was picked to play in the first Test but performed averagely only taking 2 wickets in the match, and also dropping [[Mahela Jayawardene]] twice in twenty minutes. He did however score a quick-fire 13 off 11 balls hitting two boundaries in the first innings.<ref name="Panesar"/> However, England lost the match after a lower order batting collapse losing 6 wickets for only 31 runs which resulted in England losing by 75 runs. Panesar was not selected to play in the final Test of the series, which England won by 8 wickets.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/cricket/17600314|title= Mahela Jayawardene surprised England dropped Monty Panesar|work= BBC Sport|access-date= 23 January 2015}}</ref>

===England in India, 2012===
{{see also|English cricket team in India in 2012–13}}
Panesar was called up to the 16-man squad for the winter tour of India which started on 30 October. A three-day training camp was held from 26 to 29 October with the first Test starting on 15 November. Panesar played in two of the three tour matches taking 3–64 against [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai 'A']] and 2–70 for the match against [[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]. However, he was not picked for the first Test, which England eventually lost by nine wickets. After the match, coach [[Andy Flower]] and captain [[Alastair Cook]] both said they had misjudged the pitch, and changes were made to the team ahead of the second Test.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/cricket/test-matches/india-vs-england-andy-flower-1448877 |title=Flower and Cook face selection dilemma ahead of second Test |work=Mirror|access-date=22 November 2012}}</ref> Panesar was selected for the second Test replacing [[Tim Bresnan]], and he took 5–129 in the first innings, and 6–81 in the second, career best match figures of 11–210, and only the second time he has taken ten wickets in a match.<ref name="Panesar"/> This was also the first time since [[Hedley Verity]] in 1934 that an English spinner had taken 10 wickets in a match in India. England went on to level the series at one all by winning the match by ten wickets. In the third Test as he took five wickets in the match, including 4–90 in the first Innings. England went on to win the match by seven wickets and lead the series 2–1 with one Test remaining. In the final Test in Nagpur, Panesar was not as successful with the ball only taking 1–81 on a flat pitch.<ref name="Panesar"/> The match ended in a draw and England won the series 2–1. By winning the series England became the first team since 2004 to beat India on their home soil, and the first England team since the 1984–85 tour to beat India in India.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/cricket/20752998|title= India v England: Jonathan Trott & Ian Bell lead England to series win|work= BBC Sport|access-date=23 January 2015}}</ref> Panesar ended the series with 17 wickets.<ref name="Panesar"/>

===England in New Zealand, 2013===
{{see also|English cricket team in New Zealand in 2012–13}}
Panesar was called up to the 15-man squad for the winter tour of New Zealand with the first Test starting on 6 March. Panesar was the leading spinner of the Test part of the tour as Graeme Swann had to pull out requiring surgery on an recurring elbow injury. Panesar took 5 wickets over the series.<ref name="Panesar"/>

==Achievements==

===Awards===
* [[NBC Denis Compton Award]] 2001
* [[Wisden Cricketer of the Year]] 2007<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/287064.html |title=Wisden – Monty Panesar |publisher=Content-usa.cricinfo.com |access-date=18 March 2010}}</ref>
* [[Beard of the Year]] 2006 by the [[Beard Liberation Front]].<ref name="bbc.co.uk"/>
*[[The Ashes|Ashes]] Member [[2006–07 Ashes series|2006–07]], [[2009 Ashes series|2009]], [[2010–11 Ashes series|2010–11]]
*[[The Ashes|Ashes]] Winner [[2009 Ashes series|2009]], [[2010–11 Ashes series|2010–11]]
*(Padmore Medal) 2006 England v Pakistan npower test series

===Career best performances===
{|class=wikitable style="font-size:90%"
|-
!|
! colspan="4"|Batting
! colspan="4"|Bowling
|-
!
!Score
!Fixture
!Venue
!Season
!Figures
!Fixture
!Venue
!Season
|-
|[[First-class cricket|First-class]]
| style="text-align:center;"|46[[not out|*]]
|[[Sussex County Cricket Club|Sussex]] v [[Middlesex County Cricket Club|Middlesex]]
|[[County Cricket Ground, Hove]]
| style="text-align:center;"|2010
| style="text-align:center;"|7/60
||[[Sussex County Cricket Club|Sussex]] v [[Somerset County Cricket Club|Somerset]]
|[[County Ground, Taunton]]
| style="text-align:center;"|2012
|-
|[[List A cricket|List A]]
| style="text-align:center;"|17[[not out|*]]
||[[Northamptonshire County Cricket Club|Northamptonshire]] v [[Leicestershire County Cricket Club|Leicestershire]]
|[[County Cricket Ground, Northampton]]
| style="text-align:center;"|2008
| style="text-align:center;"|5/20
|[[National Cricket Performance Centre|ECB National Academy]] v [[Sri Lanka A cricket team|Sri Lanka A]]
|[[Nondescripts Cricket Club|Nondescripts Cricket Club Ground]]
| style="text-align:center;"|2003
|-
|[[Twenty20 cricket|T20]]
| style="text-align:center;"|3[[not out|*]]
||[[Northamptonshire County Cricket Club|Northamptonshire]] v [[Glamorgan County Cricket Club|Glamorgan]]
|[[SWALEC Stadium]]
| style="text-align:center;"|2008
| style="text-align:center;"|3/14
|[[Sussex County Cricket Club|Sussex]] v [[Gloucestershire County Cricket Club|Gloucestershire]]
|[[County Cricket Ground, Bristol]]
| style="text-align:center;"|2011
|}

==Personal life==

Panesar has been quoted as saying, "I follow Sikhism, and maybe I’ve channelled the discipline that religion creates into my cricket. There's discipline with any religion, and you can take it into a game or into anything else".<ref>''The Sunday Times'', 6 August 2006</ref> Panesar has uncut hair and a full-length beard, which is a fundamental part of the [[Sikh]] identity and way of life. He won the 2006 [[Beard of the Year]] competition run by the [[Beard Liberation Front]].<ref name="bbc.co.uk">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/tms/2006/12/monty_beard_of_the_year_2006.shtml |title=Radio Five Live Sports Extra | Test Match Special blog |publisher=BBC |access-date=18 March 2010 |archive-date=8 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108201628/http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/tms/2006/12/monty_beard_of_the_year_2006.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In August 2013 Panesar was fined after he [[urinate]]d on a doorman following his ejection from a Brighton club.<ref name="PanesarSlash"/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-sussex-23600037 |title= Panesar fined for urinating |work= BBC News |access-date=7 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/cricket/the-ashes-monty-panesar-apologises-following-nightclub-urinating-incident-8751147.html|title=The Ashes: Monty Panesar apologises following nightclub urinating|website=The Independent|access-date=1 April 2019}}</ref> Having admitted that he had broken the Sikh vow not to drink [[alcohol (drug)|alcohol]], combined with his poor form, the incident contributed to his leaving Sussex and being loaned to Essex.<ref name="Loan"/>

After he rejoined Northamptonshire in 2016, Panesar opened up about the mental illness that he had been suffering, speaking in the media about his acceptance to use medication to help him cope with feelings of [[paranoia]] and [[anxiety]] that came after a loss of confidence.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/36381370|title=England spinner opens up about his mental illness|work=BBC Sport|access-date=25 May 2016}}</ref>

He was married to Gursharan Rattan which ended in divorce.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/sport/cricket/monty-panesars-marriage-ends-after-secret-divorce/articleshow/21910292.cms | title=Monty Panesar's marriage ends after secret divorce | publisher=[[Mumbai Mirror]] | date=19 August 2013 | accessdate=15 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/monty-panesar-s-antics-result-of-bitter-secret-divorce/story-WYyv1CN95wNYwlgYY9zNoM.html | title=Monty Panesar's antics result of 'bitter secret' divorce | publisher=Hindustan Times | date=19 August 2013 | accessdate=15 March 2021}}</ref>
Panesar released his autobiography ''Monty Panesar: The Full Monty'' for White Owl Books in May 2019.<ref>{{cite book | url= https://www.pen-and-sword.co.uk/Monty-Panesar-Hardback/p/16240 | title= Monty Panesar: The Full Monty | publisher= White Owl Books | date= 14 May 2019 | isbn= 9781526754509 | access-date= 14 May 2019}}</ref>

After his retirement from cricket, Panesar studied Sports Journalism at St. Mary's University London, where he learnt the trade from Neil Kingston.

== See also ==
* [[Patiala House (film)|''Patiala House'']], Indian sports film inspired by Panesar's life
* [[List of British Sikhs]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{ESPNcricinfo|id=18655}}

* [https://www.gnews.com/author/monty-panesar/ Monty Panesar: Cricket editor for Gnews.com]
* {{twitter|MontyPanesar}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070623023606/http://www.cricket-online.org/player.php?player_id=16655 Cricket Online: Monty Panesar]
* [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2094-2300484,00.html "The Big Interview: Monty Panesar"], ''[[The Sunday Times]]'', 6 August 2006

{{England Squad 2007 Cricket World Cup}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Panesar, Monty}}
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:English cricketers]]
[[Category:England One Day International cricketers]]
[[Category:England Test cricketers]]
[[Category:England Twenty20 International cricketers]]
[[Category:English cricketers of the 21st century]]
[[Category:Lions cricketers]]
[[Category:Northamptonshire cricketers]]
[[Category:Wisden Cricketers of the Year]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Luton]]
[[Category:Alumni of Loughborough University]]
[[Category:English Sikhs]]
[[Category:People educated at Bedford Modern School]]
[[Category:British sportspeople of Indian descent]]
[[Category:English people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:English people of Punjabi descent]]
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[[Category:Essex cricketers]]
[[Category:British Asian cricketers]]
[[Category:British Sikhs]]
[[Category:British Universities cricketers]]
[[Category:English autobiographers]]

Prime Minister of Israel

2023-01-03T02:41:00Z

BradyLukis: Wrote an informative guide.

{{short description|Head of government of Israel}}

{{Use dmy dates}}
{{for|a list|List of prime ministers of Israel}}
{{EngvarB}}
{{Infobox official post
|post = Prime Minister
|body = Israel
|native_name = {{Script/Hebrew|רֹאשׁ הַמֶּמְשָׁלָה}}
|insignia = Emblem of Israel.svg
|insigniasize = 100px
|insigniacaption = [[Emblem of Israel]]
|flag = Flag of the Prime Minister of Israel.svg
|flagsize = 125px
|flagborder = yes
|flagcaption = Prime Ministerial Standard<ref>[[:commons:Category:Flags of the Israel Defense Forces|Flags of the Israel Defense Forces]]</ref>
|department = [[Office of the Prime Minister (Israel)|Prime Minister's Office]]
|image = Benjamin Netanyahu, February 2023.jpg
|imagesize = 200px
|alt =
|incumbent = [[Benjamin Netanyahu]]
|incumbentsince = 29 December 2022
|style = [[Excellency|His Excellency]]
|residence = [[Beit Aghion]]
|nominator = [[Knesset]]
|nominatorpost =
|appointer = [[President of Israel|President]]
|appointerpost =
|termlength = Four years, renewable indefinitely 
|inaugural = [[David Ben-Gurion]]
|formation = 14 May 1948
|abolished =
|succession =
|deputy = [[Alternate Prime Minister of Israel|Alternate Prime Minister]]
|salary = [[USD|US$]]{{round|168210|-4}} annually<ref name="igcompaycheck">{{cite web|url=https://www.ig.com/uk/forex/research/pay-check|title=IG.com Pay Check|publisher=IG}}</ref>
|website = {{URL|www.gov.il/en/departments/prime_ministers_office|pmo.gov.il}}
}}

The '''prime minister of Israel''' ({{lang-he|רֹאשׁ הַמֶּמְשָׁלָה|Rosh HaMemshala|Head of the Government}}, [[Hebrew acronyms|Hebrew acronym]]: {{lang-he2|רה״מ}}; {{lang-ar|رئيس الحكومة}}, ''Ra'īs al-Ḥukūma'') is the [[head of government]] and chief executive of the [[State of Israel]].

Israel is a parliamentary republic with a [[President of Israel|president]] as [[head of state]]. The president's powers are largely ceremonial; while the prime minister holds the executive power. The official residence of the prime minister, ''[[Beit Aghion]],'' is in [[Jerusalem]]. The current prime minister is [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] of [[Likud]], [[List of Prime Ministers of Israel|the ninth person to hold the position]] (excluding caretakers).

Following an election, the president nominates a member of the [[Knesset]] to become prime minister after asking party leaders whom they support for the position. The first candidate the president nominates has 28 days to put together a viable coalition. He then presents a government platform and must receive a vote of confidence from the Knesset to become prime minister. In practice, the prime minister is usually the leader of the largest party in the governing coalition. Between 1996 and 2001, the prime minister was directly elected, separately from the Knesset.<ref>Basic Law: The Government (2001) Sections 7a, 13d.</ref>

Unlike most prime ministers in parliamentary republics, the prime minister is both ''[[de jure]]'' and ''de facto'' chief executive. This is because the [[Basic Laws of Israel]] explicitly vest executive power in the government, of which the prime minister is the leader.

==History==
{{Unreferenced section}}
The office of Prime Minister came into existence on 14 May 1948, the date of the [[Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel]], when the provisional government was created. [[David Ben-Gurion]], leader of [[Mapai]] and head of the [[Jewish Agency]], became Israel's first prime minister. The position became permanent on 8 March 1949, when the [[1949 Israeli legislative election|first government]] was formed. Ben-Gurion retained his role until late 1953, when he resigned to settle in the [[Kibbutz]] of [[Sde Boker]]. He was replaced by [[Moshe Sharett]]. However, Ben-Gurion returned in a little under two years to reclaim his position. He resigned for a second time in 1963, breaking away from Mapai to form [[Rafi (political party)|Rafi]]. [[Levi Eshkol]] took over as head of [[Mapai]] and prime minister. He became the first prime minister to head the country under the banner of two parties when Mapai formed the [[Alignment (political party)|Alignment]] with [[Ahdut HaAvoda]] in 1965. In 1968 he also became the only party leader to command an absolute majority in the Knesset, after [[Mapam]] and Rafi merged into the Alignment, giving it 63 seats in the 120-seat Knesset.

On 26 February 1969, Eshkol became the first prime minister to die in office. He was temporarily replaced by [[Yigal Allon]], whose stint lasted less than a month, as the party persuaded [[Golda Meir]] to return to political life and become prime minister in March 1969. Meir was Israel's first woman prime minister, and the third in the world (after [[Sirimavo Bandaranaike]] and [[Indira Gandhi]]).

Meir resigned in 1974 after the [[Agranat Commission]] published its findings on the [[Yom Kippur War]], even though it had absolved her of blame. [[Yitzhak Rabin]] took over, though he also resigned towards the end of the [[1973 Israeli legislative election|eighth Knesset's]] term following a series of scandals. Those included the suicide of Housing Minister [[Avraham Ofer]] after police began investigating allegations that he had used party funds illegally, and the [[Yadlin affair|affair]] involving [[Asher Yadlin]] (the governor-designate of the Bank of Israel), who was sentenced to five years in prison for having accepted bribes. Rabin's wife, [[Leah Rabin|Leah]], was also found to have had an [[Dollar Account affair|overseas bank account]], which was illegal in Israel at the time.

[[Menachem Begin]] became the first right-wing prime minister when his [[Likud]] won the [[1977 Israeli legislative election|1977 elections]], and retained the post in the [[1981 Israeli legislative election|1981 elections]]. He resigned in 1983 for health reasons, passing the reins of power to [[Yitzhak Shamir]].

After the [[1984 Israeli legislative election|1984 elections]] had proved inconclusive with neither the Alignment nor Likud able to form a government, a [[national unity government]] was formed with a rotating prime ministership – [[Shimon Peres]] took the first two years, and was replaced by Shamir midway through the Knesset term. Although the [[1988 Israeli legislative election|1988 elections]] produced another national unity government, Shamir was able to take the role alone. Peres made an abortive bid to form a left-wing government in 1990, but failed, leaving Shamir in power until 1992. Rabin became prime minister for the second time when he led [[Labor Party (Israel)|Labour]] to victory in the [[1992 Israeli legislative election|1992 elections]]. After his [[Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin|assassination]] on 4 November 1995, Peres took over as prime minister.

===Direct election===
{{Politics of Israel}}
During the [[1992 Israeli legislative election|thirteenth Knesset]] (1992–1996) it was decided to hold a separate ballot for prime minister modeled after [[United States presidential election|American presidential elections]]. This system was instituted in part because the Israeli electoral system makes it all but impossible for one party to win a majority. While only two parties—Mapai/Labour and Likud—had ever led governments, the large number of parties or factions in a typical Knesset usually prevents one party from winning the 61 seats needed for a majority.

In 1996, when the first such [[1996 Israeli prime ministerial election|election]] took place, the outcome was a surprise win for [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] after election polls predicted that Peres was the winner.<ref>[http://www.nrg.co.il/online/1/ART/977/618.html Prime Minister Netanyahu. Remember?] Maariv, 30 August 2005</ref> However, in the Knesset election held at the same time, Labour won more votes than any other party (27%). Thus Netanyahu, despite his theoretical position of power, needed the support of the religious parties to form a viable government.

Ultimately Netanyahu failed to hold the government together, and early elections for both prime minister and the Knesset were called in [[1999 Israeli legislative election|1999]]. Although five candidates intended to run, the three representing minor parties ([[Benny Begin]] of [[Herut – The National Movement]], [[Azmi Bishara]] of [[Balad (Israel)|Balad]] and [[Yitzhak Mordechai]] of the [[Centre Party (Israel)|Centre Party]]) dropped out before election day, and [[Ehud Barak]] beat Netanyahu in the [[1999 Israeli prime ministerial election|election]]. However, the new system again appeared to have failed; although Barak's [[One Israel]] alliance (an alliance of Labour, [[Gesher (political party)|Gesher]] and [[Meimad]]) won more votes than any other party in the [[1999 Israeli legislative election|Knesset election]], they garnered only 26 seats, the lowest ever by a winning party or alliance. Barak needed to form a coalition with six smaller parties to form a government.

In early 2001, Barak resigned following the outbreak of the [[al-Aqsa Intifada]]. However, the government was not brought down, and only elections for prime minister were necessary. In the [[2001 Israeli prime ministerial election|election itself]], [[Ariel Sharon]] of Likud comfortably beat Barak, taking 62.4% of the vote. However, because Likud only had 21 seats in the Knesset, Sharon had to form a national unity government. Following Sharon's victory, it was decided to do away with separate elections for prime minister and return to the previous system.

===2003 onwards===
The [[2003 Israeli legislative election|2003 elections]] were carried out in the same manner as prior to 1996. Likud won 38 seats, the highest by a party for over a decade, and as party leader Sharon was duly appointed Prime Minister. However, towards the end of his term and largely as a result of the deep divisions within Likud over [[Israel's unilateral disengagement plan]], Sharon broke away from his party to form [[Kadima]], managing to maintain his position as prime minister and also becoming the first prime minister not to be a member of either Labour or Likud (or their predecessors). However, he suffered a stroke in January 2006, in the midst of election season, leading [[Ehud Olmert]] to become acting prime minister in the weeks leading to the elections. He was voted by the cabinet to be interim prime minister just after the [[2006 Israeli legislative election|2006 elections]], when Sharon had reached 100 days of incapacitation. He thus became Israel's third interim prime minister, only days before forming his own new government as the official Prime Minister of Israel.

In 2008, amid accusations of corruption and challenges from his own party, Olmert resigned. However his successor [[Tzipi Livni]] was unable to form a coalition government. In the [[2009 Israeli legislative election|election in the following year]], while Kadima won the most seats, it was the Likud leader Benjamin Netanyahu who was given the task of forming a government. He was able to do so, thus beginning his second term as Prime Minister of Israel.

In the [[2013 Israeli legislative election|2013 election]], the [[Likud Yisrael Beiteinu]] alliance emerged as the largest faction. After forming a coalition, Netanyahu secured his third prime ministership. In [[2015 Israeli legislative election|2015]], Netanyahu managed to stay in power. Multiple disagreements with his coalition members led to the [[2019–2022 Israeli political crisis]].

In 2021, [[Naftali Bennett]] became prime minister. He was succeeded in July 2022 by his coalition partner, [[Yair Lapid]]. In December 2022, Benjamin Netanyahu returned to the prime ministership, as a result of the [[2022 Israeli legislative election|previous month's election]].

==Order of succession==
If the prime minister dies in office, the cabinet chooses an interim prime minister<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4583928.stm Q&A: Israel's political future] BBC News, 11 January 2006</ref> to run the government until a new government is placed in power. [[Yigal Allon]] served as interim prime minister following [[Levi Eshkol]]'s death, as did [[Shimon Peres]] following the [[assassination of Yitzhak Rabin]].

According to Israeli law, if a prime minister is temporarily incapacitated rather than dies (as was the case following [[Ariel Sharon]]'s stroke in early 2006), power is transferred to the [[Deputy leaders of Israel#Acting Prime Minister|acting prime minister]], until the prime minister recovers ([[Ehud Olmert]] took over from Sharon), for up to 100 days. If the prime minister is declared permanently incapacitated, or that period expires, the [[president of Israel]] oversees the process of assembling a new governing coalition, and in the meantime the acting prime minister or other incumbent minister is appointed by the cabinet to serve as interim prime minister.

In the case of Sharon, elections were already due to occur within 100 days of the beginning of his coma; thus, the post-election coalition-building process pre-empted the emergency provisions for the selection of a new prime minister. Nevertheless, Olmert was appointed interim prime minister on 16 April 2006, after the [[2006 Israeli legislative election|elections]], just days before he formed a government on 4 May 2006, becoming the official prime minister.

===Acting, vice and deputy prime minister===
{{main|Deputy leaders of Israel}}
Aside from the position of Acting Prime Minister, there are also vice prime ministers and deputy prime ministers.

===Interim prime minister===
The '''interim prime minister''' ({{lang-he|ראש הממשלה בפועל}}, ''Rosh HaMemshala Ba-foal'' lit. "prime minister de facto") is appointed by the government if the incumbent is dead or permanently incapacitated, or if his tenure was ended due to a criminal conviction.

Israeli law distinguishes the terms ''acting prime minister'' (מלא מקום ראש הממשלה), filling in for the incumbent prime minister, temporarily, and acting in the incumbent's office, while the incumbent is in office, and an ''interim prime minister'' in office. Only if the incumbent prime minister becomes ''temporarily incapacitated'' will the acting prime minister act in the incumbent's office and will be standing in for him for up to 100 consecutive days, while the incumbent is in office. Legally, the "100 consecutive days" limit, in the language of the law, only stipulates that the incumbent then is deemed to be ''permanently incapacitated'' and that the limited time for an acting prime minister to act in the incumbent's office is over.

In 2006, Ehud Olmert, after standing in for Prime Minister Sharon for 100 consecutive days, as acting prime minister, did not automatically assume office as an interim prime minister. The government voted to appoint him, and in addition, he was also a member of prime minister's party, which enabled them to appoint him to the role.<ref name="Olmert Interim">{{cite web| url = http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Government/Communiques/2006/Cabinet+Communique+11-Apr-2006.htm| title = Cabinet Secretary Statement after the Cabinet meeting on 11 April 2006 (English)}}</ref>

Shimon Peres was the foreign minister when Prime Minister [[Yitzhak Rabin]] was assassinated, and was voted unanimously to assume office as an interim prime minister until a new Government would be placed in power (that he later formed by himself). [[Yigal Allon]] was also voted to be the interim prime minister after Prime Minister [[Levi Eshkol]] suddenly died and served until [[Golda Meir]] formed her government.

Both the interim and acting prime ministers' authorities are identical to those of a prime minister, with the exception of not having the authority to dissolve the Knesset.

====List of interim prime ministers====
{| class=wikitable
|-
!Name
!Party
!Dates in office
|-
|[[Yigal Alon]]
|[[Alignment (political party)|Labour Alignment]]
|align=center|{{start date|df=yes|1969|2|26}} – {{end date|df=yes|1969|3|17}}
|-
|[[Shimon Peres]]
|[[Alignment (political party)|Labour Alignment]]
|align=center|{{start date|df=yes|1995|11|4}} – {{end date|df=yes|1995|11|22}}
|-
|[[Ehud Olmert]]
|[[Kadima]]
|align=center|{{start date|df=yes|2006|4|14}} – {{end date|df=yes|2006|5|4}}
|-
|}

===Interim government===
An 'interim government' ({{lang-he|ממשלת מעבר}}, ''Memshelet Ma'avar'' lit. "transitional government") is the same government, having been changed in their legal status, after the death, resignation, permanent incapacitation, or criminal conviction of the prime minister, as well as after the prime minister's request to dissolve the Knesset (Israeli parliament) was published through the president's decree, or after it was defeated by a motion of no confidence (these actions are regarded by the law as "the Government shall be deemed to have resigned"), or after election and before the forming of a new government.

==Prime Minister's residence==
Since 1974, the official residence of the prime minister is [[Beit Aghion]], at the corner of [[Arthur Balfour|Balfour]] and [[Peretz Smolenskin|Smolenskin]] streets in [[Rehavia]], Jerusalem.<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1082125.html From modesty to monstrosity] [[Haaretz]], 1 May 2009</ref>

==List of prime ministers of Israel==
{{main|List of prime ministers of Israel}}
;Term of office in years
{{main|List of prime ministers of Israel#Term of office in years}}

==See also==
*[[Prime Minister's Office (Israel)]]
*[[Cabinet of Israel]]
*[[Beit Aghion]]
* [[Beit Rosh ha-Memshala]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book|last1=Avner|first1=Yehuda|author-link1=Yehuda Avner|title=The Prime Ministers: An Intimate Narrative of Israeli Leadership|publisher=[[Toby Press]]|location=Israel|isbn=978-1-59264-278-6|oclc=758724969}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://www.gov.il/en/Departments/prime_ministers_office}}
* [https://www.knesset.gov.il/govt/eng/GovtByMinistry_eng.asp All Prime Ministers of Israel] Knesset website
* [http://www.thefirstpost.co.uk/46505,in-pictures,news-in-pictures,in-pictures-prime-ministers-who-shaped-israel The PM's Who Shaped Israel] – slideshow by ''[[The First Post]]''
* [https://www.geni.com/projects/Israeli-Heads-of-State-and-State-Authorities Family Trees of all Prime Minister of Israel]
{{IsraelPMS|state=expanded}}
{{Prime Minister}}

[[Category:Prime Ministers of Israel| ]]
[[Category:1948 establishments in Israel]]