Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Camphora officinarum

2026-05-06T23:49:21Z

BradyGregg4996: adding first entry needs work...

{{Short description|Species of tree}}
{{Redirect|Camphor tree|the tree native to the Malay Archipelago|Dryobalanops aromatica}}
{{Redirect|Camphorwood|the Australian tree|Cinnamomum oliveri}}
{{Speciesbox
|image = Cinnamomum camphora20050314.jpg
|image_caption = An ancient camphor tree (estimated to be over 1,000 years old) in Japan
|status = LC
|status_system = IUCN3.1
|status_ref = <ref name = iucn>{{cite iucn |author=de Kok, R. |year=2021 |title=''Cinnamomum camphora'' |article-number=e.T15441072A15441116 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T15441072A15441116.en |language=en}}</ref>
|genus = Camphora
|species = officinarum
|authority = [[Boerh.]] ex [[Fabr.]]
|synonyms =
*''Camphora camphora'' {{small|(L.) H.Karst.}}
*''Camphorina camphora'' {{small|(L.) Farw.}}
*''Cinnamomum camphora'' {{small|([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) [[Jan Svatopluk Presl|J.Presl.]]}}
*''Laurus camphora'' {{small|L.}}
*''Persea camphora'' {{small|(L.) Spreng.}}
|synonyms_ref = <ref name = powo>{{cite web |title=''Camphora officinarum'' Boerh. ex Fabr. |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77328940-1 |website=[[Plants of the World Online]] |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |access-date=6 May 2026}}</ref>
}}

'''''Camphora officinarum''''' is a [[species]] of [[evergreen]] tree indigenous to warm temperate to subtropical regions of East Asia, including countries such as China, Taiwan, Vietnam, Korea, Japan and India. It is known by various names, most notably the '''camphor tree''', '''camphorwood''' or '''camphor laurel'''.<ref>[https://www.wood-database.com/camphor/ Camphor - The Wood Database]</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Yang |first1=Zhi |last2=Liu |first2=Bing |last3=Yang |first3=Yong |last4=Ferguson |first4=David K. |year=2022 |title=Phylogeny and taxonomy of Cinnamomum (Lauraceae) |journal=Ecology and Evolution |language=en |volume=12 |issue=10 |article-number=e9378 |doi=10.1002/ece3.9378 |issn=2045-7758 |pmc=9526118 |pmid=36203627|bibcode=2022EcoEv..12E9378Y }}</ref><ref>{{Cite report |title=Cinnamomum camphora (camphor laurel) |last=CABI |date=2022-01-07 |doi=10.1079/cabicompendium.13519 |language=en|doi-access=free }}</ref>

== Description ==
''Camphora officinarum'' grows up to {{convert|20|-|30|m|ft|abbr=on}} tall.<ref name=FoC/> In Japan, where the tree is called ''kusunoki'', five camphor trees are known with a trunk circumference above {{convert|20|m|ft|abbr=on}}, with the largest individual, {{nihongo|''Kamō no Ōkusu''|蒲生の大楠||"Great camphor of [[Kamō, Kagoshima|Kamō]]"}}, reaching {{convert|24.22|m|ft|abbr=on|frac=2}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wondermondo.com/Countries/As/Japan/Kyushu/KamounoOhkusu.htm |title=Kamou no Ohkusu |publisher=Wondermondo |date=2014-07-04 |access-date=2014-07-04 |archive-date=2017-12-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213023518/http://www.wondermondo.com/Countries/As/Japan/Kyushu/KamounoOhkusu.htm }}</ref>

The leaves have a glossy, waxy appearance and smell of [[camphor]] when crushed. In spring, it produces bright green foliage with masses of very small white fragrant [[flower]]s from which its common namesake "smells good tree" in Chinese {{lang|zh|香樟}} {{lang|zh-Latn-pinyin|xiang zhang}} was given. It produces clusters of black, berry-like [[fruit]] around {{convert|1|cm|abbr=on|frac=8}} in diameter. Its pale [[Bark (botany)|bark]] is very rough and fissured vertically.

{{gallery|mode=packed
|Cinnamomum camphora Turramurra railway.jpg|Foliage and fruit in [[Sydney]], Australia
}}

[[File:Camphor Grove Sha Tau Kok.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Camphor grove in [[Hong Kong]]]]
==Distribution and habitat==

The species is native to Japan, Korea, the [[Ryukyu Islands]], and Taiwan.<ref name = powo/> It has been introduced to China south of the [[Yangtze River]],<ref name=FoC>{{cite web|url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200008697 |title=''Cinnamomum camphora'' |author1=Xi-wen Li |author2=Jie Li |author3=Henk van der Werff |work=Flora of China |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA |access-date=27 March 2013}}</ref> the Himalayas, Bangladesh, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, eastern Australia, the southeastern United States, and many other countries.<ref name = powo/>

==Ecology==
In Australia, the larval stages of two native butterflies, the [[Chaetocneme porphyropis|purple brown-eye]] and [[Chaetocneme beata|common red-eye]] feed on camphor despite it being an introduced plant.<ref>Wells, A., Edwards, E.D., Houston, W.W.K., ''Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea, Papilionoidea,'' Volume 31, CSIRO, 2001.</ref>

=== As an invasive species ===
[[Image:Cinnamomum camphora - Botanic Gardens.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Public gardens in [[Adelaide]], South Australia]]
===In Australia===

Camphor laurel was introduced to Australia in 1822 as an [[ornamental tree]] for use in gardens and public parks. It has become a [[noxious weed]] throughout [[Queensland]] and central to northern [[New South Wales]], where it is suited to the wet, subtropical climate. The camphor content of the [[leaf litter]] helps prevent other plants from germinating successfully, helping to ensure the camphor's success against any potentially competing vegetation,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-06 |title=NSW Department of Primary Industries, NSW WeedWise |url=https://weeds.dpi.nsw.gov.au/Weeds/CamphorLaurel |access-date=2024-08-06}}</ref> and the seeds are attractive to birds and pass intact through the digestive system, ensuring rapid distribution. Camphor laurel invades rainforests and pastures, and also competes against [[eucalyptus]] trees, certain species of which are the sole food source of [[koala]]s. In its favour, however, younger camphor laurel trees can quickly develop hollows, which can be utilised by wildlife, whereas natives can take hundreds of years to develop hollows.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090208020558/http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/agriculture/pests-weeds/weeds/noxweed/noxious-app?sq_content_src=%252BdXJsPWh0dHAlM0ElMkYlMkZ3d3cuYWdyaWMubnN3Lmdvdi5hdSUyRnRvb2xzJTJGdmlld3dlZWQuaHRtbCZhbGw9MQ%253D%253D&weed_id=28 Noxious weed declaration for NSW]</ref>

===In the United States===

Introduced to the [[contiguous United States]] around 1875, the species has become [[Naturalisation (biology)|naturalized]] in portions of [[Alabama]], [[California]], [[Florida]], [[Virginia]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], [[Hawaii]], [[Louisiana]], [[Mississippi]], [[North Carolina]], [[Texas]], and [[South Carolina]].<ref name="nrcs">{{cite web |title=Plants Profile: ''Cinnamomum camphora'' |url=https://plants.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=CICA |access-date=12 April 2010 |work=Natural Resources Conservation Service |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture}}</ref> It has been declared a category I [[invasive species]] in Florida.<ref name="usgs">{{cite web |author1=Forest Starr |author2=Kim Starr |author3=Lloyd Loope |date=January 2003 |title=''Cinnamomum camphora'' |url=http://www.hear.org/Pier/pdf/pohreports/cinnamomum_camphora.pdf |access-date=12 April 2010 |work=United States Geological Survey: Biological Resources Division |publisher=Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project}}</ref>

==Uses==

The species is cultivated for camphor and timber production. The production and shipment of camphor, in a solid, waxy form, was a major industry in Taiwan prior to and during the Japanese colonial era (1895–1945). It was used medicinally and was also an important ingredient in the production of [[smokeless gunpowder]] and [[celluloid]]. Primitive stills were set up in the mountainous areas in which the tree is usually found. The wood was chipped; these chips were steamed in a retort, allowing the camphor to crystallize on the inside of a crystallization box after the vapour had passed through a cooling chamber. It was then scraped off and packed out to government-run factories for processing and sale. Camphor was one of the most lucrative of several important government monopolies under the Japanese.

The wood has an [[Insect repellent|insect-repellent]] quality.<ref>{{cite book|last=Little|first=Elbert L.|title=The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees: Eastern Region|publisher=Knopf|location=New York|year=1980|isbn=0-394-50760-6|page=449}}</ref>

=== Camphor ===
{{Main|Camphor}}
Camphor is a white crystalline substance, obtained from the tree ''C. camphora''. Camphor has been used for many centuries as a culinary spice, a component of incense, and as a medicine. It is also an insect repellent and a flea-killing substance.

===Chemical constituents===
The species contains [[volatility (chemistry)|volatile]] [[chemical compound]]s in all plant parts, and the wood and leaves are [[steam distillation|steam distilled]] for the [[essential oils]]. Camphor laurel has six different chemical variants called [[chemotype]]s, which are [[camphor]], [[linalool]], 1,8-[[cineole]], [[nerolidol]], [[safrole]], and [[borneol]]. In China, field workers avoid mixing chemotypes when harvesting by their odour.<ref>Hirota, N. and Hiroi, M., 1967. 'The later studies on the camphor tree, on the leaf oil of each practical form and its utilisation', ''[[Perfumery and Essential Oil Record]]'' 58, 364–367.</ref><ref>Lawrence, B. M., 1995. 'Progress in essential oils', ''[[Perfumer and Flavorist]]'', 20, 29–41.</ref>

; Camphor type
: This type is dominant in India and Sri Lanka.<ref name="cwrr"/> The wood oil is separated into four fractions after camphor is removed by filtration, termed white, yellow, brown, and blue camphor oil.<ref name="tisserand"/> Oil contains 54–97% camphor.<ref name="pmid30041601"/>
; Linalool type
: This type is commonly found in Taiwan and Japan. Oil contains 80–85 linalool<ref name="cwrr"/> (another source gives a wider range of 58–92%).<ref name="pmid30041601"/> The leaf oil is called "ho leaf oil",<ref>{{cite web |title=cinnamomum camphora linalooliferum leaf extract|url=https://scentsandflavors.com/database/9dbb4b94-41f2-450f-907e-da60b43159bf|website=Scents and Flavors |publisher=Scents and Flavors |access-date=5 April 2026}}</ref> the wood oil "ho wood oil"<ref>{{cite web |title=cinnamomum camphora linalooliferum wood extract|url=https://scentsandflavors.com/database/9dbb4bd5-ab9a-46e0-9d02-6c3c59e3b040|website=Scents and Flavors |publisher=Scents and Flavors |access-date=5 April 2026}}</ref> (after removal of safrole), and the mixture of both "shiu oil".<ref name="tisserand"/>
; Cineole (eucalyptol) type
: This type is dominant in Madagascar. The oil contains 40–50% cineole<ref name="cwrr"/> (another source gives 32–52%).<ref name="pmid30041601"/> The essential oil from the Madagascar tree leaves is commercially known as ''ravintsara''.<ref name="cwrr">{{cite web|url=http://www.cropwatch.org/Ravensara-Ravintsara%20biblio%20v1.01.pdf|title=Ravensara/Ravintsara Bibliography v1.01|author=Behra, Burfield|date=May 2009|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110304054022/http://www.cropwatch.org/Ravensara-Ravintsara%20biblio%20v1.01.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2011|version=Compiled by CropWatch v1.01}}</ref><ref name="tisserand">{{cite web |last1=Institute |first1=Tisserand |title=Cinnamomum Camphora: It's Many Names and Chemotypes |url=https://tisserandinstitute.org/learn-more/cinnamomum-camphora/ |website=Tisserand Institute}}</ref>
: The cineole fraction of camphor laurel is used in China to manufacture fake "[[eucalyptus oil]]".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20161224183232/https://books.google.com/books?id=hrWuqmtwJiEC&pg=PA20&lpg=PA20&dq=china+eucalyptus+oil+use&source=web&ots=IsiuQiHnDX&sig=p4113dfJqln9BdWCcwQv5xKmBio&hl=en Ashurst, P.R., ''Food Flavorings'', 1999]</ref>
; Nerolidol type
: Oil contains 16–57% nerolidol.<ref name="pmid30041601"/>
; Safrole type
: This type is mentioned by few recent sources{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}.
; Borneol type
: This type is commercially useful in China, as borneol is used in medicine. Oil contains 67–82% (-)-borneol.<ref name="pmid30041601">{{cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=C |last2=Zheng |first2=Y |last3=Zhong |first3=Y |last4=Wu |first4=Y |last5=Li |first5=Z |last6=Xu |first6=LA |last7=Xu |first7=M |title=Transcriptome analysis and identification of genes related to terpenoid biosynthesis in Cinnamomum camphora. |journal=BMC Genomics |date=24 July 2018 |volume=19 |issue=1 |page=550 |doi=10.1186/s12864-018-4941-1 |doi-access=free |pmid=30041601 |pmc=6057064}}</ref> Increased monoterpene production can be induced by mechanical damage.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yang |first1=Z |last2=Xie |first2=C |last3=Huang |first3=Y |last4=An |first4=W |last5=Liu |first5=S |last6=Huang |first6=S |last7=Zheng |first7=X |title=Metabolism and transcriptome profiling provides insight into the genes and transcription factors involved in monoterpene biosynthesis of borneol chemotype of Cinnamomum camphora induced by mechanical damage. |journal=PeerJ |date=2021 |volume=9 |article-number=e11465 |doi=10.7717/peerj.11465 |doi-access=free |pmid=34249483 |pmc=8255067}}</ref>
; Isoborneol type
: At least two sources mention this type.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=SH |last2=Kim |first2=DS |last3=Park |first3=SH |last4=Park |first4=H |title=Phytochemistry and Applications of Cinnamomum camphora Essential Oils. |journal=Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) |date=22 April 2022 |volume=27 |issue=9 |page=2695 |doi=10.3390/molecules27092695 |doi-access=free |pmid=35566046|pmc=9102863 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Guo |first1=Xiali |last2=Cui |first2=Meng |last3=Deng |first3=Min |last4=Liu |first4=Xingxing |last5=Huang |first5=Xueyong |last6=Zhang |first6=Xinglei |last7=Luo |first7=Liping |title=Molecular differentiation of five Cinnamomum camphora chemotypes using desorption atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry of raw leaves |journal=Scientific Reports |date=20 April 2017 |volume=7 |issue=1 |article-number=46579 |doi=10.1038/srep46579|pmid=28425482 |pmc=5397862 |bibcode=2017NatSR...746579G }}</ref>

==In culture==
[[File:Keihan Kayashima Station (01) IMG 5431 20130707.JPG|thumb|upright|Sacred camphor tree at [[Kayashima Station]]]]
Certain trees in Japan are considered sacred. An example of the importance of a [[sacred tree]] is the enshrined 700-year old camphor growing in the middle of [[Kayashima Station]]. Locals protested against moving the tree when the railway station had to be expanded, so the station was built around it.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://mymodernmet.com/kayashima-station-camphor-tree/|title = Japanese Train Station Protectively Built Around a 700-Year-Old Tree|date = 27 January 2017|access-date = 14 July 2021|archive-date = 5 June 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230605003106/https://mymodernmet.com/kayashima-station-camphor-tree/}}</ref>

==See also==
* {{annotated link|Sandalwood}}
{{clear}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090519201130/http://www.dpi.qld.gov.au/documents/Biosecurity_EnvironmentalPests/IPA-Camphor-Laurel-PP46.pdf Camphor laurel fact sheet]—Produced by the Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140114020241/http://www.camphorlaurel.com.au/ Campaign to stop the spread of camphor laurels in Australia]
* {{cite journal |last1=Yang |first1=Zerui |last2=Zhan |first2=Ting |last3=Xie |first3=Chunzhu |last4=Huang |first4=Song |last5=Zheng |first5=Xiasheng |title=Genome-wide analyzation and functional characterization on the TPS family provide insight into the biosynthesis of mono-terpenes in the camphor tree |journal=Plant Physiology and Biochemistry |date=March 2023 |volume=196 |pages=55–64 |doi=10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.01.039|pmid=36696798 |bibcode=2023PlPB..196...55Y }}

{{Transient receptor potential channel modulators}}
{{Woodworking}}
{{Taxonbar|from1=Q110692156|from2=Q158722}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Camphora|officinarum]]
[[Category:Trees of China]]
[[Category:Trees of Japan]]
[[Category:Trees of Korea]]
[[Category:Trees of Taiwan]]
[[Category:Trees of Vietnam]]
[[Category:Least concern flora of Asia]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants of Asia]]
[[Category:Spices]]
[[Category:Naturalized trees of Alabama]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1763]]
[[Category:Taxobox binomials not recognized by IUCN]]

Indiya Jananayaka Katchi

2026-05-05T20:36:18Z

BradyGregg4996: done.

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian Political Party
|party_name = Indiya Jananayaka Katchi
|logo =
|image =
|colorcode = {{party color|Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi}}
|leader = [[T. R. Paarivendhar]]
|founder = [[T. R. Paarivendhar]]
|alliance = *[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]] (2011-2019) (2024-present)
*[[AIADMK-led Alliance|AIADMK+]] (2025-present)
*[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]] (2019-2021)
*[[Makkal Needhi Maiam|MNM]] (2021)
*[[Secular Progressive Alliance|SPA]] (2019-2021)
|status = Registered, Unrecognised Political Party
|ideology =
|party symbol =
|headquarters = No. 9, 3rd Avenue, 3rd Street, Ashok Nagar, Chennai-600083, Tamil Nadu, India
|flag = IJK Party Flag.jpg
|eci =
| loksabha_seats = {{Composition bar|0|543|hex={{party color|Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi}}}}
| rajyasabha_seats = {{Composition bar|0|245|hex={{party color|Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi}}}}
| state_seats_name = [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| state_seats = {{Composition bar|0|234|hex={{party color|Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi}}}}
| no_states = {{Composition bar|0|31|hex={{party color|Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi}}}}
}}
'''Indiya Jananayaka Katchi''' ({{translation|Indian Democratic Party}}; {{small|abbr.}} '''IJK''') is a political party in [[Tamil Nadu]], India. It was founded by [[T. R. Paarivendhar]], an academic and the founder of [[SRM Institute of Science and Technology|SRM Group]] of institutions.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/ijk-likely-to-enter-the-fray-in-perambalur-constituency/article5795599.ece | title = IJK likely to enter the fray in Perambalur constituency | date = 17 March 2014 | newspaper = The Hindu }}</ref> The party is based in Chennai. IJK contested the 2014 General Elections through an alliance with the [[BJP]]-led [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/bjp-announces-sixparty-alliance-in-tn/article5810008.ece|title=BJP clinches deal in Tamil Nadu|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=21 March 2014|date=20 March 2014}}</ref> IJK contested the 2016 Tamil Nadu Assembly Elections also through an alliance with the BJP-led NDA but could not register a single victory. IJK contested the 2019 General Elections through an alliance with the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]-led [[United Progressive Alliance (India)|UPA]]. T. R. Paarivendhar contested in [[Perambalur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Perambalur]] and won with a margin of 4,03,518 votes.

== See also ==
* [[List of political parties in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://ijkparty.org/ Official Website]
*[https://www.eci.gov.in/ Election Commission of India]
{{Indian political parties}}

[[Category:2011 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Former member parties of the United Progressive Alliance]]
[[Category:Member parties of the National Democratic Alliance]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 2011]]
[[Category:Political parties in Tamil Nadu]]

List of Sindhi people

2026-05-05T04:10:29Z

BradyGregg4996: new

{{Short description|none}}
{{Dynamic list |March 2025}}
The following is a list of notable [[Sindhis|Sindhi]] people who have origins in the Sindh province.<ref>{{cite web | title=Sindhi | website=Encyclopedia Britannica | date=18 August 2008 | url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sindhi | access-date=3 July 2024 | archive-date=10 March 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310071734/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sindhi | url-status=live }}</ref>

== Businesspeople ==
{{Columns-list|colwidth=10em|
* [[Bhai Pratap Dialdas]]
* [[Chandru Raheja]]
* [[Deepak Perwani]]
* [[Gulu Lalvani]]
* [[Prince Hirwani]]
* [[Hari Harilela]]
* [[Jahangir Siddiqui]]
* [[Kabir Mulchandani]]
* [[Kishinchand Chellaram]]
* [[Lal Chand (businessman)|Lal Chand]]
* [[Lila Poonawalla]]
* [[Mahmoud Haroon]]
* [[Micky Jagtiani]]
* [[Niranjan Hiranandani]]
* [[Ram Buxani]]
* [[Ramchand Bhavnani]]
* [[Romesh Wadhwani]]
* [[S. P. Hinduja]]
* [[Sabeer Bhatia]]
* [[Sanjeev Bikhchandani]]
* [[Seth Vishandas Nihalchand]]
* [[Sital K Motwani]]
* [[Sonu Shivdasani]]
* [[Surendra Hiranandani]]
* [[Sultana Siddiqui]]
* [[Sunil Vaswani]]
* [[Sunder Genomal]]
* [[Sadruddin Hashwani]]
* [[Tarun Tahiliani]]
* [[Vijay K. Thadani]]
* [[Suresh Mulchand]]
}}

== Educators ==
{{Columns-list|colwidth=10em|
* [[Ali S. Asani]]
* [[Dadi Leela]]
* [[Hassan Ali Effendi]]
* [[Hotchand Gopaldas Advani]]
* [[Imdad Ali Imam Ali Kazi]]
* [[Jan Muhammad A. Memon]]
* [[K.M. Kundnani]]
* [[Kauromal Chandanmal Khilnani]]
* [[Khan Bahadur Ghulam Nabi Kazi]]
* [[Mariyam Sultana Noohani]]
* [[Muhammad Ali Shaikh]]
* [[Muhammad Ibrahim Joyo]]
* [[Muhammad Siddique Memon]]
* [[Nisar Ahmed Siddiqui]]
* [[Noor Muhammad Lakhair]]
* [[Noshad A. Shaikh]]
* [[Sadhu Vaswani]]
* [[Shams Abbasi]]
* [[Usman Ali Isani]]
}}

==Entertainment professionals==
=== Indian ===
{{Columns-list|colwidth=10em|* [[Aanand L. Rai]]
* [[Aarti Chabria]]
* [[Abhimanyu Dassani]]
* [[Aftab Shivdasani]]
* [[Ajith Kumar]]
* [[Ajit Vachani]]
* [[Anant Balani]]
* [[Anila Sunder]]
* [[Anita Hassanandani]]
* [[Anjana Sukhani]]
* [[Apurva Asrani]]
* [[Archie Panjabi]]
* [[Arjun Bijlani]]
* [[Asrani]]
* [[Atul Khatri]]
* [[Babita]]
* [[Bhudo Advani]]
* [[Bulo C Rani]]
* [[Dalip Tahil]]
* [[Deepshikha Deshmukh]]
* [[Dinesh Hingoo]]
* [[Dinesh Raheja]]
* [[Fardeen Khan]]
* [[G. P. Sippy]]
* [[Gopi Gajwani]]
* [[Govind Nihalani]]
* [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]]
* [[Girish Kumar]]
* [[Gracy Goswami]]
* [[Hari Shivdasani]]
* [[Hansika Motwani]]
* [[Harsh Varrdhan Kapoor]]
* [[Hiten Tejwani]]
* [[Jackky Bhagnani]]
* [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]]
* [[Jimmi Harkishin]]
* [[Lakshya (actor)|Lakshya]]
* [[Leena Jumani]]
* [[Lillete Dubey]]
* [[Karisma Kapoor]]
* [[Kajal Raghwani]]
* [[Kareena Kapoor Khan]]
* [[Karan Johar]]
* [[Kiara Advani]]
* [[Kiran Janjani]]
* [[Kitu Gidwani]]
* [[Kumar Shahani]]
* [[Kushal Punjabi]]
* [[Manoj Punjabi]]
* [[Mishal Raheja]]
* [[N. C. Sippy]]
* [[Nandini Rai]]
* [[Nandita Mahtani]]
* [[Neel Motwani]]
* [[Nikkhil Advani]]
* [[Nishant Singh Malkani]]
* [[Preeti Jhangiani]]
* [[Poonam Sinha]]
* [[Raam Punjabi]]
* [[Raj Kiran (actor)|Raj Kiran]]
* [[Rajesh Mirchandani]]
* [[Rajkumar Hirani]]
* [[Ramesh Sippy]]
* [[Ranveer Singh]]
* [[Rhea Kapoor]]
* [[Richa Moorjani]]
* [[Rishi Bhutani]]
* [[Ritesh Sidhwani]]
* [[Rithvik Dhanjani]]
* [[Roma Asrani]]
* [[Sadhana Shivdasani]]
* [[Sahil Shroff]]
* [[Sapna Bhavnani]]
* [[Sangeeta Bijlani]]
* [[Sanjjanaa Galrani]]
* [[Saroj Khan]]
* [[Shilpa Saklani]]
* [[Shonali Nagrani]]
* [[Sindhu Tolani]]
* [[Sonakshi Sinha]]
* [[Sonam Kapoor]]
* [[Tamannaah Bhatia]]<ref>{{cite web | last=Singh | first=Simran | title=Bengaluru school introduces chapter on Tamannaah Bhatia, parents file complaint against management for this reason | website=DNA India | date=27 June 2024 | url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-bengaluru-school-introduces-chapter-on-tamannaah-bhatia-parents-file-complaint-against-management-3094939 | access-date=28 June 2024 | archive-date=27 June 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627165856/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-bengaluru-school-introduces-chapter-on-tamannaah-bhatia-parents-file-complaint-against-management-3094939 | url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Tanuj Virwani]]
* [[Tarun Mansukhani]]
* [[Usha Bachani]]
* [[Vikramaditya Motwane]]
* [[Vishal Dadlani]]
* [[Vashu Bhagnani]]
* [[Vivek Dahiya (actor)|Vivek Dahiya]]
* [[Vivek Vaswani]]}}

=== Pakistani ===
{{Columns-list|colwidth=10em|
* [[Anwar Solangi]]
* [[Aamina Sheikh]]
* [[Ali Gul Pir]]
* [[Ayaz Samoo]]
* [[Atiqa Odho]]
* [[Danish Nawaz]]
* [[Fahad Mustafa]]
* [[Fatima Effendi]]
* [[Fazila Kaiser]]
* [[Ghazala Rafique]]
* [[Gulab Chandio]]
* [[Hayat Ali Shah Bukhari]]
* [[Hiba Bukhari]]
* [[Iqbal Theba]]
* [[Iqra Aziz]]
* [[Kumail Nanjiani]]
* [[Mansha Pasha]]
* [[Mustafa Qureshi]]
* [[Mushtaque Changezi]]
* [[Paras Masroor]]
* [[Roshan Atta]]
* [[Sabreen Hisbani]]
* [[Sakina Samo]]
* [[Salahuddin Tunio]]
* [[Sanam Baloch]]
* [[Sanam Saeed]]
* [[Shafi Muhammad Shah]]
* [[Shah Asad]]
* [[Sheheryar Munawar Siddiqui]]
* [[Syed Saleh Muhammad Shah]]
* [[Sohai Ali Abro]]
* [[Suhaee Abro]]
* [[Sonya Hussyn]]
* [[Uroosa Qureshi]]
* [[Yasir Nawaz]]
}}

==Historical figures==
{{Columns-list|colwidth=10em|
* [[Soomar]]
* [[Ali Murad Talpur]]
* [[Amir Nasir Khan Talpur]]
* [[Asimuddin Bhoongar]]
* [[Dahir of Aror]]
* [[Dollah Darya Khan]]
* [[Hemu Kalani]]
* [[Hoshu Sheedi]]
* [[Hyder Bux Jatoi]]
* [[Jam Feroz]]
* [[Jam Nizamuddin II]]
* [[Jam Raidhan]]
* [[Jam Tamachi]]
* [[Jam Unar]]
* [[Mai Gulan]]
* [[Mai Khairi]]
* [[Mian Ghulam Shah Kalhoro]]
* [[Mian Nasir Muhammad Kalhoro]]
* [[Noor Mohammad Kalhoro]]
* [[Mian Sadik Ali Khan Kalhoro]]
* Sardar Kaure Khan Jatoi
* [[Mian Sarfraz Kalhoro]]
* [[Mian Shahul Mouhammed Kalhoro]]
* [[Yar Muhammad Kalhoro]]
* [[Mir Ahmed Nasrallah Thattvi]]
* [[Mir Ali Sher Qaune Thattvi]]
* [[Mir Allahyar Talpur]]
* [[Mir Sher Muhammad Talpur]]
* [[Muhammad al-Makki]]
* [[Muhammad Muradyab Khan]]
* [[Rooplo Kolhi]]
* [[Shah Inayat Shaheed]]
* [[Zainab Tari]]
* [[Tharo Khan Talpur]]
* [[Umar Bin Muhammad Daudpota]]
* [[Rai Sahra Langah]]
* [[Husseyn Langah]]
}}

==Journalists==
{{Columns-list|colwidth=10em|
* [[Ali Kazi]]
* [[Dilip Hiro]]
* [[Ghulam Rasool Birhamani]]
* [[Madad Ali Sindhi]]
* [[Muhammad Bux Johar]]
* [[Murtaza Solangi]]
* [[Rajesh Mirchandani]]
* [[Rajeev Masand]]
* [[Sohail Sangi]]
}}

==Legal professionals==
{{Columns-list|colwidth=10em|
* [[Abdul Ghafoor Bhurgri]]
* [[Abdul Hafeez Lakho]]
* [[Abdul Hafeez Pirzada]]
* [[Agha Rafiq Ahmed Khan]]
* [[A. K. Brohi]]
* [[Ayaz Latif Palijo]]
* [[Bashir Ghulam Nabi Kazi]]
* [[H. K. Chainani]]
* [[Hamid Ali Mirza]]
* [[Harchandrai Vishandas]]
* [[Haresh Jagtiani]]
* [[Jan Muhammad Junejo]]
* [[Mamoon Kazi]]
* [[Mukhtiar Ahmad Junejo]]
* [[Mushtak Ali Kazi]]
* [[Ram Jethmalani]]
* [[Rana Bhagwandas]]
* [[Salahuddin Panhwar]]
* [[Syed Sajjad Ali Shah]]
* [[Tufail Ali Abdul Rehman]]
* [[Vijaya Tahilramani]]
* [[Zafar Hussain Mirza]]
}}

== Military personnels ==
=== Pakistan ===
{{Columns-list|
* [[Azim Daudpota]]
}}

=== India ===
{{Columns-list|
* [[Radhakrishna Hariram Tahiliani]]
}}

== Presidents ==
=== Pakistan ===
{{Columns-list|
* [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto|Zulifaqar Ali Bhutto]]
* [[Asif Ali Zardari]]
}}

== Poets ==
{{Columns-list|colwidth=10em|
* [[Adal Soomro]]
* [[Ahmad Khan Madhosh]]
* [[Ali Gul Sangi]]
* [[Amar Sindhu]]
* [[Anwar Pirzada]]
* [[Arjan Hasid]]
* [[Ayaz Gul]]
* [[Ayaz Jani]]
* [[Darbadar]]
* [[Elsa Kazi]]
* [[G. Allana]]
* [[Hassan Dars]]
* [[Ibrahim Munshi]]
* [[Imdad Hussaini]]
* [[Khialdas Fani]]
* [[Makhdoom Muhammad Zaman Talibul Moula]]
* [[Mir Abdul Hussain Sangi]]
* [[Mir Abdul Rasool Mir]]
* [[Mohammad Khan Majeedi]]
* [[Muhammad Faquir Khatian]]
* [[Muhammad Mohsin Bekas]]
* [[Syed Murtaza Dadahi]]
* [[Sabit Ali Shah]]
* [[Sufi Budhal Faqeer]]
* [[Narayan Shyam]]
* [[Pir Hadi Hassan Bux Shah Jilani]]
* [[Qadir Bux Bedil]]
* [[Qazi Qadan]]
* [[Rashid Morai]]
* [[Reetika Vazirani]]
* [[Rohal Faqir]]
* [[Sachal Sarmast]]
* [[Sami (poet)|Sami]]
* [[Sarkash Sindhi]]
* [[Sawan Fakir]]
* [[Shah Abdul Karim Bulri]]
* [[Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai]]
* [[Shah Inat Rizvi]]
* [[Shah Inayat Shaheed]]
* [[Shaikh Ayaz]]
* [[Sufi Dalpat]]
* [[Syed Misri Shah]]
* [[Tajal Bewas]]
* [[Tanveer Abbasi]]
* [[Ustad Bukhari]]
* [[Vasdev Mohi]]
}}

== Politicians and civil servants ==
{{Columns-list|colwidth=10em|
* [[Abdul Aziz Junejo]]
* [[Abdul Kadir Shaikh]]
* [[Abdul Qayyum Khan Jatoi]]
* [[Abdul Sattar Pirzada]]
* [[Abdul Sattar Rajper]]
* [[Abdul Wahid Aresar]]
* [[Abdullah Ali Shah]]
* [[Abdullah Hussain Haroon]]
* [[Abid Hussain Bhayo]]
* [[Aftab Ghulam Nabi Kazi]]
* [[Aftab Shaban Mirani]]
* [[Agha Siraj Durrani]]
* [[Ahmad Bakhsh Sindhi]]
* [[Ahmed Hussain A. Kazi]]
* [[Ajiaz Hussain Shah Bukhari]]
* [[Ali Ahmad Talpur]]
* [[Ali Mohammad Mahar]]
* [[Ali Muhammad Rashidi]]
* [[Allah Bakhsh Gabol]]
* [[Allah Bux Soomro]]
* [[Allah Bux Talpur]]
* [[Allah Dino Khawaja]]
* [[Altaf Hussain Unar]]
* [[Ameen Faheem]]
* [[Arbab Ghulam Rahim]]
* [[Asghar Ali Shah (politician)|Asghar Ali Shah]]
* [[Ashraf Abbasi]]
* [[Atta Muhammad Marri]]
* [[Ayaz Latif Palijo]]
* [[Ayaz Soomro]]
* [[Bahadur Khan Dahri]]
* [[Bashir Khan Qureshi]]
* [[Benazir Bhutto]]
* [[Bherulal Balani]]
* [[Bhojsing Gurdinomal Pahalajani]]
* [[Bilawal Bhutto Zardari]]
* [[Dharam Dass Shastri]]
* [[Elahi Bux Soomro]]
* [[Fahmida Mirza]]
* [[Fakeer Sher Muhammad Bilalani]]
* [[Faryal Talpur]]
* [[Fatima Bhutto]]
* [[Fazal Ali Shah]]
* [[Fazil Rahu]]
* [[G. M. Syed]]
* [[Ghazalla Sial]]
* [[Ghous Ali Shah]]
* [[Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah]]
* [[Ghulam Muhammad Khan Bhurgri]]
* [[Ghulam Muhammad Khan Mahar]]
* [[Ghulam Murtaza Baloch]]
* [[Ghulam Murtaza Jatoi]]
* [[Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi]]
* [[Ghulam Qadir Chandio]]
* [[Gul Muhammad Khan Jakhrani]]
* [[Gul Muhammad Lot]]
* [[Hamida Khuhro]]
* [[Haji Amir Bux Junejo]]
* [[Hazar Khan Bijarani]]
* [[Imdad Chandio]]
* [[Imran Zafar]]
* [[Ismail Rahoo]]
* [[J. B. Kripalani]]
* [[Jairamdas Daulatram]]
* [[Jam Khan Shoro]]
* [[Jam Madad Ali Khan]]
* [[Jam Sadiq Ali]]
* [[Jam Saqi]]
* [[Jan Muhammad Junejo]]
* [[K. R. Malkani]]
* [[Khalid Ahmed Khan Lund]]
* [[Khan Muhammad Dahri]]
* [[Khuda Bux Rajar]]
* [[Krishna Kohli]]
* [[Kulsoom Akhtar Chandio]]
* [[L. K. Advani]]
* [[Lal Chand Ukrani]]
* [[Liaquat Ali Jatoi]]
* [[Makhdoom Jamiluzaman]]
* [[Makhdoom Khalil-u-Zaman]]
* [[Makhdoom Mehboob Zaman]]
* [[Makhdoom Muhammad Zaman Talibul Moula]]
* [[Makhdoom Rafik Zaman]]
* [[Makhdoom Saeeduz Zaman]]
* [[Asad Sikandar]]
* [[Mangla Sharma]]
* [[Manzoor Wassan]]
* [[Marvi Memon]]
* [[Maula Bakhsh Chandio]]
* [[Mehmood Alam Jamot]]
* [[Mir Ali Bakhsh Khan Talpur]]
* [[Mahreen Razaque Bhutto]]
* [[Maula Bakhsh Chandio]]
* [[Meera Sanyal]]
* [[Mir Bandeh Ali Khan Talpur]]
* [[Mir Ghalib Hussain Domki]]
* [[Mir Ghulam Ali Talpur Sr.]]
* [[Mir Munawar Ali Talpur]]
* [[Mir Nadir Ali Khan Magsi]]
* [[Mir Rasool Bux Talpur]]
* [[Mir Thebo]]
* [[Muhammad Ayub Khuhro]]
* [[Muhammad Bux Khan Mahar]]
* [[Muhammad Ibrahim Jatoi]]
* [[Muhammad Jadam Mangrio]]
* [[Muhammad Khan Junejo]]
* [[Muhammad Mian Soomro]]
* [[Muhammad Muqeem Khan Khoso]]
* [[Muhammad Sajid Jokhio]]
* [[Mukesh Kumar Chawla]]
* [[Mukhi Gobindram Pritamdas]]
* [[Mukhtiar Ahmed Dhamrah]]
* [[Mumtaz Ali Shah]]
* [[Mumtaz Bhutto]]
* [[Murtaza Bhutto]]
* [[Mutawakkil Kazi]]
* [[N. M. Uqaili]]
* [[N. R. Malkani]]
* [[Nabi Bux Khan Bhutto]]
* [[Nafisa Shah]]
* [[Nasir Hussain Shah]]
* [[Nawab Yousuf Talpur]]
* [[Naveed Qamar]]
* [[Nazeer Abbasi]]
* [[Nazeer Ahmed Baghio]]
* [[Nirmala Wadhwani]]
* [[Nisar Khuhro]]
* [[Nusrat Seher Abbasi]]
* [[Nuzhat Pathan]]
* [[Pir Baksh Junejo]]
* [[Pir Ilahi Bux]]
* [[Pir Mazhar Ul Haq]]
* [[Pir Noor Muhammad Shah Jeelani]]
* [[Pir Shafqat Hussain Shah Jilani]]
* [[Qadir Magsi]]
* [[Qazi Abdul Majeed Abid]]
* [[Qazi Faiz Muhammad]]
* [[Qazi Fazlullah Ubaidullah]]
* [[Qazi Khuda Bakhsh]]
* [[Rafiq Ahmed Jamali]]
* [[Ramesh Kumar Vankwani]]
* [[Rana Hamir Singh]]
* [[Roshan Din Junejo]]
* [[Rasool Bux Palijo]]
* [[Rehana Leghari]]
* [[Sadiq Ali Memon]]
* [[Safdar Ali Abbasi]]
* [[Sajjad Shar]]
* [[Sajid Ali Banbhan]]
* [[Sassui Palijo]]
* [[Shaikh Abdul Majeed Sindhi]]
* [[Shagufta Jumani]]
* [[Shamshad Sattar Bachani]]
* [[Shah Nawaz Bhutto]]
* [[Shankar Lalwani]]
* [[Shazia Marri]]
* [[Sikandar Ali Mandhro]]
* [[Sohail Anwar Siyal]]
* [[Sucheta Kripalani]]
* [[Syed Amir Ali Shah Jamote]]
* [[Syed Ayaz Ali Shah Sheerazi]]
* [[Ghulam Shah Jeelani]]
* [[Syed Irfan Ali Shah]]
* [[Syed Jalal Mehmood Shah]]
* [[Syed Kazim Ali Shah]]
* [[Syed Khurshid Ahmed Shah]]
* [[Syed Miran Mohammad Shah]]
* [[Syed Murad Ali Shah]]
* [[Syed Naveed Qamar]]
* [[Syed Sardar Ali Shah]]
* [[Pir of Pagaro VII]]
* [[Pushpa Kumari Kohli]]
* [[Qamar-uz-Zaman Shah]]
* [[Syed Zafar Ali Shah]]
* [[Suhai Aziz Talpur]]
* [[Tanzeela Qambrani]]
* [[Wahid Baksh Bhutto]]
* [[Yusuf Haroon]]
* [[Zulfiqar Ali Behan]]
* [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]]
* [[Zulfiqar Ali Shah Jamote]]
* [[Zulfiqar Mirza]]
}}[[Dr Mohammed Usman Chachar]]

== Religious leaders and scholars ==
{{Columns-list|colwidth=10em|
* [[Abdullah Shah Ghazi]]
* [[Abu Ma'shar al-Sindi]]
* [[Abu Raja Sindhi]]
* [[Abul Hassan Sagheer Sindhi]]
* [[Akhund Azizullah Muttalawi]]
* [[Ali Khan Abro]]
* [[Asadullah Bhutto]]
* [[Asaram]]
* [[Dada Vaswani]]
* [[Dadi Janki]]
* [[Hafiz Muhammad Siddique]]
* [[Jan Mohammad Abbasi]]
* [[Khalid Mehmood Soomro]]
* [[Khawaja Muhammad Zaman of Luari]]
* [[Makhdoom Bilawal]]
* [[Makhdoom Lutufullah]] AKA Makhdoom Sarwar Nooh
* [[Mir Ahmed Nasrallah Thattvi]]
* [[Mir Ali Sher Qaune Thattvi]]
* [[Mir Janullah Shah]]
* [[Muhammad Hayyat ibn Ibrahim al-Sindhi]]
* [[Molana Azizullah Bohio]]
* [[Muhammad Hashim Thattvi]]
* [[Muhammad Hayyat ibn Ibrahim al-Sindhi]]
* [[Muhammad Idrees Dahri]]
* [[Muhammad Tahir]]
* [[Pir of Pagaro VI]]
* [[Pir of Pagaro VII]]
* [[Sachal Sarmast]]
* [[Shah Inayat Shaheed]]
* [[Shah Yaqeeq Bukhari]]
* [[Swami Anand Krishna]]
* [[Syed Gaji Shah]]
* [[Tahir Muhammad Thattvi]]
* [[Taj Mahmood Amroti]]
* [[Abdul Wahab Chachar]]

}}

== Scientists, clinicians and technologists==
{{columns-list|colwidth=10em|
* [[Abdul-Majid Bhurgri]]
* [[Neil Daswani]]
* [[Abdul Rehman Memon]]
* [[Ali Ahmed S Kazi]]
* [[Allah Bachayo Talpur]]
* [[Bhawani Shankar Chowdhry]]
* [[Gul Agha (computer scientist)|Gul Agha]]
* [[Javaid Laghari]]
* [[Khem Shahani]]
* [[Lakhumal Hiranand Hiranandani]]
* [[Muhammad Yar Khuhawar]]
* [[Mukhtiar Ali Unar]]
* [[M. H. Panhwar]]
* [[Rajeev Motwani]]
* [[Sanjay Gupta]]
* [[S. M. Qureshi]]
* [[Suresh H. Advani]]
* [[Syed Wadal Shah]]
* [[Umesh Vazirani]]
* [[Vijay Vazirani]]
* [[Krishan Sabnani]]
}}

== Singers ==
{{Columns-list|colwidth=10em|
* [[Abida Parveen]]
* [[Allah Dino Khaskheli]]
* [[Allah Dino Noonari]]
* [[Mai Allah Wassai|Allah Wasai]]
* [[Allan Fakir]]
* [[Asim Azhar]]
* [[Ali Gul Pir]]
* [[Arshad Mehmood (singer)|Arshad Mahmood]]
* [[Bhagat Kanwar Ram]]
* [[Bhagwanti Navani]]
* [[Dhol Faqeer]]
* [[Feroz Gul]]
* [[Fozia Soomro]]
* [[Humaira Channa]]
* [[Hussain Bakhsh Khadim]]
* [[Jalal Chandio]]
* [[Jamal-ud-Din Faqir]]
* [[Kamla Keswani]]
* [[Mai Bhagi]]
* [[Mai Dhai]]
* [[Manzoor Sakhirani]]
* [[Master Chander]]
* [[Master Muhammad Ibrahim]]
* [[Muhammad Juman]]
* [[Muhammad Yousuf (playback singer)|Muhammad Yousuf]]
* [[Noor Bano (singer)|Noor Bano]]
* [[Pinky Maidasani]]
* [[Rubina Qureshi|Rubeena Qureshi]]
* [[Saif Samejo]]
* [[Sadiq Fakir]]
* [[Sanam Marvi]]
* [[Sarmad Sindhi]]
* [[Shazia Khushk|Shazia Khushik]]
* [[Suhrab Faqir]]
* [[Zarina Baloch]]
* [[Zeb-un-Nissa (singer)|Zeb-un-Nissa]]
* [[Zeenat Siddiqui]]
* [[Vishal Dadlani]]
}}

== Social activists ==

{{Columns-list|colwidth=10em|
* [[Arfana Mallah]]
* [[Dayaram Gidumal]]
* [[Fatima Bhutto]]
* [[Hajiani Lanjo]]
* [[Jawayd Bhutto]]
* [[Khalida Brohi]]
* [[Mai Bakhtawar]]
* [[Nazo Dharejo]]
* [[Sadhu Hiranand]]
* [[Umme Rubab Chandio]]
* [[Veeru Kohli]]
}}

== Sportspeople ==
{{Columns-list|colwidth=10em|
* [[Abdul Rashid Qambrani]]
* [[Gulabrai Ramchand]]
* [[Hussain Shah]]
* [[Naoomal Jeoomal]]
* [[Narendra Hirwani]]
* [[Pankaj Advani (billiards player)|Pankaj Advani]]
* [[Rajesh Ramesh]]
* [[Shahnawaz Dahani]]
* [[Zahid Mahmood]]
*[[Hemang Badani]]
}}

== Writers ==
{{Columns-list|colwidth=10em|
* [[Abbas Korejo]]
* [[Abdul Jabbar Junejo]]
* [[Abdul Qadir Junejo]]
* [[Agha Saleem]]
* [[Akbar Jiskani]]
* [[Ali Baba (writer)|Ali Baba]]
* [[Ali Muhammad Rashidi]]
* [[Allah Baksh Sarshar Uqaili]]
* [[AllahDad Bohyo]]
* [[Amar Jaleel]]
* [[Ameer Bux Shar]]
* [[Anwar Pirzada]]
* [[Atta Muhammad Bhanbhro]]
* [[Atta Mohammad Hami]]
* [[Attiya Dawood]]
* [[Badam Natawan]]
* [[Bedil Masroor]]
* [[Bherumal Meharchand Advani]]
* [[Bina Shah]]
* [[Din Muhammad Wafai]]
* [[Fahmida Hussain]]
* [[Fatima Bhutto]]
* [[Gobind Malhi]]
* [[Ghulam Ali Allana (academic)|Ghulam Ali Allana]]
* [[Ghullam Hyder Mehjoor Solangi]]
* [[Ghulam Mohammad Grami]]
* [[Ghulam Mustafa Qasmi]]
* [[Ghulam Rabbani Agro]]
* [[Hakeem Fateh Mohammad Sehwani]]
* [[Haleem Brohi]]
* [[Harish Vaswani]]
* [[Hassam-ud-Din Rashidi]]
* [[Hotchand Molchand Gurbakhshani]]
* [[Hyder Ali Leghari]]
* [[Imdad Ali Imam Ali Kazi |Imdad Ali Imam Ali Kazi, Allama]]
* [[Ishaq Samejo]]
* [[Jamal Abro]]
* [[Jethmal Parsram Gulrajani]]
* [[Kalyan Bulchand Advani]]
* [[Kamal Jamro]]
* [[Kala Prakash]]
* [[Kaleemullah Lashari]]
* [[Kalyan Bulchand Advani]]
* [[Khair-un-Nissa Jaffery]]
* [[Kirat Babani]]
* [[Lalchand Amardinomal]]
* [[M. H. Panhwar]]
* [[Mangharam Udharam Malkani]]
* [[Mazhar Abro]]
* [[Mian Bakhsh Laghari]]
* [[Masum Shah|Mir Masoom Bakhri]]
* [[Mirza Qaleech Baig]]
* [[Molana Azizullah Bohio]]
* [[Molvi Ahmed Mallah]]
* [[Mohan Deep]]
* [[Mohan Kalpana]]
* [[Moti Prakash]]
* [[Motilal Jotwani]]
* [[Muhammad Hashim Thattvi]]
* [[Muhammad Hayyat ibn Ibrahim al-Sindhi]]
* [[Muhammad Idrees Dahri]]
* [[Muhammad Siddique Musafir]]
* [[Muhammad Usman Diplai]]
* [[Mumtaz Rashidi]]
* [[Nabi Bakhsh Baloch]]
* [[Namdev Tarachandani]]
* [[Naseem Kharal]]
* [[Naseem Thebo]]
* [[Niranjan Khilnani]]
* [[Noor Afroz Khuwaja]]
* [[Noorul Huda Shah]]
* [[Parwano Bhatti]]
* [[Popati Hiranandani]]
* [[Ram Panjwani]]
* [[Rashid Sabir]]
* [[Razzaq Mahar]]
* [[Rita Kothari]]
* [[Shabnum Gul]]
* [[Shaikh Ayaz]]
* [[Shaukat Shoro]]
* [[Shamsher-ul-Hyderi]]
* [[Shamsuddin Bulbul]]
* [[Sirajul Haq Memon]]
* [[Sobho Gianchandani]]
* [[Sobhraj Nirmaldas Sujansingani]]
* [[Sumaira Zareen]]
* [[Sundri Uttamchandani]]
* [[Syed Ghulam Mustafa Shah (politician)|Syed Ghulam Mustafa Shah]]
* [[Taj Sehrai]]
* [[Tarique Ashraf]]
* [[Vasdev Mohi]]
* [[Zeenat Abdullah Channa]]
* [[Zulfiqar Ali Bhatti (writer)|Zulfiqar Ali Bhatti]]
* [[Zulfiqar Halepoto]]
}}

== Others ==
{{Columns-list|colwidth=10em|
* [[Abdul Karim Solangi]]
* [[Akbar Khamiso Khan]]
* [[Alam Channa]]
* [[Ali S. Asani]]
* [[Allah Bachayo Khoso]]
* [[Dheeraj Hinduja]]
* [[Gopichand Hinduja]]
* [[Gul Muhammad Khatri]]
* [[Karam Hinduja]]
* [[Khamiso Khan]]
* [[Mahirwan Mamtani]]
* [[Mai Jindo]]
* [[Manu Bheel]]
* [[Marium Mukhtiar]]
* [[Misri Khan Jamali]]
* [[Mitha Khan Zardari]]
* [[Mohammad Ali Talpur]]
* [[Nalini Malani]]
* [[Parmanand Hinduja]]
* [[Prakash Hinduja]]
* [[Sonu Shamdasani]]
* [[S. P. Hinduja]]
* [[Raheeb Ahsan Memon]]
}}

== See also ==
* [[List of Sindhi-language films]]
* [[Sindhi languages]]
* [[List of Sindhi-language newspapers]]
* [[List of Sindhi-language television channels]]
* [[Sindhi-language media]]
* [[List of Sindhi Hindu festivals]]
* [[Sindhi Americans]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Sindh topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Sindhi People}}
[[Category:Sindhi people| List]]
[[Category:Lists of Pakistani people|Sindhi]]
[[Category:Lists of people by ethnicity|Sindhi]]

Slavery in India

2026-05-04T21:44:51Z

BradyGregg4996: made new article

{{short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{slavery}}

[[File:Sultan Muhammad Adil Shah of Bijapur and African courtiers, ca, 1640.jpg|thumb|Sultan Muhammad Adil Shah of Bijapur and African courtiers ([[siddi]] slaves), ca, 1640]]
[[File:African eunuch (3rd from left) and African queen Yasmin (2nd from right) at the court of Wajid Ali Shah.jpg|thumb|African [[eunuch]] (3rd from left) and African queen Yasmin (2nd from right) at the court of Wajid Ali Shah. The eunuch is likely to have been a [[siddi]] slave]]

The early history of slavery in the [[Indian subcontinent]] is contested because it depends on the translations of terms such as ''[[dasa]]'' and ''dasyu'' used since the [[Vedic period]].<ref name="C. Scott Levi 2002" /><ref>{{cite book|author=Ram Sharan Sharma|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gsZkAu-RHVgC|title=Śūdras in Ancient India: A Social History of the Lower Order Down to Circa A.D. 600|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|year=1990|isbn=978-81-208-0706-8|pages=25–27}}</ref>

Greek writer [[Megasthenes]], in his 4th century BCE work [[Indica (Megasthenes)|Indika]] or Indica, states that slavery was banned within the [[Maurya Empire]],<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=McCrindle|first=John|url=https://archive.org/details/AncientIndiaAsDescribedByMegasthenesAndArrianByMccrindleJ.W/page/n49/mode/2up?view=theater|title=Ancient India As Described By Megasthenes And Arrian|year=1877|location=London|pages=40}}</ref> while the multilingual, mid 3rd Century BCE, [[Major Rock Edicts#Major Rock Edict 13|Edicts of Ashoka]] independently identify obligations to slaves (Greek: {{lang|el|italic=set|δούλοις}}) and hired workers (Greek: {{lang|el|italic=set|μισθωτοῖς}}), within the same Empire.<ref name="C. Scott Levi 2002">{{cite journal|author=Scott C. Levi|year=2002|title=Hindus Beyond the Hindu Kush: Indians in the Central Asian Slave Trade|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society|volume=12|number=3|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=277–288|jstor=25188289|doi=10.1017/S1356186302000329|s2cid=155047611|url=https://zenodo.org/record/3960723}}, Quote: "Sources such as the Arthasastra, the Manusmriti and the Mahabharata demonstrate that institutionalized slavery was well established in India by beginning of the common era. Earlier sources suggest that it was likely to have been equally widespread by the lifetime of the Buddha (sixth century BC), and perhaps even as far back as the Vedic period. [footnote 2: (...) While it is likely that the institution of slavery existed in India during the Vedic period, the association of the Vedic 'Dasa' with 'slaves' is problematic and likely to have been a later development."</ref><ref name="LSE">{{Cite web|last=Clarence-Smith|first=William G.|title=Religions and the abolition of slavery – a comparative approach|url=https://www.lse.ac.uk/Economic-History/Assets/Documents/Research/GEHN/GEHNConferences/conf10/Conf10-ClarenceSmith.pdf|website=LSE – Global Economic History Network (GEHN) – Conferences}}</ref>

Slavery in India escalated during the [[Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent|Muslim conquests and domination of northern India]] from the 11th century.<ref name="C. Scott Levi 2002"/> It became a social institution with the enslavement of Hindus, along with the use of slaves in armies, a practice within Muslim kingdoms of the time.<ref name=aw14172>Andre Wink (1991), Al-Hind: the Making of the Indo-Islamic World, vol. 1, Brill Academic (Leiden), {{ISBN|978-9004095090}}, pages 14-32, 172-207</ref><ref name=many/><ref name=Kidwai/> According to Muslim historians of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] and the [[Mughal Empire]] era, after the invasions of Hindu kingdoms, other Indians were taken as slaves, with many exported to Central Asia and West Asia.<ref name="C. Scott Levi 2002"/><ref name="Lewis1992p11">{{cite book|author=Bernard Lewis|title=Race and Slavery in the Middle East: An Historical Enquiry|url=https://archive.org/details/raceslaveryinmid0000lewi|url-access=registration|year=1992|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-505326-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/raceslaveryinmid0000lewi/page/11 11]}}</ref> Slaves from the [[Horn of Africa]] were also imported into the [[Indian subcontinent]] to serve in the households of the powerful or the Muslim armies of the [[Deccan sultanates|Deccan Sultanates]] and the Mughal Empire.<ref name="ChatterjeeEaton2006p122">{{cite book|author1=Indrani Chatterjee|author2=Richard M. Eaton|title=Slavery and South Asian History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nsh8NHDQHlcC|year=2006|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-11671-0|pages=122–123}}, Quote: "The importation of Ethiopian slaves into the western Deccan profoundly altered the region's society and culture [...]"</ref><ref>'''[a]'''{{cite book|author=Andrea Major|title=Slavery, Abolitionism and Empire in India, 1772-1843|url=https://archive.org/details/slaveryabolition00majo|url-access=registration|year=2012|publisher=Liverpool University Press|isbn=978-1-78138-903-4|pages=[https://archive.org/details/slaveryabolition00majo/page/42 42]–43}}; '''[b]'''{{cite book|author1=David Eltis|author2=Stanley L. Engerman|title=The Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 3, AD 1420–AD 1804|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3tiaBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA73|year=2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-316-18435-6|pages=73–74}}, Quote: "The war was considered a major reason for the importation of Ethiopian slaves into India during the sixteenth century. Africans of slave origins played a major role in the politics of Mughal India [...]"</ref><ref name="ClarenceSmith2013p64">{{cite book|author=William Gervase Clarence-Smith|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IsNcAgAAQBAJ|title=The Economics of the Indian Ocean Slave Trade in the Nineteenth Century|publisher=Routledge|year=2013|isbn=978-1-135-18214-4|pages=4–5, 64–66 with footnotes on 69}}</ref>

The [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] imported African slaves into their Indian colonies on the [[Konkan]] coast between about 1530 and 1740.<ref>{{cite book|author=Carole Elizabeth Boyce Davies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nkVxNVvex-sC&pg=PA554|title=Encyclopedia of the African Diaspora: Origins, Experiences, and Culture [3 volumes]: Origins, Experiences, and Culture|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2008|isbn=978-1-85109-705-0|pages=553–556}}</ref><ref name="Walker2004">{{cite journal|last=Walker|first=Timothy|year=2004|title=Abolishing the slave trade in Portuguese India: documentary evidence of popular and official resistance to crown policy, 1842–60|journal=Slavery & Abolition|publisher=Taylor & Francis|volume=25|issue=2|pages=63–79|doi=10.1080/0144039042000293045|s2cid=142692153}}</ref> Under European [[Colonial India|colonialism]], slavery in India continued through the 18th and 19th centuries. During this time, slavery continued to largely be in the form of [[Debt bondage|debt slavery]] as opposed to chattel slavery.<ref name=":3">Jayanth, M. A. (2020). Abolishing Agrarian Slavery in Southern Colonial India [The University of Chicago]. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.6082/UCHICAGO.2213</nowiki></ref> Indian slaves were taken to different parts of the world as agrarian slaves by various European merchant companies as part of the [[Indian Ocean slave trade]].<ref name="ClarenceSmith2013p64"/><ref name="Andrea Major 2014 p. 43"/><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pinkston |first=Bonnie |date=2018-10-03 |title=Documenting the British East India Company and their Involvement in the East Indian Slave Trade |url=https://aquila.usm.edu/slisconnecting/vol7/iss1/10 |journal=SLIS Connecting |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=52 |doi=10.18785/slis.0701.10 |issn=2330-2917|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Slavery was prohibited in the [[Company rule in India|possessions]] of the [[East India Company]] by the [[Indian Slavery Act, 1843]], in [[French India]] in 1848, [[British Raj|British India]] in 1861, and [[Portuguese India]] in 1876.<ref name="C. Scott Levi 2002" /><ref name="Britannica.com">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Slavery :: Britannica Concise Encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=http://www.britannica.com/ebc/article-24160|access-date=4 December 2011}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceD">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Historical survey > Slave-owning societies|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=http://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24156|access-date=4 December 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.wluml.org/english/pubs/pdf/occpaper/OCP-07.pdf Islamic Law and the Colonial Encounter in British India] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090429174400/http://www.wluml.org/english/pubs/pdf/occpaper/OCP-07.pdf|date=29 April 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Walker|first=Timothy|date=2004|title=Abolishing the slave trade in Portuguese India: documentary evidence of popular and official resistance to crown policy, 1842–60|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0144039042000293045|journal=Slavery & Abolition|volume=25|issue=2|pages=63–79|doi=10.1080/0144039042000293045|s2cid=142692153|issn=0144-039X|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The abolition of chattel slavery in European colonies in the 1830s led to the emergence of a system of [[Indentured servitude|indentured]] Indian labor. Over a century, more than a million Indians, known as girmitiyas, were recruited to serve fixed-term labor contracts (often five years) in European colonies across Africa, the Indian Ocean, Asia, and the Americas, primarily on the previously slave labour dependent [[plantation]]s and [[Mining|mines]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://qz.com/india/290497/the-forgotten-story-of-indias-colonial-slave-workers-who-began-leaving-home-180-years-ago/|title=The forgotten story of India's colonial slave workers who began leaving home 180 years ago|last=Ghoshal|first=Devjyot|website=Quartz India|date=3 November 2014|access-date=2020-04-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=William|first=Eric|title=History of the People of Trinidad and Tobago|publisher=Buffalo: Effworld Inc|year=1942|isbn=9781617590108|pages=1–4}}</ref> While distinct from chattel slavery, the grueling conditions and restricted freedoms experienced by many girmitiyas have led some historians to classify their system of labor as akin to slavery.<ref name=":2" />

==Slavery in Ancient India==
In order to highlight the importance of the prince's birth, the author narrates the multi-ethnic collection of the slave women who took part in the prince's upbringing and birth. This account perhaps is the earliest evidence of [[Greeks|Greek slave women]] serving in [[India]]:{{quote|"Now little Goyame was attended by five nurses—to wit, a wet-nurse, a bath-nurse, a lap-nurse, and a play-nurse—also by many hunchback women, [[Kirata]] women, dwarf women, misshapen women,{{efn|'In [[Hindu texts|Hindu literature]] dwarfs and monsters are regular attendants of harems'<ref>{{Cite book |last=Barnett |first=L. D. |title=The Antagada-Dasao and Anuttarova Vaiya-Dasao |publisher=Royal Asiatic Society |location=London |page=28}}</ref>}} women of [[Barbarian|Babbara]], Pausaya (or Vausaya), [[Greeks|Greek]], Palhavaya (Pahlavi?)......women of divers lands....Surrounded by this goodly throng of slave-girls and bands of maids..."|author=''Antagada-Dasao''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hain |first=Kathryn A. |date=2020 |title=The Prestigous Makers: Mediterranean Slave Women in India, University of Utah |journal=Journal of World History |page=3 |via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Barnett |first=L. D. |title=The Antagada-Dasao and Anuttarova Vaiya-Dasao |publisher=Royal Asiatic Society |location=London |pages=28-29}}</ref>}}

In [[Bihar]], a [[Greeks|Greek]] slave woman is mentioned as a servant of the [[Jain]] harem, predating [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hain |first=Kathryn A. |date=2020 |title=The Prestigous Makers: Mediterranean Slave Women in India, University of Utah |journal=Journal of World History |page=1 |via=}}</ref> As evidenced already, at least a hundred years prior to [[Seleucus I Nicator|Seleucus Nicator I's]] daughter, Cornelia, was not the first Greek woman to reside in an Indian harem. Cornelia's arrival, probably further brought a lot more [[Greeks|Greek women]] (both slaves and non slaves) into [[India]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hain |first=Kathryn A. |date=2020 |title=The Prestigous Makers: Mediterranean Slave Women in India, University of Utah |journal=Journal of World History |page=14 |via=}}</ref>

[[Herodotus]] narrated that Indian troops in the [[Mediterranean]], who fought as allies or vassals (of the Persian emperor), probably seized [[Greeks|Greek women]] as booty to [[India]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hain |first=Kathryn A. |date=2020 |title=The Prestigous Makers: Mediterranean Slave Women in India, University of Utah |journal=Journal of World History |page=4 |via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Herodotus |first= |title=Histories |pages=7.65}}</ref>

Also in [[India]], Greek courtezans were demeaned and encountered difficulties: {{quote|"But I should not accost her. For who will listen to the [[Greeks|Greek]] ([[Yavana|Yavani]]) courtezan's words which are like the chattering of a monkey, full of shrill sounds and of indistinguishable consonants...?"|author=Śyāmilaka 111-112<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hain |first=Kathryn A. |date=2020 |title=The Prestigous Makers: Mediterranean Slave Women in India, University of Utah |journal=Journal of World History |page=3 |via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ghosh |first=Manomohan |title=Glimpses of Sexual Life in Nanda-Maurya India: Translation of the Caturbhāṇī, Together with a Critical Edition of Text |publisher=Manisha Granthalaya |year=1975 |location=Calcutta |page=157}}</ref>}}

The earliest surviving South Asian epigraphy, the mid 3rd Century BCE, [[Major Rock Edicts#Major Rock Edict 13|Edicts of Ashoka]], in Greek and Aramaic, independently identify obligations to slaves (Greek: {{lang|el|italic=set|δούλοις}}, Aramaic: עבד) and hired workers (Greek: {{lang|el|italic=set|μισθωτοῖς}}), later prohibiting the trading of slaves within the Empire.<ref name="C. Scott Levi 2002" /><ref name="LSE" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-15|title=Ashoka's Edicts and Inscriptions – Civilsdaily|url=https://www.civilsdaily.com/ashokas-edicts-and-inscriptions/|access-date=2023-05-03}}</ref>

Dāsa are offered in examples of [[Pāṇini|Pāṇini's]], probably mid 4th century BCE, Sanskrit grammar, the [[Aṣṭādhyāyī]], e.g. 2.3.69 "''lusting for the slave''", 2.4.24 "''the concourse of ladies and slaves''".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Vasu|first=Srisa Chandra|url=http://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.27183|title=Ashtadhyayi of Panini book.II|date=1891}}</ref>

The term ''[[dasa|dāsa]]'' and ''dāsyu'' in [[Vedas|Vedic]] and other ancient Indian literature has been interpreted by as "servant" or "slave", but others have contested such meaning.<ref name="C. Scott Levi 2002" /><ref name=as>{{citation|last=Sharma|first=Arvind|author-link=Arvind Sharma|title=Dr. BR Ambedkar on the Aryan invasion and the emergence of the caste system in India|journal=Journal of the American Academy of Religion|volume=73|pages=843–870|number=3|year=2005|quote=[Paraphrasing [[B. R. Ambedkar]]]: "The fact that the word ''Dāsa'' later came to mean a slave may not by itself indicate such a status of the original people, for a form of the word "Aryan" also means a slave.|doi=10.1093/jaarel/lfi081}}</ref> The term ''dāsa'' in the [[Rigveda]], has been also been translated as an enemy, but overall the identity of this term remains unclear and disputed among scholars.<ref>{{cite book|first=Barbara|last=West|year=2008|title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania|publisher=Infobase|isbn=978-0816071098|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC|page=182}}</ref>

According to Scott Levi, it was likely an established institution in [[Ancient India]] by the start of the common era based on texts such as the ''[[Arthashastra]]'', the ''[[Manusmriti]]''<ref name=":0" /> and the ''[[Mahabharata]]''. Slavery was "likely widespread by the lifetime of the [[The Buddha|Buddha]] and perhaps even as far back as the Vedic period", however he elaborates that the association of the Vedic ''dasa'' with 'slaves' is "problematic and likely to have been a later development".<ref name="C. Scott Levi 2002" />

[[Upinder Singh]] states that the ''[[Rig Veda]]'' is familiar with slavery, referring to enslavement in course of war or as a result of debt. She states that the use of ''dasa'' (Sanskrit: दास) and ''dasi'' in later times were used as terms for male and female slaves.<ref>{{cite book|author=Upinder Singh|author-link=Upinder Singh|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&q=slavery+in+rig+veda&pg=PA191|year=2008|publisher=[[Pearson Education]]|isbn=9788131711200|page=191}}</ref> In contrast, Suvira Jaiswal states that ''dasa'' tribes were integrated in the lineage system of Vedic traditions, wherein ''dasi putras'' could rise to the status of priests, warriors and chiefs as shown by the examples of Kaksivant Ausija, Balbutha, Taruksa, [[Divodasa]] and others.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jaiswal|first=Suvira|title=Women in Early India: Problems and Perspectives|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|year=1981|volume=42|pages=55|jstor=44141112}}</ref> Some scholars contest the earlier interpretations of the term ''dasa'' as "slave", with or without "racial distinctions". According to Indologists Stephanie W. Jamison and Joel P. Brereton, known for their recent translation of the ''[[Rigveda]]'', the ''dasa'' and ''dasyu'' are human and non-human beings who are enemies of Arya.<ref name=Jamison2014p56/> These according to the ''Rigveda'', state Jamison and Brereton, are destroyed by the Vedic deity [[Indra]].<ref name=Jamison2014p56/> The interpretation of "''dasas'' as slaves" in the Vedic era is contradicted by hymns such as 2.12 and 8.46 that describe "wealthy dasas" who charitably give away their wealth. Similarly, state Jamison and Brereton, the "racial distinctions" are not justified by the evidence.<ref name=Jamison2014p56>{{cite book|author1=Stephanie Jamison|author2=Joel Brereton|title=The Rigveda: 3-Volume Set|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fgzVAwAAQBAJ|year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-972078-1|pages=56–57}}</ref> According to the Indologist [[Thomas Trautmann]], the relationship between the Arya and Dasa appears only in two verses of the ''Rigveda'', is vague and unexpected since the ''dasa'' were "in some ways more economically advanced" than the Arya according to the textual evidence.<ref>{{cite book|author=Thomas R. Trautmann|title=Aryans and British India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dhbwDFfE9J8C|year=2006|publisher=Yoda Press|isbn=978-81-902272-1-6|pages=213–215}}</ref>

According to [[Asko Parpola]], the term ''dasa'' in ancient Indian texts has proto-[[Saka]] roots, where ''dasa'' or ''daha'' simply means "man".<ref name="Parpola2015p102"/> Both "dasa" and "dasyu" are uncommon in Indo-Iranian languages (including Sanskrit and Pali), and these words may be a legacy of the PIE root "*dens-", and the word "saka" may have evolved from "dasa", states Parpola.<ref name="Parpola2015p102">{{cite book|author=Asko Parpola|title=The Roots of Hinduism: The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ld3XCQAAQBAJ|year=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-022691-6|pages=102–103}}</ref> According to [[Micheline Ishay]] – a professor of human rights studies and sociology, the term "dasa" can be "translated as slave". The institution represented unfree labor with fewer rights, but "the supposed slavery in [ancient] India was of mild character and limited extent" like Babylonian and Hebrew slavery, in contrast to the Hellenic world.<ref name="Ishay2008p51"/> The "unfree labor" could be of two types in ancient India: the ''underadsatva'' and the ''ahitaka'', states Ishay.<ref name="Ishay2008p51"/> A person in distress could pledge themselves for work leading to ''underadsatava'', while under ''ahitaka'' a person's "unfree labor" was pledged or mortgaged against a debt or ransom when captured during a war.<ref name="Ishay2008p51"/> These forms of slavery limited the duration of "unfree labor" and such a slave had rights to their property and could pass their property to their kin, states Ishay.<ref name="Ishay2008p51">{{cite book|author=Micheline Ishay|title=The History of Human Rights: From Ancient Times to the Globalization Era|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YTh22XQrtlQC&pg=PA51|year=2008|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-25641-5|page=51|author-link=Micheline Ishay}}</ref>

The term ''dasa'' appears in early Buddhist texts, a term scholars variously interpret as servant or slave.<ref>{{cite book|author=Gregory Schopen|title=Buddhist Monks and Business Matters: Still More Papers on Monastic Buddhism in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0D_6HqJhHjMC|year=2004|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-2547-8|page=201}}</ref> Buddhist manuscripts also mention ''kapyari'', which scholars have translated as a legally bonded servant (slave).<ref>Gregory Schopen (2004), Buddhist Monks and Business Matters, University of Hawaii Press, {{ISBN|978-0824827748}}, page 202-206</ref> According to [[Gregory Schopen]], in the ''Mahaviharin Vinaya'', the Buddha says that a community of monks may accept ''dasa'' for repairs and other routine chores. Later, the same Buddhist text states that the Buddha approved the use of ''kalpikara'' and the ''kapyari'' for labor in the monasteries and approved building separate quarters for them.<ref name=schopenjiabs17/> Schopen interprets the term ''dasa'' as servants, while he interprets the ''kalpikara'' and ''kapyari'' as bondmen and slave respectively because they can be owned and given by laity to the Buddhist monastic community.<ref name=schopenjiabs17/> According to Schopen, since these passages are not found in Indian versions of the manuscripts, but found in a Sri Lankan version, these sections may have been later interpolations that reflect a Sri Lankan tradition, rather than early Indian.<ref name=schopenjiabs17/> The discussion of servants and bonded labor is also found in manuscripts found in Tibet, though the details vary.<ref name=schopenjiabs17>{{cite journal|author=Gregory Schopen|title=The Monastic Ownership of Servants and Slaves|journal=Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies|volume=17|number=2|year=1994|pages=156–162 with footnotes, context: 145–174}}</ref><ref name=schopenjaos225>{{cite journal|author=Gregory Schopen|title=On Some Who Are Not Allowed to Become Buddhist Monks or Nuns: An Old List of Types of Slaves or Unfree Laborers|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|volume=130|number=2|year=2010|pages=225–234 with footnotes}}</ref>

The discussion of servant, bonded labor and slaves, states Scopen, differs significantly in different manuscripts discovered for the same Buddhist text in India, Nepal and Tibet, whether they are in Sanskrit or Pali language.<ref name=schopenjaos225/> These Buddhist manuscripts present a set of questions to ask a person who wants to become a [[Bhikkhu|monk]] or [[Bhikkhunī|nun]]. These questions inquire if the person is a ''dasa'' and ''dasi'', but also ask additional questions such as "are you ''ahrtaka''" and "are you ''vikritaka''". The later questions have been interpreted in two ways. As "are you one who has been seized" (''ahrtaka'') and "are you one who has been sold" (''vikritaka'') respectively, these terms are interpreted as slaves.<ref name=schopenjaos225/> Alternatively, they have also been interpreted as "are you doubtless" and "are you blameworthy" respectively, which does not mean slave.<ref name=schopenjaos225/> Further, according to these texts, Buddhist monasteries refused all servants, bonded labor and slaves an opportunity to become a monk or nun, but accepted them as workers to serve the monastery.<ref name=schopenjaos225/><ref name=schopenjiabs17/>

The Indian texts discuss ''dasa'' and bonded labor along with their rights, as well as a monastic community's obligations to feed, clothe and provide medical aid to them in exchange for their work. This description of rights and duties in Buddhist Vinaya texts, says Schopen, parallel those found in Hindu ''[[Dharmaśāstra]]'' and ''[[Dharmasutra]]'' texts.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Gregory Schopen|title=The Monastic Ownership of Servants and Slaves|journal=Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies|volume=17|number=2|year=1994|pages=169–171 with footnotes, context: 145–174}}</ref> The Buddhist attitude to servitude or slavery as reflected in Buddhist texts, states Schopen, may reflect a "passive acceptance" of cultural norms of the [[Brahmanism|Brahmanical]] society midst them, or more "justifiably an active support" of these institutions.<ref name=schopenjaos231/> The Buddhist texts offer "no hint of protest or reform" to such institutions, according to Schopen.<ref name=schopenjaos231>{{cite journal|author=Gregory Schopen|title=On Some Who Are Not Allowed to Become Buddhist Monks or Nuns: An Old List of Types of Slaves or Unfree Laborers|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|volume=130|number=2|year=2010|pages=231–232 with footnotes}}</ref>

[[Kautilya]]'s [[Arthashastra]] dedicates the thirteenth chapter on ''dasas'', in his third book on law. This Sanskrit document from the [[Maurya Empire]] period (4th century BCE) has been translated by several authors, each in a different manner. Shamasastry's translation of 1915 maps ''dasa'' as slave, while Kangle leaves the words as ''dasa'' and ''karmakara''. According to Kangle's interpretation, the verse 13.65.3–4 of Arthasastra forbids any slavery of "an [[Aryan|Arya]] in any circumstances whatsoever", but allows the [[mleccha]]s to "sell an offspring or keep it as pledge".<ref>{{cite book|author1=Kauṭalya|author2=R. P. Kangle|title=The Kautiliya Arthasastra, Part 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ag89KaFH8SsC|year=1986|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0042-7|pages=235–236}}</ref> [[Patrick Olivelle]] agrees with this interpretation. He adds that an Arya or Arya family could pledge itself during times of distress into bondage, and these bonded individuals could be converted to slave if they committed a crime thereby differing with Kangle's interpretation.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Kautilya|author2=Patrick Olivelle (Transl)|title=King, Governance, and Law in Ancient India: Kautilya's Arthasastra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6MlgU0oQb4sC|year=2013|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-989182-5|pages=208–209, 614}}</ref> According to Kangle, the Arthasastra forbids enslavement of minors and Arya from all four [[Varna (Hinduism)|''varnas'']] and this inclusion of [[shudra]]s stands different from the Vedic literature.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Kauṭalya|author2=R. P. Kangle|title=The Kautiliya Arthasastra, Part 3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f_qBAAAAMAAJ|year=1972|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0042-7|pages=143–144}}</ref> Kangle suggests that the context and rights granted to ''dasa'' by Kautilya implies that the word had a different meaning than the modern word slave, as well as the meaning of the word slave in Greek or other ancient and medieval civilizations.<ref name=rpk>R.P. Kangle (1960), The Kautiliya Arthasastra – a critical edition, Part 3, University of Bombay Studies, {{ISBN|978-8120800427}}, page 186</ref>{{verify source|date=September 2018}} According to Arthashastra, anyone who had been found guilty of ''nishpatitah'' (Sanskrit: निष्पातित, ruined, bankrupt, a minor crime)<ref>[http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?tinput=niSpAtita&script=&direction=SE&link=yes निष्पातित] Sanskrit English dictionary</ref> may mortgage oneself to become ''dasa'' for someone willing to pay his or her bail and employ the ''dasa'' for money and privileges.<ref name="rpk" /><ref name=ss>Shamasastry (Translator, 1915), [https://archive.org/stream/Arthasastra_English_Translation/Arthashastra_of_Chanakya_-_English#page/n261/mode/2up/search/slave Arthashastra of Chanakya]</ref>

The term ''dasa'' in Indic literature when used as a suffix to a ''[[bhagavan]]'' (deity) name, refers to a pious devotee.<ref>{{cite book|author=Rajendra Prasad|title=Dr. Rajendra Prasad: Correspondence and Select Documents : Presidency Period|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lRKq0J6PiCEC&pg=PA508|year=1992|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=978-81-7023-343-5|page=508}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Charlotte Vaudeville|author-link=Charlotte Vaudeville|title=A weaver named Kabir: selected verses with a detailed biographical and historical introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8aJjAAAAMAAJ|year=1993|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-563078-7|page=39}}</ref>

The Buddhist ''Vanijja Sutta'', AN 5:177 listing slave trading to be one of the five [[Noble Eightfold Path|wrong livelihood]] a [[Upāsaka|layperson]] should not engage in the "Monks, a lay follower should not engage in five types of business. Which five? Business in weapons, ''business in human beings'', business in meat, business in intoxicants, and business in poison. These are the five types of business that a lay follower should not engage in."<ref>[http://www.accesstoinsight.org/canon/sutta/anguttara/an05-177.html Vanijja Sutta: Business (Wrong Livelihood)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051119074312/http://www.accesstoinsight.org/canon/sutta/anguttara/an05-177.html |date=19 November 2005 }}</ref>

Late classical Hindu [[Dharmaśāstra]], would specify who can be enslaved, the treatment of enslaved, and acceptable forms of [[Veth (India)|Vishti]] ([[corvee]] labour), by varna; a theme later medieval commentaries, of the like of Devaṇabhaṭṭa's Smṛticandrikā, would refine.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Davis|first=Donald R.|date=2020-07-01|title=Slaves and slavery in the Smṛticandrikā|url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0019464620930893|journal=The Indian Economic & Social History Review|volume=57|issue=3|pages=299–326|doi=10.1177/0019464620930893|s2cid=225691677|issn=0019-4646}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Thakur|first=Vijay Kumar|title=Forced Labour in the Gupta Period|date=1977|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44139064|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=38|pages=145–151|jstor=44139064|issn=2249-1937}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Banerji|first=Sures Chandra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hAZ0CAt03_QC&dq=slavery+Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra&pg=PA226|title=A Brief History of Dharmaśāstra|date=1999|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-370-0}}</ref>

During the [[Tang dynasty]] (618–907), foreign captives and slaves were present in [[China]], including individuals described as [[Kunlun Nu people|"Kunlun" slaves]], a category that referred broadly to people from [[Southeast Asia]], [[South Asia]], and sometimes [[Africa]].<ref>Wilensky, J. (2012). "The Magical Kunlun and 'Devil Slaves': Chinese Perceptions of Dark-skinned People and Africa before 1500." Sino-Platonic Papers, no. 233.</ref><ref>Wu, Y. (2023). "A Study on the Phenomenon of Foreign Slaves in the Tang Dynasty." Proceedings of the 2023 International Conference on Literature, Network and Education Policy.</ref> In 648, the Tang envoy [[Wang Xuance]], after being attacked during a mission to India, returned with Tibetan and Nepali military allies to engage in the [[Battle of Chabuheluo]] and captured thousands of people in [[Central India]], including members of the royal family, who were taken to [[Chang'an|Chang’an]].<ref>Sen, Tansen (2003). ''Buddhism, Diplomacy, and Trade: The Realignment of Sino-Indian Relations, 600–1400''. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press. pp. 46–48.</ref><ref>Twitchett, Denis (ed.) (1979). ''The Cambridge History of China, Volume 3: Sui and T’ang China, 589–906, Part I''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 319–320.</ref> This episode demonstrates that Indians were among Tang war captives. However, the broader identification of Indians as "Kunlun" slaves remains debated among historians, and there is no clear evidence that Tang soldiers systematically enslaved large numbers of northern Indians.<ref>Wilensky, J. (2012). "The Magical Kunlun and 'Devil Slaves': Chinese Perceptions of Dark-skinned People and Africa before 1500." Sino-Platonic Papers, no. 233.</ref><ref>Wu, Y. (2023). "A Study on the Phenomenon of Foreign Slaves in the Tang Dynasty." Proceedings of the 2023 International Conference on Literature, Network and Education Policy.</ref>

==Slavery in Medieval India==
Slavery was an important feature of the [[Muslim conquests of the Indian subcontinent]].<ref name=many>
*[[Burjor Avari]] (2013), Islamic Civilization in South Asia, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0415580618}}, pages 41-68;
*[[Abraham Eraly]] (2014), The Age of Wrath: A History of the Delhi Sultanate, Part VIII, Chapter 2, Penguin, {{ISBN|978-0670087181}};
*[[Vincent A. Smith]], The early history of India, 3rd Edition, Oxford University Press, Reprinted in 1999 by Atlantic Publishers, Books IV and V – Muhammadan Period;
*[[K. S. Lal]], ''Muslim Slave System in Medieval India'' (New Delhi, 1994);
*Utsa Patnaik and Manjari Dingwaney (eds), Chains of Servitude: bondage and slavery in India (Madras, 1985)</ref><ref name=Kidwai>Salim Kidwai, "Sultans, Eunuchs and Domestics: New Forms of Bondage in Medieval India", in Utsa Patnaik and Manjari Dingwaney (eds), Chains of Servitude: bondage and slavery in India (Madras, 1985).</ref> [[André Wink]] summarizes the period as follows,

{{blockquote|Slavery and empire-formation tied in particularly well with ''iqta'' and it is within this context of Islamic expansion that elite slavery was later commonly found. It became the predominant system in North India in the thirteenth century and retained considerable importance in the fourteenth century. Slavery was still vigorous in fifteenth-century Bengal, while after that date it shifted to the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] where it persisted until the seventeenth century. It remained present to a minor extent in the Mughal provinces throughout the seventeenth century and had a notable revival under the Afghans in North India again in the eighteenth century.| Al Hind, André Wink<ref>Andre Wink (1991), Al-Hind: the Making of the Indo-Islamic World, vol. 1, Brill Academic (Leiden), {{ISBN|978-9004095090}}, pages 14-15</ref>}}

Unlike other parts of the medieval Muslim world, slavery was not widespread in Kashmir. Except for the Sultans, there is no evidence the elite kept slaves. The Kashmiris despised slavery. Concubinage was also not practised.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hasan|first1=Mohibbul|title=Kashmir Under The Sultans|page=244|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EUlwmXjE9DQC&q=kashmir+slavery+abhorrence&pg=PA244|isbn=9788187879497|year=2005|publisher=Aakar Books}}</ref>

Studies of slave trade records and surviving legal documents indicate that Indians made up a significant proportion of slaves sold in Central Asian markets.<ref>Levi, Scott C. "Hindus Beyond the Hindu Kush: Indians in the Central Asian Slave Trade." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 12, no. 3 (2002): 277–288.</ref> Though slaves from India became a minority from the 16th century onwards, as significant number of Iranian war-captives were brought north and enslaved during the course of numerous armed conflicts between the Central Asian [[Uzbeks]] and [[Safavid Iran|Iranian Safavids]]. Because of the fragmentary nature of the evidence, scholars have not reached a consensus on the total number of Hindus enslaved during this period. However, based on documented campaign figures and export records, historians estimate that the cumulative total over many centuries may have reached several hundred thousand to over 1 million.<ref>Bano, Shadab. Slavery and Bondage in Medieval North India: Thirteenth to Eighteenth Centuries CE. Routledge, 2025, pp. 22–23.</ref> These practices gradually declined with the rise of early modern state reforms and the increasing influence of European colonial powers, which eventually abolished legal slavery in India during the nineteenth century.<ref>Allen, Richard B. Slaves, Freedmen and Indentured Laborers in Colonial Mauritius. Cambridge University Press, 1999, pp. 14–15.</ref>

A document dated to 1431 C.E , gives reference to an instance where [[Vellalar]] men and women slaves were given as dowry alongside Paraiyars and livestock.<ref name =":10">{{Cite book |last=Ramachandran Nair|first=Adoor K.K| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=03R1JWXcVYIC&q=vellala |title = Slavery in Kerala|date =1986}}</ref>

In an inscription found in the Thiruchirappalli district dated to the early 14th century Vijayanagara period , a potentate by the name of Mazhavadharaiyan is said to have had an enslaved [[Vellalar]] family consisting of a [[Vellala]] man named Thavanjeidhan and his wife along with his sons.<ref name =":11">South Indian Inscriptions volume VIII , A.R No. 590.</ref>

Historian [[Noboru Karashima]] notes that [[Vellalars]] too were a slave caste in the medieval period despite being an influential agricultural community, this is attested by some inscriptions of Vellalars being sold as low-ranking slaves alongside members of other outcaste communities. It also reflects their once comparatively lower social status in some areas.<ref name =":12">{{Cite book |last=Karashima|first=Noboru| url = https://archive.org/details/noboru-karashima-history-and-society-in-south-india-the-cholas-to-vijayanagar-co/page/125/mode/1up?q=slave |title =History And Society In South India The Cholas To Vijayanagar Comprising South Indian History And Society, Towards A New Formation |date =2001}}</ref>

===Islamic invasions (8th to 12th century AD)===
{{See also|Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate|Slavery in Afghanistan|Bukhara slave trade}}
Andre Wink summarizes the slavery in 8th and 9th century India as follows,

{{blockquote|(During the invasion of Muhammad al-Qasim), invariably numerous women and children were enslaved. The sources insist that now, in dutiful conformity to religious law, 'the one-fifth of the slaves and spoils' were set apart for the caliph's treasury and despatched to Iraq and Syria. The remainder was scattered among the army of Islam. At Rūr, a random 60,000 captives reduced to slavery. At Brahamanabad 30,000 slaves were allegedly taken. At Multan 6,000. Slave raids continued to be made throughout the late Umayyad period in Sindh, but also much further into Hind, as far as [[Ujjain]] and [[Malwa]]. The Abbasid governors raided Punjab, where many prisoners and slaves were taken.| Al Hind, André Wink<ref>Andre Wink (1991), Al-Hind: the Making of the Indo-Islamic World, vol. 1, Brill Academic (Leiden), {{ISBN|978-9004095090}}, pages 172-173</ref>}}

One of the more known cases of slavery during the [[Umayyad conquest of Sindh]] was that of [[Surya Devi]] and her sister.<ref>End of 'Imad-ud-Din Muhammad ibn Qasim. The Arab Conqueror of Sind by S.M. Jaffar – Quarterly Islamic Culture, Hyderabad Deccan, Vol.19 Jan 1945</ref>
In the early 11th century Tarikh al-Yamini, the Arab historian Al-Utbi recorded that in 1001 the armies of [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] conquered [[Peshawar]] and [[Waihand]] (capital of Gandhara) after [[Battle of Peshawar (1001)|Battle of Peshawar]] (1001), "in the midst of the land of [[Hindustan]]", and enslaved thousands.<ref>Muhammad Qasim Firishta, Tarikh-i-Firishta (Lucknow, 1864).</ref><ref>Andre Wink, Al-Hind: the Making of the Indo-Islamic World, vol. 2, The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest, 11th–13th Centuries (Leiden, 1997)</ref> Later, following his twelfth expedition into India in 1018–19, Mahmud is reported to have returned to with such a large number of slaves that their value was reduced to only two to ten [[dirham]]s each. This unusually low price made, according to Al-Utbi, "merchants came from distant cities to purchase them, so that the countries of [[Central Asia]], [[Iraq]] and [[Khorasan (Province)|Khurasan]] were swelled with them, and the fair and the dark, the rich and the poor, mingled in one common slavery".

Warfare and tax revenue policies was the cause of enslavement of Indians for the Central Asian slave market already during the [[Umayyad conquest of Sindh]] of the 8th century, when the armies of the Umayyad commander Muhammad bin Qasim enslaved tens of thousands of Indian civilians and well as soldiers.<ref name="Levi"/>

During the [[Ghaznavid campaigns in India]] of the 11th-century, hundreds of thousands of Indians were captured and sold on the Central Asian slave markets; in 1014 "the army of Islam brought to Ghazna about 200,000 captives (qarib do sit hazar banda), and much wealth, so that the capital appeared like an Indian city, no soldier of the camp being without wealth, or without many slaves", and during the expedition of the Ghaznavid ruler Sultan Ibrahim to the Multan area of northwestern India 100,000 captives were brought back to Central Asia, and the Ghaznavids were said to have captured "five hundred thousand slaves, beautiful men and women".<ref name="Levi"/>

===Delhi Sultanate (12th to 16th century AD)===
{{See also|Turkish slaves in the Delhi Sultanate}}

During the [[Delhi Sultanate]] period (1206–1555), references to the abundant availability of low-priced Indian slaves abound.<ref name="C. Scott Levi 2002"/> Many of these Indian slaves were used by Muslim nobility in the subcontinent, but others were exported to satisfy the demand in international markets. Many slaves were forcibly converted to Islam. Children fathered by Muslim masters on non-Muslim slaves would be raised Muslim. Non-Muslim women, who Muslim soldiers and elites had slept with, would convert to Islam to avoid rejection by their own communities.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hardy|first1=Peter|title=Muslims of British India|date=October 2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/PeterHardyTheMuslimsOfBritishIndia/page/n18 9]|url=https://archive.org/details/PeterHardyTheMuslimsOfBritishIndia}}</ref> Scott Levi states that "Movement of considerable numbers of Hindus to the Central Asian slave markets was largely a product of the state building efforts of the Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Empire in South Asia".<ref name="C. Scott Levi 2002"/>

The revenue system of the Delhi Sultanate produced a considerable proportion of the Indian slave population as these rulers, and their subordinate shiqadars, ordered their armies to abduct large numbers of locals as a means of extracting revenue.<ref name=Kidwai/><ref name="ReferenceA">Raychaudhuri and Habib, The Cambridge Economic History of India, I</ref> While those communities that were loyal to the Sultan and regularly paid their taxes were often excused from this practice, taxes were commonly extracted from other, less loyal groups in the form of slaves. Thus, according to Barani, the [[Shamsi (name)|Shamsi]] "slave-king" [[Balban]] (r. 1266–87) ordered his shiqadars in [[Awadh]] to enslave those peoples resistant to his authority, implying those who refused to supply him with tax revenue.<ref name="ReferenceC">Zia ud-Din Barani, Tarikh-i-Firuz Shahi, edited by Saiyid Ahmad Khan, [[William Nassau Lees]] and Kabiruddin, Bib. Ind. (Calcutta, 1860–62),</ref> Sultan [[Alauddin Khalji]] (r. 1296–1316) is similarly reported to have legalised the enslavement of those who defaulted on their revenue payments.<ref name="ReferenceC"/> This policy continued during the Mughal era.<ref name=Kidwai/><ref name="Niccolao Manucci 1708">[[Niccolao Manucci]], ''Storia do Mogor, or Mogul India 1653–1708'', 4 vols, translated by [[William Irvine (historian)|W. Irvine]] (London, 1907-8), II</ref><ref>Sebastian Manrique, Travels of Frey Sebastian Manrique, 2 vols, translated by Eckford Luard (London, 1906), II</ref><ref>Francois Bernier, Travels in the Mogul Empire, AD 1656–1668, revised by Vincent Smith (Oxford, 1934)</ref><ref name="Lal, Slavery in India">Lal, Slavery in India</ref>

An even greater number of people were enslaved as a part of the efforts of the [[Delhi Sultanate|Delhi Sultans]] to finance their expansion into new territories.<ref>{{harvp|Jackson|1999|loc='The sultans and their Hindu subjects'}}</ref> For example, while he himself was still a military slave of the [[Ghurids|Ghurid]] Sultan Muizz u-Din, [[Qutb-ud-din Aybak]] (r. 1206–10 as the first of the [[Mamluk Sultanate (Delhi)|Shamsi slave-kings]]) invaded [[Gujarat]] in 1197 and placed some 20,000 people in bondage. Roughly six years later, he enslaved an additional 50,000 people during his conquest of [[Kalinjar]]. Later in the 13th century, Balban's campaign in [[Ranthambore Fort|Ranthambore]], reportedly defeated the Indian army and yielded "captives beyond computation".<ref name="Lal, Slavery in India"/><ref>Minhaj us-Siraj Jurjani, Tabaqat-i Nasiri, translated by [[H. G. Raverty]], 2 vols (New Delhi, 1970), I,</ref>

Levi states that the forcible enslavement of non-Muslims during Delhi Sultanate was motivated by the desire for war booty and military expansion. This gained momentum under the [[Khalji dynasty|Khalji]] and [[Tughluq]] dynasties, as being supported by available figures.<ref name="C. Scott Levi 2002"/><ref name="Lal, Slavery in India"/> Zia uddin Barani suggested that Sultan Alauddin Khalji owned 50,000 slave-boys, in addition to 70,000 construction slaves. Sultan [[Firuz Shah Tughluq]] is said to have owned 180,000 slaves, roughly 12,000 of whom were skilled artisans.<ref name=Kidwai/><ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="Lal, Slavery in India"/><ref name="Barani, Tarikh-i-Firuz Shahi">Barani, Tarikh-i-Firuz Shahi</ref><ref>Shams-i Siraj Tarikh-i-Fruz Shahi, Bib. Ind. (Calcutta, 1890)</ref><ref>Vincent A. Smith, Oxford History of India, 3rd ed. (Oxford, 1961),</ref> The need to secure the Sultanate regime from Mongol marauders led to the delineation of a frontier that needed to be defended.<ref>Sunil Kumar, "The Ignored Elites: Turks, Mongols and a Persian Secretarial Class in the Early Delhi Sultanate," Modern Asian Studies 43, no. 1 (2009): 45–77.</ref> To guard the Punjab marches, there was increasingly more and more slaves that were being bought. Their allegiance was not along ethnic lines, and their dedicated patronage allowed them to incorporate themselves into the military hierarchy as trusted officers and commanders. The Sultanate bought Turks in order to develop a strong cavalry arm and in particular to amass a corps of mounted archers.<ref>Peter. Jackson, "Turkish Slaves on Islam's Indian Frontier," in Slavery & South Asian History, ed. Indrani Chatterjee and Richard M. Eaton (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2006), 63–82</ref> This was a proprietary way to build their military capacity, by taking advantage of a unique skillset. [[Jalaluddin Firuz Khalji]] and [[Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq]] were both frontier military commanders. When they tried to capitalize on their achievements, and take over the Delhi Sultanate they were not given support because of their un-noble origins.<ref>Sunil Kumar, "The Ignored Elites: Turks, Mongols and a Persian Secretarial Class in the Early Delhi Sultanate," Modern Asian Studies 43, no. 1 (2009): 45–77</ref> When looking at the high level of military success, advancement and capacity that the Turkic slaves added, it is disproportionate to popular sentiment regarding their Turkic origins.

Alauddin also fixed the prices for slaves and animals. Barani gives the following prices for slaves:{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=386}}

{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible"
|+ Slave prices
! Type of slave !! Price
|-
| Female slave for domestic work || 5–12 ''tankas''
|-
| Female slave for [[concubinage in Islam|concubinage]] || 20–40 ''tankas''
|-
| Handsome, young male slave || 20–30 ''tankas''
|-
| Slave experienced in work || 10–15 ''tankas''
|-
| Inexperienced young slave || 7–8 ''tankas''
|}

Barani states that very few slaves were sold for 100-200 ''tankas'': if an expensive slave, whose normal price would be 1,000-2,000 after Alauddin's death, appeared in the market, nobody would buy it because of the fear of Alauddin's spies.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=386}}

During the [[Delhi Sultanate]] (1206–1526), Hindus were enslaved in such large quantities for export to the Central Asian slave market that Indian slaves became low price slaves, available and affordable, and increased their demand in international markets.<ref name="Levi">Levi, Scott C. "Hindus beyond the Hindu Kush: Indians in the Central Asian Slave Trade". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, vol. 12, no. 3, 2002, pp. 277–88. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25188289. Accessed 15 April 2024.</ref> Aside for war captives enslaved during The Delhi Sultanate were provided with large numbers of Hindu slaves via their revenue system, in which the subordinate iqta'dars ordered their armies to abduct Hindus in large numbers as a means of extracting revenue.<ref name="Levi"/> Taxes were often extracted from communities less loyal to the Sultan in the form of slaves, and non-Muslims who were not able to pay taxes could be defined as resisting the authority of the Sultan and thus abducted as slaves in warfare; Sultan '[[Alauddin Khalji|Ala al-Din Khalji]] (r. 1296–1316) legalized the enslavement of non-Muslims who defaulted on their revenue payments.<ref name="Levi"/>

In this period, slaves were also first exported from the Somali coast to India. According to historian [[Molefi Kete Asante]], the Somali sultan [[Jamal ad-Din II]] (1424-1433) sent conquered Ethiopian captives to India.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Asante |first=Molefi Kete |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Africology_and_the_African_Diaspora/zlrCEQAAQBAJ?hl= |title=Africology and the African Diaspora: Agency, Culture, and Change |date=2026-04-16 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=979-8-7651-5272-0 |language=en}}</ref> [[Ludovico di Varthema]], who visited [[Zeila]] in 1503, described Abyssinian slaves captured in war being exported from the Somali coast to [[India]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Peacock|first=A. C. S.|url=|title=Islamisation: Comparative Perspectives from History|date=2017-03-08|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=|pages=231|language=en}}</ref>

==Mughal Empire (16th to 19th century)==
The slave trade continued to exist in the [[Mughal Empire]]. One Dutch merchant in the 17th century writes about Abd Allah Khan Firuz Jang, an Uzbek noble at the Mughal court during the 1620s and 1630s, who was appointed to the position of governor of the regions of [[Kalpi]] and Kher and, in the process of subjugating the local rebels, ''beheaded the leaders and enslaved their women, daughters and children, who were more than 200,000 in number''.<ref>Francisco Pelsaert, A Dutch Chronicle of Mughal India, translated and edited by Brij Narain and Sri Ram Sharma (Lahore, 1978), p. 48.</ref>

When [[Shah Shuja (Mughal)|Shah Shuja]] was appointed as governor of Kabul, he carried out a war in Indian territory beyond the [[Indus]]. Most of the women [[jauhar|burnt themselves to death]] to save their honour. Those captured were "distributed" among Muslim ''[[mansabdar]]s''.<ref name="Niccolao Manucci 1708"/>{{failed verification|date=May 2018}}<ref name="Sebastian Manrique 1906">Sebastian Manrique, Travels of Frey Sebastian Manrique, 2 vols, translated by Eckford Luard (London, 1906), II,</ref>{{failed verification|date=May 2018}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rct.uk/collection/1005025-ag/the-departure-of-prince-shah-shuja-for-kabul-16-march-1638|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327142056/https://www.rct.uk/collection/1005025-ag/the-departure-of-prince-shah-shuja-for-kabul-16-march-1638|archive-date=27 March 2019|title=Murar – the Departure of Prince Shah-Shuja for Kabul (16 March 1638)}}</ref><ref>''Badshah Nama'', Qazinivi & ''Badshah Nama'', [[Abdul Hamid Lahori]]</ref> The Augustinian missionary Fray Sebastian Manrique, who was in [[Bengal]] in 1629–30 and again in 1640, remarked on the ability of the ''shiqdār''—a Mughal officer responsible for executive matters in the ''[[pargana]]'', the smallest territorial unit of imperial administration to collect the revenue demand, by force if necessary, and even to enslave peasants should they default in their payments.<ref name="Sebastian Manrique 1906"/>

A survey of a relatively small, restricted sample of seventy-seven letters regarding the manumission or sale of slaves in the ''Majmua-i-wathaiq'' reveals that slaves of Indian origin (''Hindi al-asal'') accounted for over fifty-eight percent of those slaves whose region of origin is mentioned. The ''Khutut-i-mamhura bemahr-i qadat-i Bukhara'', a smaller collection of judicial documents from early-eighteenth-century [[Bukhara]], includes several letters of manumission, with over half of these letters referring to slaves "of Indian origin". In the model of a legal letter of manumission written by the chief ''[[Qadi|qazi]]'' for his assistant to follow, the example used is of a slave "of Indian origin".<ref>Said Ali ibn Said Muhammad Bukhari, Khutut-i mamhura bemahr-i qadaah-i Bukhara, OSIASRU, Ms. No. 8586/II. For bibliographic information, see Sobranie vostochnykh rukopisei Akademii Nauk Uzbekskoi SSR, 11 vols (Tashkent, 1952–85).</ref> But, it is important to note that those samples were isolated, small in size, and specific to certain regions, hence it would be inaccurate to assume that indians accounted for such percentages in the general slave populous in Central Asia. By the early modern period, most of the slaves traded in the markets of Bukhara and Khiva were of Persian and Slavic origin. Indian slaves continued to be sold in the Central Asian slave markets even in the 18th century, though in reduced numbers. [[Bukhara slave trade|Bukhara slave market]].<ref name="Levi"/> The export of slaves from India was limited to debt defaulters and rebels against the Mughal Empire. The [[Gakhars]] of Punjab acted as intermediaries for such slave for trade to Central Asian buyers.<ref name="Chatterjee 2006 10–13">{{cite book|last=Chatterjee|first=Indrani|date=2006|title=Slavery and South Asian History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nsh8NHDQHlcC&q=mughal+slavery&pg=PA11|pages=10–13|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-21873-5|access-date=28 March 2017}}</ref>

Slaves from the Horn of Africa appeared again in India during this period. In 1525, the Somali military general [[Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi|Imam Ahmed bin Ibrahim al-Ghazi]] started his invasion of Ethiopia with a Somali army.In some of his campaigns, his soldiers had so many slaves and loot that he was forced to make them abandon it as it was slowing them down.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Unbroken Chains: A 5,000-Year History of African Enslavement|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2025-08-28|language=en|first=Martin|last=Plaut|pages=99}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Ethiopia, a Country Study|publisher=American University, Foreign Area Studies|date=1981|language=en|first=Harold D.|last=Nelson|first2=Irving|last2=Kaplan|pages=13}}</ref> In the course of these military campaigns, Imam Ahmad captured an innumerable amount slaves, this led to a vast, though incalculable, increase in the number of Habesha slaves arriving in the Indian subcontinent. [[João de Castro]] wrote that Ethiopian slaves serving as soldiers in India were held in high regard to such a degree that there was a proverb throughout India that good soldiers or servants must be Abyssinian. He added that they were so highly regarded in [[Bangladesh|Bengal]], [[Gujarat|Cambay]], [[Balaghat|Balagate]], and other parts of India that those who commanded armies or held high rank were all drawn from among them.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The African Diaspora in the Indian Ocean|publisher=Africa World Press|date=2003|language=en|first=Shihan de S.|last=Jayasuriya|first2=Richard|last2=Pankhurst|pages=200}}</ref> The war was considered a major reason for the importation of Ethiopian slaves into India during the sixteenth century. Abyssinians of slave origin played a major role in the politics of [[Mughal India]], where they were called Habshis.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 3, AD 1420-AD 1804|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date=2011-07-25|language=en|first=David|last=Eltis|first2=Stanley L.|last2=Engerman|first3=Keith R.|last3=Bradley|first4=Paul|last4=Cartledge|first5=Seymour|last5=Drescher|pages=73}}</ref>

=== Fatawa-i Alamgiri ===
{{main|Fatawa-e-Alamgiri}}

The ''Fatawa-e-Alamgiri'' (also known as the ''Fatawa-i-Hindiya'' and ''Fatawa-i Hindiyya'') was sponsored by [[Aurangzeb]] in the late 17th century.<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/administrationof029109mbp/administrationof029109mbp_djvu.txt The Administration of Justice in Medieval India], MB Ahmad, [[Aligarh Muslim University|The Aligarh University]] (1941)</ref> It compiled the law for the Mughal Empire, and involved years of effort by 500 Muslim scholars from South Asia, Iraq and Saudi Arabia. The thirty volumes on [[Hanafi]]-based [[sharia]] law for the Empire was influential during and after Aurangzeb's rule, and it included many chapters and laws on slavery and slaves in India.<ref name=mrp1>M. Reza Pirbhai (2009), Reconsidering Islam in a South Asian Context, Brill Academic, {{ISBN|978-9004177581}}, pp. 131-154</ref><ref name="Alamgiri, Vol 5 p. 273">Fatawa i-Alamgiri, Vol 5, p. 273 – Sheikh Nizam, al-Fatawa al-Hindiyya, 6 vols, Beirut: Dar Ihya' al-Turath al-'Arabi, 3rd Edition, (1980)</ref><ref name="A digest of the Moohummudan law">[https://archive.org/stream/digestmoohummud00bailgoog#page/n443/mode/2up A digest of the Moohummudan law] pp. 386 with footnote 1, Neil Baillie, Smith Elder, London</ref>

Some of the slavery-related law included in Fatawa-i Alamgiri were,
* the right of Muslims to purchase and own slaves,<ref name="Alamgiri, Vol 5 p. 273"/>
* a Muslim man's right to have sex with a captive slave girl he owns or a slave girl owned by another Muslim (with master's consent) without marrying her,<ref>Fatawa i-Alamgiri, Vol 1, pp. 395-397; Fatawa-i Alamgiri, Vol 1, pp. 86-88, Sheikh Nizam, al-Fatawa al-Hindiyya, 6 vols, Beirut: Dar Ihya' al-Turath al-'Arabi, 3rd Edition, (1980)</ref>
* no inheritance rights for slaves,<ref>Fatawa i-Alamgiri, Vol 6, p. 631 – Sheikh Nizam, al-Fatawa al-Hindiyya, 6 vols, Beirut: Dar Ihya' al-Turath al-'Arabi, 3rd Edition, (1980); [https://archive.org/stream/muhammadanlawbei00sircuoft#page/274/mode/2up The Muhammadan Law] p. 275 annotations</ref>
* the testimony of all slaves was inadmissible in a court of law<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/digestmoohummud00bailgoog#page/n427/mode/2up A digest of the Moohummudan law] pp. 371 with footnote 1, Neil Baillie, Smith Elder, London</ref>
* slaves require permission of the master before they can marry,<ref>Fatawa i-Alamgiri, Vol 1, page 377 – Sheikh Nizam, al-Fatawa al-Hindiyya, 6 vols, Beirut: Dar Ihya' al-Turath al-'Arabi, 3rd Edition, (1980); [https://archive.org/stream/muhammadanlawbei00sircuoft#page/298/mode/2up The Muhammadan Law] p. 298 annotations</ref>
* an unmarried Muslim may marry a slave girl he owns but a Muslim married to a Muslim woman may not marry a slave girl,<ref>Fatawa i-Alamgiri, Vol 1, pp. 394-398 – Sheikh Nizam, al-Fatawa al-Hindiyya, 6 vols, Beirut: Dar Ihya' al-Turath al-'Arabi, 3rd Edition, (1980)</ref>
* conditions under which the slaves may be emancipated partially or fully.<ref name="A digest of the Moohummudan law"/>

===Export of Indian slaves to international markets===

Alongside Buddhist [[Oirats]], Christian Russians, Afghans, and the predominantly [[Shia]] Iranians, Indian slaves were an important component of the highly active slave markets of medieval and early modern Central Asia. The all pervasive nature of slavery in this period in Central Asia is shown by the 17th century records of one Juybari Sheikh, a [[Naqshbandi]] [[Sufi]] leader, owning over 500 slaves, forty of whom were specialists in pottery production while the others were engaged in agricultural work.<ref>Muhammad Talib, Malab al-alibn, Oriental Studies Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan , Ms. No. 80, fols 117a-18a.</ref> High demand for skilled slaves, and India's larger and more advanced textile industry, agricultural production and tradition of architecture demonstrated to its neighbours that skilled-labour was abundant in the subcontinent leading to enslavement and export of large numbers of skilled labour as slaves, following their successful invasions.<ref name=Jackson1999>{{cite book|first=Peter|last=Jackson|title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History|place=Cambridge|year=1999}}</ref><ref>Indian textile industry in Scott Levi, The Indian Diaspora in Central Asia and its Trade, 1550–1900 (Leiden, 2002)</ref>

After sacking [[Delhi]], [[Timur]] enslaved several thousand skilled artisans, presenting many of these slaves to his subordinate elite, although reserving the masons for use in the construction of the [[Bibi-Khanym Mosque]] in [[Samarkand]].<ref>Beatrice Manz, The Rise and Rule of Tamerlane (Cambridge, 1989); [[Tapan Raychaudhuri]] and Irfan Habib, eds, The Cambridge Economic History of India, vol. 1, (Hyderabad, 1984); Surendra Gopal, 'Indians in Central Asia, Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries', Presidential Address, Medieval India Section of the Indian History Congress, New Delhi, February 1992 (Patna, 1992)</ref> Young female slaves fetched higher market price than skilled construction slaves, sometimes by 150%,<ref>E. K. Meyendorff, Puteshestvie iz Orenburga v Bukharu, Russian translation by N. A. Khalin (Moscow, 1975),</ref> as they could be kept as sex slaves.<ref name=Kidwai/>

==Slavery in Colonial India (17th to 20th century)==

===17th century===
Slavery existed in [[Portuguese India]] after the 16th century. "Most of the Portuguese," says Albert. D. Mandelslo, a German itinerant writer, "have many slaves of both sexes, whom they employ not only on and about their persons, but also upon the business they are capable of, for what they get comes with the master."

[[Nanban trade#Traded goods|Japanese slave girls]] were still owned by [[Portuguese India|India based Portuguese (Lusitanian)]] families according to [[Francisco De Sousa]], a [[Jesuit]] who wrote about it in 1698, long after the 1636 edict by Tokugawa Japan had expelled Portuguese people.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kowner|first=Rotem|date=2014|volume=63 of McGill-Queen's Studies in the History of Ideas|title=From White to Yellow: The Japanese in European Racial Thought, 1300-1735|edition=reprint|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DgudBQAAQBAJ&dq=japanese+girls+sold+slaves+muslims&pg=PA432|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP|pages=431, 432|isbn=978-0773596849}}</ref>

The [[Dutch people|Dutch]], too, largely dealt in slaves. They were mainly Abyssinian, known in India as Habshis. The mixed race of [[Siddi|Sheedes]] in [[Kanara]] on the West coast has traces of these slaves.<ref name="tribuneindia.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020720/windows/slice.htm|title=The Tribune – Windows – Slice of history}}</ref>

The Dutch Indian Ocean slave trade was primarily mediated by the Dutch East India Company, drawing captive labour from three commercially closely linked regions: the western, or [[Southeast Africa]], [[Madagascar]], and the [[Mascarene Islands]] (Mauritius and Reunion); the middle, or Indian subcontinent (Malabar, Coromandel, and the Bengal/Arakan coast); and the eastern, or [[Malaysia]], [[Indonesia]], [[New Guinea]] (Irian Jaya), and the southern [[Philippines]].

During the seventeenth century, the Dutch East India Company (VOC) acquired a significant portion of its slave population from the Indian subcontinent. Enslaved people were taken from regions such as the Coromandel and Malabar coasts, Bengal, the Arakan littoral, and Ceylon, and were transported primarily to [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]] and other VOC settlements. In the early decades of the century, South Asia was one of the principal supply zones for the Company, although by the mid-1660s the reliance on Indian slaves declined as Southeast Asia became a more important source. Indian slaves in the Dutch colonies worked in a range of occupations, including domestic service, construction, and agricultural labour. Vink notes that local resistance sometimes restricted this trade, as Mughal and South Indian rulers opposed the export of human beings from their territories.<ref>Vink, Markus. "'The World's Oldest Trade': Dutch Slavery and Slave Trade in the Indian Ocean in the Seventeenth Century." ''Journal of World History'' 14, no. 2 (2003): 131–177.</ref>

The Dutch traded slaves from fragmented or weak small states and stateless societies in the East beyond the sphere of Islamic influence, to the company's Asian headquarters, the "Chinese colonial city" of Batavia ([[Jakarta]]), and its regional centre in coastal Sri Lanka. Other destinations included the important markets of Malacca ([[Malacca|Melaka]]) and Makassar (Ujungpandang), along with the plantation economies of eastern Indonesia (Maluku, Ambon, and Banda Islands), and the agricultural estates of the southwestern Cape Colony (South Africa).

On the Indian subcontinent, Arakan/Bengal, Malabar, and Coromandel remained the most important source of forced labour until the 1660s. Between 1626 and 1662, the Dutch exported on an average 150–400 slaves annually from the Arakan-Bengal coast. During the first thirty years of Batavia's existence, Indian and Arakanese slaves provided the main labour force of the company's Asian headquarters. Of the 211 manumitted slaves in Batavia between 1646 and 1649, 126 (59.71%) came from South Asia, including 86 (40.76%) from Bengal. Slave raids into the Bengal estuaries were conducted by joint forces of Magh pirates, and Portuguese traders (chatins) operating from Chittagong outside the jurisdiction and patronage of the Estado da India, using armed vessels (galias). These raids occurred with the active connivance of the Taung-ngu (Toungoo) rulers of Arakan. The eastward expansion of the Mughal Empire, however, completed with the conquest of Chittagong in 1666, cut off the traditional supplies from Arakan and Bengal. Until the Dutch seizure of the Portuguese settlements on the Malabar coast (1658–63), large numbers of slaves were also captured and sent from India's west coast to Batavia, Ceylon, and elsewhere. After 1663, however, the stream of forced labour from Cochin dried up to a trickle of about 50–100 and 80–120 slaves per year to Batavia and Ceylon, respectively.

In contrast with other areas of the Indian subcontinent, Coromandel remained the centre of a sporadic slave trade throughout the seventeenth century. In various short-lived expansions accompanying natural and human-induced calamities, the Dutch exported thousands of slaves from the east coast of India. A prolonged period of drought followed by famine conditions in 1618–20 saw the first large-scale export of slaves from the Coromandel coast in the seventeenth century. Between 1622 and 1623, 1,900 slaves were shipped from central Coromandel ports, like Pulicat and Devanampattinam. Company officials on the coast declared that 2,000 more could have been bought if only they had the funds.

The second expansion in the export of Coromandel slaves occurred during a famine following the revolt of the Nayaka Indian rulers of South India (Tanjavur, Senji, and Madurai) against Bijapur overlordship (1645) and the subsequent devastation of the Tanjavur countryside by the Bijapur army. Reportedly, more than 150,000 people were taken by the invading Deccani Muslim armies to Bijapur and Golconda. In 1646, 2,118 slaves were exported to Batavia, the overwhelming majority from southern Coromandel. Some slaves were also acquired further south at Tondi, Adirampatnam, and Kayalpatnam.

A third phase in slaving took place between 1659 and 1661 from Tanjavur as a result of a series of successive Bijapuri raids. At Nagapatnam, Pulicat, and elsewhere, the company purchased 8,000–10,000 slaves, the bulk of whom were sent to Ceylon while a small portion were exported to Batavia and Malacca. A fourth phase (1673–77) started from a long drought in Madurai and southern Coromandel starting in 1673, and intensified by the prolonged Madurai-Maratha struggle over Tanjavur and punitive fiscal practices. Between 1673 and 1677, 1,839 slaves were exported from the Madurai coast alone. A fifth phase occurred in 1688, caused by poor harvests and the Mughal advance into the Karnatak. Thousands of people from Tanjavur, mostly girls and little boys, were sold into slavery and exported by Asian traders from Nagapattinam to Aceh, Johor, and other slave markets. In September 1687, 665 slaves were exported by the East India Company from [[Fort St. George, Madras]]. Finally, in 1694–96, when warfare once more ravaged South India, a total of 3,859 slaves were imported from Coromandel by private individuals into Ceylon.<ref>S. Subrahmanyam, "Slaves and Tyrants: Dutch Tribulations in Seventeenth-Century Mrauk-U," ''[[Journal of Early Modern History]]'' 1, no. 3 (August 1997); O. Prakash, European Commercial Enterprise in Pre-Colonial India, [[The New Cambridge History of India]] II:5 (New York, 1998); O. Prakash, The Dutch East India Company and the Economy of Bengal; J. F. Richards, The Mughal Empire, The New Cambridge History of India I:5 (New York, 1993),; Raychaudhuri and Habib, eds., The Cambridge Economic History of India I,; V. B. Lieberman, Burmese Administrative Cycles: Anarchy and Conquest, c. 1580–1760 (Princeton, N.J., 1984); G. D. Winius, "The 'Shadow Empire' of Goa in the Bay of Bengal," Itinerario 7, no. 2 (1983):; D.G.E. Hall, "Studies in Dutch relations with Arakan," Journal of the Burma Research Society 26, no. 1 (1936):; D.G.E. Hall, "The Daghregister of Batavia and Dutch Trade with Burma in the Seventeenth Century," Journal of the Burma Research Society 29, no. 2 (1939); Arasaratnam, "Slave Trade in the Indian Ocean in the Seventeenth Century,".</ref>
<ref>VOC 1479, OBP 1691, fls. 611r-627v, Specificatie van Allerhande Koopmansz. tot Tuticurin, Manaapar en Alvatt.rij Ingekocht, 1670/71-1689/90; W. Ph. Coolhaas and J.van Goor, eds., Generale Missiven van Gouverneurs-Generaal en Raden van Indiaan Heren Zeventien der Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie (The Hague, 1960–present), passim; T. Raychaudhuri, Jan Company in Coromandel, 1605–1690: A Study on the Interrelations of European Commerce and Traditional Economies (The Hague, 1962); S. Arasaratnam, "Slave Trade in the Indian Ocean in the Seventeenth Century," in K. S. Mathew, ed., Mariners, Merchants and Oceans: Studies in Maritime History (New Delhi, 1995).
</ref>
<ref>For exports of Malabar slaves to Ceylon, Batavia, see Generale Missiven VI,; H.K. s'Jacob ed., De Nederlanders in Kerala, 1663–1701: De Memories en Instructies Betreffende het Commandement Malabar van de Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie, Rijks Geschiedkundige Publication, Kleine serie 43 (The Hague, 1976),; R. Barendse, "Slaving on the Malagasy Coast, 1640–1700," in S. Evers and M. Spindler, eds., Cultures of Madagascar: Ebb and Flow of Influences (Leiden, 1995). See also M. O. Koshy, The Dutch Power in Kerala (New Delhi, 1989); K. K. Kusuman, Slavery in Travancore (Trivandrum, 1973); M.A.P. Meilink-Roelofsz, De Vestiging der Nederlanders ter Kuste Malabar (The Hague, 1943); H. Terpstra, De Opkomst der Westerkwartieren van de Oostindische Compagnie (The Hague, 1918).
</ref><ref>
M.P.M. Vink, "Encounters on the Opposite Coast: Cross-Cultural Contacts between the Dutch East India Company and the Nayaka State of Madurai in the Seventeenth Century," unpublished dissertation, University of Minnesota (1998); Arasaratnam, Ceylon and the Dutch, 1600–1800 (Great Yarmouth, 1996); H. D. Love, Vestiges from Old Madras (London, 1913).</ref>

The volume of the total Dutch Indian Ocean slave trade has been estimated to be about 15–30% of the Atlantic slave trade, slightly smaller than the trans-Saharan slave trade, and one-and-a-half to three times the size of the Swahili and Red Sea coast and the Dutch West India Company slave trades.<ref>Of 2,467 slaves traded on 12 slave voyages from Batavia, India, and Madagascar between 1677 and 1701 to the Cape, 1,617 were landed with a loss of 850 slaves, or 34.45%. On 19 voyages between 1677 and 1732, the mortality rate was somewhat lower (22.7%). See Shell, "Slavery at the Cape of Good Hope, 1680–1731," p. 332. Filliot estimated the average mortality rate among slaves shipped from India and West Africa to the Mascarene Islands at 20–25% and 25–30%, respectively. Average mortality rates among slaves arriving from closer catchment areas were lower: 12% from Madagascar and 21% from Southeast Africa. See Filliot, La Traite des Esclaves, p. 228; A. Toussaint, La Route des Îles: Contribution Ã l'Histoire Maritime des Mascareignes (Paris, 1967),; Allen, "The Madagascar Slave Trade and Labor Migration."</ref>

===Slavery in Malabar===
The main agrestic slave castes in [[Malabar Coast|Malabar]] were [[Pulayar]]s, [[Paraiyar]]s, [[Kuruvar]]s, [[Cheruma]]s.<ref name=":3" /> The principal Collector estimated that the Pulayars and Cherumars constituted about half of the slave population. Buchannan in 1801 stated that almost all cultivators were slaves. He stated that the slaves were primarily used for field labouring and the degree of slavery was the worst among the Parayars, Pulayans and Kuravans who were made to work like beasts. Cheruvans and Pulayans were brought to the towns to be bought and sold. The slave population increased by 65 percent in 36 years from 1806 to 1842. Children born to slaves were also made slaves.<ref name="KTTHOMAS">{{Cite journal|last=Thomas|first=K.T.|title=Slaves an Integral Part of the Production System in Malabar (19Th Century)|date=1999|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44144128|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=60|pages=600–610|jstor=44144128|issn=2249-1937}}</ref> According to Dr. Francis Buchanan's estimate in 1801 AD, 41,367 people were slaves in the Malabar's south, central, and northern divisions, out of a total population of 292,366. Travancore had 164,864 slaves in 1836, out of a total population of 1,280,668. During the middle of the nineteenth century, Kerala had an estimated
4.25 lakh ({{lakh | 4.25 | r= | nosep= }}) slaves.<ref name="AdoorNair">{{Cite book|last=Nair|first=Adoor K. K. Ramachandran|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=03R1JWXcVYIC|title=Slavery in Kerala|date=1986-01-01|publisher=Mittal Publications|pages=38–43}}</ref>

Social oppression was also part of slavery. The majority of the agrestic slaves in Southern Kerala were [[Parayars]] and [[Pulayar]]s ,they were not allowed to wear clean clothes and were to keep away from the roads of their masters who were Brahmin and Nairs. Major Walker stated that they were left out to nature and abandoned when they suffered from diseases and sometimes made to stand in rice fields for hours which gave them Rheumatism, Cholera and other diseases.<ref name="KTTHOMAS" /> The slaves belonged to the lower castes and were employed only for feudal work, and the stigma that they should be kept away from their masters was strictly followed. Samuel Mateer, noted that even in the working fields the slaves were supervised from a distance.<ref name="AdoorNair" /> The caste system kept them as untouchables and divided into numerous sub-castes. The condition of the Cherumars was no different in the 19th century, the Kerala Patrike in 1898 wrote that the Cherumar slaves had high regards for their masters because the higher castes convinced them that they were obliged at birth to serve the Higher castes.<ref name="KTTHOMAS" />

Between 1871 and 1881, an estimated 40,000 slaves converted to Islam, according to the 1881 census. During this time, many slaves in Cochin and Travancore converted to Christianity. It was stated at the 1882 Christian Mission Conference that the population of Muslim Mapillas was rapidly expanding due to conversions from the lower strata of Hindu society, and that the entire west coast could become Muslim in such a phase.<ref name="AdoorNair" />

===18th to 20th century===
Between 1772 and 1833, debates in the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|British Parliament]] recorded the volume of slavery in India.<ref>Hansard Parliamentary Papers 125 (1828), 128 (1834), 697 (1837), 238 (1841), 525 (1843), 14 (1844), London, House of Commons</ref> A [[slave market]] was noted as operating in Calcutta, and the Company Court House permitted slave ownership to be registered, for a fee of Rs. 4.25 or Rs. 4 and 4 annas.<ref name="Indo-Nepal" />

A number of [[Abolitionism in the United Kingdom|abolitionist]] missionaries, including Rev. [[James Peggs]], Rev. [[Howard Malcom]], [[Fowell Buxton|Sir Thomas Fowell Buxton]], and [[William Adam (minister)|William Adams]] offered commentaries on the Parliamentary debates, and added their own estimates of the numbers effected by, and forms of slavery in South Asia, by region and caste, in the 1830s. In a series of publications that included their: ''"India's Cries to British Humanity, Relative to Infanticide, British Connection with Idolatry, Ghau Murders, Suttee, Slavery, and Colonization in India"'', ''"Slavery and the slave trade in British India; with notices of the existence of these evils in the islands of Ceylon, Malacca, and Penang, drawn from official documents"'', and ''"The Law and Custom of Slavery in British India: In a Series of Letters to Thomas Fowell Buxton, Esq"'' tables were published detailing the estimates.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Estimates of slaves held in various East India Company territories and Native Kingdoms in the 1830s<ref name=siicmp>[https://archive.org/stream/slaveryslavetrad00lond/slaveryslavetrad00lond_djvu.txt Slavery and the slave trade in British India; with notices of the existence of these evils in the islands of Ceylon, Malacca, and Penang, drawn from official documents]</ref><ref name=sii>[https://archive.org/details/lawandcustomsla01adamgoog/page/n4 The Law and Custom of Slavery in British India: In a Series of Letters to Thomas Fowell Buxton, Esq]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=PuZoPzwIpgYC&dq=Rev.+Malcom+india+slavery&pg=RA2-PA57 The British and Foreign Anti-slavery Reporter, Volumes 1-3]</ref>
! Province or Kingdom !! Est. Slaves
|-
|Malabar || {{decimal cell|147,000}}
|-
|Malabar and Wynad (Wayanad) || {{decimal cell|100,000}}
|-
|Canara, Coorg, Wynad, Cochin, and Travancore || {{decimal cell|254,000}}
|-
|Tinnevelly (Tirunelveli) || {{decimal cell|324,000}}
|-
|Trichinopoly || {{decimal cell|10,600}}
|-
|Arcot || {{decimal cell|20,000}}
|-
|Canara || {{decimal cell|80,000}}
|-
|Assam || {{decimal cell|11,300}}
|-
|Surat || {{decimal cell|3,000}}
|-
|Ceylon (Sri Lanka) || {{decimal cell|27,397}}
|-
|Penang || {{decimal cell|3,000}}
|-
|Sylhet and Buckergunge (Bakerganj) || {{decimal cell|80,000}}
|-
|Behar ||{{decimal cell|22,722}}
|-
|Tizhoot || {{decimal cell|11,061}}
|-
|Southern Mahratta Country || {{decimal cell|7,500}}
|-
! Sub Total !! {{decimal cell|1,121,585}}
|}

The publications have been frequently cited by modern historians when discussing the history of slavery in India, as it included individual letters and reports discussing the practise in various regions throughout India, frequently mentioning the number of people being enslaved:
{{Blockquote|Slavery in Bombay. In Mr. Chaplin's report, made in answer to queries addressed to the collectors of districts, he says, ''"Slavery in the Deccan is very prevalent and we know that it has been recognized by the Hindu law, and by the custom of the country, from time immemorial'."'' Mr. Baber gives more definite information of the number of slaves in one of the divisions of the Bombay territory, viz., that ''" lying between the rivers Kistna and Toongbutra,"'' the slaves in which he estimates at 15,000 ; and in the southern Mahratta country, he observes, " All the Jagheerdars, Deshwars, Zemindars, principal Brahmins, and Sahookdars, retain slaves in their domestic establishments ; in fact, in every Mahratta household of consequence, they are, both male and female, especially the latter, to be found, and indeed are considered to be indispensable."| Par. Pap. No. 128, 1834, p. 4.}}

[[James Silk Buckingham]], the editor of the ''Calcutta Journal'', published an article in 1823, that described Calcutta as:

{{Blockquote|This great capital is at once the depot of the commerce and riches of the East, and the mart in which the manacled African is sold, like the beast of the field to the highest bidder.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-27|title=Cowries and the Slave Trade in Bengal|url=https://www.peepultree.world/livehistoryindia/story/eras/slave-trade-bengal|access-date=2023-06-01|website=PeepulTree}}</ref>}}

Historian Andrea Major noted the extent of European involvement in Indian slavery:

{{Blockquote|In fact, eighteenth century Europeans, including some Britons, were involved in buying, selling and exporting Indian slaves, transferring them around the subcontinent or to European slave colonies across the globe. Moreover, many eighteenth century European households in India included domestic slaves, with the owners' right of property over them being upheld in law. Thus, although both colonial observers and subsequent historians usually represent South Asian slavery as an indigenous institution, with which the British were only concerned as colonial reformers, until the end of the eighteenth century Europeans were deeply implicated in both slave-holding and slave-trading in the region.|Andrea Major<ref name="Andrea Major 2014 p. 43">Andrea Major (2014), Slavery, Abolitionism and Empire in India, 1772-1843, Liverpool University Press, {{ISBN|9781781381113}}, p. 43</ref><ref name="Major2012" />}}

====Regulation and prohibition====
In [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], the [[East India Company]] (EIC) in 1773 opted to codify the pre-existing pluralistic judicial system, with Europeans subject to [[common law]], Muslims to the ''[[sharia]]'' based ''[[Fatawa-e-Alamgiri]]'', and Hindus to an adaptation of a ''[[Dharmaśāstra]]'' named ''[[Manusmriti]]'', which became known as the [[Hindu law]],<ref>John Griffith (1986), What is legal pluralism?, The Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law, Volume 18, Issue 24, pages 1-55</ref> with the applicable legal traditions, and for Hindus an interpretation of verse 8.415 of the Manusmriti,<ref name=":0">[https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/manusmriti-with-the-commentary-of-medhatithi/d/doc201350.html Manusmriti with the Commentary of Medhatithi by Ganganatha Jha], 1920, {{ISBN|8120811550}}</ref> regulating the practice of slavery.<ref name=siicmp /> The EIC later passed regulations 9, and 10 of 1774, prohibiting the trade in slaves without written deed, and the sale of anyone not already enslaved,<ref name="Major2012">{{cite book|author=Andrea Major|title=Slavery, Abolitionism and Empire in India, 1772-1843|url=https://archive.org/details/slaveryabolition00majo|url-access=registration|year=2012|publisher=Liverpool University Press|isbn=978-1-84631-758-3|pages=[https://archive.org/details/slaveryabolition00majo/page/43 43]–54}}</ref> and reissued the legislation in 1789, after a Danish slave trader, Peter Horrebow, was caught, prosecuted, fined, and jailed for attempting to smuggle 150 Bengali slaves to [[Dutch Ceylon]].<ref name="Major2012" /> The EIC subsequently issued regulations 10 of 1811, prohibiting the transport of slaves into Company territories.<ref name="Major2012" />

When the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] abolished slavery in its [[British Empire|overseas territories]], through the [[Slavery Abolition Act 1833|1833 Slavery Abolition Act]], it excluded the non-[[The Crown|Crown]] territories administered by the East India Company from the scope of the statute.<ref name="pdavis.nl">[http://www.pdavis.nl/Legis_07.htm An Act for the Abolition of Slavery throughout the British Colonies] 3° & 4° Gulielmi IV, cap. LXXIII (August 1833)</ref> The [[Indian Slavery Act, 1843|Indian Slavery Act of 1843]] prohibited Company employees from owning, or dealing, along with granting limited protection under the law, that included the ability for a slave to own, transfer or inherit property, notionally benefitting the millions held in Company territory, that in an 1883 article on slavery in India and Egypt, [[Henry Bartle Frere|Sir Henry Bartle Frer]] (who sat on the Viceroy's Council 1859–67), estimated that within the Companies territory, that did not yet extend to half the sub-continent, at the time of the act:

{{Blockquote|Comparing such information, district by district, with the very imperfect estimates of the total population fifty years ago, the lowest estimate I have been able to form of the total slave population of British India, in 1841, is between eight and nine millions of souls. The slaves set free in the British colonies on the 1st of August, 1834, were estimated at between 800,000 and 1,000,000; and the slaves in North and South America, in 1860, were estimated at 4,000,000. So that the number of human beings whose liberties and fortunes, as slaves and owners of slaves, were at stake when the emancipation of the slaves was contemplated in British India, far exceeded the number of the same classes in all the slaveholding colonies and dominions of Great Britain and America put together.|Fortnightly Review, 1883, p. 355<ref name="Internet Archive 2015">{{cite web|title=Slavery in British India : Banaji, D. R. : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive|via=Internet Archive|date=2015-07-01|page=202|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.100655|access-date=2019-01-19}}</ref>}}
{{Gallery|align=center
|width=240 |height=180|File:India1765and1805b.jpg|
|File:India1837to1857.jpg|Growth of East India Company controlled territories (pink) between 1765, 1805, 1837 and 1857
}}

When slavery was banned in the colonies of the British Empire in 1833, the ban was not introduced in India because the British areas of India were not [[Crown colony|Crown colonies]] but under the rule of the East India Company.<ref name="Miers, S. 2003 p. 30">Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. p. 30</ref>

In the 1830s, most chattel slaves in India were indigenous Indian women and children, employed as domestic house servants, concubines (sex slaves) dancing girls, soldiers or agricultural laborers, while it was more common for laborers to be serfs rather than slaves; in 1841 there were reportedly an estimated 9 million slaves in India, most of them debt slaves or sold by their parents.<ref name="Miers, S. 2003 p. 30"/>

The policy of the British East India Company was not to outright ban slavery, but to remove all legal basis that recognized the institution; the owning of slaves were not criminalized, but slaves were no longer recognized as slaves by law and thus not prevented to leave if they did so, and the slave owners not economically compensated for their loss.<ref name="Miers, S. 2003 p. 31">Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. p. 31</ref>
However, the slaves were generally not informed about this legal change unless their owners wished to evict them; most former slaves were either kept in slavery unaware of their changed legal status; or freed but, forced to loan money from their former enslavers, transformed in to a state of de facto debt bondage to their former enslavers. The institution of slavery in India was not outright criminalized until the rule of the British East India Company was replaced by colonial rule in 1860.<ref name="Miers, S. 2003 p. 31"/>

British abolitionists generally termed slavery in India as benign slavery, because the majority of the Indian slaves sold themselves as slaves, and were assumed to remain voluntarily, because they could not legally be kept against their will.<ref name="Miers, S. 2003 p. 31"/>

Portugal gradually prohibited the importation of slaves into [[Portuguese India]], following the 1818 Anglo-Portuguese anti slavery treaty, a subsequent 1836 Royal Edict, and a second Anglo-Portuguese treaty in 1842 reduced the external trade, but the institution itself was only prohibited in 1876.<ref name=Walker2004/>

France prohibited slavery in [[French India]] via the [[Proclamation of the Abolition of Slavery in the French Colonies, 27 April 1848]].<ref>{{cite book|doi=10.1093/OBO/9780199730414-0253|chapter=French Emancipation|at=Introduction|year=2014|last1=Peabody|first1=Sue|title=Atlantic History|isbn=978-0-19-973041-4}}</ref>

=====British Indian Empire=====
Provisions of the [[Indian Penal Code]] of 1861 effectively abolished slavery in British India by making the enslavement of human beings a criminal offense.<ref name="C. Scott Levi 2002"/><ref name="Britannica.com"/><ref name="ReferenceD"/><ref>[http://www.wluml.org/english/pubs/pdf/occpaper/OCP-07.pdf Islamic Law and the Colonial Encounter in British India] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090429174400/http://www.wluml.org/english/pubs/pdf/occpaper/OCP-07.pdf |date=29 April 2009 }}</ref> Criminalisation of the institution was required of the princely states, with the likes of the 1861 Anglo-Sikkimese treaty requiring Sikkim to outlaw the institution, though the 1891 census still recorded slave holdings in the protectorate.<ref name="Indo-Nepal">{{Cite journal|last=Sen|first=Jahar|date=1973|title=Slave trade on the Indo-Nepal border, in the 19th century|url=https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/1810/227451/kailash_01_02_05.pdf?sequence=2|journal=Calcutta|pages=159|via=Cambridge Apollo}}</ref><ref name="SikkimGazette">{{Cite book|last1=Secretariat|first1=Bengal (India)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eesaAAAAYAAJ&q=slaves|title=The Gazetteer of Sikhim|last2=Risley|first2=Sir Herbert Hope|date=1894|publisher=Printed at the Bengal secretariat Press|isbn=978-1-5358-1274-0}}</ref>

Officials that inadvertently used the term "slave" would be reprimanded, but the actual practices of servitude continued unchanged. Scholar Indrani Chatterjee has termed this "abolition by denial."<ref>Campbell, G. (Ed.). (2005). Abolition and Its Aftermath in the Indian Ocean Africa and Asia. London: Routledge, https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203493021</ref> In the rare cases when the anti-slavery legislation was enforced, it addressed the relatively smaller practices of export and import of slaves, but it did little to address the agricultural slavery that was pervasive inland. The officials in the Madras Presidency turned a blind eye to agricultural slavery claiming that it was a benign form of bondage that was in fact preferable to free labour.<ref>{{citation|last=Viswanath|first=Rupa|title=The Pariah Problem: Caste, Religion, and the Social in Modern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QnbeAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5|date=2014-07-29|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-53750-6|page=5}}</ref>

Slaves holdings, in the princely states and protectorates, continued to be recorded, tallied, and published in Census of the India summary books, decades after the institutions notional abolition, in most of the territories of the British Indian Empire. The 1891 summary page for Sikkim noting 124 male, 99 female and 103 child slaves, in the protectorate, thirty years after its prohibition in the territory.<ref name="SikkimGazette" /> According to German ethnographer [[Friedrich Ratzel]] (1897) Abyssinian slave-girls, more precisely [[Oromo people|Oromo]] women, were highly sought after in India during this period.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ratzel|first=Friedrich|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_History_of_Mankind_The_cultured_race/lncLAQAAIAAJ?hl=|title=The History of Mankind: The cultured races of America|date=1897|publisher=Macmillan and Company|pages=484|language=en}}</ref>

In the 1920s, colonial officials admitted to the [[Temporary Slavery Commission]] (TSC) that chattel slavery still existed in remote areas of India where the British had little actual control, but that the institution was clearly dying.<ref>Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. p. 101</ref>
In the report of slavery in Burma and India to the Temporary Slavery Commission, the British [[India Office]] stated that the slaves in Assam Bawi in Lushai Hills were now secured the right to buy their freedom; that chattel slavery still existed in parts of Assam with weak British control; that the British negotiated with Hukawng Valley in Upper Burma to end slavery there, where the British provided loans for slaves to buy their freedom; that all slave trade had been banned, and that slavery in Upper Burma was expected to be effectively phased out by 1926.<ref>Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. p. 152</ref>

[[Slavery in Bhutan|Bhutan]] formally outlawed the institution in the 1950s, and Nepal its [[Haliya]], [[Haruwa–charuwa system|Haruwa–charuwa]], [[Kamaiya and kamlari]] systems in the 2000s.<ref name="IPS">{{cite web|url=http://www.ipsnews.net/2006/09/nepal-land-reforms-key-to-social-harmony/|publisher=IPS|author=Pradhan, S.|title=Nepal: Land Reforms, Key to Social Harmony|date=2006}}</ref>

==Indian indenture system==
{{Main|Indian indenture system}}

After the [[Government of the United Kingdom|British government]] passed [[Slavery Abolition Act 1833|legislation which abolished slavery]] across most of its worldwide empire in 1833, the [[Indian indenture system]] arose in response to labor demands in regions which had abolished slavery. The indenture system has been compared to slavery by some historians.<ref>{{cite book|author=Walton Lai|title=Indentured labor, Caribbean sugar: Chinese and Indian migrants to the British West Indies, 1838–1918|year=1993|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|isbn=978-0-8018-7746-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Steven Vertovik (Robin Cohen, ed.)|title=The Cambridge survey of world migration|year=1995|pages=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgesurveyo00robi/page/57 57–68]|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-44405-7|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgesurveyo00robi/page/57}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=New System of Slavery|first=Hugh|last=Tinker|year=1993|isbn=978-1-870518-18-5|publisher=Hansib Publishing, London}}</ref> According to Richard Sheridan, quoting Dookhan, "[the planters] continued to apply or sanction the means of coercion common to slavery, and in this regard the Indians fared no better than the ex-slaves".<ref name=":2">{{cite journal|first=Richard B.|last=Sheridan|title=The Condition of slaves on the sugar plantations of Sir John Gladstone in the colony of Demerara 1812 to 1849|journal=New West Indian Guide|volume=76|year=2002|number=3/4|pages=265–269|doi=10.1163/13822373-90002536|doi-access=free|hdl=1808/21075|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

In the Indian indenture system, [[Indentured servitude|indentured]] Indian laborers were brought to regions in which slavery had been abolished to replace Africans as laborers on [[plantation]]s and [[Mining|mines]].<ref name=britain1>{{cite web|title=Forced Labour|year=2010|publisher=The National Archives, Government of the United Kingdom|url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/blackhistory/india/forced.htm}}</ref> The first ships carrying indentured labourers left India in 1836.<ref name=britain1/> Once they arrived at their destination, they would then be sent to work under various planters or mine owners. Their work and living conditions were frequently just as poor as the slaves they replaced, being frequently confined to their estates and being paid low salaries. Any breach of contract by them brought automatic criminal penalties and imprisonment.<ref name=britain1/> Many of the indentured laborers became indentured through fraudulent means, with Indians from inland regions over a thousand kilometers from seaports being promised jobs, were not told the work they were being hired for, or that they would leave their homeland and communities. They were hustled aboard the waiting ships, unprepared for the long and arduous four-month sea journey. Charles Anderson, a special magistrate investigating these sugarcane plantations, wrote to the [[Secretary of State for the Colonies|Colonial Secretary]] declaring that with few exceptions, the indentured labourers were treated with "great and unjust severity"; planters enforced their Indian laborers in plantations, mining and domestic work harshly, to the extent that decaying remains of deceased laborers were frequently discovered in fields. If labourers protested and refused to work, the planters would refuse to pay and feed them.<ref name=britain1/><ref>{{cite book|title=A Question of Labour: Indentured Immigration Into Trinidad & British Guiana, 1875–1917|author=K Laurence|publisher=St Martin's Press|year=1994|isbn=978-0-312-12172-3}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==Contemporary slavery==
According to the 2018 [[Global Slavery Index]], 40.3 million people were enslaved worldwide in 2016. India accounts for almost 8 million or 20%, making it the largest contributor to modern slavery.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Walk|first=Free|date=2018|title=Global Slavery Index|url=https://downloads.globalslaveryindex.org/ephemeral/GSI-2018_FNL_190828_CO_DIGITAL_P-1641321777.pdf}}</ref> This typically involves types of forced labor such as [[bonded labour]], [[child labour]], [[forced marriage]], [[human trafficking]], [[forced begging]], and [[sexual slavery]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Browne|first=Rachel|agency=Fairfax|date=31 May 2016|title=Andrew Forrest puts world's richest countries on notice: Global Slavery Index|url=http://www.smh.com.au/business/workplace-relations/andrew-forrest-puts-worlds-richest-countries-on-notice-global-slavery-index-20160526-gp4dlg.html|newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald|location=Australia|access-date=31 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/01/world/asia/global-slavery-index.html?mcubz=0|title=Modern Slavery Estimated to Trap 45 Million People Worldwide|newspaper=The New York Times|date=2016-05-31|last1=Gladstone|first1=Rick}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.globalslaveryindex.org/country/india/|title=India |work=Global Slavery Index }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/india-has-the-largest-population-of-modern-day-slaves/story-PVP1mAQlFqLwOXFtE9EsII.html|title=Bonded labourers, sex workers, forced beggars: India leads world in slavery|date=2016-05-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/india-ranks-fourth-in-global-slavery-survey/articleshow/52528778.cms|title=India ranks fourth in global slavery survey|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=June 2016|last1=Mazumdar|first1=Rakhi}}</ref> According to the 2023 [[Global Slavery Index]], India topped the list with 11 million people living in conditions of [[modern slavery]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kalia |first1=Saumya |title=G20 countries including India are fuelling modern slavery, says new report |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/g20-countries-including-india-are-fuelling-modern-slavery-says-new-report/article66895654.ece |work=The Hindu |date=30 May 2023 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

[[Modern slavery]] in India consist of both [[bond slaves]] and [[indentured servitude]].<ref>Knight, Sarah. "Debt-Bondage Slavery in India." ''Global Dialogue (Online)'', vol. 14, no. 2, Summer 2012, pp. 62-72.</ref> Over 90% of bonded labours are [[Dalit|Dalits]] or [[Adivasi|Adivasis]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Caste and modern slavery practices in India - Humanists International |url=https://humanists.international/advocacy-statement/caste-and-modern-slavery-practices-in-india/#:~:text=Interactive%20Dialogue%20with%20the%20Special,prejudice%20against%20minorities%20in%20India. |access-date=2025-11-26 |work=Humanists International |language=en-US}}</ref>

The existence of slavery, especially [[child slavery]], in South Asia and the world has been alleged by various [[non-governmental organization]]s (NGO) and media outlets.<ref>[http://www.morungexpress.com/index.php?news=5831 Vilasetuo Süokhrie, "Human Market for Sex & Slave?!!", ''The Morung Express'' (8 April 2008)]</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jI7fDQAAQBAJ|title=What Slaveholders Think: How Contemporary Perpetrators Rationalize What They do|isbn=9780231543828|last1=Choi-Fitzpatrick|first1=Austin|date=7 March 2017|publisher=Columbia University Press}}</ref> With the [[Bonded Labour (Prohibition) Act 1976]] and the [[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights]] (concerning slavery and servitude), a spotlight has been placed on these problems in the country. One of the areas identified as problematic is [[granite]] quarries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stopchildlabour.eu/modern-slavery-and-child-labour-in-indian-quarries/|title=Modern slavery and child labour in Indian quarries – Stop Child Labour|website=Stop Child Labour|access-date=2016-03-09|date=2015-05-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianet.nl/pb150511e.html|title=Modern slavery and child labour in Indian quarries|website=indianet.nl|access-date=2016-03-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L-1onPXTTyE |title=How Millions Are Trapped In Modern Day Slavery At Sandstone Quarries in India |date=2026-02-14 |last= |access-date=2026-02-21 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Child labour in India]]
*[[Debt bondage in India]]
*[[History of slavery in Asia]]
*[[Indian Ocean slave trade]]
*[[Labour in India]]
*[[Veth (India)]], a system of forced labour

==References==
{{Reflist}}

* {{cite book|author=Banarsi Prasad Saksena|author-link=Banarsi Prasad Saksena|chapter=The Khaljis: Alauddin Khalji|editor=Mohammad Habib and Khaliq Ahmad Nizami|title=A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526)|volume=5|edition=Second|year=1992|orig-year=1970|publisher=The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_9cmAQAAMAAJ|oclc=31870180}}

==Further reading==

*{{cite book |last1=Kalb |first1=Emma |title=The Palgrave Handbook of Global Slavery throughout History |chapter=Slavery in South Asia |date=2023 |pages=517–534 |doi=10.1007/978-3-031-13260-5_29 |isbn=978-3-031-13259-9 }}
*[https://open.lnu.se/index.php/hn/article/view/2952/2505|Akanksha Singh, Akanksha (2021), "'Enslaved for Life': Construing Slavery in Nineteenth Century India", ''HumaNetten'' 47]
*Scott C. Levi (2002), Hindus Beyond the Hindu Kush: Indians in the Central Asian Slave Trade, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
*Lal, K. S. (1994), Muslim slave system in medieval India. New Delhi: Aditya Prakashan. [http://bharatvani.org/books/mssmi/]
*Salim Kidwai, "Sultans, Eunuchs and Domestics: New Forms of Bondage in Medieval India", in Utsa Patnaik and Manjari Dingwaney (eds), Chains of Servitude: bondage and slavery in India (Madras, 1985).
*Utsa Patnaik and Manjari Dingwaney (eds), Chains of Servitude: bondage and slavery in India (Madras, 1985)
*Andrea Major (2014), Slavery, Abolitionism and Empire in India, 1772–1843, Liverpool University Press.
*R.C. Majumdar, The History and Culture of the Indian People, Bombay.
*Andre Wink (1991), Al-Hind: the Making of the Indo-Islamic World, Brill Academic (Leiden), {{ISBN|978-9004095090}}
*KT Rammohan (2009), 'Modern Bondage: Atiyaayma in Post-Abolition Malabar'. in Jan Breman, Isabelle Guerin and [[Aseem Prakash (scholar)|Aseem Prakash]] (eds). ''India's Unfree Workforce: Of Bondage Old and New.'' New Delhi: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-019-569846-6}}

==External links==
* [https://openlibrary.org/books/OL7104398M/The_law_and_custom_of_slavery_in_British_India The law and custom of slavery in British India] in a series of letters to Thomas Fowell Buxton, esq., by William Adam., 1840 [[Open Library]]
* [http://www.infoplease.com/spot/slavery1.html Modern Slavery, Human bondage in Africa, Asia, and the Dominican Republic]
* [https://www.hrw.org/reports/1996/India3.htm The Small Hands of Slavery, Bonded Child Labor In India]
* [http://www.antislavery.org/archive/submission/submission1997-08India.htm India – bonded labour: the gap between illusion and reality]
* [http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/human_rights_quarterly/v019/19.3tucker.html Child Slaves in Modern India: The Bonded Labor Problem]
* [http://www.suedasien.info/schriftenreihe/2490 Legislative Redress Rather Than Progress? From Slavery to Bondage in Colonial India] by Stefan Tetzlaff

{{Asia topic|Slavery in}}
{{United States – Commonwealth of Nations recessions}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Slavery in India}}
[[Category:Slavery in India| ]]
[[Category:Slavery by country|India]]
[[Category:Social history of India]]
[[Category:Human rights abuses in India]]

Mahendranath Temple

2026-05-03T14:53:26Z

BradyGregg4996: stub

{{Infobox Hindu temple
|name=Mahendranath Temple
|native_name=महेंद्रनाथ मंदिर
|image=Baba Mahendra Nath Mandir Mehdar.jpg
|deity=Shiva
|tradition=Shaivism
|festival=Mahashivratri
|location=Mehdaar village, Siwan
|district=Siwan
|state=Bihar
|country=India
|architect=Mahendraveer Vikram sahvdev
|architecture=Nagara and Vesara style
|established=16th century
|image_upright=
}}
'''Mahendranath Temple''' is a 16th-century [[Hindu temple]] situated in Mehadaar village in [[Siwan district]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=सावन के पहले सोमवार पर बाबा महेंद्रनाथ धाम मंदिर में भगदड़, 2 महिलाओं की मौत |url=https://www.india.com/hindi-news/bihar/first-somwar-of-sawan-2022-stampede-in-siwan-mahendranath-temple-2-women-died-5519686/ |access-date=2026-04-28 |website=www.india.com |language=hi}}</ref> The temple is dedicated to [[Shiva]] and is made by then Mahendraveer Vikram Sahdev, king of [[Nepal]] at the time.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahashivratri 2023: सिवान के बाबा महेंद्रनाथ की रहस्यमय कहानी, जब भोलेनाथ के कहने पर निरोग हुए नेपाल के राजा |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/bihar/siwan/mysterious-story-of-baba-mahendranath-of-siwan-mahashivaratri-2023/articleshow/98034057.cms |access-date=2026-04-24 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=धार्मिक पर्यटक स्थल है मेंहदार का महेंद्रनाथ मंदिर |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320170622/https://www.jagran.com/lifestyle/travel-tourism-mahender-nath-temple-and-lake-a-famous-temple-made-by-king-of-nepal-11203253.html |access-date=28 April 2026 |work=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

The architecture of temple is a blend of [[Nagara Style|Nagara]] and [[vesara]] style.<ref>{{Cite news |title=आस्था के साथ अब पर्यावरण संरक्षण का भी केंद्र बना महेंद्रनाथ मंदिर |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/siwan/news/mahendranath-temple-has-now-become-a-centre-of-faith-as-well-as-environmental-protection-dbp-137731390.html |access-date=28 April 2026 |work=Bhaskar.com}}</ref>

The temple is on the bank of Kamaldah Lake, and is the largest Shiva temple complex in northwestern [[Bihar]]. Every year Mehadaar Mahotsav is celebrated on [[Maha Shivaratri|Mahashivratri]] by the Bihar government.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahendra Nath Temple {{!}} District Siwan, Government Of Bihar {{!}} India |url=https://siwan.nic.in/tourist-place/mahendra-nath-temple/ |access-date=2026-02-03 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-10-21 |title=आस्था का प्रतिक: 500 साल पुराना है महेन्द्रनाथ मंदिर |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/patna/siwan/news/500-years-old-mahendranath-temple-129042620.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20211021162147/https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/patna/siwan/news/500-years-old-mahendranath-temple-129042620.html |archive-date=2021-10-21 |access-date=2026-02-03 |work=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=जानें, नेपाल नरेश ने क्यों कराई थी महेंद्रनाथ मंदिर की स्थापना और क्या है इसका महत्व - Know The Story Of Mahendranath Mandir And Importance Of 52 Beegha Pond Bath |url=https://www.jagran.com/spiritual/mukhye-dharmik-sthal-know-the-story-of-mahendranath-mandir-and-importance-of-52-beegha-pond-bath-20336744.html |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

== Incident ==
Mahendranath Mandir witnessed a tragic incident during the Sawan Somwari rush in July 2022,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-18 |title=Bihar: सावन के पहले सोमवार पर बाबा महेंद्रनाथ धाम मंदिर में मची भगदड़, 2 महिलाओं की मौत |url=https://www.aajtak.in/india/news/story/bihar-shivling-baba-mahendra-nath-mandir-mehdar-siwan-two-women-died-and-two-injured-lcl-1501393-2022-07-18 |access-date=2026-04-28 |website=AajTak |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-18 |title=Sawan 2022: बिहार के सीवान में 'महेंद्र नाथ मंदिर' में जल चढ़ाने के दौरान भगदड़ दो महिला श्रद्धालुओं की मौत |url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/india/article/stampede-while-offering-water-at-mahendra-nath-temple-in-siwan-district-of-bihar-2-devotees-killed/424539 |access-date=2026-04-28 |website=www.timesnowhindi.com |language=hi}}</ref> when a stampede-like situation and chaos among devotees reportedly led to the death of one person and injuries to several others.<ref>{{Cite web |last=कुमार |first=सचिन |date=2022-07-18 |title=महेंद्र नाथ मंदिर में सोमवारी के दिन जल चढ़ाने के दौरान भगदड़, 2 श्रद्धालुओं की मौत, 2 जख्मी |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/bihar/sawan-2022-mahendranath-mandir-siwan-one-devotee-died-after-ruckus-on-sawan-somwari-ann-2170250 |access-date=2026-04-28 |website=ABP News |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Bihar}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Bihar]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Bihar]]
[[Category:16th-century Hindu temples]]

Sub-divisional magistrate

2026-05-03T07:04:12Z

BradyGregg4996: made article

{{Short description|Head of a sub-division in India}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Sub-divisional magistrate
| flag = Flag of India.svg
| flagsize = 125px
| insignia = Emblem of India.svg
| insigniasize = 50px
| flagcaption = [[Flag of India]]
| insigniacaption = [[State Emblem of India]]
| image = S.D.O OFFICE BONGAON - panoramio.jpg
| imagesize =
| alt =
| imagecaption = Sub-Divisional Office, [[Bangaon]]
| incumbentsince =
| status = Active
| member_of = [[Indian Administrative Service]] State Administrative Services (Deputy Collector)
| reports_to = [[District magistrate|District magistrate District collector Deputy commissioner]]
| residence =
| seat =
| appointer = [[President of India]] (IAS) [[Governor (India)|Governor]] (state services)
| appointer_qualified =
| constituting_instrument = * [[Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita|Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023]]
* Land Revenue Act
| formation =
| deputy = [[Tehsildar]]
| abbreviation = SDM/SDO
}}

A '''sub-divisional magistrate''', also known as '''sub-divisional officer''', '''assistant collector''', '''sub collector''', '''revenue divisional officer''', or '''assistant commissioner''', is the administrative head of a [[Subdivision (India)|sub-division]] in an [[Indian district]], exercising [[Executive (government)|executive]], revenue, and magisterial duties. The specific name depends on the [[States and union territories of India|state or union territory]]. The primary responsibilities include land revenue collection, land revenue administration, disaster management, election, maintaining law and order, overseeing developmental activities and coordinating various departments within a sub-division.<ref name="jagranjosh">{{cite news|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/articles/roles-and-responsibilities-of-an-sdm-1597923145-1 |title=Roles and responsibilities of a SDM|website=Jagran josh}}</ref><ref name="TH">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/restraint-on-liberties-under-section-144-should-not-be-too-general-says-supreme-court/article30362548.ece|title=Supreme court refuses to put restraint on CrPC 144 from time to time|website=The Hindu}}</ref><ref name="asianetnews">{{Cite news|url=https://hindi.asianetnews.com/gallery/career/who-is-a-sdm-salary-and-other-facilities-high-profile-govt-jobs-kpt-qnoyz8|title=Who is a SDM, salary and other facilities|website=hindi asianet news}}</ref>

The post is held by officers of the [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS), and sometimes, by officers of [[Civil services of India#State Civil Services|state administrative services]]. These officers are subordinate to a [[District magistrate|district magistrate, also known as district collector or deputy commissioner]], who serves as the administrative head of a district. The magisterial powers of a sub-divisional magistrate are drawn from the [[Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita|Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023]].<ref name="jagranjosh"/><ref name="TH"/><ref name="asianetnews"/>

==Functions==

===Collection of land and canal revenue===

It involves maintenance of land records, conduct of revenue cases, carrying out of demarcation and mutations, settlement operations and functioning as custodian of public land. They are primarily responsible for day to day revenue management (land and canal). The subordinate revenue staff consisting of ''revenue assistants (land & canal)'' supervised by ''revenue inspectors (land and canal)'' who are in turn supervised by ''revenue circle officers (land and canal)'' who are involved in field level revenue activities and mutations. They are also empowered to issue various kinds of statutory certificates including [[Schedule Caste|SC]]/[[Scheduled Tribe|ST]] and [[Other Backward Class|OBC]], Domicile, Nationality etc. Registration of Property documents, sale deeds, power of attorneys, share certificates and all other documents which need to be compulsorily registered as per law is made at Sub Registrar's Office which are nine in numbers. Deputy Commissioners are Registrars for their respective districts and exercise supervisory control over the Sub Registrars.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nuh.gov.in/administrative-setup/ |title=SDM in administrative setup}}</ref>

===Maintenance of law and order===
Assistant Collector cum Sub Divisional Magistrates exercise powers of Executive Magistrates. In this role they are responsible for operating preventive Sections of Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/backgrounder-section-144-a-vestige-of-colonial-rule/article30352392.ece|title=Background of section 144 - A vestige of colonial rule|website=thehindu.com}}</ref> They also carry out enquiries in cases of unnatural deaths of women within seven years of marriage and issue directions to the Police for registration of case, if required.

Sub Divisional Magistrates are empowered to conduct enquiries into custodial deaths including deaths in Police Lock Up, Jails, Women Homes etc. The Officers of this Department are also expected to act as eyes and ears of the Government and conduct enquiries into all major accidents including major fires incidents, riots and natural calamities etc.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/what-is-section-144-crpc-prohibitory-orders-india-caa-citizenship-act-6175056/|title=Executive Magistrate's powers (SDM and DM) under CrPC 144, prohibitory orders|website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

===Disaster management===

This department is given the primary responsibility for relief and rehabilitation operations in any calamity whether natural or man-made. It is also responsible for coordinating and implementing disaster management plan for natural and chemical disasters and awareness generation programme on disaster preparedness is being carried out with the assistance of United Nations Development

== Nomenclature ==
The term "Sub Divisional Magistrate" (SDM) is used in some states of India to refer to a government official who is responsible for revenue administration and other related functions at the sub-divisional level. However, the nomenclature and role of SDMs may vary from state to state. Here are some of the different names of SDMs in Indian states:

::'''Assistant Commissioner (AC)'''- In Assam and Karnataka, the SDM is known as Assistant Commissioner.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Puttur subdivision gets new assistant commissioner |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=489816 |access-date=2023-05-25 |website=www.daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref>
::'''Sub Divisional Officer (SDO)''' - This is the term used for SDMs in many states such as [[West Bengal]], [[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Manipur]], [[Mizoram]], [[Nagaland]], etc.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Sentinel Digital |date=2023-05-25 |title=New Sub-Divisional Officer (C) of Sadiya takes charge - Sentinelassam |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/new-sub-divisional-officer-c-of-sadiya-takes-charge-650871 |access-date=2023-05-25 |website=www.sentinelassam.com |language=en}}</ref>
::'''Sub Divisional Magistrate (SDM)''' - This term is used in states such as Haryana, [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Jammu and Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2021-09-01 |title=Karnal SDM Ayush Sinha, who ordered cops to 'break heads' of farmers, transferred |url=https://theprint.in/india/karnal-sdm-ayush-sinha-who-ordered-cops-to-break-heads-of-farmers-transferred/726339/ |access-date=2023-05-25 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>
::'''Sub Collector''' - In some states such as Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Telangana, [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Kerala]] the SDM is referred to as Sub Collector.<ref>{{Cite web |title=15 sub-collectors in 9 years: Why Devikulam is witness to politico vs bureaucrat tussle |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2019/09/26/15-sub-collectors-in-9-years-devikulam-idukki.html |access-date=2023-05-25 |website=OnManorama}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sub Collector / Revenue Divisional Office {{!}} Kancheepuram District, Government of Tamilnadu {{!}} City of Thousand Temples {{!}} India |url=https://kancheepuram.nic.in/department/sub-collector-revenue-divisional-office/ |access-date=2023-05-25 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IAS officer who jumped quarantine reinstated Alappuzha sub-collector |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2020/jul/25/ias-officer-who-jumped-quarantine-reinstated-alappuzha-sub-collector-2174432.html |access-date=2023-05-25 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-10-14 |title=Pranjal Patil, first visually challenged woman IAS officer, takes over as Sub-Collector of Thiruvananthapuram |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/pranjal-patil-first-visually-challenged-woman-ias-officer-takes-over-as-sub-collector-of-thiruvananthapuram/article29680295.ece |access-date=2023-05-25 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
::'''Revenue Divisional Officer (RDO)''' - In some states such as [[Kerala]] and [[Tamil Nadu]]. the sub collector is also known as Revenue Divisional Officer (RDO).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Revenue Divisions (2) {{!}} District Thiruvananthapuram, Government of Kerala {{!}} India |url=https://trivandrum.nic.in/en/revenue-divisions/ |access-date=2023-05-25 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-03-06 |title=Taliparamba now has a full-fledged RDO |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/taliparamba-now-has-a-full-fledged-rdo/article26444136.ece |access-date=2023-05-25 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Revenue Administration {{!}} Ariyalur District, Government of Tamil Nadu {{!}} Land of Cements {{!}} India |url=https://ariyalur.nic.in/about-district/administrative-setup/revenue-administration/ |access-date=2023-05-25 |language=en-US}}</ref>

When a state cadre or [[Kerala Administrative Service]] (KAS) officer is the officer in charge of a revenue division, the same post is also called '''Revenue Divisional Officer''' (RDO). RDO has the same function, role and responsibilities as SDM. '''Assistant collector''' or '''assistant magistrate''' is a probationary posting for trainees.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Subdivision {{!}} Nashik District, Government of Maharashtra {{!}} India |url=https://nashik.gov.in/about-district/administrative-setup/subdivision/ |access-date=2023-05-25 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=West Bengal: 13 IAS Officers Posted As Assistant Collectors in Districts |url=https://indianmasterminds.com/movements/ias/west-bengal-13-ias-officers-posted-as-assistant-magistrates-assistant-collectors-in-districts/ |access-date=2023-05-25 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Administrative division]]
*[[Table of administrative country subdivisions by country]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Government occupations]]
[[Category:Titles]]

Kranti Gaud

2026-05-02T21:32:16Z

BradyGregg4996: stub.

{{short description|Indian cricketer (born 2003)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Kranti Gaud
| female = true
| image = Kranti Gaud.jpeg
| caption = Gaud in 2025
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2003|8|11|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Ghuwara]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm medium-fast
| role = [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowler]]

| international = true
| country = India
| internationalspan = 2025–present
| onetest = true
| testdebutdate = 6 March
| testdebutyear = 2026
| testdebutagainst = Australia
| testcap = 96
| lasttestdate =
| lasttestyear =
| lasttestagainst =

| odidebutdate = 11 May
| odidebutyear = 2025
| odidebutagainst = Sri Lanka
| odicap = 156
| lastodidate = 2 November
| lastodiyear = 2025
| lastodiagainst = South Africa
| odishirt = 26

| T20Idebutdate = 12 July
| T20Idebutyear = 2025
| T20Idebutagainst = England
| T20Icap = 88
| lastT20Idate = 26 December
| lastT20Iyear = 2025
| lastT20Iagainst = Sri Lanka
| T20Ishirt = 26

| club1 = [[Madhya Pradesh women's cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
| year1 = {{nowrap|2023/24–present}}
| club2 = [[UP Warriorz]]
| year2 = 2025–present

| columns = 4
| column1 = [[Women's One Day International|WODI]]
| matches1 = 4
| runs1 = 4
| bat avg1 = –
| 100s/50s1 = 0/0
| top score1 = 4[[not out|*]]
| deliveries1 = 161
| wickets1 = 9
| bowl avg1 = 17.55
| fivefor1 = 1
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 6/52
| catches/stumpings1 = 0/–

| column2 = [[Women's Twenty20 International|WT20I]]
| matches2 = 1
| runs2 = 0
| bat avg2 = –
| 100s/50s2 = –
| top score2 = –
| deliveries2 = 18
| wickets2 = 0
| bowl avg2 = –
| fivefor2 = –
| tenfor2 = –
| best bowling2 = –
| catches/stumpings2 = 0/–

| column3 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches3 = 16
| runs3 = 17
| bat avg3 = 5.66
| 100s/50s3 = 0/0
| top score3 = 12
| deliveries3 = 647
| wickets3 = 25
| bowl avg3 = 19.36
| fivefor3 = 1
| tenfor3 = 0
| best bowling3 = 6/52
| catches/stumpings3 = 4/–

| column4 = [[Twenty20|T20]]
| matches4 = 12
| runs4 = 8
| bat avg4 = –
| 100s/50s4 = 0/0
| top score4 = 5[[not out|*]]
| deliveries4 = 186
| wickets4 = 8
| bowl avg4 = 33.12
| fivefor4 = 0
| tenfor4 = 0
| best bowling4 = 4/25
| catches/stumpings4 = 3/–

| source = https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/kranti-gaud-1464471 ESPNcricinfo
| date = 6 August
| year = 2025
| medaltemplates= {{MedalSport|Women's [[cricket]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Women's Cricket World Cup|ICC Cricket World Cup]]}}
{{Medal|W|[[2025 Women's Cricket World Cup|2025 India]]}}
}}

'''Kranti Gaud''' (born 11 August 2003) is an Indian [[India women's national cricket team|international]] [[Cricket|cricketer]]. She represents [[Madhya Pradesh women's cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]] in domestic cricket and [[UP Warriorz]] in the [[Women's Premier League (cricket)|Women's Premier League]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wplt20.com/players/kranti-goud-wpl-profile-84330 |title=Kranti Gaud |work=WPL |access-date=17 May 2025}}</ref> Gaud was a part of the Indian team that won the [[2025 Women's Cricket World Cup]].

==Domestic career==
Gaud plays domestic cricket for [[Madhya Pradesh women's cricket team]].<ref name=KG>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/how-kranti-goud-s-need-for-speed-found-her-a-place-with-the-up-warriorz-1473032 |title=How Kranti Goud's need for speed found her a place with the UP Warriorz |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=17 May 2024}}</ref> She took 4 wickets in final of [[2024–25 Senior Women's One Day Trophy]] against Bengal.<ref name=KG/> She also played for Madhya Pradesh Under-23 team.<ref name=KG/>

In the third [[2025 Women's Premier League (cricket)|WPL]] auction in December 2024, Gaud was purchased by the UP Warriorz franchise for ₹ 10 lakh.<ref name=KG/> She became the second youngest cricketer to take four-wicket haul in the WPL after [[Issy Wong]] in 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/wpl-2024-25-1463356/delhi-capitals-women-vs-up-warriorz-women-8th-match-1469305/match-report |title=Henry's onslaught, Harris and Goud's dream spells get Warriorz off the mark |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=17 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/wpl-2025-stats-chinelle-henry-smashes-the-joint-fastest-fifty-in-the-womens-premier-league-1474363 |title=Stats - Henry smashes joint-fastest fifty in the WPL, Harris third to take a hat-trick |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=17 May 2025}}</ref> Her first WPL wicket was [[Meg Lanning]] that of clean bowled.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/womens-cricket/kranti-goud-wpl-2025-debut-wickets-up-warriorz-meg-lanning-shafali-jemimah-tennis-ball-stats-news/article69254810.ece |title=WPL 2025: UP Warriorz’s Kranti Goud outpaces odds to make a mark |work=Sportstar |access-date=19 May 2025}}</ref>

In WPL 2026, the UP Warriorz pacer produced a moment of magic when her jaffa cleaned up Danni Wyatt, leaving the veteran batter absoloutely bamboozled. <ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-01-22 |title=Watch: Kranti Goud cleans up Danni Wyatt with a jaffa in WPL |url=https://www.khelwire.com/articles/watch-kranti-goud-cleans-up-danni-wyatt-with-a-jaffa-in-wpl |website=KhelWire |access-date=2026-01-22}}</ref>

==International career==
In April 2025, Gaud was selected in national team as a replacement player for [[Kashvee Gautam]] in the [[2025 Sri Lanka Women's Tri-Nation Series|Sri Lanka Tri-Nation Series]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/cricket/kranti-goud-added-to-indias-tri-series-squad-kashvee-ruled-out-injured-ws-l-9326190.html |title=Kranti Goud Added To India’s Tri-Series Squad, Kashvee Ruled Out Injured |work=News18 |access-date=17 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/womens-cricket/womens-tri-series-odi-kranti-goud-maiden-call-up-replace-kashvee-gautam-injury/article69548605.ece |title=Injured Kashvee Gautam ruled out; Kranti Goud gets first India call-up for ODI tri-series |work=Sportstar |access-date=17 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/kashvee-gautam-ruled-out-of-tri-series-due-to-injury-to-be-replaced-by-kranti-goud-2720363-2025-05-06 |title=Kashvee Gautam ruled out of tri series due to injury, to be replaced by Kranti Goud |work=India Today |access-date=17 May 2025}}</ref> She made her [[Women's One Day International|ODI]] debut in final of the Tri-Series, on 11 May against hosts Sri Lanka.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/sports/cricket/ind-w-vs-sl-w-india-hand-debuts-to-kashvee-gautam-ns-charani-after-opting-to-bowl-first-in-tri-series-opener-2025-04-27-987522 |title=India hand debuts to Kashvee Gautam, NS Charani after opting to bowl first in tri-series opener |work=India TV |access-date=17 May 2025}}</ref> She was later named in ODI and T20I squad for the [[India women's cricket team in England in 2025|away series against England]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/indore/mps-kranti-shuchi-earn-india-call-up-for-eng-tour/articleshow/121219562.cms |title=MP’s Kranti, Shuchi earn India call-up for Eng tour |work=The Times of India |access-date=17 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/bccilink/articles/5Sm84xWz |title=Team India (Senior Women) squads for the England tour announced |work=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] |access-date=15 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/india-unveil-power-packed-squads-for-england-tour |title=India unveil power-packed squads for England tour |work=[[International Cricket Council|ICC]] |access-date=15 May 2025}}</ref> Gaud made her [[Women's Twenty20 International|T20I]] debut in that series, on 12 July.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1448401.html |title=5th T20I (N), Birmingham, July 12, 2025, India Women tour of England |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=13 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/eng-vs-ind-5th-t20i-amol-muzumdar-shafali-verma-in-contention-for-odi-world-cup-without-a-doubt-1494894 |title=Muzumdar: Shafali in contention for ODI World Cup 'without a doubt' |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=13 July 2025}}</ref> In the third and final ODI, with the series level at 1–1, played in [[Riverside Ground|Chester-le-Street]], she claimed her first [[five-wicket haul]], helping India win by 13 runs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/135093/harmanpreet-ton-goud-six-for-guide-india-to-series-win |title=Harmanpreet ton, Goud six-for guide India to series win |work=[[Cricbuzz]] |access-date=22 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/articles/cx24xw95rkxo |title=England well beaten as India take ODI series win |work=[[BBC Sport]] |access-date=23 July 2025}}</ref> She returned figures of 6/52, and at 21 years and 345 days, became the youngest India player to take a five-for in a women's ODI, surpassing [[Jhulan Goswami]]'s record.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kishore |first1=Shashank |title=Goud's emergence and Harmanpreet's century the big plusses for in-form India |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/eng-vs-ind-womens-odi-series-harmanpreet-kaur-form-and-kranti-goud-emergence-big-positives-for-india-1496467 |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=6 October 2025 |date=24 July 2025}}</ref>

After consistent performances, Gaud was named in the squad for the [[2025 Women's Cricket World Cup|2025 World Cup]].<ref>{{cite news |title=MP pacer Kranti selected to Indian team for Women’s World Cup cricket |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/mp-pacer-kranti-selected-to-indian-team-for-womens-world-cup-cricket/articleshow/123394993.cms |access-date=6 October 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=20 August 2025}}</ref> On 5 October, in India's group stage fixture against [[Pakistan women's national cricket team|Pakistan]] in [[R. Premadasa Stadium|Colombo]], she claimed three wickets and helped her team win by 88 runs. She was awarded Player of the Match.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kishore |first1=Shashank |title=Goud times roll for India's newest new-ball star |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ind-vs-pak-goud-times-roll-for-india-s-newest-new-ball-star-1505819 |access-date=6 October 2025 |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=5 October 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cricinfo|id=1464471}}

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{{UP Warriorz squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gaud, Kranti}}
[[Category:2003 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Madhya Pradesh]]
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Conservation management of Kaziranga National Park

2026-05-02T04:05:13Z

BradyGregg4996: put up first info and citations - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
'''[[Kaziranga National Park]]''' in India has a good conservation history, especially due to its efficient management policies. In spite of the efficient conservation policies there are some loopholes in the conservation policies.

==Conservation Management==
[[File:Kaziranga-census-results.svg|thumb|Census figures for Kaziranga]]
[[File:Assam 057.jpg|thumb|A board proclaiming the biological wealth of Kaziranga National Park]]
Kaziranga started in 1908 as a reserve forest to protect rhinoceros, and other wild animals. Thereafter, shooting was prohibited and exploitation of forest products was stopped. However, limited grazing was permitted till the declaration of the area as a national park. Kaziranga has a long history of management and practices include annual burning of the grasslands by wildlife staff.<ref name="un">{{cite web
|title=UN Kaziranga Factsheet
|publisher=[[UNESCO]]
|url=http://www.unep-wcmc.org/sites/wh/kazirang.html
|accessdate=2007-02-23
|archiveurl=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20080510070553/http://www.unep-wcmc.org/sites/wh/kazirang.html
|archivedate=2008-05-10
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> Kaziranga has a good conservation history, especially due to its efficient management policies.

For protection of the wildlife the legislative status for Kaziranga National Park represents the "maximum protection under Indian conditions" at national, provincial and municipal levels. A list of 12 acts and constitutional safeguards ranging from the Assam Forest Regulation of 1891 to the Biodiversity Conservation Act of 2002 ensure legal protection to the park. A management plan for Kaziranga (2003–04 to 2012–13) has been prepared in which all the objectives, problems, zonations and strategies are clearly defined for greater protection.<ref name="unsummary">{{cite web|title=State of Conservation of the World Heritage Properties in the Asia-Pacific Region –Kaziranga National Park |publisher=UNESCO |url=https://whc.unesco.org/archive/periodicreporting/cycle01/section2/337-summary.pdf |accessdate=2007-02-28 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060524160242/https://whc.unesco.org/archive/periodicreporting/cycle01/section2/337-summary.pdf |archivedate=24 May 2006 }}</ref>
A [[Geographical Information System]] (GIS) based management information system to keep an eye on the soil erosion and soil deposition by river waters is under consideration in the Management Plan.<ref name="unescoreport">{{cite journal
|title=Section II: Periodic Report on the State of Conservation of Kaziranga National Park, India
|publisher=[[UNESCO]]
|year=2003
|url=https://whc.unesco.org/archive/periodicreporting/cycle01/section2/337.pdf
|accessdate=2007-02-28
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061231192431/https://whc.unesco.org/archive/periodicreporting/cycle01/section2/337.pdf
|archivedate=2006-12-31
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

For controlling [[poaching]] many steps have been taken by the park authorities including maintenance of existing and construction of new poaching camps, adequate staffing, providing mobility, patrolling, intelligence gathering, firearms and control over the use of firearms around the park.<ref name= "kazi100">{{cite web
| title = Kaziranga National Park-History and Conservation
| publisher = Kaziranga National Park Authorities
| url = http://www.kaziranga100.com/Conservation%20Management.htm
| accessdate = 2007-02-23
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070928033213/http://www.kaziranga100.com/Conservation%20Management.htm
| archive-date = 28 September 2007
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> The park has about 122 anti-poaching camps<ref name="kazihero">{{cite web
| title = Kaziranga National Park-Heroes of Kaziranga
| publisher = Kaziranga National Park Authorities
| url = http://www.kaziranga100.com/The%20Heroes.htm
| accessdate = 2007-02-23
| archive-date = 17 May 2008
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080517230000/http://www.kaziranga100.com/The%20Heroes.htm
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> scattered throughout the Park, including two floating camps on the Brahmaputra river. There are 123 country boats, 6 mechanized boats, 4 speed boats (OBM), 2 motor launches, 20 motor vehicles and 47 departmental elephants to assist the anti-poaching squad.<ref name="kazihero"/> There are some 800 personnel, which include about 200 forest guards, game watchers, home guards, forest protection force, and temporary staff who guard the park round the clock.<ref name="kazihero"/> The foresters are provided with 346 numbers of .315 bore rifles, 33 SBBL, 18 DBBL, five revolvers, 20 fixed and mobile wireless stations and more than a hundred walkie-talkies which helps in the anti-poaching activities and in fighting against the poachers.<ref name="kazihero"/> With effective protection methods the number of poaching cases has declined in the park over the past few years.<ref>{{cite news
|last=Thakur
|first=Sivasish
|title=Rhino poaching in State declining
|publisher=[[The Assam Tribune]]
|date=2007-02-03
|url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/details.asp?id=feb0307/at06
|accessdate=2007-02-27
|url-status=dead
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928043729/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/details.asp?id=feb0307%2Fat06
|archivedate=2007-09-28
}}</ref>

During floods and to mitigate its effect on the environment and wildlife effective steps like increasing of patrols, maintenance of existing and acquiring of new speed boats etc., controlling speed on the National Highway 37, construction and maintenance of highlands with the help of [[Indian Army]], removal of water hyacinth and close collaboration with other civil departments are some of the measures taken.<ref name= "kazi100"/>
Construction of several corridors and other steps including construction of road signage, terrain easements, rumble strips, road awareness campaigns, intensive night patrolling and regulation of vehicular traffic to mitigate the number of death of wild animals by speeding vehicles on NH-37 have been done by the park management.<ref name="highway"/>

To prevent illegal grazing and [preserve the] genetic distinctness of the wild buffaloes systematic steps like enforcement of legal measures, motivating the people to rear high yielding varieties of fodder, immunization of the livestock and fencing in the sensitive areas of the park are undertaken regularly by the park management.<ref name= "kazi100"/> The park management have around looking after the health and nutritional requirements of the departmental elephants and constructed permanent shelter for them. Maintenance and upkeep of records of all the livestock within a radius of 10 km of the park and regular immunization of the cattle living in the fringe villages to prevent spread of diseases among wild animals.<ref name= "kazi100"/> Paying compensation to the villagers for damaged crops and loss of life due to attack of wild animals, formation of crop protection committees, construction of vigilance camps, fencing and eco-development works have been proposed to increase the communication with the villagers and to have a healthy man-animal co-relation.<ref name= "kazi100"/>

Extensive research on the reasons for straying and wildlife behaviour, erecting physical barriers, tranquilization, keeping vigil and mobile patrolling especially during the flood and cropping seasons are done by the park management from time to time.<ref name= "kazi100"/>

The park authorities carry out research on [[siltation]], stopping spread of Water hyacinth and de-siltation activities in the beels present inside the park.<ref name= "kazi100"/> To control growth and irradiation of invasive species like Mimosa research on biological methods of controlling the weeds, manual uprooting and weeding before seed settling are done often.<ref name= "kazi100"/> The park management is well concerned with the matter of soil erosion and to conserve soil they regularly monitoring of the water flow using multi-date satellite date and planning medium and other long term measures.<ref name= "kazi100"/> To increase the existing grassland habitat to provide food for the parks huge herbivorous population various grassland management techniques such as controlled burning for grassland are done for a long time.<ref name= "kazi100"/>

The park authorities often repair and maintain the existing infrastructure, vehicles, wireless etc. and acquire of new ones to keep up the conservation of wildlife.<ref name= "kazi100"/> Communication in the park is presently carried out through an extensive wireless network system with support from a local NGO ([[Aaranyak]]), which has facilitated the arrangement with an international donor agency (David Shepherd Foundation) for a period of 10 years. This has helped in efficient communication among the staffs.<ref name="unescotech">{{cite web|last=Mathur |first=V.B. |author2=Sinha, P.R. |author3=Mishra, Manoj |title=UNESCO EoH Project_South Asia Technical Report-Kaziranga National Park |publisher=UNESCO |url=http://www.enhancingheritage.net/docs/UNESCOEoH_Project_South_Asia_Technical_Report_04_v1.pdf |accessdate=2006-02-28 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008185555/http://www.enhancingheritage.net/docs/UNESCOEoH_Project_South_Asia_Technical_Report_04_v1.pdf |archivedate=8 October 2007 }}
</ref>

Kaziranga National Park has a wide network of forest roads. These roads are either graveled or fair weather in nature. These roads are to be repaired annually after the flood season is over to make them usable again. There are several wooden bridges and culverts on these roads. These are also to be periodically repaired and some of these are to be reconstructed. These paths along with a number of patrolling paths all over the park help in keeping an eye on the poachers.<ref name="unescotech"/>

===Constraints===
In spite of heavy conservation methods taken there are some obvious loopholes in the process of conservation of wildlife and ecology of the park. Poaching of Rhinoceros for its horn has been a serious problem at Kaziranga. Between 1980 and 2005 the park lost around 567 rhinoceros to poachers which is about 23 per year. Most of the poaching cases of rhinoceros were recorded in between 1980 and 1997, which at present is in a declining trend.<ref name="unescotech"/> After a decreasing trend for past few years, 30 one-horned rhinoceroses were killed by poachers since 2007, with a report establishing links for funding the [[Islamist terrorism#Organisation|Islamic militant groups]] in [[Bangladesh]] connected to [[Al Qaida]], which have initiated a probe by [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]].<ref>{{cite news
| title = Poachers kill Indian Rhino | work=[[The New York Times]]| date = 2007-04-17
| url = https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/world/AP-India-Rhino-Poaching.html | accessdate = 2007-04-17 }} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| last = Roy | first = Amit | title = Poaching for bin Laden, in Kaziranga | newspaper = [[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]| date = 2006-05-06
| url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070506/asp/nation/story_7740713.asp
| archive-url = https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20170707030312/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1070506/asp/nation/story_7740713.asp
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 7 July 2017
| accessdate = 2007-05-06 }}</ref><ref>
{{cite magazine | title = Probing Poaching | magazine = [[Tehelka]] | date = 2008-05-16 | url = http://www.tehelka.com/story_main39.asp?filename=Ws240508Probing.asp | accessdate = 2009-01-10 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120308075112/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main39.asp?filename=Ws240508Probing.asp | archive-date = 8 March 2012 | url-status = dead}}
</ref>

About 184 villages and 4 tea gardens are situated within the influence area of the park; as a result of the acute poverty present among its residents, the villagers often enter the park for [[illegal fishing]] and for firewood. Threat from [[overgrazing]] by the domestic livestock is ever present. An acute fodder shortage in the dry season forces the livestock to enter into the park for grazing, severely affecting the amount of food available for the wild herbivorous animals. Such infiltration of domestic cattle increases the risk of spread of diseases among the wild animals as most of the cattle are not properly immunized. There is also a risk of losing genetic distinctness among the wild buffaloes due to entry of domestic buffaloes.<ref name="unescotech"/> Indiscriminate use of pesticides in the tea gardens close to the park boundaries also pose a threat through pesticide run-off. The tea gardens are also considered to be a source of invasive species like Mimosa and [[rosa canina|wild rose]].<ref name="kazichallenges">{{Cite web
| last1 = Mathur | first1 = V. B.
| last2 = Verma | first2 = Ashoke
| last3 = Dudley | first3 = Nigel
| last4 = Stolton | first4 = Sue
| last5 = Hockings | first5 =Marc
| last6 =James | first6 = Robyn
|title=Opportunities and Challenges for Kaziranga National Park, Assam over the next fifty years
| publisher = Enhancing Heritage
| year = 2005
| url = https://whc.unesco.org/uploads/activities/documents/activity-331-8.pdf
| accessdate =2012-05-28
}}</ref>

The Karbi Anglong Plateau situated to the south of park is an important area of high ground. Largescale habitat changes in the plateau include conversion to tea gardens, settlement, logging and [[jhum]] (shifting agriculture). These developments have led to the increase of the gap between the park and the plateau, destroying the suitable habitat is of the wild animals.<ref name="kazichallenges"/>

This destruction of the continuous area has serious implications for the ability of Kaziranga Park, and for Assam as a whole, to maintain healthy populations of animal species. For example, the 2000 census recorded 86 tigers in the Kaziranga National Park, which is a growing and healthy population, but the long-term survival of the species in the region is also dependent on maintaining links to other healthy populations, through biological corridors and careful use of buffer zones. However these serious policies are not addressed in the management plan.<ref name="managementplan"/> A recent global study identified the Kaziranga-Meghalaya region as one of the priority tiger conservation habitats in the Indian subcontinent, albeit one where more information is required on tiger populations and status in the landscape as a whole.<ref>Wikramanayake, ED, Dinerstein, E, Robinson, JG, Karanth, U, Rabinowitz, A,
Olson, D, Mathew, T, Hedao, P, Conner, M, Hemley, G & Bolze D 1998, 'An Ecology-
Based Method for Defining Priorities for Large Mammal Conservation: The Tiger as
Case Study', Conservation Biology, vol. 12 no. 4 pp. 865–878.</ref>
As land use changes increase around the park there are risks that the resident population of tigers and other animal species become genetically isolated and in time no longer viable.<ref name="kazichallenges"/>

Severe floods every year cause great loss to the natural habitat, death of wild animals and destruction of protection structures present in the park.<ref name="unescoreport"/> Flooding causes many animals to migrate outside the park where they are susceptible to hunting and reprisal for crop damage.<ref name="un"/> Absence of adequate high grounds within the park as places of refuge for the animals during high floods adds to mismanagement on the part of the park authorities. The period just after the receding of the flood water appears to be a hard time for the herbivores as the areas around the beels are surrounded by rotting grasses and plant remains.<ref name="unescotech"/> [[Brahmaputra River]] erodes large area along the northern boundary of Kaziranga, which reduces the total geographical area of the Park and thereby reduces the habitat for the wild animal.<ref name="unescoreport"/> According to satellite data {{convert|51|km2|sqmi|0}} area was lost to floods in between 1967–68 and 1998–99, although silt deposition also leads to new land forming in other areas.<ref name="managementplan">Vasu, N.K., (2003), ''Management Plan of Kaziranga National Park (2003–2013)'', Forest Department, Assam.</ref>

Continuous siltation and growth of invasive species like Eichornia, Mikenia and Mimosa in the existing water bodies and on the land have posed a big problem on the existence of the wet lands of the Park. Since the wetlands of the Park is an integral part for continuous survival of the many important fauna such as Rhinos, Wild Buffalo, exotic bird species etc. the Park authority is facing tremendous management problem for containing siltation and weed invasion.<ref name="unescoreport"/>

Frequent [[sonic boom]]s caused by the aircraft of the [[Indian Air Force]] flying over the park are a potential source of external disturbance to the wild animals in the park.<ref name="unescotech"/>

The 54 km length of the National Highway (NH) 37 runs almost parallel to the southern boundary of Kaziranga National Park between Bokakhat and Ghorakati. During the monsoon the area inside the park gets flooded and the wild animals cross this highway to move towards the elevated Karbi Anglong hills. In this process many animals are killed by fast and heavy vehicular traffic moving on it almost round the clock.<ref name="highway">Bonal, BS & Chowdhury, S (2004), ''Evaluation of barrier effect of National Highway37 on the wildlife of Kaziranga National Park and suggested strategies and planning for providing passage: A feasibility report to the Ministry of Environment & Forests'', Government of India.</ref> In spite of construction of several corridors and other steps including construction of road signage, terrain easements, rumble strips, road awareness campaigns, intensive night patrolling and regulation of vehicular traffic to mitigate the number of death of wildlife does not seems to be foolproof and effective. There is a lack of necessary and functional corridors for safe passage of animals.<ref name="highway"/><ref name="unescotech"/> There are also plans to convert the existing NH-37 to a six lane expressway.<ref name="highway"/> If this expressway is constructed then it may cause a permanent [[barrier effect]] and also increase wild animal mortality.<ref>Rajvanshi, A, Mathur, VB, Teleki, GC & Mukherjee, S.K. (2001), ''Roads, Sensitive Habitats and Wildlife. Environmental Guideline for India and South Asia'', [[Wildlife Institute of India]], [[Dehradun]] and [[Canadian Environmental Collaborative]], [[Toronto]].</ref>

A petroleum refinery was established recently in 2001 at [[Numaligarh]] upstream from the park on the [[Dhansiri river]] has potential danger present of pollution of the park's land and water bodies from the effluents/wastes from the refinery.<ref name="unescotech"/><ref name="kazichallenges"/> Similarly a number of tea gardens present close to the park also remain a source of disturbance and pollution of the land and water bodies in the park.<ref name="unescotech"/> Increasing tourist in the park also proves to be a source of disturbance to the wild animals.<ref name="unescotech"/>

There is a lack of trained staffs in the park and as of 2005, 127 of the 592 sanctioned posts lay vacant Moreover, since the area of the park has almost doubled (through additions) the staff strength would need to be further increased to undertake anti-poaching measures, conservation of wildlife and other allied activities.<ref name="unescotech"/> The park also faces shortage of funds for developmental works.

In spite of having a number of roads inside the park there is a need of construction of new roads. The southern boundary road along the river Mora Diphlu as well as in other areas of the park identified by the park authorities as priority especially in Eastern and
Burapahar ranges needs construction for facilitating a year-round patrolling to check poaching of rhino and entry of men and cattle into the park.<ref name="unescotech"/>

A number of observation watch towers are required in new areas like first and sixth addition as well as in the Reserve Forests under the park's administration. The present park boundary runs along non-natural features like a river etc., needs improved demarcation through conspicuous and well maintained boundary pillars in place of the current inconspicuous ones to prevent encroachment of land and to present illegal entry of people.<ref name="unescotech"/>
Encroachments along the park's southern and eastern boundary need immediate attention.<ref name="unescotech"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kaziranga National Park}}

[[Category:Kaziranga National Park]]

Ramjanaki Math

2026-05-01T09:40:07Z

BradyGregg4996: new post

{{Short description|Hindu monastery in Sitamarhi}}{{Infobox Hindu temple|name=Ramjanaki Math|native_name=रामजानकी मठ|native_name_lang=Mai|religious_affiliation=[[Hinduism]]|deity=Lord Rama and Goddess Sita|location=Raghopur Bakhari village, Mithila|district=Sitamarhi|state=Bihar|country=India|alt=Ramjanaki Mandir|established=Samvat 1193|founded_by=Mahant Raghunath Das Maharaj}}
'''Ramjanaki Math''' ([[Maithili language|Maithili]]: रामजानकी मठ) also called as ''Bakhari Math'' is a historical Hindu monastery cum temple in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] of [[Bihar]] in [[India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=खंडहर में तब्दील हो रहा आठ सौ साल पुराना मठ - null |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/sitamarhi-15393651.html |access-date=2026-04-24 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-19 |title=सीएम करेंगे राघोपुर बखरी मठ के जीर्णोद्धार का शिलान्यास |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/sitamarhi/story-revival-of-834-year-old-ram-janaki-temple-and-establishment-of-shakti-peeth-in-sitamarhi-201776538669972.html |access-date=2026-04-24 |website=www.livehindustan.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=सीतामढ़ी महोत्सव में शामिल होंगे मुख्यमंत्री, बखरी मठ के जीर्णोधार का करेंगे शिलान्यास |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/sitamarhi/news/chief-minister-will-participate-in-sitamarhi-mahotsav-will-lay-the-foundation-stone-for-the-renovation-of-bakhri-math-dbp-137771871.html |work=दैनिक भास्कर}}</ref> It is located at Raghopur Bakhari village of the Berbas Panchayat in the [[Dumra, Sitamarhi district|Dumra]] block of the [[Sitamarhi district]] in Bihar. It was established in the 12th century CE.<ref>{{Cite news |title=सीतामढ़ी के रामजानकी मठ की बदलेगी तस्वीर.. नेपाल के प्रसिद्ध जनकपुर धाम से है कनेक्शन, तस्वीरों में देखें झलक |url=https://hindi.news18.com/photogallery/bihar/sitamarhi-picture-of-ram-janaki-math-will-change-connection-with-nepal-famous-janakpur-dham-local18-ws-kl-9357609.html |work=News 18}}</ref> The matha holds a temple dedicated to [[Rama|Lord Rama]] and [[Sita|Goddess Sita]]. The temple is known as ''Ramjanaki Mandir''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=सीतामढ़ी में 834 साल पुराने श्रीराम जानकी मंदिर का होगा जीर्णोद्धार, CM सम्राट चौधरी करेंगे भूमि पूजन - sitamarhi 834 year old ram janaki temple renovation begins |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/sitamarhi-sitamarhi-834-year-old-ram-janaki-temple-renovation-begins-40212776.html |access-date=2026-04-24 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

== History ==
The inscription engraved on the door of the Ramjanaki Mandir states that the monastery was established by the ''Mahant Raghunath Das Maharaj'' in ''Samvat'' 1193. The area was formerly surrounded by forests, where Saint Raghunath Das Maharaj built a hut and practiced penance here.<ref name=":0" />

According to local legend, the Maharaja of [[Raj Darbhanga]] came to see the saint Raghunath Das Maharaj, after hearing about his knowledge and asceticism. It is said that seeing the Darbhanga Maharaja coming to him, the saint himself approached the king with his platform of penance. The legend says that the saint attained Samadhi alive at the place of his penance.<ref name=":0" /> The Maharaja of Raj Darbhanga donated 250 acres of land to the math for financial resources to maintain the religious activities and services to the temple.

The present Mahanth of the math is ''Ramlila Das Maharaj''. He is managing the math since 1983. Before him the Mahanth of the math was ''Ramkrishna Das Maharaj''. According to the present Mahanth, his ancestors are becoming the Mahanth of the math since the 12 generations ago.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
<references />
{{India-hindu-temple-stub}}

[[Category:Hindu monasteries]]
[[Category:Hindu temple architecture]]
[[Category:12th-century establishments]]
[[Category:Sitamarhi district]]

Iltija Mufti

2026-04-17T17:18:58Z

BradyGregg4996: stub

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1987)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Iltija Mufti
| image = Iltiji mufi.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1987}}
| birth_place = [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India
| party = [[Jammu and Kashmir People’s Democratic Party]]
| mother = [[Mehbooba Mufti]]
| father = Javed Iqbal Shah<ref name="Javed Iqbal Shah">{{cite web|title=Insider tears into Muftis and family party|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/insider-tears-into-muftis-and-family-party/cid/1515167 |website=Telegraph India|date=2 March 2016}}</ref>
| relatives = [[Mufti Mohammad Syed]] ''(grandfather)''
}}

'''Iltija Mehbooba Mufti''' is an Indian politician from [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]<ref name=":0" /> and the daughter of [[Mehbooba Mufti]], the former [[List of chief ministers of Jammu and Kashmir|chief minister of Jammu and Kashmir]]. She is the grand-daughter of [[Mufti Mohammad Sayeed]], the founder of the [[Jammu and Kashmir People’s Democratic Party]] (PDP) who twice served as the Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ashiq |first=Peerzada |date=2023-08-25 |title=Mehbooba's daughter gets normal passport after months of legal battle |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/mehbooba-muftis-daughter-iltija-granted-regular-passport-with-10-year-validity/article67234770.ece |access-date=2024-10-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=महबूबा मुफ़्ती की बेटी को मिला 'सिर्फ एक ही देश' का पासपोर्ट, जताई नाराज़गी- प्रेस रिव्यू |url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/india-65218730 |access-date=2024-10-09 |work=BBC News हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-17 |title=Watch: Mehbooba's daughter Iltija Mufti to make electoral debut from Bijbehara constituency |url=https://www.thehindu.com/videos/watch-mehboobas-daughter-iltija-mufti-to-make-electoral-debut-from-bijbehara-constituency/article68653236.ece |access-date=2024-09-20 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-12 |title=Iltija Mufti says she inherited stubbornness from mother Mehbooba Mufti |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/video/i-inherited-stubbornness-from-my-mother-iltija-mufti-2598422-2024-09-12 |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Political career ==

Iltija stepped into the spotlight when her mother, [[Mehbooba Mufti]], was detained in 2019 following the abrogation of [[Article 370 of the Constitution of India]]. During this time, Iltija managed her mother’s social media and spoke publicly about the situation in Kashmir, challenging the central government’s actions and highlighting human rights issues in the region.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jammu and Kashmir election: Mehbooba Mufti's daughter Iltija Mufti loses debut election in J&K |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jammu-and-kashmir-election-pdp-leader-iltija-mufti-makes-electoral-debut-in-bijbehara-101727893637346.html}}</ref>

She Lost The 2024 Legislative Assembly Election on her home seat Bijbehara thus marking PDP’s first loss at home after 22 years.

== Political views and advocacy ==
Iltija has consistently raised her voice against what she perceives as injustices in the region.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-08 |title=Iltija Mufti's political debut: From mother Mehbooba Mufti's media advisor to beholder of family's bastion |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/jammu-kashmir/iltija-muftis-political-debut-from-mother-mehbooba-muftis-media-advisor-to-beholder-of-familys-bastion-in-election-2024/articleshow/114024211.cms |access-date=2024-10-13 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> In 2024 she had made comments about the potential role of the PDP as a ‘kingmaker’ in the upcoming assembly polls, which sparked some hope in the party's supporters, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=N. L. |date=2024-09-14 |title=Exclusive: Iltija Mufti on the struggles of politics, identity and youth in Kashmir |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2024/09/14/exclusive-iltija-mufti-on-the-struggles-of-politics-identity-and-youth-in-kashmir |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=Newslaundry |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mehbooba Mufti's Daughter Gets Regular Passport With 10-Year Validity |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/mehbooba-muftis-daughter-iltija-mufti-gets-regular-passport-with-10-year-validity-4329125 |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-31 |title=Newsmaker {{!}} Mehbooba's daughter Iltija gets a step up in party, 'short of a political role' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/iltija-mufti-newsmaker-mehbooba-entry-politics-kashmir-peoples-democratic-party-8917064/ |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> but the [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] results proved otherwise as her party [[Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party]] won 3 seats,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trends & Results October -2024 Jammu & Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/partywisewinresult-841U08.htm}}</ref> with Mufti herself losing her [[Srigufwara–Bijbehara Assembly constituency|Bijbehara]] seat to the [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]] candidate [[Bashir Ahmad Shah Veeri]] by almost 10 thousand votes.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Trends & Results October -2024 Assembly Constituency 45 - SRIGUFWARA - BIJBEHARA (Jammu & Kashmir) |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0845.htm}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mufti, Iltija}}
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party politicians]]
[[Category:People from Bijbehara]]

Chikmagalur Mudigere Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:20:56Z

BradyGregg4996: put up first stub with sources - done

{{Short description|Former Assembly constituency in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Chikmagalur Mudigere
| state = [[Mysore state]]
| district = [[Chikmagalur district|Chikmaglur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Hassan Chickmagalur Lok Sabha constituency|Hassan Chickmagalur]]
| division = [[Mysore division|Mysore]]
| constituency_no =
| type = SLA
| established = 1951
| reservation =
| abolished = 1957
| map_image =
| mla =
| party =
}}
'''Chikmagalur Mudigere Assembly constituency''' was one of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Karnataka Legislative Assemblies]] or [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituencies in [[Mysore State]]. It was part of [[Hassan Chickmagalur Lok Sabha constituency]].

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" rowspan="2" | [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || B. L. Subbamma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| G. Puttaswamy
|}
==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Chikmagalur Mudigere <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007130946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. L. Subbamma |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 14,167 |percentage = 30.06% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = G. Puttaswamy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 13,561 |percentage = 28.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Lakshmana Gowda |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 6,647 |percentage = 14.10% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. P. Govinda Gowda |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 5,255 |percentage = 11.15% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. M. Rudrappa Sastry |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,808 |percentage = 10.20% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. N. Linganna |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 2,697 |percentage = 5.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,520 |percentage = 15.95% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 47,135 |percentage = 29.83% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 47,135}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 79,007 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[Chikmagalur Assembly constituency]]
*[[Mudigere Assembly constituency]]
*[[Kadur Assembly constituency]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Karnataka-geo-stub}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coord|13.269217|75.715025|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Chikmagalur district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Mysore State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]

Rudrappa Lamani

2026-04-11T23:25:11Z

BradyGregg4996: new a data

{{Short description|Deputy Speaker of Karnataka Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rudrappa Lamani
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Rudrappa Manappa Lamani
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1959|06|01|df=y}}
| birth_place = Khanderayanahalli, [[Ranebennur]] taluk, [[Dharwad district|Dharwad]], [[Mysore State]], India
| occupation = Politician
| children =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| education = {{hlist|[[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]|[[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]]}}
| profession =
| sibling =
| website =
| signature = Rudrappa Lamani Signature.svg
| office = 19th [[List of deputy speakers of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Deputy Speaker of the Karanataka Legislative Assembly]]
| 1blankname = [[Chief Minister of Karnataka|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata = [[Siddaramaiah]]
| 2blankname = [[List of speakers of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Speaker]]
| 2namedata = [[U. T. Khader]]
| 3blankname = [[Personal Assistant]]
| 3namedata = Krishna Naik L.
| term_start = 6 July 2023
| predecessor = [[Anand Mamani]]
| office1 = [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Member of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Haveri Assembly constituency|Haveri]]
| term_start1 = 2023
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = Neharu Olekar
| successor1 =
| constituency2 = [[Haveri Assembly constituency|Haveri]]
| term_start2 = 2013
| term_end2 = 2018
| predecessor2 = Neharu Olekar
| successor2 = Neharu Olekar
| constituency3 = [[Byadgi Assembly constituency|Byadgi]]
| term_start3 = 1999
| term_end3 = 2004
| predecessor3 = Beelagi Sabanna
| successor3 = Neharu Olekar
}}
'''Rudrappa Manappa Lamani''' {{Audio|Rudrappa Manappa Lamani Pronunciation.ogg|pronunciation}} (born 1 June 1959) is an Indian politician from [[Karnataka]], who is currently serving as the 19th Deputy Speaker of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly, since July 2023.<ref name="Rudrappa Lamani elected unopposed as Deputy Speaker of Assembly">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=6 July 2023 |title=Rudrappa Lamani elected unopposed as Deputy Speaker of Assembly |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/rudrappa-lamani-elected-unopposed-as-deputy-speaker-of-assembly/article67048657.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425180136/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/rudrappa-lamani-elected-unopposed-as-deputy-speaker-of-assembly/article67048657.ece |archive-date=25 April 2025 |access-date=25 April 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref> He was elected as a member of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly from the [[Haveri Assembly constituency]] which is reserved for SC community in [[Haveri district]]. He won the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rudrappa Manappa Lamani in Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/karnataka/rudrappa-manappa-lamani-haveri-candidate-s10a084c003/ |access-date=2024-08-20 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Lamani is from Khanderayanahalli, [[Haveri]] district. His father Manappa is a farmer. He completed his graduation in 1982 from a college affiliated with [[Karnatak University]] and later did his LLB. His wife is a teacher.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rudrappa Manappa Lamani(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- HAVERI (SC)(HAVERI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Karnataka2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=6817 |access-date=2024-08-20 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> He belongs to Banjara community.

== Career ==
Lamani was elected in the Haveri Assembly constituency representing the Indian National Congress in the 2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election. He polled 93,827 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Gavisiddappa Dyamannavar of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 11,915 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka Election Results 2023 Constituency Wise Winning Candidates List |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/karnataka-election-results-2023-constituency-wise-winning-candidates-list |access-date=2024-08-20 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Earlier, he won the [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] from the same seat.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-13 |title=Haveri Constituency Election Results: Assembly seat details, MLAs, candidates & more |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/karnataka/constituency/haveri-assembly-constituency/articleshow/99018100.cms |access-date=2024-08-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Representing [[Indian National Congress|Congress]], he lost the [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] to Neharu Olekar of Bharatiya Janata Party by a margin of 11,304 votes.

Lamani was elected unopposed as the [[Deputy Speaker]] of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] in July 2023.<ref name="Rudrappa Lamani elected unopposed as Deputy Speaker of Assembly" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sastry |first=Shruthi H. M. |date=7 July 2023 |title=Rudrappa Lamani elected as Deputy Speaker |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/rudrappa-lamani-elected-as-deputy-speaker-1234580.html |access-date=2024-08-20 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> He became the 25th deputy speaker of the house. He was offered the post after Chamarajanagar MLA C. Puttarangashetty declined to take it up. Earlier, he served as a minister in the Congress government.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rudrappa Lamani elected unopposed as Deputy Speaker of Assembly |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/rudrappa-lamani-elected-unopposed-as-deputy-speaker-of-assembly/article67048657.ece |access-date=6 July 2023 |work=The Hindu|date=6 July 2023 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lamani, Rudrappa}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Haveri district]]
[[Category:Kannada people]]
[[Category:Karnatak University alumni]]

Bandori, India

2026-03-29T23:07:50Z

BradyGregg4996:

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bandori
| native_name = बन्दोरी
| native_name_lang = hi
|other_name = Bandauri
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.0959607|N|77.4558554|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bhopal district|Bhopal]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Huzur]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 453
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 408
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 482542
| iso_code =[[ISO 3166-2:IN|MP-IN]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Bandori''' is a village in the [[Bhopal district]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]. It is located in the [[Huzur]] [[tehsil]] and the [[Phanda]] [[community development block in India|block]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bhopal.nic.in/LSK.pdf |title=RFP Document for Establishing Operating and Maintaining Lok Seva Kendra |publisher=E-Governance Society Bhopal District |access-date=2015-07-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304082905/http://bhopal.nic.in/LSK.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04 }}</ref>

== Demographics ==

According to the [[2011 census of India]], Bandori has 104 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 81.9%.<ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite news |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2327_PART_B_DCHB_BHOPAL.pdf |title=District Census Handbook - Bhopal |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Madhya Pradesh |access-date=2015-07-20 }}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 408 || 223 || 185
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 60 || 38 || 22
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 19 || 11 || 8
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Literates || 285 || 175 || 110
|-
| Workers (all) || 236 || 126 || 110
|-
| Main workers (total) || 83 || 74 || 9
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 41 || 38 || 3
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 21 || 16 || 5
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Main workers: Other || 21 || 20 || 1
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 153 || 52 || 101
|-
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 15 || 10 || 5
|-
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 135 || 40 || 95
|-
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Others || 3 || 2 || 1
|-
| Non-workers || 172 || 97 || 75
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Villages in Huzur tehsil}}

[[Category:Villages in Huzur tehsil]]

Pakari, Siwan

2026-03-24T19:54:42Z

BradyGregg4996: new new post

{{Short description|Village in Siwan, Bihar}}
{{About|the gram panchayat in Siwan, Bihar, India|disambiguation|Pakari (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pakari
| native_name = पकड़ी
| native_name_lang = hi
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| image_skyline = File:Pakari Siwan Bihar.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Front of Panchayat Office, Pakari
| image_map = Map of Hasanpura.pdf
| map_caption = Pakari (#584) in [[Hasanpura]] block map
| pushpin_map = India Bihar
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar
| coordinates = {{coord|26|03|31|N|84|25|07|E|region:IN-BR|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{Flagicon image|Seal_of_Bihar.svg|size=23px}} [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Siwan district]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Community development block in India|Block]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Hasanpura]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_footnotes = <ref name="Pakari Panchayat" />
| government_type = Local Government
| governing_body = [[Panchayati Raj]]
| leader_title = [[Gram Panchayat|Panchayat]]
| leader_name = Pakari<ref name="Pakari Panchayat">{{Cite web |title= Pakari Panchayat|url=https://siwan.nic.in/village-panchayats|access-date=2025-05-01 |website=siwan.nic.in}}</ref>
| leader_title1 = [[Mukhi]]ya
| leader_name1 = Rita Devi
| leader_title2 = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituency]]
| leader_name2 = [[Siwan Lok Sabha constituency|Siwan]]
| leader_title3 = Assembly seat
| leader_name3 = [[Daraunda Assembly constituency|Daraunda]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Pakari Area">{{Cite web |title=Area of Pakari Village|url=https://villageinfo.org/village/232584 |access-date=2025-04-29 |website=villageinfo}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1.5125
| elevation_footnotes = <ref name="Pakari Elevation">{{Cite web |title=Sea Level of Pakari Village|url=https://www.freemaptools.com/elevation-finder.htm |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=freemaptools.com}}</ref>
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 2450
| population_as_of = 2,011 Census
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Population of Pakari Village">{{Cite web |title=Population of Pakari Village|url=https://villageinfo.org/village/232584 |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=villageinfo.org}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]] & [[English language|English]]
| demographics1_title2 = Regional
| demographics1_info2 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
| demographics_type2 = Demographics
| demographics2_title2 = [[Literacy in Bihar|Literacy]]<ref name="Summary Report of Merahi Village">{{Cite web |title=Summary Report of Pakari Village|url=https://villageinfo.org/village/232584 |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=village info}}</ref>
| demographics2_info2 = 54.29%
| demographics2_title3 = Sex ratio
| demographics2_info3 = 1126 (Males: 1,152 - 65.54%, Females: 1,298 - 44.30%)
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 841240
| registration_plate = [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#BR—Bihar|BR29]]
| blank1_name_sec1 =
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| blank2_name_sec1 =
| blank2_info_sec1 =
| website = {{URL|siwan.bih.nic.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-BR]]
| footnotes = Reference<ref name="Story of Pakari Village">{{Cite web |title=Story of Pakari Village|url=https://villageinfo.org/village/232584 |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=villageinfo.org|date=29 December 2024 }}</ref>
}}

'''Pakari''' or Pakri is a [[gram panchayat]] located in the [[Hasanpura]] block of [[Siwan district]] in the Indian state of [[Bihar]], [[India]].

== Geography ==
Pakari covers a total area of approximately 1.51 km2. Agriculture is the primary occupation due to rich alluvial soil.{{citation needed|date= May 2025}}

== Administration ==
Pakari functions under the Panchayati Raj system. The village is governed by a Gram Panchayat and administrated by an elected Mukhiya. As of the latest available data, the Mukhiya is Lt.Prabhunath Yadav.<ref name="localbody">{{Cite web|title=Pakari Gram Panchayat, Hasanpura Block|url=https://localbodydata.com/gram-panchayat-pakari-239371|website=Local Body Data|access-date=29 May 2025}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Pakari has a total population of 2,450 living in 397 households. There are 1,152 males and 1298 females, resulting in a sex ratio of 928 females per 1,000 males.<ref name="census">{{Cite web|title=Pakari Village Population – Siwan, Bihar|url=https://villageinfo.org/village/232584|website=Census 2011 India|access-date=20 May 2025}}</ref>

=== Age distribution ===
Children aged 0–6 years number 406, accounting for 16.56% of the population. The child sex ratio is 954, higher than the Bihar average of 935.<ref name="census"/>

=== Literacy ===
According to the 2011 Census, the literacy rate in Pakri is 54.29%. The male literacy rate is 65.54%, while the female literacy rate is 44.30%.<ref name="census"/>

== Villages in panchayat ==
* [[Dibi, Siwan|Dibi]]
* [[Merahi]]
* Chandparsha
* Shekhpura
* Mahual-Mahal

== See also ==
* [[Hasanpura]]
* [[Siwan district]]
* [[Panchayati raj (India)]]
* [[List of villages in Siwan district]]
* [[Siwan subdivision]]
* [[Administration in Bihar]]
* [[Daraunda Assembly constituency]]
* [[Siwan Lok Sabha constituency]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{wikiquote}}
{{Commons category}}

{{Siwan}}

[[Category:Villages in Siwan district]]

{{Siwan-geo-stub}}

Manjit Bawa

2026-03-19T10:14:50Z

BradyGregg4996: post

{{Short description|Indian painter (1941–2008)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2008}}
{{Infobox artist
| name = Manjit Bawa
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth year|1941}}
| birth_place = [[Dhuri, Punjab]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2008|12|29|1941}}
| death_place = [[Delhi]]
| field = painting
}}
'''Manjit Bawa''' (1941 – 29 December 2008), born in [[Dhuri]], [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]], [[India]], was an Indian painter.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bawa's canvases stood out as a message of peace |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Cities/Mumbai/Bawas_canvases_stood_out_as_a_message_of_peace/articleshow/3910628.cms |date =30 December 2008|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Biography==

Bawa was born in 1941 in [[Dhuri]], [[British India]].<ref name="Doshi, 2008">{{cite news|last1=Doshi |first1=Riddhi |title=Memories of Manjit Bawa, art world mourns the loss |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-memories-of-manjit-bawa-art-world-mourns-the-loss-1217448 |accessdate=18 January 2017 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |date=29 December 2008 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20170118174821/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-memories-of-manjit-bawa-art-world-mourns-the-loss-1217448 |archivedate=18 January 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> His elder brothers encouraged him to pursue art. He studied fine arts at the [[College of Art, Delhi|College of Art]], [[New Delhi]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Painter Manjit Bawa dies at 67|url=http://sify.com/news/fullstory.php?id=14826818 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120714212338/http://sify.com/news/fullstory.php?id=14826818 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-07-14 |date=2008-12-29|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> between 1958 and 1963, where his professors included [[Somnath Hore]], Rakesh Mehra, Dhanaraj Bhagat and [[B.C. Sanyal]]. "But I gained an identity under Abani Sen. Sen would ask me to do 50 sketches every day, only to reject most of them. As a result, I inculcated the habit of working continuously. He taught me to revere the figurative at a time when the entire scene was leaning in favor of the abstract. Without that initial training I could never have been able to distort forms and create the stylization you see in my work today," recalls Bawa.

==Works==
Between 1964 and 1971, Bawa worked as a silkscreen printer in [[United Kingdom|Britain]], where he also studied art. "On my return, I faced a crisis. I asked myself, 'What shall I paint?' I couldn't be just another derivative of a European style of painting." Instead, he found Indian mythology and Sufi (school of Islam) poetry. "I had been brought up on stories from the [[Mahabharat]], the [[Ramayan]], and the Puranas (Hindu mythological and sociological texts), on the poetry of [[Waris Shah]] (a Punjabi poet) and readings from the [[Guru Granth Sahib]] (holy book of the Sikhs)," he says.<ref>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/ht-school/manjit-bawa-artist-par-excellence-in-the-figurative-style/story-WZLIMovw5k8trnczTwrHkI.html, ''Manjit Bawa: Artist par excellence in the figurative style'', Hindustan Times, 28 December 2020]</ref>

Manjit Bawa's canvases are distinguishable in their colors - the ochre of sunflowers, the green of the paddy fields, the red of the sun, the blue of the mountain sky. He was one of the first painters to break out of the dominant grays and browns and opted for more traditionally Indian colors like pinks, reds and violet.

He had painted Ranjha, the cowherd from the tragic ballad Heer Ranjha and Lord Krishna with a flute surrounded by dogs and not cows as in mythological paintings. Indian gods Kali and Shiva, whom Bawa considers as "icons of my country", also figure prominently in his paintings.

Nature also plays inspiration here. When young, he would travel widely either on foot, by bicycle or simply, by hitchhiking. "I have been almost everywhere - Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat. I would spread a sheet of paper on the ground and draw the countryside. The colors and the simplicity of people I met fascinated me." Birds and animals make a constant appearance in his paintings, either alone or in human company. Besides nature, the flute is a recurring motif in his works. Bawa learnt to play the flute from maestro Pannalal Ghosh. He has painted Ranjha, the cowherd from the tragic love ballad Heer Ranjha, playing the flute. He has painted Krishna with a flute, surrounded by dogs and not by cows as mythological paintings depict him. Besides these, figures of Kali and Shiva dominate Bawa's canvases; "they are the icons of my country," he feels.

If Bawa is known for his vibrant paintings, he is also known for his love of spirituality, and particularly of Sufi philosophy. "I find a wealth of wisdom in the scriptures. Sufi philosophy has taught me that man and man, man and animals, can co-exist," he says.

The painter has been surrounded by controversies in his life as an artist, the most recent one being accused of forgery by his assistant.<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010114/spectrum/main4.htm Dinesh Rathod, ''Mystery of the fake Bawa'', The Tribune, 14 January 2001]</ref>

For Bawa, drawing is his first love. "I enjoy doing it, for it isn't decorative and loud. One can use minimum essentials to extract the maximum effect," says the artist. "I was inspired to return to drawing after seeing Michelangelo's sketches and drawings at an exhibition in Amsterdam, where I had gone for one of my shows. The idea stuck in my mind. I don't work on demand, but follow my heart and mind, for I feel everything has a time and a place."

==Personal life==
Manjit Bawa lived in Delhi. His wife's name was Sharda Bawa. Manjit Bawa's son's name is Ravi Bawa and his daughter's name is Bhavana Bawa. He died on 29 December 2008, aged 67. He was in a coma for three years after suffering a stroke.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://telegraphindia.com/1081230/jsp/frontpage/story_10319567.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103014922/http://telegraphindia.com/1081230/jsp/frontpage/story_10319567.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 January 2009 |title=Agony of wait outside intensive care units - Painter Bawa dies after 3 years in a coma in a country with little debate on life support |author=G.S Mudur |date=30 December 2008 |publisher=The Telegraph |accessdate=30 December 2008}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
*2002 'Meeting Manjit', film on Manjit Bawa directed by [[Buddhadeb Dasgupta]], received the National Award for Best Documentary
*1986 1st [[Bharat Bhawan]] Biennale, [[Bhopal]]
*1981 All India Exhibition of Prints and Drawings, [[Chandigarh]]
*1980 National Award, [[Lalit Kala Akademi]], [[New Delhi]]
*1963 Sailoz Prize, New Delhi<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.saffronart.com/artist/ArtistBiography.aspx?artistid=38|title = Manjit Bawa}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Ina Puri, ''In Black & White: The Authorized Biography of Manjit Bawa'', Not Avail (2006), {{ISBN|0-670-05879-3}}

==External links==
* [http://osianama.com/mast-art-0000087 Manjit Bawa Artworks and Public Auction Prices and Economic Data]
* [http://www.saffronart.com/artists/manjit-bawa "Manjit Bawa Profile, Interview, and Artworks"]
* [http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99jun13/sunday/view.htm ''"People like Bal Thackeray cannot judge art"'' (interview), The Tribune, 13 June 1999]
* [https://old-master-bawa.blogspot.com/ Indian Contemporary Art Blogs]
* [https://virtual-museum-india.blogspot.com/ India Virtual Museum]
* [

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bawa, Manjit}}
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:2008 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male painters]]
[[Category:People from Sangrur]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:Painters from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male artists]]
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]

S. Srinivasa Sriramacharyulu

2026-03-15T23:28:14Z

BradyGregg4996: new a info

{{more citations needed|date=October 2024}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Samavedam Srinivasa Sriramachayulu
| image = Dr Chari.jpg
| alt =
| caption = S. Srinivasa Sriramacharyulu
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date |1925|06|25}}
| birth_place = [[Visakhapatnam]], Andhra Pradesh, India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2009|12|23|1925|06|25|df=y}}
| death_place = New Delhi
| other_names =
| spouse = Pushpa<ref name="GALE" />
| known_for =
| occupation = {{hlist|Pathologist|Medical researcher}}
}}
'''Samavedam Srinivasa Sriramacharyulu''' (25 June 1925– 23 December 2009) was an Indian medical scientist. He was the first Additional Director of the Indian Council of Medical Research. He was the founding director of the Institute of Pathology.<ref name="Obituary">[http://instpath.gov.in/Newsletter-Jan-Dec-2009.pdf Dr. Samavedam Srinivasa Sriramacharyulu]</ref> In 1985, he was awarded the [[Padma Sri]], India's fourth-highest civilian award, for his outstanding contribution to the medical sciences and research.<ref name="Padmasri">{{cite web|title=Padma Awards Directory (1954–2014)|url=https://mha.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/Year_Wise_main_25042017.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|date=21 May 2014|access-date=15 October 2024|format=PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209002842/http://mha.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/Year_Wise_main_25042017.pdf|archive-date=9 February 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Early life ==
He was born on 25 June 1925, in [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name="Obituary" /> His graduate and post-graduate education came at Visakhapatnam Medical College. He earned his D.Sc. in Pathology while working as an Assistant Research Officer at the Nutritional Research Laboratories, Coonoor.<ref name="IJMR" /> He received a Tata Lady Memorial Trust Research Fellowship in 1950 under Professor M.D. Anantachari.<ref name="Obituary" /> In 1959, he went to the [[Armed Forces Institute of Pathology]] in Washington DC, USA for training in neuropathology.<ref name="Obituary" />

== Career ==
He was Director of the Institute of Pathology (1965–82). He acted as the First Additional Director General (1985) of the Indian Council of Medical Research.<ref name="IJMR">{{cite journal |last1=Nath |first1=Indira |title=Obituary |journal=Indian Journal of Medical Research |date=1 March 2010 |volume=131 |issue=3 |pages=463–465 |url=https://journals.lww.com/ijmr/citation/2010/31030/obituary.21.aspx |access-date=15 October 2024}}</ref> In 1976, he received fellowships from institutions such as the [[National Academy of Medical Sciences|Indian National Science Academy of Medical Sciences]], the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]], the Andhra Pradesh Academy of Medical Sciences, etc., and performed medical research.<ref name="Obituary" />

He was involved in autopsies on victims of the Kanishaka air crash, Sivarasan of [[Rajiv Gandhi]] assassination, and the [[Bhopal disaster]]. The latter affected him for the rest of his life and he got immersed in understanding the causes of deaths due to [[methyl isothiocyanate]] (MIC), but also the long-term effects on the survivors.<ref name="IJMR" />

He died on 23 December 2009, in New Delhi.<ref name="Obituary" /><ref name="GALE">[https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A224711446/AONE?u=tel_oweb&sid=googleScholar&xid=5000fe4f Dr S.S. Sriramachari (1925–2009)]</ref>

==Awards==
* [[Padma Sri]] in 1985

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Medicine}}

[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:2009 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]
[[Category:Scientists from Andhra Pradesh]]

1999 Chamoli earthquake

2026-03-15T21:21:16Z

BradyGregg4996: adjust article further and corrected details per standard format

{{short description|Severe earthquake in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox earthquake
| title = 1999 Chamoli earthquake
| timestamp = 1999-03-28 19:05:11
| anss-url = usp00095cb
| isc-event = 1547491
| local-time = 00:35
| local-date = 29 March 1999
| map2 = {{Location map | India Uttarakhand#India
| relief = yes
| label =
| lat = 30.512
| long = 79.403
| mark = Bullseye1.png
| marksize = 40
| position = top
| width = 250
| float = right
| caption = }}
| magnitude = 6.6 {{M|w|link=y|src=[[Advanced National Seismic System|ANSS]]}}
| depth = {{convert|15|km|mi|0}}
| location = {{coord|30.512|N|79.403|E}}
| type = Thrust<ref>Rastogi, Bal. (2000). [http://www.geosocindia.org/index.php/jgsi/article/view/69441 Chamoli earthquake of magnitude 6.6 on 29 March 1999]. ''Journal of the Geological Society of India''. 55. 505–514.</ref>
| intensity = {{MMI|8}}<ref name=NGDC/>
| countries affected = [[India]]
| casualties = Approximately 103 dead<ref name=IMD/>
}}

The '''1999 Chamoli earthquake''' occurred on 29 March in the [[Chamoli district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Uttar Pradesh]] (now in [[Uttarakhand]]). Approximately 103 people died in the earthquake.

==Cause==
The [[Himalayas|Himalaya Range]] has been undergoing crustal shortening along the 2,400 km long northern edge of the [[Indian plate]] which resulted in the formation of several [[thrust fault]]s including the [[Main Central Thrust]] (MCT), the [[Main Boundary Thrust]] (MBT) and the [[Main Frontal Thrust]] (MFT). The MCT consists of three sub-thrusts: MCT I, MCT II and MCT III. Many earthquakes have occurred along these thrust faults. It is thought that the Chamoli earthquake in 1999 was associated with these fault systems.<ref name=NICEE>[http://www.nicee.org/eqe-iitk/uploads/EQR_Chamoli.pdf Chamoli (Himalaya, India) Earthquake of 29 March 1999] ''National Information Center of Earthquake Engineering''</ref>

==Description==
The [[earthquake]] was the strongest to hit the foothills of the Himalayas in more than ninety years.<ref name=BBCWSAQDTN100>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/306721.stm World: South Asia Quake death toll nears 100] [[BBC News]]</ref> Apart from the Chamoli district, the quake also affected five other districts of Uttar Pradesh viz. [[Rudraprayag]], [[Tehri Garhwal]], [[Bageshwar]], [[Uttarkashi]] and [[Pauri Garhwal]] (all are in [[Uttarakhand]] now). Among these, Chamoli and Rudraprayag were the most affected districts.<ref name=IMD/> [[Aftershock]]s continued and most of the aftershocks occurred in the east of Chamoli.<ref name=NICEE/> Officials from [[Pakistan]] reported that the quake was also felt in [[Lahore]] and [[Gujranwala]].<ref name=BBCWSAQDTN100/>

==Damage and casualties==
Severe ground deformations resulted from the earthquake. Formation of [[ground fissure]]s were reported from many areas. [[Landslide]]s and changes in the [[groundwater]] flow were also reported. Well-developed ground cracks were seen in [[Gopeshwar]], Chamoli and Bairagna. Cracks were observed in [[asphalt road]]s at several locations.<ref name=NICEE/> Landslips cut off parts of Mandakini valley and Mandal valley and many major roads.<ref name=IAS/>

The death toll was 103.<ref name=IMD/> Several hundred people were injured and approximately 50,000 houses were damaged.<ref name=IASESPCEI>[http://www.ias.ac.in/jess/jun2001/1426.pdf Estimation of source parameters of Chamoli Earthquake, India] ''Indian Academy of Sciences''</ref> Over 2,000 villages were affected by the earthquake.<ref name=ADPC/> [[Electricity]], [[water supply]] and [[communication]] were also severely affected by the earthquake especially in the Chamoli town, [[Gopeshwar]] and [[Okhimath]] region of [[Rudraprayag district]].<ref name=IAS/> According to [[Mike Wooldridge (broadcaster)|Mike Wooldridge]], correspondent for the [[BBC News]], Chamoli suffered most damage and almost all the houses and shops built on slopes in the lower part of the town were destroyed.<ref name=BBCWSAQDTN100/>

The bridge deck of a [[Footbridge|pedestrian]] [[suspension bridge]] situated near Bairagna developed lateral [[buckling]] and the cables of the bridge were loosened. [[Pipeline transport#Water pipelines|Water pipelines]] in Chamoli and Gopeshwar towns were damaged affecting water supply due to landslides caused by the quake. The concrete-lined canals of the [[irrigation]] network in the affected region sustained some cracks.<ref name=NICEE/>

In [[Delhi]], many buildings sustained non-structural damage.<ref name=HINDUWAER>{{usurped|[https://archive.today/20130126002153/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/01/31/stories/14312185.htm Who's afraid of earthquakes really?]}} ''[[The Hindu]]''</ref> According to Dr B.L. Wadhera, who filed a public interest litigation in the [[Delhi High Court]], cracks developed in the Shastri Bhavan in Delhi which houses several Union Ministries.<ref name=HINDUDIEHQ>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20090107094212/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/01/27/stories/0127000e.htm 'Delhi ill-equipped to handle quakes']}} ''The Hindu''</ref> Damage occurred in several buildings in [[Dehradun]] also. A few old buildings of the [[Survey of India]] sustained collapse of gable masonry, and cracks developed along the junctions between the pitched roof and the masonry walls.<ref name=NICEE/>

==Relief efforts==
Rescue operations were hampered by landslides, loss of electrical power and the loss of communication links with Chamoli. Many road workers became involved to clear landslide debris from a 16 km stretch of road leading to the worst-affected area.<ref name=BBCWSAQDTN100/> Local people carried out search and rescue operations.<ref name=NICEE/> Rescue efforts were led by the [[Indian Army]]<ref name=BBCWSAQDTN100/> and [[Paramilitary forces of India|Paramilitary]] personnel were also called-in to aid.<ref name=NICEE/> The army used [[Equipment of the Indian Army#Aircraft|helicopters]] to ferry in supplies.<ref name=BBCWSAQDTN100/> Food and other necessary supplies were air-dropped to villages which lacked motorable roads and where roads were damaged due to landslides.<ref name=NICEE/> Locals organized a committee to make sure that those most affected receive food.<ref name=BBCWSAQDTN100/>

==See also==
*[[Earthquake zones of India]]
*[[1991 Uttarkashi earthquake]]
*[[List of earthquakes in 1999]]
*[[List of earthquakes in India]]

==References==
<references>
<ref name=ADPC>[http://www.adpc.net/audmp/projectoutputs/nepal/report-chamoli-eq-1.pdf Chamoli Earthquake of 29 March 1999, India] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071121152230/http://www.adpc.net/audmp/projectoutputs/nepal/report-chamoli-eq-1.pdf |date=21 November 2007 }} ''Asian Disaster Preparedness Center''</ref>
<ref name=IAS>[http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/jul10/articles10.htm 29 March 1999 Chamoli earthquake: A preliminary report on earthquake-induced landslides using IRS-1C/1D data] ''[[Indian Academy of Sciences]]''</ref>
<ref name=IMD>[http://www.imd.ernet.in/section/seismo/static/chamoli.htm Chamoli earthquake of 29 March 1999] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080405093429/http://www.imd.ernet.in/section/seismo/static/chamoli.htm |date=5 April 2008 }} ''[[India Meteorological Department]]''</ref>
<ref name=NGDC>{{citation|title=Significant Earthquake Database|url=https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/form?t=101650&s=1&d=1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060929000601/http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/form?t=101650&s=1&d=1|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 September 2006|author=National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS)|publisher=[[National Geophysical Data Center]], [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]|doi=10.7289/V5TD9V7K|year=1972}}</ref>
</references>

==Further reading==
* {{citation|title=Aftershocks of the March 1999 Chamoli Earthquake and Seismotectonic Structure of the Garhwal Himalaya|url=http://bssa.geoscienceworld.org/content/93/1/109.abstract|first1=J. R.|last1=Kayal|first2=S.|last2=Ram|first3=O. P.|last3=Singh|first4=P. K.|last4=Chakraborty|first5=G.|last5=Karunakar|year=2003|journal=Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America|volume=93|number=1|pages=109–117|doi=10.1785/0119990139|bibcode=2003BuSSA..93..109K|url-access=subscription}}
*{{citation|title=Seismic Tomography Structure of the 1999 Chamoli Earthquake Source Area in the Garhwal Himalaya|year=2003|last1=Mukhopadhyay|first1=S.|journal=Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America|volume=93|issue=4|pages=1854–1861|bibcode=2003BuSSA..93.1854M|doi=10.1785/0120020130| citeseerx=10.1.1.876.699 }}

==External links==
* {{EQ-isc-link|1547491}}
* {{ReliefWeb-link|eq-1999-0099-ind}}

{{Disasters in Uttarakhand}}
{{Earthquakes in 1999}}
{{Earthquakes in India}}
{{Himalayan earthquakes}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Earthquakes in India|1999 Chamoli]]
[[Category:1999 earthquakes|Chamoli earthquake]]
[[Category:1999 in India|Chamoli earthquake]]
[[Category:History of Uttarakhand (1947–present)]]
[[Category:Disasters in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Chamoli district]]
[[Category:March 1999 in India]]
[[Category:1990s in Uttar Pradesh]]

Goan cashew

2026-03-08T18:49:08Z

BradyGregg4996: put up initial info initial version - done

{{Short description|Cashew variety grown in Goa, India}}
{{Infobox geographical indication
| name = Goa cashew
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| alternative names = Goa Kaju, Goa Caju
| description = [[Cashew]] variety grown in Goa, India
| type =[[Cashew]]
| area = [[Goa]]
| country = India
| registered = 3 October 2023
| material =
| official website ={{URL|https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GirPublic/Application/Details/714|ipindia.gov.in}}}}
The '''Goan cashew''' refers to the variety of the [[cashew]] fruit grown in the [[State of India|Indian state]] of [[Goa]], which is one of the major cashew-growing Indian states.<ref>{{cite book |title=Sixth Five Year Plan, 1980-85 |date=1984 |publisher=Directorate of Planning, Statistics, and Evaluation, Government of the Union Territory of Goa, Daman and Diu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RFViVCn-UJkC&q=goa+cashew+oldest |access-date=5 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref> In the entire state of Goa, the cashew crop spans approximately 55,302 hectares, yielding an estimated 27,070 tonnes annually.<ref>{{cite web |title=ICAR-CCARI, Goa |url=https://ccari.icar.gov.in/dss/cashew.html#:~:text=Cashew%20is%20one%20of%20the,of%20North%20East%20hill%20region. |website=ICAR-Central Coastal Agricultural Research Institute |access-date=13 November 2024}}</ref> Goa Kaju or Goa Caju are variations of the same name.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bradnock |first1=Robert W. |last2=Bradnock |first2=Roma |title=Footprint Goa Handbook: The Travel Guide |date=2002 |publisher=Footprint Handbooks |isbn=978-1-903471-22-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1cRvBS4f2twC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=goan+kaju&dq=goan+kaju&printsec=frontcover |access-date=7 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=What the GI tag can mean for the cashew industry in Goa |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/goan-cashew-gets-gi-tag-how-this-can-help-the-industry-in-the-state-8978577/ |access-date=5 November 2024 |work=The Indian Express |date=11 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

Under its [[Geographical Indications in India|Geographical Indication]] tag, it is referred to as "Goa Cashew (Kaju or Caju)".<ref name=":0" />

Goa cashew is the state fruit of Goa and is a prized commercial [[horticulture]] crop.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bhatt |first1=S. C. |title=Land and people of Indian states and union territories : (in 36 volumes) |date=2005 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7835-356-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E7Qrc4Z-ZdAC&dq=cashew+state+crop+of+goa&pg=PA164 |access-date=5 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Its exceptional kernel quality and inherently organic plantations make it highly sought after.<ref>{{cite news |title=In Graphics: What is the GI tag that the Goan cashew has received? |url=https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/in-graphics-gi-tag-goan-cashew-pramod-sawant-indian-food-13256622.html |access-date=5 November 2024 |work=Firstpost |date=16 October 2023 |language=en-us}}</ref>

==Name==
It is named after its place of origin, the state of Goa, located on the west coast of Goa while Kaju means Cashew - in the local state language of [[Konkani language|Konkani]] while Caju means the same in [[Portuguese language]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Antony |first1=Philomena Sequeira |title=The Goa Bahia intra-colonial relations, 1675 - 1825 |date=2004 |publisher=Institute for Research in Social Sciences and Humanities |location=Tellicherry |isbn=978-81-88432-09-7 |edition=1. publ |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H2VuAAAAMAAJ&q=goa+kaju+konkani |access-date=5 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Borges |first1=Charles J. |last2=Pereira |first2=Oscar Guilherme |last3=Stubbe |first3=Hannes |title=Goa and Portugal: History and Development |date=2000 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-7022-867-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=diISslZgIAkC&dq=portuguese+goa+caju&pg=PA191 |access-date=5 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref> The [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] brought it from [[Brazil]] to [[Goa]], formerly ''[[Estado da Índia Portuguesa]]'', between 1560 and 1565.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Souza |first1=Teotonio R. De |title=Goa to Me |date=1994 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-7022-504-1 |page=41 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wy9qBd8u0M0C?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=inauthor:%22Teotonio+R.+De+Souza%22&printsec=frontcover |access-date=7 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Jarnagin |first1=Laura |title=Portuguese and Luso-Asian Legacies in Southeast Asia, 1511-2011: The making of the Luso-Asian world, intricacies of engagement |date=2011 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-kloBwAAQBAJ&dq=introduced+goa+cashew+Estado+da+%C3%8Dndia&pg=PA41 |access-date=5 November 2024 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |isbn=978-981-4345-25-5 |language=en}}</ref> From there, it spread throughout Southeast Asia and eventually Africa. It was introduced to Goa by the Portuguese approximately 450 years ago, was initially intended for soil conservation and wasteland development through afforestation. However, its significant economic value remained unrealized for nearly a century. It wasn't until 100 years after its introduction that the commercial potential of cashew nuts became apparent, gradually elevating its importance. The processing technology for Goa Cashew has a rich history, dating back around 350 years.<ref>{{cite web |title=Techniques and practices for cashew production. |url=https://ccari.icar.gov.in/TB%20No.21.pdf |website=ICAR-CCARI |access-date=5 November 2024}}</ref>

==Features==
===Physical characteristics===
* Outer shell: Grey-colored, slightly fat
* Inner seed (Cashew Kernel/ Nut): Ivory white

===Culinary significance===
Goa Cashew nuts are an integral part of Goan cuisine, particularly in:
* Sweets and curry recipes<ref>{{cite web |title=Kaju Katli to French Macaron, Paris Olympians reveal their foodie side |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/o-heraldo-in-paris/kaju-katli-to-french-macaron-paris-olympians-reveal-their-foodie-side/224678 |website=Herald Goa |access-date=5 November 2024 |language=en |date=11 August 2024}}</ref>
* Goa Biya Bhaji, a famous local dish<ref>{{cite web |title=Serving authentic Goan goodies |work=Business Goa |url=https://businessgoa.in/serving-authentic-goan-goodies/ |access-date=5 November 2024 |date=27 November 2023}}</ref>
* Snacking, adding nutty crunch, texture, and flavor

===Health benefits===
Goa Cashew nuts provide:
* Substantial energy for health-conscious individuals<ref>{{cite web |title=Health Benefit of a Handful of Cashew Nuts (Anacardium Occidentale L.) to Prevent Different Disorders Like Diabetes, Heart Disorders, Cancer, Weight Gain, Gallstone, Migraine Headache |url=https://gsbb.goa.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Gazette-Notification-of-Plantation-Scheme.pdf |website=Goa State Biodiversity Board |access-date=5 November 2024}}</ref>
* Relief from recurring migraines due to Magnesium's relaxing effect on blood vessels<ref>{{cite news |title=12 best-selling Cashew nuts for a crunchy and delicious snack time |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/top-trending-products/food-beverages/cashew-nuts-for-a-crunchy-and-delicious-snack-time/articleshow/107859773.cms?from=mdr |access-date=5 November 2024 |work=The Economic Times |date=20 February 2024}}</ref>

===Unique features===
* Taste<ref name="The Times of India">{{cite news |title=Goan cashew with unique taste & identity gets GI tag |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/goan-cashew-with-unique-taste-identity-gets-gi-tag/articleshow/104148345.cms |access-date=5 November 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=4 October 2023}}</ref>
* Enjoyed plain or in recipes, savory to sweet<ref>{{cite news |title=IHCL celebrates Goa's culinary heritage at Cashew Fest Goa 2024 |url=https://www.gomantaktimes.com/my-goa/art-culture/ihcl-celebrates-goas-culinary-heritage-at-cashew-fest-goa-2024 |access-date=5 November 2024 |work=Goa News on Gomantak Times |date=10 May 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
* Large size cashew nuts unique to Goa

===Economic significance===
* "Poor man's crop" and "rich man's favorite snack" globally<ref>{{cite web |title=ANALYSIS OF CASHEW VALUE CHAIN IN GOA |url=https://www.midh.gov.in/VCS%20Reports/Value%20Chain%20Study%20on%20Cashew%20in%20Goa.pdf |website=Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH) |access-date=5 November 2024}}</ref>
* Widely used in Goan culinary, including cashew apples for [[Feni (liquor)|Feni]] production<ref>{{cite book |last1=Malgonkar |first1=Manohar |title=Inside Goa |date=2004 |publisher=Architecture Autonomous |isbn=978-81-901830-0-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DHMMAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=goan+kaju&dq=goan+kaju&printsec=frontcover |access-date=7 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Kohli |first1=Manek S. |title=Tasting Feni In Goa With Locals |url=https://www.outlooktraveller.com/experiences/food-and-drink/what-is-it-like-to-go-feni-tasting-in-goa |website=Outlook Traveller |access-date=5 November 2024 |language=en |date=12 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Staff Writer |title=Feni: A 500-Year-Old Goan Tradition {{!}} Madras Courier |url=https://madrascourier.com/insight/feni-a-500-year-old-goan-tradition/ |access-date=5 November 2024 |date=22 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=GI tag for cashew nuts to put Goa on global culinary map |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/gi-tag-for-cashew-nuts-to-put-goa-on-global-culinary-map/articleshow/105425044.cms |access-date=5 November 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=23 November 2023}}</ref>
* Supports foreign exchange through export, providing high returns to farmers<ref>{{cite news |title=Cashewnut exports dip, but it's no bolt from the blue for growers |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/cashewnut-exports-dip-but-its-no-bolt-from-the-blue-for-growers-1242292.html |access-date=5 November 2024 |work=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

===Tourist favorite===
* Tourists visiting Goa ensure they buy Goa Cashew nuts before departing, making it a cherished souvenir.<ref name="The Times of India"/>

==Geographical indication==
It was awarded the [[List of geographical indications in India|Geographical Indication]] (GI) status tag from the [[Geographical Indication Registry (India)|Geographical Indications Registry]] under the [[Government of India|Union Government of India]] on 3 October 2023 (valid until 25 October 2030).<ref>{{cite news |title=GI Tag for Goan Cashew: Unpacking the key details — an explainer - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/photos/business/geographical-indications-gi-tag-goan-cashew-unpacking-key-details-an-explainer-18068901.htm |access-date=5 November 2024 |work=CNBCTV18 |date=16 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=8 Amazing GI-Tagged Products From Goa to Bring Home With You |url=https://thebetterindia.com/web-stories/goa-food-gi-tag-cashews-feni-harmal-khaje-bebinca-sat-shiro-bheno/ |website=The Better India |access-date=5 November 2024}}</ref>

Goa Cashew Manufactures Association (GCMA) from [[Panaji]] proposed the GI registration of Goa Cashew (Kaju or Caju). After filing the application on 26/10/2020, the Cashew was granted the GI tag in 2023 by the Geographical Indication Registry in [[Chennai]], making the name "Goa Cashew (Kaju or Caju)" exclusive to the cashews grown in the region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Goan Cashew Gets GI Tag |url=https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/goan-cashew-gets-gi-tag |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=Drishti IAS |language=en}}</ref> It thus became the 2nd Cashew variety from India after [[Vengurla taluka|Vengurla]] Cashew and the 10th type of goods from Goa to earn the GI tag.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Geographical Indications |publisher=Intellectual Property India |url=https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublic/Application/Details/714 |access-date=5 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Goa Cashew Manufacturing Association (GCMA) {{!}} Business Goa |url=https://businessgoa.in/tag/goa-cashew-manufacturing-association-gcma/ |access-date=5 November 2024}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Goa Mankurad Mango]]
* [[Harmal chilli]]
* [[Khola chilli]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Goan cuisine]]
[[Category:Economy of Goa]]
[[Category:Agriculture in Goa]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in Goa]]
[[Category:Cashew production in India]]

Christoph von Fürer-Haimendorf

2026-03-06T17:11:39Z

BradyGregg4996: put up first entry first draft - done

{{Short description|Austrian ethnologist and professor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{more footnotes|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Christoph von Fürer-Haimendorf
| honorific_suffix = [[Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland|FRAI]]
| image = Fürer Siebmacher205 - Nürnberg.jpg
| alt =
| caption = [[Coat of arms]] of the House of Fürer-Haimendorf
| birth_name = Christopher von Fürer-Haimendorf
| birth_date = {{Birth-date|22 June 1909}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1995|06|11|1909|06|22|df=yes}}
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Ethnologist
| years_active = 1943–1982
| known_for = Fieldwork in Northeast India and in the central region of what is now the state of Telangana and in Nepal
| notable_works = The Chenchus, The Reddis of the Bison Hills, The Raj Gonds of Adilibad
| spouse = [[Betty von Fürer-Haimendorf|Betty Barnardo]]
}}

'''Christoph von Fürer-Haimendorf''' or '''Christopher von Fürer-Haimendorf''' [[Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland|FRAI]] (22 June 1909 – 11 June 1995) was an [[Austrians|Austrian]] [[ethnologist]] and professor at the [[SOAS, University of London|School of Oriental and African Studies at London]]. He spent forty years studying tribal cultures in [[Northeast India]], in the central region of what is now the state of [[Telangana]] and in [[Nepal]].<ref name=obit>{{cite journal|author= Turin, Mark |year=1997| title=In Memory of Christoph von Furer-Haimendorf| journal= Himalaya, the Journal of the Association for Nepal and Himalayan Studies| volume=17|issue= 2|pages=1–3| url=http://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/himalaya/vol17/iss2/6 }}</ref> He was married to British ethnologist of India and Nepal, [[Betty von Fürer-Haimendorf|Betty Barnardo]].

==Biography==
Christoph von Fürer-Haimendorf was born in an Austrian [[Aristocracy (class)|aristocratic]] family. Very early he developed an interest in [[Indian culture]], having read [[Rabindranath Tagore]] as a young man.

He studied [[anthropology]] and [[archaeology]] in Vienna and there he was most influenced by [[Robert von Heine-Geldern]]. He wrote his thesis on the tribal social organization of the peoples of [[Assam]] and northwestern [[Burma]] (''Staat und Gesellschaft bei den Völkern Assams und des nordwestlichen Birmas'')<ref>{{cite web|url=http://austria-forum.org/af/Wissenssammlungen/Biographien/F%C3%BCrer-Haimendorf,_Christoph_von|title=Fürer-Haimendorf, Christoph von - Biographien im Austria-Forum|work=Austria-Forum}}</ref> and in later years was inspired by [[John Henry Hutton]], a fellow researcher of the tribal communities in that region.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |first=Alan |last=Macfarlane |chapter=Hutton, John Henry (1885–1968) |title=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=January 2011 |section-url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/53568 |accessdate=8 November 2013 |chapter-url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=obit />

After his thesis, von Fürer-Haimendorf moved to London in order to establish contact with the main anthropologists of his time, such as [[Bronislaw Malinowski]]. By 1936 he traveled to India, where he worked among the [[Naga people]] and established good friendships among the local administrators of the [[British Raj]]. After five months and great effort, he succeeded in learning the local language and was able to do without an [[interpreter]]. From then onwards, von Fürer-Haimendorf would insist that it was of the utmost importance for an ethnologist or [[ethnographer]] to learn well the language of the people who were the subject of the fieldwork in order to be competent in his or her studies.<ref name="soasobit"/>

In 1938, von Fürer-Haimendorf married [[Betty von Fürer-Haimendorf|Betty Barnardo]], a colleague. At the time he only made a brief visit to Europe and returned to India, so that at the outbreak of [[World War II]] he found himself in British territory holding a [[Third Reich]] passport.
He was arrested by the colonial authorities, but with a great degree of politeness and sadness, for they were good friends of his. Thus he was confined to [[Hyderabad State]] in [[South India]]. As time went by von Fürer-Haimendorf earned the trust of the local authorities, who could see that he had no Nazi sympathies. He was then able to do some of his best fieldwork ever while living among the [[Chenchu]], [[Bhil]], [[Konda Reddis|Reddi]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft8r29p2r8&chunk.id=d0e195&toc.id=d0e195&brand=ucpress|title=Tribes of India|work=cdlib.org}}</ref> and the [[Raj Gond]] [[Adivasi]] of present-day interior Telangana.

Thanks to friendly government officers, which included fellow ethnologist [[Verrier Elwin]], von Fürer-Haimendorf was able to obtain a post as Special Officer and Assistant Political Officer to the [[North East Frontier Agency]], so he could move back to Northeast India. He studied the [[Apatani people|Apatani]]s in 1944–45, when there were tensions in the area owing to the [[Japanese conquest of Burma]].

When the war was over von Fürer-Haimendorf was named Advisor for Tribes and [[Backward Classes]] to the [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizam's]] Government of Hyderabad and returned to the South where he continued to do ethnographic fieldwork while he was engaged as government officer. In 1953, when the [[Kingdom of Nepal]] opened to the outside world, von Fürer-Haimendorf did not want to lose the opportunity to visit the then little-known country and became the first foreigner who was able to do research among the [[Demographics of Nepal|peoples of Nepal]].

Christoph von Fürer-Haimendorf lived his old age in London, where he became professor of anthropology at the School of Oriental and African Studies. In 1987, following the death of his wife, his health suffered a decline from which he did not recover. He died on 11 June 1995 and was buried in London.<ref name="soasobit">{{cite journal |author1=Alan Macfarlane |author2=Mark Turin |title=Professor Christoph von Fürer-Haimendorf 1909–1995 |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |date=1996 |volume=59 |issue=3|pages=548–551 |doi=10.1017/s0041977x00030664|doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Works==
Von Fürer-Haimendorf published 3,650 pages of ethnographic notes and took more than 10,000 photographs.<ref>[http://www.alanmacfarlane.com/TEXTS/FURER3.PDF Review: Christoph von Fürer-Haimendorf, ''Life among Indian tribes: the autobiography of an anthropologist'', Oxford University Press, Delhi, 1990]</ref> He also shot a total of over 100 hours of 16 mm [[documentary film]]s, giving a glimpse on the way of life of certain little-known cultures that were poised to change irreversibly.

*Published writings:
**''The Naked Nagas'' (1939)
**''The Chenchus'' (1943)
**''The Reddis of the Bison Hills'' (1945)
**''The Raj Gonds of Adilabad'' (1948)
**''The Apatanis and their neighbours'' (1962)
**''Morals and merit'' (1967)<ref>Christoph von Fürer-Haimendorf, ''Morals and merit: a study of values and social controls in South Asian societies''</ref>
**''The Sherpas of Nepal'' (1964)
**''The Bagoria Bhil'' (1964)<ref>Christoph von Fürer-Haimendorf, Matthias Hermanns, ''Die religiös-magische weltanschauung der Primitivstämme Indiens.'' Band I. Die Bhagoria Bhil. Franz Steiner Verlag. Wiesbaden 1964.</ref>
**''The Konyak Nagas'' (1969)
**''Himalayan Traders: Life in Highland Nepal'' (1975)
**''Return to the naked Nagas: an anthropologist's view of Nagaland'' 1936–1970 (1976)
**''Tribes of India: The Struggle for Survival'' (1982)<ref>Christoph von Fürer-Haimendorf, ''Tribes of India: The Struggle for Survival'', Oxford University Press, Delhi, 1982.</ref>
*Films:
**''The Men Who Hunted Heads'' (1970)
**''The land of the Gurkhas'' (1957)
**''The land of Dolpo'' (1962)

==Archives==
The papers and photographs of Christoph von Fürer-Haimendorf are held by [https://www.soas.ac.uk/library/archives/collections/a-z/h/ SOAS Archives]. In 2010, more than 14,000 of these images were digitised and are available online [https://digital.soas.ac.uk//results/?t=haimendorf here].

==See also==
*[[Kulturkreis]]
*[[Paul Hockings]]
*[[Stephen Fuchs]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
* Andre Gingrich: ''Konturen eines Frontwechsels: Christoph Fürer-Haimendorfs Wege vom NS-Sympathisanten zum britischen Regierungs'' in: Andre Gingrich; Peter Rohrbacher (Hg.), Völkerkunde zur NS-Zeit aus Wien (1938–1945): Institutionen, Biographien und Praktiken in Netzwerken (Phil.-hist. Kl., Sitzungsberichte 913; Veröffentlichungen zur Sozialanthropologie 27/3). Wien: Verlag der ÖAW 2021, S. 1583–1610. [[doi:10.1553/978OEAW86700]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100401031407/http://www.seas.at/blog/wp-content/uploads/2008/04/rmvoelkerkunde.pdf Ralf Meßner, ''Christoph von Fürer-Haimendorf: Die Stellung der Naturvölker in Indien und Südostasien.'']
* Alban von Stockhausen: ''Imag(in)ing the Nagas: The Pictorial Ethnography of Hans-Eberhard Kauffmann and Christoph von Fürer-Haimendorf''. Arnoldsche, Stuttgart 2014, {{ISBN|978-3-89790-412-5}}.

==External links==
*[http://www.soas.ac.uk/furer-haimendorf/archive/ The Fürer-Haimendorf Archive] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191013064023/http://www.soas.ac.uk/furer-haimendorf/archive/ |date=13 October 2019 }}
*[https://digital.soas.ac.uk/furer Fürer-Haimendorf Collection of Photography, Notebooks, etc.]
*[http://www.digitalhimalaya.com/collections/haimendorf/ Fürer-Haimendorf Collection]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160303184927/http://dart.columbia.edu/haimendorf/index.html The Fieldwork of Christoph von Fürer-Haimendorf ]
* [https://www.sms.cam.ac.uk/media/1116916 Interviewed by Alan Macfarlane 17 June 1983 (video)]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Furer-Haimendorf, Christoph Von}}
[[Category:Northeast India]]
[[Category:Austrian anthropologists]]
[[Category:Travel photographers]]
[[Category:Visual anthropologists]]
[[Category:Austrian ethnographers]]
[[Category:Austrian ethnologists]]
[[Category:1995 deaths]]
[[Category:1909 births]]
[[Category:20th-century anthropologists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland]]
[[Category:Himalayan studies]]
[[Category:Austrian Indologists]]
[[Category:Austrian expatriates in India]]

Frequency modulation

2026-03-06T17:06:54Z

BradyGregg4996: General improvements to article content

{{Short description|Electronic method of transmitting information with a carrier wave}}
{{For|the application of frequency modulation to radio broadcasting|FM broadcasting}}
{{Redirect|NFM}}
{{Modulation techniques}}

[[File:Amfm3-en-de.gif|thumb|right|250px|A signal may be carried by an [[Amplitude modulation|AM]] or FM radio wave.|alt=Animation of audio, AM and FM signals]]
[[File:GE FM radio antistatic demonstration 1940.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|FM has better noise ([[Radio Frequency Interference|RFI]]) rejection than AM, as shown in this dramatic New York publicity demonstration by [[General Electric]] in 1940. The radio has both AM and FM receivers. With a million-volt [[electric arc]] as a source of interference behind it, the AM receiver produced only a roar of [[Radio noise|static]], while the FM receiver clearly reproduced a music program from Armstrong's experimental FM transmitter [[W2XMN]] in New Jersey.]]

'''Frequency modulation''' ('''FM''') is a [[signal modulation]] technique used in electronic communication, originally for transmitting messages with a [[radio wave]]. In frequency modulation a [[carrier wave]] is varied in its [[instantaneous frequency]] in proportion to a property, primarily the instantaneous amplitude, of a message signal, such as an [[audio signal]].<ref>{{Cite book|page=85|title=Machines and Inventions|first=Robert H.|last=Smith|publisher=Time Life|year=1993|location=Alexandria, VA|isbn=0-8094-9704-2}}</ref> The technology is used in [[telecommunications]], [[radio broadcasting]], [[signal processing]], and [[Run-length limited#FM: .280.2C1.29 RLL|computing]].

In [[Analog signal|analog]] frequency modulation, such as radio broadcasting of voice and music, the instantaneous [[frequency deviation]], i.e. the difference between the frequency of the carrier and its center frequency, has a functional relation to the modulating signal amplitude.

[[Digital data]] can be encoded and transmitted using a form of frequency modulation known as [[frequency-shift keying]] (FSK), in which the frequency of a carrier is switched among a discrete set of values. In its simplest form, binary FSK, two frequencies represent binary symbols 0 and 1. FSK is widely used in low to moderate data-rate applications because of its simplicity and robustness. Common uses include early computer [[Modem|modems]] (such as fax modems), telephone [[Caller ID|caller-ID]] systems, garage-door openers, remote keyless entry systems, and [[radioteletype]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Gibilisco |first=Stan |title=Teach yourself electricity and electronics |url=https://archive.org/details/teachyourselfele00gibi |url-access=registration |quote=morse-code frequency-shift-keying sent-using-fsk. |publisher=McGraw-Hill Professional |year=2002 |page=[https://archive.org/details/teachyourselfele00gibi/page/477 477] |isbn=978-0-07-137730-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Rutledge |first=David B. |title=The Electronics of Radio |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvJYLhk4N64C&q=radio-teletype+fsk&pg=RA2-PA310 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1999 |page=310 |isbn=978-0-521-64645-1}}</ref>

Frequency modulation is widely used for [[FM broadcasting]]. It is also used in [[telemetry]], [[radar]], seismic prospecting, and monitoring [[newborn]]s for seizures via [[EEG]],<ref>B. Boashash, editor, ''Time-Frequency Signal Analysis and Processing – A Comprehensive Reference'', Elsevier Science, Oxford, 2003; {{ISBN|0-08-044335-4}}</ref> [[two-way radio]] systems, [[Frequency modulation synthesis|sound synthesis]], magnetic tape-recording systems and some video-transmission systems. In radio transmission, an advantage of frequency modulation is that it has a larger [[signal-to-noise ratio]] and therefore rejects [[radio frequency interference]] better than an equal power [[amplitude modulation]] (AM) signal. For this reason, most music is broadcast over FM radio.

Frequency modulation and [[phase modulation]] are the two complementary principal methods of [[angle modulation]]; phase modulation is often used as an intermediate step to achieve frequency modulation. These methods contrast with [[amplitude modulation]], in which the [[amplitude]] of the carrier wave varies, while the frequency and phase remain constant.

==FM Signal==
According to [[Paul J. Nahin|Paul Nahin]], "To apply the [[baseband]] signal of a microphone output directly to the transmitter antenna won't work, because ...a quarter-wavelength antenna at audio frequencies is physically enormous. To have a reasonably sized antenna requires a transmitter signal at frequencies considerably higher than those of the bandwidth spectrum; that is, the baseband spectrum must be upshifted to the radio frequencies."<ref name="pn">{{cite book |last1=Nahin |first1=Paul |title=The Mathematical Radio: Inside the Magic of AM, FM, and Single-Sideband |date=2024 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton |isbn=978-0-691-23531-8 |pages=74,210–213}}</ref> This is called [[signal modulation]]. According to [[Ron Bertrand]], "Frequency modulation is a method of modulating a carrier wave whereby the modulating audio causes the instantaneous frequency of the carrier to change. Without modulation, an FM transmitter produces a single carrier frequency."<ref name=rb>{{cite book |last1=Bertrand |first1=Ron |title=Radio Handbook |date=2022 |isbn=979-8-3625-5372-2 |pages=405,408–409}}</ref>

The FM signal produced by a [[sinusoidal]] carrier of frequency ωc, modulated by an audio tone of frequency ωa with amplitude A, can be written as:<ref name=pn/>

:<math>\begin{align}
e(t) &= \sin \left(\omega_c t + kA \sin\left(\omega_at\right)\right) \\
\end{align}</math>

We need the [[Instantaneous phase and frequency| instantaneous frequency]], which describes a frequency varying above and below the carrier frequency at the audio tone frequency, which we derive by using [[John Renshaw Carson|Carson's]] time derivative method:<ref name=pn/>

:<math>\begin{align}
\frac{d}{dt}\left(\omega_c t + kA \sin\left(\omega_at\right)\right) &= \omega_c + kA \omega_a\cos\left(\omega_at\right) \\
\end{align}</math>

The amplitude factor kAωa defines the maximum [[Frequency deviation]] around ωc. Dividing by ωa, gives us the modulation index kA,<ref name=pn/> which "is the ratio of the amount of frequency deviation to the audio modulating frequency."<ref name=rb/>

While most of the energy of the signal is contained within ''fc'' ± ''f''Δ, it can be shown by [[Fourier analysis]] that a wider range of frequencies is required to precisely represent an FM signal. The [[frequency spectrum]] of an actual FM signal has components extending infinitely, although their amplitude decreases and higher-order components are often neglected in practical design problems.<ref name=TGTSCS05/>

==Sinusoidal baseband signal==
Mathematically, a baseband modulating signal may be approximated by a [[Sine wave|sinusoid]]al [[continuous wave]] signal with a frequency ''fm''. This method is also named as single-tone modulation. The integral of such a signal <math>x_m(t) = \cos(2\pi f_m t)</math> is:

:<math>\int_0^t x_m(\tau)d\tau = \frac{\sin\left(2\pi f_m t\right)}{2\pi f_m}\,</math>

In this case, the expression for y(t) above simplifies to:<ref name="jg">{{cite book |last1=Gibson |first1=Jerry |title=Principles of Digital and Analog Communications |date=1993 |publisher=Macmillan Publishing Company |location=New York |isbn=0-02-341860-5 |pages=143–144}}</ref>

:<math>y(t) = A_c \cos\left(2\pi f_c t + \frac{f_\Delta}{f_m} \sin\left(2\pi f_m t\right)\right)\,</math>

where the amplitude <math>A_m\,</math> of the modulating [[sine wave|sinusoid]] is represented in the peak deviation <math>f_\Delta = K_f A_m</math> (see [[frequency deviation]]).

The [[harmonic]] distribution of a [[sine wave]] carrier modulated by such a [[sinusoidal]] signal can be represented with [[Bessel function]]s; this provides the basis for a mathematical understanding of frequency modulation in the frequency domain.<ref name=jg/>

==Modulation index==
As in other modulation systems, the modulation index indicates by how much the modulated variable varies around its unmodulated level. It relates to variations in the [[carrier frequency]]:

:<math>h = \frac{\Delta{}f}{f_m} = \frac{f_\Delta \left|x_m(t)\right|}{f_m}</math>

where <math>f_m\,</math> is the highest frequency component present in the modulating signal ''x''''m''(''t''), and <math>\Delta{}f\,</math> is the peak frequency-deviation{{snd}}i.e. the maximum deviation of the ''[[instantaneous phase#Instantaneous frequency|instantaneous frequency]]'' from the carrier frequency. For a sine wave modulation, the modulation index is seen to be the ratio of the peak frequency deviation of the carrier wave to the frequency of the modulating sine wave.

{{anchor|narrowband_FM_anchor}}If <math>h \ll 1</math>, the modulation is called '''narrowband FM''' (NFM), and its bandwidth is approximately <math>2f_m\,</math>. Sometimes modulation index <math>h < 0.3</math> is considered NFM and other modulation indices are considered wideband FM (WFM or FM).<ref name=jg/>

For digital modulation systems, for example, binary frequency shift keying (BFSK), where a binary signal modulates the carrier, the modulation index is given by:

:<math>h = \frac{\Delta{}f}{f_m} = \frac{\Delta{}f}{\frac{1}{2T_s}} = 2\Delta{}fT_s \ </math>

where <math>T_s\,</math> is the symbol period, and <math>f_m = \frac{1}{2T_s}\,</math> is used as the highest frequency of the modulating binary waveform by convention, even though it would be more accurate to say it is the highest ''fundamental'' of the modulating binary waveform. In the case of digital modulation, the carrier <math>f_c\,</math> is never transmitted. Rather, one of two frequencies is transmitted, either <math>f_c + \Delta f</math> or <math>f_c - \Delta f</math>, depending on the binary state 0 or 1 of the modulation signal.

If <math>h \gg 1</math>, the modulation is called ''wideband FM'' and its bandwidth is approximately <math>2f_\Delta\,</math>. While wideband FM uses more bandwidth, it can improve the [[signal-to-noise ratio]] significantly; for example, doubling the value of <math>\Delta{}f\,</math>, while keeping <math>f_m</math> constant, results in an eight-fold improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio.<ref>{{cite web |last=Der |first=Lawrence |title=Frequency Modulation (FM) Tutorial |url=http://www.silabs.com/Marcom%20Documents/Resources/FMTutorial.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021093250/http://www.silabs.com/Marcom%20Documents/Resources/FMTutorial.pdf |archive-date=2014-10-21 |website=Silicon Laboratories |s2cid=48672999 |access-date=17 October 2019}}</ref> (Compare this with [[chirp spread spectrum]], which uses extremely wide frequency deviations to achieve processing gains comparable to traditional, better-known spread-spectrum modes).

With a tone-modulated FM wave, if the modulation frequency is held constant and the modulation index is increased, the (non-negligible) bandwidth of the FM signal increases but the spacing between spectra remains the same; some spectral components decrease in strength as others increase. If the frequency deviation is held constant and the modulation frequency increased, the spacing between spectra increases.

{{anchor|narrowband FM}}
Frequency modulation can be classified as narrowband if the change in the carrier frequency is about the same as the signal frequency, or as wideband if the change in the carrier frequency is much higher (modulation index > 1) than the signal frequency.<ref>Lathi, B. P. (1968). ''Communication Systems'', pp. 214–17. New York: John Wiley and Sons, {{ISBN|0-471-51832-8}}.</ref><ref name="sh">{{cite book |last1=Haykin |first1=Simon |last2=Moher |first2=Michael |title=Communication Systems |date=2010 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-81-265-2151-7 |pages=110–116}}</ref> For example, narrowband FM (NFM) is used for [[two-way radio]] systems such as [[Family Radio Service]], in which the carrier is allowed to deviate only 2.5 kHz above and below the center frequency with speech signals of no more than 3.5 kHz bandwidth. Wideband FM is used for [[FM broadcasting]], in which music and speech are transmitted with up to 75 kHz deviation from the center frequency and carry audio with up to a 20 kHz bandwidth and subcarriers up to 92 kHz.

==Bessel functions==
[[File:Waterfall FM.jpg|thumb|Frequency spectrum and [[waterfall plot]] of a 146.52{{nbsp}}MHz carrier, frequency modulated by a 1,000{{nbsp}}Hz sinusoid. The modulation index has been adjusted to around 2.4, so the carrier frequency has small amplitude. Several strong sidebands are apparent; in principle an infinite number are produced in FM but the higher-order sidebands are of negligible magnitude.]]

In his 1922 FM paper, Carson pointed out an infinite number of side frequencies are generated when a carrier frequency is modulated by a signal frequency, the amplitudes expressed as Bessel functions. The separation is determined by the frequency of the modulating signal, and the amplitude dependent upon the modulation index. A table of Bessel functions of the first kind is used to determine the side frequency amplitudes.<ref name=rb/><ref name=pn/>{{rp|214}}

For the case of a carrier modulated by a single sine wave, the resulting frequency spectrum can be calculated using [[Bessel function]]s of the first kind, as a function of the [[sideband]] number and the modulation index. The carrier and sideband amplitudes are illustrated for different modulation indices of FM signals. For particular values of the modulation index, the carrier amplitude becomes zero and all the signal power is in the sidebands.<ref name=TGTSCS05>T.G. Thomas, S. C. Sekhar ''Communication Theory'', Tata-McGraw Hill 2005, {{ISBN|0-07-059091-5}} p. 136</ref>

Since the sidebands are on both sides of the carrier, their count is doubled, and then multiplied by the modulating frequency to find the bandwidth. For example, 3 kHz deviation modulated by a 2.2 kHz audio tone produces a modulation index of 1.36. Suppose that we limit ourselves to only those sidebands that have a relative amplitude of at least 0.01. Then, examining the chart shows this modulation index will produce three sidebands. These three sidebands, when doubled, gives us (6 × 2.2 kHz) or a 13.2 kHz required bandwidth.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;"
|-
! rowspan=2 | Modulation index
! colspan=17 | Sideband amplitude
|-
! Carrier
! 1
! 2
! 3
! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! 8
! 9
! 10
! 11
! 12
! 13
! 14
! 15
! 16
|-
! 0.00
| 1.00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 0.25
| 0.98
| 0.12
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 0.5
| 0.94
| 0.24
| 0.03
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 1.0
| 0.77
| 0.44
| 0.11
| 0.02
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 1.5
| 0.51
| 0.56
| 0.23
| 0.06
| 0.01
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 2.0
| 0.22
| 0.58
| 0.35
| 0.13
| 0.03
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 2.40483
| 0.00
| 0.52
| 0.43
| 0.20
| 0.06
| 0.02
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 2.5
| −0.05
| 0.50
| 0.45
| 0.22
| 0.07
| 0.02
| 0.01
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 3.0
| −0.26
| 0.34
| 0.49
| 0.31
| 0.13
| 0.04
| 0.01
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 4.0
| −0.40
| −0.07
| 0.36
| 0.43
| 0.28
| 0.13
| 0.05
| 0.02
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 5.0
| −0.18
| −0.33
| 0.05
| 0.36
| 0.39
| 0.26
| 0.13
| 0.05
| 0.02
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 5.52008
| 0.00
| −0.34
| −0.13
| 0.25
| 0.40
| 0.32
| 0.19
| 0.09
| 0.03
| 0.01
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 6.0
| 0.15
| −0.28
| −0.24
| 0.11
| 0.36
| 0.36
| 0.25
| 0.13
| 0.06
| 0.02
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 7.0
| 0.30
| 0.00
| −0.30
| −0.17
| 0.16
| 0.35
| 0.34
| 0.23
| 0.13
| 0.06
| 0.02
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 8.0
| 0.17
| 0.23
| −0.11
| −0.29
| −0.10
| 0.19
| 0.34
| 0.32
| 0.22
| 0.13
| 0.06
| 0.03
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 8.65373
| 0.00
| 0.27
| 0.06
| −0.24
| −0.23
| 0.03
| 0.26
| 0.34
| 0.28
| 0.18
| 0.10
| 0.05
| 0.02
|
|
|
|
|-
! 9.0
| −0.09
| 0.25
| 0.14
| −0.18
| −0.27
| −0.06
| 0.20
| 0.33
| 0.31
| 0.21
| 0.12
| 0.06
| 0.03
| 0.01
|
|
|
|-
! 10.0
| −0.25
| 0.04
| 0.25
| 0.06
| −0.22
| −0.23
| −0.01
| 0.22
| 0.32
| 0.29
| 0.21
| 0.12
| 0.06
| 0.03
| 0.01
|
|
|-
! 12.0
| 0.05
| −0.22
| −0.08
| 0.20
| 0.18
| −0.07
| −0.24
| −0.17
| 0.05
| 0.23
| 0.30
| 0.27
| 0.20
| 0.12
| 0.07
| 0.03
| 0.01
|}

==Carson's rule==
{{Main|Carson bandwidth rule}}

A [[rule of thumb]], ''Carson's rule'' states that the frequency-modulated signal lies within a [[bandwidth (signal processing)|bandwidth]] <math> B_T\, </math> of:<ref name=jg/>{{rp|146}}

:<math>B_T = 2\left(\Delta f + f_m\right) = 2f_m(h + 1)</math>

where <math>\Delta f\,</math>, as defined above, is the peak deviation of the instantaneous frequency <math>f(t)\,</math> from the center carrier frequency <math>f_c</math>, <math>h</math> is the modulation index which is the ratio of frequency deviation to highest frequency in the modulating signal, and <math>f_m\,</math>is the highest frequency in the modulating signal.
Carson's rule can only be applied to sinusoidal signals. For non-sinusoidal signals:

:<math>B_T = 2(\Delta f + W) = 2W(D + 1)</math>

where W is the highest frequency in the modulating signal but non-sinusoidal in nature and D is the Deviation ratio which is the ratio of frequency deviation to highest frequency of modulating non-sinusoidal signal.

==Noise reduction==
FM provides improved [[signal-to-noise ratio]] (SNR), as compared for example with [[amplitude modulation|AM]]. Compared with an optimum AM scheme, FM typically has poorer SNR below a certain signal level called the noise threshold, but above a higher level – the full improvement or full quieting threshold – the SNR is much improved over AM. The improvement depends on modulation level and deviation. For typical voice communications channels, improvements are typically 5–15 dB. FM broadcasting using wider deviation can achieve even greater improvements. Additional techniques, such as pre-emphasis of higher audio frequencies with corresponding de-emphasis in the receiver, are generally used to improve overall SNR in FM circuits. Since FM signals have constant amplitude, FM receivers normally have limiters that remove AM noise, further improving SNR.<ref>{{cite book |title=Reference Data for Radio Engineers |edition=Fifth |pages=21–11 |year=1970 |publisher=Howard W. Sams & Co. |editor=H. P. Westman}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The ARRL Handbook for Radio Communications |publisher=American Radio Relay League |year=2010 |editor=H. Ward Silver |editor2=Mark J. Wilson|author=Alan Bloom |chapter=Chapter 8. Modulation |page=8.7 |isbn=978-0-87259-146-2}}</ref>

=={{anchor|Practical Implementation}}Implementation==

===Modulation===
FM signals can be generated using either direct or indirect frequency modulation:
* Direct FM modulation can be achieved by directly feeding the modulating audio voltage into a [[voltage-controlled oscillator]].<ref name=rb/>
* For indirect FM modulation, the message signal is integrated to generate a [[phase modulation|phase-modulated signal]]. This is used to modulate a [[crystal oscillator|crystal-controlled oscillator]], and the result is passed through a [[frequency multiplier]] to produce an FM signal. In this modulation, narrowband FM is generated leading to wideband FM later and hence the modulation is known as indirect FM modulation.<ref>Haykin, Simon [Ed]. (2001). ''Communication Systems'', 4th ed.</ref>

===Demodulation===
{{see also|Detector (radio)#Frequency and phase modulation detectors}}
[[File:Frequency-modulation.svg|thumb|FM modulation]]
Many FM detector circuits exist. A common method for recovering the information signal is through a [[Foster–Seeley discriminator]] or [[ratio detector]]. A [[phase-locked loop]] can be used as an FM demodulator.<ref name=rb/>{{rp|415-419}} ''Slope detection'' demodulates an FM signal by using a tuned circuit which has its resonant frequency slightly offset from the carrier. The input FM wave of constant amplitude and instantaneous frequency, is converted to an FM wave with instantaneous frequency and instantaneous amplitude, which is then sent to an envelop detector.<ref name=pn/>{{rp|224-228}} AM receivers may detect some FM transmissions by this means, although it does not provide an efficient means of [[detector (radio)|detection]] for FM broadcasts.

In [[software-defined radio]] implementations, the demodulation may be carried out by using the [[Hilbert transform]] (implemented as a filter) to recover the instantaneous phase, and thereafter differentiating this phase (using another filter) to recover the instantaneous frequency. Alternatively, a complex mixer followed by a bandpass filter may be used to translate the signal to baseband, and then proceeding as before. For sampled signals, phase detection, and therefore frequency modulation detection, can be approximated by taking the IQ (complex) sample and multiplying it with the complex conjugate of the previous IQ sample, <math>x[n]\cdot \overline{x[n-1]}</math>.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shima |first=James Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Aq7uygAACAAJ |title=FM Demodulation Using a Digital Radio and Digital Signal Processing |date=1995 |publisher=University of Florida |language=en}}</ref> If the demodulated signal is sampled at or above Nyquist, this allows for recovery of near-instantaneous phase changes.

==Applications==
=== Doppler effect===
In 1968, Schnitzler noted certain bats lower the [[animal echolocation]] emission frequency by 13 to 16 kHz, compensating for [[Doppler shift]]s caused by the bat’s own movement. [[Doppler shift compensation]], dynamic frequency modulation, ensures that the returning echo frequency is optimally adjusted for the bat's auditory fovea.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schnitzler |first1=HU |last2=Denzinger |first2=A |title=Auditory fovea and Doppler shift compensation: adaptations for flutter detection in echolocating bats using CF-FM signals |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00359-010-0569-6 |journal=Journal of Comparative Physiology A |publisher=Journal Comparative Physiology A 197 |pages=541–559 |access-date=28 October 2025 |date=2011 |volume=197 |issue=5 |doi=10.1007/s00359-010-0569-6 |pmid=20857119 |bibcode=2011JCmPA.197..541S |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schnitzler |first1=Hans-Ulrich |title=Die Ultraschall-Ortungslaute der Hufeisen-Fledermäuse (Chiroptera-Rhinolophidae) in verschiedenen Orientierungssituationen |url=//doi.org/10.1007/BF00303062 |journal=Zeitschrift für Vergleichende Physiologie |access-date=28 October 2025 |pages=376–408 |date=1968 |volume=57 |issue=4 |doi=10.1007/BF00303062 |bibcode=1968JCmPA..57..376S }}</ref>

===Magnetic tape storage===
FM is also used at [[Intermediate frequency|intermediate frequencies]] by analog [[Video cassette recorder|VCR]] systems (including [[VHS]]) to record the [[Luminance (video)|luminance]] (black and white) portions of the video signal. Commonly, the [[chrominance]] component is recorded as a conventional AM signal, using the higher-frequency FM signal as [[Tape bias|bias]]. FM is the only feasible method of recording the luminance ("black-and-white") component of video to (and retrieving video from) [[magnetic tape]] without distortion; video signals have a large range of frequency components – from a few [[hertz]] to several [[megahertz]], too wide for [[Equalization (audio)|equalizers]] to work with due to electronic noise below −60 [[decibel|dB]]. FM also keeps the tape at saturation level, acting as a form of [[noise reduction]]; a [[audio level compression|limiter]] can mask variations in playback output, and the [[FM capture]] effect removes [[print-through]] and [[pre-echo]]. A continuous pilot-tone, if added to the signal – as was done on [[V2000]] and many Hi-band formats – can keep mechanical jitter under control and assist [[timebase correction]].

These FM systems are unusual, in that they have a ratio of carrier to maximum modulation frequency of less than two; contrast this with FM audio broadcasting, where the ratio is around 10,000. Consider, for example, a 6-MHz carrier modulated at a 3.5-MHz rate; by [[Bessel function|Bessel]] analysis, the first sidebands are on 9.5 and 2.5 MHz and the second sidebands are on 13 MHz and −1 MHz. The result is a reversed-phase sideband on +1 MHz; on demodulation, this results in unwanted output at 6 – 1 = 5 MHz. The system must be designed so that this unwanted output is reduced to an acceptable level.<ref>"FM Systems Of Exceptional Bandwidth" Proc. IEEE vol. 112, no. 9, p. 1664, September 1965</ref>

===Sound===
FM is also used at [[audio frequency|audio frequencies]] to synthesize sound. This technique, known as [[frequency modulation synthesis|FM synthesis]], was popularized by early digital [[synthesizer]]s and became a standard feature in several generations of [[personal computer]] [[sound card]]s.

===Radio===

{{Main|FM broadcasting}}

[[File:FM Broadcast Transmitter High Power.jpg|thumb|An American FM radio transmitter at [[WEDG]] in Buffalo, New York]]
[[Edwin Howard Armstrong]] (1890–1954) was an American electrical engineer who invented wideband frequency modulation (FM) radio.<ref>{{Cite book
|title = Principles of modern communications technology
|author = A. Michael Noll
|publisher = Artech House
|year = 2001
|isbn = 978-1-58053-284-6
|page = [https://archive.org/details/principlesofmode0000noll/page/104 104]
|url = https://archive.org/details/principlesofmode0000noll
|url-access = registration
}}</ref>
He patented the regenerative circuit in 1914, the superheterodyne receiver in 1918 and the super-regenerative circuit in 1922.<ref>{{patent|US|1342885}}</ref> Armstrong presented his paper, "A Method of Reducing Disturbances in Radio Signaling by a System of Frequency Modulation", (which first described FM radio) before the New York section of the [[Institute of Radio Engineers]] on November 6, 1935. The paper was published in 1936.<ref>{{Cite journal
|first = E. H.
|last = Armstrong
|title = A Method of Reducing Disturbances in Radio Signaling by a System of Frequency Modulation
|journal = Proceedings of the IRE
|volume = 24
|issue = 5
|pages = 689–740
|publisher = IRE
|date= May 1936
|doi = 10.1109/JRPROC.1936.227383
|bibcode = 1936PIRE...24..689A
|s2cid = 43628076
}}</ref> The first experimental station, [[W2XMN]], went on the air in 1937.<ref name="nab">{{cite book |last1=Welton |first1=Jeff |editor1-last=Cavell |editor1-first=Garrison |title=VHF (FM) Radio Transmitters in National Association of Broadcasters Engineering Handbook, 11th Edition |date=2018 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |isbn=978-1-138-93051-3 |page=1331}}</ref>

As the name implies, wideband FM (WFM) requires a wider [[signal bandwidth]] than [[amplitude modulation]] by an equivalent modulating signal; this also makes the signal more robust against [[Noise (radio)|noise]] and [[Interference (communication)|interference]]. Frequency modulation is also more robust against signal-amplitude-fading phenomena. As a result, FM was chosen as the modulation standard for high frequency, [[high fidelity]] [[radio]] transmission, hence the term "[[FM radio]]" (although for many years the [[BBC]] called it "VHF radio" because commercial FM broadcasting uses part of the [[VHF]] band{{snd}}the [[FM broadcast band]]). FM [[receiver (radio)|receivers]] employ a special [[Detector (radio)|detector]] for FM signals and exhibit a phenomenon known as the ''[[capture effect]]'', in which the [[Tuner (radio)|tuner]] "captures" the stronger of two stations on the same frequency while rejecting the other (compare this with a similar situation on an AM receiver, where both stations can be heard simultaneously). [[Frequency drift]] or a lack of [[selectivity (radio)|selectivity]] may cause one station to be overtaken by another on an [[adjacent channel]]. Frequency [[drift (telecommunication)|drift]] was a problem in early (or inexpensive) receivers; inadequate selectivity may affect any tuner.

A wideband FM signal can also be used to carry a [[stereophonic sound|stereo]] signal; this is done with [[multiplexing]] and demultiplexing before and after the FM process. The FM modulation and demodulation process is identical in stereo and monaural processes.

FM is commonly used at [[VHF]] [[radio frequencies]] for [[high-fidelity]] [[radio broadcasting|broadcasts]] of music and [[Speech communication|speech]]. In broadcast services, where audio fidelity is important, wideband FM is generally used. Analog TV sound is also broadcast using FM. Narrowband FM is used for voice communications in commercial and [[amateur radio]] settings. In [[two-way radio]], narrowband FM (NBFM) is used to conserve bandwidth for land mobile, marine mobile and other radio services.

A high-efficiency radio-frequency [[switching amplifier]] can be used to transmit FM signals (and other [[constant envelope|constant-amplitude signals]]). For a given signal strength (measured at the receiver antenna), switching amplifiers use [[low-power electronics|less battery power]] and typically cost less than a [[linear amplifier]]. This gives FM another advantage over other modulation methods requiring linear amplifiers, such as AM and [[Quadrature amplitude modulation|QAM]].

There are reports that on October 5, 1924, Professor [[Mikhail A. Bonch-Bruevich]], during a scientific and technical conversation in the [[Nizhny Novgorod Radio Laboratory]], reported about his new method of telephony, based on a change in the period of oscillations. Demonstration of frequency modulation was carried out on the laboratory model.<ref>Ф. Лбов. [https://sergeyhry.narod.ru/rl/rl1924_06_09.htm Новая система радиофона] «Радиолюбитель».{{snd}}1924.{{snd}}№ 6.{{snd}}С. 86.</ref>

===Hearing assistive technology===
Frequency modulated systems are a widespread and commercially available [[assistive technology]] that make speech more understandable by improving the signal-to-noise ratio in the user's ear. They are also called ''auditory trainers'', a term which refers to any sound amplification system not classified as a [[hearing aid]]. They intensify signal levels from the source by 15 to 20 decibels.<ref>{{cite tech report |author=ASHA Ad Hoc Committee on FM Systems |date=2002 |orig-date=Original March 1994 |edition=Revised |title=Guidelines for Fitting and Monitoring FM Systems |institution=[[American Speech–Language–Hearing Association]] |url=https://www.asha.org/policy/gl2002-00010/ |doi=10.1044/policy.GL2002-00010}}</ref> FM systems are used by hearing-impaired people as well as children whose listening is affected by disorders such as [[auditory processing disorder]] or [[ADHD]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Schafer |first1=Erin C. |last2=Bryant |first2=Danielle |last3=Sanders |first3=Katie |last4=Baldus |first4=Nicole |last5=Algier |first5=Katherine |last6=Lewis |first6=Audrey |last7=Traber |first7=Jordan |last8=Layden |first8=Paige |last9=Amin |first9=Aneeqa |date=June 1, 2014 |title=Fitting and Verification of Frequency Modulation on Children with Normal Hearing |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Audiology |volume=25 |issue=6 |pages=529–540 |doi=10.3766/jaaa.25.6.3 |issn=1050-0545 |pmid=25313543 |id={{EBSCOhost|107832936}} }}</ref> For people with [[sensorineural hearing loss]], FM systems result in better speech perception than hearing aids. They can be coupled with behind-the-ear hearing aids to allow the user to alternate the setting.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lewis |first1=M. Samantha |last2=Crandall |first2=Carl C. |last3=Valente |first3=Michael |last4=Enrietto Horn |first4=Jane |date=2004 |title=Speech perception in noise: directional microphones versus frequency modulation (FM) systems |url=https://digitalcommons.wustl.edu/audio_hapubs/5 |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Audiology |volume=15 |issue=6 |pages=426–439 |doi=10.3766/jaaa.15.6.4 |pmid=15341224 |doi-access=free|url-access=subscription }}</ref> FM systems are more convenient and cost-effective than alternatives such as [[cochlear implants]], but many users use FM systems infrequently due to their conspicuousness and need for recharging.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=McArdle |first1=Rachel |last2=Abrams |first2=Harvey B. |last3=Hnath Chisholm |first3=Theresa |date=2005 |title=When Hearing Aids Go Bad: An FM Success Story |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Audiology |volume=16 |issue=10 |pages=809–821 |doi=10.3766/jaaa.16.10.5 |pmid=16515133 |id={{EBSCOhost|106441304}} }}</ref>

==See also==
{{Commons category|Frequency modulation}}
* [[Continuous-wave frequency-modulated radar]]
* [[Chirp]]
* [[FM stereo]]
* [[FM-UWB]] (FM and Ultra Wideband)
* [[History of radio]]
* [[Modulation]], for a list of other modulation techniques

==References==
{{reflist|25em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Carlson |first=A. Bruce |title=Communication Systems |publisher=McGraw-Hill |edition=4th |year=2001 |series=Science/Engineering/Math |isbn=978-0-07-011127-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Frost |first=Gary L. |title=Early FM Radio: Incremental technology in twentieth-century America |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |location=Baltimore, MD |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-8018-9440-4 }}
* {{cite book |last=Seymour |first=Ken |chapter=Frequency Modulation |title=The Electronics Handbook |publisher=CRC Press |edition=2nd |orig-year=1996 |year=2005|pages=1188–1200 |isbn=0-8493-8345-5}}

==External links==
* [https://colab.research.google.com/drive/14Ws9gX1hPzBkE7P1sBepVuoz-uo2f-Be?usp=sharing Analog Modulation online interactive demonstration] using Python in [https://colab.research.google.com Google Colab Platform], by C Foh.

{{Analogue TV transmitter topics}}
{{Telecommunications}}
{{Audio broadcasting}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Radio modulation modes]]

C. Umamaheswara Rao

2026-03-03T16:19:31Z

BradyGregg4996: adjusted article also and corrected details

{{Short description|Indian filmmaker}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = C. Uma Maheswara Rao
| image =C._Uma_Maheswara_Rao.jpg
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Vijayawada, [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| occupation = Director Screenwriter
| spouse = Durga Bhavani
| children = Nandan Babu, Anand Babu, Pramod Babu, Vinod Babu .
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''C. Umamaheswara Rao''' is an [[Indian film]] director, [[screenwriter]], aesthetician and producer known for his works predominantly in [[Telugu cinema]]. He has also scripted and directed a few television [[Serial (radio and television)|serials]] for [[Doordarshan]].<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0536900/ Uma Maheswara Rao – IMDb]</ref> He has garnered two [[Nandi Awards]], and the
[[National Film Awards|National Film Award]]. He is also Social and Cultural activist. He is born in Vijayawada now the new capital of Andhrapradesh.

== Career ==
His Telugu film ''[[Ankuram]]'', first film of its kind on human rights and civil liberties bagged him National Award and AP State's Best Director Award and many Civilian. His Sreekaram, a Telugu film on hazardous trail on in-camera court against woman rape victim by defence lawyers, gained him AP state's Feature film Award. Actually, this film dealt with Kiranjit Ahluwalia's case prior to Aishwarya Ray's film ‘Provoked’. To mention some more are much accoladed ‘Stree’, a documentary on the exploitation faced by Indian woman, very popular TV serials like ‘Himabindu’, ‘Mr. Brahmanandam ‘and Telefilms like Hamsafar (Hindi), Manchu Bomma and many more. He had many short and ad films to his credit.

Recently he directed 15 Telefilms on film aesthetics for Ur films that have been successfully telecast in 10 TV. They are being shown in short film festivals for educating the participants.

He is the Chairman of Jury in 4 Short Film festivals and had been the jury member in AP State Awards Committee 2010 and twice Juror in UNESCO Ladli Awards Committee.

He acted as the Chairman of the West panel of National Film Awards 2019 and had been in the Central Committee.

He was in the Jury for Oscars in Indian Entry Selections 2020.

He has formed Center for New Perspectives in Film and Media, Hyderabad.

He is the Founder / Chairman for Dadasaheb Phalke School of Film and Media, which has an Advisory Board chaired by Mr. Allu Aravind and members being M/s Vijayendra Prasad, Resool Pookutty, Madhu Ambat, Neelakanta, Sreekar Prasad, Indraganti Mohan Krishna, Paruchuri Bros., etc. as advisors.

==Awards==
;[[National Film Awards]]
* [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu|Best Feature Film in Telugu]] (director) - ''[[Ankuram]]'' (1992)<ref name="40thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/40th_nff_1993.pdf|title=40th National Film Awards|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|accessdate=2 March 2012}}</ref>

;[[Nandi Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-03-13|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964 - 2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964 - 2008)|url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|access-date=3 January 2021|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]|language=te}}</ref>
* [[Nandi Award for Best Director|Best Director]] - ''[[Ankuram]]'' (1992)
* [[Nandi Award for Best Feature Film|Best Feature Film]] - ''Sreekaram'' (1996)
Revathi won her First Film Fare Award in Telugu

'''K.V.Reddy Award''' - Best Director - [[Ankuram]] (1992)

==Filmography==
===Director===
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |Year
! rowspan="2" |Movie Name
! rowspan="2" |Language
! colspan="3" |Credited as
! rowspan="2" |Notes
|-
!Direction
!Scriptwriter
!Story
|-
|1986
|''Pula Pallaki''
|Telugu
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|-
|1987
|''Padandi Munduku''
|Telugu
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|-
|1992
|''[[Ankuram]]''
|Telugu
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
|1992
|''Sindhoora''
|Malayalam
|{{Yes}}
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
|1995
|''[[Mounam]]''
|Telugu
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
|1996
|''Maun''
|Hindi
|{{Yes}}
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
|1996
|''[[Srikaram]]''
|Telugu
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
|1996
|''[[Surya Putrulu]]''
|Telugu
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
|2003
|''[[Avuna]]''
|Telugu
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
|2021
|''Itlu Amma''
|Telugu
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|released on [[Sony LIV]]
|}

===Documentary===
Many documentaries to his credit, one of which is
* ''Sthree'' (APFDC Award for Best Documentary)

===Telefilm===
* ''Hamsafar'' (Hindi)
* ''Manchu Bomma'' (2011) (Telugu): ETV telefilm.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0536900}}

{{Nandi Award for Best Director}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, C. Umamaheswara}}
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:Telugu film producers]]
[[Category:Film producers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Nandi Award winners]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Telugu screenwriters]]
[[Category:Writers from Vijayawada]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Vijayawada]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-film-bio-stub}}

Sujata and Asoka

2026-03-02T22:01:22Z

BradyGregg4996: expand structure for consistency

[[File:Sujata and Asoka.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Sujata and Asoka in traditional dresses]]
'''''Sujata and Asoka''''' were a pair of [[dancer]]s specialising in performing [[Dance in India|Indian]], [[Tibetan culture|Tibetan]] and various [[Orientalism|Oriental]] dances to Western audiences. They were Sujata, (3 February 1918 in [[Bombay]], [[British Raj]] – 2 January 1993 in [[Coconino County, Arizona]]) and Asoka Rubener (26 October 1910 in [[German Empire]]<ref>Billman, Larry ''Film Choreographers and Dance Directors: An Illustrated Biographical Encyclopedia, with a History and Filmographies, 1893 through 1995'' McFarland & Co., Publishers, 1997; p. 213</ref> – 7 June 1997 in [[Yavapai County, Arizona]]).

==Background==
Asoka studied dance in Europe under [[Harald Kreutzberg]] and later in Asia, eventually becoming a Buddhist. In 1939 whilst in India, in the Himalayas he was interned as an enemy alien by the British authorities from 1939 to 1944.<ref>Billman, p. 213</ref>

Sujata, a Christian, was born in Bombay and as a child moved with her family to the south of India. She began studying dance at the age of 10, eventually becoming a solo dancer. Sujata met her husband when they were both dancing in [[Mussoori]], Dehradun district, in 1946; the two were married in 1947.

They made their first performance in the West in [[Paris]], then made appearances in [[New York City]] and [[Montreal]].<ref>"Indian Dancers, Sujata and Asoka Regarded as Authentic in India"; ''The Montreal Gazette'' - Oct. 8, 1949</ref>

In addition to their dancing performances, the two appeared in several [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood films]] and acted as [[technical adviser]]s. Their final film appearance was together in ''[[Juliet of the Spirits]]'' (1965). They became American citizens in 1955.

Following their retirement, they taught dance in [[Sedona, Arizona]].

==Filmography==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}

===Sujata roles===
*''[[Aladdin and His Lamp]]'' (1952) – Dancing Slave
*''[[The Merry Widow (1952 film)|The Merry Widow]]'' (1952) – Gypsy Girl
*''[[Caribbean Gold]]'' (1952) – Dancer in duet #1
*''[[Fair Wind to Java]]'' (1953) – Dancer
*''[[Desert Legion]]'' (1953) – Dancer #1
*''[[Salome (1953 film)|Salome]]'' (1953) – Oriental Dancer
*''[[Flame of Calcutta]]'' (1953) – Exotic Dancer #1
*''[[The Diamond Queen (1953 film)|The Diamond Queen]]'' (1953) – Oriental Dancer #1
*''[[King of the Khyber Rifles (film)|King of the Khyber Rifles]]'' (1953) – Native Dancer
*''[[Bengal Brigade]]'' (1954) – Indian Dancer #1
*''[[Pirates of Malaysia|I pirati della Malesia]]'' (1964) – Dancer #1
*''[[Juliet of the Spirits]]'' (1965) – Bhisma's helper #2
*''Tum Haseen Main Jawan'' (1970)
*''Sharmeelee'' (1971)
*''Do Yaar'' (1972)
*''[[Phir Kab Milogi]]'' (1974)
*''[[Maya Miriga]]'' (1984) – Tutu's Wife (final film role)
{{col-break}}

===Asoka roles===
*''[[Caribbean Gold]]'' (1952) – Dancer in duet #2
*''[[Desert Legion]]'' (1953) – Dancer #2
*''[[Flame of Calcutta]]'' (1953) – Exotic Dancer #2
*''[[Salome (1953 film)|Salome]]'' (1953) – Oriental Dancer
*''[[The Diamond Queen (1953 film)|The Diamond Queen]]'' (1953) – Oriental Dancer #2
*''[[Bengal Brigade]]'' (1954) – Indian Dancer #2
*''[[Pirates of Malaysia|I pirati della Malesia]]'' (1964) – Dancer #2
*''[[Juliet of the Spirits]]'' (1965) – Bhisma's helper #1
{{col-end}}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0747877|Sujata Rubener}}
*{{IMDb name|0039595|Asoka Rubener}}

[[Category:American dance groups]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in the United States]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:American artists of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Dance duos]]

Krapa, Ainavilli

2026-02-26T04:28:15Z

BradyGregg4996: started.

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Krapa
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16.640376|N|82.074414|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Konaseema district]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 533216
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}
'''Krapa''' is a hamlet in [[Ainavilli mandal]] of [[Konaseema district]] in [[Andhra Pradesh State]], India. <ref>{{Cite web| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924074944/http://www.citypincode.in/PinCodeOf.jsp?area=Krapa%20&district=East%20Godavari|url=http://www.citypincode.in/PinCodeOf.jsp?area=Krapa%20&district=East%20Godavari|title=Krapa East Godavari Pin Code|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Konaseema district}}

[[Category:Villages in Konaseema district]]

{{Konaseema-geo-stub}}

List of Bengaluru FC players

2026-02-21T07:10:18Z

BradyGregg4996: further refined information per standard format additionally and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|none}}
{{update|date=June 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}

This is the list of players who have played for [[Bengaluru FC]] since its inception in 2013.

==Current squad==

===First-team squad===
{{:Bengaluru FC| transclude=First-team squad}}

==List of players==

*Appearances and goals are for [[I-League]] and [[Indian Super League]] matches only.
*Players are listed according to the date of their first team debut for the club. Only players with at least one appearance are included.

''Statistics correct as of match played 10 March 2021''

;Table headers
* '''Nationality''' – If a player played international football, the country/countries he played for are shown. Otherwise, the player's nationality is given as their country of birth.
* '''Bengaluru FC career''' – The year of the player's first appearance for Bengaluru FC to the year of his last appearance.
* '''Starts''' – The number of games started.
* '''Sub''' – The number of games played as a substitute.
* '''Total''' – The total number of games played, both as a starter and as a substitute.

{| class="wikitable unsortable"
|+ Positions key
|-
!scope="row"|GK
|align=center |[[Goalkeeper (association football)|Goalkeeper]]
|-
!scope="row" align="center"|DF
|align=center|[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]
|-
!scope="row" align="center"|MF
|align=center|[[Midfielder]]
|-
!scope="row" align="center"|FW
|align=center|[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]
|-
!scope="row" align="center"|U
|align=center|Utility player{{ref|utility|1}}
|}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center"
|+List of Bengaluru FC players
|-
!scope="col" rowspan="2"|Name
!scope="col" rowspan="2"|Nationality
!scope="col" rowspan="2"|Position
!scope="col" rowspan="2"|Bengaluru FC career
!scope="col"|Starts
!scope="col"|Subs
!scope="col"|Total
!scope="col" rowspan="2"|Goals
!scope="col" rowspan="2" class="unsortable"|Ref
|- class="unsortable"
!scope="col" colspan="3"|Appearances
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname|Pawan|Kumar|Pawan Kumar (footballer, born 1990)}}
|{{IND}}||{{sort|1|GK}}||2013–2015||20||0||0||0||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/pawan-kumar/73525/ |title=Pawan Kumar|publisher=Soccerway |accessdate=4 November 2014 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname|Nanjangud Shivananju|Manju|Nanjangud Shivananju Manju}}
|{{IND}}||{{sort|2|DF}}||2013–2016||3||3||6||0||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/manju-nanjangud-shivananju/72565/ |title=Nanjangud Shivananju Manju|publisher=Soccerway |accessdate=4 November 2014 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname|Vishal|Kumar}}
|{{IND}}||{{sort|3|DF}}||2013–2016||6||7||13||0||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/vishal-kumar-ravindra-kumar/267286/ |title=Vishal Kumar|publisher=Soccerway |accessdate=4 November 2014 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname|Curtis|Osano}}
|{{KEN}}||{{sort|4|DF}}||2013–2016||57||0||57||2||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/curtis-osano/36327/ |title=Curtis Osano|publisher=Soccerway |accessdate=4 November 2014 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname|Gurtej|Singh}}
|{{IND}}||{{sort|5|MF}}||2013–2015||2||1||3||2||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/gurtej--singh/190573/ |title=Gurtej Singh|publisher=Soccerway |accessdate=4 November 2014 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname|John|Johnson|John Johnson (footballer)}}
|{{ENG}}||{{sort|6|DF}}||2013–2018||84||2||86||4||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/john-johnson/47952/ |title=John Johnson|publisher=Soccerway |accessdate=4 April 2019 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname|Sean|Rooney|Sean Rooney (footballer)}}
|{{AUS}}||{{sort|7|FW}}||2013–2015||38||0||38||14||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/sean-rooney/69034/ |title=Sean Rooney|publisher=Soccerway |accessdate=4 November 2014 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname|Malemngamba|Meetei}}
|{{IND}}||{{sort|8|MF}}||2013–2015||2||7||9||0||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/kshetrimayum-malemganba-meitei/274433/ |title=Kshetrimayum Malemganba Meitei|publisher=Soccerway |accessdate=4 November 2014 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname|Robin|Singh|Robin Singh (footballer)}}
|{{IND}}||{{sort|9|FW}}||2013–2015||19||22||41||11||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/robin-singh/167668/ |title=Robin Singh|publisher=Soccerway |accessdate=4 November 2014 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname|Johnny|Menyongar}}
|{{LBR}}||{{sort|10|MF}}||2013–2014||23||0||23|| 3 ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/johnny-menyongar/30210/ |title=Johnny Menyongar|publisher=Soccerway |accessdate=4 November 2014 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname|Sunil|Chhetri}}
|{{IND}}||{{sort|11|FW}}||2013–present||144||6||150|| 68 ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/sunil-chhetri/64395/ |title=Sunil Chhetri|publisher=Soccerway |accessdate=10 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname|Thoi|Singh|Thoi Singh Khangebam}}
|{{IND}}||{{sort|12|MF}}||2013–2016||42||8||50|| 8 ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/khangemban-thoi-singh/73518/ |title=Khangemban Thoi Singh|publisher=Soccerway |accessdate=4 November 2014 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname|Rino|Anto}}
|{{IND}}||{{sort|13|DF}}||2013–2017 2018–2020||57||10||67|| 1 ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/rino-anto/72552/ |title=Rino Anto|publisher=Soccerway |accessdate=4 November 2014 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname|Darren|Caldeira}}
|{{IND}}||{{sort|15|MF}}||2013–2015 2016–2016||8||7||15|| 0 ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/darren-caldeira/100582/ |title=Darren Caldeira|publisher=Soccerway |accessdate=4 November 2014 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname|Karan|Sawhney}}
|{{IND}}||{{sort|17|FW}}||2013–2015||0||3||3|| 0 ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/karan-atul-sahwney/274434/ |title=Karan Atul Sawhney|publisher=Soccerway |accessdate=4 November 2014 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname|Beikhokhei|Beingaichho}}
|{{IND}}||{{sort|18|MF}}||2013–2017||29||11||40|| 4 ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/beingaichho-beokhokhai/100099/ |title=Beikhokhei Beingaichho|publisher=Soccerway |accessdate=4 November 2014 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname|Siam|Hanghal}}
|{{IND}}||{{sort|19|MF}}||2013–2016||23||2||25|| 1 ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/siam-hanghal/314839/ |title=Siam Hanghal|publisher=Soccerway |accessdate=4 November 2014 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname|Keegan|Pereira|Keegan Pereira (footballer)}}
|{{IND}}||{{sort|20|DF}}||2013–2017||35||3||38|| 0 ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/keegan-pereira/100585/ |title=Keegan Pereira|publisher=Soccerway |accessdate=4 November 2014 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname|Bruno|Colaço}}
|{{IND}}||{{sort|22|GK}}||2013–2014||1||1||2|| 0 ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/bruno-colaco/282280/ |title=Bruno Colaço|publisher=Soccerway |accessdate=4 November 2014 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname|Lalrozama|Fanai}}
|{{IND}}||{{sort|23|DF}}||2013–2014||3||1||4|| 0 ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/lalrozama-fanai/165341/ |title=Lalrozama Fanai|publisher=Soccerway |accessdate=4 November 2014 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname|Niroshan|Mani}}
|{{IND}}||{{sort|25|MF}}||2013–2014||0||1||1|| 0 ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/niroshan-mani/314841/ |title=Niroshan Mani|publisher=Soccerway |accessdate=4 November 2014 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname|Amoes|Do|Amoes (footballer)}}
|{{IND}}||{{sort|27|MF}}||2013–2014||0||1||1|| 0 ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/amoes-do/314842/ |title=Amoes Do|publisher=Soccerway |accessdate=4 November 2014 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname|Soram|Anganba}}
|{{IND}}||{{sort|29|GK}}||2013–2015||4||1||5|| 0 ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/soram-porei-anganba/267277/ |title=Soram Anganba|publisher=Soccerway |accessdate=4 November 2014 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname| Shankar | Sampingiraj}}
|{{IND}}||{{sort|16 |MF }}||2013–2017|| 16 || 5 || 21 || 5 ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/shankar-sampingiraj/314840/ |title=Shankar Sampingiraj|publisher=Soccerway |accessdate=31 May 2016 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname|C.K.|Vineeth}}
|{{IND}}||{{sort|31|MF}}||2014–2017||26||28||54|| 14 ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/c-vineeth/214453/ |title=C.K. Vineeth|publisher=Soccerway |accessdate=4 November 2014 }}</ref><ref name="Vineeth Bengaluru">{{cite web|title=Bengaluru FC complete CK Vineeth swoop from United Sports Club|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2014/01/30/4582093/bengaluru-fc-complete-ck-vineeth-swoop-from-united-sports|work=Goal.com|date=30 January 2014|accessdate=6 November 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname|Josh|Walker|Josh Walker (footballer, born 1989)}}
|{{ENG}}||{{sort|10|MF}}||2014–2016||17||0||17||2||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/josh-walker/5263/ |title=Josh Walker|publisher=Soccerway |accessdate=31 May 2016 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname|Eugeneson| Lyngdoh }}
|{{IND}}||{{sort| 14|MF }}||2014–2017 2019–2020
| 40 || 8 || 48 || 10 ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/eugeneson-lyngdoh/223078/ |title=Eugeneson Lyngdoh|publisher=Soccerway |accessdate=10 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname|Udanta|Singh}}
|{{IND}}||{{sort| 21| FW }}||2014–present|| 86 || 27 || 113 || 12 ||<ref>{{cite web |url= https://int.soccerway.com/players/udanta-singh/394608/|title=Udanta Singh|publisher=Soccerway |accessdate=4 April 2019}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname|Lalchhuanmawia|Fanai|Lalchhuanmawia}}
|{{IND}}||{{sort| 23 | DF}}||2014–2017|| 24 || 4 || 28 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/-lalchhuanmawia/271546/ |title=Lalchhuanmawia Fanai|publisher=Soccerway |accessdate=31 May 2016 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname| Lalthuammawia | Ralte }}
|{{IND}}||{{sort| 28 | GK }}||2014–2018 2020– || 29 || 0 || 29 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/lalthuammawia-ralte/271527/ |title= Lalthuammawia Ralte|publisher=Soccerway |accessdate=4 April 2019 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname| Kim | Song-Yong }}
|{{PRK}}||{{sort| 9 | FW }}||2015–2016|| 13 || 1 || 14 || 5 ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/kim-seng-yong/74695/ |title=Kim Song-Yong|publisher=Soccerway |accessdate=31 May 2016 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname|Seminlen |Doungel }}
|{{IND}}||{{sort|17 |FW }}||2015–2017|| 5 || 13 || 18 || 3 ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/semilen-dounge/239245/ |title=Seminlen Doungel|publisher=Soccerway |accessdate=31 May 2016 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname|Alwyn |George }}
|{{IND}}||{{sort| 20| MF}}||2015–2018 || 10 || 15 || 25 || 1 ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/alwyn-george/237777/ |title=Alwyn George|publisher=Soccerway |accessdate=4 April 2019}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname| Nishu|Kumar }}
|{{IND}}||{{sort| 22|DF }}||2015–2020|| 48 || 7 || 55 || 2 ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/nishu-kumar-tashni/431458/ |title=Nishu Kumar|publisher=Soccerway |accessdate=10 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname| Daniel |Lalhlimpuia }}
|{{IND}}||{{sort|25 |FW }}||2015–2018|| 10 || 12 || 22 || 3 ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/daniel-lalhlimpuia/431459/ |title=Daniel Lalhlimpuia|publisher=Soccerway |accessdate=4 April 2019}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname| Malsawmzuala| |Malsawmzuala }}
|{{IND}}||{{sort|30 |MF }}||2015–2018|| 9 || 6 || 15 || 1 ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/a-malsawmzuala/431676/ |title=A Malsawmzuala|publisher=Soccerway |accessdate=31 May 2016 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname| Salam Ranjan|Singh }}
|{{IND}}||{{sort| 24|DF }}||2015–2017|| 9 || 5 || 14 || 1 ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/salam-ranjan-singh/314888/ |title=Salam Ranjan Singh|publisher=Soccerway |accessdate=31 May 2016 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname|Michael |Collins|Michael Collins (footballer, born 1986) }}
|{{IRL}}||{{sort| 8| MF}}||2016–2016|| 10 || 0 || 10 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/michael-collins/50966/ |title=Micahel Collins|publisher=Soccerway |accessdate=31 May 2016 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname| Amrinder | Singh }}
|{{IND}}||{{sort|1 |GK }}||2016–2017|| 23 || 0 || 23 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/amrinder-singh/269853/ |title=Amrinder Singh|publisher=Soccerway |accessdate=31 May 2016 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname| Álvaro|Rubio}}{{efn-ua|Rubio represented Bengaluru FC in [[2016 AFC Cup]]}}
|{{ESP}}||{{sort|9 |MF }}||2016–2016|| 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/alvaro-rubio-robles/17935/ |title=Alvar Rubio|publisher=Soccerway |accessdate=31 May 2016 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname| Arindam | Bhattacharya | Arindam Bhattacharya (footballer) }}
|{{IND}}||{{sort|27 |GK}}||2016–2017|| 5 || 1 || 6 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/arindam-bhattacharya/72622/ |title=Arindam Bhattacharya|publisher=Soccerway |accessdate=31 May 2016 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname| Juanan | | Juanan}}
|{{ESP}}||{{sort|4 |DF}}||2016–present|| 84 || 1 || 85 || 5 ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/juan-antonio-gonzalez-fernandez/61664/ |title=Juanan|publisher=Soccerway |accessdate=10 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname|Cameron |Watson|Cameron Watson (footballer) }}
|{{AUS}}||{{sort|17 |MF }}||2016–2017|| 16 || 0 || 16 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/cameron-watson/75072/ |title=Cameron Watson|publisher=Soccerway |accessdate=31 May 2016 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname| Gursimrat | Singh }}
|{{IND}}||{{sort|33 |DF }}||2016–2017 2018–2020|| 3 || 5 || 8 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web |url= https://int.soccerway.com/players/gursimrat-singh-gill/461588/|title=Gursimrat Singh|publisher=Soccerway |accessdate=10 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname| Harmanjot | Khabra }}
|{{IND}}||{{sort|10 |DF}}||2016–2021|| 79 || 3 || 82 || 1 ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/harmanjot--khabra/68311/ |title=Harmanjot Singh Khabra|publisher=Soccerway |accessdate=10 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname| Sena | Ralte}}
|{{IND}}||{{sort|19 | DF}}||2016–2017|| 6 || 1 || 7 || 1 ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/-lalhmangaihsanga/394640/ |title=Sena Ralte|publisher=Soccerway |accessdate=31 May 2016 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname| Lenny | Rodrigues }}
|{{IND}}||{{sort| 8| MF}}||2016–2018 || 27 || 4 || 31 || 2 ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/lenny-rodrigues/100136/ |title=Lenny Rodrigues|publisher=Soccerway |accessdate=4 April 2019}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname|Mandar Rao | Desai}}
|{{IND}}||{{sort|37 |MF }}||2016–2017|| 3 || 6 || 9 || 1 ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/mandar-rao-desai/271490/ |title=Mandar Rao Desai|publisher=Soccerway |accessdate=31 May 2016 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname| Sandesh | Jhingan}}
|{{IND}}||{{sort|15 |DF}}||2017–2017|| 10 || 1 || 11 || 1 ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/sandesh-jhingan/267433/ |title=Sandesh Jhingan|publisher=Soccerway |accessdate=31 May 2016 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname| Cornell | Glen}}{{efn-ua|Glen represented Bengaluru FC in [[2016–17 Indian Federation Cup]]}}
|{{TRI}}||{{sort|9 |FW }}||2017–2017|| 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/cornell-glenn/654/ |title=Cornell Glen|publisher=Soccerway |accessdate=31 May 2016 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname| Marjan| Jugović}}
|{{SRB}}||{{sort| 36| FW}}||2017–2017|| 2 || 4 || 6 || 1 ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/marijan-jugovic/47325/ |title=Marjan Jugović|publisher=Soccerway |accessdate=31 May 2016 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname|Roby |Norales }}
|{{HON}}||{{sort|9 |FW }}||2017–2017|| 1 || 3 || 4 || 1 ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/roby-alberto-norales/196825/ |title=Roby Norales|publisher=Soccerway |accessdate=31 May 2016 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname|Braulio|Nóbrega}}
|{{ESP}} || {{sort|9 |FW }} || 2017–2018 || 2 || 8 || 10 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://us.soccerway.com/players/braulio-nobrega-rodriguez/20114/ | title= Braulio Nobrega Rodriguez |publisher=Soccerway|accessdate=4 April 2019}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname|Edu|García}}
|{{ESP}} || {{sort|13 |MF }} || 2017–2018 || 12|| 2|| 14||2 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://us.soccerway.com/players/eduardo-garcia-martin/203413/ | title= Eduardo García Martin|publisher=Soccerway|accessdate=4 April 2019}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname|Gurpreet Singh|Sandhu}}
|{{IND}} || {{sort|1|GK}} || 2017– || 77 || 0 || 77 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/gurpreet-singh-sandhu/165337/ | title= Gurpreet Singh Sandhu|publisher=Soccerway|accessdate=4 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname|Abhra|Mondal}}
|{{IND}} || {{sort|23|GK }} || 2017–2018 || 0 || 1 || 1 || 1 || <ref>{{cite web|url= https://int.soccerway.com/players/abhra-mondal/72867/| title= Abhra Mondal|publisher=Soccerway|accessdate=4 April 2019}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname|Rahul|Bheke}}
|{{IND}} || {{sort|2|DF}} || 2017–2021 || 65 || 5 || 70 || 5 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/rahul-bheke/267503/| title= Rahul Bheke|publisher=Soccerway|accessdate=10 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname|Collin|Abranches}}{{efn-ua|Abranches represented Bengaluru FC in [[2018 AFC Cup]]}}
|{{IND}} || {{sort|3 | DF}} || 2017–2018 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/collin-abranches/169789/ | title= Collin Abranches|publisher=Soccerway|accessdate=4 April 2019}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname|Zohmingliana|Ralte}}
|{{IND}} || {{sort|4 |DF }} || 2017–2018 || 0 || 1 || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/zohmingliana-ralte/269872/ | title= Zohmingliana Ralte|publisher=Soccerway|accessdate=4 April 2019}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname| Subhasish |Bose}}
|{{IND}} || {{sort|15|DF}} || 2017–2018 || 14 || 4 || 18 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/subashish-bose/431673/ | title= Subhasish Bose|publisher=Soccerway|accessdate=4 April 2019}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname|Joyner|Lourenco}}{{efn-ua|Lourenco represented Bengaluru FC in [[2018 AFC Cup]]}}
|{{IND}} || {{sort|24 |DF }} || 2017–2018 || 0 || 0 ||0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url= https://int.soccerway.com/players/joyner-lourenco/222935/| title= Joyner Lourenco|publisher=Soccerway|accessdate=4 April 2019}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname| Prashanth |Kalinga}}{{efn-ua|Kalinga represented Bengaluru FC in [[2018 AFC Cup]]}}
|{{IND}} || {{sort|27 |DF }} || 2017–2019 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/prashanth-kalinga/533741/ | title=Prashanth Kalinga |publisher=Soccerway|accessdate=4 April 2019}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname|Asheer|Akhtar}}{{efn-ua|Akhtar represented Bengaluru FC in [[2018 AFC Cup]]}}
|{{IND}} || {{sort|33 |DF }} || 2017–2019 ||0 ||0 ||0 || 0|| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/asheer-akhtar/471819/ | title= Asheer Akhtar|publisher=Soccerway|accessdate=4 April 2019}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname|Dimas|Delgado}}
|{{ESP}} || {{sort|14|MF}} || 2017–2021 || 62|| 5 || 67 || 4 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/dimas-delgado-morgado/17896/ | title= Dimas Delgado|publisher=Soccerway|accessdate=10 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname|Erik|Paartalu}}
|{{AUS}} || {{sort|16|MF}} || 2017–2021 || 61 || 6 || 67 || 9 || <ref>{{cite web|url= https://int.soccerway.com/players/eric-paartalu/12994/| title= Erik Paartalu |publisher=Soccerway|accessdate=10 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname|Boithang|Haokip}}
|{{IND}} || {{sort|17|MF}} || 2017–2019 || 8 || 13 || 21 || 2 || <ref>{{cite web|url= https://int.soccerway.com/players/boithang-haokip/100045/| title= Boithang Haokip|publisher=Soccerway|accessdate=4 April 2019}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname|Toni| |Antonio Rodríguez Dovale}}
|{{ESP}} || {{sort|19 | MF}} || 2017–2018 || 6 || 7 || 13 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url= https://int.soccerway.com/players/antonio-rodriguez-dovale/92413/| title=Toni Dovale |publisher=Soccerway|accessdate=4 April 2019}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname| Myron | Mendes}}
|{{IND}} || {{sort| 29|MF }} || 2017–2019 || 0||1 || 1||0 || <ref>{{cite web|url= https://int.soccerway.com/players/myron-mendes/402246/| title= Myron Mendes|publisher=Soccerway|accessdate=4 April 2019}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname|Robinson|Singh}}{{efn-ua|Singh represented Bengaluru FC in [[2018 AFC Cup]]}}
|{{IND}} || {{sort|38 |MF }} || 2017–2019 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url= https://int.soccerway.com/players/robinson-singh/431816/| title= Robinson Singh |publisher=Soccerway|accessdate=4 April 2019}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname|Leon| Augustine}}
|{{IND}} || {{sort|31 |FW }} || 2017– || 3 ||8 || 11||1 || <ref>{{cite web|url= https://int.soccerway.com/players/leon-agustine-asokan/533743/| title= Leon Augustine|publisher=Soccerway|accessdate=4 April 2019}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname|Víctor Pérez|Alonso}}
|{{ESP}} || {{sort|44 |MF }} || 2017–2018 || 0 || 1 || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url= https://int.soccerway.com/players/victor-perez-alonso/92929/| title= Víctor Pérez Alonso|publisher=Soccerway|accessdate=4 April 2019}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname|Miku||Miku (footballer)}}
|{{VEN}} || {{sort|7|FW }} || 2017–2019 ||31 || 1 || 32 || 20 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/nicolas-ladislao-fedor-flores/60950/ | title=Nicolás Ladislao Fedor Flores |publisher=Soccerway|accessdate=4 April 2019}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname|Daniel Lucas|Segovia}}
|{{ESP}} || {{sort|12 |FW }} || 2017–2018 || 0 || 5 || 5 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url= https://int.soccerway.com/players/daniel-lucas-segovia/145331/| title=Daniel Lucas Segovia |publisher=Soccerway|accessdate=4 April 2019}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname|Thongkhosiem|Haokip}}
|{{IND}} || {{sort|18 |FW }} || 2017– || 3 || 25 || 28 || 2 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/thongkhosiem-haokip/314889/ | title=Thongkhosiem Haokip |publisher=Soccerway|accessdate=4 April 2019}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname|Cletus|Paul}}{{efn-ua|Paul represented Bengaluru FC in [[2018 AFC Cup]]}}
|{{IND}} || {{sort|26 |FW }} || 2017–2018 ||0 || 0||0 || 0|| <ref>{{cite web|url= https://int.soccerway.com/players/cletus-paul/338205/| title= Cletus Paul|publisher=Soccerway|accessdate=4 April 2019}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname|Chencho Gyeltshen||Chencho Gyeltshen}}
|{{BHU}} || {{sort|27|FW }} || 2018–2019 ||4 || 5 || 9 || 2 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://us.soccerway.com/players/chencho-gyeltshen/243334/| title=Chencho Gyeltshen|publisher=Soccerway|accessdate=4 April 2019}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname|Albert|Serrán}}
|{{ESP}} || {{sort|3|DF }} || 2018–2020 ||31 || 3 || 34 || 1 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://us.soccerway.com/players/albert-polo-serran/57685/| title=Albert Serran|publisher=Soccerway|accessdate=10 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname|Sairuat|Kima}}
|{{IND}} || {{sort|4|DF }} || 2018–2020 ||2 || 0 || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://us.soccerway.com/players/sairuat-kima/471379/| title=Sairuat Kima|publisher=Soccerway|accessdate=10 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname|Parag|Shrivas}}
|{{IND}} || {{sort|28|DF }} || 2018– ||9|| 4 || 13 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://us.soccerway.com/players/parag-satish-shrivas/591873/| title=Parag Shrivas|publisher=Soccerway|accessdate=10 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname|Kean|Lewis}}
|{{IND}} || {{sort|8|MF }} || 2018–2020 ||5|| 15 || 20 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://us.soccerway.com/players/kean-lewis/431813/| title=Kean Lewis|publisher=Soccerway|accessdate=10 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname|Luisma||Luisma (footballer, born 1989)}}
|{{ESP}} || {{sort|9|MF }} || 2018–2019 ||6|| 0 || 6 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://us.soccerway.com/players/luis-manuel-villa-lopez/61695/| title=Luisma|publisher=Soccerway|accessdate=4 April 2019}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname|Xisco|Hernández}}
|{{ESP}} || {{sort|7|MF }} || 2018–2019 2021–2021 ||18 || 5 || 20 || 1 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://us.soccerway.com/players/francisco-hernandez-marcos/153360/| title=Xisco Hernández|publisher=Soccerway|accessdate=4 April 2019}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname|Álex|Barrera}}
|{{ESP}} || {{sort|24|MF }} || 2018–2019 ||3 || 0 || 3 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://us.soccerway.com/players/alejandro-barrera-garcia/146813/| title=Xisco Hernández|publisher=Soccerway|accessdate=4 April 2019}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname|Ajay|Chhetri}}
|{{IND}} || {{sort|35|MF }} || 2018–2020 ||1|| 1 || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://us.soccerway.com/players/ajay-chhetri/573601/| title=Ajay Chhetri|publisher=Soccerway|accessdate=4 April 2019}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname|Edmund|Lalrindika}}
|{{IND}} || {{sort|37|FW }} || 2018– ||2|| 8 || 10 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://us.soccerway.com/players/edmund-lalrindika/525728/| title=Edmund Lalrindika|publisher=Soccerway|accessdate=11 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname|Ashique|Kuruniyan}}
|{{IND}} || {{sort|19|FW}} || 2019– || 19 || 6 || 25 || 1 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/ashique-kuruniyan/517729/| title= Ashique Kuruniyan|publisher=Soccerway|accessdate=10 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname|Manuel|Onwu}}
|{{ESP}} || {{sort|9|FW}} || 2019–2020 || 5 || 1 || 6 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/manuel-onwu-villafranca/146669/ | title= Manuel Onwu|publisher=Soccerway|accessdate=10 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname|Prabhsukhan Singh|Gill}}
|{{IND}} || {{sort|31|GK}} || 2019–2020 || 1 || 0 || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/prabhushkan-singh-gill/513931/ | title= Prabhsukhan Singh Gill|publisher=Soccerway|accessdate=4 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname|Raphael|Augusto}}
|{{BRA}} || {{sort|12|MF}} || 2019–2020 || 9 || 0 || 9 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/raphael-augusto-santos-da-silva/76825/ | title= Raphael Augusto|publisher=Soccerway|accessdate=4 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname|Suresh Singh|Wangjam}}
|{{IND}} || {{sort|27|MF}} || 2019– || 25 || 6 || 31 || 1 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/suresh-singh-wangjam/513908/| title= Suresh Singh Wangjam|publisher=Soccerway|accessdate=4 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname|Nili||Nili (footballer)}}
|{{ESP}} || {{sort|29|MF}} || 2019–2020 || 2 || 4 || 6 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/francisco-jose-perdomo-borges/310286/ | title= Nili|publisher=Soccerway|accessdate=4 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname|Deshorn|Brown}}
|{{JAM}} || {{sort|26|FW}} || 2019–2021 || 10 || 7 || 17 || 3 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/deshorn-brown/194511/| title= Deshorn Brown|publisher=Soccerway|accessdate=10 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname|Amay| Morajkar}}
|{{IND}} || {{sort| 37|MF}} || 2019– || 2 || 6 || 8 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/amay-morajkar/651038/| title= Amay Morajkar|publisher=Soccerway|accessdate=10 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname|Kevaughn|Frater}}
|{{JAM}} || {{sort|17|FW}} || 2019–2020 || 1 || 3 || 4 || 1 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/kevaughn-frater/398969/ | title= Kevaughn Frater|publisher=Soccerway|accessdate=10 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname|Roshan| Singh|Roshan Singh (footballer)}}
|{{IND}} || {{sort| 45|FW}} || 2019– || 0 || 2 || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/roshan-singh/525731/| title= Roshan Singh|publisher=Soccerway|accessdate=10 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname|Biswa Kumar| Darjee}}{{efn-ua|Darjee represented Bengaluru FC in [[2020 AFC Cup]]}}
|{{IND}} || {{sort|43|DF}} || 2019– || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/biswa-kumar-darjee/651032/| title= Biswa Kumar Darjee|publisher=Soccerway|accessdate=11 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname|Pratik| Chaudhari}}
|{{IND}} || {{sort|4|DF}} || 2020– || 10 || 5 || 15 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/pratik-chaudhari/267487/| title= Pratik Chaudhari|publisher=Soccerway|accessdate=11 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname| Wungngayam | Muirang}}
|{{IND}} || {{sort|15|DF}} || 2020– || 1 || 1 || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/wungyanyg-muirang/578979/| title= Pratik Chaudhari|publisher=Soccerway|accessdate=11 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname| Ajith | Kumar | Ajith Kumar (footballer)}}
|{{IND}} || {{sort|19|DF}} || 2020– || 6 || 2 || 8 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/wungyanyg-muirang/578979/| title= Ajith Kumar|publisher=Soccerway|accessdate=11 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname| Namgyal | Bhutia}}
|{{IND}} || {{sort|25|MF}} || 2020– || 2 || 0 || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/namgyal-bhutia/525741/| title= Namgyal Bhutia|publisher=Soccerway|accessdate=11 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname| Fran | González| Fran González (footballer, born 1989)}}
|{{ESP}} || {{sort|55|DF}} || 2020– || 10 || 8 || 18 || 1 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/francisco-javier-gonzalez-munoz/148263/| title= Fran Gonzalez|publisher=Soccerway|accessdate=11 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname| Cleiton | Silva}}
|{{BRA}} || {{sort|23|FW}} || 2020– || 18 || 0 || 18 || 7 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/cleiton-augusto-oliveira-silva/287157/| title= Cleiton Silva|publisher=Soccerway|accessdate=11 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left"|{{sortname| Yrondu | Musavu-King}}{{efn-ua|Musavu-King represented Bengaluru FC in [[2021 AFC Cup]]}}
|{{GAB}} || {{sort| |DF}} || 2021– || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/yrondu-musavu-king/164836/| title= Yrondu Musavu-King|publisher=Soccerway|accessdate=11 April 2020}}</ref>
|}

{{notelist-ua}}

==Club captains==
[[Sunil Chhetri]] is Bengaluru FC's first and current captain. [[File:Sunil Chhetri.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Sunil Chhetri]], the first captain of Bengaluru FC.]]
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable"
|-
!scope="col"|Dates
!scope="col"|Name
!scope="col"|Notes
|-
|2013–present
|scope="row"|[[Sunil Chhetri]]
|
|}

==Notes==
*{{note|utility}} A utility player is one who is considered to play in more than one position.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Bengaluru FC}}

[[Category:Bengaluru FC-related lists|Players]]
[[Category:Bengaluru FC players|*]]
[[Category:Lists of footballers in India by club|Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Association football player non-biographical articles]]

Ronald Carlton Vivian Piadade Noronha

2026-02-18T01:39:24Z

BradyGregg4996: new new article

{{short description|Indian civil service officer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = R. Carlton Vivian Pidade Noronha
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1916|5|14}}
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], Hyderabad State, India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1982|11|23|1916|5|14}}
| death_place = [[Bhopal]], Madhya Pradesh, India
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername = RP
| occupation = Civil service officer, writer
| yearsactive =
| known_for = Administrative reforms
| awards = 1975 [[Padma Bhushan]]
}}
'''Ronald Carlton Vivian Pidade Noronha''' (1916–1982), known as Ron to his friends and Noronha to his colleagues, was an Indian Civil Service officer, writer and the longest serving Chief Secretary of Madhya Pradesh in independent India.
He was the author of ''A Tale Told By An Idiot'', an autobiography. The [[Government of India]] awarded him the [[Padma Bhushan]], the third highest civilian award, in 1975.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{Cite web |url=http://www.dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/ |title=Padma Awards |date=2018-05-17 |website=Padma Awards |publisher=Government of India |access-date=2018-05-17}}</ref>

==Biography==
[[File:Loyola College Chennai entrance.jpg|thumb|Loyola College, Madras]]
R. C. V. P. Noronha was born on 14 May 1916 at [[Hyderabad]] in the south Indian state of [[Telangana]]. The only son of an engineer-doctor couple, he did his pre-college at Inter College, Vishakhapatnam and secured a graduate degree with [[Honours degree|honours]] from [[Loyola College, Madras]] and moved to the [[London School of Economics]] which earned a BSc (honours) from the [[University of London]]. Subsequently, he joined [[Indian Civil Service (British India)|Indian Civil Service]], topping the qualifying examination.

He was the second longest serving chief secretary of Madhya Pradesh, having served as the chief secretary for two terms, November 1963 to August 1968 and September 1972 to May 1974 when he retired from service at the age of 58.<ref name="Chief Secretaries of Madhya Pradesh">{{Cite web |url=http://mpinfo.org/MPinfoStatic/English/whoiswho/cslist.asp |title=Chief Secretaries of Madhya Pradesh |date=2018-05-31 |website=Department Of Public Relations, Madhya Pradesh |access-date=2018-05-31}}</ref>

After retirement, Ron Noronha, lived as a farmer, in a one room house in a village called Sankal, 20 kilometers from Bhopal. He was affectionately known as Baba by the children and adults of the village, alike. He would also provide first aid for common ailments like diarrhea and fever and even ferried emergency patients to Bhopal sometimes. After his death, the village has been named after him as Noronha Sankal.

He published his autobiography in 1976 under the title, ''A Tale Told By An Idiot''.<ref name="A Tale Told By An Idiot">{{Cite book |title=A Tale Told By An Idiot |last=R. P. Noronha |publisher=South Asia Books |year=1976 |isbn=9780883869338}}</ref> He was married to Amy Alvares and the couple had two sons, Ashok and Terence, and two daughters, Gabrielle and Anjali. He died on 23 November 1982, at the age of 66, at [[Bhopal]] in [[Madhya Pradesh]].
== Awards and honors ==
The [[Government of India]] awarded him the [[Padma Bhushan]], the third highest civilian award, in 1975.<ref name="Padma Awards"/> [[RCVP Noronha Academy of Administration]], the principal civil service training institute of the [[Government of Madhya Pradesh]], is named after him.<ref name="RCVP Noronha Academy of Administration & Management">{{Cite web |url=http://www.mp.nic.in/mpacademy/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070814125650/http://www.mp.nic.in/mpacademy/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-08-14 |title=RCVP Noronha Academy of Administration & Management |date=2007-08-14 |website=Government of Madhya Pradesh |access-date=2018-05-31}}</ref><ref name="आर.सी.व्ही.पी.नरोन्हा प्रशासन एवं प्रबंधकीय अकादमी">{{Cite web |url=http://www.academy.mp.gov.in/ |title=आर.सी.व्ही.पी.नरोन्हा प्रशासन एवं प्रबंधकीय अकादमी |last=Esmet |date=2018-05-31 |website=www.academy.mp.gov.in |access-date=2018-05-31}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Anthony de Sa (politician)]]
{{div col end}}
{{Portal|India}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2001/08/09/stories/180944pd.htm |title=A shimmering gem in India's babudom |last=P. Devarajan |date=9 August 2001 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |access-date=2018-05-31}}

==External links==
* {{Cite web |url=http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/e3bd86f4-455e-40ea-bbc5-cc44aa9e784e |title=The Discovery Service |last=Archives |first=The National |date=2018-05-31 |website=discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk |language=en-GB |access-date=2018-05-31}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box | before = [[H. S. Kamath]]|title = Chief Secretary [[Government of Madhya Pradesh]] | years = 1963–1968 | after = [[M. P. Shrivastava]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{s-start}}
{{succession box | before = [[R. P. Naik]]|title = Chief Secretary [[Government of Madhya Pradesh]] | years = 1972–1974 | after = [[M. S. Chaudhary]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1970–79}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Noronha, R. Carlton Vivian Pidade}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in civil service]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:1916 births]]
[[Category:1982 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Loyola College, Chennai alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of the London School of Economics]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of London]]
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]

Ritu Kumar

2026-02-10T03:05:39Z

BradyGregg4996: enhanced information per sources and added references

{{short description|Indian fashion designer}}
{{Infobox fashion designer
| name = Ritu Kumar
| image = ritu kumar.jpg
| caption = Kumar in 2012
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1944|11|11}}
| birth_place = [[Amritsar]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| education = [[Briarcliff College]] [[New York (state)|New York]] [[Lady Irwin College]] [[Delhi]]
| children = {{hlist|[[Ashvin Kumar]]|[[Amrish Kumar]]}}
| label_name = {{hlist|Ritu Kumar|Ri|Ritu Kumar Home|LABEL Ritu Kumar}}
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] 2013
| website = {{URL|https://ritukumar.com}}
| known_for =
| occupation = [[Fashion designer]]
}}

'''Ritu Kumar''' (born 11 November 1944) is an Indian [[fashion design]]er.

==Early life and education==
The lack of educational opportunities in [[Amritsar]] led her to move to [[Simla]] for her schooling, where she attended [[Loreto Convent, Tara Hall, Shimla|Loreto Convent]]. She later studied at [[Lady Irwin College]], where she met and married Shashi Kumar, and then went on to accept a scholarship at [[Briarcliff College]] in [[New York (state)|New York]], where she studied Art History.<ref>{{Cite web|title=All About Ritu Kumar Fashion Designer in India|url=https://www.utsavpedia.com/fashion-cults/ritu-kumar/|date=2016-03-01|website=Utsavpedia|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-18}}</ref> On returning to [[India]], she studied [[museology]] at the [[Asutosh Museum of Indian Art]], part of the [[University of Calcutta]].<ref name=Garg>{{cite web|last1=Garg|first1=Nikshubha|title=Meet Ritu Kumar, the doyen of Indian haute couture|date=21 December 2014 |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/meet-ritu-kumar-the-doyen-of-indian-haute-couture/15856179|publisher=Mid-Day|accessdate=7 September 2015}}</ref> Her son is [[Academy Awards|Oscar]] nominated director, [[Ashvin Kumar]].

==Career==

Kumar began her fashion business in Kolkata, using two small tables and hand-block printing techniques. Beginning with bridal wear and evening clothes in the 1960s and 70s, she eventually moved into the international market in the subsequent two decades.<ref name="FingerSchuler2004">{{cite book|author1=J. Michael Finger|author2=Philip Schuler|title=Poor People's Knowledge: Promoting Intellectual Property in Developing Countries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=He46WGmWy1QC&pg=PT20|date=23 January 2004|publisher=World Bank Publications|isbn=978-0-8213-8369-8|page=20}}</ref> As well as shops in India, Kumar's company has also opened branches in Paris, London and New York. The London branch closed after three years, in 1999. Her company's annual turnover at the time was the highest of any Indian fashion outlet, estimated at around ₹10 billion.<ref name="Bhachu2005">{{cite book|author=Parminder Bhachu|title=Dangerous Designs: Asian Women Fashion the Diaspora Economies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VaKJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA68|date=5 October 2005|publisher=Routledge|isbn=1-134-90863-6|pages=68–69}}</ref><ref name="Sengupta2009">{{cite book|author=Hindol Sengupta|title=Ramp Up|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k7LkhFadBIwC&pg=PA162|year=2009|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-1974-9|pages=158–162}}</ref> In 2002 she launched the "Label" line in partnership with her son Amrish.<ref name="Bryant2010">{{cite book|author=Jill Bryant|title=Dazzling Women Designers|url=https://archive.org/details/dazzlingwomendes0000brya|url-access=registration|year=2010|publisher=Second Story Press|isbn=978-1-897187-82-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/dazzlingwomendes0000brya/page/65 65]}}</ref> Kumar discusses her career at length in a 2015 interview for the Creating Emerging Markets project at the [[Harvard Business School]], beginning with how she first broke into the Paris and New York fashion houses and department stores in the 1970s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hbs.edu/businesshistory/emerging-markets/pages/profile-detail.aspx?profile=rkumar |title=Interview with Ritu Kumar |website=Creating Emerging Markets |publisher=Harvard Business School}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://lifeandtrendz.com/ritu-kumar-gets-featured-in-harvard-business-school-study/ |title=Ritu Kumar Gets Featured in Harvard Business School Study |website=Life and Trendz |date=8 August 2015 |access-date=23 September 2015 |archive-date=14 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224108/https://lifeandtrendz.com/ritu-kumar-gets-featured-in-harvard-business-school-study/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{YouTube|id=Sra-N-gQp-Y |title="Doing Good By Doing Business - Creating Emerging Markets"}}</ref>

==Designs==

Kumar's designs focus on natural fabrics and traditional printing and weaving techniques.<ref name="Sengupta2009"/> She has also included Western elements in her work,<ref name="FingerSchuler2004"/> but has generally not innovated beyond traditional [[sari]] designs.<ref name=IE>{{cite book|title=Indian Essentials|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1q0dbWEhiPgC&pg=PT184|date=1 January 2010|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-306526-5|page=184}}</ref> Her clothes have been worn by celebrities such as [[Princess Diana]], [[Priyanka Chopra]], [[Lara Dutta]], [[Deepika Padukone]], [[Madhuri Dixit|Madhuri Dixit Nene]], [[Madhur Jaffrey]], [[Kalki Koechlin]], [[Dia Mirza]], [[Soha Ali Khan]] and [[Jemima Goldsmith]].<ref name="Bhachu2005"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/fashion/kalki-koechlin-shoots-for-label-ritu-kumars-new-campaign-2953705/|title=Kalki Koechlin shoots for Label Ritu Kumar's new campaign|date=2016-08-04|access-date=2016-08-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vogue.in/content/10-times-bollywood-chose-ritu-kumar-wedding-wear/|title=10 times Bollywood chose Ritu Kumar wedding wear|date=2015-08-05|website=VOGUE India|access-date=2016-08-10}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==
In 2013 Ritu Kumar was given the [[Padma Shri]] award by the Government of India.<ref name="National">{{cite news|last1=McLaughlin-Duane|first1=Rebecca|date=1 June 2015|title=Indian celebrity designer Ritu Kumar unveils new collection in Dubai|work=The National|url=http://www.thenational.ae/arts-lifestyle/fashion/20150601/indian-celebrity-designer-ritu-kumar-unveils-new-collection-in-dubai|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714003542/http://www.thenational.ae/arts-lifestyle/fashion/20150601/indian-celebrity-designer-ritu-kumar-unveils-new-collection-in-dubai|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 July 2015|accessdate=7 September 2015}}</ref>

She won the Achievement Award in 2012 at L’oreal Paris Femina Women’s Awards.<ref>{{Cite web|title=All About Ritu Kumar Fashion Designer in India|url=https://www.utsavpedia.com/fashion-cults/ritu-kumar/|date=2016-03-01|website=Utsavpedia|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-13}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.ritukumar.com/ Official Website]
* [https://www.labelritukumar.com/ Ritu Kumar Label Official]
* [https://ri.ritukumar.com/ Ritu Kumar other Official Website]

{{Authority control}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Ritu}}
[[Category:Indian women fashion designers]]
[[Category:Indian fashion designers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in other fields]]
[[Category:Artists from Amritsar]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian designers]]
[[Category:Women artists from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Lady Irwin College alumni]]
[[Category:1944 births]]

Shri Ramswaroop Memorial University

2026-02-05T04:49:13Z

BradyGregg4996: small refine intro per standard format and fixed typos

{{Short description|Private university in Barabanki}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox university
|name = Shri Ramswaroop Memorial University
|image = File:Sriramswaroop.png
|image_size = 280px
|image_alt = Logo
|motto = Chase reality, dreams will follow
|mascot = Gillu
|established = {{start date|2012}}
|type = [[Private university]]
|endowment =
|head_label = Pro-Chancellor
|head = Er. Pooja Agarwal<ref name="srmu1">{{Cite web|url=https://srmu.ac.in/Messages.aspx#section-one|title = SRMU Chancellor Message | SRMU Pro-Chancellor Message}}</ref>
|city = [[Barabanki district|Barabanki]]
|state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|country = India
|publictransit =
|undergrad =
|postgrad =
|staff =
|affiliations =
|website = {{URL|http://srmu.ac.in/}}
|footnotes =
|colours = White, navy blue
|nickname = Ramswaroopians
|chancellor = Er. Pankaj Agarwal <ref name="srmu1"/>
}}
'''Shri Ramswaroop Memorial University''' (SRMU) is a private university in [[Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh|Barabanki]], Uttar Pradesh, India. It was established in July 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dr. Sudhir Mishra conferred with prestigious Doctorate Degree|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/corporate-gallery/dr-sudhir-mishra-conferred-with-prestigious-doctorate-degree|access-date=2021-10-13|website=Free Press Journal|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.jagran.com/news/education-srmu-experts-share-tips-to-choose-right-professional-course-and-university-22087997.html | title=SRMU के विशेषज्ञों से जाने प्रोफेशनल कोर्स और यूनिवर्सिटी चुनते समय कैसे बरतें समझदारी | publisher=Jagran | date=7 October 2021 | access-date=15 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/lucknow/clean-clear-lucknow-times-fresh-face-competition-at-shri-ramswaroop-memorial-university-in-lucknow/articleshow/42159883.cms | title=Clean & Clear Lucknow Times Fresh Face competition at Shri Ramswaroop Memorial University in Lucknow | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=10 September 2014 | accessdate=15 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/privateuniversitylist.aspx?id=487Tb5QSmXkTnnzf/c9U+g==&Unitype=So1CNBLvrigKjpQTxHMrAQ== | title=Private University Uttar Pradesh | publisher=[[University Grants Commission (India)]] | accessdate=15 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.jagranjosh.com/articles/shri-ramswaroop-memorial-university-certificate-course-in-entrepreneurial-leadership-1390041563-1 | title=Shri Ramswaroop Memorial University: Certificate Course in Entrepreneurial Leadership | publisher=www.jagranjosh.com | date=18 January 2014 | accessdate=8 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Valuable-career-insights-for-students-at-Navbharat-Times-Education-Conclave/articleshow/20623107.cms | title=Valuable career insights for students at Navbharat Times Education Conclave | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=17 June 2013 | accessdate=8 August 2015}}</ref>

The university was established in 2012 under UP State Govt. ACT 1. It holds recognition from the University Grants Commission (UGC)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/pdfnews/9471309_Sh-Ramswaroop-Memorial-University-UP.pdf | title=Shri Ramswaroop Memorial University | publisher=[[University Grants Commission (India)]] | accessdate=15 October 2021}}</ref> and the All India Council of Technical Education (AICTE). SRMU is a member of the Association of Indian Universities (AIU). It offers courses approved by the Council of Architecture (COI), National Council for Teacher Education (NCTE), Pharmacy Council of India (PCI), and Bar Council of India (BCI).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-02-18|title=Shri Ramswaroop Memorial University chooses Oracle Cloud to transform distance education programme|url=https://www.expresscomputer.in/cloud/shri-ramswaroop-memorial-university-chooses-oracle-cloud-to-re-invent-distance-education/33042/|access-date=2021-10-13|website=Express Computer|language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://srmu.ac.in/}}

{{Universities in Uttar Pradesh}}{{Education in India}}{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Private universities in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Education in Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2012]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

{{UttarPradesh-university-stub}}

Bangalore (1792 ship)

2026-02-03T00:51:33Z

BradyGregg4996: starting initial details w/ infobox...

{{Short description|British merchant ship built in India 1792–1802}}
{{other ships|Bangalore (disambiguation){{!}}Bangalore (ship)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
|image=Loss of the Bangalore.jpg
|image_caption=Loss of the Bangalore, Capt Lynch, on a Coral Reef in the Indian Sea, [[Thomas Tegg]], National Maritime Museum, Greenwich
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
|country=Great Britain
|flag={{shipboxflag| Kingdom of Great Britain|civil}}
|yard_number=
|owner=Tullock (or Tulloch) & Co.
|builder=G. Gillett, [[Kolkata|Calcutta]]{{sfnp|Phipps|1840|p=97}}
|name=''Banglore''
|namesake=[[Bangalore]]
|launched=1792
|acquired=
|fate=Wrecked 12 April 1802
|notes=
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
|type=
|tons_burthen=206,<ref name=BL>[http://searcharchives.bl.uk/IAMS_VU2:IAMS045-001114588 British Library: ''Bangalore''.]{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>{{sfnp|Phipps|1840|p=97}} or 291,<ref name=RS1806/>{{Sfnp|House of Commons|1814|p=86}} or 298,{{sfnp|Hackman|2001|pp=223-4}} or 400<ref name=New/> ([[Builder's Old Measurement|bm]])
|length=
|beam=
|draught=
|propulsion=Sail
|speed=
|complement=
|armament=10 × 6-pounder guns<ref name=LR1798/>
|notes=
}}
}}

'''''Bangalore''''' was built in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] in 1792 and took on British registry in 1797 after having made a voyage from Bengal to London under charter to the British [[East India Company]] (EIC). She then traded between London and India. She was wrecked in 1802 in the [[Flores Sea]].

==Career==
On 20 August 1792 ''Bangalore'' was under the command of Captain Wilson when a heavy gale drove her across the tail of the Saugor Sand. Charts that accurately described water depths enabled Wilson to navigate into [[Muri Ganga River|Channel Creek]] and then to safety in Randall's Cove.<ref>''Report...'' (1806), p.61.</ref>

Under the command of Captain James Frayer, ''Bangalore'' was at Calcutta on 15 February 1796 and left Bengal on 22 March. She reached [[Saint Helena]] on 4 July and Crookhaven on 27 November, before arriving at Blackwall on 17 December.

''Bangalore'' was admitted to the Registry of Great Britain on 17 February 1797.{{Sfnp|House of Commons|1814|p=86}} She entered ''[[Lloyd's Register]]'' in 1798 with J. Friar, master, and Tullock, owner.<ref name=LR1798>[https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015004281211?urlappend=%3Bseq=59 ''Lloyd's Register'' (1798), Seq. №B410.]</ref>

One record has ''Bangalore'' sailing to Bengal and return between 16 January 1797 and 19 December 1798.{{sfnp|Hackman|2001|pp=223-4}}

The ''New Oriental Register...'' in 1802 gave her master and owner as Francis Lynch.<ref name=New>''New Oriental Register...'' (1802), p.70.</ref>

==Fate==
''Bangalore'' was wrecked on 12 April 1802.<ref>Mason (1908), p62.</ref> She was under the command of Captain Lynch and nine days out from [[Ambon Island|Amboyna]]. Survivors in the pinnace and jolly boats reached [[Surabaya|Sourabaya]]. The Dutch received them kindly and later sent them on to [[Batavia (Dutch East Indies)|Batavia]].{{efn|This information is from Thomas Teggs's "Account of Shipwrecks".<ref>[http://collections.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/110516.html National Maritime Museum, Greenwich.]</ref>}} The wreck may have occurred on "Jagger's Reef" ("Bangalore Shoal") around {{coord|7|40|S|121|13|E}} in the Flores Sea.<ref>Bowditch (1821), p.282, Table XLVYI.</ref>

Although the wreck occurred in 1802, ''Lloyd's Register'' carried an (unchanged) entry for her to 1805, and the ''Register of Shipping'' did so to 1806.<ref name=RS1806>[https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015021233542?urlappend=%3Bseq=70 ''Register of Shipping'' (1806), Seq.№24.]</ref>

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==Citations==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==
*Bowditch, Nathaniel (1821) ''The New American Practical Navigator ... Exemplified in a Journal Kept from Boston to Madeira ...: With an Appendix ...''.(E.M. Blunt).
* {{cite book |last=Hackman |first=Rowan |year=2001 |title=Ships of the East India Company |location=Gravesend, Kent |publisher=World Ship Society |isbn=0-905617-96-7 }}
*Mason, Herbert B., ed. (1908) ''Encyclopaedia of Ships and Shipping''. (Shipping Encyclopaedia).
*''New Oriental Register and East India Directory for 1802'' (1802). (London: Black's and Parry).
* {{cite book|last=Phipps|first=John |year=1840|title=A Collection of Papers Relative to Ship Building in India ...: Also a Register Comprehending All the Ships ... Built in India to the Present Time ...|publisher=Scott}}
* {{cite book |author=((House of Commons, Parliament, Great Britain)) |year=1814 |title=Minutes of the Evidence Taken Before the Select Committee on Petitions Relating to East-India-Built Shipping |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |ref={{SfnRef|House of Commons|1814}}}}

{{1802 shipwrecks}}

[[Category:1792 ships]]
[[Category:British ships built in India]]
[[Category:Ships of the British East India Company]]
[[Category:Age of Sail merchant ships]]
[[Category:Merchant ships of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1802]]

Bhavani Peth Assembly constituency

2026-01-26T17:54:02Z

BradyGregg4996: starting new stub and citations

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bhavani Peth
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| district =
| division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Pune Lok Sabha constituency|Pune]]
| constituency_no =
| established = 1967
| reservation =
| abolished = 2008
| electors =
}}
'''Bhavani Peth Assembly constituency''' was one of the 288 assembly constituencies of [[Maharashtra]] a western state of [[India]]. [[Bhavani Peth]] was also part of [[Pune Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>[http://elections.traceall.in/vidhan-sabha-assembly-election-results/Bhavani-Peth-in-Maharashtra Elections Traceall]</ref> Bhavani Peth seat existed till 2004 elections until [[Kothrud Assembly constituency]] was formed in the delimitation of 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |accessdate=14 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225084439/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archivedate=25 February 2009 }}</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<ref name="election1967">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3715-maharashtra-1967/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 1972 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=9 May 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |Tikamdas Memjade
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<ref name="election1972">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3716-maharashtra-1972/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 1972 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=9 May 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|-
|[[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
|[[Bhai Vaidya]]<ref name="election1978">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3717-maharashtra-1978/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 1978 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=9 May 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Amminuddin Penwale<ref name="election1980">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3718-maharashtra-1980/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 1980 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=9 May 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<ref name="election1985">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3719-maharashtra-1985/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 1985 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 25 April 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |Prakash Dhere
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<ref name="election1990">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3720-maharashtra-1990/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 1990 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 25 April 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]<ref name="election1995">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3721-maharashtra-1995/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 1995 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 25 April 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |Deepak Paigude
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Shiv Sena}}
|-
|[[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]<ref name="election1999">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3722-maharashtra-1999/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 1999 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 25 April 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|-
|[[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|Kamal Dhole Patil<ref name="election2004">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3723-maharashtra-2004/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2004 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 25 April 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''2008 onwards: See [[Kothrud Assembly constituency|Kothrud]]''}}
|}
==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhavani Peth}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Kamal Ulhas Dhole Patil |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 39,861 |percentage = 44.50% |change={{increase}}14.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Deepak Natharam Paigude |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 39,604 |percentage = 44.21% |change={{increase}}10.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kamble Yashwant Maruti |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 6,315 |percentage = 7.05% |change={{increase}}4.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sayed Munwwar Maheboob |party=Samajwadi Party |votes = 1,535 |percentage = 1.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shenadge Ganesh Dadu |party=Independent politician |votes = 575 |percentage = 0.64% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 257 |percentage = 0.29% |change= {{decrease}}3.40 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 89,585 |percentage = 48.12% |change= {{decrease}}2.38 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 89,580}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 186,174|ref = |change= {{increase}}2.93 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}10.76 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhavani Peth<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Deepak Natharam Paigude |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 29,689 |percentage = 33.74% |change={{decrease}}8.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ulhas Balkrinshna Dholepatil |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 26,446 |percentage = 30.05% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nadaf Hajisab Meerasab |party=Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 21,383 |percentage = 24.30% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sadanand Krishna Shetty |party=Independent politician |votes = 4,170 |percentage = 4.74% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Andekar Ramakant Ranoji |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,562 |percentage = 2.91% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Swami Walmiki |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,356 |percentage = 2.68% |change={{decrease}}17.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chandrashekhar (Nana) Gavhane |party=Akhil Bharatiya Sena |votes = 583 |percentage = 0.66% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,243 |percentage = 3.69% |change= {{decrease}}7.86 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 91,345 |percentage = 50.50% |change= {{decrease}}16.24 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 88,001}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 180,883|ref = |change= {{increase}}5.24 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{decrease}}8.16 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhavani Peth<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Deepak Natharam Paigude |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 48,063 |percentage = 41.90% |change={{increase}}11.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dhere Prakash Keshavrao |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 34,818 |percentage = 30.35% |change={{decrease}}11.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nadaf Hajisab Meerasab |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 23,417 |percentage = 20.41% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sharma Radheshyam Bansilal |party=Janata Dal |votes = 3,892 |percentage = 3.39% |change={{decrease}}18.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gondhale Gulabsing Chhotusing |party=Janata Party |votes = 1,004 |percentage = 0.88% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,245 |percentage = 11.55% |change= {{decrease}}0.41 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 116,286 |percentage = 67.66% |change= {{increase}}9.41 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 114,715}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 171,879|ref = |change= {{increase}}6.47 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}0.22 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhavani Peth<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Dhere Prakash Keshavrao |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 38,986 |percentage = 42.12% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kachi Rajan Namdeorao |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 27,917 |percentage = 30.16% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Inamdar Nasruddin Sharfuddin |party=Janata Dal |votes = 19,929 |percentage = 21.53% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kambale Subhash Dharma |party=Bharatiya Republican Paksha |votes = 3,084 |percentage = 3.33% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Lodha Vilas Popatlal |party=Independent politician |votes = 858 |percentage = 0.93% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,069 |percentage = 11.96% |change= {{decrease}}1.99 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 93,560 |percentage = 57.95% |change= {{increase}}1.91 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 92,562}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 161,438|ref = |change= {{increase}}26.80 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}7.12 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhavani Peth<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Dhere Prakash Keshavrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 34,745 |percentage = 49.24% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Bhai Vaidya|Bhalchandra Vaidya]] |party=Janata Party |votes = 24,899 |percentage = 35.28% |change={{increase}}1.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Raj Salve |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,321 |percentage = 4.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Saiyed Ashabai Najir |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,985 |percentage = 4.23% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kaka Wadke |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,613 |percentage = 3.70% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kamble Sadanand Bhimrao |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 573 |percentage = 0.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,846 |percentage = 13.95% |change= {{increase}}1.00 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 71,358 |percentage = 56.05% |change= {{increase}}7.34 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 70,566}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 127,317|ref = |change= {{increase}}3.90 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{increase}}2.53 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhavani Peth<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Amminuddin A. A. Penwale |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 27,520 |percentage = 46.71% |change={{increase}}24.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Bhai Vaidya|Bhalchandra Vaidya]] |party=Janata Party |votes = 19,886 |percentage = 33.75% |change={{decrease}}13.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kirad Sheela Mathuradas |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 8,929 |percentage = 15.15% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Suryawanshi Namdeorao |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,972 |percentage = 3.35% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,634 |percentage = 12.96% |change= {{decrease}}7.39 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 59,587 |percentage = 48.63% |change= {{decrease}}18.39 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 58,922}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 122,541|ref = |change= {{increase}}12.32 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}0.98 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhavani Peth<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Bhai Vaidya|Bhalchandra Vaidya]] |party=Janata Party |votes = 34,586 |percentage = 47.69% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kirad M. H. Alias Babanrao |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 19,827 |percentage = 27.34% |change={{decrease}}29.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Penwale Aminuddin Abdul Ajij |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 16,266 |percentage = 22.43% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Baburao Tatyaba Bhosale |party=Independent politician |votes = 452 |percentage = 0.62% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,759 |percentage = 20.35% |change= {{decrease}}13.21 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 73,779 |percentage = 67.63% |change= {{increase}}9.44 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 72,522}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 109,098|ref = |change= {{increase}}1.60 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}8.93 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhavani Peth<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Tikamdas Daduram Memjade |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 34,677 |percentage = 56.62% |change={{increase}}3.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Keshavkantji Janjot |party=Samyukta Socialist Party |votes = 14,125 |percentage = 23.06% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Raghunath R. Holkar |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 7,444 |percentage = 12.15% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kamble Bajirao Dashrath |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 3,914 |percentage = 6.39% |change={{decrease}}27.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=R. C. Kumble |party=Republican Party of India (Khobragade) |votes = 561 |percentage = 0.92% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Tukaram Sitaram Lonare |party=Independent politician |votes = 524 |percentage = 0.86% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 20,552 |percentage = 33.56% |change= {{increase}}14.36 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 62,353 |percentage = 58.07% |change= {{decrease}}6.18 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 61,245}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 107,375|ref = |change= {{increase}}38.77 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}3.71 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhavani Peth<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Tikamdas Daduram Memjade |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 25,883 |percentage = 52.91% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=M. B. Sawant |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 16,493 |percentage = 33.72% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=R. S. Adagale |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes = 3,943 |percentage = 8.06% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=T. H. Jawale |party=Independent politician |votes = 707 |percentage = 1.45% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=V. D. Jagtap |party=Independent politician |votes = 595 |percentage = 1.22% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=T. D. Gaikwad |party=Independent politician |votes = 373 |percentage = 0.76% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=V. R. Bhosale |party=Independent politician |votes = 351 |percentage = 0.72% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,390 |percentage = 19.20% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 52,997 |percentage = 68.49% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 48,916}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 77,376|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==

* [[Bhavani Peth]]
* [[Pune]] City
* [[Shivajinagar, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Shivajinagar Assembly constituency]]
* [[Kothrud Assembly constituency]]
* [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Pune topics}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coord|18.510|73.871|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhavani Peth}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Pune district]]
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Politics of Pune district]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

Ajay Gudavarthy

2026-01-20T02:11:49Z

BradyGregg4996: starting first stub basic info...

{{Short description|Indian academic}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox academic
|honorific_prefix=
|name=Ajay Gudavarthy
|image=
|spouse=
|notable_works=Maoism, Democracy and Globalisation
Cross-currents in Indian Politics; Politics of Post-Civil Society: Contemporary History of Political Movements in India.
|thesis_title=Fragmentation and Solidarity: A Study of Caste, Class and Gender Movements in Andhra Pradesh
|thesis_year=2003
|workplaces=[[Jawaharlal Nehru University]], [[National Law School of India University]], [[National University of Juridical Sciences]]}}
'''Ajay Gudavarthy''' is a political theorist, analyst and columnist in India.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chakraborty|first=Parthiv|date=2020-08-06|title=Modern Politics in India - Prof. Ajay Gudavarthy's interview|url=https://www.easternherald.com/2020/08/06/modern-politics-india/|access-date=2021-05-31|website=The Eastern Herald|language=en-US}}</ref> He is associate professor in political science at Centre for Political Studies, [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]], [[New Delhi]].

== Education and family ==
Ajay Gudavarthy is the son of Prof G. Haragopal, an activist in the [[civil rights movement]] and former dean of [[University of Hyderabad]].{{cn|date=June 2021}}

Gudavarthy completed his PhD in 2002 from the Centre for Political Studies, [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]], New Delhi under the supervision of Gurpreet Mahajan.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|last=Ajay|first=G.|date=2002|title=Fragmentation and solidarity : a study of caste, class and gender movements in Andhra Pradesh, 1985 to 95|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/10603/21044|journal=INFLIBNET|language=English}}</ref> His thesis was titled as "Fragmentation and Solidarity: A Study of Caste, Class and Gender Movements in Andhra Pradesh," which was a study of the interface between the three political movements, in light of new theoretical frameworks, with special reference to Critical Theory and Post-Marxism.<ref name=":9" />

== Career ==
Gudavarthy's first teaching assignment was at the [[National University of Juridical Sciences]], Calcutta from 2001 to 2003. He then taught as assistant professor at the [[National Law School of India University]], Bangalore from 2003 to 2006.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Gudavarthy|first=Ajay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CxlBDwAAQBAJ|title=Maoism, Democracy and Globalisation: Cross-currents in Indian Politics|date=2014-06-15|publisher=SAGE Publishing India|isbn=978-93-5150-425-2|language=en}}</ref> He joined Centre for Political Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi in 2006. In 2008, he was Charles Wallace Visiting Fellow, the [[SOAS University of London|School of Oriental and African Studies]] (SOAS), London.<ref name=":0" /> He was a visiting fellow, [[Goldsmiths, University of London|Goldsmith College, University of London]] in 2010 and Visiting Faculty at Centre for Human Rights, [[University of Hyderabad]] in 2011.<ref name=":0" /> He had been a visiting fellow at Centre for Citizenship, Civil society and Rule of Law, [[University of Aberdeen]] in 2012.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bloomsbury.com|title=Bloomsbury - Ajay Gudavarthy - Ajay Gudavarthy|url=https://www.bloomsbury.com/author/ajay-gudavarthy|access-date=2021-05-31|website=www.bloomsbury.com|language=en}}</ref>

== Contributions to Indian political studies ==

=== Secular sectarianism ===
Gudavarthy coined the term '''secular sectarianism''', in his book ''Secular Sectarianism: Limits of Subaltern Politics.''<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|date=2021-05-11|title=Secular Sectarianism|url=https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/secular-sectarianism/book271597|access-date=2021-05-31|website=SAGE Publications Inc|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The NLS Public Lecture Series {{!}} Sectarian Secularism: Limits of Subaltern Politics|url=https://www.nls.ac.in/news-events/the-nls-public-lecture-series-sectarian-secularism-limits-of-subaltern-politics/|access-date=2021-05-31|website=National Law School of India University|language=en-US}}</ref> He conceptualizes secular sectarianism as a social condition in which those groups that attained social mobility, attempts to actively prevent the mobility of other marginalised social groups below them in hierarchy.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Service|first=Tribune News|title=What secularism doesn't guarantee|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/reviews/story/what-secularism-doesnt-guarantee-95574|access-date=2021-06-01|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en}}</ref> He identifies the sub-caste conflicts among Dalits, Tribals, Other Backward Classes (OBC's ) in India and remarks it as the axes of intra-subaltern social conflict.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|date=2021-05-16|title=Were Indian Elites Ever Secular Enough?|url=https://www.newsclick.in/were-indian-elites-ever-secular-enough|access-date=2021-06-01|website=NewsClick|language=en}}</ref> He also views certain Muslim groups as steadfast in maintaining their [[social conservatism]] and refusing the policies of affirmative actions in minority institutions, marking the intra-subaltern social conflict.<ref name=":11" />

=== Right wing populism ===
Gudavarthy's book ''India After Modi: Populism and the Right'' is considered the first theoretical study of right-wing populism in India from within the left-liberal intellectual tradition.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ashraf|first=Ajaz|title=Left-liberals don't really understand right-wing populism – and have no effective way to counter it|url=https://scroll.in/article/904268/left-liberals-dont-really-understand-right-wing-populism-and-have-no-effective-counter-to-it|access-date=2021-05-31|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US}}</ref> In the special issue on Populism by academic journal ''Kairos: A Journal of Critical Symposium'', his work was featured for Book Forum discussion, and scholars including Samir Gandesha, Anup Dhar, Deepanshu Mohan, Abhay Amal, Vikas Pathak and Prakash Kashwan engaged conceptually and critically with the book.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vol. 5 No. 1 (2020): Special Issue: Populism in the Postcolony. Texts, Contexts and Media {{!}} Kairos: A Journal of Critical Symposium|url=http://kairostext.in/index.php/kairostext/issue/view/8|access-date=2021-05-31|website=kairostext.in}}</ref>

Gudavarthy had identified a convergence that is taking place in socio-political domain, including "the neo-liberal turn in the economy, a populist turn in democracy and a certain kind of enculturalisation mediatization in social and cultural realm."<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=2019-07-30|title=Book Review: Dynamics of Right-Wing Populism and its Implications for Indian Democracy|url=https://countercurrents.org/2019/07/book-review-dynamics-of-right-wing-populism-and-its-implications-for-indian-democracy/|access-date=2021-05-31|website=Countercurrents|language=en-US}}</ref> He believes that media plays significant role in this shift, particularly from data, evidence, and empirical accuracy to symbolic power.<ref name=":4" /> He also argued that Bharatiya Janata Party in 1990's and post-2016, though looks similar, but is vastly different in nature. He defined this disparity in terms of the BJP's acceptability.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=J Antony|first=Navin|title=The metamorphosis|url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/2019/12/20/the-metamorphosis.html|access-date=2021-05-31|website=The Week|language=en}}</ref> He said, "Vajpayee belonged to an era when the consent for hindutva politics was very limited, so he projected himself as the BJP’s Nehruvian face—as someone who was more accommodative—because he knew that popular consent was for the Congress style of politics."<ref name=":3" />

== Selected works ==
* Secular Sectarianism: Limits of Subaltern Politics, ([[SAGE Publications]]: 2019).<ref name=":10" />
*Re-framing Democracy and Agency in India: Interrogating Political Society, ([[SAGE Publications]]: 2013).<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Gudavarthy|first=Ajay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1rI1DgAAQBAJ|title=Re-framing Democracy and Agency in India: Interrogating Political Society|date=2012-03-01|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=978-0-85728-946-9|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-11|title=Gudavarthy, Ajay|url=https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/author/ajay-gudavarthy|access-date=2021-05-31|website=SAGE Publications Inc|language=en}}</ref>
*Maoism, Democracy and Globalisation: Cross-currents in Indian Politics, ([[SAGE Publications]], 2014).<ref name=":0" />
* Politics of Post-civil Society: Contemporary History of Political Movements in India ([[SAGE Publications]], 2013).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gudavarthy|first=Ajay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cJyHAwAAQBAJ|title=Politics of Post-Civil Society: Contemporary History of Political Movements in India|date=2013-01-24|publisher=SAGE Publications India|isbn=978-81-321-1322-5|language=en}}</ref>
*Revolutionary Violence Versus Democracy: Narratives from India, ([[SAGE Publications]], 2017).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gudavarthy|first=Ajay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-xtBDwAAQBAJ|title=Revolutionary Violence Versus Democracy: Narratives from India|date=2017-09-25|publisher=SAGE Publishing India|isbn=978-93-86446-97-8|language=en}}</ref>
*India After Modi: Populism and the Right, ([[Bloomsbury Publishing]] : 2018).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gudavarthy|first=Ajay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a-X_wQEACAAJ|title=India After Modi: Populism and the Right|date=2019|publisher=Bloomsbury|isbn=978-93-88038-81-2|language=en}}</ref>
*Cultural Politics of Modern India, (Aakar Publication: 2015).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gudavarthy|first=Ajay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ue5EjwEACAAJ|title=Cultural Politics of Modern India|date=2015|publisher=Aakar |isbn=978-93-5002-383-9|language=en}}</ref>
He has more than 50 scholarly articles in Indian and International academic Journals.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-06-05|title=Ajay Gudavarthy|url=https://www.epw.in/author/ajay-gudavarthy|access-date=2021-05-31|website=Economic and Political Weekly|language=en}}</ref> He wrote a Hindi book, ''Bharat mein Rajneetik Andolano ka Samkaleen Itihaas: Nagrik Samaj ke baad ki rajneeti'', ([[SAGE Publications]]: 2018), to uncover major concepts in political studies for vernacular students.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gudavarthy|first=Ajay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0zhODwAAQBAJ|title=Bharat mein Rajneetik Andolano ka Samkaleen Itihaas: Nagrik Samaj ke baad ki rajneeti|date=2018-01-31|publisher=SAGE Publishing India|isbn=978-93-5280-584-6|language=hi}}</ref>

== Activism ==
Gudavarthy has appeared in visual and print media including [[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]], [[US News]] and [[TRT World|TR TWorld]] as a political commentator on India specific issues.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=Sarkar|first=Sonia|title=Indian doctors face censorship, attacks as they fight coronavirus|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/4/13/indian-doctors-face-censorship-attacks-as-they-fight-coronavirus|access-date=2021-05-31|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title=India's Hindu nationalist regime near-decimates its secular opposition|url=https://www.trtworld.com/opinion/india-s-hindu-nationalist-regime-near-decimates-its-secular-opposition-28642|access-date=2021-05-31|website=India's Hindu nationalist regime near-decimates its secular opposition|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kumar|first=Aravind|date=31 January 2021|title=Can a Dalit man and an upper-caste woman be in love? Another thing Tandav gets wrong|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/can-dalit-man-and-upper-caste-woman-be-in-love-what-tandav-gets-wrong/594682/|website=The Print}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web|last=Anand|first=Shefali|date=23 December 2020|title=Modi's Biggest Challenge Comes from the Farms|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/best-countries/articles/2020-12-23/farmer-protests-pose-biggest-test-for-modi-government|website=US News}}</ref> He also takes political position about contemporary Indian politics and governments and writes in the editorials of Indian newspapers including [[The Indian Express]], [[The Hindu]], [[The Times of India]], [[The Wire (India)|The Wire]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-02-19|title=Ajay Gudavarthy|url=https://indianexpress.com/profile/author/ajay-gudavarthy/|access-date=2021-05-31|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ajay Gudavarthy Blog|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/author/ajay-gudavarthy/?source=app&frmapp=yes|access-date=2021-05-31|website=Times of India Blog|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ajay Gudavarthy : Exclusive News Stories by Ajay Gudavarthy on Current Affairs, Events at The Wire|url=https://thewire.in/author/ajay-gudavarthy|access-date=2021-05-31|website=The Wire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ajay Gudavarthy|url=https://www.thehindu.com/profile/contributor/Ajay-Gudavarthy-28323/|access-date=2021-05-31|website=The Hindu|language=en}}</ref>

He came out in Solidarity with [[Anand Teltumbde]] and [[Gautam Navlakha]] and condemned their arrest in Elgar Parishad case.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2020-03-22|title=Stand in Solidarity with Anand Teltumbde and Gautam Navlakha|url=https://indianculturalforum.in/2020/03/22/stand-in-solidarity-with-anand-teltumbde-and-gautam-navlakha/|access-date=2021-05-31|website=Indian Cultural Forum|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Why We Must Defend Anand Teltumbde|url=https://thewire.in/rights/why-we-must-defend-anand-teltumbde|access-date=2021-05-31|website=The Wire}}</ref> He was one of the signatories that urged democratic organizations and individuals to stand against the oppressive move by Indian government to curb the voices of dissent.<ref name=":2" /> He condemned the authoritarian turmoil in Indian campuses (e.g. Jawaharlal Nehru University, [[Delhi University]] and University of Hyderabad).<ref>{{Cite web|last=sandip|title=Populism and Education: the Indian and Turkish Perspectives|url=https://www.asiainglobalaffairs.in/dialogue/populism-and-education-the-indian-and-turkish-perspectives/|access-date=2021-05-31|website=Asia in Global Affairs|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Democracy and the taste of fear|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/democracy-and-the-taste-of-fear/cid/1747097|access-date=2021-05-31|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-10-26|title=An Appeal from the JNU Faculty: the Politics of Polarisation in the Campus Must Stop!|url=https://www.indiaresists.com/appeal-jnu-faculty-politics-polarisation-campus-must-stop/|access-date=2021-05-31|website=India Resists|language=en-US|archive-date=11 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311115805/https://www.indiaresists.com/appeal-jnu-faculty-politics-polarisation-campus-must-stop/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

He criticized the Maoists movement in India for ignoring the cultural part in revolution and argued that legitimacy of the state as it exists today can be only undermined by working through the cultural idiom.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ashraf|first=Ajaz|title=Interview: Why are the BJP and RSS (and the Indian state) obsessed by 'Urban Naxals'?|url=https://scroll.in/article/897506/interview-why-are-the-bjp-and-rss-and-the-indian-state-obsessed-by-urban-naxals|access-date=2021-05-31|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Prakash|first=Om|date=2015-12-01|title=Book Review: Ajay Gudavarthy, Maoism, Democracy and Globalisation: Cross-currents in Indian Politics|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/2321023015601752|journal=Studies in Indian Politics|language=en|volume=3|issue=2|pages=296–298|doi=10.1177/2321023015601752|s2cid=157658807|issn=2321-0230|url-access=subscription}}</ref> He criticised the elitism of national law schools in India and spoke against the stigmatization of reservation (affirmative action) in such institutions.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Agrawal|first=Anuj|title="Elites in India define themselves by social separation " – Assistant Professor Ajay Gudavarthy|url=https://www.barandbench.com/interviews/elites-india-define-themselves-social-separation-assistant-professor-ajay-gudavarthy|access-date=2021-05-31|website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news|language=en}}</ref> He argued that Indian Muslims face marginalisation in social, economic and political spheres.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Muslims Have Become New Subalterns' Interview with JNU Prof. Ajay Gudavarthy by Mishab Irikkur and Abhay Kumar|url=https://www.countercurrents.org/akumar200814.htm|access-date=2021-05-31|website=www.countercurrents.org}}</ref>

He attacked the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] for misusing premier investigating agencies such as the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) to pursue cases against those who are not willing to toe their line.<ref name=":7" /> He said that they use the combination of ‘money’ and lawsuits to either buy or intimidate the legislators from other political parties.<ref name=":7" /> He viewed farmers protest against prime minister Modi as an example of 'legitimacy crisis.'<ref name=":8" /> He also criticized [[Premiership of Narendra Modi|Modi government]] for censoring doctors during covid pandemic and alleged that government was attempting to create "a sense of false self-image that covers up its limitations".<ref name=":5" /> He slammed [[Prahlad Singh Patel|Prahlad Patel]], the Union minister of state for culture for the complaint about the insult to the Tricolour inflicted by Delhi chief minister [[Arvind Kejriwal]] during his daily webcasts during the pandemic.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=Arvind Kejriwal insulted Indian flag, complains Prahlad Patel|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/prahlad-patel-complains-about-the-insult-to-the-the-indian-flag-inflicted-by-kejriwal/cid/1817059|access-date=2021-05-31|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref> He said, "its just another diversion from the pandemic for which people are deeply disturbed, especially in BJP-ruled states like Uttar Pradesh which go to the polls next year."<ref name=":6" />

=== Criticism ===
Gudavarthy faced criticism for his remarks that Dalit politics is taking a ‘rightward shift’ in India.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mhaskar|first=Sumeet|title=No Right Turn|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/no-right-turn/292290|access-date=2021-05-31|website=Outlook India}}</ref> His contrasting of farm protests with the [[Citizenship Amendment Act protests|anti-CAA movement]] and the argument that the latter failed to appeal to a majority of Indians since its concerns remained uniquely centred around Muslims, was criticized for putting the onus and blame for not receiving wider ‘moral acceptability’ on the on survivors of majoritarian violence in India.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Snehashish Das|first=Sabah Maharaj|title=Cultivating Morality In A Broken Democracy|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/opinion-cultivating-morality-in-a-broken-democracy/376417|access-date=2021-05-31|website=Outlook India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Debate: The Real Reason Why Farmers' and Anti-CAA Protests Have Been Perceived Differently|url=https://thewire.in/rights/farmers-anti-caa-protests-muslim-sikh-identity-hindu-nationalism|access-date=2021-05-31|website=The Wire}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gudavarthy, Ajay}}
[[Category:Centre for Political Studies (CPS), Jawaharlal Nehru University]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Jawaharlal Nehru University]]
[[Category:Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Supriya Karnik

2025-12-09T17:09:31Z

BradyGregg4996: redirect

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Supriya Karnik
| image =
| caption =
| image_size =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age |df=yes|1975|3|13}}<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bollypedia.in/celebrity/Supriya-Karnik/2170|title=Supriya Karnik Bollypedia}}</ref>
| birth_place =
| alma_mater =
| citizenship =
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress}}
| works =
| years_active = 1992–present
| spouse =
| children =
| relatives =
| awards =
| website =
| signature =
}}
'''Supriya Karnik''' (born 13 March 1975)<ref name="auto"/> is an Indian actress known for her works in [[Hindi cinema]], [[Telugu cinema]], [[Marathi cinema]], and Television. Supriya is a former model, flight attendant and PR officer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/photos-news/Photos-Lifestyle/National%20Handloom%20Expo%2008/Article4-268337.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120428194248/http://www.hindustantimes.com/photos-news/Photos-Lifestyle/National%20Handloom%20Expo%2008/Article4-268337.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 April 2012 |title=Supriya Karnik | National Handloom Expo 08 | Photos Entertainment |work=Hindustan Times |date= |accessdate=2012-10-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.moviespad.com/celebrity/images/58177/supriya-karnik-hot/ |title=Supriya Karnik Hot Pictures, stills, Supriya Karnik Hot posters |publisher=Moviespad.com |date= |accessdate=28 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fropki.com/mother-law-love-hate-vt28969.html |title=Mother fatherwe love to hate : Celebrity Gossips |publisher=Fropki.com |date=2008-05-13 |accessdate=28 September 2021}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Karnik started working at a young age. Karnik, who had just passed the 10th standard, took lessons from children younger than her. She worked in some shops.<ref name=लोकमत/> Karnik then went to [[Gulf]]. There she worked as a flight attendant in the airline company there. Karnik returned to India. From 1992 she turned to acting.<ref name=लोकमत/><ref name=ht>{{cite web |url = https://www.hindustantimes.com/want-to-take-up-projects-where-i-get-to-play-diverse-characters-supriya-karnik/story-Ea1TGKAkrnR2C5wnpzGC8O.html |title=Want to take up projects where I get to play diverse characters: Supriya Karnik |language=english|accessdate=28 September 2021}}</ref>

==Television==
In 1996, Karnik worked with Marathi actor Ramesh Bhatkar in the Marathi TV serial ''Tisra Dola'' when it was on the [[Doordarshan]] channel.<ref name=लोकमत>{{cite web | url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/marathi-cinema/do-you-know-supriya-karnik-famous-marathi-actress-used-work-air-hostess-wearing-burkha-saudi-arabia-a591/|title=Marathmoli Actress Who Wears Burqa To Work As Air Hostess In Saudi Arabia, Is Famous In Hindi | website=lokmat.com | accessdate=28 September 2021}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===As actress===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
!scope=col |Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ref.
|-
| 1998
| scope="row" | ''[[Main Solah Baras Ki]]''
| Twinkle
| rowspan="6" | Hindi
|
|
|-
| 1999
| scope="row" |''[[Taal (film)|Taal]]''
| Shakuntala Mehta
|
|
|-
| 2000
| scope="row" |''[[Jis Desh Mein Ganga Rehta Hai]]''
| Supriya Gokhale
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2001
| scope="row" |''[[Dhai Akshar Prem Ke]]''
| Monica Preetam Grewal
|
|
|-
| scope="row" |''[[Jodi No.1 (film)|Jodi No.1]]''
| Shanno Rai Bua
|
|
|-
| scope="row" |''[[Yaadein (2001 film)|Yaadein]]''
| Nalini Malhotra
|
|
|-
| scope="row" |''[[Nuvvu Nenu]]''
| Rajendar's partner
| Telugu
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2002
| scope="row" |''[[Haan Maine Bhi Pyaar Kiya]]''
| Neha Kashyap
| rowspan="12" | Hindi
|
|
|-
| scope="row" |''[[Hum Kisise Kum Nahin (2002 film)|Hum Kisise Kum Nahin]]''
| Dr. D. D's Wife
|
|
|-
| rowspan="8" | 2003
| scope="row" |''[[Waah! Tera Kya Kehna]]''
| Madhu Oberoi
|
|
|-
| scope="row" |''[[Tujhe Meri Kasam]]''
| Rohini
|
|
|-
| scope="row" |''[[Ek Aur Ek Gyarah]]''
| Priti's Mother
|
|
|-
| scope="row" |''[[Yeh Dil]]''
| Mrs. Chowdhary
|
|
|-
| scope="row" |''[[Supari (film)|Supari]]''
| Papad's Sister
|
|
|-
| scope="row" |''[[Andaaz]]''
| Engagement party guest
|
|
|-
| scope="row" |''Miss India: the Mystery''
| Mrs. Gujaral
|
|
|-
| scope="row" |''[[Khel – No Ordinary Game]]''
| Kiran Batra
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2004
| scope="row" |''[[Mujhse Shaadi Karogi]]''
| Rama Dugraj Singh
|
|
|-
| scope="row" |''Kuch Tho Gadbad Hain''
| Devika B. Khanna
|
|
|-
| scope="row" |''He Aapla Asach Chalyacha''
| Sushila Rane
| Marathi
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2005
| scope="row" |''[[Padmashree Laloo Prasad Yadav]]''
| Maya Tom's wife
| rowspan="3" | Hindi
|
|
|-
| scope="row" |''[[Bewafaa (2005 film)|Bewafaa]]''
| Manju
|
|
|-
| scope="row" |''[[Zameer (2005 film)|Zameer]]''
| Kulwant Dildar's wife
|
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Karkaa Kasadara]]''
| Rahul's mother
| Tamil
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2006
| scope="row" |''Madhubaala''
| Sanjana Oberoi
| rowspan="11" | Hindi
|
|
|-
| scope="row" |''Jaadu Sa Chal Gaya''
| Mrs. Zariwala
|
|
|-
| scope="row" |''[[Shaadi Karke Phas Gaya Yaar]]''
| Pammi Kapoor
|
|
|-
| scope="row" |''[[Aryan (2006 film)|Aryan]]''
| Devika
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2007
| scope="row" |''[[Nehlle Pe Dehlla]]''
| Tantrik
|
|
|-
| scope="row" |''Deha''
| Jayashree Jai
|
|
|-
| scope="row" |''[[Welcome (2007 film)|Welcome]]''
| Payal Ghunghroo
|
|
|-
| 2008
| scope="row" |''[[Mukhbir]]''
| Bharati Rathod
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2009
| scope="row" |''Meri Life Mein Uski Wife''
| Kumud's wife
|
|
|-
| scope="row" |''Sanam Hum Aapke Hain''
| Kamini R Varma
|
|
|-
| scope="row" |''[[De Dana Dan]]''
| Kamini Kaur Lamba
|
|
|-
| 2010
| scope="row" |''[[Khaleja]]''
| GK's wife
| Telugu
|
|
|-
| 2011
| scope="row" |''Sheethalbhaabhi.com''
| Kumud's wife
| rowspan="13" | Hindi
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2012
| scope="row" |''[[Zindagi Tere Naam]]''
| Sushma
|
|
|-
| scope="row" |''[[498A: The Wedding Gift]]''
| Madhu
|
|
|-
| 2013
| scope="row" |''Lek Ladki''
|
|
|
|-
| 2013
| scope="row" |''[[Rabba Main Kya Karoon]]''
| Bubble
|
|
|-
|2014
|''[[The Xposé]]''
|Supriya
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2015
| scope="row" |''[[Take It Easy (2015 film)|Take It Easy]]''
|
|
|
|-
| scope="row" |''[[Second Hand Husband]]''
| Pammi
|
|
|-
| scope="row" |''[[Welcome Back (film)|Welcome Back]]''
| Payal Ghunghroo
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2017
| scope="row" |''[[Machine (2017 film)|Machine]]''
| Mrs. Puri
|
|
|-
| scope="row" |''[[2016 The End]]''
| Rani Sahiba
|
|
|-
| scope="row" |''Humein Haq Chahiye Haq Se''
| Leader
|
|
|-
| 2018
| scope="row" |''[[Veere Di Wedding]]''
| Juhi Bhalla
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2020
| scope="row" |''[[Prawaas]]''
| Vidya
| rowspan="2" | Marathi
|
|
|-
| scope="row" |''Zol Zaal''
|
|
|
|-
| 2021
| scope="row" |''[[Main Mulayam Singh Yadav]]''
| [[Indira Gandhi]]
| rowspan="3" | Hindi
|LIFFT India Award for Best Supporting Actress
|
|-
| 2022
| scope="row" |''Match of Life''
| Monica
|
|
|-
|2025
|''[[Badass Ravi Kumar]]''
|Binny
|
|
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
!scope=col |Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1994
| scope="row" | ''Fifty Fifty''
|
| rowspan="11" | Hindi
| rowspan="4" |Zee TV
|
|-
| scope="row" | ''Hatim Tai''
|
|
|-
| 1995
| scope="row" |''[[Dastaan (1995 TV series)|Dastaan]]''
| Roma
|
|-
| 1997
| scope="row" |''[[Saturday Suspense]]''
|
|
|-
| 1998
| scope="row" |''Teesra Dola''
| Inspector Shalini
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2001
| scope="row" |''Chandan Ka Palna Resham Ki Dori''
| Mitali Bhimani
|
|
|-
| scope="row" |''Chingari''
|
|
|
|-
| scope="row" |''Ssshhhh...Koi Hai''
|
|
|
|-
| 2002-2004
| scope="row" |''[[Devi (TV series)|Devi]]''
| Kamini Satyen Kapoor /Mami Ji
|
|
|-
| 2005
| scope="row" |''[[Kasshish]]''
|
|
|
|-
| 2005-2011
| scope="row" |''[[Woh Rehne Waali Mehlon Ki]]''
| Sheena Jamnadas Thapar
|
|
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|nm0439828|name=Supriya Karnik}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Marathi actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Flight attendants]]
[[Category:Female models from Maharashtra]]

Pratima Mondal

2025-11-29T15:52:23Z

BradyGregg4996: enhance layout after review for clarity

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1966)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Pratima Mondal
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| imagesize =
| image_upright =
| smallimage =
| smallimage_alt =
| alt =
| caption = Pratima Mondal
| pronunciation =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1966|2|16|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Gourdaha]], [[Canning]] [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| order1 =
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| status1 =
| term_start1 = 2014
| term_end1 =
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| constituency1 = [[Jaynagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jaynagar]]
| majority1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Tarun Mandal]]
| successor1 =
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| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| citizenship = {{flag|India}}
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| party = [[Trinamool Congress]]
| otherparty =
| height =
| spouse = Narayan Chandra Mondal
| partner =
| relations =
| children = 1 Son & 1 Daughter
| parents =
| mother = Uma Naskar
| father = [[Gobinda Chandra Naskar]]
| relatives =
| residence = [[Kolkata]]
| education = M.A., B.Ed.
| alma_mater = [[University of Calcutta]]
| occupation = Politician
| profession = WBCS Officer
| known_for =
| salary =
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'''Pratima Mondal''' ([[née]] '''Naskar'''; born 16 February 1966) is an [[Indian people|Indian]] politician who has been a [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] for [[Jaynagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jaynagar]] since [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]. Before she joined politics she was a WBCS officer. Her father [[Gobinda Chandra Naskar]] was also a former MP from [[Bangaon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangaon]]. She belongs to the [[Trinamool Congress]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4871|title= Mondal, Smt. Pratima|publisher= LOK SABHA|accessdate= 17 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/indian-parliament/pratima-mondal|title= Pratima Mondal|publisher= india.gov.in|accessdate= 17 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.prsindia.org/mptrack/pratimamondal|title= Pratima Mondal|publisher= PRS Legislative Research|accessdate= 17 May 2014}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Pratima Mondal was born on 16 February 1966, to a [[Bengali Hindu]] family in [[Gourdaha]], [[Canning]] in [[South 24 Parganas]]. She is daughter of the former [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]], [[Gobinda Chandra Naskar]]. Pratima Mondal is a postgraduate of the [[University of Calcutta]]. She was a [[West Bengal Civil Service|WBCS]] officer before entering politics.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.oneindia.com/politicians/pratima-mondal-36906.html|title= Pratima Mondal|work= oneindia|accessdate= 12 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://myneta.info/ls2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=9380|title= Pratima Mondal (Criminal & Asset Declaration)|publisher= myneta.info|accessdate= 12 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://aitmc.org/candidates_list.php|title = Lok Sabha Elections 2014 – Know Your Candidates|work = Pratima Naskar|publisher = All India Trinamool Congress|accessdate = 12 June 2014|url-status = dead|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140625222517/https://aitmc.org/candidates_list.php|archivedate = 25 June 2014|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

==Political career==
In the [[2014 Indian general election|2014 Lok Sabha election]], the [[All India Trinamool Congress]] nominated Pratima Mondal from the [[Jaynagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jaynagar]] Lok Sabha constituency. She was elected with 4,94,746 votes, which was 41.71% of the votes cast. She defeated her nearest rival [[Subhas Naskar]] of the [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]] by 1,08,384 votes.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/33%20-%20Constituency%20wise%20detailed%20result.pdf |title = General Elections 2014 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 21 June 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS2519.htm?ac=19 |title=Constituencywise-All Candidates |publisher=Eciresults.nic.in |date= |accessdate=2016-06-21}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{16th LS members from West Bengal}}
{{17th LS members from West Bengal}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mondal, Pratima}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from West Bengal]]
[[Category:People from Jaynagar Majilpur]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Women in West Bengal politics]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Indian anti-communists]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Women members of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:India MPs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:India MPs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance candidates in 2024 Indian general election]]

Noorpur, Uttar Pradesh

2025-11-15T02:34:12Z

BradyGregg4996: new a info

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Noorpur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Municipality
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|29|09|N|78|24|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bijnor district|Bijnor]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 275
| population_total = 38806
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 246734
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 01345
| registration_plate = UP 20 XX XXXX
| website = {{URL|up.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Noorpur''' is a city and a [[municipal board|Municipal Board]] in [[Bijnor district|Bijnor District]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|State]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bijnor.nic.in/subdivision-blocks/|title=Subdivision & Blocks {{!}} Bijnor|website=bijnor.nic.in|language=en-US|access-date=1 July 2018}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
The Noorpur Nagar Palika Parishad has a total population of 38,806 of which 20,044 are males while 18,762 are females, as per report released by [[2011 Census of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 September 2022 |title=Census India |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/data-visualizations/PopulationSearch_PCA_Indicators |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>

Population of children with age of 0–6 is 5713 or 14.72% of the total population of Noorpur (NPP). In Noorpur Nagar Palika Parishad, the female sex ratio is 936 against state average of 912. Moreover, the child sex ratio in Noorpur is around 891 compared to Uttar Pradesh state average of 902. The literacy rate of Noorpur city is 75.40% higher than the state average of 67.68%. In Noorpur, male literacy is around 82.32% while the female literacy rate is 68.06%.

Population of this town is: Muslims62.87 %, Hindus 27.78%, Sikh 9.12%, Christians 0.20%, and Others 0.03%.

Noorpur Nagar Palika Parishad has total administration over 6,175 houses to which it supplies basic amenities like water and sewerage. It is also authorized to build roads within Nagar Palika Parishad limits and impose taxes on properties coming under its jurisdiction.

Nearby villages are :

(A) On [[Amroha]] road [[Linderpur]], Jafrabad, Tangrola, [[Ratangarh, Bijnor|Ratangarh]], Feena
(B) On [[Bijnor]] road
Kikkar Khajuri, Khaspura, Pawti
(C) On [[Chandpur, Bijnor|Chandpur]] road
Azampur urf Aadopur, Dhoondli Tabibpur, Biral
(D) ON [[Dhampur]] road
Dhoulagarh, Morna
(E) On [[Moradabad]] road
Hasupura, Asgaripur, Gohawar Jait & Gohawar Hallu, Daulatpur
(F) On [[Seohara]] road
Boorhpur, Raja Ka Tajpur.

All these villages are mainly dependent on Noorpur Town as they come to purchase most of items from here.

{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion in Noorpur (2011)<ref name="census2011">{{cite web|title=Population by religion community - 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=Census of India, 2011|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|archivedate=25 August 2015}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Islam]]
|value1 = 62.87
|color1 = Green
|label2 = [[Hinduism]]
|value2 = 27.78
|color2 = Orange
|label3 = [[Sikhism]]
|value3 = 9.12
|color3 = DarkKhaki
|label4 = [[Christianity]]
|value4 = 0.20
|color4 = DodgerBlue
|label5 = Other
|value5 = 0.03
|color5 = Black
}}

== Education ==
Noorpur have a wide variety of schools and colleges from government schools to high fee private schools. From private colleges to government degree colleges. Also as Noorpur is well connected to nearby big cities such as [[Moradabad]] and [[Bijnor]], student from Noorpur visit these cities also for education purpose.

== Location ==
Noorpur is connected by the SH-76 [[Moradabad District]] to [[Bijnor]] & SH-77 [[Amroha]] to Najibabad & SH-147 [[Hastinapur]] to [[Jaspur]].Three state highways SH-76, SH-77, SH-147 pass through the town. The distance of Noorpur from Delhi is 160 km. It is 80 km from [[Meerut]], 160 km from [[Dehradun]], 60 km from Jim Corbett National Park. The nearest railway station Chandpur and junction is Moradabad. Nearest hill station is [[Lansdowne, Uttarakhand]], cantonment town in Uttarakhand and It is approximately 101 km from Noorpur. Some other nearest hill stations are [[Mussoorie]] 185 km, and [[Nainital]] 150 km from Noorpur. The Holy city of temples [[Haridwar]] is 90 km from Noorpur on the way to [[Dehradun]]

There are direct bus services between [[New Delhi]] and Noorpur, with buses connecting to the [[Swami Vivekanand Inter State Bus Terminus|Vivekanand Bus Terminal]], [[Anand Vihar]], New Delhi. Buses are available to some other locations as well at Delhi.

* Anand Vihar – Noorpur
* Okhla – Noorpur
* Shahdra – Noorpur
* Delhi 6 – Noorpur
* Kalka Lane – Noorpur

There are direct bus services between

* Moradabad – Noorpur – Bijnor (Every 7 minutes)
* Noorpur – Dhampur (Every 5–7 minutes)
* Noorpur – Chandpur (Every 10 minutes)
* Noorpur – Naugawan - Amroha (Every 10 minutes)
* Delhi – Chandpur – Noorpur – Dhampur (Every 30 minutes)
* Delhi – Chandpur – Noorpur – Dhampur - Sharkot - Afzalgarh - Kalagarh (Every 90 minutes)
* Amroha – Noorpur – Nathaur – Najibabad – Haridwar (Every 30 minutes)
* Moradabad – Noorpur – Bijnor – Muzaffarnagar- Shamli - kerana - Panipat (Every 45 minutes)
* Bijnor – Noorpur – Moradabad – Rampur – Bareilly – Pilibhit (Every Morning )
* Haridwar – Najibabad – Noorpur (Every 25 minutes)
* Moradabad – Noorpur (Every 5 minutes)
* Dehradun – Haridwar – Najibabad – Noorpur – Moradabad – Rampur – Bareilly – Lucknow - Gorakhpur (Morning & Evening Services)
* Noorpur - Najibabad - Haridwar - Rishikesh (One bus service everyday)
* Panipat - Shamli - Muzaffarnagar- Bijnor - Noorpur - Moradabad - Rampur - Rudrapur - Haldwani - Kathgodam
* Saharanpur – Deoband – Muzaffarnagar – Bijnor - Noorpur- Moradabad

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Bijnor district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Bijnor district]]

Kannamangala

2025-11-14T08:37:55Z

BradyGregg4996: fixed issues

{{One source|date=November 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kannamangala
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Bangalore
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|13|12|53|N|77|40|01|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bangalore Rural district|Bangalore Rural]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Grama Panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 4,381
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 560115
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = KA 43
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Bengaluru]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = State Code
| blank1_info_sec2 = 29
| blank2_name_sec2 = District Code
| blank2_info_sec2 = 583
| blank3_name_sec2 = Taluk Code
| blank3_info_sec2 = 05603
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
}}

'''Kannamangala''' is a village located in Bangalore East Tehsil, in the [[Bangalore Rural district]] in [[Karnataka]], India. It is situated 6 km away from the sub-district headquarters of Bangalore East. As per 2009 stats, Kannamangala village is also a [[gram panchayat]].

The total geographical area of village is 325.13 hectares. Kannamangala has a total population of 4,381 people, and 1,146 houses.

==Kannamangala Lake==

Kannamangala Lake is spread over 18 acres.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Kannamangala – Best Place To Live Near Whitefield |url=https://kordinate.world/general/kannamangala/ |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=Kordinate World |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128132734/https://kordinate.world/general/kannamangala/ |archive-date=2020-11-28 |language=en}}</ref> It was the lifeline of Kannamangala, [[Kadugodi|Seegehalli]] and Doddabhanahalli and served the panchayats as a main source of water to the whole region with a population of more than 25.000. The three panchayaths belong to the greater Whitefield district of Bangalore.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Bangalore Rural district]]

India TV

2025-11-05T14:06:49Z

BradyGregg4996:

{{Short description|Indian Hindi-language news channel}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = India TV
| logo = India tv logo-en.png
| logo_size = 250px
| logo_alt =
| image =
| launch_date = {{Start date and age|df=y|2004|05|20}}
| closed_date =
| picture_format = [[16:9]] ([[1080i]], [[HDTV]])
| network = Independent News Service Pvt Ltd.
| owner = [[Rajat Sharma]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| area = Worldwide
| affiliates =
| headquarters = B-30, Sector 85, [[Noida]], Uttar Pradesh, India
| former_names =
| replaced =
| replaced_by =
| sister_channels =
| timeshift_service =
| website = {{URL|https://www.indiatv.in/|indiatv.in}} {{URL|https://www.indiatvnews.com/|indiatvnews.com}} {{URL|https://www.indiatvspeednews.com/|indiatvspeednewsnews.com}}
| online_serv_1 = India TV Live
| online_chan_1 = [https://www.indiatvnews.com/livetv Official streaming link]
| 3gmobile serv 1 =
}}
'''India TV''' is a [[Hindi]] [[Television news|television]] news channel based in [[Noida]], Uttar Pradesh, India. The channel was launched on 20 May 2004 by [[Rajat Sharma]] and his wife Ritu Dhawan.<ref>{{cite web|title=News channel promises to be different|url=http://www.hindu.com/lf/2004/04/19/stories/2004041901130200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040602145631/http://www.hindu.com/lf/2004/04/19/stories/2004041901130200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 June 2004|work=The Hindu|date=2004-04-19|access-date=6 February 2014}}</ref> The channel is a subsidiary of Independent News Service, which was co-founded by Sharma and Dhawan in 1997.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/reportage/man-studio-rajat-sharma-india-tv|title=Our Man in the Studio|date=2016-12-01|first1=Atul|last1=Dev|first2=Praveen|last2=Donthi|access-date=2024-09-15}}</ref><ref name="terror">{{cite web|url=http://www.businesswireindia.com/PressRelease.asp?b2mid=17627|title=Terrorists Ring Up India TV Twice During Siege Using Hostages' Cellphones|date=2007-11-27|publisher=Businesswire India|access-date=27 November 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100118131033/http://www.businesswireindia.com/PressRelease.asp?b2mid=17627|archive-date=18 January 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> A rebranding of the channel took place in February 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Sheenu |date=2022-02-18 |title=India TV refreshes brand with new look on Rajat Sharma's birthday |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/india-tv-new-look-launch-editor-in-chief-rajat-sharma-birthday-celebrations-today-2022-02-18-760233 |access-date=2022-02-27 |website=indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
In 1997, Rajat Sharma and Ritu Dhawan set up the Independent News Service (INS), the parent company which owns India TV. He co-founded India TV with his wife in April 2004 from a studio in [[Noida Film City|Film City, Noida]], India TV. Its Broadcast Centre is in Sector 85, [[Noida]], Uttar Pradesh, India.

Prior to launching India TV, Sharma was previously the anchor of ''[[Aap Ki Adalat]]'' on [[Zee News]] and ''Janata Ki Adalat'' on [[ABP News|Star News]] (now ABP News).<ref>{{cite web | last=Dev | first=Atul | last2=Donthi | first2=Praveen | title=Rajat Sharma’s path to becoming India’s most powerful editor-entrepreneur | website=The Caravan | date=2016-12-01 | url=https://caravanmagazine.in/reportage/man-studio-rajat-sharma-india-tv | access-date=2024-11-19}}</ref>

The channel has been accused of publishing pro-government content in favour of the [[Modi administration]] in a [[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]] report.<ref>{{cite web | last=Palepu | first=Advait | last2=Kay | first2=Chris | title=Billionaire Press Barons Are Squeezing Media Freedom in India | publisher=Bloomberg News | date=2024-02-26 | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2024-02-26/india-s-press-freedom-squeezed-as-billionaires-close-to-modi-take-over-newsrooms | access-date=2024-10-29}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{official website}}

{{Television news in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:India Tv}}
[[Category:Hindi-language television channels in India]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2004]]
[[Category:24-hour television news channels in India]]
[[Category:Mass media in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:2004 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Godi media]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television stations]]
[[Category:Television channels based in Noida]]
[[Category:Right-wing politics in India]]
[[Category:Conservatism in India]]

Paharpur, Jalpaiguri

2025-08-15T00:10:28Z

BradyGregg4996: new a stub

{{short description|Village in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Paharpur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal # India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.57|N|88.72|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jalpaiguri]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Gram panchayat]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 20341<ref>{{Cite web|title= DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK JALPAIGURI|work=[[2011 census of India]], DIRECTORATE OF CENSUS OPERATIONS WEST BENGAL |url= https://westbengal.census.gov.in/DCHB_2011_WB_Part_A/1902_PART_A_DCHB_JALPAIGURI.pdf |access-date= 1 June 2025}}</ref>
| population_as_of = [[2011 census of India|2011]]
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 735121<ref>{{Cite web|title= Paharpur Pin Code|work = abplive.com |url= https://news.abplive.com/pincode/west-bengal/jalpaiguri/paharpur-pincode-735121.html|access-date= 1 June 2025}}</ref>
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
| area_code =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Jalpaiguri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalpaiguri]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Jalpaiguri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jalpaiguri]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Paharpur''' is a village and a [[gram panchayat]] in the suburb of [[Jalpaiguri]] of the [[Jalpaiguri district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Village : Paharpur|url=https://localbodydata.com/village-Paharpur-307600|access-date= 1 June 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Jalpaiguri District}}

[[Category:Villages in Jalpaiguri district]]

{{Jalpaiguri-geo-stub}}

Battle of Guler (1696)

2025-08-14T19:39:38Z

BradyGregg4996: small adjusted information per sources and updated info after review

{{Short description|Battle fought between Sikh Guru Gobind Singh and Mughal Forces}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Guler
| partof = Mughal-Sikh Wars
| image =
| caption =
| date = 1696
| place = [[Guler State|Guler]]
| territory =
| result = Sikh victory<ref name="sarsa">{{cite book|url=http://m.friendfeed-media.com/6e9ec7f58014456d2d5fd015cc8af9d2974509c0|title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges|page=420|author=Jacques, Tony|year=2006|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=978-0-313-33536-5|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626120848/http://m.friendfeed-media.com/6e9ec7f58014456d2d5fd015cc8af9d2974509c0|archivedate=2015-06-26}}</ref>
| combatant1 = [[File:Akal Sena Flag.svg|30px]] [[Akal Sena]] ([[Sikhs]])
| combatant2 = [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|30px]] [[Mughal Empire]]
[[Hill States of India|Hill States]]
| commander1 = [[File:Akal Sena Flag.svg|25px]] [[Guru Gobind Singh|Guru Gobind Rai]] [[File:Akal Sena Flag.svg|25px]] [[Himmat Singh (Sikhism)|Bhai Himmat Rai]] [[File:Akal Sena Flag.svg|25px]] [[Alam Singh Nachna|Bhai Alam Chand]] [[File:Akal Sena Flag.svg|25px]] [[Ajit Singh (Sikhism)|Sahibzada Ajit Singh]] [[File:Akal Sena Flag.svg|25px]] [[Bhai Daya Singh|Bhai Daya Ram Sobhi]]
| commander2 = [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] Hussain Khan{{KIA}}<ref name="fen">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA128|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|page=155|author=Fenech, E. Louis|author2=Mcleod, H. W.|date=11 June 2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1}}</ref> Rajas of the Sivalik Hills<ref name="fen" />
| strength1 = Unknown
| strength2 = Unknown
| casualties1 = Unknown
| casualties2 = Almost all<ref name="sarsa">{{cite book|url=http://m.friendfeed-media.com/6e9ec7f58014456d2d5fd015cc8af9d2974509c0|title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges|page=420|author=Jacques, Tony|year=2006|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=978-0-313-33536-5|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626120848/http://m.friendfeed-media.com/6e9ec7f58014456d2d5fd015cc8af9d2974509c0|archivedate=2015-06-26}}</ref>
}}
{{Campaignbox Mughal-Sikh Wars}}

The '''Battle of Guler''' was fought between forces led by [[Sikh Guru]] [[Guru Gobind Singh|Gobind Singh]] and [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] forces, aided by the [[Raja]]s of the [[Sivalik Hills]].<ref name="sarsa"/>

==Background==
In an expedition against Guru Gobind Singh, Rustom Khan failed, and he returned humiliated.<ref name="Sagoo 2001" />
Therefore, General Hussain Khan marched to besiege [[Anandpur Sahib|Anandpur]], and on his way, Mudhkar Shah (ruler of Dadwal), along with his sons, were defeated by Khan.<ref name="Sagoo 2001" /><ref name="fen"/> Moreover, others like Chand Katoch of [[Kangra State|Kangra]] and [[Bhim Chand (Kahlur)|Bhim Chand]] of [[Bilaspur State (princely state)|Bilaspur State]] submitted before the [[Army of the Mughal Empire|Mughal Army]] without a fight.<ref name="Sagoo 2001" /> Hussain Khan demanded certain tribute from the rajas, but the Raja of [[Guler State]], [[Raja Gopal (Guler)|Raja Gopal]], brought less money than demanded by Khan. In anger, Raja Gopal's fort was besieged.<ref name="Sagoo 2001" /><ref name="fen"/>

==Battle==
[[Guru Gobind Singh]] sent his men to help the raja of Guler. A fierce battle was fought between Sikhs and Hussain's army southeast of [[Pathankot]] at Guler, in which Hussain Khan and his coalition rajas, Kirpal Chand Katoch and Himmat Singh, were killed by Guru's forces. Guru mentioned the battle in [[Bachittar Natak]] also.<ref name="Sagoo 2001">{{cite book|last=Sagoo|first=Harbans|title=Banda Singh Bahadur and Sikh Sovereignty|year=2001|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications|isbn=9788176293006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MIL4xwcCmxkC}}</ref><ref name="fen"/><ref name="sarsa"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Battles involving the Sikhs|Guler]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Mughal Empire|Guler]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1696]]
[[Category:1696 in India]]
[[Category:History of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:1690s in the Mughal Empire]]

Godna

2025-08-06T13:44:27Z

BradyGregg4996: put up the stub first draft

{{short description|Indigenous tattoos of India}}
'''Godna''', also known as '''Khoda''', is an ancient traditional form of [[tattoo]] art originating from the tribal communities of [[Northern India|Northern]] and [[Central India]], and present in their [[diaspora|diasporas]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Godna Painting |url=https://www.artsofindia.in/arts-of-india-blog/post/indian-arts-and-crafts/godna-painting-the-incredible-story-of-tattoo-art.html |access-date=2024-09-26 |website=www.artsofindia.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hembram |first=Dipali |date=2021-03-27 |title=Santal Tribal Tattoos- The Wealth of afterlife. - Santals.com |url=https://santals.com/santal-tribal-tattoos-the-wealth-of-afterlife/ |access-date=2024-09-26 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Theres Kloß |first1=Sinah |title=Embodying dependency: Caribbean godna (tattoos) as female subordination and resistance |journal=The Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Anthropology |date=29 December 2022 |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=601–612 |doi=10.1111/jlca.12644 |url=https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jlca.12644 |access-date=21 June 2025|doi-access=free }}</ref> These tattoos are characterized by intricate designs and vivid colors, often depicting elements of nature, mythology, and daily life.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Godna {{!}} Art & Culture |url=https://jharkhandculture.com/node/40 |access-date=2024-09-26 |website=jharkhandculture.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Godna : Tattoo Art by women of the Baiga tribe {{!}} INTACH Intangible Cultural Heritage |url=http://intangibleheritage.intach.org/godna-tattoo-art-by-women-of-the-baiga-tribe-of-madhya-pradesh/ |access-date=2024-09-26 |language=en-US}}</ref> They are exclusive to women.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Deb |first1=Aurodeep |last2=Kumar Premi |first2=Jitendra |title=Anthropological Perspectives of Art and Tattoo: With Special Reference to Bhunjia Tribe of Chhattisgarh |journal=Indian Journal of Research in Anthropology |date=2016 |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=109–114 |doi=10.21088/ijra.2454.9118.2216.5 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Gita Niyogi |first1=Deepanwita |title=Tribal Tattoo Art Godna Losing Charm |url=https://theindiantribal.com/2024/06/24/madhya-pradesh-tribal-tattoo-art-godna-losing-charm/ |website=The Indian Tribal |date=24 June 2024 |access-date=21 June 2025}}</ref>

[[File:Art of Tattooing.jpg|thumb|
Baiga tribe women in India, known for their art of tattooing or ''Godna'']]

==History==

The art of Godna dates back several centuries and has its roots in the cultural practices of tribal communities in [[India]], and a connection to [[Hinduism]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Theres Kloß |first1=Sinah |title=Embodying dependency: Caribbean godna (tattoos) as female subordination and resistance |journal=The Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Anthropology |date=29 December 2022 |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=601–612 |doi=10.1111/jlca.12644 |url=https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jlca.12644 |access-date=21 June 2025|doi-access=free }}</ref> It is traditionally practiced by women and often involves passing down techniques and designs through generations, with style differences between cultural groups.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Niyogi |first=Deepanwita Gita |date=2024-06-24 |title=Tribal Tattoo Art Godna Losing Charm |url=https://theindiantribal.com/2024/06/24/madhya-pradesh-tribal-tattoo-art-godna-losing-charm/ |access-date=2024-09-26 |website=The Indian Tribal |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-21 |title=Godna Art and the Tattooed Baiga Tribal Women of Madhya Pradesh, India |url=https://swatiijain.com/2022/04/21/godna-art-and-the-tattooed-baiga-tribal-women-of-madhya-pradesh-india/ |access-date=2024-09-26 |website=Random Scribblings |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bara |first=Pushpika Sapna |date=2022-10-11 |title=How The Godna Project Is Bringing The Indigenous Tattoo Artists To The Forefront |url=https://www.adivasilivesmatter.com/post/how-the-godna-project-is-bringing-the-indigenous-tattoo-artists-to-the-forefront |access-date=2024-09-26 |website=Adivasi Lives Matter |language=en}}</ref> Tattooing is found in many [[Scheduled Tribe]] groups like [[Baiga|Baigas]], [[Kurukh people|Oraons]], [[Birhor people|Birhors]], [[Saharia|Saharias]], [[Bhunjia|Bhunjias]], [[Asur people|Asurs]], [[Bhumij people|Bhumijas]], [[Mal Paharia people|Mal Paharias]], [[Korwa people|Korwas]], [[Munda people|Mundas]], [[Santals]], [[Konda Reddis]], [[Khonds|Khondas]], [[Chenchu people|Chenchus]], [[Bharia people|Bharias]], [[Kurumba (tribe)|Kurumbas]], [[Irula people|Irulas]], [[Bondos]], [[Juang people|Juangs]], [[Mankidia|Mankidias]], [[Sora people|Sauras]], [[Lodha people|Lodhas]], [[Mudugar|Mudugars]], [[Paniya people|Paniyans]], [[Kattunayakan|Kattunayakans]], [[Mannan (caste)|Mannans]], [[Muthuvan|Muthuvans]], [[Kanikkaran|Kanikkarans]], [[Toda people|Todas]], [[Bhoksa people|Bhoksas]], [[Raji people|Rajis]], etc.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Biswas |first=Rachita |date=2021-07-15 |title=Godna: The ancient tribal art of Tattooing |url=https://www.popbaani.com/post/godna-the-ancient-tribal-art-of-tattooing |access-date=2024-09-26 |website=PopBaani |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tribal |first=The Indian |date=2024-06-24 |title=Tribal Tattoo Art Godna Losing Charm |url=https://theindiantribal.com/2024/06/24/madhya-pradesh-tribal-tattoo-art-godna-losing-charm/ |access-date=2024-09-26 |website=The Indian Tribal |language=en-US}}</ref>

Since certain diaspora were transported to [[the Caribbean]] as [[Indentured servitude|indentured servants]] to work on [[British Empire|British]] and [[Dutch colonialism|Dutch]] plantations as [[Coolie|coolies]], there are people of Indian descent in [[Guyana]] and [[Suriname]] who carry on the tradition of Godna.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Theres Kloß |first1=Sinah |title=Embodying dependency: Caribbean godna (tattoos) as female subordination and resistance |journal=The Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Anthropology |date=29 December 2022 |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=601–612 |doi=10.1111/jlca.12644 |url=https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jlca.12644 |access-date=21 June 2025|doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Significance==

[[Bhunjia|Bhunjias]] are noted as believing that their Godna will remain with them spiritually even after they die.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Deb |first1=Aurodeep |last2=Kumar Premi |first2=Jitendra |title=Anthropological Perspectives of Art and Tattoo: With Special Reference to Bhunjia Tribe of Chhattisgarh |journal=Indian Journal of Research in Anthropology |date=2016 |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=109–114 |doi=10.21088/ijra.2454.9118.2216.5 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Godna can indicate wealth and social status.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Paul |first=Kanchan |date= April 2019|title=STUDY OF TATTOO MAKING OF THE BAIGA TRIBE OF CENTRAL INDIA|url= https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/99504938/BAIGA-libre.pdf?1678131966=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DSTUDY_OF_TATTOO_MAKING_OF_THE_BAIGA_TRIB.pdf&Expires=1750544420&Signature=ckkbHQ9qJ9rmHp5dn6PvndGo6txCLiIomgDJ0ej4QtSgcsyZN5jEKbyLT4BvMGbeoGJZ1JaHfjvjJXNqE9LYQFtjCfc26QCH2rz1ZfCzk4ynhrwK32SPwOXwB5~1Erlo4R~MnIVvBHkg3BSyiIT0UWjQL2I4itBCQsEIkqQaZpW7crcX7e4q5IA2vuTobNm6EIr~y-nc2fOhDb3ADihmJ5KHZeP8RYVN5zKLS9QFlFaABjQUVy0mKCzRHsQ~40vY5vo-tYjlEoz9~dEwBRsRSx8I-G~ROMWwpgJjrkwKk0eNeyQBjk9gH6y70ZGOGYuZ8e~ZXYMH31wqf3I0xRoYxA__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA|degree= Master of Arts|location= University of Baroda|access-date=21 June 2025}}</ref> In Caribbean communities, Godna was mentioned as needed for marriage, and as symbolizing subjugation of a wife to her husband.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Theres Kloß |first1=Sinah |title=Embodying dependency: Caribbean godna (tattoos) as female subordination and resistance |journal=The Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Anthropology |date=29 December 2022 |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=601–612 |doi=10.1111/jlca.12644 |url=https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jlca.12644 |access-date=21 June 2025|doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Modern Day==
Among Baiga women, popularity of Godna is decreasing, due to the pain of getting it. Godna can also be viewed with prejudice by those who perceive it as primitive or antiquated.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tribal |first=The Indian |date=2024-06-24 |title=Tribal Tattoo Art Godna Losing Charm |url=https://theindiantribal.com/2024/06/24/madhya-pradesh-tribal-tattoo-art-godna-losing-charm/ |access-date=2024-09-26 |website=The Indian Tribal |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
{{Gallery
|align=center
|File:Scorpion tattoo on the right hand of a resident of Naiyyasi, India.jpg
|File:Baiga tattoos, India.jpg
|File:Jaipuri tribal hand tattoo.jpg
|File:Central Indian tribal woman fashions a tattoo on her biceps.jpg
|File:Kutia kondh woman 3.jpg
|File:Khonds.jpg
|File:Khonds Ladies.jpg
|File:Baiga Tribe, India.jpg
|File:Baiga Tribal Women of Madhya Pradesh, they are known for their unique tattoos that they make all over their bodies.jpg
|File:Baiga women and children, India.jpg
|File:Woman displaying traditional tattoos on her hands.jpg|Woman displaying traditional tattoos on her hands. Resident of Naiyyasi village, [[Bihar]], India.
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Tattooing traditions]]
[[Category:Culture of India]]

Indian cricket team in the West Indies and the United States in 2023

2025-06-29T02:06:38Z

BradyGregg4996: started

{{Short description|International cricket tour}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox cricket tour
| series_name = Indian cricket team against the West Indies in 2023
| team1_image = WestIndiesCricketFlagPre1999.svg
| team1_name = West Indies
| team2_image = Flag of India.svg
| team2_name = India
| from_date = 12 July
| to_date = 13 August
| team1_captain = [[Kraigg Brathwaite]] (Tests) [[Shai Hope]] (ODIs) [[Rovman Powell]] (T20Is)
| team2_captain = [[Rohit Sharma]] (Tests & ODIs)<ref group="n">[[Hardik Pandya]] captained India in the second and the third ODIs.</ref> [[Hardik Pandya]] (T20Is)
| no_of_tests = 2
| team1_tests_won = 0
| team2_tests_won = 1
| team1_tests_most_runs = [[Kraigg Brathwaite]] (130)
| team2_tests_most_runs = [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]] (266)
| team1_tests_most_wickets = [[Jomel Warrican]] (5)
| team2_tests_most_wickets = [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] (15)
| player_of_test_series =
| no_of_ODIs = 3
| team1_ODIs_won = 1
| team2_ODIs_won = 2
| team1_ODIs_most_runs = [[Shai Hope]] (111)
| team2_ODIs_most_runs = [[Ishan Kishan]] (184)
| team1_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Gudakesh Motie]] (6)
| team2_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Shardul Thakur]] (8)
| player_of_ODI_series = [[Ishan Kishan]] (Ind)
| no_of_twenty20s = 5
| team1_twenty20s_won = 3
| team2_twenty20s_won = 2
| team1_twenty20s_most_runs = [[Nicholas Pooran]] (176)
| team2_twenty20s_most_runs = [[Tilak Varma]] (173)
| team1_twenty20s_most_wickets = [[Romario Shepherd]] (9)
| team2_twenty20s_most_wickets = [[Arshdeep Singh (cricketer)|Arshdeep Singh]] (7)
| player_of_twenty20_series = [[Nicholas Pooran]] (WI)
}}
The [[India national cricket team|India men's cricket team]] toured the [[West Indies]] and the [[United States]] in July and August 2023 to play two [[Test cricket|Test]], three [[One Day International]] (ODI) and five [[Twenty20 International]] (T20I) matches.<ref>{{cite web |title=CPL to kick off on Aug 16 after India series from July 12 to Aug 13 |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/126297/cpl-to-kick-off-aug-16-after-india-series-ends-on-aug-13 |access-date=18 April 2023 |work=Cricbuzz|date=17 April 2023 }}</ref> The Test series formed part of the [[2023–2025 World Test Championship|2023–2025 ICC World Test Championship]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/india-to-begin-next-world-test-championship-cycle-with-two-match-series-in-west-indies-1381186 |title=India to begin next WTC cycle with two-match series in Caribbean |access-date=12 June 2023 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/126809/india-to-kickstart-west-indies-tour-with-two-tests |title=India to kickstart West Indies tour with two Tests |access-date=12 June 2023 |work=Cricbuzz|date=12 June 2023 }}</ref> The [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC) confirmed this FTP tour in their press release in August 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Men's FTP for 2023-2027 announced |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/2747093 |access-date=17 August 2022 |work=International Cricket Council}}</ref>

Originally, three T20I matches were scheduled to take place in the West Indies.<ref>{{cite web |title=India may play two extra T20Is on the tour of West Indies |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/126053/india-may-play-two-extra-t20is-on-the-tour-of-west-indies |access-date=18 April 2023 |work=Cricbuzz|date=25 March 2023 }}</ref> However in March 2023, the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) agreed to the proposal of [[Cricket West Indies]] (CWI) to include two more T20I matches in the tour.<ref>{{cite web |title=India Tour of WI: BCCI agrees to two more T20Is on West Indies tour, 10-match tour to begin in July, Follow IND vs WI Live Updates |url=https://www.insidesport.in/india-tour-of-wi-bcci-agrees-to-two-more-t20is-on-west-indies-tour-10-match-tour-to-begin-in-july-follow-ind-vs-wi-live-updates/ |access-date=18 April 2023 |website=InsideSport|date=26 March 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=8 December 2022 |title=India cricket schedule for 2023: Full list of Test, ODI and T20I fixtures in 2023 |url=https://www.wisden.com/cricket-news/india-cricket-schedule-for-2023-full-list-of-test-odi-and-t20i-fixtures-in-2023 |access-date=31 March 2025 |work=Wisden}}</ref> In April 2023, CWI announced that the two extra T20I matches would take place in [[Florida]], United States.<ref>{{cite web |title=India set to play two T20Is in USA on West Indies tour |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/126176/india-set-to-play-two-t20is-in-usa-on-west-indies-tour |access-date=18 April 2023 |work=Cricbuzz|date=5 April 2023 }}</ref> On 12 June 2023, CWI announced the schedule of the tour.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.windiescricket.com/news/cwi-announces-schedule-for-west-indies-v-india-international-home-series-2023/ |title=CWI announces schedule for West Indies v India international home series 2023 |access-date=12 June 2023 |work=Cricket West Indies}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://icc-cricket.com/news/3535385 |title=Schedule confirmed for India's upcoming tour of West Indies |access-date=12 June 2023 |work=International Cricket Council}}</ref>

==Squads==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:auto"
|-
!colspan=3|{{cr|WIN}}
!colspan=3|{{cr|IND}}
|-
!Tests<ref>{{cite web |access-date=7 July 2023 |title=WEST INDIES NAME SQUAD FOR 1ST TEST OF CYCLE PURE AGARBATHI TEST SERIES POWERED BY YES BANK |url=https://www.windiescricket.com/news/west-indies-name-squad-for-1st-test-of-cycle-pure-agarbathi-test-series-powered-by-yes-bank/ |work=Cricket West Indies}}</ref>
!ODI<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.windiescricket.com/news/west-indies-name-squad-for-cg-united-odi-series-powered-by-yes-bank/ |title=WEST INDIES NAME SQUAD FOR CG UNITED ODI SERIES POWERED BY YES BANK |access-date=25 July 2023 |work=Cricket West Indies}}</ref>
!T20Is<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/shimron-hetmyer-shai-hope-oshane-thomas-back-in-wi-t20i-squad-for-india-series-1390382 |title=Hetmyer, Hope, Thomas return to West Indies T20I squad for India series |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 August 2023}}</ref>
!Tests<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/1383151.html |title=Pujara dropped; Jaiswal and Gaikwad in India's Test squad for West Indies |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=23 June 2023 |access-date= 23 June 2023}}</ref>
!ODIs<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2023/news/55556009/india-s-squads-for-west-indies-tests-and-odi-series-announced?type=Latest |title=India's squads for West Indies Tests and ODI series announced |work=Board of Control for Cricket in India |access-date= 23 June 2023}}</ref>
!T20Is<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2023/news/55556014/india-s-squad-for-t20i-series-against-west-indies-announced?type=Latest |title=India's squad for T20I series against West Indies announced |work=Board of Control for Cricket in India |access-date= 5 July 2023}}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
* [[Kraigg Brathwaite]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Jermaine Blackwood]] ([[Captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])
* [[Alick Athanaze]]
* [[Tagenarine Chanderpaul]]
* [[Rahkeem Cornwall]]
* [[Joshua Da Silva]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Shannon Gabriel]]
* [[Jason Holder]]
* [[Alzarri Joseph]]
* [[Kirk McKenzie]]
* [[Raymon Reifer]]
* [[Kemar Roach]]
* [[Kevin Sinclair (cricketer)|Kevin Sinclair]]
* [[Jomel Warrican]]
|
* [[Shai Hope]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]], [[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Rovman Powell]] ([[Captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])
* [[Alick Athanaze]]
* [[Yannic Cariah]]
* [[Keacy Carty]]
* [[Dominic Drakes]]
* [[Shimron Hetmyer]]
* [[Alzarri Joseph]]
* [[Brandon King (cricketer)|Brandon King]]
* [[Kyle Mayers]]
* [[Gudakesh Motie]]
* [[Jayden Seales]]
* [[Romario Shepherd]]
* [[Kevin Sinclair (cricketer)|Kevin Sinclair]]
* [[Oshane Thomas]]
|
* [[Rovman Powell]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Kyle Mayers]] ([[Captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])
* [[Johnson Charles]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Roston Chase]]
* [[Shimron Hetmyer]]
* [[Jason Holder]]
* [[Shai Hope]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Akeal Hosein]]
* [[Alzarri Joseph]]
* [[Brandon King (cricketer)|Brandon King]]
* [[Obed McCoy]]
* [[Nicholas Pooran]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Romario Shepherd]]
* [[Odean Smith]]
* [[Oshane Thomas]]
|
* [[Rohit Sharma]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Ajinkya Rahane]] ([[Captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])
* [[Ravichandran Ashwin]]
* [[KS Bharat]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]]
* [[Shubman Gill]]
* [[Ravindra Jadeja]]
* [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]]
* [[Ishan Kishan]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Virat Kohli]]
* [[Mukesh Kumar (cricketer)|Mukesh Kumar]]
* [[Axar Patel]]
* [[Navdeep Saini]]
* [[Mohammed Siraj]]
* [[Shardul Thakur]]
* [[Jaydev Unadkat]]
|
* [[Rohit Sharma]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Hardik Pandya]] ([[Captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])
* [[Yuzvendra Chahal]]
* [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]]
* [[Shubman Gill]]
* [[Ravindra Jadeja]]
* [[Ishan Kishan]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Virat Kohli]]
* [[Mukesh Kumar (cricketer)|Mukesh Kumar]]
* [[Axar Patel]]
* [[Sanju Samson]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* <s>[[Mohammed Siraj]]</s>
* [[Shardul Thakur]]
* [[Umran Malik]]
* [[Jaydev Unadkat]]
* [[Kuldeep Yadav]]
* [[Suryakumar Yadav]]
|
* [[Hardik Pandya]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Suryakumar Yadav]] ([[Captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])
* [[Ravi Bishnoi]]
* [[Yuzvendra Chahal]]
* [[Shubman Gill]]
* [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]]
* [[Avesh Khan]]
* [[Ishan Kishan]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Mukesh Kumar (cricketer)|Mukesh Kumar]]
* [[Axar Patel]]
* [[Sanju Samson]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Arshdeep Singh (cricketer)|Arshdeep Singh]]
* [[Umran Malik]]
* [[Tilak Varma]]
* [[Kuldeep Yadav]]
|}
[[Tevin Imlach]] and [[Akeem Jordan (cricketer)|Akeem Jordan]] were named as travelling reserves for the Test squad.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/127090/wi-pick-kirk-mckenzie-alick-athanaze-for-first-test-against-india |title=WI pick Kirk McKenzie, Alick Athanaze for first Test against India |access-date=8 July 2023 |work=Cricbuzz|date=7 July 2023 }}</ref> On 18 July 2023, [[Kevin Sinclair (cricketer)|Kevin Sinclair]] was added to the squad for the second Test, in the place of [[Raymon Reifer]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://icc-cricket.com/news/3594068 |title=West Indies turn to uncapped spinner for second India Test |access-date=18 July 2023 |work=International Cricket Council}}</ref> Ahead of the ODI series, [[Mohammed Siraj]] was rested from India's ODI squad.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/india-bowler-mohammed-siraj-flies-back-home-after-being-rested-from-odis-against-west-indies-1389527 |title=Mohammed Siraj flies back home after being rested from ODIs against West Indies |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=27 July 2023}}</ref>

==Test series==
===1st Test===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 12–14 July 2023
| team1 = {{cr-rt|WIN}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 150 (64.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Alick Athanaze]] 47 (99)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] 5/60 (24.3 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 421/5[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (152.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]] 171 (387)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Rahkeem Cornwall]] 1/32 (16 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 130 (50.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Alick Athanaze]] 28 (44)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] 7/71 (21.3 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| result = India won by an innings and 141 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1381212.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Windsor Park (Dominica)|Windsor Park]], [[Roseau]]
| umpires = [[Michael Gough (cricketer)|Michael Gough]] (Eng) and [[Richard Kettleborough]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]] (Ind)
| toss = West Indies won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Alick Athanaze]] (WI), [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]] and [[Ishan Kishan]] (Ind) all made their Test debuts.
* [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]] (Ind) scored his first [[Century (cricket)|century]] in Tests.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/sports/cricket/ld4izdwny1 |title=সেঞ্চুরির অসাধারণ কীর্তিতে ধাওয়ান–পৃথ্বী শয়ের পাশে জয়সোয়াল |trans-title=Jaiswal next to Dhawan-Prithvi Shaw through remarkable feat of century |work=Prothom Alo |date=14 July 2023 |language=Bangla |access-date=14 July 2023}}</ref>
* [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] (Ind) became the fifth bowler, and the first Indian, to dismiss a father-son duo in Tests.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/india-in-west-indies/ravichandran-ashwin-becomes-first-indian-bowler-to-dismiss-father-and-son-in-his-test-career/articleshow/101706445.cms |title=Ravichandran Ashwin becomes first Indian bowler to dismiss father and son in his Test career |work=The Times of India |date=13 July 2023 |access-date=13 July 2023}}</ref>
* World Test Championship points: India 12, West Indies 0.
}}

===2nd Test===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 20–24 July 2023
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|WIN}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 438 (128 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Virat Kohli]] 121 (206)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Jomel Warrican]] 3/89 (39 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 255 (115.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Kraigg Brathwaite]] 75 (235)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Mohammed Siraj]] 5/60 (23.4 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 181/2[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (24 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Rohit Sharma]] 57 (44)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Shannon Gabriel]] 1/33 (6 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 76/2 (32 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Kraigg Brathwaite]] 28 (52)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] 2/33 (11 overs)

| result = Match drawn
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1381213.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Queen's Park Oval]], [[Port of Spain]]
| umpires = [[Marais Erasmus]] (SA) and [[Richard Kettleborough]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Mohammed Siraj]] (Ind)
| toss = West Indies won the toss and elected to field.
| rain = Only 67 overs and 63.4 overs of play was possible on Day 3 and Day 4 respectively due to rain.
* No play was possible on Day 5 due to rain.
| notes = [[Kirk McKenzie]] (WI) and [[Mukesh Kumar (cricketer)|Mukesh Kumar]] (Ind) both made their Test debuts.
* This was the 100th Test match to be played between the two teams.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/india-vs-west-indies-100-test-matches-list-most-number-of-games-ind-vs-wi-list-england-australia/article67102009.ece/ |title=India vs West Indies 100th Test: Ninth instance of two teams playing century of Tests against each other |work=Sportstar |date=20 July 2023 |access-date=20 July 2023}}</ref>
* [[Virat Kohli]] (Ind) played in his 500th international match,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.business-standard.com/amp/cricket/news/virat-kohli-s-500th-match-a-look-at-major-milestones-of-his-journey-123072000455_1.html |title=Virat Kohli's 500th match: A look at major milestones of his journey |work=Business Standard |access-date=20 July 2023}}</ref> and became the tenth cricketer to achieve this.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/virat-kohli-500-international-appearances-india-vs-west-indies-second-test-10th-cricketer-dhoni-dravid-sachin/article67101804.ece/ |title=Virat Kohli becomes 10th cricketer to make 500 international appearance |work=Sportstar |date=20 July 2023 |access-date=20 July 2023}}</ref>
* World Test Championship points: West Indies 4, India 4.
}}

==ODI series==
===1st ODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 27 July 2023
| time = 09:30
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|WIN}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score1 = 114 (23 overs)
| runs1 = [[Shai Hope]] 43 (45)
| wickets1 = [[Kuldeep Yadav]] 4/6 (3 overs)
| score2 = 118/5 (22.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Ishan Kishan]] 52 (46)
| wickets2 = [[Gudakesh Motie]] 2/26 (6.5 overs)
| result = India won by 5 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1381214.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Kensington Oval]], [[Bridgetown]]
| umpires = [[Nigel Duguid]] (WI) and [[Michael Gough (cricketer)|Michael Gough]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Kuldeep Yadav]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Mukesh Kumar (cricketer)|Mukesh Kumar]] (Ind) made his ODI debut.
}}

===2nd ODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 29 July 2023
| time = 09:30
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|WIN}}
| score1 = 181 (40.5 overs)
| runs1 = [[Ishan Kishan]] 55 (55)
| wickets1 = [[Gudakesh Motie]] 3/36 (9.5 overs)
| score2 = 182/4 (36.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shai Hope]] 63[[not out|*]] (80)
| wickets2 = [[Shardul Thakur]] 3/42 (8 overs)
| result = West Indies won by 6 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1381215.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Kensington Oval]], [[Bridgetown]]
| umpires = [[Gregory Brathwaite]] (WI) and [[Marais Erasmus]] (SA)
| motm = [[Shai Hope]] (WI)
| toss = West Indies won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===3rd ODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 1 August 2023
| time = 09:30
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|WIN}}
| score1 = 351/5 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Shubman Gill]] 85 (92)
| wickets1 = [[Romario Shepherd]] 2/73 (10 overs)
| score2 = 151 (35.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Gudakesh Motie]] 39[[not out|*]] (34)
| wickets2 = [[Shardul Thakur]] 4/37 (6.3 overs)
| result = India won by 200 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1381216.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Brian Lara Cricket Academy]], [[San Fernando, Trinidad and Tobago|San Fernando]]
| umpires = [[Michael Gough (cricketer)|Michael Gough]] (Eng) and [[Leslie Reifer (umpire)|Leslie Reifer]] (WI)
| motm = [[Shubman Gill]] (Ind)
| toss = West Indies won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = This was the first [[List of One Day International cricket grounds|ODI match to be played at this venue]].
}}

==T20I series==
===1st T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 3 August 2023
| time = 10:30
| night =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|WIN}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score1 = 149/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Rovman Powell]] 48 (32)
| wickets1 = [[Yuzvendra Chahal]] 2/24 (2 overs)
| score2 = 145/9 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Tilak Varma]] 39 (22)
| wickets2 = [[Jason Holder]] 2/19 (4 overs)
| result = West Indies won by 4 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1381217.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Brian Lara Cricket Academy]], [[San Fernando, Trinidad and Tobago|San Fernando]]
| umpires = [[Gregory Brathwaite]] (WI) and [[Patrick Gustard]] (WI)
| motm = [[Jason Holder]] (WI)
| toss = West Indies won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Mukesh Kumar (cricketer)|Mukesh Kumar]] and [[Tilak Varma]] (Ind) both made their T20I debuts.
* This was India's 200th T20I.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/india-vs-west-indies-1st-t20i-report-chahal-powell-hardik-2416022-2023-08-03 |title=WI vs IND: India lose in their 200th T20I as West Indies secure 4-run win in low-scoring series opener |access-date=3 August 2023 |work=India Today}}</ref>
}}

===2nd T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 6 August 2023
| time = 10:30
| night =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|WIN}}
| score1 = 152/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Tilak Varma]] 51 (41)
| wickets1 = [[Romario Shepherd]] 3/28 (3 overs)
| score2 = 155/8 (18.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Nicholas Pooran]] 67 (40)
| wickets2 = [[Hardik Pandya]] 3/35 (4 overs)
| result = West Indies won by 2 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1381218.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Providence Stadium]], [[Providence, Guyana|Providence]]
| umpires = [[Nigel Duguid]] (WI) and [[Leslie Reifer (umpire)|Leslie Reifer]] (WI)
| motm = [[Nicholas Pooran]] (WI)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===3rd T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 8 August 2023
| time = 10:30
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|WIN}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score1 = 159/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Brandon King (cricketer)|Brandon King]] 42 (42)
| wickets1 = [[Kuldeep Yadav]] 3/28 (4 overs)
| score2 = 164/3 (17.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Suryakumar Yadav]] 83 (44)
| wickets2 = [[Alzarri Joseph]] 2/25 (4 overs)
| result = India won by 7 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1381219.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Providence Stadium]], [[Providence, Guyana|Providence]]
| umpires = [[Nigel Duguid]] (WI) and [[Patrick Gustard]] (WI)
| motm = [[Suryakumar Yadav]] (Ind)
| toss = West Indies won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]] (Ind) made his T20I debut.
}}

===4th T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 12 August 2023
| time = 10:30
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|WIN}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score1 = 178/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Shimron Hetmyer]] 61 (39)
| wickets1 = [[Arshdeep Singh (cricketer)|Arshdeep Singh]] 3/38 (4 overs)
| score2 = 179/1 (17 overs)
| runs2 = [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]] 84[[not out|*]] (51)
| wickets2 = [[Romario Shepherd]] 1/35 (3 overs)
| result = India won by 9 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1381220.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Central Broward Park]], [[Lauderhill, Florida|Lauderhill]]
| umpires = [[Gregory Brathwaite]] (WI) and [[Leslie Reifer (umpire)|Leslie Reifer]] (WI)
| motm = [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]] (Ind)
| toss = West Indies won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===5th T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 13 August 2023
| time = 10:30
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|WIN}}
| score1 = 165/9 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Suryakumar Yadav]] 61 (45)
| wickets1 = [[Romario Shepherd]] 4/31 (4 overs)
| score2 = 171/2 (18 overs)
| runs2 = [[Brandon King (cricketer)|Brandon King]] 85[[not out|*]] (55)
| wickets2 = [[Tilak Varma]] 1/17 (2 overs)
| result = West Indies won by 8 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1381221.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Central Broward Park]], [[Lauderhill, Florida|Lauderhill]]
| umpires = [[Gregory Brathwaite]] (WI) and [[Nigel Duguid]] (WI)
| motm = [[Romario Shepherd]] (WI)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=n}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-in-west-indies-2023-1381201 Series home at ESPNcricinfo]

{{International cricket in 2023}}
{{International cricket tours of the West Indies}}
{{2023–2025 ICC World Test Championship}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:India men's cricket team in the West Indies and the United States in 2023}}
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2023]]
[[Category:2023 in West Indian cricket]]
[[Category:2023 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:Indian cricket tours of the West Indies|2023]]
[[Category:Indian cricket tours of the United States|2023]]

Sajjad Shafi

2025-06-28T16:40:21Z

BradyGregg4996: made info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Uri Assembly constituency]]
| term_start = 8 October 2024
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = [[Mohammad Shafi (politician)|Mohammad Shafi Uri]]
| party = [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]
}}
'''Sajjad Shafi''' is an Indian politician from Jammu and Kashmir. He has been a member of the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] since [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]], representing the [[Uri Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]] party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Uri, Jammu and Kashmir Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: JKNC's Sajjad Shafi with 39713 defeats Independent candidate Taj Mohi Ud Din |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/uri-jammu-and-kashmir-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-aelb-2612875-2024-10-08 |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Uri FINAL Election Result 2024: Sajjad Shafi of NC Wins by... |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/uri-final-election-result-2024-2-9079306.html |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

He is the son of former Minister and Rajya Sabha Member [[Mohammad Shafi (politician)|Mohammad Shafi Uri]].

== Electoral performance ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election !! Constituency !! colspan="2"|Party !! Result !! Votes % !! Opposition Candidate !! colspan="2"|Opposition Party !! Opposition vote %|| Ref
|-
|[[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]||[[Uri Assembly constituency|Uri]]||{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}||{{Won}}||53.73%||[[Taj Mohiuddin]]||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||34.16%||<ref>{{cite news|last1=Election Commission of India|title=J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Bandipora|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|access-date=10 October 2024|date=8 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010072117/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|archive-date=10 October 2024}}</ref>
|-
|}
== See also ==

* [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shafi, Sajjad}}
[[Category:Jammu & Kashmir National Conference politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:People from Uri, Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{JammuKashmir-politician-stub}}

Shitala Mata Mandir

2025-06-26T19:15:53Z

BradyGregg4996:

{{Short description|Shitala Devi temple in Sandila}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple|name=Shitala Mata Mandir|native_name=शीतला माता मन्दिर|native_name_lang=hi|deity=Goddess Shitala|religious_affiliation=[[Hinduism]]|location=[[Sandila]]|district=[[Hardoi district]]|state=Uttar Pradesh|country=India|founded_by=Shandilya Rishi|footnotes=Tapobhumi of the Vedic sage Shandilya}}

'''Shitala Mata Mandir''' ({{langx|hi|शीतला माता मन्दिर}}) is an ancient Hindu temple located in the [[Sandila]] town of [[Uttar Pradesh]] in India. The temple is dedicated to [[Shitala|Goddess Shitala]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hardoi News: डेढ़ करोड़ से संवारा जाएगा शीतला माता मंदिर का परिसर |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/hardoi/shitala-mata-temple-complex-will-be-renovated-with-rs-15-crore-hardoi-news-c-12-jhs1001-586072-2024-02-19 |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> According to legend, the Vedic sage [[Shandilya (Rishi)|Shandilya]] did penance in the temple. It is also known as ''Shandilya Rishi Tapobhumi''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=संडीला का शीतला मंदिर - |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/hardoi-14819222.html |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=संडीला में 1000 साल पुराने मंदिर में उमड़े भक्त:ब्रिटिश काल के पहले से स्थापित है देव स्थान, शाण्डिल्य ऋषि ने की थी तपस्या, तभी से यहां मां के वास की है मान्यता |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/hardoi/sandila/news/dev-place-is-established-before-the-british-period-shandilya-rishi-did-penance-since-then-there-is-a-belief-of-mothers-residence-here-129603023.html |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref>

== History ==
[[Shitala|Shitala Mata]] is the presiding goddess of the [[Sandila]] town. It is believed that in the ancient period the [[Vedas|Vedic]] sage [[Shandilya (Rishi)|Shandilya]] did a long meditation in the devotion of the Goddess Shitala. There was [[Shandilya Ashram]] in the vicinity of the temple. The ashram of Shandilya is considered as the part of [[Naimiṣāraṇya (forest)|Naimisharanya Teerth]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=शाडिल्य ऋषि की तपोभूमि पर स्थित शीतला मां करतीं मनोकामना पूरी - |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/hardoi-13861217.html |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> The present temple is thousand years old. Apart from the Shitala Mata Mandir, there are other half an dozen temples of different deities in the campus of the main temple. These are Ram Janaki Mandir, Thakurji Mandir, Hanuman Mandir, and Shiva Mandir, etc.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-03 |title=इस क्षेत्र की रक्षक हैं माता शीतला, गंगा के किनारे होने के बावजूद नहीं आई कभी बाढ़ |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/uttar-pradesh/hardoi-ancient-shri-sheetla-mata-temple-is-even-before-the-mughal-period-7083683.html |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{coord|27.07117|80.50484|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Hindu temple architecture]]
[[Category:Hardoi district]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Uttar Pradesh]]

{{India-hindu-temple-stub}}

George Welstead Colledge

2025-03-02T17:34:19Z

BradyGregg4996: put up first entry w/ refs - done

{{Short description|British Indian civil servant}}
{{Infobox person
| name =
| image = George Welstead Colledge (1834 - 1863).webp
| alt =
| caption = George Welstead Colledge by [[George Chinnery]]
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1 February 1834
| birth_place = [[Macau]], China
| death_date = 7 October 1863
| death_place = Bilaspur, India
| other_names =
| occupation = [[Indian Civil Service]] officer
| years_active = 1853-1863
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}
'''George Welstead Colledge''' (1 February 1834 - 7 October 1863) was a British [[District magistrate|joint magistrate and deputy collector]] at [[Bulandshahr District|Bulandshahr]], [[North-Western Provinces]], India. He was born in [[Macau]], China, the eldest son of [[Thomas Richardson Colledge]], gained admission to [[East India Company College|Haileybury]] (1851–1853), and passed the examination of the [[Indian Civil Service]] at a young age. During the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] he served at [[Saharanpur district|Saharanpur]], Uttar Pradesh. He died in 1863, the third district collector of Bulandshahr to have died within the previous three years.

==Early life and education==
George Welstead Colledge was born in [[Macau]], China, the eldest son of [[Thomas Richardson Colledge]], a surgeon who practised in Macau and Canton.<ref name=Colledge1880>{{cite book |title=Thomas Richardson Colledge : born 1797, died 1879 |date=1880 |publisher=Looker-On Printing Company |location=Cheltenham |page=7 |url=https://archive.org/details/b22480596/page/6/mode/2up?q=George+Welstead}}</ref><ref name=DIBS>{{cite web |title=Portrait Of George Welstead Colledge, Macau, circa 1845 |url=https://www.1stdibs.com/art/paintings/portrait-paintings/george-chinnery-portrait-george-welstead-colledge-macau-circa-1845/id-a_10859622/ |website=1stDibs.com |access-date=1 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref> He had five brothers and two sisters.<ref name=Colledge1880/> In 1851 he passed the entrance exams for [[East India Company College|Haileybury]], and there, came first in Persian.<ref name=Colledge1880/><ref name=Adv1851>{{cite news |title=Examination of the candidates |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000797/18510813/042/0007 |access-date=1 December 2024 |work=Friend of India and Statesman |date=13 August 1851 |page=55|via=British Newspaper Archive|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=Danvers1894/>

==Indian Civil Service==
Upon passing the East India Company exams in 1853, Colledge was appointed to the [[Indian Civil Service|Bengal Division of the Civil Service]].<ref name=HN1853>{{cite news |title=Home News|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002946/18530708/049/0019 |access-date=1 December 2024 |work=Friend of India and Statesman |date=8 July 1853 |page=435|via=British Newspaper Archive|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The following year he married Katherine Mary, the eldest daughter of William Dent of Bickley, Kent, a director of the old East India Company.<ref name=Colledge1880/><ref name=GJ1854>{{cite news |title=Appointments |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000532/18540401/057/0003 |access-date=1 December 2024 |work=Gloucester Journal |date=1 April 1854 |page=10|via=British Newspaper Archive|url-access=subscription}}</ref> They had one daughter and four sons.<ref name=Colledge1880/>

In 1855 Colledge was appointed assistant to the [[Meerut]] Division, [[North-Western Provinces]].<ref name=FIS1855>{{cite news |title=Appointments |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002926/18550118/034/0010 |access-date=1 December 2024 |work=Friend of India and Statesman |date=18 January 1855 |page=10|via=British Newspaper Archive|url-access=subscription}}</ref> During the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] he served at [[Saharanpur district|Saharanpur]], Uttar Pradesh.<ref name=Danvers1894>{{cite book |last1=Danvers |first1=Frederick Charles |last2=Martineau |first2=Harriet |last3=Monier-Williams |first3=Monier |last4=Bayley |first4=Steuart Colvin |last5=Wigram |first5=Percy |last6=Sapte |first6=Brand |title=Memorials of old Haileybury College |date=1894 |publisher=Westminster, A. Constable and Company |pages=456, 591 |url=http://archive.org/details/memorialsoldhai00collgoog}}</ref> From 20 March 1863 to 6 October 1863 he served as [[District magistrate|magistrate and Collector]] of the [[Bulandshahr district|district of Bulandshahr]].<ref name=Singh1874>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Kuar Lachman|title=Historical and Statistical Memoir of Zila Bulandshahar |date=1874 |publisher=North-Western Provinces Government Press|isbn=978-3-382-50031-3|location=Allahabad |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.11477/page/45/mode/2up?q=colledge|language=en|pages=45–52}}</ref>

==Death and legacy==
Colledge died from "brain fever" on 7 October 1863 at the age of 29 years, in [[Bilaspur, Uttar Pradesh|Bilaspur]], the third district collector of Bulandshahr to have died within the previous three years.<ref name=Cheltenham1863>{{cite news |title=Died |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000226/18631128/006/0011 |access-date=1 December 2024 |work=Cheltenham Looker-On |date=28 November 1863 |page=771|via=British Newspaper Archive|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=MH1863>{{cite news |title=Deaths|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002408/18631112/109/0008|access-date=1 December 2024 |work=Morning Herald |date=12 November 1863|page=8|via=British Newspaper Archive|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

<gallery>
File:George Wellsted Colledge, All Saints Church, Bulandshahr.jpg|Colledge, [[All Saints Church, Bulandshahr|All Saints Church]], Bulandshahr
File:Interior, All Saints Church, Bulandshahr.jpg|Interior, All Saints Church
File:All Saints Church, Bulandshahr.jpg|All Saints Church, Bulandshahr
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Colledge, George Welstead}}
[[Category:1834 births]]
[[Category:1863 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Portuguese Macau]]
[[Category:19th-century British civil servants]]
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Indian Rebellion of 1857]]

Mahesh Sawant

2025-03-01T05:54:00Z

BradyGregg4996: stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}

'''Mahesh Baliram Sawant''' (born 1972)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mahesh Baliram Sawant(Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)):Constituency- MAHIM(MUMBAI CITY) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/Maharashtra2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=557 |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Maharashtra]]. He is an MLA from [[Mahim Assembly constituency]] in [[Mumbai City district|Mumbai City District]]. He won the [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] representing the Shiv Sena (UBT).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahim Election Result 2024 LIVE: Shiv Sena (UBT) Mahesh Sawant Leads Against MNS Leader Amit Thackeray |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/mahim-election-result-2024-live-leading-winner-mla-9130128.html |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-22 |title=Maharashtra Election Results: Shiv Sena's Mahesh Baliram Sawant wins Mahim seat |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/india/maharashtra-mahim-election-result-2024-live-updates-1.10100170 |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Sawant is from [[Mahim]], Mumbai City District, Maharashtra. He is the son of Baliram Shankar Sawant, a mill worker.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2024-11-09 |title=Mill worker's son aims to win Sena birthplace |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/mahesh-sawant-the-mill-workers-son-competing-in-shiv-senas-stronghold-mahim/articleshow/115123081.cms |access-date=2024-12-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He completed his B.Com. in 1992 at RM Bhatt College, [[Parel]], Mumbai, which is affiliated with [[Mumbai University]]. He runs his own business along with his wife.<ref name=":0" /> He is a [[Shiv Sainik]] who contested elections for the first time.<ref name=":1" />

== Career ==
Sawant won from Mahim Assembly constituency representing [[Shiv Sena (UBT)]] in the [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled 50,313 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Sada Sarvankar]] of the Shiv Sena, by a margin of 1,316 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-23 |title=Mahim Election Result Highlights: Shiv Sena's (UBT) Mahesh Sawant defeats Raj Thackeray's son Amit trails by over 17,000 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/mahim-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-vote-counting-bjp-congress-amit-thackeray-sada-sarvankar-2638579-2024-11-23 |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Sarvankar of [[Shiv Sena]], the sitting MLA, came second while Amit Thackeray, the son of [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena]] president [[Raj Thackeray]], making his electoral debut could only finish third.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/India/double-win-for-ubt-in-mahim-mahesh-sawant-defends-sena-fortress-becomes-first-to-defeat-a-thackeray-rajs-son/ar-AA1uEWab?ocid=BingNewsSerp |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref> Thus, he is credited with bagging Thackeray's legacy seat.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-23 |title=Mahim Result: Mahesh Sawant Bags 'Thackeray's Legacy' Seat Defeating Amit Thackeray |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/mahim-assembly-election-result-2024-mahesh-sawant-bags-thackeray-s-legacy-seat-defeating-mns-amit-thackeray-1733089 |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=ABP live |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sawant, Mahesh}}

[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Shiv Sena (UBT) politicians]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:People from Mumbai City district]]

National Highway 168A (India)

2025-02-26T22:06:55Z

BradyGregg4996: minor cleanup intro per sources and added references

{{Short description|National highway in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}

{{Infobox road
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 168A
|map ={{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|zoom=9|frame-lat=24.50|frame-long=71.96|frame-align=center|type=line|id=Q55497235|stroke-width=3|title=National Highway 168A}}
|map_custom=yes
|map_notes=Map of the National Highway in red
| length_km = 76
| spur_type = NH
| spur_of = 68
| direction_a = North
| direction_b = South
| terminus_a = [[Sanchore]]
| terminus_b = [[Deesa]]
| junction =
| previous_type = NH
| next_type = NH
| previous_route = 68
| next_route = 27
| states = [[Rajasthan]], [[Gujarat]]
| destinations =
}}
'''National Highway 168A''', commonly called '''NH 168A''' is a [[National Highway (India)|national highway]] in [[India]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2014/160886.pdf|title=New highways notification dated 5th September, 2014|website=[[The Gazette of India]] - [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=13 Jun 2018}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> It is a [[Spur route|spur]] road of [[National Highway 68 (India)|National Highway 68]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2011/E_574_2012_016.pdf|title=New Numbering of National Highways notification - Government of India|website=[[The Gazette of India]]|access-date=13 June 2018}}</ref> NH-168A traverses the states of [[Gujarat]] and [[Rajasthan]] in India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://morth.nic.in/showfile.asp?lid=2924|title=State-wise length of National Highways (NH) in India as on 30.06.2017|website=[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=13 June 2018}}</ref>

== Route ==
=== Rajasthan ===
[[Sanchore]]

=== Gujarat ===
[[Dhanera]], [[Deesa]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />

== Junctions ==
{{RJL|date=November 2021}}
: {{jct|NH|68|country=IND}} Terminal near Sanchore.<ref name=":1" />
: {{jct|NH|168|country=IND}} near Dhanera
: {{jct|NH|27|country=IND}} Terminal near Deesa.<ref name=":1" />

== See also ==
* [[List of national highways in India]]
* [[List of national highways in India by state]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://openstreetmap.org/browse/relation/5724047 NH 168A on OpenStreetMap]

{{Indian Highways Network}}
{{IND NH68 sr}}

[[Category:National highways of India]]
[[Category:National highways in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:National highways in Gujarat]]

{{India-NH-stub}}

Kasi Viswanathar Temple, Kumbakonam

2025-02-14T04:27:09Z

BradyGregg4996: done.

{{other uses|Kashi Vishwanath Temple (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Kasi Viswanathar Temple
| image = Kasiviswanathar1.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in [[Tamil Nadu]]
| coordinates = {{coord|10|57|23.86|N|79|22|55.92|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| native_name = Kudanthai Karonam
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Tanjore]]
| location = [[Kumbakonam]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Kasi Viswanathar ([[Shiva]])
Visalakshi ([[Parvathi]]), Nava Kannigas
| facade_direction =
| temple_tank = [[Mahamaham tank]]
| tower =
| Prathyaksham =
| festivals=
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
}}

'''Kasi Viswanathar Temple, Kumbakonam''' is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to Lord [[Shiva]], located in [[Kumbakonam]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. Here, Lord Shiva is worshipped as Kasi Viswanathar, and His consort [[Parvati]] is depicted as Visalakshi. The presiding deity is revered in the 7th-century Tamil Saiva canonical work, the ''[[Tevaram]]'', written by Tamil saint poets known as the [[nayanars]] and classified as ''[[Paadal Petra Sthalam]]''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Census of India, 1961, Volume 7|year=1961|publisher=Director of Census publication}}</ref>

The temple complex covers two acres and is located close to the [[Mahamaham tank]]. It houses two gateway towers known as ''[[gopurams]]''. The tallest is the western tower, with seven stories and a height of {{convert|72|ft|m|0}}. The temple has numerous shrines, with those of Kasi Viswanathar, Visalakshi and Navakanniyar being the most prominent.

The temple has six daily rituals at various times from 6:00 a.m. to 9 p.m., and twelve yearly festivals on its calendar. The ''Masi Magam'' festival is celebrated during the day of the Magam (February–March) is the most prominent festival.

The present masonry structure was built during the [[Thanjavur Nayak|Nayak]] during the 16th century. In modern times, the temple is maintained and administered by the [[Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department]] of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].

==Legend==
[[File:9 Indian rivers sangam, Mahamaham tank, Kumbh tirtha site, Kumbhakonam Tamil Nadu.jpg|200px|thumb|left|[[Mahamaham tank, Kumbakonam|Mahamaham tank]]]]
This place has been referred to in [[Tevaram]] written by Saint Poet (7th century CE) [[Thirugnana Sambanthar]] and [[Appar|Thirunavukkarasar]].<ref>{{Cite web
|url= http://www.projectmadurai.org/pm_etexts/pdf/pm0162.pdf
|title=Campantar Tevaram -2
|work=projectmadurai.org
|accessdate=16 July 2011
|year=2011
}}</ref> This temple is referred back to [[Ramayana]] period when Lord [[Rama]] and [[Lakshmana]] are said to have worshipped Shiva here during their search for [[Sita]], and acquired Rudramsam, to enable them to fight [[Ravana]]. Legend has it that the nine sacred rivers of India, prayed to Shiva at Banares (Viswanathar) to be absolved of the sins washed away by bathers, and were directed to bathe in the Mahamagam tank and worship [[Adi Kumbeswarar Temple]]. Viswanathar of Kaasi is believed to have manifested himself here at Kumbhakonam at Kudandaikkaronam. As per another legend, the holy pot from Shiva's arrow split into twelve places where Shiva temples were built and the temple is counted as one of them.<ref name=dinamalar/>

==Architecture==
The temple is located near the banks of [[Mahamaham tank, Kumbakonam|Mahamaham tank]]. This temple has two ''[[prakarams]]'' (outer courtyard) and a 72 ft high Rajagopuram. The temple has a nava kanniyar, aka nava kannigais (nine rivers), in the form of deities worshiping Shiva, and hence the temple is referred as 'Nava Kanniyar' temple. The nine river deities depicted are [[Ganges]], [[Yamuna]], [[Narmada]], [[Saraswati]], [[Cauvery]], [[Godavari]], [[Krishna River|Krishna]], [[Tungabhadra]] and [[Sarayu]]. The [[lingam]] worshipped by [[Rama]] is located in the north eastern ''[[prakaram]]'' (outer courtyard) of the temple. As per local legend, he lingam is believed to grow with time.<ref name=hindu>{{cite news|title=Mahamkhaam history|work=The Hindu|last=V.|first=Sriram|date=12 February 2016}}</ref><ref name=Saiva5>{{cite book|title=Saiva Encyclopaedia volume 5 - Temples in Tamil Nadu (Later period)|editor-last=Dr. R.|editor-first=Selvaganapathy|publisher=Saint Sekkizhaar Human Resource Development Charitable Trust|location=Chennai, India|year=2013|pages=145–6}}</ref> In modern times, the temple is maintained and administered by the [[Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department]] of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<ref name=HRCE>{{cite web|title=Thirukoil - Temple list of Tamil Nadu|url=https://tnhrce.gov.in/resources/docs/temple_list.pdf|publisher=Hindu Religious & Charitable Endowments Department, Government of Tamil Nadu|page=216|access-date=30 August 2020|archive-date=9 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009010850/https://tnhrce.gov.in/resources/docs/temple_list.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Worship and religious practices==
[[File:Kasi Viswanathar - masi magam.jpg|200px|left|thumb|Image of festival deity of the temple]]
The temple priests perform ''[[Puja (Hinduism)|Puja]]'' (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. The temple rituals are performed six times a day; ''Kalasanthi'' at 6:00 a.m., ''Irandam Kalm'' at 9:00 a.m., ''Uchikalam'' at 12:00 a.m., ''Sayarakshai'' at 6:00 p.m., ''Irandam Kalm'' at 7:30 p.m., and ''Arthajamam'' at 9:00 p.m. Each ritual comprises four steps: ''[[abhisheka]]'' (sacred bath), ''alangaram'' (decoration), ''[[Naivedhya|naivethanam]]'' (food offering) and ''deepa aradanai'' (waving of lamps) for Viswanathar and Visalakshi. There are weekly rituals like ''{{lang|te-Latn|somavaram}}'' (Monday) and ''{{lang|te-Latn|sukravaram}}'' (Friday), fortnightly rituals like ''[[pradosha]]m'', and monthly festivals like ''[[amavasya|amavasai]]'' (new moon day), ''kiruthigai'', ''[[pournami (festival)|pournami]]'' (full moon day) and ''sathurthi''. Masi Maham during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil month]] of ''Maasi'' (February–March), Shivaratri in February- March and Panguni Uthiram during ''Panguni'' are the major festivals celebrated in the temple.<ref name=dinamalar>{{cite web|title=Sri Kasi Viswanathar temple temple|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=1728|publisher=[[Dinamalar]]|year=2014|access-date=24 November 2015}}</ref>

== Specialty ==
12 Shiva temples are connected with [[Mahamaham]] festival which happens once in 12 years in Kumbakonam. They are:
*Kasi Viswanathar Temple,
*[[Adi Kumbeswarar Temple]],
*[[Someswarar Temple]],
*[[Nageswaraswamy Temple]],
*[[Kalahasteeswarar Temple, Kumbakonam|Kalahasteeswarar Temple]],
*[[Gauthameswarar Temple, Kumbakonam|Gowthameswarar Temple]],
*[[Kodeeswarar Temple]],
*[[Amirthakadeswarar Temple]],
*[[Banapuriswarar Temple]],
*[[Abimukeswarar Temple]],
*[[Kambatta Viswanathar Temple]] and
*[[Ekambeswarar Temple, Kumbakonam|Ekambareswarar Temple]].
This temple is one among them.<ref>Mahamaham Festival 2004 (in Tamil), Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Administration Department, Government of Tamil Nadu, 2004</ref>

The temple is counted as one of the temples built on the banks of [[River Kaveri]].<ref name=Ka>{{cite book|title=River cauvery the most battl(r)ed|last=Ka. Vi.|first=Kannan|page=32|publisher=Notion Press|year=2019|isbn=9781684666041|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4CGFDwAAQBAJ&q=thiruvavaduthurai}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Photogallery==
<gallery>
File: Kasivisvanathar4.jpg|
File: Kasivisvanatharnew1.jpg|
File: Kasivisvanathar5.jpg|
File: Kasivisvanathar6.jpg|
File: Kasivisvanathar3.jpg|
File: Kasivisvanatharnew2.jpg|
File: Kasivisvanathar7.jpg|
</gallery>

{{Commons category|Kasi Viswanathar Temple, Kumbakonam}}
{{Hindu temples in Thanjavur District}}
{{Famous Shiva temples}}

[[Category:Padal Petra Stalam]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Kumbakonam]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Thanjavur district]]

Ravindra Parekh

2024-11-30T21:42:47Z

BradyGregg4996: updated structure for accuracy

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
'''Ravindra Parekh''' is a [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] short story writer, novelist, playwright, poet, critic and translator from [[Gujarat]], India.

==Life==

Ravindra Parekh was born on 21 November 1946 in Kalwada village (now in Valsad district, Gujarat) to Ambaben and Maganlal Parekh. He studied in [[Surat]]. He studied for a [[Bachelor of Science|BSc]] in Chemistry and Physics in 1969, a [[Bachelor of Arts|BA]] in Gujarati and Psychology in 1977, and an [[Master of Arts|MA]] in Gujarati and Hindi as well as an [[Bachelor of Law|LL.B.]] in 1979 from [[Veer Narmad South Gujarat University]]. He worked with [[Union Bank of India]] before retiring. He has worked as a vice-chairman of [[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]].<ref name="AGSI">{{cite book|title=અર્વાચીન ગુજરાતી સાહિત્યનો ઈતિહાસ – આધુનિક અને અનુઆધુનિક યુગ|last=Brahmabhatt|first=Prasad|publisher=Parshwa Publication|year=2010|isbn=978-93-5108-247-7|location=Ahmedabad|pages=238–241|language=gu|trans-title=History of Modern Gujarati Literature – Modern and Postmodern Era}}</ref><ref name="Jani 2018" />

==Works==
Ravindra Parekh is a writer<ref name="AGSI"/> whose short story collections include: ''Swapnavato'' (1986), ''Sandhikal'' (1994) and ''Paryay'' (2002). ''Swapnavato'' was awarded the Umashankar Joshi Prize while ''Paryay'' won the Saroj Pathak Memorial Prize.<ref name="AGSI" />

''Jaldurg'' (1984) was his first novel which was a suspense story dealing with the psychological view of a relationship between a man and a woman. ''Atikram'' (1989) was first serialized in ''Kadambari'' magazine and later as a book. His other two novels ''Crosswire'' and ''Lathukam'' (1998) were serialized in Gujaratmitra daily. ''Lathukam'' is based on his unpublished radio play.<ref name="AGSI" /> His next novel ''Man Pravesh'' was published in 2008.<ref name="Desai2011">{{cite book|editor-last=Desai|editor-first=Rakesh|title=Society and Literature: Narmad in Critical Discourse|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BWqnjwEACAAJ|year=2011|publisher=Veer Narmad South Gujarat University|location=Surat|isbn=978-81-921045-0-8|page=394}}</ref>

His [[one-act play]] collections ''Ghar Vagarna Dwar'' (1993) and ''Hu Tamaro Hu Chhu'' (2003) were awarded by [[Gujarat Sahitya Akademi]]. They also contain children's plays.<ref name="AGSI" />

His first poetry collection ''E To Ravindra Chhe'' (2003) contains only [[ghazal]]s. ''Harisamvad'' (2003) has devotional songs. ''Saral'' (2007) is made up of forty [[Geet (song)|song]]s and sixty ghazals.<ref name="AGSI" />

''Hasya Parishadma Jata'' (2003) is a collection of humorous essays. ''Anyokti'' (2003), ''Nishpati'' (2004) and ''Sammiti'' (2005) are his works of criticism.<ref name="AGSI" />

He has translated [[Laxman Gaikwad]]’s autobiography ''Uchalaya'' from [[Marathi language|Marathi]] to Gujarati as ''Uthaugeer''. ''Deshvidesh'' (2003) is a collection of translations of short stories from India and abroad. He adapted [[Mahesh Elkunchwar]]’s play ''Vada Chirebandi'' in Gujarati as ''Tirade Futi Kumpal''. He has edited ''Gujarati Navlikachayan'' (1997) published by Gujarati Sahitya Parishad.<ref name="AGSI" />

==Personal life==

He married Pushpa S. Kavatkar in 1972. They had two sons and a daughter.<ref name="Jani 2018">{{Cite news|url=https://sureshbjani.wordpress.com/2007/07/11/ravindra-parekh/|title=રવીન્દ્ર પારેખ|last=Jani|first=Suresh B.|date=12 July 2007|work=ગુજરાતી પ્રતિભા પરિચય|access-date=4 July 2018|language=gu-IN|trans-title=Ravindra Parekh}}</ref> His son [[Dhwanil Parekh]] is also a poet and a writer.

==See also==
* [[List of Gujarati-language writers]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Parekh, Ravindra}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language poets]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language writers]]
[[Category:Poets from Gujarat]]
[[Category:People from Valsad district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Novelists from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Indian literary critics]]
[[Category:Indian editors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Translators from Gujarati]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Mausi Maa Temple

2024-10-18T05:50:59Z

BradyGregg4996: stub

{{Short description|Temple in Puri, India}}
{{onesource|date=October 2024}}
[[File:Maushi Maa Temple, Puri, Odisha.JPG|thumb| Mausi Maa temple]]
The '''Mausi Maa temple''' is situated at the mid-way of the [[Bada danda]] (Grand road) of [[Puri]]. It is a small temple dedicated to Goddess Ardhashini.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mausi Maa Temple Puri |url=https://purimarkets.com/MausiMaaTemplePuri.aspx |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=purimarkets.com}}</ref>

As per [[Jagannath]] [[mythology]], once Goddess [[Lakshmi]] Devi left [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Shri Mandira]], and thus [[Jagannath]] and [[Balabhadra]] become poor and had to go out for begging. When [[Jagannath]] and [[Balabhadra]] were out during that time, [[Subhadra]] Devi was staying with Mausi Maa (Maternal Aunt).

Mausi Maa is also termed as [[Ardhashosini]]. It has been mentioned in the Vaisanava Kanda of the [[Skanda Purana]] that Goddess [[Ardhashosini]] drank half of the sea water that flooded [[Puri]] and saved the abode of Shri [[Jagannath]]. Goddess [[Ardhashosini]] with Kapalamochana [[Shiva]], act as the guardians of the [[Shree Kshetra]].

During the return journey (''Bahuda yatra'') of [[Ratha yatra]] festival, the chariot of Shri [[Jagannath]] stops at Mausi Maa temple and the deity is offered with their favourite Poda Pitha, a kind of baked cake made in lentils and rice .

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Shakti temples in Odisha}}
{{Hindu Culture and Epics}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Puri]]
[[Category:Deities of Jagannath]]
[[Category:Shakti temples]]

Guram Odisharia

2024-09-17T23:33:09Z

BradyGregg4996: new a details - done

{{Short description| Georgian writer and politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Guram Odisharia {{nobold|გურამ ოდიშარია}}
|image = Guram Odisharia.jpg
|imagesize =
|office1 = Minister of Culture and Monument Protection of Georgia
|term_start1 = 25 October 2012
|term_end1 = 21 July 2014
|predecessor1 = [[Nikoloz Rurua]]
|successor1 = [[Mikhail Giorgadze]]
|president1 = [[Mikhail Saakashvili]] [[Giorgi Margvelashvili]]
|primeminister1 = [[Bidzina Ivanishvili]] [[Irakli Garibashvili]]
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1951|09|24|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Sukhumi]], [[Abkhaz ASSR]], [[Georgian SSR]], [[Soviet Union]]
|nationality = {{flag|Georgia}}
|party = [[Georgian Dream|Georgian Dream – Democratic Georgia]]
|alma_mater = [[Sukhumi State University]]
|occupation = Poet, prose writer, playwright, screenwriter, artist
}}
'''Miriane (Guram) Odisharia''' ({{lang-ka|მირიანე (გურამ) ოდიშარია}}; born 24 September 1951) is a Georgian poet, writer, playwright, and public figure. He was won more than ten national and international literary awards. From 2012 to 2014, he served as the [[Ministry of Culture and Monument Protection (Georgia)|Minister of Culture and Monument Protection of Georgia]].

Odisharia's works have been translated into more than 20 languages. A native of [[Abkhazia]], Odisharia has been involved Georgian-Abkhazian and Georgian-Ossetian as well as other regional and international meetings dedicated to pressing issues of the conflicts in the [[Caucasus]]. He is opposed to wars and has voiced his opinions that all conflicts should be resolved through peace negotiations and direct dialogue.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chkadua |first1=Malkhaz |title=Guram Odisharia: "Georgian and Abkhazian Society is Feed by the False Stereotypes" |url=http://www.humanrights.ge/index.php?a=main&pid=13336&lang=eng |accessdate=14 November 2020 |agency=Interpressnews |publisher=Human Rights Center |date=17 May 2011}}</ref>

==Biography==

Born on 24 September 1951 in Sukhumi, Guram Odisharia graduated from the Faculty of History and Philology of the Abkhazian University in Sukhumi in 1975. At various times he worked as a correspondent for the Sukhumi radio broadcasting, an Abkhazian regional newspaper, as a literary consultant for the Abkhazian Writers' Union, as the editor-in-chief of the ''Ritsa'' magazine (1987–1994), and as the director of the Abkhazian branch of the Merani publishing house. His first poem was published in 1969.<ref>{{cite web |title=გურამ ოდიშარია |url=http://www.nplg.gov.ge/bios/ka/00000467 |website=Biographical Dictionary of Georgia |publisher=National Parliamentary Library of Georgia |accessdate=14 November 2020 |language=ka}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Odisharia, Guram |url=http://book.gov.ge/en/author/odisharia-guram/94 |publisher=Georgian National Book Center |accessdate=14 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref> The [[war in Abkhazia (1992–1993)]] displaced him to [[Tbilisi]], Georgia's capital, in a difficult passage through the Sakeni-Chiberi Pass, where hundreds of people died of freezing cold and exhaustion. He later described these days in his work, "The Pass of the Persecuted".<ref>{{cite news |title=გურამ ოდიშარია დევნილთა უღელტეხილზე |url=https://www.radiotavisupleba.ge/a/გურამ-ოდიშარია-დევნილთა-უღელტეხილზე/30185386.html |accessdate=14 November 2020 |agency=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |date=26 September 2019 |language=ka}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Author Guram Odisharia's account of Abkhazia War IDPs published in Czech |url=https://agenda.ge/en/news/2018/1951 |accessdate=14 November 2020 |work=Agenda.ge |date=18 September 2018}}</ref>

In the following decades, Odisharia was involved in peace activism and participated in more than 60 Georgian-Abkhazian, Georgian-Ossetian, Caucasian and international conferences and meetings.<ref>{{cite news |title=В Тбилиси презентован сборник произведений писателей и поэтов из Абхазии, Азербайджана, Армении, Грузии и Южной Осетии |url=https://www.kavkaz-uzel.eu/articles/194468/ |accessdate=14 November 2020 |work=Kavkazsky Uzel |date=21 October 2011 |language=ru}}</ref> From 2012 to 2014, was the Minister of Culture and Monument Protection of Georgia.<ref>{{cite web |title=საქართველოს პრემიერ–მინისტრის ბრძანება №227 |url=http://gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=383&info_id=43476 |publisher=Government of Georgia |accessdate=14 November 2020 |language=ka}}</ref> In this capacity, in 2014, he signed a document in Berlin whereby Georgia became the Honorary Guest of the 2018 [[Frankfurt Book Fair]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Beridze |first1=Giorgi |title=23 Georgian Publishing houses will be presented at Frankfurt Book Fair |url=https://www.georgianjournal.ge/culture/24917-23-georgian-publishing-houses-will-be-presented-at-frankfurt-book-fair.html |accessdate=14 November 2020 |work=Georgian Journal |date=7 October 2013}}</ref> He is married and has a daughter.

==Literary career==

Guram Odisharia's first poems and drawings were published while he was still in school. He is the author of 10 books of poetry. His best-known works are the novels "The Black Sea Ocean" (2000), "Return to Sukhumi" (1995) and "President's Cat" (2007; a novel translated into 15 languages) and a play "The Far Away Sea", staged by the director Temur Chkheidze in Tbilisi in 2005.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gvakharia |first1=Giorgi |title=სოხუმის თეატრის პრემიერა |url=https://www.radiotavisupleba.ge/a/1543480.html |accessdate=14 November 2020 |agency=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |date=27 September 2005 |language=ka}}</ref> His works have been translated into English, Russian, Ukrainian, Abkhazian, Turkish, Armenian, Italian and other languages. While living in exile in Tbilisi, he has also published several collections of short stories, articles and 5 novels. His latest novel "Together without you" was published in 2019.

The main themes of his novels and short stories are the idiosyncrasies of the period since the collapse of the Soviet Union in Georgia and the Caucasus, the essence of war and peace, love and hate at the turn of the 20th–21st centuries (drawing on the example of Georgia), comic or tragic stories of the inhabitants of the writer's hometown before, during, and after the war, stories of salvation from death and human compassion across divides in the most difficult and extreme situations, nostalgia for pre-war coexistence and the hopes of those displaced as a result of the armed conflict, the [[Black Sea]] as the protagonist of the writer's works of poetry and prose and the multicultural intersection of societies, the search for new visions that pave the way for new horizons and facilitate the restoration and development of relations between warring parties.

== Awards ==
Odisharia has been awarded the Georgian State Prize, the Ilia Chavchavadze Prize, the Lomisi Publishing House Prize, the Georgian Theater Society Prize, Giorgi Sharvashidze Prize, as well as the Chekhov Gold Medal and the International Association of Journalists Award "Golden Wing", and Alexander Dovzhenk Medal (2016, Ukraine, Kyiv).<ref>{{cite news |title=В Украине учредили международную награду – медаль Александра Довженко |url=https://www.ukrinform.ru/rubric-culture/2111818-v-ukraine-ucredili-mezdunarodnuu-nagradu-medal-aleksandra-dovzenko.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712120414/https://www.ukrinform.ru/rubric-culture/2111818-v-ukraine-ucredili-mezdunarodnuu-nagradu-medal-aleksandra-dovzenko.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=12 July 2020 |accessdate=14 November 2020 |agency=ukrinform.ru |date=31 October 2016 |language=ru}}</ref> In 2012, he was voted the "most tolerant person in Georgia" in a survey organized by civil society organizations.<ref>{{cite news |title=ყველაზე ტოლერანტული ადამიანი საქართველოში |url=https://www.amerikiskhma.com/a/georgia-tollorannce-polls/1569722.html |accessdate=14 November 2020 |agency=Voice of America |date=21 December 2012 |language=ka}}</ref> In 2017, he was awarded the title of "Defender of Tolerance" by the Council of Religions at the Public Defender's Office.<ref>{{cite news |title=გურამ ოდიშარია 2017 წლის ტოლერანტობის ქომაგი გახდა |url=https://ipress.ge/new/guram-odisharia-2017-tslis-tole/ |accessdate=14 November 2020 |agency=ipress.ge |date=16 November 2017 |language=ka |archive-date=13 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113211436/https://ipress.ge/new/guram-odisharia-2017-tslis-tole/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Bibliography ==
===Poetry===
* “Psalms for you" (Sukhumi, “Alashara” Publishing House, 1978, 44 pgs.)
* "Peace to this House" (Sukhumi, "Alashara", 1982, 60 pgs.)
* “Unintentional Implorings” (Tbilisi, “Merani”, 1984, 86 pgs.)
* “Call on the Rain” (Sukhumi, „Alashara” , 1984, 78 pgs.)
* “Seven Pictures for a Child” (Sukhumi, „Alashara“, 1986, 82 pgs.)
* “Midnight Tree” (Tbilisi, „Merani“, 1990, 100 pgs.)
* “The Key for the Sea” (Sukhumi, „Alashara”, 1991, 140 pgs.)
* “Sonata on Sukhumi and You” (Tbilisi, „Merani”, 1994, 34 pgs.)
* “Psalms for You “ (Tbilisi, 2013, 306 pgs.)
* “One Hundred Verses” (Tbilisi, “Intellect“, 2014, 146 pgs.)

===Tales===
* "Salamiyah” (Sukhumi, „Alashara”, 1988, 162 pgs.)

===Collections of short stories===

* "The Pass of the Persecuted" (Tbilisi, „Lomisi”, 1993, 64 pgs.)
* "Rain Expected in Sukhumi" (Tbilisi, „Lomisi”, 1997, 132 pgs.)

===Novels ===
* “Return to Sukhumi” (Tbilisi, „Merani”, 1995, 276 pgs.)
* „The Black Sea Ocean” (Tbilisi, „Merani”, 2000, 440 pgs.)
* „The President’s Cat” (Tbilisi, „Universali”, 2008, 228 pgs.)
* “The Cyclops Bomb” (Tbilisi, „Phorma” 2009, 144 pgs.)
* „Togetherwithoutyou” (Tbilisi, „Intellect”, 2019, 332 pgs.)

===Journalism===
* "Planet of Alienation" (Tbilisi, "Caucasian House", 2007, 72 pgs.)
* Documentary-publicist recordings "Transfusion of the Soul" (Tbilisi, "Intellect", 2012 234 pgs.)

===Plays===
* „… The Far Away Sea” (Tbilisi, 2005)

===Translations===
* Daur Nachkebia (famous Abkhazian writer) novel "Night Shore" (Tbilisi, "Family Library", 2011)

==References==

{{Reflist|1}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Odisharia, Guram}}
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:20th-century poets from Georgia (country)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century poets from Georgia (country)]]
[[Category:Georgian Dream politicians]]
[[Category:Government ministers of Georgia (country)]]
[[Category:People from Sukhumi]]
[[Category:Laureates of the State Prize of Georgia (country)]]

Rajadhani 2

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Jamshedpur Women's College

2024-08-01T13:57:17Z

BradyGregg4996: cleanup citations to improve readability

#REDIRECT [[Jamshedpur Women's University]]

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