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List of DC Comics characters: M

2026-05-21T20:10:16Z

BoydMalizia: Creating initial data nd citations!

{{Short description|None}}
{{A-Z multipage list|List of DC Comics characters}}

==M'gann M'orzz==
{{main|Miss Martian}}

==Ma'alefa'ak==
{{main|Ma'alefa'ak}}

==Josephine MacDonald==
'''Josephine MacDonald''', also known as '''Josie Mac''', is a police officer who had a promising career ahead of her, until she responded to a call and discovered the mayor's wife in bed with an exotic dancer. Four days after the incident, her mistake of embarrassing the mayor's wife got her moved to the Missing Persons department at the precinct. Josie made the best out of her transfer because, unknown to her colleagues, she possessed minor psychic powers, which allowed her to find things and people that are lost through picking up "messages" from inanimate objects.<ref>''Gotham Central'' #26</ref><ref>''Detective Comics'' #763</ref>

===Josie Mac in other media===
Josie Mac appears in ''[[Gotham (TV series)|Gotham]]'', portrayed by Paulina Singer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Listings {{!}} TheFutonCritic.com – The Web's Best Television Resource |url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/listings/20150923fox01/ |access-date=July 9, 2024 |website=www.thefutoncritic.com}}</ref> This version is a member of the GCPD's Strike Force.

==Lonnie Machin==
{{main|Anarky}}

==William MacIntyre==
{{main|Triumph (comics)}}

==Isla MacPherson==
{{expand section|date=August 2025}}
'''Isla MacPherson''' is a history teacher at Gotham Academy.<ref>''Gotham Academy'' #1</ref> The character–created by [[Brendan Fletcher]], [[Becky Cloonan]], and [[Karl Kerschl]]–first appeared in ''[[Gotham Academy (comic book)|Gotham Academy]]'' #1 (December 2014).

===Isla MacPherson in other media===
'''Aisla MacPherson''' appears in ''[[Creature Commandos (TV series)|Creature Commandos]]'', voiced by [[Stephanie Beatriz]]. This version was a tenured professor and leading expert in [[Themyscira (DC Comics)|Themyscira]]n history before she is killed by [[Clayface]].

==Heather Macy==
'''Heather Macy-Thawne''' is a character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. The character–created by [[Joshua Williamson]] and [[Carmine Di Giandomenico]]–first appeared in ''[[The Flash: Rebirth]]'' vol. 2 #1 (August 2016). She is an ancestor of [[Eobard Thawne]] (aka Professor Zoom and Reverse-Flash).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cardona |first=Ian |date=September 30, 2020 |title=The Flash Leaves Reverse Flash's Last Crime a Mystery - For Now |url=https://www.cbr.com/flash-reverse-flash-last-crime-mystery/ |access-date=December 21, 2025 |website=CBR |language=en}}</ref>

==Mad Hatter==
{{main|Mad Hatter (DC Comics)}}

==Mad Mod==
{{main|Mad Mod}}

==Madame Crow==
{{main|Madame Crow}}

==Madame Rouge==
{{main|Madame Rouge}}

==Madame Xanadu==
{{main|Madame Xanadu}}

==Madame Zodiac==
'''Madame Zodiac''' is first introduced as a "crime broker" for [[Poison Ivy (character)|Poison Ivy]] and [[Catwoman]]. Zodiac promises both the criminals that they will come into conflict with the [[Earth-Two]] [[Huntress (Helena Wayne)|Huntress]] (Helena Wayne), [[Kathy Kane|Batwoman]] (Kathy Kane), and [[Batgirl]] ([[Barbara Gordon]]), while in the commission of their crimes, but they would succeed. At the end of the story Poison Ivy and Catwoman are defeated but Zodiac evades capture after stealing a powerful mystical artifact.<ref>''[[Batman Family]]'' #17 (April 1978)</ref>

An entity whom Madame Zodiac refers to as the "Adored One" possesses [[Batman]]'s body, with magical duplicates of Batman being created for when the Adored One burns out his body. The possessed Batman briefly spars with [[Superman]] before being freed from the Adored One's control. Madame Zodiac is subdued by Superman, and Doctor Zodiac tells him about the mysterious prisoner. Superman shatters the walls of the cell, revealing the real Madame Zodiac chained to a wall. The Madame Zodiac who Doctor Zodiac had fallen in love with was a magical clone created by the Adored One. Madame Zodiac, Doctor Zodiac, and Superman confront the duplicate and the Adored One. Madame Zodiac is apparently killed by her evil duplicate, and both her duplicate and Doctor Zodiac are killed by the Adored One. Batman uses the Zodiac Idol to destroy the Adored One's containment sphere, dispersing it.<ref>''World's Finest Comics'' #288 (February 1983)</ref>

==Julie Madison==
{{main|Julie Madison}}

==Bart Magan==
{{main|Doctor No-Face}}

==Magno==
{{main|Magno (character)}}

==Will Magnus==
{{main|Will Magnus}}

==Magog==
{{main|Magog (DC Comics)}}

==Magpie==
{{main|Magpie (character)}}

==Dyrk Magz==
{{main|Magno (character)}}

==Cameron Mahkent==
{{main|Icicle (comics)#Cameron Mahkent}}

==Joar Mahkent==
{{main|Icicle (comics)#Joar Mahkent}}

==Major Disaster==
{{main|Major Disaster}}

==Major Force==
{{main|Major Force}}

==Major Victory==
'''Major Victory''' is the code-name of four characters in DC Comics.

===William Vickers===
'''William Vickers''' is a member of the [[Force of July]], a government-sponsored superhero team. He first appeared in ''Batman and the Outsiders'' Annual #1 (1984). He is later killed while fighting the forces of [[Eclipso]].<ref>''Eclipso'' #13</ref>

Major Victory is shown to be alive in [[Infinite Frontier]] continuity, where he is recruited by the [[Penguin (character)|Penguin]];<ref name="Penguin #3">''The Penguin'' #3</ref> however, he is soon killed in battle.<ref name="Penguin #11">''The Penguin'' #11</ref>

===Second version===
Another version of Major Victory was a victim of the Hollow Men, but is eventually saved by [[Superman]].<ref>''Adventures of Superman'' #612</ref> This version may have died via [[decapitation]].<ref>''Crisis Aftermath: The Battle for Blüdhaven'' #1</ref>

===Third version===
In ''Crisis Aftermath: The Battle for [[Blüdhaven]]'' #1 (June 2006), a version of Major Victory appears with a new Lady Liberty and Silent Majority. They call themselves Freedom's Ring and are employed by the government to defend Blüdhaven from [[metahuman]] forces. This Major Victory is later killed in issue #5 (August 2006).

===Fourth version===
A fourth version of Major Victory, a member of [[S.H.A.D.E.]]'s First Strike team, is introduced in ''[[Freedom Fighters (comics)|Uncle Sam and the Freedom Fighters]]'' (vol. 1) #7 (March 2007).

==Mala==
{{for|the Amazon|Mala (Amazon)}}

'''Mala''', along with his brothers Kizo and U-Ban, is a native of the planet [[Krypton (comics)|Krypton]], and a former member of the science council. Some years before Krypton exploded, the trio attempted to take over the planet by threatening to remove all moisture from the atmosphere with one of their inventions. They were stopped by [[Superman]]'s father [[Jor-El]], who placed them in [[suspended animation]] and sent them into outer space as an alternative to the [[death penalty]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Rovin |first=Jeff |author-link=Jeff Rovin |title=[[The Encyclopedia of Super-Villains]] |date=1987 |publisher=Facts on File |isbn=0-8160-1356-X |location=New York |page=202}}</ref><ref name="Superman 65">''Superman'' #65 (July 1950)</ref> Mala and his brothers manage to escape on two occasions, but are returned to suspended animation each time.<ref name="Superman 65" /><ref>''Action Comics'' #194 (July 1954)</ref>

=== Mala in other media ===
A female incarnation of Mala appears in ''[[Superman: The Animated Series]]'', voiced by [[Leslie Easterbrook]] in the second season and [[Sarah Douglas (actress)|Sarah Douglas]] in the third.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mala Voice - ''Superman: The Animated Series'' (TV Show) |url=https://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/tv-shows/Superman-The-Animated-Series/Mala/ |access-date=July 29, 2024 |publisher=Behind The Voice Actors}} A green check mark indicates that a role has been confirmed using a screenshot (or collage of screenshots) of a title's list of voice actors and their respective characters found in its credits or other reliable sources of information.</ref> This version is a trusted lieutenant and partner of High General [[Jax-Ur]] who participated in his attempt to take over Krypton years prior until Jor-El foiled their plot and imprisoned them in the [[Phantom Zone]]. After being freed, she battles Superman on two occasions before being killed by a black hole.

==Malefic==
{{main|Ma'alefa'ak}}

==Peter Malley==
{{main|Clayface#Peter "Clay-Thing" Malley}}

==Tasmia Mallor==
{{main|Shadow Lass}}

==Sebastien Mallory==
{{expand section|date=October 2024}}
'''Sebastien Mallory''' is a fast-rising junior executive at [[LexCorp]]. He and [[Jimmy Olsen]] hate each other.<ref>''Action Comics'' #893 (November 2010)</ref>

===Sebastien Mallory in other media===
Sebastien "Bash" Mallory appears in the ''[[Superman & Lois]]'' episode "A World Without", portrayed by Jason Cermack.

==Matches Malone==
{{Comics character list header
| debut = ''Batman'' #242
| debutmo = June
| debutyr = 1972
| creators = [[Dennis O'Neil]], [[Irv Novick]], [[Dick Giordano]]
| name = Matches Malone
| CBDBid = 9795
| GCDid = Matches+Malone
}}
'''Matches Malone''' is a character appearing in [[American comic book]]s related to [[DC Comics]]. The character, created by [[Dennis O'Neil]] and [[Irv Novick]], first appeared in ''[[Batman (comic book)|Batman]]'' #242 (June 1972). He was originally a Gotham gang boss whom [[Batman]] attempted to recruit, but he was accidentally killed by a ricocheting bullet that was meant for Batman. As a result of this Bruce Wayne impersonated Matches in order to use his underworld contacts and to fool [[Ra's al Ghul]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Greenberger |first1=Robert |title=The Essential Batman Encyclopedia |date=2008 |publisher=Del Rey |isbn=9780345501066 |pages=245–247}}</ref>

Post-''Crisis'', the real Matches Malone was a small-time arsonist with his brother Carver Malone and who came to [[Gotham City]] early on in Batman's career, attracting Batman's attention when Carver was apparently murdered. After discovering that Malone had died as well, Batman adopted his identity as his own as nobody else knew of the death. Years later, Batman learned that Carver had committed suicide due to his guilt over a fire that he and Malone had started that resulted in the death of a homeless man. After operating underground for years by committing low-end robberies, Malone returned to Gotham after hearing reports of his activities, only to be shot by [[Ventriloquist (character)#Arnold Wesker|Scarface]] for his betrayal, surviving long enough to simply confess his role in events to Batman and [[Dick Grayson|Nightwing]] before dying. His last request was that Batman bury him next to his brother and avenge his death. Batman subsequently destroyed Scarface in 'revenge' for Malone's death.

===Matches Malone in other media===
* Matches Malone appears in ''[[Batman: The Animated Series]]'' and ''[[The New Batman Adventures]]'' as a disguise utilized by Batman.
* '''Matthew "Matches" Malone''' appears in ''[[Batman: The Brave and the Bold]]'' as a disguise utilized by Batman.
* '''Patrick "Matches" Malone''' appears in ''[[Gotham (TV series)|Gotham]]'', portrayed by Danny Schoch in his first appearance and by [[Michael Bowen (actor)|Michael Bowen]] in his second appearance. This version is a hitman-for-hire and killer of [[Thomas Wayne]] and [[Martha Wayne]].
* Matches Malone appears in the ''[[Young Justice (TV series)|Young Justice]]'' episode "Elder Wisdom" as a disguise utilized by Batman.
* '''Jimmy Malone''' appears in ''The Batman'', the aborted script of [[Tom Mankiewicz]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Mankiewicz |first=Tom |title=THE BATMAN – Revised First Draft Screenplay |date=June 20, 1983 |url=http://www.scifiscripts.com/scripts/batmanscript1.txt}}</ref> This version would have been a criminal accomplice to the [[Joker (character)|Joker]].
* Matches Malone appears in ''[[The Batman Adventures]]''. This version is a low-level enforcer for [[Rupert Thorne]] before being killed by Chicago gangsters Dapper and Cricket.
* '''Irving "Matches" Malone''' appears in ''[[Batman: Arkham Shadow]]'' as a disguise utilized by Batman.

==Mammoth==
{{main|Mammoth (comics)}}

==Man-Bat==
{{main|Man-Bat}}

==Manga Khan==
{{main|Manga Khan}}

==Manhattan Guardian==
{{main|Manhattan Guardian}}

==Manitou Dawn==
{{main|Manitou Dawn}}

==Manitou Raven==
{{main|Manitou Raven}}

==Manhattan Guardian==
{{main|Manhattan Guardian}}

==Marcel Mannequin==
{{main|Dollmaker (character)}}

==Bruno Mannheim==
{{main|Bruno Mannheim}}

==Moxie Mannheim==
'''Moxie Mannheim''' is the founder of [[Intergang]] and the father of [[Bruno Mannheim]]. He was killed by his rivals.<ref>{{citation |title=The Supervillain Book: The Evil Side of Comics and Hollywood |editor1=Gina Renée Misiroglu |editor2=Michael Eury |publisher=Visible Ink Press |year=2006 |isbn=9780780809772}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=The Krypton Companion |editor=Michael Eury |publisher=TwoMorrows Publishing |year=2006 |isbn=9781893905610}}</ref>

In post-''Crisis'' continuity, Moxie had been in prison since the 1940s after being captured by the [[Newsboy Legion]] and was later released from prison. After being released, he briefly worked with his old ally [[Granny Goodness]]. After surviving a fall into a chasm, he works with [[Dabney Donovan]] to revive his henchmen [[Mike Gunn (comics)|Mike Gunn]], Ginny McCree, [[Noose (comics)|Noose]], and [[Rough House (comics)|Rough House]] in youthful, superpowered bodies and transfer himself into a youthful body.<ref name="Adventures of Superman #544">''Adventures of Superman'' #544</ref>

In ''[[Infinite Crisis]]'', Moxie appears as a member of [[Alexander Luthor Jr.]]'s [[Secret Society of Super Villains]] until he is killed by [[Superboy-Prime]].<ref name="Infinite Crisis #7">''Infinite Crisis'' #7 (June 2006)</ref> He is resurrected following the [[DC Rebirth]] relaunch.<ref>''Action Comics'' #1002 (October 2018)</ref>

===Moxie Mannheim in other media===
* Moxie Mannheim appears as a character summon in ''[[Scribblenauts Unmasked: A DC Comics Adventure]]''.<ref name="Scribblenauts Unmasked">{{Cite web |last=Eisen |first=Andrew |date=October 2, 2013 |title=DC Characters and Objects – ''Scribblenauts Unmasked'' Guide |url=https://www.ign.com/wikis/scribblenauts-unmasked/DC_Characters_and_Objects |access-date=July 9, 2024 |website=IGN |language=en}}</ref>
* A character based on Moxie Manheim named '''Antony "Boss" Moxie''' appears in the ''[[Superman & Lois]]'' episode "Forever and Always", portrayed by Artine Brown.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}} This version is the founder of Intergang and former boss of Bruno and [[Onomatopoeia (character)|Peia Mannheim]] who is unrelated to the former. After turning down a deal to work with [[Lex Luthor]], the Mannheims kill Moxie and his loyalists and frame Luthor for the murders.
* Moxie Mannheim appears in ''[[Catwoman: Hunted]]'', voiced by [[Jonathan Frakes]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Couch |first=Aaron |date=August 17, 2021 |title=Catwoman: Hunted Sets Voice Cast (Exclusive) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/catwoman-hunted-voice-cast-dc-1234998303/ |access-date=August 17, 2021 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Boss Moxie Voice – ''Catwoman: Hunted'' (Movie) |url=https://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/movies/Catwoman-Hunted/Boss-Moxie/ |access-date=November 8, 2024 |publisher=Behind The Voice Actors}} A green check mark indicates that a role has been confirmed using a screenshot (or collage of screenshots) of a title's list of voice actors and their respective characters found in its credits or other reliable sources of information.</ref> This version is a member of [[Leviathan (DC Comics)|Leviathan]] who represents Intergang.

==Mano==
{{main|Mano (comics)}}

==Manticore==
'''Manticore''' is the name of several characters appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics.

===Anastasio Corvo===
'''Anastasia Corvo''' is a member of the [[Qurac]]i super-terrorist group [[Onslaught (DC Comics)|Jihad]] who wears [[manticore]]-like armor. He was killed by [[Deadshot]].<ref>''Suicide Squad'' #1–#2 (May–June 1987)</ref>

===Second version===
The second Manticore is an unnamed man who was recruited to join the Jihad in their attack on Manhattan before being killed by [[Lashina|Duchess]].<ref>''Suicide Squad'' #17 (September 1988)</ref><ref>''Suicide Squad'' #18 (October 1988)</ref>

===Third version===
The third Manticore is an unnamed member of Jihad and [[Injustice League|Injustice League Unlimited]].<ref>''Outsiders'' (vol. 2) #5 (March 1994)</ref><ref name="JLA Wedding Special">''Justice League of America Wedding Special'' (November 2007)</ref><ref>''[[Salvation Run]]'' #2 (February 2008)</ref>

===Fourth version===
The fourth Manticore is an unnamed Greek member of the [[Global Guardians]] with a manticore-like appearance.<ref>''Green Lantern'' (vol. 4) #10 (May 2006)</ref>

===Fifth version===
The fifth Manticore is a member of Iran's sanctioned superhero team, the Elite Basij, who possesses a manticore-like appearance.<ref>''Batman Incorporated'' (vol. 2) #13 (September 2013)</ref><ref>''[[Doomsday Clock (comics)|Doomsday Clock]]'' #12 (February 2020)</ref>

==Mantis==
{{main|Mantis (DC Comics)}}

==Martin Mantle==
{{main|Sportsman (DC Comics)}}

==Kelvin Mao==
{{main|Ballistic (DC Comics)}}

==Marauder==
'''Marauder''' is the name of several characters appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics.

===First version===
The first Marauder is a [[Vikings|Viking]]-themed [[space pirate]] from Earth-One, who fought [[Superman]].<ref>''Action Comics'' #378 (July 1969)</ref>

===Second version===
The second Marauder was created by [[Robby Reed]]'s Master form the cell sample of an unknown person. He was used by Master to spring [[Naiad (character)#Other characters named Naiad|Naiad]] from prison.<ref>''Superboy'' Vol. 2 #35 (November 1982)</ref>

===Curtis Eisenmann===
'''Curtis Eisenmann''' started out as a helicopter in the Gotham City Police Department. After losing some of his skin, left leg, and jaw in a helicopter accident, his mother Birgit saved his life by replacing his parts with cybernetics and equipping him with a powered exoskeleton. This led him to plan revenge on [[Batman]].<ref>''Batman: Legends of the Dark Knight'' #24 (November 1991)</ref>

===Hastings===
'''Hastings''' is an operative of the Sunderland Corporation who fought [[Hawkman (Katar Hol)|Hawkman]].<ref>''Hawkworld'' Vol. 2 #13 (July 1991)</ref>

===Fifth version===
The fifth Marauder is an armored criminal resembling [[Shayera Thal]] who worked for Metatech and was used to attack Hawkman.<ref>''Hawkman'' Vol. 3 #2 (October 1993)</ref>

===Sixth version===
The sixth Marauder is a cyborg mercenary who fought [[Aquaman]] while targeting nuclear warheads in Sub Diego.<ref>''Aquaman'' Vol. 6 #23</ref>

During the "[[Infinite Crisis]]" storyline, Marauder appears as a member of [[Alexander Luthor Jr.]]'s [[Secret Society of Super Villains]]. He assisted several other enemies of Aquaman in fighting Aquaman and [[Aquagirl]].<ref>''Aquaman'' Vol. 6 #37</ref>

==Aliki Marceau==
{{main|Double Dare (comics)}}

==Margot Marceau==
{{main|Double Dare (comics)}}

==March Harriet==
'''March Harriet''' ('''Harriet Pratt'''; also called '''March Hare''') is a small-time con artist and part-time escort who operated outside of [[Gotham City]]. She was recruited by [[Tweedledum and Tweedledee (comics)|Tweedledum and Tweedledee]] to join the [[Wonderland Gang (comics)|Wonderland Gang]] which included a brainwashed [[Mad Hatter (DC Comics)|Mad Hatter]]. Harriet acted as their version of the [[March Hare]].<ref>''Detective Comics'' #841</ref>

In 2016, DC Comics implemented a relaunch of its books called "[[DC Rebirth]]", which restored its continuity to a form much as it was prior to "[[The New 52]]". In this continuity, '''Harriet Pratt''' was born in East London before moving to Gotham City and becoming a thief. After being shot by security guards and left for dead, Harriet is nursed back to health by Jervis Tetch and joins his Wonderland Gang.<ref>''Batgirl'' (vol. 5) #25</ref>

===March Harriet in other media===
* March Harriet appears in ''[[The Lego Batman Movie]]''. She is among Batman's villains recruited by the [[Joker (character)|Joker]] to take part in the attacks on Gotham City.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Acuna |first=Kirsten |date=February 10, 2017 |title=The 18 most obscure villains in 'The LEGO Batman Movie' ranked |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/villains-in-lego-batman-movie-2017-2 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250820034322/https://www.businessinsider.com/villains-in-lego-batman-movie-2017-2 |archive-date=August 20, 2025 |access-date=April 20, 2026 |website=[[Business Insider]]}}</ref>
* March Harriet appears in the DC Comics Novel series adaptation of ''[[The Batman Adventures: Mad Love|Mad Love]]'', written by [[Paul Dini]] and [[Pat Cadigan]].<ref>{{cite book |last1= Dini |first1= Paul |last2= Cadigan |first2= Pat |date= November 2018 |title= Harley Quinn: Mad Love (A Batman Novel) |publisher= Titan Books |page=72 |isbn=978-1785658136}}</ref> This version is a patient of [[Arkham Asylum]] under [[Harley Quinn|Harleen Quinzel]]'s care.

==Lincoln March==
{{main|Owlman (character)}}

==Clyde Mardon==
'''Clyde Mardon''' is a scientist who discovered a method to control weather, and the brother of Mark Mardon.<ref>''Final Crisis: Rogue's Revenge'' #2</ref> Once Clyde died of a heart attack, Mark used his research to create a weather-manipulating wand and be the criminal [[Weather Wizard]].<ref>{{cite book |last =Rovin |first =Jeff |title =The Encyclopedia of Supervillains |publisher =Facts on File |date =1987 |location =New York |isbn = 0-8160-1356-X |page=370}}</ref>

===Clyde Mardon in other media===
* Clyde Mardon appears in the ''[[Superman: The Animated Series]]'' episode "Speed Demons", voiced by [[Lorin Dreyfuss]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ben Mardon Voice - ''Superman: The Animated Series'' (TV Show) |url=https://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/tv-shows/Superman-The-Animated-Series/Ben-Mardon/ |access-date=January 17, 2025 |publisher=Behind The Voice Actors}} A green check mark indicates that a role has been confirmed using a screenshot (or collage of screenshots) of a title's list of voice actors and their respective characters found in its credits or other reliable sources of information.</ref>
* Clyde Mardon appears in the series premiere of ''[[The Flash (2014 TV series)|The Flash]]'', portrayed by [[Chad Rook]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Starnes |first=Joshua |date=July 27, 2014 |title=Comic-Con: Recap of DC Entertainment Night Featuring Arrow, The Flash and Constantine |url=http://www.superherohype.com/news/310791-recap-of-dc-entertainment-night-featuring-arrow-the-flash-and-constantine |access-date=July 27, 2014 |publisher=Superhero Hype}}</ref> This version is a criminal alongside his brother Mark, was caught in a plane crash when [[S.T.A.R. Labs]]' particle accelerator exploded, giving them both the metahuman ability to manipulate weather. He was promptly killed by [[Joe West (Arrowverse)|Joe West]].

==Mark Mardon==
{{main|Weather Wizard}}

==Orm Marius==
{{main|Ocean Master}}

==Tula Marius==
{{main|Aquagirl#Tula}}

==Brion Markov==
{{main|Geo-Force}}

==Tara Markov==
{{main|Terra (character)}}

==Hurrambi Marlo==
'''Hurrambi Marlo''' is the president of the fictional Middle Eastern country of [[Qurac]], and was a recurring antagonist in DC Comics during the late [[Bronze Age of Comic Books|Bronze Age]], created by [[Marv Wolfman]] and [[Rich Buckler]]. Originally a military general, he came to a power in a coup that overthrew a pro-Western regime and established a military dictatorship in the country. His regime became notorious for diplomatic controversies, alleged [[State-sponsored terrorism|state-sponsorship of terrorism]], and usage of [[Weapon of mass destruction|WMDs]].<ref>''Who's Who: Update '87'' #4 (November 1987)</ref>

After coming to power, Marlo hired [[Cheshire (character)|Cheshire]] to kidnap [[Adeline Kane]] in order to extract information from her that would help him in his upcoming invasion of neighboring Kyran. Her son, the Teen Titans member [[Jericho (DC Comics)|Jericho]], went to Qurac to rescue her. Cheshire brings Jericho to Marlo, who reveals that he previously hired the [[Bill Walsh (comics)|Jackal]] to kill Jericho's father [[Slade Wilson]]. Jackal kidnapped Jericho and slit his throat, rendering him mute. After escaping, they confront Marlo as he was buying weapons for the upcoming invasion, but Jericho decides to pacify him.<ref>''Tales of the Teen Titans'' #51–#52 (March–April 1985)</ref> Later, Qurac obtained WMDs, and Marlo embarked on a quest to obtain a powerful substance called Promethium that would help Qurac become the strongest nation on Earth. Crossing lines again, Jericho stopped him in a battle.<ref>''Teen Titans Spotlight'' #4–#6 (November 1986 – January 1987)</ref>

Marlo was deposed after a Quraci protest, Superman was sent to send him on trial to the United States. Superman discovers that Marlo was merely a scapegoat for the US government's funding of terrorists in the Middle East after a failed assassination attempt on Marlo's life was ordered by the government.<ref>''Superman'' #53 (March 1991)</ref>
==Sal Maroni==
{{main|Sal Maroni}}

==Lorena Marquez==
{{main|Aquagirl (Lorena Marquez)}}

==Elaine Marsh-Morton==
{{main|Lady Vic}}

==Sasha Martens==
{{main|Hawk and Dove}}

==Martian Manhunter==
{{main|Martian Manhunter}}

==Kieran Marshall==
{{main|Kieran Marshall}}

==Carol Vance Martin==
{{main|Wildfire (Carol Vance Martin)}}

==Joseph Martin==
{{main|Atomic Skull}}

==Marina Maru==
{{main|Doctor Poison#Marina Maru}}

==Princess Maru==
{{main|Doctor Poison#Princess Maru}}

==Mary Marvel==
{{main|Mary Marvel}}

==Courtney Mason==
{{main|Anima (comics)}}

==Rex Mason==
{{main|Metamorpho}}

==Phillip Master==
{{main|Acid Master}}

==Master Jailer==
{{main|Carl Draper}}

==Match==
{{main|Match (DC Comics)}}

==Barton Mathis==
{{main|Dollmaker (character)}}

==Matter-Eater Lad==
{{main|Matter-Eater Lad}}

==Maximum==
{{main|Maximum (character)}}

==Mike Maxwell==
{{main|B'wana Beast}}

==Maya==
'''Maya''' ('''Chandi Gupta''') is an Indian [[superheroine]] in the [[DC Universe]]. She first appeared in ''[[Justice League Europe]]'' #47 (1993), and was created by [[Gerard Jones]] and [[Ron Randall]].

Chandi Gupta is an Indian girl who developed the ability to generate fire and water at a young age. Her parents leave her in the care of a [[cult]] which they had become involved with, whose members believe her to be the reincarnation of [[Shiva]]. Chandi flees to [[London]] after realizing that the cult intends to offer her as a [[human sacrifice]].

While in London, Chandi assumes the codename Maya and helps the [[Justice League Europe]] defeat [[Sonar (comics)|Sonar]]. She is offered membership in the Justice League and accepts, having nowhere else to go.<ref>''[[Justice League Europe]]'' #47 (February 1993)</ref>

Maya later learns that the cult who adopted her is affiliated with the [[Overmaster]], who plans to destroy Earth. Overmaster takes control of Maya's mind and uses her against her teammates. Mahayogi, whom she had fought earlier with the League, sacrifices himself to free her. After confronting the Overmaster, Justice League Europe disbands. Maya reunites with her parents, who are revealed to possess fire-based powers similar to hers.<ref>''[[Justice League International]]'' (vol. 2) #67 (August 1994)</ref>

Maya is among the candidates considered by [[Tim Drake|Robin]] to join the [[Teen Titans]], but is passed over in favor of [[Static (DC Comics)|Static]], [[Aquagirl (Lorena Marquez)|Aquagirl]], and [[Kid Eternity]].<ref>''[[Teen Titans]]'' (vol. 3) #66 (February 2009)</ref>

=== Powers and abilities ===
Maya was originally only able to manifest a mystical bow, which is capable of firing projectiles made of mystical fire or water. She later developed the ability to manifest fire and water without using the bow as a focus.

=== Maya in other media ===
Chandi Gupta makes a non-speaking appearance in the ''[[My Adventures with Superman]]'' episode "Most Eligible Superman".{{cn|date=June 2024}}

==Mayflower==
'''Mayflower''' is a member of the [[Force of July]], a government-sponsored superhero team. She first appeared in ''Batman and the Outsiders'' Annual #1 (1984). She is later killed by [[Ravan (comics)|Ravan]] of the [[Suicide Squad]] during the ''[[Janus Directive]]'' event.<ref>''Suicide Squad'' #27 (May 1989)</ref>

Mayflower is shown to be alive in the [[Infinite Frontier]] continuity, where she is recruited by the [[Penguin (character)|Penguin]],<ref name="Penguin #3" /> however she is soon killed in battle.<ref name="Penguin #11" />

==Molly Mayne==
{{main|Harlequin (DC Comics)}}

==Mitchell Mayo==
{{main|Condiment King}}

==Mazahs==
{{main|Mazahs}}

==Nina Mazursky==
'''Nina Mazursky''' is a character who was originally created for the ''[[Flashpoint (comics)|Flashpoint]]'' tie-in series ''Frankenstein and the Creatures of the Unknown'' #1 (2011). She was created by [[Jeff Lemire]] and Ibraim Roberson.<ref name="Game Rant">{{Cite web |last=McCoy |first=Joshua Kristian |date=June 6, 2023 |title=DC's Creature Commandos: Who Is Dr. Nina Mazursky? |url=https://gamerant.com/dc-creature-commandos-nina-mazursky/ |access-date=March 24, 2025 |website=Game Rant |language=en}}</ref><ref name="CBR">{{Cite web |last=Huffman |first=Alex |date=January 22, 2025 |title=Creature Commandos Season 2 Won't Work Without 1 Essential Character |url=https://www.cbr.com/creature-commandos-season-2-needs-nina-mazursky/ |access-date=March 24, 2025 |website=[[Comic Book Resources|CBR]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Nexus Point News">{{Cite web |last=W |first=Matthew |date=August 15, 2024 |title=DC Studios' Creature Commandos: Cast Breakdown |url=https://www.nexuspointnews.com/post/dc-studios-creature-commandos-cast-breakdown |access-date=March 24, 2025 |website=Nexus Point News |language=en}}</ref> The mainstream version first appeared in ''Frankenstein: Agent of Shade'' and was created by Lemire and Alberto Ponticelli.

===Flashpoint version===
In the ''[[Flashpoint (comics)|Flashpoint]]'' continuity, Nina is a fish-like humanoid from [[Romania]] who was adopted by scientist Myron Mazursky while he was working there. He made her believe that she was his biological daughter and was born a human until she was mutated to treat a lung disease.<ref name="Game Rant" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Regan |first=Rick |date=August 20, 2012 |title=One Year Later: Best NEW Characters of the New 52 |url=https://houseofgeekery.com/2012/08/20/one-year-later-best-new-characters-of-the-new-52/ |access-date=March 24, 2025 |website=Funk's House of Geekery |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Jarrod |date=February 1, 2023 |title=Everything You Need to Know About Creature Commandos, HBO Max's Animated Monster Mash |url=https://www.primetimer.com/quickhits/guide-to-dc-comics-creature-commandos-hbo-max-series |access-date=March 24, 2025 |website=Prime Timer |language=en}}</ref><ref>''Flashpoint: Frankenstein and the Creatures of the Unknown'' #3 (October 2011)</ref>

===Mainstream version===
In 2011, "[[The New 52]]" rebooted the DC universe and introduced a mainstream comics version of Nina Mazursky. Nina is a scientist working for [[S.H.A.D.E.]] who becomes a piscine mutant after extensive self-experimentation and joins the [[Creature Commandos]] to make use of her new abilities.<ref name="Game Rant" /><ref name="Nexus Point News" /><ref>''Frankenstein, Agent of S.H.A.D.E.'' #1 (November 2011)</ref> [[Khalis (comics)|Khalis]], a mummy and fellow member of the Creature Commandos, gives Nina the ability to survive on land.<ref name="CBR" />

===Nina Mazursky in other media===
Nina Mazursky appears in ''[[Creature Commandos (TV series)|Creature Commandos]]'', voiced by [[Zoë Chao]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Massoto |first=Erick |date=January 31, 2023 |title=''Creature Commandos'': Meet the Cast of the New DC Animated Series |url=https://collider.com/creature-commandos-series-cast/ |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=Collider}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Oddo |first=Marco |date=April 12, 2023 |title=Here's the Full Cast of DC's ''Creature Commandos'' [Exclusive] |url=https://collider.com/creature-commandos-cast-david-harbour-indira-varma-alan-tudyk/ |access-date=April 12, 2023 |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]}}</ref> This version is an inmate of [[Belle Reve (DC Comics)|Belle Reve]] Penitentiary's Non-Human Internment Division and member of the eponymous group from [[Star City (comics)|Star City]] who was born with her lungs outside of her body. Her scientist father Edward used [[genetic engineering]] in an attempt to heal her condition only to inadvertently turn her into a piscine mutant who cannot breathe outside water without special equipment. After being bullied by her classmates, she runs away and lives in the waterways. Nina was eventually captured and arrested because of her appearance, resulting in Edward being shot by a police officer while intervening on her behalf. After being recruited into the Creature Commandos, she befriends teammates [[G.I. Robot]] and the [[Bride of Frankenstein (DC Comics)|Bride]] before she is killed by Ilana Rostovic. The Bride later kills Rostovic, avenging Nina.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Iacobucci |first=Jordan |date=January 9, 2025 |title=''Creature Commandos'': Nina Mazursky's Backstory, Explained |url=https://www.cbr.com/creature-commandos-nina-mazurskys-backstory-explained/ |access-date=March 24, 2025 |website=[[Comic Book Resources|CBR]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Professor Mazursky==
'''Professor Mazursky''' is the name of two characters appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics.

===First version===
The first Professor Mazursky (first name unknown) is a biochemist and a member of Project M during [[World War II]].<ref>''Secret Origins'' Vol. 2 #26</ref> Mazursky helped convert soldiers [[Warren Griffith]], [[Elliot Taylor]], and [[Vincent Velcro]] into monstrous forms, with the three becoming founding members of the members of the [[Creature Commandos]].<ref>''Weird War Tales'' #93</ref>

===Myron Mazursky===
'''Myron Mazursky''' is the [[Flashpoint (comics)|Flashpoint]] version of Professor Mazursky who first appeared in ''Flashpoint: Frankenstein and the Creatures of the Unknown'' #1 (August 2011), and was created by [[Jeff Lemire]] and Ibraim Roberson.

Myron is the founder of the Creature Commandos, having been inspired by a village of monsters he encountered during a trip to Romania. While in the village, Myron adopted an amphibious girl named [[Nina Mazursky|Nina]]. Years later, after the Creature Commandos were decommissioned following World War II, Myron returned to the village and laid low there. In 2011, the awakened Creature Commandos found Myron in the monster village. When he invited his creations to join him, only Nina and Warren Griffith accepted.<ref>''Flashpoint: Frankenstein and the Creatures of the Unknown'' #1</ref>

===Professor Mazursky in other media===
A variation of Myron Mazursky, renamed '''Edward Mazursky''', appears in flashbacks in the ''[[Creature Commandos (TV series)|Creature Commandos]]'' episode "A Very Funny Monster", voiced by [[Gregg Henry]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nebens |first=Richard |date=December 5, 2024 |title=Meet DC's Creature Commandos Cast & Characters: Alan Tudyk, Indira Varma & More |url=https://thedirect.com/article/creature-commandos-cast-characters-viola-davis-steve-agee/ |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=December 12, 2024 |website=The Direct}}</ref> This version is a scientist from [[Star City (comics)|Star City]] who was married to Lily Mazursky before she left him amidst his efforts to help their daughter Nina due to her being born with her lungs outside of her body. Despite inadvertently turning Nina into a piscine humanoid, he enrolls her in a private school to help her socialize, but she runs away after being bullied. After she is captured by the Star City Police Department, Edward attempts to intervene only to be shot and killed by one of the officers.

==Norman McCay==
{{main|Norman McCay}}

==Amanda McCoy==
'''Amanda McCoy''' is scientist who works at the company [[LexCorp]] and was once extrapolated for information about [[Superman]] by [[Lana Lang]].<ref>''Superman'' (vol. 2) #2 (February 1987)</ref>

===Amanda McCoy in other media===
* Amanda McCoy appears in the [[Superman & Lois season 4|fourth season]] of ''[[Superman & Lois]]'', portrayed by [[Yvonne Chapman (actress)|Yvonne Chapman]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ausiello |first=Michael |date=March 7, 2024 |title=Superman & Lois' Final Season Casts Kung Fu Alum Yvonne Chapman as Lex Luthor Ally |url=https://tvline.com/casting-news/yvonne-chapman-joins-superman-and-lois-cast-amanda-mccoy-1235184563/ |access-date=March 7, 2024 |website=TVLine |language=en-US}}</ref> This version is the acting CEO of LuthorCorp while [[Lex Luthor]] is in prison.
* Amanda McCoy appears in the projects set in the [[DC Universe]], portrayed by [[Natasha Halevi]].
** McCoy appears in ''[[Superman (2025 film)|Superman]]'' as an associate of Lex Luthor who assists him in controlling Superman's clone [[Ultraman (DC Comics)|Ultraman]]. Following Ultraman's defeat, McCoy and her fellow co-workers are arrested.
** McCoy appears in the [[Peacemaker season 2|second season]] of ''[[Peacemaker (TV series)|Peacemaker]]''. She and several of Luthor's employees are released from prison to serve [[A.R.G.U.S.]]

==Ginny McCree==
'''Ginny "Torcher" McCree''' was a member of [[#Moxie Mannheim|Moxie Mannheim]]'s [[Intergang]] branch in the 1940s and the love interest of [[Mike Gunn (comics)|Mike Gunn]]. Upon her arrest, she was remanded to [[Arkham Asylum]], where she died in 1943. In the present, Moxie has [[Dabney Donovan]] clone him and his dead gang members into new bodies, with McCree gaining [[pyrokinesis]].<ref name="Adventures of Superman #544">''Adventures of Superman'' #544</ref>

McCree later springs Mike Gunn out of prison as they avoid the police. After Gunn is shot and killed, McCree commits suicide by self-immolation.<ref>''Adventures of Superman'' #562</ref>

==Evan McCulloch==
{{main|Mirror Master#Evan McCulloch}}

==Naomi McDuffie==
'''Naomi McDuffie''' originates from an alternate universe where the degradation of Earth's [[ozone layer]] exposed Earth to a previously-unknown type of radioactive energy, causing 29 people from around the planet to develop [[Superpower (ability)|superpowers]]. Naomi is the daughter of two of the eight remaining superhumans, with the rest either being killed or leaving Earth following a conflict. Zumbado, one of the remaining superhumans, tries to kill the infant Naomi. Consequently, her parents send her to Earth-0 for her safety and are killed in battle doing so. The infant ends up in a small [[Oregon]] town, where a Rannian ex-soldier and resident of the town, going by the name Greg McDuffie, witnesses her arrival, and adopts her. In Naomi's absence, Zumbado conquers Earth.

Naomi lives an ordinary life in her hometown raised by Greg and his human wife, who knows about her husband's secrets, until [[Superman]] crashes through the center of town in a battle with [[Mongul]]. This prompts a couple of citizens to talk about the previous time the town had an encounter with otherworldly beings. Having learned that the date of the incident was also the day she was adopted, Naomi questions whether she has a connection to superheroes and begins looking into her origins. Greg reveals his own origins to Naomi, before telling her about her arrival on Earth-0. He gives Naomi a device he found with her, which contains a message from her birth mother, and awakens her superpowers.

Following these events, Naomi flies to [[Metropolis (comics)|Metropolis]], and meets Superman and [[Batman]]. She later joins the reformed [[Young Justice]]. Following the events of ''[[Dark Nights: Death Metal]]'', Naomi joins the [[Justice League]].

=== Naomi McDuffie in other media ===
Naomi McDuffie appears in a [[Naomi (TV series)|self-titled series]], portrayed by [[Kaci Walfall]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Petski|first=Denise|date=March 18, 2021|title=Ava DuVernay's 'Naomi' CW DC Drama Pilot Taps Kaci Walfall For Title Role, Adds Three Series Regulars|url=https://deadline.com/2021/03/ava-duvernays-naomi-cw-dc-drama-pilot-kaci-walfall-title-role-adds-three-series-regulars-1234717330/|access-date=May 24, 2021|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> This version is a [[Superman]] fangirl living in the real world who is drawn into the [[DC Universe]] as she develops superpowers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2021/tv/news/naomi-all-american-spinoff-cw-powerpuff-girls-pilot-1234980288/|title='Naomi', 'All American' Spinoff Ordered at CW, 'Powerpuff Girls' Pilot to Get Re-Worked Off-Cycle|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|first=Joe|last=Otterson|date=May 24, 2021|access-date=May 24, 2021|quote=[Naomi] follows a teen girl’s journey from her small northwestern town to the heights of the Multiverse.}}</ref>

==Jerry McGee==
{{main|Speed Demon (DC Comics)}}

==Tina McGee==
{{main|Tina McGee}}

==Liam McHugh==
{{main|Jack O'Lantern (DC Comics)}}

==Gerome McKenna==
{{main|Gerome McKenna}}

==Holly McKenzie==
{{main|Sleepwalk (comics)}}

==Charles McNider==
{{main|Charles McNider}}

==Roy McQueen==
{{main|Dark Arrow}}

==Moreland McShane==
{{main|Headhunter (DC Comics)}}

==Meanstreak==
{{expand section|date=October 2025}}
'''Meanstreak''' is a member of the New Extremists who can create power painful energy spikes. She was with the New Extremists when they were members of [[Overmaster]]'s [[Cadre (comics)|Cadre]].<ref>''Justice League America'' #78 (August 1993)</ref>

==Heinrich Melch==
{{main|Atom Man}}

==Menace==
'''Menace''' ('''Russell Tavaroff''') he is a former friend of [[Batwing (DC Comics)|Luke Fox]] who became his enemy after being exposed to the Venom offshoot Snakebite, which gives him enhanced strength and durability, but damages his mind.<ref>''Batwing'' #25</ref>

===Menace in other media===
Russell Tavaroff appears in ''[[Batwoman (TV series)|Batwoman]]'', portrayed by [[Jesse Hutch]]. This version is a Crows agent who [[Jacob Kane]] assigned to take over [[Sophie Moore]]'s case.

==Menagerie==
'''Menagerie''' is a name shared by two [[antihero]]ines in the [[DC Universe]], both members of [[The Elite (DC Comics)|the Elite]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Greenberger |first1=Robert |last2=Pasko |first2=Martin |title=The Essential Superman Encyclopedia |date=2010 |publisher=Del Rey |isbn=978-0-345-50108-0 |page=241}}</ref> The two are [[Puerto Rico|Puerto Rican]] sisters who are linked with a [[symbiotic]] alien weapon crèche called symbeasts.

Pamela first appears in [[What's So Funny About Truth, Justice & the American Way?|''Action Comics'' #775]] (March 2001). While the origins of her powers are unclear in ''Action Comics'' #775, [[Manchester Black]] states that the rogue Men in Black (from the [[Department of Extranormal Operations]]) once picked up the dregs of society, turning them into weapons and selling them off to alien bidders. Black recruits Pam to be a member of the Elite. This group takes it upon themselves to "free the Earth of scum". They come into conflict with [[Superman]] during their first mission and Superman disables them following a showdown on Jupiter's moon, [[Io (moon)|Io]]. The Elite are delivered into custody, but soon released by President [[Lex Luthor]].<ref>''The Adventures of Superman'' #593–594</ref> During an assassination attempt on Luthor, Menagerie reveals to Superman that the Elite are acting against their wills. For her betrayal, Black places her in a vegetative state.<ref>''Action Comics'' #795</ref>

Sonja first appears in ''[[JLA (comic book)|JLA]]'' #100 (August 2004). Following Manchester's apparent death, his sister [[Vera Black]] takes it upon herself to clear the family name and reassembles the Elite as a force for good. As Sister Superior, Vera convinces Pamela's sister, Sonja, to assume control of the alien cache as the second Menagerie. Vera then approaches the [[Justice League|JLA]] with a proposition to form a sort of black ops JLA team: [[Justice League Elite]].<ref>''JLA'' #100</ref>

===Menagerie in other media===
* The Pamela incarnation of Menagerie appears in ''[[Superman vs. The Elite]]'', voiced by [[Melissa Disney]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Menagerie Voice – ''Superman vs. The Elite'' (Movie) |url=https://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/movies/Superman-vs-The-Elite/Menagerie/ |access-date=July 9, 2024 |publisher=Behind The Voice Actors}} A green check mark indicates that a role has been confirmed using a screenshot (or collage of screenshots) of a title's list of voice actors and their respective characters found in its credits or other reliable sources of information.</ref>
* The Pamela incarnation of Menagerie appears in ''[[Supergirl (TV series)|Supergirl]]'', portrayed by Jessica Meraz.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Andreeva |first=Nellie |date=December 4, 2018 |title='Supergirl': Jessica Meraz Cast As Iconic DC Villain On the CW Series |url=https://deadline.com/2018/12/supergirl-jessica-meraz-cast-dc-villain-menagerie-pamela-ferrer-1202513953/ |access-date=July 9, 2024 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref> This version is '''Pamela Ferrer''', a jewel thief who became bonded to a snake-like alien.

==Rosabelle Mendez==
{{main|Pantha}}

==Mentalla==
{{Comics character list header
|debut = ''[[Legion of Super-Heroes]]'' #14
|debutmo = September
|debutyr =1985
|creators = [[Paul Levitz]] and [[Steve Lightle]]
|abilities = Telepathy and psi invisibity
|alias = Delya Castil
}}
'''Mentalla''' ('''Delya Castil''') was a rejected [[Legion of Super-Heroes|Legion]] candidate who infiltrated the [[Fatal Five]], but was found out and subsequently murdered by the [[Emerald Empress]].

==Mento==
{{main|Mento (character)}}

==Mera==
{{main|Mera (character)}}

==Owen Mercer==
{{main|Captain Boomerang#Owen Mercer}}

==Max Mercury==
{{main|Max Mercury}}

==Peter Merkel==
{{main|Rag Doll (character)}}

==Peter Merkel Jr.==
{{main|Rag Doll (Peter Merkel Jr.)}}

==Leroy Merkyn==
{{main|Enforcer (DC Comics)}}

==Mark Merlin==
{{main|Prince Ra-Man}}

==Dell Merriwether==
'''Dell Merriwether''' is a serial killer from [[Central City (DC Comics)|Central City]] who was given the "ultimate super-costume" created by tailor [[Paul Gambi]]. He was defeated by the [[Wally West|Flash]] and [[Hal Jordan|Green Lantern]] and sentenced to the [[electric chair]].<ref>''The Flash'' (vol. 2) #130 (October 1997)</ref>

==Metamorpho==
{{main|Metamorpho}}

==Reggie Meyer==
{{main|Kid Amazo}}

==Albert Michaels==
{{main|Atomic Skull}}

==Lyla Michaels==
{{main|Harbinger (DC Comics)}}

==Micro Lad==
{{main|Gim Allon}}

==Micron==
{{Comics character list header
|debut = ''[[Batman Beyond]]'' S3E7 "[[The Call Part 1|The Call, Part 1]]"
|debutmo = November
|debutyr = 2000
|creators = [[Paul Dini]] and [[Alan Burnett]]
|abilities = Shrinking and growing in size
}}
'''Micron''' is a [[superhero]], successor of the [[Atom (Ray Palmer)|Atom]], and member of Justice League Unlimited. He made his first appearance in the ''[[Batman Beyond]]'' episode "The Call" (November 2000), voiced by [[Wayne Brady]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Micron Voice – ''Batman Beyond'' (TV Show) |url=https://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/tv-shows/Batman-Beyond/Micron/ |access-date=July 9, 2024 |publisher=Behind The Voice Actors}} A green check mark indicates that a role has been confirmed using a screenshot (or collage of screenshots) of a title's list of voice actors and their respective characters found in its credits or other reliable sources of information.</ref>

===Other versions===
A ''Future's End'' incarnation of Micron appears in ''[[Batman Beyond (comic book)|Batman Beyond]]'' (vol. 5) as a member of the Justice League of America (JLA).<ref>''Batman Beyond'' (vol. 5) #3</ref>

==Midas==
'''Midas''' (real name) is a scientist working on a bacterial strain that would be able to revolutionize the treatment of toxic waste. After eco-terrorists attempt to steal the formula, Midas is exposed to toxic waste and transformed into a monster made of waste.<ref>''Green Arrow'' (vol. 5) #3</ref><ref>''Green Arrow'' (vol. 5) #5</ref>

===Midas in other media===
'''James Midas''' appears in the ''[[Arrow (TV series)|Arrow]]'' episode "Training Day", portrayed by Andrew Kavadas. This version is the corrupt CEO of Midas Medical.

==Mighty Bruce==
{{expand section|date=October 2024}}
'''Mighty Bruce''' is a small-time criminal and [[Wizard (software)|computer wizard]] who becomes a cellmate of [[Major Disaster]]. He joins Disaster in the [[Injustice League]] alongside [[Big Sir (character)|Big Sir]], [[Clock King]], [[Cluemaster]], and [[Multi-Man]].<ref>''[[Justice League International]]'' #23 (January 1989)</ref>

Mighty Bruce is with the Injustice League when [[Maxwell Lord]] reworks the group as Justice League Antarctica and adds [[G'nort]] and [[Scarlet Skier]] to their ranks. After an incident involving killer penguins that the [[Justice League International]] helps them fight, followed by an earthquake that destroys Justice League Antarctica's base, Lord fires them and disbands the group.<ref>''Justice League of America'' Annual #4 (April 1990)</ref>

==Mikado==
'''Mikado''' is a character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. Created by [[Dennis O'Neil]] and [[Denys Cowan]], he first appeared in ''[[Question (character)|The Question]]'' #8 (September 1987).

'''Jerry Spaulding''' is a physician who works at a hospital in a [[Hub City (comics)|Hub City]] slum, performing emergency surgery on victims of urban violence. A lover of fine comedy, including [[Gilbert and Sullivan]]'s comic opera ''[[The Mikado]]'', Spaulding decides to take the fight to the people who had caused all the pain. Wearing a mask of Japanese design, he adopts the [[nom de guerre]] Mikado and begins a series of attacks on the people who were causing all the pain.

==Henry Miller==
{{main|Atom Man}}

==Achilles Milo==
{{main|Professor Milo}}

==Mime==
'''Mime''' ('''Camilla Ortin''') was the daughter of a firework salesman named Oscar Ortin who had a disdain for loud noises. After the death of her parents, Camilla began practicing in the art of the [[mime artist]]. She started the Cameo Company until it went bankrupt driving her to a life of crime. She stole several bells from the churches across Gotham City before being apprehended by Batman and remanded to Arkham Asylum.<ref>''Batman'' #412</ref>

===Mime in other media===
Mime makes a non-speaking cameo appearance in ''[[The Lego Batman Movie]]'' as one of several villains recruited by Joker to take part in his attacks on Gotham City.

==Mindboggler==
'''Mindboggler''' is a character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. Created by writer [[Joey Cavalieri]] and artist [[Rafael Kayanan]], she first appeared in ''[[Firestorm (character)|Firestorm]]'' (vol. 2) #29 (November 1984).<ref name="Strange and Unsung">{{Cite book |last=Williams |first=Stephanie |title=Strange and Unsung All-Stars of the DC Multiverse: A Visual Encyclopedia |date=November 7, 2023 |publisher=[[Running Press]] |isbn=978-0-7624-8345-7 |pages=98}}</ref>

'''Leah Wasserman''' is a member of the [[Assassination Bureau (comics)|Assassination Bureau]], from whom she received the ability to generate illusions. In her first encounter with [[Ronnie Raymond|Firestorm]], Mindboggler uses her powers to make him believe he is confronting an active volcano in [[Central Park]] and transmuting its fire into harmless [[Frisbee]]s. Firestorm is in fact creating a rain of deadly razor blades, causing several civilians to believe he has gone insane.<ref name="Strange and Unsung" /><ref>''[[Firestorm (character)|Firestorm]]'' (vol. 2) #29 (November 1984)</ref>

Mindboggler later joins the [[Suicide Squad]] under [[Amanda Waller]]'s leadership.<ref name="Strange and Unsung" /> After her squadmate [[Captain Boomerang]] sexually harasses [[Plastique (character)|Plastique]], Mindboggler uses her powers to embarrass him. Humiliated, Boomerang refuses to save Mindboggler on their next mission, allowing her to be shot and killed.<ref>''Suicide Squad'' #2 (June 1987)</ref><ref name="Strange and Unsung" /> Following Mindboggler's death, the group [[Jihad (comics)|Jihad]] utilizes a digital entity called Ifrit who possesses her appearance and personality.<ref>''[[Suicide Squad]]'' #17 (September 1988)</ref>

==Barbara Minerva==
{{main|Cheetah (character)#Barbara Minerva}}

==Minister Blizzard==
{{main|Minister Blizzard}}

==Viktor Mironov==
{{main|Viktor Mironov}}

==Mirror Man==
{{main|Mirror Man (character)}}

==Mirror Master==
{{main|Mirror Master}}

==Mirror Monarch==
'''Mirror Monarch''' is an alias utilized by several characters in DC Comics. The character, created by [[Geoff Johns]] and [[Francis Manapul]], first appeared in ''[[The Flash (comic book)|The Flash]]'' (vol. 3) #1 (June 2010). The character is a heroic, futuristic member of the [[Rogues (comics)|Renegades]] police force from the 25th century inspired by [[Mirror Master]].

The first Mirror Monarch was killed by the [[Top (character)|Top]] to frame [[Barry Allen]],<ref name="Flashv3n1">''The Flash'' (vol. 3) #1 (April 2010)</ref><ref>''The Flash'' (vol. 3) #4 - 6 (July - November 2010)</ref> and is succeeded by a second Mirror Monarch.<ref>''The Flash'' (vol. 5) Annual #1</ref>

===Mirror Monarch in other media===
A female incarnation of Mirror Monarch, [[Eva McCulloch]], appears in ''[[The Flash (2014 TV series)|The Flash]]'' (2014).<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Agard|first=Chancellor|url=https://ew.com/tv/2019/11/21/the-flash-efrat-dor-eva-mcculloch-iris/|title=The Flash casts Mayans M.C. actress in role that 'pushes the boundaries of sanity'|magazine=Entertainment Weekly|access-date=November 21, 2019|date=November 21, 2019}}</ref>

==Angelo Mirti==
'''Angelo Mirti''' was [[Sofia Falcone]]'s personal bodyguard during her time as capo of the Falcone crime family, until he was killed by the [[Joker (character)|Joker]].

===Angelo Mirti in other media===
Angelo Mirti appears in ''[[The Penguin (TV series)|The Penguin]]'' episode "[[After Hours (The Penguin)|After Hours]]", portrayed by Eugene Solfanelli. This version is an enforcer for the Falcone crime family.

==Misfit==
{{main|Misfit (DC Comics)}}

==Miss Martian==
{{main|Miss Martian}}

==Mister 103/Mister 104==
'''Mister 103/Mister 104''' ('''Jonathan Dubrovny''') is a [[biochemist]] who suffered from a mental collapse according to [[Chief (DC Comics)|Chief]]. He gained the ability to transform his body into various elements and became '''Mister 103''', basing his name on the 103 chemical elements known at the time.<ref>''Doom Patrol'' #98</ref> After the 104th element [[rutherfordium]] is discovered, Dubrovny changes his codename to '''Mister 104'''.<ref>''Teen Titans Spotlight'' #9</ref>

During the "[[Infinite Crisis]]" storyline, Mister 104 appeared as a member of [[Alexander Luthor Jr.]]'s [[Secret Society of Super Villains]].<ref>''Countdown to Infinite Crisis'' #1</ref>

===Mister 103/Mister 104 in other media===
Mister 104 appears in ''[[Doom Patrol (TV series)|Doom Patrol]]'', portrayed by [[Sendhil Ramamurthy]].<ref name="SendhilR">{{cite web |last=Swift |first=Andy |date=October 17, 2022 |title=Sendhil Ramamurthy to Battle the Doom Patrol as [Spoiler] in Season 4 |url=https://tvline.com/2022/10/17/doom-patrol-season-4-sendhil-ramamurthy-mr-104/ |access-date=October 17, 2022 |work=TVLine}}</ref> This version has the real name of '''Rama'''.

==Mister Atom==
{{main|Mister Atom}}

==Mister Bones==
{{main|Mister Bones}}

==Mister Handsome==
'''Mister Handsome''' is a crime lord and a one-time enemy of [[Catwoman]]. He is killed and replaced by his wife Mary who assumes the mantle of Mister Handsome.

===Mister Handsome in other media===
Mister Handsome appears in ''[[Superman (2025 film)|Superman]]'' (2025), portrayed by Trevor Newlin. This version is a creature created by [[Lex Luthor (DC Universe)|Lex Luthor]] when he was twelve years old.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bonomolo |first=Cameron |date=July 29, 2025 |title=Superman Director James Gunn Reveals Origins of Mr. Handsome |url=https://comicbook.com/movies/news/mr-handsome-superman-origin-explained-james-gunn-lex-luthor-dcu/ |access-date=July 29, 2025 |website=[[ComicBook.com]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Mister Mind==
{{main|Mister Mind}}

==Mister Miracle==
{{main|Mister Miracle}}

==Mister Mxyzptlk==
{{main|Mister Mxyzptlk}}

==Mister Poseidon==
'''Mister Poseidon''' is a villain who wore rings that had different effects like a shrinking ring. He fought the [[Sea Devils (comics)|Sea Devils]] and was defeated by them.<ref>''Sea Devils'' #2</ref>

Mister Poseidon later constructed a ring that enabled him to break [[Ultivac]] out of the Fortress of Science outside of [[Metropolis (comics)|Metropolis]]. The two have a brief fight with the [[Forgotten Heroes]], but manage to escape. Poseidon and Ultivac later met up with [[Enchantress (DC Comics)|Enchantress]], with the three assembling a group called the Forgotten Villains with Atom-Master, [[Faceless Hunters|Faceless Hunter]], and Kraklow.<ref>''DC Comics Presents'' #77</ref>

During the "[[Infinite Crisis]]" storyline, Poseidon appears as a member of [[Alexander Luthor Jr.]]'s [[Secret Society of Super Villains]].<ref>''Infinite Crisis'' #2</ref>

==Mister Terrible==
'''Mister Terrible''' is the name of several characters appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics.

===First version===
The first Mister Terrible is an unnamed man who is a criminal counterpart of [[Mister Terrific (Michael Holt)|Mister Terrific]], possessing a version of the T-Spheres. During the "[[Infinite Crisis]]" storyline, Terrible appears as a member of [[Alexander Luthor Jr.]]'s Secret Society of Supervillains. When accompanying [[Deathstroke]] in an attack on the House of Secrets, Terrible attempts to kill [[Catman (DC Comics)|Catman]] by stabbing his heart, but misses and stabs his leg instead.<ref>''[[Villains United]]'' #5 (November 2005)</ref> Mister Terrible later appears as a member of the [[Injustice League]].<ref name="JLA Wedding Special" />

===Earth 29 version===
In 2016, DC Comics implemented a relaunch of its books called "[[DC Rebirth]]" which restored its continuity to a form much as it was prior to "[[The New 52]]". Mister Terrible comes from Earth 29 which is inhabited by [[Bizarro]]s, being the Bizarro counterpart of Mister Terrific.<ref>''The Terrifics'' #19 (December 2019)</ref>

==Mister Terrific==
{{main|Mister Terrific}}

==Mister Toad==
{{expand section|date=September 2022}}
'''Mister Toad''' is humanoid toad, a minion of [[Professor Pyg]] and a member of the [[Circus of Strange]] who was apprehended by [[Dick Grayson|Batman]]. He is later killed under unspecified circumstances with a chess piece in his hands; it would then be discovered that [[Joker (character)|Joker]] was responsible.<ref>''Batman and Robin'' #1–2 (August–September 2009)</ref> Toad returned in the series "[[The New Golden Age]]".<ref>''Justice Society of America'' (vol. 4) #4 (July 2023)</ref>

===Mister Toad in other media===
* Mister Toad appears in ''[[Beware the Batman]]'', voiced by [[Udo Kier]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Truitt |first=Brian |date=July 12, 2013 |title='Beware' of new villains in new Batman cartoon |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/2013/07/12/beware-the-batman-animated-series/2513533/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425122518/https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/2013/07/12/beware-the-batman-animated-series/2513533/ |archive-date=April 25, 2018 |access-date=February 21, 2018 |website=USAToday}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mister Toad Voice – ''Beware the Batman'' (TV Show) |url=https://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/tv-shows/Beware-The-Batman/Mister-Toad/ |access-date=November 8, 2024 |publisher=Behind The Voice Actors}} A green check mark indicates that a role has been confirmed using a screenshot (or collage of screenshots) of a title's list of voice actors and their respective characters found in its credits or other reliable sources of information.</ref> This version is an [[Eco-terrorism|eco-terrorist]].
* Toad appears as a character summon in ''[[Scribblenauts Unmasked: A DC Comics Adventure]]''.<ref name="Scribblenauts Unmasked" />
* Toad appears in ''Beast Boy: Lone Wolf''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.animationmagazine.net/2024/10/cartoon-networks-teen-titans-go-celebrates-400th-episode-with-global-event/|title=Cartoon Network's 'Teen Titans Go!' Celebrates 400th Episode with Global Event|first=Mercedes|last=Milligan|work=[[Animation Magazine]]|date=October 21, 2024|access-date=November 9, 2024}}</ref>

==Mister Twister==
{{main|Mister Twister (comics)}}

==Mister Who==
'''Mister Who''' is the name of several characters appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics.

===First version===
The first Mister Who is a crippled scientist with a missing eye who created Solution Z, which gave him a variety of superpowers. He fought [[Doctor Fate (Kent Nelson)|Doctor Fate]] before being presumed dead when the speedboat he was escaping in collided with a ship's hull.<ref>''More Fun Comics'' #73</ref> Mister Who survived the encounter by turning into a [[List of aquatic humanoids|piscine humanoid]]. Getting his gang back together, Who fools the people of the city by posing as the unnamed mayor. After rescuing the mayor, Doctor Fate managed to apprehend Who while his gang got away.<ref>''More Fun Comics'' #74</ref>

Mister Who is among the villains who were recruited into [[Mister Mind]]'s [[Monster Society of Evil]].<ref>''All-Star Squadron'' #51–54</ref>

During the "[[Infinite Crisis]]" storyline, Mister Who appears as a member of [[Alexander Luthor Jr.]]'s [[Secret Society of Super Villains]].<ref name="Infinite Crisis #7" />

===Owl Haines===
The second Mister Who is "'''Owl'''" '''Haines''' who fought [[Green Arrow#Earth-Two|Green Arrow]].<ref>''World's Finest'' #31</ref>

==Mai Miyazaki==
{{main|Naiad (character)}}

==Dominic Mndawe==
{{main|Freedom Beast}}

==Mobius==
{{main|Anti-Monitor}}

==Fay Moffit==
{{main|Lady Spellbinder}}

==Mokkari==
{{expand section|date=August 2025}}
'''Mokkari''' is a [[New Gods|New God]] of [[Apokolips]] who became a partner of the [[DNAlien (comics)|DNAlien]] [[Simyan]]. The two run Apokolips' Evil Factory, a rival of [[Project Cadmus]].<ref>''Superman's Pal, Jimmy Olsen'' #135</ref>

In 2011, "[[The New 52]]" rebooted the DC universe. Mokkari is depicted as the half-brother of Simyan.<ref>''OMAC'' Vol. 4 #1</ref> He infiltrates Project Cadmus on [[DeSaad]]'s behalf to obtain the technology there, which originated from [[New Genesis]].<ref>''OMAC'' Vol. 4 #5</ref>

==Molecule==
{{Comics character list header
|debut = ''[[Teen Titans]]'' (vol. 3) #38
|debutmo = September
|debutyr = 2006
|creators = [[Geoff Johns]] and Carlos Ferreira
|abilities = Ability to shrink
|species =
|name = Molecule
|CBDBid = 22444
|GCDid = Molecule
}}
'''Molecule''' is character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. The character, created by [[Geoff Johns]] and Carlos Ferreira, first appeared in ''[[Teen Titans]]'' (vol. 3) #38 (September 2006).

Molecule is a teen superhero patterned after the [[Atom (character)|Atom]] and a member of the [[Teen Titans]] during the "one-year gap" between the series ''[[Infinite Crisis]]'' and the "[[One Year Later (comics)|One Year Later]]" storyline. He is one of a group of teen heroes attacked by the [[Terror Titans]] and put in the arena of the Dark Side Club. While trying to escape, he is killed by the [[Persuader (comics)#Elise Kimble|Persuader]].<ref>{{cite comic|writer = [[Geoff Johns]]|penciller = Carlos Ferreira|story = Part One: The Basis of Optimism|title = [[Terror Titans]]|issue = #1|date = December 2008|publisher = DC Comics}}</ref>

==Mon-El==
{{main|Lar Gand}}

==Monarch==
{{main|Monarch (comics)}}

==Monarch of Menace==
{{Comics character list header
|name = Monarch Of Menace
|debut = ''Detective Comics'' #350
|debutmo = April
|debutyr = 1966
|creators = [[Robert Kanigher]] [[Sheldon Moldoff]]
|CBDBid =
|GCDid =
}}
'''Monarch of Menace''' is an enemy of [[Batman]] with a [[monarch|royalty]] theme. He was the first villain to beat Batman, and later retired after acquiring enough cash. The Monarch also has a son who was humiliated by the Monarch and his [[henchmen]], driving the son to become the new Monarch and recreate his father's crimes, eventually being defeated by Batman and Robin.<ref>''Detective Comics'' #350 (1966)</ref>

==Toni Monetti==
{{main|Argent (character)}}

==Mongal==
'''Mongal''' is the sister of [[Mongul]] II (who is the son of Mongul I), introduced by her brother to [[Superman]] in ''[[Superman (comic book)|Superman]]'' (vol. 2) #170. When [[Krypto|Krypto the Superdog]] nearly killed Mongul II, Mongal escaped and reappeared to destroy [[New York City]]. After [[Maxima (DC Comics)|Maxima]] is killed in the ''[[Our Worlds at War]]'' miniseries, Mongal takes over her homeworld of [[Almerac]] before being killed by Mongul.<ref>''Green Lantern'' (vol. 4) #8 (March 2006)</ref> Mongal was resurrected following [[The New 52]] and [[DC Rebirth]] relaunches.<ref>''The Green Lantern'' #3 (March 2019)</ref>

===Mongal in other media===
* Mongal appears in the ''[[Batman: The Brave and the Bold]]'' episode "Duel of the Double-Crossers!", voiced by [[Gary Anthony Williams]].<ref name="Mongal voices">{{cite web |title=Mongal Voices (DC Universe) |url=https://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/characters/DC-Universe/Mongal/ |access-date=July 9, 2024 |publisher=Behind The Voice Actors}} A green check mark indicates that a role has been confirmed using a screenshot (or collage of screenshots) of a title's list of voice actors and their respective characters found in its credits or other reliable sources of information.</ref> This version is the sister of Mongul, whom she is competitive towards, and is served by the [[Female Furies]].
* Mongal appears in ''[[DC Super Hero Girls]]''.
* Mongal appears in ''[[DC Super Hero Girls: Intergalactic Games]]'', voiced by Julianne Grossman.<ref name="Mongal voices" /> She represents the Korugar Academy as a participant in the eponymous games.
* Mongal appears in ''[[The Suicide Squad (film)|The Suicide Squad]]'', portrayed by [[Mayling Ng]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Kim |first1=Jae-Ha|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/travel/travel-news/sc-trav-0803-celeb-traveler-20210810-swz7p6dfnrd4pkdooxpi4twvka-story.html |title = Go away with... 'Suicide Squad' actress Mayling Ng |date = August 10, 2021 |agency=[[Tribune Content Agency]] |work=[[The Baltimore Sun]]}}</ref> She joins the [[Suicide Squad|eponymous team]] on a mission to [[Corto Maltese (DC Comics)|Corto Maltese]] before being killed in the wreckage of a military helicopter that she took down.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Truitt |first1=Brian |title='The Suicide Squad' spoilers! How that surprise end-credits scene sets up John Cena's spinoff show |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/movies/2021/08/07/suicide-squad-end-credits-scene-peacemaker-john-cena-spinoff/5499998001/ |access-date=August 12, 2021 |work=[[USA Today]] |date=August 7, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ortiz |first1=Andi |title=All the Major Deaths in 'The Suicide Squad' Ranked |url=https://www.thewrap.com/the-suicide-squad-major-deaths-ranked/ |access-date=August 12, 2021 |work=[[TheWrap]] |date=August 6, 2021}}</ref>
* Mongal appears as a character summon in ''[[Scribblenauts Unmasked: A DC Comics Adventure]]''.<ref name="Scribblenauts Unmasked" />

==Mongul==
{{main|Mongul}}

==Monkey Prince==
'''Monkey Prince''' is a clone of the [[Sun Wukong|Monkey King]] who was separated from his progenitor during a conflict with [[Darkseid]] and gestated inside a rock.<ref>''Monkey Prince'' #12</ref> Centuries later, [[Ultra-Humanite]] opens a portal to the Phantom Zone. The clone is transported to Earth, where Ultra-Humanite's daughter Laura Shugel and her lover Winston Shen adopt him and name him Marcus.<ref>''Monkey Prince'' #11</ref>

Marcus grows up in a loving household while remaining oblivious to his origin and his parents' criminal backgrounds. During Marcus' childhood, when his family lives in [[Gotham City]], [[Batman]] breaks into their home during a thunderstorm to interrogate Winston and Laura, but flees after seeing Marcus. The experience leaves Marcus with a fear of bats, storms and water and a hatred for superheroes, which periodically cause him to suffer from panic attacks.<ref>''Monkey Prince'' #2</ref>

When Marcus is fifteen, the Shugel-Shens move back to Gotham due to his parents' work. After Marcus is tormented by several bullies at his high school, the school janitor Mr. Zhu encourages him to face his fears, prompting him to jump into the school swimming pool. Marcus is transported to [[Mount Huaguo|Flower Fruit Mountain]], where Zhu tells him that his true father is the Monkey King and reveals himself to be [[Zhu Bajie|Pigsy]], his father's comrade. Appointing himself as Marcus' [[shifu]], Pigsy warns Marcus of an [[Lazarus Planet|upcoming threat to Earth]] and places a circlet on his head, transforming him into the Monkey Prince.<ref>''Monkey Prince'' #1</ref>

The Monkey Prince becomes overconfident with his powers and initially uses them for selfish reasons, such as getting revenge on his bullies. His inexperience and fear interferes with his ability to maintain his transformation, forcing Marcus to accept Pigsy as his shifu and come to terms with his birthright.<ref>''Monkey Prince'' #2</ref> Under Pigsy's tutelage, the Monkey Prince overcomes his fears to awaken and control his abilities while discovering more about his father's history.<ref>''Monkey Prince'' #3</ref>

==Monocle==
'''Monocle''' ('''Jonathan Cheval''') is an honest businessman in the field of optics, who lost his business to a criminal's schemes. Determined to get revenge on the people that cheated him, Cheval invents a number of monocles that can emit beams of energy.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cowsill |first1=Alan |last2=Irvine |first2=Alex |last3=Manning |first3=Matthew K. |last4=McAvennie |first4=Michael |last5=Wallace |first5=Daniel |title=DC Comics Year By Year: A Visual Chronicle |date=2019 |publisher=DK Publishing |isbn=978-1-4654-8578-6 |page=45}}</ref> He is eventually captured by [[Hawkman (Carter Hall)|Hawkman]] after killing two of the criminals, although the remaining one is jailed with him.

Decades later, after being released from prison, he is invited by the [[Ultra-Humanite]] to join his [[Secret Society of Super Villains]] which battles Hawkman along with the rest of the [[Justice Society of America]] and the [[Justice League of America]].<ref>{{cite book |last =Rovin |first =Jeff |title =The Encyclopedia of Supervillains |publisher =Facts on File |date =1987 |location =New York |isbn = 0-8160-1356-X |pages=232–233}}</ref> He and his colleagues are defeated and banished into an inter-dimensional [[Limbo (DC Comics)|limbo]] until the Ultra-Humanite from 1942 contacts his future counterpart, enlisting the aid of all criminals then present in limbo. Monocle briefly resides once more in 1942 until he and his allies are defeated once again, this time at the hands of the [[All-Star Squadron]].

Monocle appears with [[Merlyn (DC Comics)|Merlyn]] and other various villains and ex-[[Suicide Squad]] members in the mini-series ''[[Identity Crisis (DC Comics)|Identity Crisis]]'' (2004). He was killed by [[Manhunter (comics)|Manhunter]] ([[Manhunter (Kate Spencer)|Kate Spencer]]) in ''Manhunter'' #9 (2005).

In 2011, "[[The New 52]]" rebooted the DC universe. During the "[[Forever Evil]]" storyline, Monocle is among the villains assembled by the [[Crime Syndicate of America]]. When he assumes that the Crime Syndicate of America is actually the Justice League in disguise, Monocle is killed by [[Ultraman (DC Comics)|Ultraman]].<ref>''Forever Evil'' #1</ref>

===Monocle in other media===
* Monocle makes non-speaking appearances in ''[[Justice League Unlimited]]'' as a member of [[Gorilla Grodd]]'s [[Secret Society of Super Villains|Secret Society]] before being killed by [[Darkseid]].
* Monocle makes a cameo appearance in ''[[Justice League: The New Frontier]]''.
* Monocle appears as a character summon in ''[[Scribblenauts Unmasked: A DC Comics Adventure]]''.<ref name="Scribblenauts Unmasked" />

==John Monroe==
{{main|Weasel (DC Comics)}}

==Marcia Monroe==
{{main|Queen Bee (comics)#Queen Bee (Marcia Monroe)}}

==Monsieur Mallah==
{{main|Monsieur Mallah}}

==Monster==
'''Monster''' ('''Jason Rogers''') is a character created by [[Gardner Fox]], first appearing in ''[[All-Star Comics]]'' #20 (March 1944). He is an enemy of the [[Justice Society of America]].<ref>''All-Star Comics'' #20 (March 1944)</ref><ref>''America vs. the Justice Society'' vol. 1 #1 (January 1985)</ref>

==Monstress==
'''Monstress''' ('''Candi Pyponte-Le Parc III''') is a character appearing in American comic books published by [[DC Comics]]. Created by Tom Peyer, Tom McCraw, and Lee Moder, she first appeared in ''Legion of Super-Heroes'' (vol. 4) #82 (July 1996).

Candi is a native of the planet [[Xanthu]] who was mutated by a gene bomb and gained superhuman strength after being caught in the accidental detonation of a gene bomb her father created. Shunned by her father and the working class, who viewed her as an enemy, Candi joined the [[Uncanny Amazers]] while looking for a place to belong.<ref>''Legion Lost'' #2 (June 2000)</ref> Candi originally possesses bright green skin, which [[Element Lad]] changes to orange as a prank. However, she accepts her new skin color despite Element Lad being able and willing to change it back.<ref>''Legionnaires'' #68 (February 1999)</ref> During the ''[[Legion Lost]]'' storyline, Monstress is killed by Element Lad, who has gone insane and become the villain Progenitor after being lost in space.<ref>''Legion Lost'' #11 (March 2001)</ref>

===Monstress in other media===
Monstress appears as a character summon in ''[[Scribblenauts Unmasked: A DC Comics Adventure]]''.<ref name="Scribblenauts Unmasked" />

==Joey Monteleone==
{{main|Tar Pit (DC Comics)}}

==Alex Montez==
{{main|Eclipso#Alex Montez}}

==Juan Montez==
'''Juan Montez''' is a former professional boxer who went by the nickname "'''Mauler'''" and is a former sparring partner of [[Wildcat (Ted Grant)|Ted Grant]]. With Maria Montez, he became the father of [[Wildcat (Yolanda Montez)|Yolanda Montez]]. When Grant was thought to be lost in Limbo, [[Atom Smasher (DC Comics)|Nuklon]] gave his champion belt to Juan to remember him by.<ref>''Infinity Inc.'' #30</ref>

===Juan Montez in other media===
Juan Montez appears in ''[[Stargirl (TV series)|Stargirl]]'', portrayed by [[Wilmer Calderon]]. This version is [[Catholic Church|Catholic]].

==Maria Montez==
'''Maria Montez''' is the wife of Juan Montez and an old friend of [[Wildcat (Ted Grant)|Ted Grant]]. When Maria and her unnamed sister were pregnant, they were experimented upon by the evil Doctor Love. The side effects of the experiments were behind [[Wildcat (Yolanda Montez)|Yolanda Montez]]'s abilities and she supported her daughter's campaign as the second Wildcat.<ref>''Infinity Inc.'' #26</ref>

After Yolanda was killed by [[Eclipso]], Maria brought her body to a witch who was able to bring Yolanda back to life. However, this was exposed as a scam by the original Wildcat.<ref>''Showcase '94'' #8</ref>

===Maria Montez in other media===
Maria Montez appears in ''[[Stargirl (TV series)|Stargirl]]'', portrayed by Kikey Castillo. This version is a Catholic housewife.

==Yolanda Montez==
{{main|Wildcat (Yolanda Montez)}}

==Renee Montoya==
{{main|Renee Montoya}}

==June Moon==
{{main|Enchantress (DC Comics)}}

==Moonbow==
'''Moonbow''' ('''Brittany Brandon''') was created by [[Gerry Conway]] and Joe Brozowski, and first appeared in ''[[Firestorm (character)|Firestorm]]'' (vol. 2) #48 (June 1986).

Moonbow is introduced as a moon-themed criminal who wields a steel [[longbow]]. She attacks two rival gangs, drawing the attention of the police and [[Ronnie Raymond|Firestorm]] (Ronnie Raymond). When Firestorm confronts Moonbow, he inadvertently allows her to escape. In their next encounter, Firestorm allows Moonbow to escape again, describing her as a misguided [[Robin Hood]]-esque vigilante. Moonbow is revealed to be Brittany Brandon, Ronnie's classmate.<ref>''Firestorm'' (vol. 2) #48 - 49 (June - July 1986)</ref>

In ''[[Doomsday Clock (comics)|Doomsday Clock]]'', Moonbow appears as an operative of the [[Department of Metahuman Affairs]].<ref>''Doomsday Clock'' #6 (September 2018)</ref>

==Mark Moonrider==
{{main|Mark Moonrider}}

==Sophie Moore==
'''Sophie Moore''' was a cadet captain at [[West Point]], where she held the rank of S-3, or Operations Officer. She was also the roommate and girlfriend of [[Batwoman|Kate Kane]], who was herself the Brigade Executive Officer, one rank above Sophie. The two [[amateur boxing|boxed]] competitively at the academy, with a strong implication that Kate beat Sophie in an academy championship match before their senior year.<ref>''Batwoman: Rebirth'' #1</ref> When Kate resigned from the academy due to [[DADT]] allegations, she did not rat out Sophie.<ref>''Detective Comics'' #859</ref>

In 2011, "[[The New 52]]" rebooted the DC universe. Sophie's history with Kate remains intact. After graduating from West Point, Sophie eventually made the rank of colonel and accepted a teaching position at Gotham Military Academy. She later reunites with Kate by chance at a charity carnival, where she learns that Kate is engaged to [[Maggie Sawyer]]. She attempts to schedule a friendly dinner with Kate, to no avail.<ref>''Batwoman'' (vol. 2) #32</ref>

===Sophie Moore in other media===
Sophie Moore appears in ''[[Batwoman (TV series)|Batwoman]]'', portrayed by [[Meagan Tandy]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2019/01/batwoman-meagan-tandy-camrus-johnson-nicole-kang-to-star-in-the-cw-pilot-dc-1202541983/ |title='Batwoman': Meagan Tandy, Camrus Johnson & Nicole Kang To Co-Star in the CW Pilot |last=Andreeva |first=Nellie |date=January 25, 2019 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190126062843/https://deadline.com/2019/01/batwoman-meagan-tandy-camrus-johnson-nicole-kang-to-star-in-the-cw-pilot-dc-1202541983/ |archive-date=January 26, 2019 |access-date=January 26, 2019}}</ref> This version is accused of homosexual conduct for her relationship with Kate, though she still decides to stay in the military. She later became a high-level agent of Crows Security.

==Eric Moran==
{{main|Freight Train (DC Comics)}}

==Mordru==
{{main|Mordru}}

==Travis Morgan==
{{main|Warlord (DC Comics)}}

==Dirk Morgna==
{{main|Sun Boy}}

==Michael Morice==
{{main|Beefeater (character)}}

==Jared Morillo==
{{expand section|date=September 2023}}
'''Jared Morillo''' is a detective who works for the [[Keystone City]] Police Department.<ref>''The Flash'' (vol. 2) #171</ref>

==T. O. Morrow==
{{main|T. O. Morrow}}

==Megan Morse==
{{main|Miss Martian}}

==Mortalla==
{{expand section|date=March 2025}}
'''Mortalla''' is the wife of [[DeSaad]] and member of [[Darkseid's Elite]]. With one hand, Mortalla can induce sleep. With another hand, Mortalla can induce death.<ref>''Orion'' #6</ref>

==Peter Mortimer==
{{main|Scavenger (comics)}}

==Kell Mossa==
{{main|Pariah (character)}}

==Mother Mayhem==
'''Mother Mayhem''' is the name of three characters appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics.

===Anna Resik===
'''Anna Resik''' is the first Mother Mayhem and mother of the eighth [[Brother Blood]].<ref>''The New Teen Titans'' Annual (vol. 2) #2</ref>

===May Bennett===
'''May Bennett''' is the second Mother Mayhem and mother of the ninth Brother Blood.<ref>''The New Teen Titans'' #21</ref>

===Sonya Tarinka===
Introduced in ''[[The New 52]]'', '''Sonya Tarinka''' was a homeless woman before being approached by and joining forces with Brother Blood.<ref>''Titans'' (vol. 3) #25</ref> After absorbing energy from the Source, she gained the ability to control those connected by the Red in addition to utilizing blood-manipulating magic.<ref>''Titans'' (vol. 3) #28</ref>

===Mother Mayhem in other media===
* A character loosely inspired by the Anna Resik incarnation of Mother Mayhem named '''Maya Resik''' appears in ''[[Arrow (TV series)|Arrow]]'', portrayed by Ana Mercedes. After killing her husband Sebastian Sangre, her son Sebastian Blood frames her and has her sent to a mental institution before eventually killing her as well.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Highfill |first=Samantha |date=January 15, 2014 |title='Arrow' react: Bad Blood |url=https://ew.com/article/2014/01/15/arrow-react-blast-radius/ |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]}}</ref>
* The May Bennett incarnation of Mother Mayhem appears in ''[[Titans (2018 TV series)|Titans]]'', portrayed by [[Franka Potente]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Andreeva |first=Nellie |date=February 1, 2022 |title='Titans' Sets Season 4 Villains: Joseph Morgan As Brother Blood, Franka Potente As Mother Mayhem, Lisa Ambalavanar As Jinx |url=https://deadline.com/2022/01/titans-season-4-villains-joseph-morgan-brother-blood-franka-potente-mother-mayhem-lisa-ambalavanar-jinx-1234923540/ |access-date=March 5, 2022 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> This version is the mother of Sebastian Sanger who moonlights as a [[Metropolis (comics)|Metropolis]]-based [[Archaeology|archaeologist]] and employee of [[LexCorp]] in addition to leading the Church of Blood. After working with [[Lex Luthor]] to uncover a temple in Azarath, she kills him to lure out Sanger and indoctrinate him into the Church of Blood. She is later killed in battle against the Titans.
* An unidentified Mother Mayhem appears in ''[[Teen Titans: The Judas Contract]]'', voiced by [[Meg Foster]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mother Mayhem Voice – ''Teen Titans: The Judas Contract'' (Movie) |url=https://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/movies/Teen-Titans-The-Judas-Contract/Mother-Mayhem/ |access-date=July 9, 2024 |publisher=Behind The Voice Actors}} A green check mark indicates that a role has been confirmed using a screenshot (or collage of screenshots) of a title's list of voice actors and their respective characters found in its credits or other reliable sources of information.</ref>

==Mother Panic==
{{main|Mother Panic}}

==Lew Moxon==
{{main|Lew Moxon}}

==Ti'julk Mr'asz==
{{main|Gates (character)}}

==Mr. Bloom==
{{main|Mr. Bloom}}

==Mr. Freeze==
{{main|Mr. Freeze}}

==Ms. Gsptlsnz==
{{main|Ms. Gsptlsnz}}

==Mudslide==
'''Mudslide''' is an unnamed man and a member of the [[Masters of Disaster (comics)|Masters of Disaster]] who possesses geokinesis, which allow him to liquefy rocks with a touch.<ref>''Outsiders'' vol. 4 #27</ref>

==Sojourner Mullein==
'''Sojourner "Jo" Mullein''' was raised a child of divorce in [[New York City]]. After witnessing the [[September 11 attacks|9/11 attacks]], Jo was inspired to make a difference in the world. She graduated valedictorian in her high school and joining the [[United States Army]], and later the [[New York City Police Department]]. During her police career, she witnessed her partner beat a suspect nearly to death. Before being able to turn him in, Jo was suddenly fired after being tagged in a [[Black Lives Matter]] [[Facebook]] post. After being fired, Jo was approached by a [[Guardians of the Universe|Guardian of the Universe]], who issued her a [[Power ring (DC Comics)|Power ring]] and a challenge: "One year to make a difference."<ref>''[[Far Sector]]'' #5 (March 2020)</ref>

Following [[Infinite Frontier]], Mullein began appearing in mainstream ''[[Green Lantern (comic book)|Green Lantern]]'' comics, becoming a main Green Lantern alongside [[Hal Jordan]], [[John Stewart (character)|John Stewart]], etc.

=== Sojourner Mullein in other media ===
Jo Mullein makes a non-speaking appearance in the ''[[DC Super Hero Girls (TV series)|DC Super Hero Girls]]'' episode "#CruzControl".

==Multi-Man==
{{main|Multi-Man}}

==Multiplex==
{{Comics character list header
|debut = ''[[Firestorm (character)|Firestorm]]'' #1
|debutmo = March
|debutyr = 1978
|creators = [[Gerry Conway]] [[Al Milgrom]]
|species =
|teams =
|abilities = * Self-duplication
*Superhuman strength
|alias = Danton Black
|name = Multiplex
|CBDBid = 790
|GCDid = Multiplex
}}
'''Multiplex''' ('''Danton Black''') is a nuclear physicist who was [[Martin Stein]]'s assistant in the designing of the Hudson Nuclear Facility. Feeling that he is not receiving his due credit, he begins stealing lab equipment. After being caught by Stein and fired, Black publicly accuses him of stealing his designs for the power plant. Stein, fearing that delays would cause the public to believe the reactors unsafe, decides to bring the reactors online. Simultaneously, Black breaks into the facility to steal blueprints he could use to fabricate evidence supporting his accusations against Stein. A bomb placed in the facility by a protest group explodes, transforming Stein and student [[Ronnie Raymond]] into [[Firestorm (character)|Firestorm]] and giving Black the ability to clone himself.<ref>{{cite book |last =Rovin |first =Jeff |title =The Encyclopedia of Supervillains |publisher =Facts on File |date =1987 |location =New York |isbn = 0-8160-1356-X |page=239}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Cowsill |first1=Alan |last2=Irvine |first2=Alex |last3=Korte |first3=Steve |last4=Manning |first4=Matt |last5=Wiacek |first5=Win |last6=Wilson |first6=Sven |title=The DC Comics Encyclopedia: The Definitive Guide to the Characters of the DC Universe |date=2016 |publisher=DK Publishing |isbn=978-1-4654-5357-0 |page=211}}</ref><ref>{{cite comic |date=March 1978 |title=[[Firestorm (character)|Firestorm]] the Nuclear Man |story=Make Way For Firestorm! |issue=#1 |publisher=DC Comics |writer=[[Gerry Conway]] |penciller=[[Al Milgrom]]}}</ref>

Multiplex originally works as an operative of the [[2000 Committee]] under the command of [[Tokamak (comics)|Henry Hewitt]]. He later appears as a member of the [[Suicide Squad]] and the [[Secret Society of Super Villains]].<ref>{{cite comic |date=October 1987 |title=[[Firestorm (character)|Firestorm]] |story=Through the Gauntlet |issue=64 |volume=2 |publisher=DC Comics |writer=[[Ostrander, John]] |artist= |penciller=Brozowski, Joe |inker=De La Rosa, Sam |colorist=Hoolahan, Nansi |id=}}</ref><ref name="Rogues">{{cite comic |date=December 2013 |title=Forever Evil: Rogues Rebellion |story=Homecoming |issue=#1 |volume= |publisher=[[DC Comics]] |writer=Buccellato, Brian |artist=[[Patrick Zircher|Zircher, Patrick]], Scott Hepburn |colorist=Filardi, Nick |letterer=Sienty, Dezi}}</ref>

===Powers and abilities of Multiplex===
Multiplex can generate duplicates of himself, called "duploids", that share his consciousness and are mentally linked to him. The number that he can create is limited by the amount of energy he has, but he can absorb energy to create more. Each duploid possesses a degree of superhuman strength.

===Multiplex in other media===
* Danton Black / Multiplex appears in ''[[The Flash (2014 TV series)|The Flash]]'' episode "Fastest Man Alive", portrayed by Michael Christopher Smith.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tylwalk |first=Nick |date=October 22, 2014 |title=The Flash, Season 1, Episode 2 Official Synopsis – Fastest Man Alive |work=Bam Smack Pow |url=http://bamsmackpow.com/2014/10/14/flash-season-1-episode-2-synopsis-fastest-man-alive/ |access-date=July 9, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022012034/http://bamsmackpow.com/2014/10/14/flash-season-1-episode-2-synopsis-fastest-man-alive/ |archive-date=2014-10-22 }}</ref> This version is a former employee of Stagg Industries who seeks revenge on [[Simon Stagg]] for stealing his research in cloning, which led to the death of his wife. As a result of being exposed to [[dark matter]] after [[S.T.A.R. Labs]]'s particle accelerator exploded while he was experimenting on himself, Black gained the ability to create mindless duplicates of himself that he can control mentally. Black attempts to pursue revenge against Stagg before being defeated by the [[Barry Allen (Arrowverse)|Flash]] and falling to his death.
* Multiplex appears as a character summon in ''[[Scribblenauts Unmasked: A DC Comics Adventure]]''.<ref name="Scribblenauts Unmasked" />

==Page Munroe==
{{main|Calendar Girl (DC Comics)}}

==Mutant Leader==
{{main|Mutant Leader}}

==Murmur==
'''Murmur''' ('''Michael Amar''') a once respected [[surgeon]], succumbed to madness and started a killing spree to stop the voices inside his head. This spree went through [[Central City (DC Comics)|Central]] and [[Keystone City]] and caught the eye of police officers Fred Chyre and Joe Jackam. They later tracked Amar down with the help from Central City forensic scientist, [[Barry Allen]]. Part of Amar's psychosis is the inability to stop himself from blurting out his crimes. Because of these outbursts, he is quickly convicted and sentenced to death.<ref>''The Flash: Iron Heights''</ref>

It is soon discovered that Amar's blood is so abnormal that lethal injection can not kill him. While incarcerated in Iron Heights prison, Amar cuts out his own tongue and sews his mouth shut so he will no longer be able to incriminate himself. Wearing a thin mask of his own design, Amar becomes known as Murmur. While in prison, Murmur creates a virus that kills the guards and prisoners and escapes during the riots it causes. He then joins [[Blacksmith (character)|Blacksmith]], who helps him with creating the virus, and her rogues. Afterwards, Murmur strikes out on his own.

In ''[[Infinite Crisis]]'' #1, Murmur is seen working in [[Gotham City]] with the [[Riddler]], the [[Body Doubles]] and the [[Fisherman (comics)|Fisherman]] in a murderous attack on Gotham police officers. He is seen in issue #7 as one member of the [[Secret Society of Supervillains]], participating in an attack on Metropolis. A superhero army stops the Society. Murmur has also teamed up with another [[Batman]] villain – [[Hush (character)|Hush]] – in the ''[[Man-Bat]]'' miniseries,<ref>''Man-Bat'' #1–5 (June–October 2006)</ref> which takes place before ''Infinite Crisis''.

[[One Year Later (comics)|One year after the events of ''Infinite Crisis'']], Murmur has made only one full appearance in the DC Universe. In writer [[Gail Simone]]'s ''[[Secret Six (comics)|Secret Six]]'', he is one of the villains sent to retrieve the Get-Out-of-Hell-Free card from the team. The only other mention of the villain post-"One Year Later" is a framed front page newspaper of the ''Central City Citizen'' detailing Murmur's arrest and incarceration by police. It is seen on a wall of the Allen household in ''[[The Flash: Rebirth]]'' #1.

===Murmur in other media===
* Murmur appears in ''[[Arrow (TV series)|Arrow]]'', portrayed by Adrian McMorran. This version was beaten by corrupt police officers and forced to confess to a crime he did not commit for which he served time in [[Iron Heights Penitentiary]] and had his mouth sewn shut. Upon being released, he seeks revenge by stealing diamonds to create bullets only to be foiled and subdued by Team Arrow. As of the [[Arrow season 4|fourth season]], Murmur has been re-incarcerated and built up a gang. While threatening [[Damien Darhk (Arrowverse)|Damien Darhk]], the former forces Murmur to kill his gang and threatens him into joining [[H.I.V.E.]] The latter goes on to contribute to helping Darhk escape prison and kill [[Laurel Lance (Arrowverse)|Black Canary]] before mounting a failed attempt on [[Noah Kuttler (Arrowverse)|Noah Kuttler]]'s life, only to be foiled by [[Oliver Queen (Arrowverse)|Oliver Queen]] and [[John Diggle (Arrowverse)|John Diggle]].
* Murmur appears as a character summon in ''[[Scribblenauts Unmasked: A DC Comics Adventure]]''.<ref name="Scribblenauts Unmasked" />
* A female incarnation of Murmur named '''Michelle Amar''' appears in the [[The Flash season 9|ninth season]] of ''[[The Flash (2014 TV series)|The Flash]]'', portrayed by [[Alexandria Wailes]]. This version is a member of the [[Red Death (DC Comics)|Red Death]]'s [[Rogues (comics)|Rogues]] who is described as an "angry med student turned serial killer", wields a knife created from [[Wayne Enterprises]] technology, and communicates through sign language.

==Myg==
{{main|Myg (character)}}

==Soseh Mykros==
{{main|Nemesis (DC Comics)#Soseh Mykros}}

==Dexter Myles==
{{expand section|date=August 2025}}
'''Dexter Myles''' is a former actor and the curator of the [[Flash Museum]].

===Dexter Myles in other media===
Dexter Myles appears in ''[[The Flash (2014 TV series)|The Flash]]'', portrayed by [[Bruce Harwood]] and voiced by [[Robert Picardo]].

==Mysto==
'''Mysto the Magician Detective''' is a character in the [[DC Universe]]. He first appeared in ''[[Detective Comics]]'' #203 (January 1954). Mysto was a regular back-up feature in ''Detective Comics'' #203–212 (October 1954). He was dropped when ''Detective Comics'' went from 44 pages to 36.<ref>{{cite web|title= Nolan, Michele. "Detective Comics"|work=Certified Guaranty website|url=http://www.cgccomics.com/news/enews/cgc_enews_0307july.htm|access-date=2007-04-18}}</ref> Mysto's only Modern Age appearance was in ''Detective Comics'' #500 (March 1981), in a special anniversary team-up story featuring [[Slam Bradley]], [[Roy Raymond (character)|Roy Raymond]], and many other detectives that had once appeared in previous issues.<ref>{{cite web|title=THE BEST OF DC 21, 24 AND 30 (1982) |date=August 2, 2004|work=The Comic Treadmill|url=http://www.comictreadmill.com/CTMBlogarchives/2004/2004_Daily/2004_08/daily_2004_08_02.php|access-date=2007-04-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= ''Detective Comics'' #500|work=Grand Comics Database|url=http://www.comics.org/details.lasso?id=35216|access-date=2007-04-18}}</ref>

'''Rick Carter''' is a [[Grumman F4F Wildcat|Wildcat]] flier piloting a small single-engine plane over the [[Tibet]]an plains when he spots three bandits chasing a lone old man. In gratitude for Carter saving the old man's life, Carter is taught ancient mysticism as well as tricks of the marketplace. Carter and his manservant Sikhi return to the United States to fight crime, using his skills as a stage magician.

==References==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Dc Comics Characters: M}}
[[Category:Lists of DC Comics characters| DC Comics characters: M, List of]]

Velachery railway station

2026-05-08T05:42:13Z

BoydMalizia:

{{Short description|Railway station in Chennai, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Velachery
| symbol = suburban
| symbol_location = chennai
| system = [[Chennai MRTS]]
| style = Indian Railways
| image = Velachery Railway station June 2010.jpg
| image_caption = Velachery MRTS station
| address =
| coordinates = {{coord|12.967387|80.218965|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline}}
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #FF9900
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| line =
| other =
| structure = At grade
| platform = [[Side platform]] Platform-1 → {{stl|Chennai MRTS|Chennai Beach}} [[Island platform]] Platform-2 → {{stl|Chennai MRTS|St. Thomas Mount}} Platform-3 → {{stl|Chennai MRTS|Chennai Beach}} [[Side platform]] 
Platform-4 → {{stl|Chennai MRTS|Chennai Beach}} (280 m)
| depth =
| levels = 1
| tracks = 3
| parking = Yes
| bicycle =
| baggage_check =
| opened = 19 November 2007
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified =
| accessible =
| code = VLCY
| owned =
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers = 70,000/day
| pass_year = 2026
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Chennai MRTS|line=1|left1=Perungudi |to-left1=Chennai Beach|right1=Puzhuthivakkam|to-right1=St. Thomas Mount}}
| mapframe = yes
| map_locator =
}}

The '''Velachery MRTS Station''' is a ground level station on the [[Chennai MRTS]] railway line in [[Chennai]]. It is located near the junction of Velachery Main Road and Inner Ring Road in [[Velachery]]. The station is built on the northern banks of [[Pallikaranai wetland]].

==History==
The station was opened on 19 November 2007. The EMU maintenance shed at the station was opened in 2008. The extension of the MRTS line from this Velachery station to {{stl|Chennai MRTS|St. Thomas Mount}} was opened on 14 March 2026.<ref>{{cite news|title=MRTS train services begin on Velachery-St. Thomas Mount extended section|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/mrts-train-services-begin-on-velachery-st-thomas-mount-extended-section/article70742263.ece|date=14 March 2026|access-date=14 March 2026}}</ref>

==Structure==
The length of the platform is 280 m.<ref>{{cite web
| title = MRTS Phase-II Extension
| work = Development of MRTS in Chennai
| publisher = CMDA
| url = http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/mrts_phase2_extension.htm
| access-date = 20 Aug 2012
| archive-date = 15 August 2014
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140815123835/http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/mrts_phase2_extension.htm
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> The station premises also consists of 12,250 sq m of open parking area.<ref name="cmda session">{{cite web|last=R.Ramanathan|title=Presentation on MRTS & Rail facilities in and around Chennai|url=http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/SMPS/SMPS_Session2.pdf|work=Traffic Transportation and Parking – Session 2|publisher=CMDA, Chennai|access-date=19 August 2012|archive-date=2 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100702062005/http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/SMPS/SMPS_Session2.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Station layout ===
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Velachery track layout
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Chennai MRTS|Line 1}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map1 = vCONTgfa
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Chennai MRTS|Perungudi}}
*'''P1'''\cPLT\vSTR\cPLT\*'''P2'''
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Chennai MRTS|Puzhuthivakkam}}
vCONTgfe
| map2 =
HSTf\HSTg
PSTR(L)\PSTR(R) ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Chennai MRTS|Puzhuthivakkam}}
*'''P2'''\PSTR(L)\PSTR(R)\*'''P3'''
PSTR(L)\PSTR(R) ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Chennai MRTS|Perungudi}}
HSTf\HSTg
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with three tracks <nowiki>|</nowiki> One Side & Island platform</div>
}}}}
{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"
| width="50" valign="top" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''G'''
| width="100" valign="top" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Street Level & Mezzanine
| width="390" valign="top" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Exit/ Entrance, Fare control, Station ticket counters and Automatic ticket vending machines
|-
| rowspan="6" style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;text-align:left;" |'''P'''
| colspan="2" style="border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" |[[Side platform]]<nowiki> | </nowiki>Doors will open on the left
|-
| width="100" style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" |'''Platform 1''' '''Eastbound'''
| width="500" style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" |Towards → {{stl|Chennai MRTS|Chennai Beach}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Chennai MRTS|Perungudi}}
|-
|'''Platform 2''' '''Westbound'''
| width="500" |Towards ← {{stl|Chennai MRTS|St. Thomas Mount}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Chennai MRTS|Puzhuthivakkam}}
|-
| colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" |[[Island platform]]<nowiki> | </nowiki>'''P2'''<nowiki> Doors will open on the left | </nowiki>'''P3''' Doors will open on the right
|-
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="100" |'''Platform 3''' '''Eastbound'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="500" |Towards → {{stl|Chennai MRTS|Chennai Beach}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Chennai MRTS|Perungudi}}
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" colspan=2 align=center|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the right
|-
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="50" valign="top" |'''P'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="50" valign="top" |
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="50" valign="top" |
|-
|}

==EMU shed==
The station has a massive shed for preventive maintenance of electrical multiple unit (EMU) rakes, which is spread over 44 hectares.<ref name="Hindu_EMUShedLiesUnused"/> Before the opening of the shed in 2008, maintenance of the all MRTS rakes were being sent to {{stnlnk|Avadi}}.<ref name="Hindu_NewMRTSStationComingUp">{{cite news
| title = New MRTS station coming up
| location = Chennai
| date = 11 July 2008
| url = http://www.hindu.com/2008/07/11/stories/2008071158870300.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080713224326/http://www.hindu.com/2008/07/11/stories/2008071158870300.htm
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 13 July 2008
| newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
| access-date = 15 Feb 2014}}</ref> However, the shed has been lying in disuse for the past few years. Due to this, there are currently no mid-night services between Chennai Beach station and Velachery.<ref name="Hindu_EMUShedLiesUnused">{{cite news
| last = Oppili
| first = P.
|author2=Vivek Narayanan
| title = EMU shed lies unused in Velachery
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 12 November 2013
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/emu-shed-lies-unused-in-velachery/article5340220.ece
| access-date = 16 Nov 2013}}</ref>

==Additional infrastructure==
A bus bay in front of the station, set to become the biggest in south Chennai, is under construction at a cost of {{INR}} 100 million, jointly executed by the [[Southern Railway (India)|Southern Railway]] and the [[Government of Tamil Nadu|state government]]. To be built in about 60,000 sq m of land, the depot will be owned by the state government.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Mariappan
| first = Julie
| title = Work begins on 15-acre bus bay
| location = Chennai
| date = 16 June 2011
| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-16/chennai/29664665_1_bus-bay-road-infrastructure-southern-railway
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130103163336/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-16/chennai/29664665_1_bus-bay-road-infrastructure-southern-railway
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 3 January 2013
| newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
| access-date = 24 Nov 2012}}</ref>

A 3.4 km-long, 18 m-wide access road to [[Perungudi railway station|Perungudi station]] and [[Taramani railway station|Taramani station]] is being constructed along the MRTS line from Velachery to Taramani.<ref>{{cite news|title=3.4-km-long road to connect MRTS stations in Chennai|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/34kmlong-road-to-connect-mrts-stations-in-chennai/article5460467.ece|access-date=21 Dec 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=15 December 2013}}</ref>

==Patronage==
The station primarily serves the residential community of Velachery and its neighbouring suburbs such as [[Pallikaranai]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Link road suffers from encroachment|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-downtown/article3729316.ece|access-date=18 August 2012|newspaper=The Hindu|date=5 August 2012}}</ref> The Velachery station receives the highest patronage among all the MRTS stations.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ajai Sreevatsan|title=Poor patronage at some MRTS stations|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/11/15/stories/2009111559720300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091120044628/http://www.hindu.com/2009/11/15/stories/2009111559720300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 November 2009|access-date=18 Aug 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=15 November 2009}}</ref>

==Developments==
In September 2013, the Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation (IRCTC) invited tenders for setting up a food plaza in the station, along with two other stations, namely, {{stnlnk|Thirumayilai}} and {{stnlnk|Thiruvanmiyur}}.<ref>{{cite news
|last = Narayanan
|first = Vivek
|title = Missed a meal? Grab a bite at MRTS station in Chennai
|newspaper = The Hindu
|location = Chennai
|date = 28 September 2013
|url = http://www.one.in/hindu-chennai/missed-a-meal-grab-a-bite-at-mrts-station-in-chennai-508634.html
|access-date = 18 Apr 2014
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140419011921/http://www.one.in/hindu-chennai/missed-a-meal-grab-a-bite-at-mrts-station-in-chennai-508634.html
|archive-date = 19 April 2014
|url-status = dead
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Chennai MRTS]]
* [[Chennai suburban railway]]
* [[Chennai Metro]]
* [[Transport in Chennai]]

==References==
{{commons category|Velachery railway station}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Chennai MRTS}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2007]]
[[Category:Chennai Mass Rapid Transit System stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Chennai]]

[[ta:வேளச்சேரி]]

S. H. Godbole

2026-05-06T09:46:45Z

BoydMalizia: starting a entry from scratch - done

{{Short description|Indian artist (1885-1972)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more footnotes needed|date=July 2018}}
{{Peacock|date=January 2026}}
}}
{{Infobox artist
| name = Shankar Hari Godbole
| image =
| caption = Artist S.H. Godbole in Advocate Ramdas Paranjpe's office, 1967
| birth_date = 1885
| death_date = 1972
| field = Painting, Watercolor
| relatives = [[Mumbiram]] (grandson)
}}
'''Shankar Hari Godbole''' (1885-1972) was an Indian artist who worked in various art forms, including [[Watercolor painting|watercolor]], [[Portrait|portraiture]], and [[landscape painting]]. He was well known for painting scenes of rural India. As the secretary of the Pune branch of the [[Bombay Art Society]], he organized the annual Monsoon Art Exhibitions in [[Pune]].<ref name="auto">{{cite book |last1=Dhond |first1=Pralhad Anant |title=Rapan |publisher=Mouj Prakashan Gruh}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite book |last1=Sadwelkar |first1=Baburao |title="The Bombay Art Society, 1888-1988, story of hundred years : research for a brief history of the Bombay Art Society with a collection of old records and rare works of art of old masters" |date=1989 |publisher= Bombay Art Society.}}</ref> His art was collected by English civil servants and army officers at the time of the [[British Raj]].

==Personal life and education==
He was born in [[Wai, Maharashtra|Wai]], [[Maharashtra]], a religious center on the banks of the [[Krishna River]]. Godbole's ancestors worked in traditional priestly occupations and were well-versed in the Vedas. His father, Hari Ganesh Godbole, whose scholarly works "''Aatmavidyaa''" and "''Jeevitavidyaa''" remain popular today.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Godbole |first1=Hari Ganesh |title=Aatmavidyaa|date=1911 |publisher=Keshav Bhikaji Dhavle, Mumbai}}</ref> He received education in the British colonial system and became the headmaster of government high schools in Pune and Nashik. As a teenager, Godbole married Varanasi Vartak, the eldest daughter of Vishnu Vartak, chief engineer of the [[Bombay Presidency]]. They had four daughters. Varanasi died of [[tuberculosis]] around 1935. Godbole married a second time around 1940 to a widow, introduced to him by social reformer [[Dhondo Keshav Karve]]. They had one son.

==Careers==
===Art teacher at St. Vincent High School and secretary at the Bombay Art Society of Pune===
Godbole joined Mumbai's [[Sir Jamsetjee Jeejebhoy School of Art|Sir Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy School of Art]] around 1910, against his parents' wishes. There, he befriended Narayan Eranna Puram, and they became lifelong friends. Both dropped out of the J.J. School to follow independent paths. Godbole became a teacher at [[St. Vincent's High School]] in Pune's [[Pune Camp|army cantonment area]]. His watercolor paintings were appreciated by the English and Parsee communities of Pune.
In the 1930s, Godbole became the secretary of the Pune branch of the Bombay Art Society. In this role, he organized the annual Monsoon exhibitions of the Bombay Art Society under the patronage of the governor of the Bombay Presidency.<ref name="auto1"/> The governor was consistently the chief guest at the grand opening ceremony of the exhibition.<ref name="auto"/> Godbole never entered his own works in these exhibitions.

===Institute of Modern Art===
In the 1930s, Puram and Godbole founded the “Institute of Modern Art” in Pune.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dengle |first1=Divakar |title=Shri Sayajirao Silam Abhinandan Granth (Collection of Essays n honour of Sayajirao Silam) |publisher=Adarkar V.N.}}</ref> This institution later evolved into Puram’s Bharatiya Kala Prasarini Sabha, the parent organization of Abhinav Kala Vidyalaya, Pune’s first art and architecture college. Godbole’s son-in-law, Ramdas Paranjpe, served on the Sabha’s executive committee for many years and, together with Sayajirao Silam, contributed to its fundraising efforts. Paranjpe, who held Godbole and his work in high regard, later became president of the Bharatiya Kala Prasarini Sabha in the 1960s.

===Early works===
The painting ''"Young Men with Ganesha on Ocean Beach"'' depicts an idealized Ganapati Visarjan procession, one of several renditions on this theme Godbole created in the 1930s. This portrayal differs from historical processions known in Pune or Mumbai. The work does not emphasize anatomical accuracy or technical virtuosity; instead, the artist conveys a vision of an intimate emotional experience. The painting is reminiscent of early [[Bengal School of Art]] works by artists such as [[Kshitindranath Mazumdar|Kshitindranath Majumdar]], [[Jamini Roy]], and some early pieces by [[Rabindranath Tagore]]. Another notable feature of this painting is the androgynous quality exuded by the figures of the Ganesha devotees.

===Interpretation of mythological themes===
In the 1930s, Godbole experimented with fusing Indian mythological themes with a Western classical painting style. During this period, his friend Puram was creating illustrations for the monumental [[Mahabharata]] edition produced by the [[Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute]] of Pune.
A rare surviving example from that time is ''“Ravana’s encounter with Sita in Panchavati”'', a painting based on a key moment in the epic [[Ramayana]]. Godbole's depiction of Ravana's encounter with Sita diverges from traditional understandings of that meeting. Ravana is shown approaching Sita not as a respected sanyasi or a fearful demon with a thin disguise, but as a youthful, courteous wanderer of the forest. The depiction suggests Ravana's acute understanding of the mental state of an overprotected young woman approached by an exotic stranger with unclear intentions. This portrayal suggests Ravana lured Sita to cross the Laxmana Rekha rather than resorting to blackmail. Godbole's unique interpretation depicts Ravana as a youthful figure and Sita as a naive young woman. This is an unusual portrayal of Sita, who is typically shown as a revered demi-goddess in many other depictions. This interpretation reflects a nuanced understanding of Ravana's cleverness and Sita's human sentiments, which disrupted their idyllic life in Panchavati.

===Watercolor===
Mumbiram described Godbole's watercolor treatment: "Highlights and bright areas are created by leaving the paper white or letting it shine through, rather than by adding white pigment to the colors. The artist has to have a good judgment of the light effects before dipping the brush in the colors."
The painting ''"Midday Feast for the Village Deity in the Forest"'' is a rendering made around 1950. Most of Godbole's landscapes are contextualized by the people who populate them.
The still life painting ''“Antique Japanese Vase"'' was produced by Godbole around 1950. By this time, he had no formal connection with the Bombay Art Society, which he had once led as secretary under the patronage of the governor of the Bombay Presidency. Indian artists were increasingly influenced by Western art movements of the first half of the 20th century, in a shift towards modernity. Godbole, aged 65, was no longer formally associated with art societies, allowing him artistic independence with his favored medium: watercolor.

===Post-retirement===
After his retirement around 1942, Godbole established his art studio in a farmhouse on the outskirts of Pune, along the Pune-Mumbai road. His grandson, Mumbiram, described the atmosphere that prevailed in that studio.<ref name="auto2">{{cite news |last1= Mumbiram |title= In Search of Art that Transcends Culture |date= March 17, 1985 |work= Raviwar Sakal |publisher= Sakal Papers Pvt. Ltd, Pune}}</ref> [[Mumbiram]] credits Godbole for his early influences and training. Godbole was known for painting Indian rural scenes, with bullock carts being a recurring theme in his works of the 1940s.
A painting from this period is ''"Bullock Cart Caravan returning home at sundown"'', created while he resided at his farmhouse. Godbole developed an impressionistic approach, creating impressions through distinct brushwork.

==Last years==
Much of Godbole's work was damaged during the floods that inundated Pune when the Panshet and Khadakwasla Dams broke in July 1961. His daughter Anjani and grandson Mumbiram salvaged and restored some of his works.<ref name="auto2"/> In the second half of the 20th century, Indian art came under the Western influence of abstraction and distortion, led by the [[Bombay Progressive Artists' Group]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jeffery |first1=Celina |last2=Minissale |first2=Gregory |title=Global and Local Art Histories |date= 2007 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing}}</ref> Classical art's prominence diminished. Godbole's final years were spent in indebtedness, and he was forced to sell his farmhouse. He died in 1972 with diminished recognition within the art world.

Godbole is the maternal grandfather of the artist [[Mumbiram]].

==Intellectual Struggles and Challenges==

==References==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Godbole, S. H.}}
[[Category:1885 births]]
[[Category:1972 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:Indian male painters]]
[[Category:Indian art educators]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian male artists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male artists]]
[[Category:Artists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:People from Pune]]
[[Category:People from Satara district]]
[[Category:Indian watercolourists]]
[[Category:Indian portrait painters]]
[[Category:Indian landscape painters]]

Siva Umapathy

2026-05-01T00:18:27Z

BoydMalizia: created a details

{{Short description|Indian chemist and professor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Siva Umapathy
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1959|6|10}}
| birth_place = [[Tanjavur]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Photothermal microspectroscopy]] | [[Laser spectroscopy]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[Indian Institute of Science]] | Kanagawa Academy of Science and Technology | [[University of Groningen]] | Institute of Molecular Science | [[University of Tokyo]] | [[Imperial College of Science and Technology]] | [[Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[University of Madras]] | [[PSG College of Technology]] | [[University of Otago]] | [[Rutherford Appleton Laboratory]] | [[University of York]] | [[University of Nottingham]] }}
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies of [[molecular dynamics]]
| awards = {{ublist | 1989 [[University of South Carolina|UoSC]] Young Investigator Award | 2003 Sir C. V. Raman Young Scientist Award | 2004 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] | 2004 [[Chemical Research Society of India|CRSI]] Bronze Medal Medal | 2012 Raman-Mishishuma Award }}
}}

'''Siva Umapathy''' (born 10 June 1959) has been appointed as Honorary [[Professor]] of the Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry and also at the department of Instrumentation and Applied Physics by the [[Indian Institute of Science]] after his formal retirement in 2024. He was the [[Director (business)|Director]] (September 2018 to August 2023) of the [[Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal]] (IISER).<ref name="Prof. Siva Umapathy">{{Cite web |url=http://ipc.iisc.ernet.in/~umapathy |title=Prof. Siva Umapathy |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Institute of Science}}</ref> He is known for his studies of [[molecular dynamics]] using [[Raman spectroscopy]].<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/Detail.aspx?AID=96 |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |date=2016 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref> He is a fellow of the [[Royal Society of Chemistry]]<ref name="S. Umapathy on Elsevier">{{Cite web |url=http://www.journals.elsevier.com/spectrochimica-acta-part-a-molecular-and-biomolecular-spectroscopy/editorial-board/s-umapathy |title=S. Umapathy on Elsevier |date=2016 |publisher=Elsevier}}</ref> and an elected fellow of the [[Indian National Science Academy]] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Science_Academy), [[Indian Academy of Sciences]]<ref name="Fellow profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Umapathy,_Prof._Siva |title=Fellow profile |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences |access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref> and also The [[National Academy of Sciences, India|National Academy of Science of India]]. The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards, in 2004, for his contributions to chemical sciences.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Umapathy, born on 10 June 1959 in [[Tanjavur]] in the south Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]], graduated in chemistry from the Kongunadu Arts and Science College of the [[University of Madras]]. He joined the [[PSG College of Technology]] from where he passed MSc in applied science in 1981.<ref name="Laser Spectroscopy Group">{{Cite web |url=http://ipc.iisc.ernet.in/~umapathy/cv.html |title=Laser Spectroscopy Group |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Institute of Science |access-date=28 November 2016 |archive-date=23 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223061347/http://ipc.iisc.ernet.in/~umapathy/cv.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Subsequently, he moved to New Zealand for his doctoral studies and secured a PhD in physical chemistry from the [[University of Otago]].<ref name="Signature of Success: Siva Umapathy">{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/science-and-technology/story/20110919-indian-scientists-at-forefront-of-research-siva-umapathy-747598-2011-09-10 |title=Signature of Success: Siva Umapathy |date=10 September 2011 |publisher=India Today}}</ref> Obtaining a research fellowship from [[Science and Engineering Research Board]], he did his post-doctoral studies at the [[Rutherford Appleton Laboratory]] and the [[University of York]]. On his return to India, he joined the [[Indian Institute of Science]] where he served as [[Professor]] of the Department of Instrumentation and Applied Physics and the chair of the Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry. He headed the ''Laser Spectroscopy Group'' at the IISc where he hosts a number of doctoral and post-doctoral scholars.<ref name="Prof. Siva Umapathy's Research Group">{{Cite web |url=http://ipc.iisc.ac.in/~umapathy/group.html |title=Prof. Siva Umapathy's Research Group |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Institute of Science}}</ref> He has also served as a visiting faculty or fellow at various institutions such as the Kanagawa Academy of Science and Technology, [[University of Groningen]], Institute of Molecular Science, [[University of Tokyo]], [[Imperial College of Science and Technology]] and [[University of Nottingham]].<ref name="Laser Spectroscopy Group" /> He also served as Director (September 2018 to August 2023) of the [[Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal]] (IISER).

== Legacy ==
Umapathy's research is centered on [[Laser spectroscopy]] and he has carried out extensive work on [[molecular dynamics]] using [[Raman spectroscopy]].<ref name="Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners">{{Cite web |url=http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf |title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners |date=2016 |publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research}}</ref> His group also utilizes other spectroscopic techniques like infra red and is involved in the examination of the molecular structure of cells and tissues.<ref name="Research Overview">{{Cite web |url=http://ipc.iisc.ernet.in/~umapathy/ |title=Research Overview |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Institute of Science}}</ref> Using Raman spectroscopic techniques, he has developed a method to identify [[biomarkers]] in cells which is estimated to assist in early cancer detection.<ref name="Signature of Success: Siva Umapathy" /> He has published several peer-reviewed articles;<ref name="Browse by Fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/view/fellows/Umapathy=3ASiva=3A=3A.html |title=Browse by Fellow |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref> [[ResearchGate]], an online repository of science articles, has listed 164 of them.<ref name="Siva Umapathy on ResearchGate">{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Siva_Umapathy |title=Siva Umapathy on ResearchGate |date=2016 }}</ref>

== Awards and honors ==
Umapathy has been a holder of the Swarna Jayanthi Fellowship (2000) and the [[Jagadish Chandra Bose|J. C. Bose]] National Fellowship of the [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]] from 2010 to 2020 and again from Nov 2023 until 2027. He received the Young Investigator Award for the ICORS Conference at the [[University of South Carolina]] in 1989 and the Sir [[C. V. Raman]] Young Scientist Award from the Government of Karnataka in 2003.<ref name="Laser Spectroscopy Group" /> The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards, in 2004.<ref name="Chemical Sciences">{{cite web | url=http://www.csir.res.in/External/Heads/career/award/BPRIZE/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES.htm | title=Chemical Sciences | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | date=2016 | access-date=7 November 2016 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120912012851/http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES.htm | archive-date=12 September 2012 }}</ref> The same year, he received the Bronze Medal Medal of the [[Chemical Research Society of India]].<ref name="CRSI Bronze Medal">{{Cite web |url=http://www.crsi.org.in/index.php/crsi-awards/year-1999-2008 |title=CRSI Bronze Medal |date=2016 |publisher=Chemical Research Society of India}}</ref> He is also a recipient of the Raman-Mishishuma Award of the India-Japan Science Promotion Council which he received in 2012. He is a fellow of the [[Royal Society of Chemistry]] and became an elected fellow of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] in 2003.<ref name="Fellow profile" /> He has delivered several award orations including the Subbarao Memorial Lecture at the [[Osmania University]] (1993)<ref name="Laser Spectroscopy Group" /> and many invited and plenary lectures.<ref name="Laser Spectroscopy Group" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
PUBLISHED WORK:
* https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=2SM6_vgAAAAJ&hl=en
VIDEO LECTURES:
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0gXn-jYL8zc
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-sxo-sEOtjY
* https://www.acs.org/international/india/events/india-science-talk-recordings/siva-umapathy.html
* {{Cite web |url=https://iisc.academia.edu/SIVAUMAPATHY |title=Siva Umapathy |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Institute of Science|work=List of publications}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/photo/profile-of-top-25-scientists-in-india-366262-2011-09-11 |title=Profile of Top 25 scientists in India |date=2011-09-11 |website=India Today |language=en-US |access-date=2018-01-17}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Chemical Science}}
{{Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Laureates of Karnataka}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Umapathy, Siva}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Chemical Science]]
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil chemists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society of Chemistry]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:University of Otago alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of York]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Indian Institute of Science]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Groningen]]
[[Category:Academics of the University of Nottingham]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Tokyo]]
[[Category:Indian Tamil academics]]
[[Category:People from Thanjavur district]]

Vattakhanal

2026-04-29T18:23:26Z

BoydMalizia: created a entry

{{Short description|Indian Tamil-language action drama film}}
{{No plot|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vattakhanal
| image = Vattakhanal.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Pithak Pugazhenthi
| writer = 
| producer = A. Mathiyazhagan M. Veerammal
| starring = Dhruvan M [[Meenakshi Govindarajan]] [[R. K. Suresh]]
| cinematography = M. A. Anand
| editing = [[V. J. Sabu Joseph]]
| music = [[Maris Vijay]]
| studio = MPR Films Skyline Cinemas
| released = {{Film date|2025|11|07|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Vattakhanal''''' ({{Translation|Circular canal}}) is a 2025 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action drama film]] directed by Pithak Pugazhenthi and produced by A. Mathiyazhagan,M. Veerammal and Co Produced by R M Rajesh.The film features Dhruvan M, [[Meenakshi Govindarajan]], and [[R. K. Suresh]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=|date=2025-11-03 |title=துருவன் மனோவின் “வட்டக்கானல்” படத்தின் ரிலீஸ் தேதி அறிவிப்பு |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/dhruvan-manos-vattakhanal-release-date-announced-1188231 |access-date=2025-11-12 |website=www.dailythanthi.com |language=ta}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* Dhruvan Mano as Sathya
* [[Meenakshi Govindarajan]] as Varsha
* [[R. K. Suresh]] as Kathiravan
* [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] as Jeffi
* [[Vinodhini]]
* [[Aari Arujunan]]
* [[Aadukalam Naren]] as Chellapandi
* [[Vidya Pradeep]] as Radha
* KPY Sharath
* [[Kabali Vishwanth]]
}}

== Production ==
The film is directed by Pithak Pugazhenthi and produced by A. Mathiyazhagan and M. Veerammal under the banner of MPR Films and Skyline Cinemas. The music is composed by [[Maris Vijay]], with cinematography by M A Anand and edited by [[V. J. Sabu Joseph]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=|date=2025-09-25 |title=“வட்டக்கானல்” படத்தின் முதல் பாடலை வெளியிடும் ஏ.ஆர்.ரகுமான் |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/vattakhanal-film-first-song-release-by-ar-rahman-1181537 |access-date=2025-11-12 |website=www.dailythanthi.com |language=ta}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''[[Maalai Malar]]'' critic stated that "based on the story of intoxicating mushrooms."<ref>{{Cite web |last=|date=2025-11-08 |title=வட்டக்கானல் திரைவிமர்சனம் {{!}}Vattakhanal Review in tamil |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/vattakhanal-164701 |access-date=2025-11-12 |website=www.maalaimalar.com |language=ta}}</ref> ''[[Dinamalar]]'' critic rated two out of five star.<ref>{{Cite web |title=வட்டக்கானல் - விமர்சனம் {2/5} : வட்டக்கானல் - தலைப்பு, கதைக்கருவெல்லாம் ஓகே. ஆனா திருப்தியான படமாக உணர முடியல - Vattakhanal |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/movie-review/3679/Vattakhanal/ |access-date=2025-11-12 |website=cinema.dinamalar.com |language=en}}</ref>

''[[Dinakaran]]'' critic stated that "Then, the guilt of being loyal to the adoptive father is a good twist."<ref>{{Cite web |title=வட்டக்கானல்: விமர்சனம் |url=https://cinema.dinakaran.com/cinema/vattakanal_review/ |access-date=2025-11-12 |website=Kollywood News {{!}} Kollywood Images - Cinema.dinakaran.com |language=ta-IN}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|38428591}}

[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]

Narinder Singh of Patiala

2026-04-23T14:08:18Z

BoydMalizia: stub

{{Short description|Maharaja of Patiala from 1845 to 1862}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Narinder Singh
| title = [[Maharaja]] of [[Patiala State|Patiala]]
| image = Photograph of Maharaja Narinder Singh (alt. spelt as 'Narendra Singh') of Patiala State with attendants, by Jean Baptiste Oscar Malitte, ca.1860.jpg
| caption = Narinder Singh with attendants, photograph attributed to [[Oscar Malitte]], {{circa|1860}}
| succession = [[Maharaja of Patiala]]
| reign = 1845 – 1862
| predecessor = [[Karam Singh of Patiala|Karam Singh]]
| successor = [[Mahendra Singh of Patiala|Mahendra Singh]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1824|11|26|df=yes}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1862|11|13|1824|11|26|df=yes}}
| issue = Mahendra Singh Basant Kaur Bishan Kaur
| religion = [[Sikhism]]
| dynasty = [[Phulkian dynasty|Phulkian]]
}}

'''Narinder Singh '''{{post-nominals|country=GBR|KSI}} (26 November 1824 – 13 November 1862), also spelt as '''Narendra Singh''',<ref>{{Cite web |title=History & Culture - Patiala |url=http://nripunjab.gov.in/patiala-history.htm |access-date=12 August 2023 |website=NRI Affairs Department, Government of Punjab (India) |archive-date=2 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602214522/http://nripunjab.gov.in/patiala-history.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> was the [[Maharaja]] of the [[princely state]] of [[Patiala State|Patiala]] from 1845 to 1862. He was one of the first local rulers to receive the [[Order of the Star of India]] and was a member of the [[Imperial Legislative Council|Indian Legislative Council]] during [[Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning|Lord Canning]]'s Viceroyalty.<ref>Indian India. India, Director of Public Relations, Chamber of Princes, 1945.</ref> He is popularly regarded as one of the wisest rulers of Patiala, with him having a wide diversity of interests.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Goswamy |first=B. N. |title=Piety and Splendour: Sikh Heritage in Art |publisher=National Museum |year=2000 |location=Delhi |pages=156–157}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Singh's father was [[Maharaja of Patiala|Maharaja]] [[Karam Singh of Patiala|Karam Singh]] of [[Patiala State|Patiala]]. He succeeded his father on 18 January 1846, aged twenty-three.<ref>Bhagata Siṅgha. A History of the Sikh Misals. India, Publication Bureau, Punjabi University, 1993.</ref> During his reign, the [[Moti Bagh Palace]] was constructed at a cost of five lakhs of rupees.<ref>Sandhu, Jaspreet Kaur. Sikh Ethos: Eighteenth Century Perspective. India, Vision & Venture, 2000.</ref>

During the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], Singh assisted the [[East India Company]], and his assistance were later acknowledged by the [[Governor-General of India]], [[Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning|Lord Canning]] as being of incalculable value.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Islam |first=Shamsul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EnDKAEQJOHgC |title=Rebel Sikhs in 1857 |publisher=Vani Prakashan |isbn=978-81-8143-795-2 |location=New Delhi |publication-date=2008 |page=19 |language=en}}</ref>

He died of fever on 13 November 1862 at the age of thirty-nine. He was succeeded as Maharaja by his ten-year-old son, [[Mahendra Singh of Patiala|Mahendra Singh]].<ref>Singh, Gur Rattan Pal. The Illustrated History of the Sikhs, 1947-78: Containing Chapters on PEPSU, AISSF, Evolution of the Demand for Sikh Homeland, and the Princess Bamba Collection. India, Gur Rattan Pal Singh, 1979.</ref> His daughter, Basant Kaur, married [[Bhagwant Singh]], the Maharaj-Rana of [[Dholpur state|Dholpur]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Srivastava |first=R. P. |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Punjab_Painting/VoPu1scXkXYC?hl=en&gbpv |title=Punjab Painting |publisher=Abhinav Publications |year=1983 |isbn=978-81-7017-174-4 |location=New Delhi |page=53 |language=en}}</ref> His other daughter, Bishan Kaur, married [[Jaswant Singh of Bharatpur|Jaswant Singh]], the Maharaja of [[Bharatpur State|Bharatpur]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Proceedings_Punjab_History_Conference/xBNDAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv |title=Proceedings - Punjab History Conference |publisher=Department of Punjab Historical Studies, Punjabi University. |year=1985 |volume=18 |pages=174 |language=en}}</ref>

== Patron of the arts and science ==
[[File:Gurmukhi inscription on the back of the astrolabe produced in Patiala State during the reign of Maharaja Narinder Singh, ca.1850.png|thumb|Gurmukhi inscription on the back of the astrolabe produced in Patiala State during the reign of Maharaja Narinder Singh, {{circa|1850}}]]
Narinder Singh was a patron of the arts.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Ikeda |first=Atsushi |title=Portraying the Guru: Art, Devotion and Identity in Sikhism |date=Sep 24, 2024 |publisher=Boydell & Brewer |isbn=9781837652389 |pages=40–41}}</ref> A [[Gurmukhi]] [[astrolabe]] was produced during his reign.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sarma |first=Sreeramula Rajeswara |date=23 January 2012 |title=The Gurmukhi Astrolabe of the Maharaja of Patiala |url=https://srsarma.in/pdf/articles/2012_Gurmukhi_Astrolabe.pdf |journal=Indian Journal of History and Science |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=63–92}}</ref> After his death, his style of art-patronage was continued by his successors and imitated by other Sikh states, such as Kapurthala, Nabha, Jind, and Faridkot.<ref name=":0" /> Narinder Singh was able to successfully obtain manuscripts of the Guru Granth Sahib that had been looted by the [[Hill States of India|Pahari Rajas]] during their [[Second siege of Anandpur|invasion of Anandpur]] in 1704. Attempting to align Patiala with the Anandpur ''raj'' that had been founded by Guru Gobind Singh in the 1690s, especially the guru's [[Kavi Darbar]] tradition, Narinder Singh patronized the re-creation of Guru Gobind Singh's ''[[Mahabharata]]'', which had consisted of eighteen main books like the original.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Satnam |title=The Road to Empire: The Political Education of Khalsa Sikhs in the Late 1600s |date=15 October 2024 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=9780520399389 |pages=200–205 |chapter=The Sikh Raj of Anandpur - The Evacuation of Anandpur and the Loss of the Vidiya Sagar}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Maharajah Karam Singh of Patiala and his son Narinder Singh with a holy man.jpg|Maharajah Karam Singh of Patiala and his son Narinder Singh with a holy man
File:Maharajah Narinder Singh of Patiala (reg. 1845-62) on horseback.webp|Maharajah Narinder Singh of Patiala (reg. 1845–62) on horseback
File:Maharajah Narinder Singh of Patiala on an elephant proceeding up the rampart of a palace.jpg|Maharajah Narinder Singh of Patiala on an elephant proceeding up the rampart of a palace
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Narinder of Patiala}}
[[Category:Indian Sikhs]]
[[Category:Maharajas of Patiala State]]
[[Category:1824 births]]
[[Category:1862 deaths]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]

Narayan Singh Panwar

2026-04-23T06:24:38Z

BoydMalizia: bio

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Biaora Assembly constituency|Biaora]]
| term_start = 2013
| term_end = 2018
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = Purshotam Dangi
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| constituency1 = [[Biaora Assembly constituency|Biaora]]
| term_start1 = 2023
| predecessor1 = Ramchandra Dangi
}}
'''Narayan Singh Panwar''' is an Indian politician from Madhya Pradesh. He is a two time elected [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]] and [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]], representing [[Biaora Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Biaora Lok Sabha Election 2024 Live: Get Biaora Lok Sabha Election Results and Candidate List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/madhya-pradesh-assembly-election/biaora-constituency/ |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Biaora assembly election results 2023: Biaora Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/madhya-pradesh/biaora-assembly-result-12161 |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> and currently minister of Fishermen Welfare and Fisheries Development madhya pradesh

== See also ==
* [[List of chief ministers of Madhya Pradesh]]
* [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Panwar, Narayan Singh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{MadhyaPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Maga.Tamizh Prabhagaran

2026-04-21T09:56:56Z

BoydMalizia: stub

{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
'''Tamil Prabhakaran''' is an Indian Tamil journalist and documentary film maker.

==Career==
===Early career===
He went to War zones of Sri Lanka in 2012. During this time, he was investigated by a group of Sri Lankan Army officials in [[Elephant Pass|Elephant pass]]. After he returned to India, he wrote a series articles titled as 'Pulithadam Thedi'(A Journey of 25 days in bloodstain Lanka) in Junior Vikatan, a leading Tamil magazine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2014/01/ramblings-in-search-of-tigers-foot.html |title=Ramblings in Search of Tigers' Foot Prints- Part 1 |publisher=Sri Lanka Guardian |date=3 January 2014 |accessdate=4 May 2014}}</ref>

===Book ===
The series which published on Junior Vikatan, later published as a book. It is a unique first-hand account on post-war situations of Sri Lanka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tamizl.com/?p=28375 |title=இடிந்தகரையில் புலித்தடம் தேடி... புத்தக வெளியீடு |publisher=Tamizl |date=26 July 2013 |accessdate=4 May 2014}}</ref>

===Interview of Irom Sharmila===
In November 2013, he took a case against the [[Manipur]] government regarding the arbitrary restrictions to meet [[Irom Sharmila]], who had been on a hunger strike, protesting against the [[Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act|Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958]] for about 13 years. After twenty days of legal battle, he finally met Sharmila. The Manipur High Court passed an order directing the authorities concerned to grant him permission to meet Sharmila, according to Assam Jail Manual which is also applicable to Manipur.<ref name="hueiyenlanpao1">{{cite web|url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=25..131213.dec13 |title=Tamil scribe meets Sharmila after Court's intervention |publisher=Hueiyen News Service |date=12 December 2013 |accessdate=4 May 2014}}</ref>

===Arrest in Sri Lanka===
In December 2013, he went to Sri Lanka second time. On his fifth day of visit (25 December 2013), he was arrested by Sri Lankan Army. After he was detained for three days in Colombo by Terrorist Investigation Department. During his arrest, Tamil Nadu was shock, and gave voice for his release. New York based Journalist group 'Committee to Protect Journalists' also condemned his arrest. [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] leader Kalaignar [[Karunanidhi]], [[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] leader [[Vaiko]], [[Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi]] leader [[Thol. Thirumavalavan|Thol.Thirumavalavan]], PMK leader [[Ramadoss]], May17 movement [[Thirumurugan Gandhi|Thirumuruan Gandhi]] and various Tamil Media associations also demand his immediate release from Sri Lankan Army custody. On 28 December 2013, he was released and deported to India.,<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|author=Indian journalist arrested in Sri Lanka |url=https://www.cpj.org/2013/12/indian-journalist-arrested-in-sri-lanka.php |title=Indian journalist arrested in Sri Lanka – Committee to Protect Journalists |publisher=Cpj.org |date=27 December 2013 |accessdate=4 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-12-29/an-slanka-deports-journo/5177432 |title=Sri Lanka deports Indian reporter covering ex-warzone – Australia Network News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) |publisher=Abc.net.au |date=29 December 2013 |accessdate=4 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Tamil-Nadu-journalist-held-in-Sri-Lanka-for-video-taping-army-camp/articleshow/27989778.cms |title=Tamil Nadu journalist held in Sri Lanka for 'video-taping' army camp – The Times of India |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=27 December 2013 |accessdate=4 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fmjeSogX45c |title=NewsX: Tamil reporter Prabhakaran arrested by Sri Lankan army. Vaiko appeals to PM. |publisher=YouTube |date=27 December 2013 |accessdate=4 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=PTI |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/parties-journalist-associations-seek-arrested-indians-release/article5508016.ece |title=Parties, journalist associations seek arrested Indian's release |publisher=The Hindu |date=27 December 2013 |accessdate=4 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nation.lk/edition/feature-issues/item/24128-prabhakaran%E2%80%99s-undercover-mission.html |title=Prabhakaran's undercover mission |publisher=nation.lk |date= |accessdate=4 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140516140142/http://www.nation.lk/edition/feature-issues/item/24128-prabhakaran%E2%80%99s-undercover-mission.html |archive-date=16 May 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Works===
* Directed [[This Land Belongs to the Army]], a documentary film. This film also exposes the Sri Lankan government's policy of Sinhalisation and system [[land grabbing]] of Sri Lankan forces. It also features new testimonies from Tamil genocide victims and an exclusive interview with a Sri Lankan Army officer, who confesses to the indiscriminate use of chemical and heavy weapons against the Tamils in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tamilguardian.com/article.asp?articleid=9912 |title='Land grabs part of structural genocide' – interview with Tamil Nadu journalist Maga Tamizh Prabhagaran |publisher=Tamilguardian.com |date=10 February 2014 |accessdate=4 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ft.lk/2013/12/30/indian-journalist-tamil-prabhakaran-deported/ |title=Indian journalist Tamil Prabhakaran deported | DailyFT – Be Empowered |publisher=Ft.lk |date=30 December 2013 |accessdate=4 May 2014}}</ref>
* Directed [[Manipur: The Land of Tears]], a television documentary.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prabhagaran, Maga.Tamizh}}
[[Category:Tamil journalists]]
[[Category:Journalists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian filmmakers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Girraj Kishore Mahaur

2026-04-15T03:36:56Z

BoydMalizia: done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Girraj Kishore Bhajanlal Mahaur
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|Harayana Legislative Assembly]]
| term_end = 1987
| term_start = 1982
| parents = Bhajanlalji Mahaur
| president = [[Zail Singh]]
| vice_president = [[Mohammad Hidayatullah]]
| prime_minister = [[Indira Gandhi]]
| governor = [[Ganpatrao Devji Tapase]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| other_party = [[Lok Dal]]
| birth_name = Girraj Kishore Bhajanlalji Mahaur
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1950}}
| birth_place = [[Hassanpur]], [[Faridabad district]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] (now [[Haryana]])
}}

'''Girraj Kishore Bhajanlal Mahaur'''<ref>{{Cite news|title=गया लाल के बेटे उदयभान ने कहा- मेरे पिता नहीं थे 'आया राम-गया राम'|work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/UT-CHD-haryana-assembly-election-news-4745060-PHO.html}}</ref> is an [[Politics of India|Indian politician]] and former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of legislative assembly]] for [[Hassanpur]] [[Electoral district|constituency]] (Now [[Hodal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]]) as [[Lokdal]] candidate in Haryana 1982.<ref>{{Cite web|title=अतीत से : जब पुन:मतगणना में जीत गए लोकदल प्रत्याशी खिल्लन सिंह|url=https://www.jagran.com/haryana/faridabad-11596178.html|access-date=2022-02-14|website=m.jagran.com|language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=लड्डू बांटकर जताई खुशी|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/punjab-and-haryana/faridabad/laddus-sharing-happiness/articleshow/59703502.cms|access-date=2022-02-14|website=Navbharat Times|language=hi}}</ref> He belongs to the [[Mahawar Koli|Mahaur]] [[Koli people|Koli]] [[Caste system in India|caste]] of [[Haryana]].<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahaur, Girraj Kishore}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Lok Dal politicians]]

{{Haryana-INC-politician-stub}}

Bali Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:16:45Z

BoydMalizia: Added the bio more to come

{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Rajasthan State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bali
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-120-Bali.svg
| mla = [[Pushpendra Singh]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Pali district|Pali]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Pali Lok Sabha constituency|Pali]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:332830}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 120
}}
'''Bali Assembly constituency''' is one of the 200 [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP.pdf |title=New Assembly Constituencies |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in |date=25 January 2006| access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref> It is in [[Pali district|Pali]] district and is part of [[Pali Lok Sabha constituency]].

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
Source<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/assemblypolls/rajasthan/bali.html |title=Election Results of Bali, Rajasthan}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| 1951
|Laxman Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 1957
|Moti s/o Mula
|-
| 1957
|Deva
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 1962
|Mohan Raj Jain<ref name=election1962>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3380-rajasthan-1962/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 1962 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=8 January 2024 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|-
| 1967
|[[Thakur Prithvi Singh Deora]]<ref name=election1967>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3382-rajasthan-1967/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 1967 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=14 January 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| 1972
|Mohan Raj Jain<ref name=election1972>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3383-rajasthan-1972/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 1972 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=14 January 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 1977
|Hanwant Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| 1980
|Aslam Khan
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 1985
|Raghunath
|-
| 1990
|Amrat Lal<ref name=election1990>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3392-rajasthan-1990/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 1990 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=14 January 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| 1993<ref name=election1993>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3394-rajasthan-1993/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 1993 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=14 January 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|rowspan=2|[[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=8}}
|-
| 1998<ref name=election1998>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3400-rajasthan-1998/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 1998 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=14 January 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|-
| 2002 (By Poll)
|rowspan=6|[[Pushpendra Singh Ranawat]]
|-
| 2003<ref name=election2003>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3403-rajasthan-2003/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2003 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=14 January 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|-
| 2008<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3407-rajasthan-2008/|title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|-
| 2013<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3411-rajasthan-2013/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2013 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|-
| [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name=election2018/>
|-
| [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<ref name=election2023 name="election2023-1">{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Bali<ref name="election2023"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Pushpendra Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:107938}}
|percentage = 48.62
|change = -0.38
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Badriram Jakhar
|votes = {{formatnum:97445}}
|percentage = 43.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Lal Singh Dewasi
|votes = {{formatnum:5823}}
|percentage = 2.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)
|candidate = Shailesh Kumar Mousalpuriya
|votes = {{formatnum:2735}}
|percentage = 1.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3144}}
|percentage = 1.42
|change = -1.3
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:10493}}
|percentage = 4.73
|change = -9.62
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:222020}}
|percentage = 66.71
|change = +2.06
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Bali<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA (Legislative Assembly Election) 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Pushpendra Singh
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:96238}}
|percentage = 49.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = Ummed Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:68051}}
|percentage = 34.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharat Vahini Party
|candidate = Rajugiri Ji
|votes = {{formatnum:5616}}
|percentage = 2.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Indu Choudhary
|votes = {{formatnum:5414}}
|percentage = 2.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shailesh Kumar Mousalpuriya
|votes = {{formatnum:3479}}
|percentage = 1.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Jaipal Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:3270}}
|percentage = 1.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Abhinav Rajasthan Party
|candidate = Mahendra Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:2920}}
|percentage = 1.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Danaram Meena
|votes = {{formatnum:2796}}
|percentage = 1.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:5334}}
|percentage = 2.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:28187}}
|percentage = 14.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:196399}}
|percentage = 64.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Pali district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|25.19|73.29|display=title}}

[[Category:Pali district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
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Large flying fox

2026-04-09T10:03:45Z

BoydMalizia: new

{{Short description|Species of fruit bat}}
{{Redirect|Greater flying fox|the species from New Guinea and nearby islands|great flying fox}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Large flying fox
| image = Wilhelma Kalong-Flughund Pteropus vampyrus 0513.jpg
| status = EN
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 15 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author1=Mildenstein, T. |author2=Abdul Aziz, S. |author3=Paguntalan, L. |author4=Jakosalem, P.G. |author5=Mohd-Azlan, J. |author6=Tagtag, A. |author7=Bansa, L. |author8=Reintar, A.R. |author9=Struebig, M. |author10=Fredriksson, G. |author11=Lee, B. |author12=Thong, V.D. |author13=Sheherazade. |date=2022 |title=''Pteropus vampyrus'' |volume=2022 |article-number=e.T18766A22088824|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/18766/22088824 |access-date=9 December 2022}}</ref>
| genus = Pteropus
| species = vampyrus
| authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])<ref name=SN>{{cite book|last=Linnaeus|first=Carl|title=Systema naturæ per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I|year=1758|publisher=Laurentius Salvius|location=Holmiæ|page=31|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/80764#page/41/mode/1up|edition=10th|access-date=21 November 2012|language=la}}</ref>
| range_map = Large Flying Fox area.png
| range_map_caption = Large flying fox range
| synonyms = {{species list
|Vespertilio vampyrus|Linnaeus, 1758
|Pteropus giganteus|(Brünnich, 1825)}}
}}
[[File:Large flying foxes (Pteropus vampyrus) in flight from Pulau Kalong Rinca.jpg|thumb|Large flying foxes in flight from Pulau Kalong Rinca at dusk]]
The '''large flying fox''' ('''''Pteropus vampyrus''''', formerly '''''Pteropus giganteus'''''), also known as the '''greater flying fox''', '''Malayan flying fox''', '''Malaysian flying fox''', '''large fruit bat''', '''kalang''', or '''kalong''', is a [[southeast Asia]]n species of [[megabat]] in the family Pteropodidae.<ref name = MSW3/> Despite its scientific name, it feeds exclusively on fruits, nectar, and flowers, like the other flying foxes of the genus ''[[Pteropus]]''. It is noted for being one of the largest bats.<ref name=Kunz2000/> As with nearly all other Old World fruit bats, it lacks the ability to [[Animal echolocation|echolocate]] but compensates for it with well-developed eyesight.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.acoustics.hut.fi/u/mairas/pubs/echolocation_in_bats.pdf |title=Echolocation in bats |author=Matti Airas |publisher=HUT, Laboratory of Acoustics and Audio Signal Processing |page=4 |access-date=July 19, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019094829/http://www.acoustics.hut.fi/u/mairas/pubs/echolocation_in_bats.pdf |archive-date=October 19, 2013}}</ref>

==Taxonomy==
{{cladogram|align=left|style=width:390px;font-size:85%;line-height:100%|caption=Location of the large flying fox (''Pteropus vampyrus'') relative to some other members of its genus<ref name="Almeida 2014">{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2014.03.009|pmid=24662680|title=Each flying fox on its own branch: A phylogenetic tree for Pteropus and related genera (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae)|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=77|pages=83–95|year=2014|last1=Almeida|first1=Francisca C|last2=Giannini|first2=Norberto P|last3=Simmons|first3=Nancy B|last4=Helgen|first4=Kristofer M|doi-access=free|bibcode=2014MolPE..77...83A |hdl=11336/12485|hdl-access=free}}</ref>
|cladogram={{clade
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Pteropus livingstonii|P. livingstonii]]''
|2=''[[Pteropus voeltzkowi|P. voeltzkowi]]'' }}
|label2="''vampyrus''" group
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Pteropus dasymallus|P. dasymallus]]''
|2=''[[Pteropus pumilus|P. pumilus]]'' }}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Pteropus rodricensis|P. rodricensis]]''
|2='''''P. vampyrus''''' }}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Pteropus lylei|P. lylei]]''
|2=''[[Pteropus giganteus|P. medius]]''}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pteropus aldabrensis|P. aldabrensis]]''
|2=''[[Pteropus rufus|P. rufus]]''
|3={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Pteropus seychellensis|P. seychellensis]]''*
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pteropus niger|P. niger]]''*
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pteropus seychellensis|P. seychellensis]]''*
|2=''[[Pteropus niger|P. niger]]''* }} }} }} }} }} }}
|3=''[[Pteropus pselaphon|P. pselaphon]]'' }} }} }} }} }}
The large flying fox was one of the many [[Mammalia in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae|mammal species originally described]] by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in the landmark 1758 [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|10th edition]] of his ''[[Systema Naturae]]'', receiving the name ''Vespertilio vampyrus''.<ref name=SN/> The [[holotype]] was collected on [[Java]].<ref name="Andersen 1912">{{cite book |last=Andersen |first=Knud |date=1912 |title=Catalogue of the Chiroptera in the collection of the British Museum |url= https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8409413|location=London |publisher=British Museum (Natural History). Department of Zoology . [Mammals] |edition=2nd|volume=1 |author-link=Knud Andersen (mammalogist)}}</ref>{{rp|70}} Its [[specific epithet (zoology)|species name]] "''vampyrus''" is derived from [[Slavs|Slavic]] "wampir" meaning "blood-sucking ghost or demon: [[vampire]]".<ref name=Kunz2000/> This name was chosen in reference to its "alleged blood-sucking habits",<ref name="Andersen 1912"/>{{rp|87}} although it is entirely vegetarian and largely [[frugivorous]].<ref name=Kunz2000/>

Based on phylogenetic analysis using [[mitochondrial DNA]], the closest relative of the large flying fox is the [[Rodrigues flying fox]] (''Pteropus rodricensis''). Because the genus ''Pteropus'' is so speciose, it is further subdivided into species groups. The large flying fox is the namesake of the "''vampyrus''" group, which also includes the following species:<ref name="Almeida 2014"/>
{{div col}}
*[[Aldabra flying fox]] (''Pteropus aldabrensis'')
*[[Ryukyu flying fox]] (''Pteropus dasymallus'')
*[[Lyle's flying fox]] (''Pteropus lylei'')
*[[Indian flying fox]] (''Pteropus medius'')
*[[Mauritian flying fox]] (''Pteropus niger'')
*[[Bonin flying fox]] (''Pteropus pselaphon'')
*[[Little golden-mantled flying fox]] (''Pteropus pumilus'')
*[[Rodrigues flying fox]] (''Pteropus rodricensis'')
*[[Madagascan flying fox]] (''Pteropus rufus'')
*[[Seychelles fruit bat]] (''Pteropus seychellensis'')
{{div col end}}

==Description==
{{Main|Megabat#Description|Pteropus#Description}}
The large flying fox is among the largest species of bat.<ref name=Kunz2000/> It weighs {{convert|0.65|-|1.1|kg|abbr=on}} and has a wingspan of up to {{convert|1.5|m|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Payne1985/><ref name=b3/> Its head-body length is {{convert|27|-|32|cm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite book |title = A Naturalist's Guide to the Mammals of Southeast Asia|last1 = Shepherd|first1 = Chris R.|publisher = John Beaufoy Publishing|year = 2012|isbn = 978-1-906780-71-5|location = Wiltshire, UK|page = 19|first2 = Loretta Ann|last2 = Shepherd}}</ref> Its forearm length is {{cvt|180-220|mm|in}}.<ref name=Kunz2000/> As is common with most megabats, it has a fox-like face. It lacks a tail and has pointed ears. The hairs on much of its body are long and woolly, but are shorter and more erect on the upper back.<ref name=Kunz2000/> The mantle hairs tend to be the longest.<ref name=Leagul1977/> The color and texture of the coat differ between sexes and age classes.<ref name=Goodwin1979/> Males tend to have slightly stiffer and thicker coats than females.<ref name=Kunz2000/> Immature individuals are almost all dull gray-brown.<ref name=Payne1985/> Young have a dark-colored mantle that becomes lighter in males when they mature.<ref name=Kunz2000/> The head has hairs that range in color from mahogany-red and orange-ochreous to blackish. The ventral areas are brown or blackish, tinged with chocolate, gray or silver.<ref name=Goodwin1979/> The mantle can vary from pale dirty-buff to orange-yellow, while the chest is usually dark-golden brown or dark russet.<ref name=Kunz2000/> The large flying fox has a large and robust skull. The [[dental formula]] is {{DentalFormula|upper=2.1.3.2|lower=2.1.3.3}}. It has a total of 34 teeth.<ref name=Leagul1977/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Pteropus_vampyrus/ |title=''Pteropus vampyrus'' (large flying fox)|website=Animal Diversity Web}}</ref> The large flying fox's wings are short and somewhat rounded at the tips. This allows them to fly slowly, but with great maneuverability.<ref name=Kunz2000/> The wing membranes are only haired near the body.

==Biology and ecology==
This species primarily feeds on flowers, nectar and fruit. When all three food items are available, flowers and nectar are preferred.<ref name=Payne1985/><ref name=Leagul1977/><ref name=Goodwin1979/> The pollen, nectar, and flower of coconut and [[durian]] trees, as well as the fruits of [[rambutan]], fig and [[langsat]] trees, are consumed. Flying foxes will also eat mangoes and bananas.<ref name=Goodwin1979/><ref name=Lim1966/><ref name=Davis1962/> With fruit, the flying fox prefers the pulp, and slices open the rind to get it.<ref name=Davis1962/> With durian tree flowers, the flying fox can lick up the nectar without doing apparent damage to the flower.<ref name=Kunz2000/> The large flying fox is a host of the [[Acanthocephala]]n intestinal parasite ''[[Moniliformis convolutus]]''.<ref name="AminHeckmann2016">{{cite journal|last1=Amin|first1=Omar M.|last2=Heckmann|first2=Richard A.|last3=Osama|first3=Mohammed|last4=Evans|first4=R. Paul |title=Morphological and molecular descriptions of ''Moniliformis saudi'' sp. n. (Acanthocephala: Moniliformidae) from the desert hedgehog, ''Paraechinus aethiopicus'' (Ehrenberg) in Saudi Arabia, with a key to species and notes on histopathology|journal=Folia Parasitologica|volume=63|year=2016|issn=0015-5683|doi=10.14411/fp.2016.014|pmid=27189420|doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Behavior and life history==
Colonies of large flying foxes [[Bat flight|fly]] in a scattered stream. They may fly up to {{convert|50|km|abbr=on}} to their feeding grounds in one night. Vocalizations are not made during flight.<ref name=Leagul1977/> Large flocks fuse into family or feeding groups upon arrival at feeding grounds. Flying foxes may circle a fruit tree before landing, and usually land on the tips of branches in an upright position, then fall into a head-down position from which they feed.<ref name=Kunz2000/> Feeding aggregations tend to be very noisy.<ref name=Gould1978/>

Flowering trees form the basis of territories in this species. Territorial behavior includes growling and the spreading of wings.<ref name=Gould1978/> During antagonistic behavior, individuals maintain spacing with wrists/thumbs sparring, bites, and loud vocalizations. When moving to a suitable resting place after landing, an individual may fight with conspecifics along the way.<ref name=Goodwin1979/> A roosting flying fox is positioned upside down with its wings wrapped up.<ref name=Rabor1977/> When it gets too warm, a flying fox fans itself with its wings.<ref name=Goodwin1979/> Roosting bats are restless until midmorning.

Female large flying fox gestations are at their highest between November and January in Peninsular Malaysia, but some births occur in other months.<ref name=Heideman1992/> In Thailand, gestation may take place during the same period with young being born in March or early April.<ref name=Leagul1977/><ref name=Heideman1992/> Females apparently give birth during April and May in the Philippines,<ref name=Rabor1977/> and usually give birth to only one young.<ref name=Leagul1977/> For the first days, the mothers carry their young, but leave them at the roost when they go on their foraging trips.<ref name=Kunz2000/> The young are weaned by two to three months.<ref name=Leagul1977/>

==Range and habitat==
The large flying fox ranges from [[Malay Peninsula]], to the [[Philippines]] in the east and Indonesian Archipelago of [[Sumatra]], [[Java]], [[Borneo]] and [[Timor]] in the south.<ref name=b1/> In certain areas, the bat prefers coastal regions, but it can also be found at elevations up to {{convert|1370|m|abbr=on}}.<ref name=b2/>

Flying foxes inhabit [[primary forest]], mangrove forest, coconut groves, mixed fruit orchards, and a number of other habitats.<ref name=Heideman1992/> During the day, trees in mangrove forests and coconut groves may be used as roosts.<ref name=Goodwin1979/> In Malaysia, flying foxes prefer lowland habitats below 365 m.<ref name=Lim1966/> In Borneo, they inhabit the coastal areas, but move to nearby islands to feed on fruit.<ref name=Payne1985/> Flying foxes roost in the thousands (maximum). One colony was recorded numbering around 2,000 individuals in a mangrove forest in Timor<ref name=Goodwin1979/> and colonies of 10,000–⁠20,000 have also been reported.<ref name=Kunz2000/> In general, mangrove roosts have lower numbers of resting bats compared to lowland roost sites, which could mean mangrove forests are only used temporarily.<ref name=Lim1966/> Populations of large flying foxes roosting with [[Small flying fox|small flying foxes (''Pteropus hypomelanus'')]] are recorded in the urban town of [[Miagao]], [[Iloilo]], Philippines.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Bats of Miagao |url=https://sulugardenfoundation.org/bats-of-miagao/ |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=Sulu Garden Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Momblan |first=Gail |date=2019-02-11 |title=Iloilo town bat sanctuary eyed as tourist attraction |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1061536 |work=Philippine News Agency}}</ref>

==Relationship to humans==
The large flying fox is hunted for [[bushmeat]]. In [[Peninsular Malaysia]], 1,756 [[hunting license]]s were issued for the large flying fox from 2002–2006. In total, these hunting licenses permitted the hunting of 87,800 large flying foxes, or about 22,000 each year. Based on population modeling, the loss of the estimated 22,000 large flying foxes annually is unlikely to be [[sustainability|sustainable]]. A 2009 study predicted extinction of the Peninsular Malaysian population within 6–81 years if 22,000 individuals are lost to hunting each year.<ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2009.01699.x| volume = 46| issue = 5| pages = 991–1002| last1 = Epstein| first1 = Jonathan H.| last2 = Olival| first2 = Kevin J.| last3 = Pulliam| first3 = Juliet R.C.| last4 = Smith| first4 = Craig| last5 = Westrum| first5 = Justin| last6 = Hughes| first6 = Tom| last7 = Dobson| first7 = Andrew P.| last8 = Zubaid| first8 = Akbar| last9 = Rahman| first9 = Sohayati Abdul| last10 = Basir| first10 = Misliah Mohamad| last11 = Field| first11 = Hume E.| last12 = Daszak| first12 = Peter| title = ''Pteropus vampyrus'', a hunted migratory species with a multinational home-range and a need for regional management| journal = Journal of Applied Ecology| date = 2009| doi-access = | bibcode = 2009JApEc..46..991E}}</ref>

The large flying fox is a [[natural reservoir]] of the [[Nipah virus]]. It is generally considered as the reservoir that led to the 1998 Malaysian outbreak, which was the first emergence of the disease in humans and [[pig]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Constable|first=Harriet|date=2021-01-12|title=The other virus that worries Asia|url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20210106-nipah-virus-how-bats-could-cause-the-next-pandemic|access-date=2022-01-02|website=www.bbc.com|language=en}}</ref> In a study of seventeen large flying foxes, Nipah virus was only isolated from one individual, which was at the time of capture. However, in maintaining the bats in quarantine for one year, researchers found that the bat was negative for [[antibody|antibodies]] against Nipah virus for the first eleven months, but was then [[seropositive]] once more. Two other bats—from which the Nipah virus was never detected—also registered as seropositive at points within the year. This suggested that the Nipah virus can [[recrudescence|recrudesce]] in the large flying fox, or maintain itself after periods of remission. The virus also recrudesces in humans, with humans becoming fatally ill with the disease up to four years after first exposure.<ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.3201/eid1612.091790| pmid = 21122240| pmc = 3294568| volume = 16| issue = 12| pages = 1990–1993| last1 = Rahman| first1 = Sohayati A.| last2 = Hassan| first2 = Sharifah S.| last3 = Olival| first3 = Kevin J.| last4 = Mohamed| first4 = Maizan| last5 = Chang| first5 = Li-Yen| last6 = Hassan| first6 = Latiffah| last7 = Saad| first7 = Norsharina M.| last8 = Shohaimi| first8 = Syamsiah A.| last9 = Mamat| first9 = Zaini C.| last10 = Naim| first10 = M.S.| last11 = Epstein| first11 = Jonathan H.| last12 = Suri| first12 = Arshad S.| last13 = Field| first13 = Hume E.| last14 = Daszak| first14 = Peter| last15 = the Henipavirus Ecology Research Group| title = Characterization of Nipah Virus from Naturally Infected ''Pteropus vampyrus'' Bats, Malaysia| journal = Emerging Infectious Diseases| date = 2010}}</ref>

==Conservation==
As of 2022, the large flying fox is evaluated as an [[endangered species]] by the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]]. It meets the criteria for this designation because it is likely experiencing significant population decline. The bushmeat trade is resulting in unsustainable harvest of this species. Additionally, it is experiencing [[habitat loss]] through [[deforestation]].<ref name="iucn status 15 November 2021" />
The large flying fox is on [[CITES#Appendix II|Appendix II]] of [[CITES]], which restricts international trade.<ref>{{cite web| title=Appendices I, II and III | date=4 October 2017 | url=https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php | publisher=CITES | access-date=28 August 2019}}</ref>

One threat to the large flying fox is [[habitat destruction]].<ref name=Heideman1992/> Flying foxes are sometimes hunted for food, and the controls on hunting seem to be unenforceable.<ref name=Kunz2000/> In some areas, farmers consider them pests as they sometimes feed on their orchards.<ref name=Lim1966/> This species is also hunted for bushmeat in [[Indonesia]], contributing to its decline.<ref name="Mickleburgh">Mickleburgh, S., Waylen, K., & Racey, P. (2009). Bats as bushmeat: a global review. Oryx, 43(02), 217-234.</ref>

Manual bat counts in the urban roosts of Miagao are conducted regularly by Sulu Garden Foundation to provide baseline estimates of the population and assess the threats that these bats face in the island<ref name=":0" />. Juveniles were also recorded to fall under trees and were never recovered by their mothers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alunan |first=Kim |date=2025-03-22 |title=March 2025 Bat Count |url=https://sulugardenfoundation.org/march-2025-bat-count/ |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=Sulu Garden Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|35em|refs=
<ref name=Davis1962>{{cite journal|author=Davis D. D. |year=1962|title=Mammals of the lowland rainforest of North Borneo|journal=Bulletin of the National Museum of Singapore |volume=31|pages=1–129}}</ref>

<ref name=Goodwin1979>{{cite journal|author=Goodwin R. E. |year=1979|title=The bats of Timor|journal= Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History|volume= 163|pages=75–122|hdl=2246/1288}}</ref>

<ref name=Gould1978>{{cite journal|author=Gould, E. |year=1978|title=Foraging behavior of Malaysian nectar-feeding bats|journal=Biotropica|volume= 10|pages=184–193|jstor=2387904|doi=10.2307/2387904|issue=3|bibcode=1978Biotr..10..184G }}</ref>

<ref name=Heideman1992>Heideman P. D., L. D. Heaney. (1992). "''Pteropus vampyrus''". pp. 140-143 in ''Old World fruit bats: an action plan for the family Pteropodidae'' (S. P. Mickleburgh, A. M. Hutson, P. A. Racy, eds). ICUN Survival Commission, Gland, Switzerland.</ref>

<ref name=Kunz2000>{{cite journal|author=Kunz, T.|author2=Jones, D.|year=2000|title=''Pteropus vampyrus''|journal=Mammalian Species|volume=642|pages=1–6|url=http://www.science.smith.edu/msi/pdf/642_Pteropus_vampyrus.pdf|doi=10.1644/1545-1410(2000)642<0001:PV>2.0.CO;2|s2cid=31875754 |access-date=2012-12-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221051148/http://www.science.smith.edu/msi/pdf/642_Pteropus_vampyrus.pdf|archive-date=2015-02-21}}</ref>

<ref name=Leagul1977>Lekagul B., J. A. McNeely. 1977. Mammals of Thailand. Association for the Conservation of Wildlife, Bangkok, Thailand.</ref>

<ref name=Lim1966>{{cite journal|author=Lim, B. L. |year=1966|title=Abundance and distribution of Malaysian bats in different ecological habitats|journal=Federated Museums Journal|volume= 11|pages=61–76}}</ref>

<ref name = MSW3>{{MSW3 Chiroptera | id = 13800382 | pages = 345–346}}</ref>

<ref name=Payne1985>Payne J., Francis, C. M. and Philps, K. (1985). ''A field guide to the mammals of Borneo''. The Sabah Society, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia {{ISBN|9679994716}}</ref>

<ref name=Rabor1977>Rabor D. (1977). ''Philippine birds and mammals'', University of Philippines Press.</ref>

<ref name=b1>Corbet G. B., Hill, J. E. (1992). ''Mammals of the Indomalayan region: a systematic review''. Oxford University Press {{ISBN|0198546939}}.</ref>

<ref name=b2>Medway L. (1965). ''Wild mammals of Malaya (Peninsular Malaysia) and Singapore.'' Oxford University Press.</ref>

<ref name=b3>Francis, C. M. (2008). ''Mammals of Southeast Asia.'' pp. 195-196. {{ISBN|978-0-691-13551-9}}</ref>
}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|Pteropus vampyrus}}
* {{Wikispecies-inline|Pteropus vampyrus}}

{{Pteropodidae|P.}}
{{Taxonbar |from=Q649684}}

[[Category:Pteropus]]
[[Category:Bats of Oceania]]
[[Category:Bats of Southeast Asia]]
[[Category:Bats of Borneo]]
[[Category:Bats of Indonesia]]
[[Category:Bats of Malaysia]]
[[Category:Bats of the Philippines]]
[[Category:Mammals of Thailand]]
[[Category:Bats as food]]
[[Category:Mammals described in 1758]]
[[Category:Animal taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot]]
[[Category:Mammals of Timor]]
[[Category:Fauna of Timor-Leste]]

Next Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election

2026-03-28T01:15:20Z

BoydMalizia:

{{Short description|Elections for the 16th Legislative assembly of Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = Next Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election
| country = India
| type = Legislative
| ongoing = yes
| vote_type = party
| previous_election = 2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = 2024
| next_election =
| next_year = 2034
| election_date = By October 2029
| seats_for_election = All 288 seats in the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| majority_seats = 145
| map_image = [[File:Wahlkreise zur Vidhan Sabha von Maharashtra.svg|300px]]
| map2_image =
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| map_caption = Map of the assembly constituencies in Maharashtra
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| image6 = {{CSS image crop|Image=MLC Shashikant Shinde Saheb.jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100||cLength=100|oLeft=10|oBottom=10}}
| leader6 = [[Shashikant Shinde]]
| leader_since6 = 2025
| leaders_seat6 = [[List of members of the Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]]
| last_election6 = 11.28%, 10 seats
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| image5 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Prithviraj Chavan with Hon'ble President.jpg|bSize=140|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=16|oTop=0}}
| leader5 = [[Prithviraj Chavan]]
| leader_since5 = 2010
| leaders_seat5 = [[To be determined|TBD]]
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| party5 = Indian National Congress
| alliance5 = [[Maha Vikas Aghadi|MVA]]
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| image4 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Uddhav Thackeray, President of Shiv Sena-UBT.jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=5}}
| leader4 = [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
| leader_since4 = 2024
| leaders_seat4 = [[List of members of the Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]]
| last_election4 = 9.96%, 20 seats
| party4 = [[Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)|SS(UBT)]]
| alliance4 = [[Maha Vikas Aghadi|MVA]]
| seats4 =
| image3 =
| leader3 = [[Sunetra Pawar]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ajit-pawar-death-who-leads-ncp-now-will-sharad-pawar-reunite-factions/articleshow/127711990.cms|title=Ajit Pawar's sudden death leaves leadership vacuum - what is next for NCP|date=28 January 2026|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsonair.gov.in/sunetra-pawar-elected-as-ncp-legislature-party-leader-after-ajit-pawars-demise/|title=Rajya Sabha MP Sunetra Pawar becomes Maharashtra’s Deputy CM | DD News On Air}}</ref>
| leader_since3 = 2026
| leaders_seat3 = [[TBD]]
| last_election3 = 9.01%, 41 seats
| party3 = [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
| alliance3 = [[Maha Yuti|MY]]
| seats3 =
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=5}}
| leader2 = [[Eknath Shinde]]
| leader_since2 = 2022
| leaders_seat2 = [[Kopri-Pachpakhadi Assembly constituency|Kopri-Pachpakhadi]]
| last_election2 = 12.38%, 57 seats
| party2 = [[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|SHS]]
| alliance2 = [[Maha Yuti|MY]]
| seats2 =
| seat_change1 =
| popular_vote1 =
| percentage1 =
| swing1 =
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=5}}
| image1_size = 130px
| leader1 = [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
| leader_since1 = 2013
| party1 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| alliance1 = [[Maha Yuti|MY]]
| leaders_seat1 = [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South-West]]
| last_election1 = 26.77%, 132 seats
| seats1 =
| seat_change2 =
| popular_vote2 =
| percentage2 =
| swing2 =
| title = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]
| before_election = [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
| before_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| after_election =
| after_party =
| seats_before1 = 132
| seats_needed1 = {{increase}} 13
| seats_before2 = 57
| seats_needed2 = {{increase}} 88
| seats_before3 = 41
| seats_needed3 = {{increase}} 104
| seats_before4 = 20
| seats_needed4 = {{increase}} 125
| seats_before5 = 16
| seats_needed5 = {{increase}} 129
| seats_before6 = 10
| seats_needed6 = {{increase}} 135
}}

The '''Next Maharashtra legislative assembly election''' is expected to be held in November 2029 to elect all 288 members of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]. [[Devendra Fadnavis]] is the incumbent [[List of chief ministers of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]] of [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Upcoming Elections in India 2025, 2026 till 2029; Check Which States Has Election in Coming Years|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/upcoming-elections-in-india-2025-to-2029-which-states-has-election-in-coming-years-1738743308-1 |access-date=1 April 2025 |website=Jagran Josh}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mahayuti will stay in power in Maharashtra this time; BJP to form solo government in 2029: Amit Shah|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Oct/01/mahayuti-will-stay-in-power-in-maharashtra-this-time-bjp-to-form-solo-government-in-2029-amit-shah |access-date=1 April 2025 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mahayuti Sarkar Now, Solo BJP Rule by 2029: Amit Shah Unveils BJP's 2024 Strategy for Maharashtra|url=https://www.news18.com/elections/mahayuti-sarkar-now-solo-bjp-rule-by-2029-amit-shah-unveils-bjps-2024-strategy-for-maharashtra-9071075.html|access-date=1 April 2025 |website=News18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mahayuti will win 2024 Maharashtra polls, BJP in 2029, says Amit Shah|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/maharashtra-assembly-elections-bjp-amit-shah-mumbai-mahayuti-alliance-shiv-sena-ubt-maha-vikas-aghadi-2609731-2024-10-02|access-date=1 April 2025 |website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Next seat-sharing talks in Maharashtra only in 2029, says Shiv Sena (UBT) chief Uddhav Thackeray|url=https://scroll.in/latest/1066031/next-seat-sharing-talks-in-maharashtra-only-in-2029-says-shiv-sena-ubt-chief-uddhav-thackeray|access-date=1 April 2025 |website=Scroll}}</ref>

==Schedule==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Poll Event
! Schedule
|-
| Notification Date
| '''TBD'''
|-
| Last Date for filing nomination
| '''TBD'''
|-
| Scrutiny of nomination
| '''TBD'''
|-
| Last Date for Withdrawal of nomination
| '''TBD'''
|-
| Date of Poll
| '''TBD'''
|-
| Date of Counting of Votes
| '''TBD'''
|}

== Parties and Alliances ==
=== {{legend2|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}|[[Maha Yuti]]}} ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;
! colspan="2" | Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[File:BJP flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|50px]]
|[[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|TBD
|-
|{{party color cell|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|Shiv Sena]]
|[[File:Shiv Sena flag.jpg|50px]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Bow And Arrow.svg|50px]]
|[[Eknath Shinde]]
|TBD
|-
|{{party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party }}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|
|[[File:Nationalist Congress Party Election Symbol.png|50px]]
|[[Sunetra Pawar]]
|TBD
|-
! colspan="5" |Total
!
|}

=== {{legend2|{{party color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}|[[Maha Vikas Aghadi]]}} ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;
! colspan="2" | Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:INC Hand.svg|50px]]
|[[Nana Patole]]
|TBD
|-
|{{party color cell|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|[[Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)]]
|[[File:SS(UBT) flag.png|50px]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Flaming Torch.png|50px]]
|[[Uddhav Thackeray]]
|TBD
|-
|{{party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)]]
|[[File:राष्ट्रवादी काँग्रेस - शरदचंद्र पवार Logo.png|50px]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Man Blowing Turha.png|50px]]
|[[Shashikant Shinde ]]
|TBD
|-
|{{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|
|[[File:CPI-M-flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:CPI(M) election symbol - Hammer Sickle and Star.svg|50px]]
|
|
|-
! colspan="5" |Total
!
|}

==Surveys and polls==

===Opinion polls===

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px;"
|+Vote Share Projections
!rowspan="2"|Polling agency
!rowspan="2"|Date published
!rowspan="2"|Sample size
!rowspan="2"|Margin of Error
|bgcolor="{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}"|
|bgcolor="{{party color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}"|
|style="background:grey;"|
!rowspan="2"|Lead
|-
! [[Maha Yuti|MY]]
![[Maha Vikas Aghadi|MVA]]
!Others
|-
|}

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px;"
|+Seat Projections
!rowspan="2"|Polling agency
!rowspan="2"|Date published
!rowspan="2"|Sample size
!rowspan="2"|Margin of Error
|bgcolor="{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}"|
|bgcolor="{{party color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}"|
|style="background:grey;"|
!rowspan="2"|Lead
|-
! [[Maha Yuti|MY]]
![[Maha Vikas Aghadi|MVA]]
!Others
|-
|}

===Exit polls===

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px;"
!rowspan="2"|Polling agency
!rowspan="2"|Date published
!rowspan="2"|Sample size
!rowspan="2"|Margin of Error
|bgcolor="{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}"|
|bgcolor="{{party color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}"|
|style="background:grey;"|
!rowspan="2"|Lead
|-
! [[Maha Yuti|MY]]
![[Maha Vikas Aghadi|MVA]]
!Others
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[2029 elections in India]]
* [[Elections in Maharashtra]]
* [[Politics of Maharashtra]]
* [[Government of Maharashtra]]
* [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
* [[List of chief ministers of Maharashtra]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{notelist}}

{{Maharashtra elections}}

[[Category:State Assembly elections in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Future elections in India]]

Symbols of Tamil Eelam

2026-03-26T15:41:53Z

BoydMalizia:

{{Short description|National flag of a proposed state}}
{{Infobox flag
|Name = Tamil Eelam
|Article =
|Image = Tamil Eelam Flag.svg
|Nickname = Puli Kodi ("Tiger flag")
|Use = 111111
|Symbol =
|Proportion = 5:9
|Adoption = November 21, 1990
|Design = The emblem was designed by an Indian artist from [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web | url= https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2009/apr/09/madurai-artist-sketched-ltte-logo-39586.html | title= Madurai artist sketched LTTE logo | publisher= newindianexpress | date=9 April 2009 | accessdate=31 July 2022}}</ref> The flag depicting a [[tiger]] jumping through a circle of 33 [[bullets]], with crossed black [[bayonet]]s on a red background.
|Type =
}}
The '''flag of [[Tamil Eelam]]''' was designated as the national flag of the proposed state in 1990. The [[tiger]] symbol of the [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]] (LTTE) was created in 1977, differentiating it from the LTTE's emblem by leaving out the letters inscribing the movement's name.<ref>[http://www.tamilnation.co/tamileelam.htm TAMIL EELAM STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM Under one flag]</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=16423 | title=Rules guide on use of Tamileelam National flag published | publisher=Tamilnet | date=26 November 2005 | accessdate=30 July 2014}}</ref> In 2005, the LTTE released a guide providing instructions and explaining the correct usage of the Tamil Eelam Flag. The guide written in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] specifies the regulations for flying alone or with national flags of other countries, and for general handling of the flag.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/tamil-canadians-vote-for-independent-state-in-sri-lanka-1.810846 | title=Tamil-Canadians vote for independent state in Sri Lanka | publisher=CBC News | date=Dec 20, 2009 | accessdate=30 July 2014}}</ref><ref>[https://www.flickr.com/photos/ricardipus/3329929400/in/set-72157626956188463 Tamil Eelam, Canadian, U.S. flags: Toronto, March 3, 2009]</ref><ref>[http://www.zimbio.com/pictures/AR7_UH3uKrv/Tamil+Protestors+React+Sri+Lanka+Declare+End/aJlUJmCbDC9 in England]</ref> The flag has four colours: yellow, red, black, and white. It is banned in Sri Lanka and is often seen at protests and functions concerning [[Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism|Tamil Eelam nationalism]] around the world.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/europe/04/07/uk.tamil.protest/index.html?iref=24hours | title=Tamils protest outside UK parliament | publisher=CNN | accessdate=30 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/tamil-flags-flown-at-protest-legal-toronto-police-say-1.810137 | title=Tamil flags flown at protest legal, Toronto police say | publisher=CBC news | date=Mar 18, 2009 | accessdate=30 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-17922546 | title=Row in Sri Lanka over appearance of Tamil 'rebel' flag | publisher=BBC | date=2 May 2012 | accessdate=30 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=17687 | title=Batticaloa students hoist Tamileelam flag in Annai Poopathy event | publisher=Tamilnet | date=6 April 2006 | accessdate=30 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.lankasrinews.com/view.php?203bZ8H220e2nIg34eaUoUka4cadRZJDcddcoONQmdac4mdRube43eFrZ3e023F6Y402 | title=Tamil Eelam flag hoisted in Geelong city, Australia | publisher=Lankasri.com | date=5 February 2013 | access-date=30 July 2014 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811003426/http://www.lankasrinews.com/view.php?203bZ8H220e2nIg34eaUoUka4cadRZJDcddcoONQmdac4mdRube43eFrZ3e023F6Y402 | archive-date=11 August 2014 }}</ref>

==Symbolic meaning==
{{more citations needed|date=December 2014}}

===Tiger symbol===
[[File:V8 Supercar, Sydney Telstra 500 Launch @ Martin Place 16.05.09.jpg|thumb|Tamil Eelam supporters in Sydney flying the flag.]]
The jumping tiger was adopted from the emblem of the [[Chola Empire]], it should reflect the martial history (Veera varalaru) and the national upheaval of the [[Tamil people|Tamils]].<ref>Daya Somasundaram (11.02.2014) ''Scarred Communities: Psychosocial Impact of Man-made and Natural Disasters on Sri Lankan Society'', SAGE Publications India, p. 73.</ref> The national flag is the symbol of the independent state of [[Tamil Eelam]] to be created, rooted in the martial traditions (Veera marapuhal) of the Tamils," LTTE organ Viduthalai Puligal said in its February 1991 issue.

Also, Neil De Votta explains that the 'sword-carrying lion on the Sri Lanka's national flag' is disowned by Tamils, as it represents Prince Vijaya and Sinhalese hegemony over minorities (ibid.: 6). This is also used to explain the use of the tiger by the LTTE to counter the lion during the civil war.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Redefining Genocide: Settler Colonialism, Social Death and Ecocide |publisher=Zed Books |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-84277-930-9 |editor-last=Short |editor-first=Damien |location=London, UK |pages=93–126}}</ref>

===Crossed bayonets and circle===

[[Vellupillai Prabhakaran]] himself mentioned in a Tamil interview the circle and crossed bayonets represent the armed resistance and were based on the historical shield with crossed swords flag of [[Pandara Vanniyan]].<ref>{{cite web|title=History of Tamil National Flag|publisher=Youtube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CEYc1XuIle4|date=2009-10-31}}{{cbignore}}{{Dead YouTube link|date=February 2022}}</ref> The circle sometimes considered to be a "Uthaya Suriyan" (rising sun) which is a symbol of Sri Lankan Tamils and earlier political movements. The LTTE leader was often compared to [[Pandara Vanniyan]] of Vannimai, because both had a similar fate. [[Pandara Vanniyan]] was a freedom fighter during the British colonial era in Sri Lanka.<ref>Daya Somasundaram (11.02.2014) ''Scarred Communities: Psychosocial Impact of Man-made and Natural Disasters on Sri Lankan Society'', SAGE Publications India, p. 52.</ref>

===33 bullets===

The bullets symbolise the historical 33 years between [[Independence Day (Sri Lanka)|1948]] - [[Burning of Jaffna library|1981]] (oppression the Tamil population by the Sri Lankan government before the outbreak of [[Sri Lankan civil war|Sri Lankan Civil War]]).<ref>{{cite book|last=Balachandran|first=P K|title=Madurai artist sketched LTTE logo|publisher=The New Indian Express|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/article56143.ece?service=print|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150129121541/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/article56143.ece?service=print|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 29, 2015|date=2012-05-15}}</ref>

*11 bullets on the left
*11 bullets on the right
*11 bullets at the top
*total: 33 bullets

===Colours===
[[File:Bicolor flag of Tamil Eelam.svg|thumb|Flag of the Tamil Democrats with the traditional colors of Tamil Eelam]]
Four aspects of ideals and mission of Tamil Eelam represented by the four colours are detailed in the published guide book.

The yellow signifies that Tamils' aspiration to freely govern themselves in their own homeland is a fundamental political and human right. The colour expresses the righteousness of Tamil struggle and reinforces Tamil Nation's will to uphold moral highground during its path towards freedom.

The red represents the realisation that freedom is not complete by establishment of a separate state of Tamil Eelam. Distinctions of caste and class should be abolished. Egalitarianism should become their spiritual principle. Gender equality should permeate Tamil society. The revolutionary changes necessary to spread social justice represented by these principles are reflected by this colour.

The black reminds that march towards freedom is wrought with dangers, death and destruction, that is filled with pain and misery. It signifies determination and resoluteness vital to withstand the adversities and build the new nation of Tamil Eelam, to provide security and to defend the borders.

The white demands purity, honesty and selflessness from the leaders and citizens of Tamil Eelam.

==National anthem==
{|align=right
|'''Anthem:''' ''Eruthu Paar Kodi''[[File:Eruthu Paar Kodi.ogg|Eruthu Paar Kodi]]

|}
Eruthu Paar Kodi (Look, the Flag is Rising) is a Tamil song, written by Puthuvai Rathinathurai,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://print2.dailymirror.lk/opinion1/31591.html|title=NATIONAL ANTHEM :FROM "NAMO NAMO" TO "SRI LANKA MATHA"|work=Daily Mirror|access-date=26 July 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727175152/http://print2.dailymirror.lk/opinion1/31591.html|archive-date=27 July 2014}}</ref> sung at the hoisting of the [[Flag of Tamil Eelam]].<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4386382.stm ''Writers sought for Tamil anthem '']. BBC News. Accessed 21 June 2012.</ref> As the most widely used song of the Tamils, it was used in the place of a national anthem by the [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/tamil-tigers-hunt-for-catchy-new-anthem/522-13.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715111130/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/tamil-tigers-hunt-for-catchy-new-anthem/522-13.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 15, 2014 |title=Tamil Tigers hunt for catchy new anthem |work=IBN Live |agency=Reuters |date=Oct 28, 2005 |accessdate= 21 June 2012}}</ref><ref>[http://www.tamilguardian.com/article.asp?articleid=5023 ''Tamil Eelam's promising display, despite loss to Zanzibar '']. tamilguardian.com . Accessed 22 June 2012.</ref> The song was written during the [[Sri Lankan civil war|Sri Lankan Civil War]].<ref>[http://tamilnationalflag.com/index.php/the-flag ''About the Flag'']. TamilNationalFlag.com . Accessed 22 June 2012. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714120853/http://tamilnationalflag.com/index.php/the-flag |date=July 14, 2014 }}</ref>

=== Lyrics ===
The song praises the flag and describes the pride of Tamil Eelam army.
{| width="100%"
|-
!{{lang|ta|ஏறுதுபார் கொடி}} ([[Tamil alphabet|Tamil]])
!ēṟutupār koṭi [[ISO 15919]]
|- valign="top"
|
{{lang|ta|<poem>ஏறுதுபார் கொடி ஏறுது பார்
ஏறுதுபார் கொடி ஏறுது பார் – இங்கு
ஏறுதுபார் கொடி ஏறுது பார் – தமிழ்
ஈழத்தின் வேதனை தீர்த்தகொடி – எட்டுத்
திக்கிலும் மானத்தைச் சேர்த்தகொடி
காலத்தை வென்றுமே நின்றகொடி – புலி
காட்டிய பாதையில் சென்ற கொடி (ஏறுதுபார்)

செக்க நிறத்திலே வேங்கை நடுவிலே
சீறிடும் கொடியிது – தமிழ்
மக்களைக் காத்த நம்மான மாவீரரை
வாழ்த்திடும் கொடியிது – புலி
வீரத்தின் கொடியிது
மாவீரனின் கொடியிது (ஏறுதுபார்)

எத்தனை எத்தனை வேங்கைகள் ரத்தத்தில்
ஏறிய கொடியிது – பெரும்
சத்திய வேள்வியில் செத்தவர் மீதினில்
சாற்றிய கொடியிது – தமிழ்
ஈழத்தின் கொடியிது – புலி
ஏந்திய கொடியிது (ஏறுதுபார்)

சாதிகள் சண்டைகள் சாய்த்து விழுத்திய
சாதனைக் கொடியிது – சங்கு
ஊதி முழங்கிட ஊர்மனை யாவிலும்
உலவிய கொடியிது – சம
தர்மத்தின் கொடியிது – எங்கள்
தாயவள் கொடியிது (ஏறுதுபார்)

ஆயிரமாயிரம் பேரென வேங்கைகள்
ஆக்கிய கொடியிது – பிர
பாகரன் என்றிடும் காவிய நாயகன்
போற்றிடும் கொடியிது – தமிழ்த்
தேசத்தின் கொடியிது – எங்கள்
தேசியக் கொடியிது (ஏறுதுபார்)</poem>}}
|{{Transliteration|ta|<poem>
ēṟutupār koṭi ēṟutu pār
ēṟutupār koṭi ēṟutu pār – iṅku
ēṟutupār koṭi ēṟutu pār – tamiḻ
īḻattiṉ vētaṉai tīrttakoṭi – eṭṭut
tikkilum māṉattaic cērttakoṭi
kālattai veṉṟumē niṉṟakoṭi – puli
kāṭṭiyapātaiyil ceṉṟa koṭi (ēṟutupār)

cekka niṟattilē vēṅkai naṭuvilē
cīṟiṭum koṭiyitu – tamiḻ
makkaḷaik kātta nammāṉamā vīrarai
vāḻttiṭum koṭiyitu – puli
vīrattiṉ koṭiyitu –
māvīraṉiṉ koṭiyitu (ēṟutupār)

ettaṉai ettaṉai vēṅkaikaḷ rattattil
ēṟiya koṭiyitu – perum
cattiya vēḷviyil ceththavar mītiṉil
cāṟṟiya koṭiyitu – tamiḻ
īḻattiṉ koṭiyitu – puli
ēntiya koṭiyitu (ēṟutupār)

cātikaḷ caṇṭaikaḷ cāyttu viḻuttiya
cātaṉaik koṭiyitu – caṅku
ūti muḻaṅkiṭa ūrmaṉai yāvilum
ulaviya koṭiyitu – cama
tarmattiṉ koṭiyitu – eṅkaḷ
tāyavaḷ koṭiyitu (ēṟutupār)

āyiramāyiram pēreṉa vēṅkaikaḷ
ākkiya koṭiyitu – pira
pākaraṉ eṉṟiṭum kāviya nāyakaṉ
pōṟṟiṭum koṭiyitu – tamiḻt
tēcattiṉ koṭiyitu – eṅkaḷ
tēciyak koṭiyitu (ēṟutupār)
</poem>}}
|}



==Symbols of Tamil Eelam==
<gallery caption="Symbols selected by the Tamil Tigers for Tamil Eelam" widths="180px" heights="120px" perrow="5">
Image:Slleo1.jpg|National animal ([[Sri Lankan leopard]])
Image:Gloriosa superba 8962.jpg|National flower ([[Gloriosa superba]])
Image:Greater Coucal01.jpg|National bird ([[Greater coucal]])
Image:Albizia lebbeck (Siris) in Hyderabad W IMG 7167.jpg|National tree ([[Albizia lebbeck]])
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Flags of Tamils]]
* [[List of Tamil Nadu state symbols]], for symbols of the state in India

==References==
{{Reflist}}



{{DEFAULTSORT:Flag Of Tamil Eelam}}
[[Category:Flags of Asia|Tamil Eelam]]
[[Category:Tamil Eelam]]
[[Category:Obsolete national flags|Tamil Eelam]]
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Bangladeshi cricket team in India in 2024–25

2026-03-25T00:39:28Z

BoydMalizia: Added the info more to come

{{Short description|International cricket tour}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox cricket tour
| series_name = Bangladeshi cricket team in India in 2024–25
| team1_image = Flag of India.svg
| team1_name = India
| team2_image = Flag of Bangladesh.svg
| team2_name = Bangladesh
| from_date = 19 September
| to_date = 12 October 2024
| team1_captain = [[Rohit Sharma]] (Tests) [[Suryakumar Yadav]] (T20Is)
| team2_captain = [[Najmul Hossain Shanto]]
| no_of_tests = 2
| team1_tests_won = 2
| team2_tests_won = 0
| team1_tests_most_runs = [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]] (189)
| team2_tests_most_runs = [[Najmul Hossain Shanto]] (152)
| team1_tests_most_wickets = [[Jasprit Bumrah]] (11) [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] (11)
| team2_tests_most_wickets = [[Mehidy Hasan Miraz]] (9)
| player_of_test_series = [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] (Ind)
| no_of_twenty20s = 3
| team1_twenty20s_won = 3
| team2_twenty20s_won = 0
| team1_twenty20s_most_runs = [[Sanju Samson]] (150)
| team2_twenty20s_most_runs = [[Towhid Hridoy]] (77)
| team1_twenty20s_most_wickets = [[Varun Chakravarthy]] (5)
| team2_twenty20s_most_wickets = [[Tanzim Hasan Sakib]] (5)
| player_of_twenty20_series = [[Hardik Pandya]] (Ind)
}}
The [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh cricket team]] toured India in September and October 2024 to play against the [[India national cricket team|India cricket team]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bangladesh to tour India for 2 tests, 3 T20Is |url=https://www.dailymessenger.net/sports/news/15793 |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=[[The Daily Messenger]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=২ টেস্ট, ৩ টি-টোয়েন্টি খেলতে ভারতে যাবে বাংলাদেশ |trans-title=Bangladesh will go to India to play 2 Tests and 3 T20Is |url=https://www.rtvonline.com/sports/266168 |access-date=24 March 2024 |website=[[RTV Online]] |language=bn-BD}}</ref> The tour consisted of two [[Test cricket|Test]] and three [[Twenty20 International]] (T20I) matches.<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=20 June 2024 |title=India announce international fixtures for home season 2024-25 |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/india-announce-international-fixtures-for-home-season-2024-25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620113612/https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/india-announce-international-fixtures-for-home-season-2024-25 |archive-date=20 June 2024 |website=[[International Cricket Council|ICC]] |location=[[Dubai]] |access-date=20 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangladesh to tour India in September, no ODIs |url=https://cricket97.com/en/news-details/bangladesh-to-tour-india-in-september-no-odis |access-date=24 March 2024 |website=Cricket97 |language=en}}</ref> The Test series formed part of the [[2023–2025 World Test Championship|2023–2025 ICC World Test Championship]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/india-to-host-bangladesh-new-zealand-and-england-during-2024-25-home-season-1439839 |title=India to host Bangladesh, New Zealand and England during 2024-25 home season |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=20 June 2024}}</ref><ref name="FTP">{{cite web |title=Men's Future Tours Program |url=https://resources.pulse.icc-cricket.com/ICC/document/2022/08/17/9ecd5af8-4657-475f-ae1e-733b04f69750/Men-s-FTP-upto-2027.pdf |access-date=18 August 2022 |work=[[International Cricket Council]] |archive-date=26 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226133751/https://resources.pulse.icc-cricket.com/ICC/document/2022/08/17/9ecd5af8-4657-475f-ae1e-733b04f69750/Men-s-FTP-upto-2027.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> In June 2024, the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) confirmed the fixtures for the tour as a part of the 2024–25 home international season.<ref>{{cite press release |last=Shah |first=Jay |author-link=Jay Shah |date=20 June 2024 |title=BCCI announces fixtures for Team India (Senior Men) international home season 2024-25 |url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2024/news/55556117/bcci-announces-fixtures-for-team-india-senior-men-international-home-season-2024-25 |location=[[Mumbai]] |publisher=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] |access-date=20 June 2024}}</ref>

On 13 August 2024, [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] moved the venue of the first T20I from the [[Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association Stadium]] in [[Dharamshala]] to the [[Shrimant Madhavrao Scindia Cricket Stadium]] in [[Gwalior]] due to upgrades and renovation work in the dressing rooms.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/131307/dharamsala-t20i-between-india-and-bangladesh-moved-to-gwalior |title=Dharamsala T20I between India and Bangladesh moved to Gwalior |work=[[Cricbuzz]]|date=13 August 2024 |access-date=13 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/bcci-makes-changes-to-india-s-home-season-schedule-1447312 |title=BCCI makes changes to India's home season schedule |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=13 August 2024}}</ref>

==Squads==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:auto"
|-
! colspan="2" |{{cr|IND}}
! colspan="2" |{{cr|BAN}}
|-
!Tests<ref>{{cite press release |last=Shah |first=Jay |date=8 September 2024 |title=India's squad for the 1st Test of the IDFC FIRST Bank Test series against Bangladesh announced |url=https://www.bcci.tv/bccilink/articles/K25a4LAr |location=[[Mumbai]] |publisher=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] |access-date=8 September 2024}}</ref>
!T20Is<ref>{{cite press release |last=Shah |first=Jay |date=28 September 2024 |title=India's squad for T20I series against Bangladesh announced |url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2024/news/55556147/india-s-squad-for-t20i-series-against-bangladesh-announced |location=Mumbai |publisher=BCCI |access-date=28 September 2024}}</ref>
!Tests<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=12 September 2024 |title=Announced {{!}} Bangladesh Test Squad for India Tour 2024 |url=https://www.tigercricket.com.bd/detail/announced-bangladesh-test-squad-for-india-tour-2024 |location=Dhaka |website=[[Bangladesh Cricket Board]] |access-date=12 September 2024}}</ref>
!T20Is<ref>{{cite web|author= |date=29 September 2024 |title=Bangladesh Squad for T20 International Series Against India Announced |url=https://www.tigercricket.com.bd/detail/bangladesh-squad-for-t20-international-series-against-india-announced |location=Dhaka |website=Bangladesh Cricket Board |access-date=29 September 2024}}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
* [[Rohit Sharma]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Ravichandran Ashwin]]
* [[Jasprit Bumrah]]
* [[Yash Dayal]]
* [[Akash Deep]]
* [[Shubman Gill]]
* [[Ravindra Jadeja]]
* [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]]
* [[Dhruv Jurel]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Sarfaraz Khan (cricketer)|Sarfaraz Khan]]
* [[Virat Kohli]]
* [[Rishabh Pant]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Axar Patel]]
* [[KL Rahul]]
* [[Mohammed Siraj]]
* [[Kuldeep Yadav]]
|
* [[Suryakumar Yadav]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Ravi Bishnoi]]
* [[Varun Chakravarthy]]
* <s>[[Shivam Dube]]</s>
* [[Hardik Pandya]]
* [[Riyan Parag]]
* [[Harshit Rana]]
* [[Nitish Kumar Reddy]]
* [[Sanju Samson]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Abhishek Sharma]]
* [[Jitesh Sharma]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Arshdeep Singh (cricketer)|Arshdeep Singh]]
* [[Rinku Singh (cricketer)|Rinku Singh]]
* [[Washington Sundar]]
* [[Tilak Varma]]
* [[Mayank Yadav]]
|
* [[Najmul Hossain Shanto]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Khaled Ahmed]]
* [[Taskin Ahmed]]
* [[Jaker Ali]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Shakib Al Hasan]]
* [[Liton Das]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Zakir Hasan (cricketer, born 1998)|Zakir Hasan]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Nayeem Hasan]]
* [[Mahmudul Hasan Joy]]
* [[Mehidy Hasan Miraz]]
* [[Mominul Haque]]
* [[Shadman Islam]]
* [[Taijul Islam]]
* [[Hasan Mahmud (cricketer)|Hasan Mahmud]]
* [[Mushfiqur Rahim]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Nahid Rana]]
|
* [[Najmul Hossain Shanto]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Taskin Ahmed]]
* [[Jaker Ali]]
* [[Liton Das]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Mahedi Hasan]]
* [[Rakibul Hasan (cricketer, born 2002)|Rakibul Hasan]]
* [[Tanzid Hasan]]
* [[Parvez Hossain Emon]]
* [[Rishad Hossain]]
* [[Towhid Hridoy]]
* [[Shoriful Islam]]
* [[Mahmudullah]]
* [[Mehidy Hasan Miraz]]
* [[Mustafizur Rahman]]
* [[Tanzim Hasan Sakib]]
|}

On 5 October, [[Shivam Dube]] was ruled out of the T20I series due to back injury.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2024/news/55556149/shivam-dube-ruled-out-of-t20i-series |title=Shivam Dube ruled out of T20I series |work=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] |access-date=5 October 2024}}</ref> [[Tilak Varma]] was named as his replacement.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ind-vs-ban-shivam-dube-out-of-t20i-series-due-to-back-injury-tilak-varma-named-replacement-1453969 |title=Dube out of Bangladesh T20Is with back injury; Tilak named replacement |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=6 October 2024}}</ref>

==Test series==
===1st Test===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 19–22 September 2024
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|BAN}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 376 (91.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] 113 (133)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Hasan Mahmud (cricketer)|Hasan Mahmud]] 5/83 (22.2 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 149 (47.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Shakib Al Hasan]] 32 (64)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Jasprit Bumrah]] 4/50 (11 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 287/4[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (64 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Shubman Gill]] 119[[not out|*]] (176)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Mehidy Hasan Miraz]] 2/103 (25 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 234 (62.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Najmul Hossain Shanto]] 82 (127)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] 6/88 (21 overs)

| result = India won by 280 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1439891.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chennai]]
| umpires = [[Richard Kettleborough]] (Eng) and [[Rod Tucker]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] (Ind)
| toss = Bangladesh won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = The 17 wickets to fall on day 2 were the most on a single day in a Test match at this ground.<ref>{{cite web |last=Monga |first=Sidharth |date=20 September 2024 |title=Bumrah, Jadeja back Bangladesh into a corner on 17-wicket day |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/bangladesh-in-india-2024-25-1439844/india-vs-bangladesh-1st-test-1439891/match-report-2 |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=7 October 2024}}</ref>
* In Bangladesh's second innings, Ravichandran Ashwin passed [[Courtney Walsh]] on the list of [[List of bowlers who have taken 300 or more wickets in Test cricket|bowlers with the most wickets]] in Tests.<ref>{{cite web |last=Monga |first=Sidharth |date=22 September 2024 |title=Ashwin's double act of hundred and six-for secures 1-0 lead for India |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/bangladesh-in-india-2024-25-1439844/india-vs-bangladesh-1st-test-1439891/match-report-4 |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=7 October 2024}}</ref>
* World Test Championship points: India 12, Bangladesh 0.
}}

===2nd Test===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 27 September – 1 October 2024
| team1 = {{cr-rt|BAN}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 233 (74.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Mominul Haque]] 107[[not out|*]] (194)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Jasprit Bumrah]] 3/50 (18 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 285/9[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (34.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]] 72 (51)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Mehidy Hasan Miraz]] 4/41 (6.4 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 146 (47 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Shadman Islam]] 50 (101)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Jasprit Bumrah]] 3/17 (10 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 98/3 (17.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]] 51 (45)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Mehidy Hasan Miraz]] 2/44 (9 overs)

| result = India won by 7 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1439892.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Green Park Stadium]], [[Kanpur]]
| umpires = [[Chris Brown (cricketer, born 1973)|Chris Brown]] (NZ) and [[Richard Kettleborough]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.
| rain = Only 35 overs of play was possible on Day 1 and no play was possible on Day 2 and Day 3 due to rain and wet outfield.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/bangladesh-in-india-2024-25-1439844/india-vs-bangladesh-2nd-test-1439892/match-report-1 |title=Heavy rain calls off first day after Bangladesh lose three |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|date=27 September 2024 |access-date=28 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/131776/rain-forces-washout-on-second-day-in-kanpur |title=Rain forces washout on second day in Kanpur |work=[[Cricbuzz]]|date=28 September 2024 |access-date=28 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/india-bangladesh-kanpur-test-day-3-updates/article68697013.ece |title=Day 3 of India vs Bangladesh 2nd test washed out due to wet outfield |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=29 September 2024 |access-date=29 September 2024}}</ref>
| notes = [[Ravindra Jadeja]] (Ind) became the 39th person to take 300 Tests wickets, from fewer deliveries (11,817) than any player before him.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kalidas |first=Lalith |date=30 September 2024 |title=Ravindra Jadeja becomes second fastest to the 300 Wickets/3000 Runs grand double, behind Ian Botham |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/ravindra-jadeja-2nd-fastest-300-wickets-3000-runs-all-rounder-9590907/ |website=[[The Indian Express]] |location=Noida |access-date=30 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author= |date=21 October 2024 |title=Rabada takes 300th Test wicket – how does he compare |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/articles/cm2828e55m0o |website=[[BBC Sport]] |location=London |access-date=22 October 2024}}</ref>
* [[Virat Kohli]] (Ind) became the fastest to complete 27,000 runs in international cricket, in terms of innings (594).<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=30 September 2024 |title=IND vs BAN, 2nd Test: Kohli becomes fastest player to reach 27,000 international runs |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/virat-kohli-fastest-player-to-reach-27000-international-runs-sachin-tendulkar-record-india-vs-bangladesh-2nd-test/article68700961.ece |website=[[Sportstar]] |location=Chennai |access-date=30 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/bangladesh-in-india/virat-kohli-becomes-fastest-to-27000-runs-in-international-cricket/articleshow/113815164.cms |title=Virat Kohli becomes fastest to 27,000 runs in international cricket |work=Times of India |date=30 September 2024 |access-date=30 September 2024}}</ref>
* India's match [[run rate]] of 7.36 was the highest in Test history, breaking the previous record of 6.80 set by [[Zimbabwean cricket team in South Africa in 2004–05#1st Test|South Africa in the first Test against Zimbabwe]] at [[Newlands Cricket Ground|Cape Town]] in 2005.<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=1 October 2024 |title=India shatters records in dominant win over Bangladesh in second Test |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/tournaments/world-test-championship/news/india-shatters-records-in-dominant-win-over-bangladesh-in-second-test |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241001133355/https://www.icc-cricket.com/tournaments/world-test-championship/news/india-shatters-records-in-dominant-win-over-bangladesh-in-second-test |archive-date=1 October 2024 |website=[[International Cricket Council|ICC]] |location=Dubai |access-date=7 October 2024}}</ref>
* World Test Championship points: India 12, Bangladesh 0.
}}

==T20I series==
===1st T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 6 October 2024
| time = 19:00
| night = y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|BAN}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score1 = 127 (19.5 overs)
| runs1 = [[Mehidy Hasan Miraz]] 35[[not out|*]] (32)
| wickets1 = [[Arshdeep Singh (cricketer)|Arshdeep Singh]] 3/14 (3.5 overs)
| score2 = 132/3 (11.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Hardik Pandya]] 39[[not out|*]] (16)
| wickets2 = [[Mehidy Hasan Miraz]] 1/7 (1 over)
| result = India won by 7 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1439893.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Shrimant Madhavrao Scindia Cricket Stadium]], [[Gwalior]]
| umpires = [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] (Ind) and [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Arshdeep Singh (cricketer)|Arshdeep Singh]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Nitish Kumar Reddy]] and [[Mayank Yadav]] (Ind) both made their T20I debuts.<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=7 October 2024 |title=IND vs BAN: All-rounder Nitish Kumar Reddy makes India debut during first T20I against Bangladesh |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ind-vs-ban-nitish-kumar-reddy-india-debut-playing-11-1st-t20i-bangladesh-sunrisers-hyderabad-all-rounder-ipl-2024/article68724372.ece |website=Sportstar |location=Chennai |access-date=7 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author= |date=7 October 2024 |title='Didn't play cricket after IPL injury and directly made India debut': Mayank Yadav reflects on four-month recovery period |url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/mayank-yadav-debut-ind-vs-ban-t20-ipl-2024-injury-comeback-9607727/lite/ |website=The Indian Express |location=Noida |access-date=7 October 2024}}</ref>
* It was the first T20I to be played at this venue and the [[List of international cricket grounds in India|26th T20I venue in India]] to host an international cricket match.<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=18 September 2024 |title=Gwalior to host India versus Bangladesh 1st T20I |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/cricket/2024/Aug/14/gwalior-to-host-india-versus-bangladesh-1st-t20i |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |location=Chennai |access-date=18 September 2024}}</ref>
}}

===2nd T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 9 October 2024
| time = 19:00
| night = y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|BAN}}
| score1 = 221/9 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Nitish Kumar Reddy]] 74 (34)
| wickets1 = [[Rishad Hossain]] 3/55 (4 overs)
| score2 = 135/9 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Mahmudullah]] 41 (39)
| wickets2 = [[Varun Chakravarthy]] 2/19 (4 overs)
| result = India won by 86 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1439894.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Arun Jaitley Cricket Stadium]], [[Delhi]]
| umpires = [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]] (Ind) and [[Virender Sharma]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Nitish Kumar Reddy]] (Ind)
| toss = Bangladesh won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = This was India's highest total against Bangladesh in T20Is.<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=9 October 2024 |title=IND vs BAN, 2nd T20I: India registers highest T20 score against Bangladesh|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/india-vs-bangladesh-2nd-t20i-highest-score-ind-v-ban-t20-records-numbers-stats/article68737413.ece/|website=Sportstar |location=Chennai |access-date=9 October 2024}}</ref>
}}

===3rd T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 12 October 2024
| time = 19:00
| night = y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|BAN}}
| score1 = 297/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Sanju Samson]] 111 (47)
| wickets1 = [[Tanzim Hasan Sakib]] 3/66 (4 overs)
| score2 = 164/7 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Towhid Hridoy]] 63[[not out|*]] (42)
| wickets2 = [[Ravi Bishnoi]] 3/30 (4 overs)
| result = India won by 133 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1439895.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]]
| umpires = [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] (Ind) and [[Rohan Pandit]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Sanju Samson]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Mahmudullah]] (Ban) played in his last T20I.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mahmudullah to retire from T20Is after series against India |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ind-vs-ban-2nd-t20i-mahmudullah-to-retire-from-t20is-after-series-against-india-1454330 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=12 October 2024 |date=8 October 2024}}</ref>
* [[Sanju Samson]] (Ind) scored his first century in T20Is.<ref>{{cite web |title=Samson's maiden T20I ton powers India's series-sweeping win |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/131989/samsons-maiden-t20i-ton-powers-indias-series-sweeping-win |work=[[Cricbuzz]] |date=12 October 2024 |access-date=12 October 2024}}</ref>
* This was India's highest total in T20Is,<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=12 October 2024 |title=India record new T20I high, narrowly miss 300-run mark in Hyderabad |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/india-record-new-t20i-high-narrowly-miss-300-run-mark-in-hyderabad |website=[[International Cricket Council|ICC]] |location=Dubai |access-date=12 October 2024}}</ref> and the highest total by a [[List of International Cricket Council members#Full members|full member-nation]].<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=12 October 2024 |title=IND vs BAN, 3rd T20I: India scores highest T20I team total by a full-member nation |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/india-highest-t20i-team-total-full-member-nation-ind-vs-ban-3rd-t20-hyderabad/article68746577.ece/ |website=Sportstar |location=Chennai |access-date=12 October 2024}}</ref>
* [[Ravi Bishnoi]] (Ind) took his 50th wicket in T20Is.<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=12 October 2024 |title=IND vs BAN: Ravi Bishnoi becomes joint-second fastest Indian to pick 50 T20I wickets |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ravi-bishnoi-joint-second-fastest-indian-50-t20-wickets-record-full-list-india-vs-bangladesh/article68746875.ece |website=Sportstar |location=Chennai |access-date=12 October 2024}}</ref>
}}

== Statistics ==
=== Leading run-scorers (Tests) ===
{{Table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable defaultcenter col2left"
|+
! Rank !! Name !! Runs !! Matches !! [[Innings]] !! {{abbr|HS|High score}} !! [[Batting average (cricket)|Average]] !! [[Century (cricket)|100s]] !! 50s
|-
| 1 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]]
| '''189'''|| 2 || 4 || 72 || 47.25 || - || 3
|-
| 2 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shubman Gill]]
| '''164'''|| 2 || 4 || 119 || 54.67 || 1 || 1
|-
| 3 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rishabh Pant]]
| '''161'''|| 2 || 4 || 109 || 53.67 || 1 || 1
|-
| 4 || {{flagicon|BGD}} [[Najmul Hossain Shanto]]
| '''152'''|| 2 || 4 || 82 || 38 || - || 1
|-
| 5 || {{flagicon|BGD}} [[Mominul Haque]]
| '''122'''|| 2 || 4 || 107 || 40.67 || 1 || 1
|-
|}

=== Leading wicket-takers (Tests) ===
{{Table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable defaultcenter col2left"
|+
! Rank !! Name !! [[Dismissal (cricket)|Wickets]] !! Matches !! [[Innings]] !![[Over (cricket)|Overs]] !! [[Bowling average|Average]] !! [[Bowling analysis|{{abbr|Best.|Best figures (match)}}]]
|-
| 1 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Jasprit Bumrah]]
| '''11'''|| 2 || 4 || 49.0 || 12.82 || 4/50
|-
| 2 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ravichandran Ashwin]]
| '''11'''|| 2 || 4 || 64.0 || 19.27 || 6/88
|-
| 3 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ravindra Jadeja]]
| '''9''' || 2 || 4 || 42.3 || 15.44 || 3/34
|-
| 4 || {{flagicon|BGD}} [[Mehidy Hasan Miraz]]
| '''9'''|| 2 || 4 || 61.4 || 29.44 || 4/41
|-
| 5 || {{flagicon|BGD}} [[Hasan Mahmud (cricketer)|Hasan Mahmud]]
| '''6''' || 2 || 4 || 39.2 || 32.00 || 5/83
|-
|}

=== Leading run-scorers (T20Is) ===
{{Table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable defaultcenter col2left"
|+
! Rank !! Name !! Runs !! Matches !! [[Innings]] !! {{abbr|HS|High score}} !! [[Batting average (cricket)|Average]] !! [[Century (cricket)|100s]] !! 50s
|-
| 1 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sanju Samson]]
| '''150'''|| 3 || 3 || 111 || 50.00 || 1 || 1
|-
| 2 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Hardik Pandya]]
| '''118'''|| 3 || 3 || 47 || 59.00 || - || -
|-
| 3 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Suryakumar Yadav]]
| '''112'''|| 3 || 3 || 75 || 37.33 || - || 1
|-
| 4 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Nitish Reddy]]
| '''90'''|| 3 || 3 || 74 || 45 || - || 1
|-
| 5 || {{flagicon|BGD}} [[Towhid Hridoy]]
| '''77'''|| 3 || 3|| 63 || 38.50 || - || 1
|-
|}

=== Leading wicket-takers (T20Is) ===
{{Table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable defaultcenter col2left"
|+
! Rank !! Name !! [[Dismissal (cricket)|Wickets]] !! Matches !! [[Over (cricket)|Overs]] !! [[Bowling average|Average]] !! [[Bowling analysis|{{abbr|Best.|Best figures (match)}}]]
|-
| 1 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Varun Chakaravarthy]]
| '''5'''|| 3 || 12.0 || 14.60 || 3/31
|-
| 2 || {{flagicon|BGD}} [[Tanzim Hasan Sakib]]
| '''5'''|| 2 || 8.0 || 23.20 || 3/66
|-
| 3 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Arshdeep Singh (cricketer)|Arshdeep Singh]]
| '''4''' || 2 || 6.5 || 10.00 || 3/14
|-
| 4 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mayank Yadav]]
| '''4'''|| 3 || 12.0 || 20.75 || 2/32
|-
| 5 || {{flagicon|BGD}} [[Mustafizur Rahman]]
| '''4''' || 3 || 11.0 || 31.00 || 2/36
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/bangladesh-in-india-2024-25-1439844 Series home at ESPNcricinfo]

{{International cricket tours of India}}
{{2023–2025 ICC World Test Championship}}
{{International cricket in 2024–25}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bangladeshi cricket team in India in 2024-25}}
[[Category:2024 in Bangladeshi cricket]]
[[Category:2024 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi cricket tours of India]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2024–25]]

Jagadekaveeruni Katha

2026-03-23T13:39:51Z

BoydMalizia: Put Up A Pg - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Jagadekaveeruni Katha
| image = Jagadeka Veeruni Katha poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[K. V. Reddy]]
| producer = K. V. Reddy
| screenplay = K. V. Reddy
| story = [[Pingali Nagendra Rao]]
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogue by
| data1 = {{ubl|Pingali Nagendra Rao}}
}}
| starring = [[N. T. Rama Rao]] [[B. Saroja Devi]]
| music = [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]]
| cinematography = [[Marcus Bartley]]
| editing = Kalyana Sundaram
| studio = [[Vijaya Productions]]
| released = {{film date|df=y|1961|8|9}}
| runtime = 187 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Jagadekaveeruni Katha''''' ({{translation|Story of the universal hero}}) is a 1961 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Fantasy film|fantasy]] [[swashbuckler film]] produced and directed by [[K. V. Reddy]] under the [[Vijaya Productions]] banner. It stars [[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[B. Saroja Devi]] with music composed by [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ntr.telugudesam.org/paperslides/art.html |title=Jagadekaveeruni Katha review, Aanati Anavallu 102 by Pulagam Chinnarayana |access-date=1 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823112643/http://ntr.telugudesam.org/paperslides/art.html |archive-date=23 August 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The film was subsequently dubbed into Tamil as ''Jagathalaprathapan'', Kannada as ''Jagadekaveerana Kathe'', and also into Bengali, Oriya, and Hindi languages. Released on August 9, 1961, the film was a box office success.<ref name="hindu" />

==Plot==
The king ([[Mukkamala (actor)|Mukkamala]]) and queen ([[Rushyendramani]]) of Udayagiri have two sons: Pratap ([[N. T. Rama Rao]]), a brave warrior, and Jagajithu (Lanka Satyam), a cowardly and jealous individual. When the king asks his sons about their desires, Pratap expresses his wish to marry four celestial maidens: Indrakumari [[Jayanti (Hinduism)|Jayanti]] ([[B. Saroja Devi]]), Agnikumari Marichi (Bala), Varunakumari [[Varuni#Varuna's daughter|Varuni]] ([[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]]), and Nagakumari Nagini ([[L. Vijayalakshmi]]). Enraged by this audacious request, the king exiles Pratap, who embarks on a quest to fulfill his ambition.

Pratap begins his journey, blessed by his mother, and soon saves a jester named Rendu Chintalu ([[Relangi (actor)|Relangi]]) from two [[vetala]]s. In gratitude, the vetalas grant them three wishes. Rendu Chintalu reveals his desire to marry his true love and rule a kingdom, while Pratap shares his own goal. They use their first wish to find the celestial maidens bathing, but Rendu Chintalu inadvertently uses the remaining two wishes on trivial matters.

Pratap attempts to woo Jayanti but is turned into a statue by her. The queen prays to Goddess [[Parvati]] ([[Kannamba]]), who, disguised as an old woman, restores Pratap. She reveals that Jayanti is cursed by Sage [[Durvasa]] to marry the man who steals her sari and live on Earth until she retrieves it. With the old woman's guidance, Pratap steals the sari and hides it. Jayanti, now in love due to the curse, marries Pratap after he is restored to his original form.

Pratap, Jayanti, and Rendu Chintalu travel to the kingdom of Kamakuta, ruled by King Threesoka ([[Rajanala (actor)|Rajanala]]), who desires the perfect wife. His minister, Badarayana ([[C. S. R. Anjaneyulu|C. S. R.]]), tries to help him, but when Threesoka sees Jayanti, he becomes infatuated with her. He lures Pratap to the palace under the guise of rewarding him, but his schemes are repeatedly foiled by Ekasha ([[Girija (actress)|Girija]]) and Rendu Chintalu. Threesoka then sends Pratap on dangerous quests to collect poison from Nagaloka and a gem from Varunaloka, both of which he successfully completes, marrying Nagini and Varuni in the process.

Despite Pratap's victories, Threesoka and Badarayana conspire again, this time attempting to send Pratap to [[Naraka]] (hell). Pratap returns unharmed, bringing back Marichi as his wife. To escape their own treachery, Threesoka and Badarayana jump into fire, only to meet their demise, while Pratap survives. He reinstates the kingdom's former minister and fulfills Rendu Chintalu's wish by crowning him and Ekasha as king and queen of Kamakuta.

Meanwhile, back in Udayagiri, Jagajithu betrays the kingdom, but the king and queen escape and reunite with Pratap in Kamakuta. The king's eyesight is restored, and Pratap, now with his five wives, is sent to battle. Jagajithu poisons Pratap and abandons him, but Pratap is revived by the celestial maidens. Heartbroken over his circumstances, Pratap continues his journey, ultimately earning the favor of the gods.

Pratap undergoes several tests to prove his worth, including rescuing Agni's wife and displaying divine musical abilities by playing multiple instruments simultaneously. In the final test, he identifies his wives in disguise, affirming his devotion and wisdom. The gods, convinced of his prowess and virtue, grant him their daughters.

Pratap returns to Udayagiri, where he reinstates his parents as rulers and lives happily with his four celestial wives, expressing gratitude to Goddess Parvati.

==Cast==
[[File:Actor CSR in Movie "Jagadekaveeruni Katha".jpg|thumb|C. S. R. Anjaneyulu as Badarayana Praggada.]]
*[[N. T. Rama Rao]] as Pratap
*[[B. Saroja Devi]] as Jayanthi/Indra Kumari
*[[Rajanala Kaleswara Rao|Rajanala]] as Threesoka Maharaju
*[[Relangi (actor)|Relangi]] as Renduchintalu
*[[Chilakalapudi Seetha Rama Anjaneyulu|C. S. R.]] as Badarayana Praggada
*[[Mikkilineni (actor)|Mikkilineni]] as [[Indra]]
*[[Mukkamala (actor)|Mukkamala]] as Maharaju
*[[Vangara Venkata Subbaiah|Vangara]] as Paata Mantri Buddisagar
*Lanka Satyam as Jagajithu
*[[P. Kannamba|Kannamba]] as [[Goddess Parvathi]]
*[[Rushyendramani]] as Maharani
*[[L. Vijayalakshmi]] as Nagini / Naga Kumari
*[[Girija (actress)|Girija]] as Ekaasa
*[[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]] as Varuni / Varuna Kumari
*Bala as Mareechi / Agni Kumari
*"Gemini" Chandra - Dancer<ref name="hindu">{{Cite web|author=Narasimham|first=M. L.|date=7 July 2016|title=Jagadeka Veeruni Katha (1961)|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/Jagadeka-Veeruni-Katha-1961/article14475908.ece|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20200610085815/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/Jagadeka-Veeruni-Katha-1961/article14475908.ece|archivedate=10 June 2020|accessdate=10 June 2020|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Production ==
K. V. Reddy's next project after ''[[Pellinaati Pramanalu|Pellilnati Pramanalu]]'' (1958) was the Vijaya Productions' fantasy film ''Jagadekaveeruni Katha''. The film was adapted from a popular Tamil [[Folklore of India|folktale]] on which a previous film, [[Pakshiraja Films]]' ''[[Jagathalapratapan]]'' (1944) was also based.<ref name="hindu" /> Screenwriter [[Pingali (writer)|Pingali]] and K. V. Reddy took the core plot from ''Jagathala Prathapan'', but added new characters, made other changes to the story and prepared the script of ''Jagadekaveeruni Katha'' which made it quite distinct from the 1944 film.<ref name="hindu" />

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Jagadekaveeruni Katha
| type = film
| artist = [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1961
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 39:25
| label =
| producer = [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

Music was composed by [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]]. Lyrics were written by [[Pingali Nagendra Rao]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Jagadeka Veeruni Katha (1961)-Song_Booklet|url=https://indiancine.ma/documents/CVA/info|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2021-01-23|website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> The song "Sivasankari Sivanandalahari" is set in the [[Carnatic raga]] known as [[Darbari Kanada]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=8 June 2012 |title=A Raga's Journey – Dynamic Durbarikaanada |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/a-ragas-journey-dynamic-durbarikaanada/article3504841.ece |url-status=live |access-date=6 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228150931/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/a-ragas-journey-dynamic-durbarikaanada/article3504841.ece |archive-date=28 February 2018}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!S. No!!Song title !!Singers !!length
|-
|1
|"Jaya Jaya Jaya Jagadeka Pratapa"
|[[P. Susheela]]
|2:28
|-
|2
|"Jalakalatalalo"
|[[P. Leela|P Suseela]], [[P. Leela]], Udutha Sarojini, B. Rajaratnam
|2:26
|-
|3
|"O Sakhi Oho Cheli"
|[[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
|3:35
|-
|4
|"Nanu Dayaganava"
|P. Leela
|2:11
|-
|5
|"Varinchi Vachina Manava Veerudu"
|P Leela, Susheela
|3:15
|-
|6
|"Koppuninda Poovuleme"
|[[Madhavapeddi Satyam]], Swarnalata
|3:00
|-
|7
|"Ainadedo Ainadi"
|Ghantasala, Suseela
|2:48
|-
|8
|"Aasa Ekasa"
|Ghantasala, P. Susheela
|2:44
|-
|9
|"Manoharamuga"
|Ghantasala, P. Susheela
|3:45
|-
|10
|"Adilakshmi Vanti Attagarivamma"
|P. Leela, Suseela
|2:50
|-
|11
|"Raara Kanaraara"
|Ghantasala
|3:05
|-
|12
|"Sivasankari Sivanandalahari"
|Ghantasala
|6:18
|}

==Box office==
* The film has celebrated 100 days in 30 centres.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://navatarangam.com/2008/11/jagadekaveeruni-katha/ |title=Jagadeka Veeruni Katha story and boxoffice details at Navatarangam.com |access-date=3 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090413062755/http://navatarangam.com/2008/11/jagadekaveeruni-katha/ |archive-date=13 April 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Centenary celebrations were held at Naaz theater in [[Guntur]] city. The film unit felicitated an individual who saw the movie 100 times. The film ran well even in each of the subsequent releases.

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt0266659}}

{{K. V. Reddy}}

[[Category:1960s historical fantasy films]]
[[Category:1961 Indian films]]
[[Category:1961 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1961 films]]
[[Category:Films about royalty]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. V. Reddy]]
[[Category:Films scored by Pendyala (composer)]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian historical fantasy films]]
[[Category:Indian swashbuckler films]]

Tuti-Melur railway station

2026-03-15T21:23:41Z

BoydMalizia: created new pg

{{Short description|Railway Station in Thoothukkudi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox station
|style = Indian Railways
|name = Tuti-Melur Railway Station
|name_lang = en
|native_name = <hr/>Tūttukkuṭi-Mēlūr Rayil Nilaiyam
|native_name_lang = ta
|type = [[File:Indian Railways Suburban Railway Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] station
|image =
|caption =
|address = Meelavittan Salai, [[Thoothukkudi]] – 628002, [[Tamil Nadu]], {{flag|India}}.
|coordinates = {{coord|8|48|34.45|N|78|8|21.59|E}}
|owned = [[Government of India]]
|operator = [[Indian Railways]]
|line =
|platforms = 2
|tracks = 2
|connections = Bus Stand, Taxi Stand and Auto Rickshaw Stand
|structure = At-grade
|accessible = {{access icon}} Yes
|status = Functioning
|code = {{Indian railway code
|code = TME
|zone = [[Southern Railway Zone]]
|division = [[Madurai railway division|Madurai]]
}}
|opened = {{start date and age|df=y|2023|05|27}}
}}
'''Tuti-Melur Railway Station''' (station code: '''TME''') is a halt [[railway station]] in the city of [[Thoothukkudi]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India. It is located in the heart of the city, at Meelavittan Salai. It comes under the [[Madurai railway division]] of the [[Southern Railway Zone]] and is one of the railway termini in the city.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/passengers-demand-halt-for-trains-at-melur-station-in-thoothukudi-dist-715398|title=Passengers demand halt for trains at Melur station in Thoothukudi dist|date=27 May 2023|publisher=[[DT Next]]|access-date=29 May 2023|archive-date=17 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217104612/https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/passengers-demand-halt-for-trains-at-melur-station-in-thoothukudi-dist-715398|url-status=live}}</ref> It is located opposite Thoothukkudi New Bus Stand and at a distance of about {{convert|2.1|km|abbr=on}} from [[Perarignar Anna Bus Terminus, Thoothukkudi|Perarignar Anna Bus Terminus]], about {{convert|2.1|km|abbr=on}} from [[Tuticorin Railway Station]], and about {{convert|16.9|km|abbr=on}} from [[Thoothukudi Airport]].

==Salient features==
The station has a computerised booking office for ticket reservations and has allotted spacious spaces for passenger convenience. It is also equipped with a sufficient number of stone benches in the open and in the waiting sheds, built using cooling sheets on both platforms.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/tamilnadu/996938-mellur-railway-station-near-the-new-bus-stand-will-be-inaugurated-today.html|language=ta|title=புதிய பேருந்து நிலையம் அருகே மாற்றப்பட்ட மேலூர் ரயில் நிலையம் இன்று திறப்பு: மும்பைக்கு சிறப்பு ரயில் அறிவிப்பு|date=27 May 2023|publisher=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]]|access-date=29 May 2023|archive-date=17 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217104615/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/tamilnadu/996938-mellur-railway-station-near-the-new-bus-stand-will-be-inaugurated-today.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Train stopping time==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!rowspan=2|S. No.
!rowspan=2|Train No.
!rowspan=2|Train Name
!rowspan=2|Source
!rowspan=2|Destination
!colspan=7|Halt on
!colspan=3|Train timings
|-
!class="unsortable"|[[Monday|M]]
!class="unsortable"|[[Tuesday|T]]
!class="unsortable"|[[Wednesday|W]]
!class="unsortable"|[[Thursday|T]]
!class="unsortable"|[[Friday|F]]
!class="unsortable"|[[Saturday|S]]
!class="unsortable"|[[Sunday|S]]
!Arrival time
!Departure time
!Halt time
|-
!1
|12693
|rowspan=2|[[Pearl City (Muthunagar) Super Fast Express|Pearl City Super Fast Express]]
|[[Chennai Egmore railway station|Chennai Egmore (MS)]]
|[[Tuticorin railway station|Tuticorin (TN)]]
|{{Y}}
|{{Y}}
|{{Y}}
|{{Y}}
|{{Y}}
|{{Y}}
|{{Y}}
|05:09
|05:10
|rowspan=9|1 minute
|-
!2
|12694
|rowspan=2|[[Tuticorin railway station|Tuticorin (TN)]]
|[[Chennai Egmore railway station|Chennai Egmore (MS)]]
|{{Y}}
|{{Y}}
|{{Y}}
|{{Y}}
|{{Y}}
|{{Y}}
|{{Y}}
|21:10
|21:11
|-
!3
|16235
|[[Mysuru–Tuticorin Express|Tuticorin – Mysuru Express]]
|[[Mysuru Junction railway station|Mysuru Junction (MYS)]]
|{{Y}}
|{{Y}}
|{{Y}}
|{{Y}}
|{{Y}}
|{{Y}}
|{{Y}}
|17:34
|17:35
|-
!4
|16765
|Mettupalayam – Tuticorin Biweekly Express
|[[Mettupalayam railway station|Mettupalayam (MTP)]]
|[[Tuticorin railway station|Tuticorin (TN)]]
|{{Y}}
|{{N}}
|{{N}}
|{{N}}
|{{N}}
|{{Y}}
|{{N}}
|03:34
|03:35
|-
!5
|16766
|Tuticorin – Mettupalayam Biweekly Express
|rowspan=2|[[Tuticorin railway station|Tuticorin (TN)]]
|[[Mettupalayam railway station|Mettupalayam (MTP)]]
|{{N}}
|{{N}}
|{{N}}
|{{Y}}
|{{N}}
|{{Y}}
|{{N}}
|23:45
|23:46
|-
!6
|16791
|rowspan=2|[[Palaruvi Express]]
|[[Palakkad Junction railway station|Palakkad Junction (PGT)]]
|{{Y}}
|{{Y}}
|{{Y}}
|{{Y}}
|{{Y}}
|{{Y}}
|{{Y}}
|21:44
|21:45
|-
!7
|16792
|[[Palakkad Junction railway station|Palakkad Junction (PGT)]]
|[[Tuticorin railway station|Tuticorin (TN)]]
|{{Y}}
|{{Y}}
|{{Y}}
|{{Y}}
|{{Y}}
|{{Y}}
|{{Y}}
|05:39
|05:40
|-
!8
|19567
|rowspan=2|[[Okha–Tuticorin Vivek Express|Vivek Express]]
|[[Tuticorin railway station|Tuticorin (TN)]]
|[[Okha railway station|Okha (OKHA)]]
|{{N}}
|{{N}}
|{{N}}
|{{N}}
|{{N}}
|{{N}}
|{{Y}}
|23:45
|23:46
|-
!9
|19568
|[[Okha railway station|Okha (OKHA)]]
|[[Tuticorin railway station|Tuticorin (TN)]]
|{{N}}
|{{N}}
|{{N}}
|{{N}}
|{{N}}
|{{N}}
|{{Y}}
|00:19
|00:20
|}

==See also==
*[[Thoothukudi Airport]]
*[[Tuticorin Railway Station]]
*[[Transport in Thoothukudi]]
*[[Perarignar Anna Bus Terminus, Thoothukkudi|Perarignar Anna Bus Terminus]]
*[[V.O. Chidambaranar Port Authority]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Railway stations in Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Madurai railway division]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2023]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Thoothukudi district]]
[[Category:Railway terminus in India]]
[[Category:Transport in Thoothukudi]]
[[Category:Transport infrastructure completed in 2023]]

Sukrita Paul Kumar

2026-03-15T13:55:52Z

BoydMalizia: created new bio

{{short description|Indian poet, critic, and academic}}
{{Infobox writer/Wikidata
| fetchwikidata = ALL
| birth_place = [[Nairobi]], Kenya
}}
'''Sukrita Paul Kumar''' is an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[poet]], [[critic]], and [[Academic staff|academic]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=INTERVIEW {{!}} Try not to be lazy: Poet Sukrita Paul Kumar gives writing advice|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2020/oct/04/interview--try-not-to-be-lazy-poet-sukritapaul-kumar-gives-writing-advice-2205431.html|access-date=2022-02-13|website=The New Indian Express|date=4 October 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-30|title=In conversation: On the new 'Writer in Context' book series|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/in-conversation-on-the-new-writer-in-context-book-series-101632998270885.html|access-date=2022-02-13|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Kumar|first=Sukrita Paul|date=2015-09-03|title=The language of many tongues|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/the-language-of-many-tongues/article7612174.ece|access-date=2022-02-13|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> She has been the chief editor of ''Cultural Diversity, Linguistic Plurality and Literary Traditions of India'' – a textbook prescribed by the [[University of Delhi]] for course use in its Honours B.A. programme.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/confessions-of-the-multilingual/article2253900.ece | title=Confessions of the Multi-lingual | work=The Hindu | date=5 October 2007 | accessdate=27 September 2016}}</ref>

== Early life and background ==

Sukrita Paul Kumar was born in Nairobi, Kenya<ref>{{cite web |url=https://jaipurliteraturefestival.org/sukrita-paul-kumar-5715.html |title=Sukrita Paul Kumar | ZEE Jaipur Literature Festival |access-date=2015-08-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424153448/http://jaipurliteraturefestival.org/sukrita-paul-kumar-5715.html |archive-date=2015-04-24 }}</ref> and emigrated to India when Kenya obtained its freedom from the British. She was educated at Zakir Husain College, Hindu College and Government College of Arts and Sciences, Marathwada University, India.{{citation needed|date = November 2019}}

== Career ==

As director of a [[UNESCO]] project on 'The Culture of Peace', she edited ''Mapping Memories -'' a volume of Urdu short stories from India and Pakistan.Funny part is, she does not know Urdu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sawnet.org/books/authors.php?Kumar+Sukrita+Paul|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050408164013/http://www.sawnet.org/books/authors.php?Kumar+Sukrita+Paul|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 8, 2005|title=SAWNET: Bookshelf: Sukrita Paul Kumar|website=www.sawnet.org|access-date=2016-05-30}}</ref> Many of her poems,<ref>{{cite web |title=Poetry In Our Time |url=http://www.kritya.in/04/en/poetry_at_our_time9.html |website=Kritya.in |access-date=2015-08-28 |archive-date=2020-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726082923/http://www.kritya.in/04/en/poetry_at_our_time9.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> have emerged from her experience of working with homeless people, tsunami victims, and street children.

== Fellowships/Awards/Grants ==

Sukrita Paul Kumar was awarded the Visitorship at Concordia University for the designing of a course on Indian Women and their Lives in 2009.<ref name="CC"/>

== Books ==

=== Critical ===

*''Narrating Partition: Texts, Interpretations, Ideas.'' Indialog Publications, New Delhi, 2004<ref name="CC">{{cite web | url=https://ducic.ac.in/Sukrita-Paul-Kumar-Aruna-Asaf-Chair | title=About Dr. Sukrita Paul Kumar | publisher=Cluster Innovation Centre, University of Delhi. | accessdate=27 September 2016 | archive-date=12 November 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112141303/http://ducic.ac.in/Sukrita-Paul-Kumar-Aruna-Asaf-Chair | url-status=dead }}</ref>
* ''The New Story: A study of Literary Modernism in Urdu and Hindi Short Fiction.'' Indian Institute of Advanced Study, Shimla with Allied Publishers, New Delhi, 1990
* ''Conversations on Modernism: Dialogues with Writers, Critics and Philosophers.'' Indian Institute of Advanced Study, Shimla with Allied Publishers, New Delhi, 1990
* ''Man, Woman and Androgyny: A study of the Novels of Theodore Dreiser, Scott Fitzgerald and Ernest Hemingway.'' Indus Publishing Co. New Delhi, 1989

=== Edited ===

* ''The Dying Sun: Stories by Joginder Paul'' Edited by Sukrita Paul Kumar, HarperCollins, New Delhi, 2013<ref name="CC"/>
* ''Chamba Achamba'' Co-Edited with [[Malashri Lal]], [[Sahitya Akademi]], New Delhi, 2012
* ''Speaking for Myself'' Co-Edited with Malashri Lal, Penguin India, New Delhi, 2009
* ''Crossing Over'' Co-Edited with Frank Stewart, University of Hawaii, Hawaii, 2009
* ''Interpreting Home in South Asia'' Co-Edited with Malashri Lal, Pearson Longman's, New Delhi, 2007
* ''Cultural Diversity, Linguistic Plurality and Literary Traditions of India'' Chief Editor: Sukrita Paul Kumar, Macmillan India, New Delhi, 2006 (Textbook prescribed by Delhi University as Concurrent Course for B.A Honours.)
* ''Women's Studies in India: Contours of Change'' Edited by Sukrita Paul Kumar and Malashri Lal,
IIAS, Shimla, 2002. (Collection of Essays)

* ''Ismat, Her Life Her Times'' Edited by Sukrita Paul Kumar and Sadique. ALT (Approaching Literature through Translation) Series, Katha, New Delhi, 2000 (Critical Essays and Autobiographical Pieces on Ismat Chughtai.)
* ''Mapping Memories'' Edited by Sukrita Paul Kumar and Muhammad Ali Siddiqui. Katha, New Delhi, 1998
(Urdu stories from India and Pakistan translated into English. The same collection of stories in the original Urdu was published as ''Bazdeed'' by Katha, New Delhi, 1998

* ''Breakthrough'' Selected and Edited by Sukrita Paul Kumar. Indian Institute of Advanced Studies, Shimla, 1993
Modern Hindi and Urdu short stories (Translated into English)

=== Translated ===

* ''Stories of Joginder Paul'' Joginder Paul. National Book Trust, New Delhi, 2003
(Translation of Urdu stories into English.)<ref name="CC"/>

* ''Sleepwalkers'' Joginder Paul. Katha, New Delhi, 2001
(A novel translated by Sunil Trivedi and Sukrita Paul Kumar.)

=== Poems ===

* ''Seven Leaves, One Autumn'' Rajkamal Publications, New Delhi, 2011<ref name="CC"/>
* ''Poems Come Home (Bilingual, Translated by Gulzar)'' HarperCollins, New Delhi, 2011
* ''Rowing Together'' Rajkamal Publications, New Delhi, 2008
* ''Without Margins'' Bibliophile South Asia, New Delhi, 2005
* ''Folds of Silence'' Kokil, New Delhi, 1996
* ''Apurna'' Writer's Workshop, Calcutta, 1988
* ''Oscillations'' Ashajanak Publishers, New Delhi, 1974

=== Included in the following poetry Anthologies ===

* ''Travelogue : The Grand Indian Express'' (2018) ed. by Dr. Ananad Kumar and published by Authorspress, [[New Delhi]]
* ''Converse : Contemporary English Poetry by Indians'' (2022) ed. by Sudeep Sen and published by Pippa Rann Books, [[London]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://penguin.co.in/book_author/ed-sukrita-paul-kumar-and-malashri-lal/ Sukrita Paul Kumar] at [[Penguin India]]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Sukrita Paul}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:English-language Indian poets]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women poets]]
[[Category:International Writing Program alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Zakir Husain Delhi College alumni]]
[[Category:Hindu College, Delhi alumni]]

Kampatimar Shankariya

2026-03-12T02:55:44Z

BoydMalizia:

{{short description|Indian serial killer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{notability|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox criminal
| birth_date = {{circa}} 1952
| death_date = 16 May 1979 (aged 27)
| conviction = [[Murder]]
| death_cause = [[Execution by hanging]]
| victims = 70 confirmed
| beginyear = 1977
| endyear = 1978
| country = India
| states = Rajasthan
| apprehended = 1978
| criminal_penalty = [[Capital punishment|Death]]
| criminal_status = [[Executed]]
| birth_place = [[Jaipur, Rajasthan]], India
| death_place = Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| image = File:Kampatimar Shankariya.webp
| caption = Shankariya in 1978
}}

'''Kampatimar Shankariya''' (1952 – 16 May 1979) was an Indian [[serial killer]].

Shankariya was born in [[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]] in 1952 and arrested at the age of 26.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DwNVbOcTncwC&q=kampatimar+shankariya&pg=PA239|title=The Encyclopedia of Serial Killers|last=Newton|first=Michael|publisher=Infobase Publishing|year=2006|isbn=978-0-8160-6987-3|location=|pages=239|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://aajtak.intoday.in/crime/story/unknown-facts-about-indian-serial-killer-kampatimar-shankariya-from-rajasthan-1-887624.html|title=हथौड़े मार 70 लोगों की हत्या करने वाले 'कनपटीमार' की खौफनाक दास्तान|date=14 September 2016|website=aajtak.intoday.in|language=hi|access-date=28 November 2019}}</ref> He confessed that he had killed at least 70 people in 1977–1978<ref>{{Cite web|last=Up|first=Ankit Kaul-All Fact|date=18 April 2021|title=India's Most Dangerous Serial Killer : Kampatimar Shankariya|url=https://all-fact-up.medium.com/indias-most-dangerous-serial-killer-kampatimar-shankariya-c0ca38647657|access-date=19 May 2021|website=Medium|language=en}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=April 2025|certain=y}} for pleasure. He killed his victims by hitting them with a hammer on the neck below the ears, which gained him the moniker ''Kanpatimar'' ({{Literally|one who hits under the ear}}). He was convicted in early 1979 and was [[hanging|hanged]] at Jaipur on 16 May 1979.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wu1oDQAAQBAJ&q=kampatimar+shankariya&pg=PT11|title=The Serial Killer Files|last=Simpson|first=Paul|date=18 May 2017|publisher=Little, Brown Book Group|isbn=978-1-4721-3673-2|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mknzvz_5CiEC&q=kampatimar+shankariya&pg=PA89|title=Serial Killers|last=Newton|first=Michael|date=2008|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-1725-6|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/worlds-worstle-serial-killers-brazilian-4452356|title=World's worst serial killers: Is Brazilian security guard to join list of most prolific mass murderers?|last=Palmer|first=Alun|date=18 October 2014|website=Mirror|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=28 November 2019}}</ref> He repented, and his last words before being hanged were: "I have murdered in vain. Nobody should become like me."<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== See also ==
* [[List of serial killers by country]]
* [[List of serial killers by number of victims]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shankariya, Kanpatimar}}
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:1979 deaths]]
[[Category:Executed Indian serial killers]]
[[Category:People executed by India by hanging]]
[[Category:People from Jaipur]]
[[Category:Indian people convicted of murder]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian murderers]]
[[Category:Crime in Rajasthan]]

{{crime-bio-stub}}

Kannur–Thiruvananthapuram Jan Shatabdi Express

2026-03-11T17:31:03Z

BoydMalizia: Updated article with clearer structure

{{short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox rail service
| box_width = 30em
| color = 87CEFA
| name = Thiruvananthapuram Central - Kannur ''Jan Shatabdi Express''
| image = Kannur - Trivandrum Janshatabdi Express.jpg
| caption = Kannur - Trivandrum Jan Shatabdi Express at Ernakulam Town railway station.
| type = [[Jan Shatabdi Express]]
| locale = [[Kerala]]
| first = '''{{start date and age|df=yes|2011|1|20}}''' (Inaugural run between {{abbrlink|CLT|Kozhikode railway station}} and {{abbrlink|TVC|Thiruvananthapuram Central railway station}})<ref name="clt1">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/New-Jan-Shatabdi-flagged-off/article15527198.ece|title=New Jan Shatabdi flagged off|newspaper=The Hindu|date=21 January 2011}}</ref><ref name="clt2">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/New-Jan-Shatabdi-to-be-flagged-off-today/article15525556.ece|title=New Jan Shatabdi to be flagged off today|newspaper=The Hindu|date=20 January 2011}}</ref> '''{{start date and age|df=yes|2013|8|2}}''' ({{abbr|Extn.|Extension}} to {{abbrlink|CAN|Kannur railway station}})<ref name="can">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/jan-shatabdi-to-run-up-to-kannur-from-friday/article4972665.ece|title=Jan Shatabdi to run up to Kannur from Friday|newspaper=The Hindu|date=31 July 2013}}</ref>
| last =
| operator = [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{rws|Kannur}} (CAN)
| stops = 13
| end = {{rws|Thiruvananthapuram Central}} (TVC)
| distance = {{cvt|500|km}}
| journeytime = 9 hours 35 minutes
| frequency = 5 days a week {{efn|Except Sundays and Wednesdays for 12081 and Tuesdays and Saturdays for 12082}}
| class = AC Chair Car, Second Class Seating General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = No
| autorack = Overhead racks
| catering = On-board catering, E-catering
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm|allk=on}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 12081 / 12082
| speed = {{cvt|54|km/h}} average including halts.
| map = [[File:(Kannur - Trivandrum) Janshatabdi Express Route map.jpg|250px|(Kannur - Trivandrum) Janshatabdi Express Route map]] {{Kannur-Trivandrum Jan Shatabdi Express Route|inline=y}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

The 12081 / 12082 '''Kannur-Thiruvananthapuram Central ''Jan Shatabdi Express''''' is a [[Jan Shatabdi Express]] train belonging to '''Trivandrum''' Division of Southern Railway zone of Indian [[Indian Railways|Railways]] that runs between [[Thiruvananthapuram]] Central and [[Kannur]] in [[Kerala]] state of [[India]]. It is the longest-running [[Jan Shatabdi Express|Jan Shatabdi]] Express of Southern Railway and the fourth longest [[Jan Shatabdi Express|Jan Shatabdi]] Express in India.

==History==
Initially it ran between [[Thiruvananthapuram]] and [[Kozhikode railway station|Kozhikode]], but owing to public demand it was extended to [[Kannur railway station|Kannur]] in 2013.<ref name="can" /><ref name="clt1" /><ref name="clt2" />

The train is one of the most popular commuter trains in Kerala state along with its counterpart, the 12075/76 [[Calicut Jan Shatabdi Express]], which runs via [[Alappuzha railway station|Alappuzha]].

==Route==
Kannur Jan Shatabdi Express covers the distance of 500 km between [[Thiruvananthapuram]] and [[Kannur]] in about 9½ hours, making it one of the fastest trains between the two cities. It has 13 halts and the stoppages are at [[Thalassery]], [[Vadakara]], [[Kozhikode]], [[Tirur]], [[Shoranur Junction]], [[Thrissur]], [[Ernakulam Town]], [[Kottayam]], [[Tiruvalla]], [[Chengannur]], [[Mavelikkara]], [[Kayamkulam Junction railway station|Kayamkulam Jn]], [[Kollam Junction]] and [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
<references group="lower-alpha" responsive="1"></references>

==Coach composition==

The train operates with 20 [[LHB coach]]es, which include 15 chair cars, three AC chair cars, and two brake vans. The train was upgraded with new [[LHB coach]]es from October 16, 2024.<ref>{{cite web | title=LHB upgrade in Kannur Janshatabdi Express to enhance travel comfort, but there's a catch | date=24 September 2024 | url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/kannur-janshatabdi-express-upgrade-with-more-comfort-fewer-seats-1.9927389 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
4.https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2002/11/02/stories/2002110201991700.htm

==External links==
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/13981 Kannur-Thiruvananthapuram Jan Shatabdi Express] on India Rail Info

{{Jan Shatabdi Express}}
{{Express trains running through Kerala}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kannur-Thiruvananthapuram Jan Shatabdi Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Kannur]]
[[Category:Jan Shatabdi Express trains]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Kerala]]
[[Category:Transport in Thiruvananthapuram]]

Derrick Pereira

2026-03-11T16:55:29Z

BoydMalizia: add page as per guidelines and fixed typos after review

{{Short description|Indian footballer manager (born 1962)}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Derrick Pereira
| image =
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1962|3|17}}
| birth_place = [[Caranzalem, Goa]], India
| position = [[Defender (association football)|Defender]]
| currentclub =
| years1 = 1980–1983
| clubs1 = [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]]
| caps1 =
| goals1 =
| years2 = 1983–1984
| clubs2 = [[Tata Football Academy]]
| caps2 =
| goals2 =
| years3 = 1986–1999
| clubs3 = [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]]
| caps3 =
| goals3 =
| totalcaps =
| totalgoals =
| nationalyears1 = 1984–1991
| nationalteam1 = [[India national football team|India]]
| nationalcaps1 =
| nationalgoals1 =
| manageryears1 = 2000–2005
| managerclubs1 = [[Vasco SC|Vasco]]
| manageryears2 = 2005–2009
| managerclubs2 = [[Mahindra United]]
| manageryears3 = 2009–2013
| managerclubs3 = [[Pune FC|Pune]]
| manageryears4 = 2013–2015
| managerclubs4 = [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]]
| manageryears5 = 2015–2016
| managerclubs5 = [[DSK Shivajians F.C.|DSK Shivajians]]
| manageryears6 = 2017
| managerclubs6 = [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]
| manageryears7 = 2017
| managerclubs7 = [[FC Goa Reserves]]
| manageryears8 = 2017–2018
| managerclubs8 = [[FC Goa]] (assistant)
| manageryears9 = 2018
| managerclubs9 = [[FC Goa]] (interim)
| manageryears10 = 2018
| managerclubs10 = [[FC Goa]]
| manageryears11 = 2019–2021
| managerclubs11 = [[India national under-23 football team|India U23]]
| manageryears12 = 2021–2025
| managerclubs12 = [[FC Goa]] (technical director)
| manageryears13 = 2025–
| managerclubs13 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]] (technical director)
}}{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}

'''Derrick Pereira''' (born 17 March 1962) is an Indian [[association football]] manager<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sengupta|first=Somnath|title=Tactical Evolution Of Indian Football: Part Four – Modern Era (1999—2011)|url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2011/tactical-evolution-of-indian-football-part-four-modern-era/|location=Kolkata|date=13 July 2011|access-date=11 October 2022|website=thehardtackle.com|publisher=The Hard Tackle|language=en-US|archive-date=18 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918041621/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2011/tactical-evolution-of-indian-football-part-four-modern-era/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Coach Derrick Pereira to leave Pune FC|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/coach-pereira-to-leave-pune-fc/article4670528.ece/|website=thehindu.com|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=11 March 2023|date=30 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311054958/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/coach-pereira-to-leave-pune-fc/article4670528.ece|archive-date=11 March 2023|location=Pune|agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref> and former player, who is currently sporting director for [[I-League]] club [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]].<ref>https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-i-league-gokulam-kerala-fc-announce-derrick-pereira-new-technical-director-202507</ref>

==Playing career==
Pereira's story began in the late 1970s when he started playing for local [[Goa]] clubs as a Child (Antao Brothers). His first move to a top club was with [[Salgaocar SC]] in 1980 where he stayed on till 1983. Later he moved on to [[Tata Football Academy]] and then back to [[Salgaocar SC]] in 1985. He stayed on at Salgaocar till the end of his career in 1999.<ref name = "punefc">{{cite web|title=Pune Football Club Official Website|url=http://punefc.com/|access-date=25 January 2012|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221185633/http://punefc.com/|url-status=live}}</ref>
Amongst the highlights of his career were leading Goa to victory in the 1980 Junior National Championship. Another highlight was leading Salgaocar to a win in the 1990 [[Rovers Cup]] which the team won after downing [[Dempo SC]] in the final. He was also part of the senior [[India national football team|India]] side from 1984 to 1991.<ref name="punefc"/> He was also the part of national team which features in [[1984 AFC Asian Cup]].

==Coaching career==
Pereira's coaching career began when he began coaching Salgaocar U-19. That was a job which he held for two seasons. Next came coaching the first team at [[Vasco SC]] which he did for five seasons till 2005.<ref>{{cite web|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/transfers2000.html|title=Season ending Transfers 2000: India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504154717/http://www.indianfootball.de/transfers2000.html|archive-date=4 May 2019|website=indianfootball.de|publisher=Indian Football Network|access-date=1 July 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/transfers2001.html|title=Season ending Transfers 2001: India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504154713/http://www.indianfootball.de/transfers2001.html|archive-date=4 May 2019|website=indianfootball.de|publisher=Indian Football Network|access-date=1 July 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/transfers2004.html|title=Season ending Transfers 2004: India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217030450/http://www.indianfootball.de/transfers2004.html|archive-date=17 February 2020|website=indianfootball.de|publisher=Indian Football Network|access-date=1 July 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref> Another prominent assignment was coaching [[Mahindra United]] from 2005 to 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2020/reliving-the-title-run-of-mumbais-only-national-champions-mahindra-united-2005-06-season/|title=Reliving the title run of Mumbai's only national champions – Mahindra United 2005–06 season|website=footballcounter.com|publisher=The Football Counter|first=Raunak|last=Majumder|date=3 April 2020|access-date=26 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518212123/https://www.footballcounter.com/2020/reliving-the-title-run-of-mumbais-only-national-champions-mahindra-united-2005-06-season/|archive-date=18 May 2020}}</ref> Then in June 2009 he signed on with [[Pune FC]], where he has now managed for two seasons, leading them to top-five finishes in each season.<ref name = "punefc"/>

At the start of [[2013–14 I-League]] campaign, Salgaocar replaced [[David Booth (football manager)|David Booth]] with Pereira.<ref>{{cite web |last=Noronha |first=Anselm |title=Salgaocar FC sign Yemen's Khaled Baleid |url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/136/india/2015/02/26/9294602/salgaocar-fc-sign-yemens-khaled-baleid?ICID=SP |work=Goal.com |date=26 February 2015 |access-date=26 February 2015 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924145109/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/136/india/2015/02/26/9294602/salgaocar-fc-sign-yemens-khaled-baleid?ICID=SP }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Salgaocar FC Sign Khaled Hasan |url=http://i-league.org/salgaocar-fc-sign-khaled-hasan/ |work=I-LEAGUE Media Team |date=26 February 2015 |access-date=26 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226174904/http://i-league.org/salgaocar-fc-sign-khaled-hasan/ |archive-date=26 February 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/salgaocar-fc-signs-yemen-international-khaled-baleid/articleshow/46393728.cms|title=Salgaocar FC signs Yemen International Khaled Baleid|access-date=6 March 2021|website=The Economic Times|archive-date=14 June 2023|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614204656/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/salgaocar-fc-signs-yemen-international-khaled-baleid/articleshow/46393728.cms}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/amp/salgaocar-fc-signs-yemeni-footballer-khaled-baleid/883264|title=Salgaocar FC Signs Yemeni Footballer Khaled Baleid|access-date=6 March 2021|website=Outlook India|archive-date=12 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712103751/https://www.outlookindia.com/outlook-spotlight/mk677-side-effects-and-risks-dangers-of-mk-677-ibutamoren-sarms-and-safe-legal-alternatives-news-302277}}</ref> Salgaocar started the season brightly and at one time led the table for six game-weeks, but a rough patch of eight games, which included 4 straight losses, derailed their campaign and saw them lose the title to [[Bengaluru FC]]. Salgaocar finished their campaign at third place, which was a marked improvement over their past two campaign finishes.<ref>{{cite web|title=I-League Report Card: Salgaocar FC|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2014/05/22/4830248/i-league-report-card-salgaocar-fc|publisher=goal.com|access-date=23 February 2017|date=22 May 2014|archive-date=30 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930154558/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2014/05/22/4830248/i-league-report-card-salgaocar-fc|url-status=live}}</ref> In February 2017, he signed with [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]], mid-way through the [[2016–17 I-League|season]] after the team stood last in the table.<ref>{{cite web|author=Press Trust of India|title=Derrick to take over as Churchill coach|url=http://www.sportstarlive.com/football/indian-football/derrick-to-take-over-as-churchill-coach/article17340399.ece|publisher=[[Sportstar]]|website=www.sportstarlive.com|access-date=23 February 2017|date=17 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130025416/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/derrick-to-take-over-as-churchill-coach/article17340399.ece|archive-date=30 November 2020}}</ref>

In April 2017, he signed with [[FC Goa]] as the head of youth development and assistant manager of the first team.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/fc-goa-show-intent-with-capture-of-derrick-liston/articleshow/58332472.cms|title=FC Goa show intent with capture of Derrick, Liston - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-03-28|archive-date=1 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101150210/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/fc-goa-show-intent-with-capture-of-derrick-liston/articleshow/58332472.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> On 5 June 2018, he was promoted as the technical director of the club and [[Jesús Tato]] replaced him as the assistant manager of FC Goa.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sportstarlive.com/football/isl/fc-goa-promotes-derrick-pereira-to-technical-director-role/article24087703.ece|title=FC Goa promotes Derrick Pereira to technical director role|work=Sportstarlive|access-date=2018-09-30|language=en|archive-date=31 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331180202/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/fc-goa-promotes-derrick-pereira-to-technical-director-role/article24087703.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/derrick-takes-over-as-technical-director-of-fc-goa/articleshow/64463815.cms|title=Derrick takes over as Technical Director of FC Goa - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-09-30|archive-date=15 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215222430/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/derrick-takes-over-as-technical-director-of-fc-goa/articleshow/64463815.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 21 December 2021, Pereira was appointed as the head coach of [[FC Goa]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/2021-2022/isl-2021-2022-news/isl-2021-22-fc-goa-appoints-derrick-pereira-as-head-coach-indian-football/article38005067.ece/|title=ISL 2021-22: FC Goa appoints Derrick Pereira as head coach|website=sportstar.thehindu.com|publisher=[[Sportstar]]|date=21 December 2021|access-date=21 December 2021|archive-date=16 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416164558/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/2021-2022/news/isl-2021-22-fc-goa-appoints-derrick-pereira-as-head-coach-indian-football/article38005067.ece/amp/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Honours==
===As manager===
'''Mahindra United'''
*[[National Football League (India)|National Football League]]: [[2005–06 National Football League (India)|2005–06]]
*[[Federation Cup (India)]]: 2005
*[[IFA Shield]]: 2006, 2008

'''Individual'''
* ''IndianFootball.com'' Awards —Coach of the Year: 2003<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianfootball.de/data/ifc_awards/results2003.html|title=India — ''indianfootball.com'' AWARDS 2003 winners|archive-date=10 June 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030610034651/http://indianfootball.de/data/ifc_awards/results2003.html|date=2008|access-date=26 November 2016|website=indianfootball.de|publisher=Indian Football Network|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite web|url=https://thebridge.in/football/salgaocar-bittersweet-goodbye-goan-giant-fall-42911|title=Salgaocar FC's bittersweet goodbye — Fall of a Goan giant|first=Aswathy|last=Santhosh|access-date=11 July 2023|date=9 July 2023|archive-date=11 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711092351/https://thebridge.in/football/salgaocar-bittersweet-goodbye-goan-giant-fall-42911|website=thebridge.in|publisher=The Bridge|location=Panaji}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/sports/salgaocar-fc-shutting-shop-shocks-former-stars-barretto-d-cunha|title=Salgaocar FC shutting shop shocks former stars Barretto, D' Cunha|first=
Gautam|last=Bhattacharya|access-date=7 July 2023|date=9 July 2023|archive-date=11 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711092810/https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/sports/salgaocar-fc-shutting-shop-shocks-former-stars-barretto-d-cunha|website=nationalheraldindia.com|publisher=The National Herald}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2023/07/02/sports/salgaocar-football-club-bid-adieu/|title=Salgaocar Football Club bid adieu|last=Bhattacharya|access-date=11 July 2023|date=2 July 2023|archive-date=11 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711093430/https://www.navhindtimes.in/2023/07/02/sports/salgaocar-football-club-bid-adieu/|website=navhindtimes.in|publisher=The Navahind Times|location=Margao}}
*{{cite news |title=Indian Football: Transfer Season 2012/13 — Version 8 |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/indian-football-transfer-season-201213-version-8 |date=14 December 2012 |first1=Arunava |last1=Chaudhuri |access-date=18 July 2020 |work=Sportskeeda |archive-date=18 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718054225/https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/indian-football-transfer-season-201213-version-8 }}
*{{cite web|url=https://thefangarage.com/articles/3757-tfgtake--old-candy-in-new-wrapper-dsk-shivajians-have-got-basics-right-but-lack-excitement|title=Old Candy in New Wrapper: DSK Shivajians have got basics right but lack excitement|date=20 January 2016|access-date=16 February 2024|website=thefangarage.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128101957/https://thefangarage.com/articles/3757-tfgtake--old-candy-in-new-wrapper-dsk-shivajians-have-got-basics-right-but-lack-excitement|archive-date=28 January 2023|location=Pune}}

{{India squad AFC Asian Cup 1984}}
{{Pune F.C. managers}}
{{Churchill Brothers S.C. managers}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pereira, Derrick}}
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Footballers from Goa]]
[[Category:Indian football managers]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:India men's international footballers]]
[[Category:1984 AFC Asian Cup players]]
[[Category:I-League managers]]
[[Category:DSK Shivajians FC managers]]
[[Category:Pune FC managers]]
[[Category:Mahindra United FC managers]]
[[Category:Vasco SC managers]]
[[Category:Footballers at the 1986 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Men's association football defenders]]
[[Category:Asian Games footballers for India]]
[[Category:Churchill Brothers FC managers]]
[[Category:FC Goa managers]]
[[Category:Indian Super League managers]]

Alphorn

2026-03-11T16:06:21Z

BoydMalizia:

{{Short description|Long wooden musical horn}}
{{Infobox instrument
| name = Alphorn
| image = Musikinstrumenten-Museum Berlin - Alphorn in Fis - 1108187.jpg
| caption = Alphorn, Staatliches Institut für Musikforschung, Berlin
| background = brass
| classification = {{hlist
| [[Aerophone]]
| [[Wind instrument]]
| [[Brass instrument|Labrosone]]
}}
| hornbostel_sachs = 423.121.12
| hornbostel_sachs_desc = End-blown straight labrosones with [[mouthpiece (brass)|mouthpiece]]<ref name="MIMO-HS">{{Cite web |title=End-blown straight labrosones with mouthpiece |work=Hornbostel-Sachs (classification) |publisher=Musical Instrument Museums Online (MIMO) |url= https://vocabulary.mimo-international.com/HornbostelAndSachs/en/page/344 |access-date=10 November 2024 }}</ref>
| musicians =
| builders =
| related = [[Bucium]], [[trembita]]
| articles =
}}
[[Image:Bardentreffen 2009 2169.jpg|thumb|[[Eliana Burki]] playing the alphorn at the Bardentreffen festival in [[Nuremberg]] 2009]]

The '''alphorn''' ({{langx|de|'''Alphorn''', '''Alpenhorn'''}}; {{langx|fr|'''cor des Alpes'''}}; {{langx|it|'''corno alpino'''}}) is a traditional [[Brass instrument|lip-reed]] [[wind instrument]]. It consists of a long straight wooden [[natural horn]], with a length of {{convert|3|to|4|m|ft|sigfig=2|abbr=off}}, a [[bore (wind instruments)|conical bore]] and a wooden cup-shaped [[mouthpiece (brass)|mouthpiece]]. The alphorn was traditionally made in one piece from the trunk of a [[Pinus sylvestris|pine]].<ref name="Cambridge-2019">{{Cite Q|Q136027509|first=Murray |last=Campbell |chapter=Alphorn |editor1-last=Herbert |editor1-first=Trevor |editor2-last=Myers |editor2-first=Arnold |editor3-last=Wallace |editor3-first=John |date=2019 |publication-place=unset |page=18-20}}</ref> Modern alphorns are usually made in three detachable sections for easier transport and handling, carved from blocks of [[Picea abies|spruce]].<ref name="THE MAKING OF AN ALPHORN">{{cite web |title=The Making Of An Alphorn |url=https://www.nendazcordesalpes.ch/en/alphorn/the-making-of-an-alphorn |publisher=Valais drink pure |website=www.nendazcordesalpes.ch/en |access-date=13 October 2021 |archive-date=29 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029172430/https://www.nendazcordesalpes.ch/en/alphorn/the-making-of-an-alphorn |url-status=dead }}</ref> The alphorn is used by rural communities in the Alps. Similar wooden horns were used for [[communication]] in most mountainous regions of [[Europe]], from the [[Alps]] to the [[Carpathian Mountains|Carpathians]].<ref name="Cambridge-2019"/>

== History ==

The alphorn may have developed from instruments like the {{lang|la|[[lituus]]}}, a similarly shaped [[Etruscan civilization|Etruscan]] instrument of [[classical antiquity]], although there is little documented evidence of a continuous connection between them. A 2nd century Roman mosaic, found in Boscéaz, depicts a shepherd using a similar straight horn. The use of long signal horns in mountainous areas throughout Europe and Asia may indicate a long history of cultural cross-influences regarding their construction and usage.<ref name="Cambridge-2019"/>

The first documented use of the German word {{lang|de|Alphorn}} is in a payment recorded in the 1527 accounts ledger of [[Saint Urban's Abbey]] in [[Pfaffnau]]. Swiss naturalist [[Conrad Gessner]] used the words {{lang|la|lituum alpinum}} for the first known detailed description of the alphorn, in his ''De raris et admirandis herbis'' (1555); in his time, the word ''lituus'' was used for several other wind instruments, like the [[natural horn|horn]], [[crumhorn]], or [[cornett]].
In the early 17th century, music scholar [[Michael Praetorius]] in his treatise ''[[Syntagma Musicum]]'' (1614–1620) depicts an alphorn-like instrument he called a {{lang|de|Hölzern Trummet}} ("wooden trumpet"), noting they are used by shepherds.<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=y |wstitle=Alpenhorn, Alphorn |volume=1 |page=723 |first=Kathleen |last=Schlesinger |author-link=Kathleen Schlesinger}}</ref>

From the 17th to 19th century, alphorns were used in rural areas of the Alps, for signalling between high pastures across the valleys and to communities on the valley floor. The alphorn sounds can carry for several kilometres, and were even used to collect together dispersed herds. Although use by herdsmen had waned by the early 19th century, a revival of interest in the musical qualities of the instrument followed by the end of the century, and the alphorn became important in tourism, and inspired Romantic composers such as [[Beethoven]] and [[Gustav Mahler]] to add alphorn, or traditional alphorn melodies, to their pieces.<ref name="Cambridge-2019"/>

== Construction and qualities ==

[[File:Seealpsee Juni2018 Alphorn.jpg|thumb|upright|Alphorn bell detail]]

The alphorn is carved from solid [[softwood]], usually [[pine]] or [[spruce]]. Traditionally, the alphorn maker would find a tree growing on a slope and bent at the base providing the curved shape for the bell. The long trunk would be cut in half longways, the bore hollowed out, then glued and bound back together with outer layers of stripped bark. Modern instruments are made in several sections for more convenient handling and transport, each turned and bored from solid blocks of spruce. An integrated cup-shaped mouthpiece was traditionally carved into the narrow end, while modern instruments have a separate removable mouthpiece carved from hard wood.<ref name="Cambridge-2019"/>

An alphorn made at Rigi-Kulm, Schwyz, and now in the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]], measures {{convert|8|ft|m}} in length and has a straight tube. The Swiss alphorn varies in shape according to the locality, being curved near the bell in the [[Bernese Oberland]].<ref name="EB1911"/>

The alphorn is a simple tube with no lateral openings or means of adjusting the pitch, so only the notes of the [[Harmonic series (music)|natural harmonic series]] are available.<ref name="EB1911"/> As with other natural labrosones, some of the notes do not correspond to the Western [[equal temperament|equal tempered]] [[chromatic scale]], particularly the 7th and 11th partials.

[[Image:Harmonic Series.png|thumb|center|600px]]

[[File:Alphornbläser. 2012-03-11. Walensee, Switzerland.webm|thumb|Two alphorns being performed in Switzerland]]

Accomplished alphornists can command a range of nearly three octaves, consisting of the 2nd through the 16th partials. The availability of the higher tones is due in part to the relatively small diameter of the bore of the mouthpiece and tubing in relation to the overall length of the horn.

The well-known "[[Ranz des Vaches]]" ([https://web.archive.org/web/19980214205945/http://www.lyoba.ch/culture/desalpe/ranz.htm#PARTITION score]; [http://www.bavarianinfo.ch/eng/bavarianinfo.html?sid=7020216&cKey=1183635931000&ty=st&rubricId=25004&siteSect=25001 audio]{{Dead link|date=February 2023}}) is a traditional Swiss melody often heard on the alphorn. The song describes the time of bringing the cows to the high country at milk making time.{{clarify|date=October 2023}} [[Gioachino Rossini|Rossini]] introduced the "Ranz des Vaches" into his masterpiece ''[[William Tell (opera)|William Tell]]'', along with many other melodies scattered throughout the opera in vocal and instrumental parts that are well-suited to the alphorn. [[Johannes Brahms|Brahms]] wrote to [[Clara Schumann]] that the inspiration for the dramatic entry of the horn in the introduction to the last movement of his [[Symphony No. 1 (Brahms)|First Symphony]] was an alphorn melody he heard while vacationing in the [[Rigi]] area of Switzerland. For Clara's birthday in 1868 Brahms sent her a greeting that was to be sung with the melody.

== Repertoire ==

[[Image:Fanfare 27BCA 01.JPG|thumb|The [[Fanfare du 27e Bataillon de Chasseurs Alpin|military band]] of the French [[Chasseurs Alpins]] uses alphorns]]
[[File:Alphorns Grindelwald.jpg|thumb|[[Grindelwald]] Alphorn players]]

Among music composed for the alphorn:

*Concerto Grosso No. 1 (2013) for four alphorns and orchestra by [[Georg Friedrich Haas]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.universaledition.com/Georg-Friedrich-Haas/composers-and-works/composer/278 |title=Georg Friedrich Haas |publisher=Universal Edition |access-date=28 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208163014/http://www.universaledition.com/Georg-Friedrich-Haas/composers-and-works/composer/278 |archive-date=8 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eamdc.com/news/bavarian-radio-symphony-orchestra-debuts-concerto-grosso-nr-1-by-georg-friedrich-haas/ |title=EAM: Georg Friedrich Haas's ''Concerto Grosso No. 1'' Debuts with Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra |publisher=European American Music Distributors Company |date=25 February 2014 |access-date=28 December 2016}}</ref>
*''Sinfonia pastorale'' for corno pastoriccio in G (alphorn) and string orchestra (1755) by [[Leopold Mozart]]
*Concerto for alphorn and orchestra (1970) by [[Jean Daetwyler]]
*Concerto No. 2 for alphorn (with flute, string orchestra and percussion) (1983) by Daetwyler
*''Dialogue with Nature'' for alphorn, flute, and orchestra by Daetwyler
*''Super Alpen King'' for three alphorns and orchestra by [[:fr:Ghislain Muller|Ghislain Muller]] (2001) [[:fr:VSP Orkestra|VSP orkestra]] / [[Arkady Shilkloper]], Renaud Leipp
*''Concertino rustico'' (1977) by [[Ferenc Farkas]]
*''Begegnung'' for three alphorns and concert band, by Kurt Gable.
*''Säumerweg-Blues'' [https://www.alphornmusik.ch/noten/alphorn-mit-orgel-klavier/saeumerweg-blues.php (audio played by Kurt Ott)] among many compositions by Hans-Jürg Sommer, [http://www.alphornmusik.ch Alphorn Musik]
*''Messe'' for alphorn and choir by Franz Schüssele [http://www.alphorn-center.de Alphorn-Center]
* ''Erbauliche Studie für 12 Alphörner in Abwesenheit von Bergen'' by Mathias Rüegg (1998)
*''Wolf Music: Tapio'' for alphorn and echoing instruments (2003) by [[R. Murray Schafer]]<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://caml.journals.yorku.ca/index.php/caml/article/view/2385/1590 |title=R. Murray Schafer |last=Biggs |first=Charlene |journal=CAML Review |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=46–47 |date=2003 |publisher=[[Canadian Association of Music Libraries, Archives and Documentation Centres]]}}</ref>
*''Le Berger fantaisiste'' for three alphorns and orchestra by [[:fr:Ghislain Muller|Ghislain Muller]], [[Arkady Shilkloper]], [[:fr:Cor des Alpes|Renaud Leipp]], Serge Haessler, [[:fr:VSP Orkestra|VSP orkestra]] (2001)
*''Bob Downes & The Alphorn Brothers'' (2015) by Bob Downes Open Music (CD rec. 2004)
* Concerto for alphorn in F and orchestra by [[Daniel Schnyder]] (2004)
* ''Matterhorn'' (a prelude for alphorn and wind orchestra) by Robert Litton (2013)
* ''Alpine Trail'' for alphorn and orchestra by [[Arkady Shilkloper]]
* ''Alpine Sketch'' for alphorn and big band by Arkady Shilkloper
* ''Lai nair'' for alphorn and contrabass by [[John Wolf Brennan]] (2015)
* ''Der Bergschuh'' for alphorn and marching band by Daniel Schnyder
* ''Crested Butte Mountain'' for alphorn and wind band (or brass sextet, strings, or horn septet) by Arkady Shilkloper
* ''Robin'' for alphorn and wind band (big band) by Arkady Shilkloper
* Fanfare for four alphorns by Arkady Shilkloper
* Tanz der Kühe by Carlo Brunner/Lisa Stoll

== In popular culture ==

*The alphorn is prominently featured in advertisements for [[Ricola]] cough drops.<ref>{{cite web |title=By The Way; Come Blow Your Horn |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/03/nyregion/by-the-way-come-blow-your-horn.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=3 October 1999 |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>

== See also ==

*[[Bucium]], a type of alphorn used by mountain dwellers in [[Romania]]<ref name="The technology of Alphorn design – Vitali Vitaliev">{{cite web |last1=Vitaliev |first1=Vitali |title=The technology of Alphorn design |url=https://eandt.theiet.org/content/articles/2016/10/the-technology-of-alphorn-design/ |website=eandt.theiet.org/ |date=11 October 2016 |publisher=E&T (Engineering & Technology) |access-date=8 December 2021}}</ref>
*[[Didgeridoo]], an instrument of [[Aboriginal Australians|Aboriginal Australian]] origins, traditionally made from a hollowed out [[eucalyptus]] tree trunk
*[[Erke]], a similar instrument of Argentine Northwest
*[[Kuhreihen]], a type of melody played on an alphorn
*[[Tiba (instrument)|Tiba]], wind instrument made of wood or metal that originates in the [[Grisons]] canton; it was used by shepherds on alpine meadows in the [[Alps]]
*[[Tibetan horn]], long [[trumpet]] or [[Blowing horn|horn]] used in [[Tibetan Buddhist]] and [[Buddhism in Mongolia|Mongolian buddhist]] ceremonies
*[[Trembita]], a Carpathian alpine horn made of wood
*[[Trutruca]], wind instrument played mainly amongst the [[Mapuche]] people of [[Chile]] and [[Argentina]]; produces a sound that is loud and severe, with few tonal variations

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==

* Bachmann-Geiser, Brigitte, ''Das Alphorn: Vom Lock- zum Rockinstrument''. Paul Haupt, Berne, 1999. {{ISBN|3-258-05640-4}}
* Franz Schüssele, ''Alphorn und Hirtenhorn in Europa'', book and CD with 63 sound samples available at [http://www.alphorn-center.de Alphorn-Center], {{ISBN|3-927-78121-5}}

== External links ==

* {{Commons-inline}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100807080633/http://www.salzburgerecho.com/seminars.html Third Annual North American Alphorn Retreat]
* [http://www.alphorninconcert.ch Alphorn in concert] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615101131/https://www.alphorninconcert.ch/ |date=2021-06-15 }} Concert and composition contest taking place annually in Oensingen, Canton Solothurn, Switzerland
* [http://www.nendazcordesalpes.ch International Alphorn Festival] at Nendaz, Canton Valais, Switzerland
* [http://www.vsp-orkestra.com/index.php?lang=2 VSP orkestra & Arkady Shilkloper] alphorn jazz & improvisations, composer / arranger : [https://ghislainmuller.wixsite.com/ghislain-muller Ghislain Muller], [[Arkady Shilkloper]], Pascal Beck

{{Natural horns}}
{{Brass instruments}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:National symbols of Switzerland]]
[[Category:Swiss musical instruments]]
[[Category:Natural horns and trumpets]]

Amrita (Gujarati novel)

2026-03-08T07:01:06Z

BoydMalizia: Added first pg more to come

{{for|Japanese novel by Banana Yoshimoto|Amrita (Yoshimoto novel)}}
{{short description|1965 Gujarati novel by Raghuveer Chaudhari}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Amrita
| image = Amruta cover page.jpeg
| image_size =
| caption = Cover page of first edition, 1965
| author = [[Raghuveer Chaudhari]]
| title_orig = અમૃતા
| orig_lang_code = gu
| title_working =
| translator =
| cover_artist =
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| release_number =
| subject =
| genre = [[Existentialist novel]]
| set_in =
| publisher = Shri Harihar Pustakalaya, [[Surat]]
| publisher2 =
| pub_date = 1965
| english_pub_date =
| published =
| pages =
| awards =
| isbn =
| isbn_note =
| oclc = 30883737
| dewey = 891.473
| congress =
| notes =
| external_url = https://ekatra.pressbooks.pub/amruta/
}}

'''''Amrita''''' ({{IPA|gu|əmruta|pron|}}; {{langx|gu|અમૃતા}}), also spelled '''''Amruta''''', is a 1965 Gujarati novel by [[Raghuveer Chaudhari]]. Although criticized for its highly [[Sanskritisation|Sanskritised]] language and lengthy metaphysical discussion, it is regarded as a landmark in the development of the experimental novel in modern [[Gujarati literature]]. It has been referred to as a [[Reflective writing|reflective]] [[existentialist novel]].

The story follows a love triangle between three characters, Amrita, Udayan and Aniket.<ref name="MahetāMārū2005">{{cite book|last=Mehta|first=Candrakanta|translator-last=Maru|translator-first=Pallavi|title=Indian Classics – Gujarati|url=https://archive.org/details/indianclassicsgu00mahe|year=2005|publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-230-1120-2|page=[https://archive.org/details/indianclassicsgu00mahe/page/86 86]}}</ref>

==Theme==
Spanning 18 chapters, the novel is divided into three sections: ''Prashnartha'' (The Question Mark), ''Pratibhav'' (The Response), and ''Niruttar'' (The Unanswered).<ref name="KMGeorge1997">{{cite book|last = Topiwala|first =Chandrakant|editor-last=George|editor-first=K. M.|title=Masterpieces of Indian literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dXFOAAAAYAAJ|year=1997|publisher=[[National Book Trust]]|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-237-1978-8|pages=287–288}}</ref> Each section begins with a quote, respectively from [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]], [[Maitreyi]], and [[Gandhiji]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Sharma|first=Radheshyam|author-link=Radheshyam Sharma|title=ગુજરાતી નવલકથા|script-title=gu:Gujarātī Navalakathā|trans-title=The Novel in Gujarati|year=1991|edition=3rd|publisher=University Granthnirman Board|location=Ahmedabad|page=296|oclc=27011715}}</ref> ''Amrita'' has been described as a reflective existentialist novel.<ref name="Datta1987">{{cite book|editor-last=Datta|editor-first=Amaresh|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&pg=PA666|year=1987|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-260-1803-1|page=666}}</ref><ref name="Gujarat2007">{{cite book|title=Gujarat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g4oMAQAAMAAJ|year=2007|publisher=[[Gujarati Vishwakosh|Gujarat Vishwakosh Trust]]|location=Ahmedabad|page=403|oclc=180581353}}</ref>

The novel depicts the inner and outer lives of three existentialist characters: two men, Aniket and Udayan; and one woman, Amrita.<ref name="ShastriLal1974">{{cite book|first1=Prithvinath |last1=Shastri|first2=P.|last2=Lal|author2-link=Purushottama Lal|title=The Writers Workshop Handbook of Gujarati Literature (A-F.)|volume=1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IacuAAAAMAAJ|year=1974|publisher=Writers Workshop|location=Calcutta|pages=12–13|oclc=2236764}}</ref> The love triangle between these protagonists serves as an instrument with which to explore existentialism through narrative description of inner and outer experience as the three struggle to come to grips with the meaning of their lives.<ref name="Rajan1989">{{cite book|editor-first=P. K.|editor-last=Rajan|title=The Growth of the Novel in India, 1950-1980|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EK3PpQWV51MC&pg=PA72|year=1989|publisher=Abhinav Publications|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-7017-259-8|page=72}}</ref>

==Characters==
Principal characters:<ref name="KMGeorge1997"/>
*Amrita – an intellectual woman
*Udayan – a short-story writer and journalist
*Aniket – a lecturer in botany

==Plot==
Amrita is awarded her doctorate, and her two friends Udayan and Aniket congratulate her on her achievement. From their youth onward, Udayan has been an important formative influence, guiding Amrita to reach her intellectual goals. Amrita had declared her love for him, but now Udayan observes that Amrita is growing partial to a lecturer in botany, Aniket. Udayan had played a role in introducing Aniket to Amrita. On that occasion, Udayan seemed to have brushed away Amrita's expression of affection, saying that what he desired from her was not so much her love as her understanding. For Udayan, love is contingent, an accidental matter.<ref name="KMGeorge1997"/>

During a trip the three take together to [[Juhu Beach]], Udayan falls from their boat during a tempest and is injured. Amrita finds a note under her pillow from her ''bhabi'' (her brother's wife), informing her that the family regards her friendship with the two young men as socially embarrassing. Amrita confesses to Udayan that she feels the pressure to make a choice between the two is a threat to her pursuit of freedom. But at the same time, as she sees Aniket off from the station on a journey, Amrita tells Aniket that she will wait for him. Udayan decides to resign from his post as a lecturer in Gujarati, and to sell his property at [[Bhiloda]]. Amrita sojourns in Aniket's home, acting as caretaker in his absence. Aniket stays away, living in a rented house in [[Palanpur]] and hoping that, while he is gone, Amrita and Udayan will once more draw closer to each other.<ref name="KMGeorge1997"/>

In a final meeting, before Udayan, Amrita declares her preference for Aniket. Udayan leaves for Japan to pursue journalistic work on the effects of radiation on survivors of the bombing of Hiroshima. There he falls ill, suffering from kidney disease. On his return to India, he is looked after by both Amrita and Aniket but repudiates their care, even at one point cutting his veins. Amrita and Aniket donate blood to save him. Before Amrita and Aniket accept an invitation to travel to Japan, they visit the bedridden Udayan at [[Ahmedabad]]. There he dictates his final testament, a summing up of his life in which he states that he is not a believer, that love itself is an illusion, but that he feels gratitude to his two friends who, in different ways, have helped him understand himself.<ref name="KMGeorge1997"/>

==Reception and criticism==
''Amrita'' was first published by Shri Harihar Pustakalay,<ref name="NatarajanNelson1996">{{cite book|editor1=Nalini Natarajan|editor2=Emmanuel Sampath Nelson|title=Handbook of Twentieth-century Literatures of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1lTnv6o-d_oC&pg=PA128|year=1996|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|location=Westport|isbn=978-0-313-28778-7|page=128}}</ref> [[Surat]], and has been reprinted several times.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}} It is considered a landmark in the development of the experimental novel in modern Gujarati literature.<ref name="ShastriLal1974"/> The novel won the Gujarat state award as the most outstanding work of the year 1965.<ref name="ShastriLal1974"/>

[[Chunilal Madia]] wrote in ''[[Indian Literature (journal)|Indian Literature]]'': "[Amrita's] sophisticated social theme, with the usual love triangle, is depicted with unusual skill and insight. Its only drawback is the highly Sanskritised language which does not change with the changing moods and situations".<ref name="ShastriLal1974"/><ref name="Madia1966">{{cite journal|last=Madia|first=Chunilal|author-link=Chunilal Madia|title=Gujarati: Imports and Beyond|journal=[[Indian Literature (journal)|Indian Literature]]|date=October–December 1966|volume=9|issue=4|publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]|location=New Delhi|page=34|jstor=23329520}}{{closed access}}</ref>

Gujarati language poet and critic [[Chandrakant Topiwala]] described the novel as making a lasting impact on the reader despite its "abstract, airy thinking and the long metaphysical discussions", saying that the interplay of reflections and reactions between its characters bring alive a story that is otherwise largely uneventful. Among the literary devices contributing to the success of this endeavour, he highlighted free indirect speech, the characters' analyses of one another, the depiction of a dream, and the story's symbolism, which come together to convey "the responsive conflict of the characters, in a rich existential search for their relationship, identity, freedom and choice".<ref name="KMGeorge1997"/>

The book was translated into [[Hindi]] by Kiran Mathur, and was published by [[Bharatiya Jnanpith]] in 1980.<ref name="Chaudhari2008">{{cite book|last=Chaudhari|first=Raghuveer|translator-last=Mathur|translator-first=Kiran|title=Amr̥tā|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dE8ARmAYNTUC&pg=PA7|year=2008|edition=3rd|language=hi|publisher=Bharatiya Jnanpith|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-263-1528-4|page=7}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://ekatra.pressbooks.pub/amruta/ Amrita] at Ekatra Pressbooks (Gujarati)
* {{Google books|id=dE8ARmAYNTUC}} (Hindi translation)

[[Category:1965 Indian novels]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language novels]]
[[Category:Novels set in the 20th century]]
[[Category:Existentialist novels]]
[[Category:Modernist novels]]
[[Category:Novels set in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Third-person narrative novels]]

Tiger

2026-03-05T09:00:03Z

BoydMalizia: edit

{{Short description|Species of large cat}}
{{Redirect|Tigress|other uses|Tiger (disambiguation)|and|Tigress (disambiguation)}}
{{Featured article}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{pp-move|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2020}}
{{Speciesbox
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|Early Pleistocene | Present}}
| image = {{CSS image crop |Image = Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) female 3 crop.jpg |bSize = 350 |cWidth = 300 |cHeight = 170 |oTop = 40 |oLeft = 30 |Location = center }}
| image_caption = Female [[Bengal tiger]] in [[Kanha Tiger Reserve]], India
| image_upright = 1.2
| status = EN
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |title=''Panthera tigris'' |author=Goodrich, J. |author2=Wibisono, H. |author3=Miquelle, D. |author4=Lynam, A.J |author5=Sanderson, E. |author6=Chapman, S. |author7=Gray, T. N. E. |author8=Chanchani, P. |author9=Harihar, A. |name-list-style=amp |date=2022 |article-number=e.T15955A214862019 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T15955A214862019.en |access-date=31 August 2022}}</ref>
| status2 = CITES_A1
| status2_system = CITES
| status2_ref = <ref name=iucn/>
| taxon = Panthera tigris
| authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758)<ref name=Linn1758/>
| subdivision_ranks = Subspecies
| subdivision = * ''[[Panthera tigris tigris|P. t. tigris]]''
* ''[[Sunda Island tiger|P. t. sondaica]]''
* {{extinct}}''[[Panthera tigris acutidens|P. t. acutidens]]''
* {{extinct}}''[[Panthera tigris soloensis|P. t. soloensis]]''
* {{extinct}}''[[Panthera tigris trinilensis|P. t. trinilensis]]''
| range_map = Tiger distribution.png
| range_map_caption = Tiger distribution as of 2022
| range_map_upright = 1.2
| synonyms = {{Species list
| Felis tigris | [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[Systema Naturae|1758]]
| Tigris striatus | [[Nikolai Severtzov|Severtzov]], 1858
| Tigris regalis | [[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1867
}}
| synonyms_ref = <ref>{{cite book |first1=J. R. |last1=Ellerman |first2=T. C. S. |last2=Morrison-Scott |name-list-style=amp |date=1951 |title=Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian mammals 1758 to 1946 |location=London |publisher=British Museum |pages=318–319 |chapter=''Panthera tigris'', Linnaeus, 1758 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/checklistofpalae00elle/page/318/mode/2up}}</ref>
}}

The '''tiger''' ('''''Panthera tigris''''') is a large [[Felidae|cat]] and a member of the genus ''[[Panthera]]'' native to [[Asia]]. It has a powerful, muscular body with a large head and paws, a long tail and orange fur with black, mostly vertical stripes. It is traditionally classified into nine [[Holocene|recent]] [[subspecies]], though some recognise only two subspecies, mainland Asian tigers and the island tigers of the [[Sunda Islands]].

Throughout the tiger's range, it inhabits mainly [[forest]]s, from [[conifer]]ous and [[temperate broadleaf and mixed forest]]s in the [[Russian Far East]] and [[Northeast China]] to [[tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests]] on the [[Indian subcontinent]] and [[Southeast Asia]]. The tiger is an [[apex predator]] and preys mainly on [[ungulate]]s, which it takes by ambush. It lives a mostly solitary life and occupies [[home range]]s, defending these from individuals of the same sex. The range of a male tiger overlaps with that of multiple females with whom he mates. Females give birth to usually two or three cubs that stay with their mother for about two years. When becoming independent, they leave their mother's home range and establish their own.

Since the early 20th century, tiger populations have lost at least 93% of their historic range and are [[Local extinction|locally extinct]] in [[West Asia|West]] and [[Central Asia]], in large areas of [[China]] and on the islands of [[Java]] and [[Bali]]. Today, the tiger's range is severely fragmented. It is listed as [[Endangered species (IUCN status)|Endangered]] on the [[IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]], as its range is thought to have declined by 53% to 68% since the late 1990s. Major threats to tigers are [[habitat destruction]] and [[habitat fragmentation|fragmentation]] due to [[deforestation]], [[poaching]] for fur and the illegal trade of body parts for medicinal purposes. Tigers are also victims of [[human–wildlife conflict]] as they attack and prey on livestock in areas where natural prey is scarce. The tiger is legally protected in all range countries. National conservation measures consist of action plans, [[anti-poaching]] patrols and schemes for monitoring tiger populations. In several range countries, [[wildlife corridor]]s have been established and tiger reintroduction is planned.

The tiger is among the most popular of the world's [[charismatic megafauna]]. It has been kept in captivity since ancient times and has been trained to perform in [[circus]]es and other entertainment shows. The tiger featured prominently in the ancient [[mythology]] and [[folklore]] of cultures throughout its historic range and has continued to [[Cultural depictions of tigers|appear in culture]] worldwide.

== Etymology ==
The [[Old English]] ''tigras'' derives from [[Old French]] {{lang|fro|tigre}}, from [[Latin]] {{lang|la|tigris}}, which was a borrowing from {{Transliteration|grc| tigris}} ({{langx|grc|τίγρις}}).<ref>{{cite book |author1=Liddell, H. G. |author2=Scott, R. |name-list-style=amp |title=A Greek-English Lexicon |edition=Revised and augmented |year=1940 |location=Oxford |publisher=Clarendon Press |chapter=τίγρις |chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dti%2Fgris |access-date=21 February 2021 |archive-date=21 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021200154/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=ti/gris |url-status=live}}</ref>
Since ancient times, the word {{Transliteration|grc|tigris}} has been suggested to originate from the [[Armenian language|Armenian]] or [[Persian language|Persian]] word for 'arrow', which may also be the origin of the name for the river [[Tigris]].<ref name=Varro>{{cite book |author=Varro, M. T. |translator=Kent, R. G. |year=1938 |title=De lingua latina |trans-title=On the Latin language |publisher=W. Heinemann |place=London |chapter=XX. Ferarum vocabula |trans-chapter=XX. The names of wild beasts |pages=94–97 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/onlatinlanguage01varruoft/page/96/mode/2up}}</ref><ref name=Thorley>{{cite journal |last=Thorley |first=D. |year=2017 |title=Naming the tiger in the Early Modern world |journal=Renaissance Quarterly |volume=70 |issue=3 |pages=977–1006 |doi=10.1086/693884 |jstor=26560471 |s2cid=165388712}}</ref> However, today, the names are thought to be [[homonyms]], and the connection between the tiger and the river is doubted.<ref name=Thorley/>

== Taxonomy ==
In 1758, [[Carl Linnaeus]] described the tiger in his work ''[[Systema Naturae]]'' and gave it the [[scientific name]] ''Felis tigris'', as the genus ''Felis'' was being used for all cats at the time. His [[scientific description]] was based on descriptions by earlier naturalists such as [[Conrad Gessner]] and [[Ulisse Aldrovandi]].<ref name=Linn1758>{{cite book |author=Linnaeus, C. |year=1758 |title=Caroli Linnæi Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis |volume=Tomus I |edition=decima, reformata |location=Holmiae |publisher=Laurentius Salvius |page=41 |chapter=''Felis tigris'' |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/mobot31753000798865#page/41/mode/2up |language=la}}</ref> In 1929, [[Reginald Innes Pocock]] placed the species in the genus ''[[Panthera]]'' using the scientific name ''Panthera tigris''.<ref name=pocock1929>{{cite journal |author=Pocock, R. I. |year=1929 |title=Tigers |journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=505–541 |url=https://archive.org/details/journalofbomb33341929bomb/page/n133}}</ref><ref name=pocock1939>{{cite book |author=Pocock, R. I. |year=1939 |title=The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma |volume=((Mammalia. Volume 1)) |location=London |publisher=T. Taylor and Francis, Ltd. |pages=197–210 |chapter=''Panthera tigris'' |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/PocockMammalia1/pocock1#page/n247/mode/2up}}</ref>

=== Subspecies ===
{{anchor|Populations}}
Nine [[Holocene|recent]] tiger [[subspecies]] have been proposed between the early 19th and early 21st centuries, namely the [[Bengal tiger|Bengal]], [[Malayan tiger|Malayan]], [[Indochinese tiger|Indochinese]], [[South China tiger|South China]], [[Siberian tiger|Siberian]], [[Caspian tiger|Caspian]], [[Javan tiger|Javan]], [[Bali tiger|Bali]] and [[Sumatran tiger]]s.<ref name=MSW3>{{MSW3 Carnivora |id=14000259 |page=546 |heading=Species ''Panthera tigris''}}</ref><ref name=Wilting2015/> The [[Valid name (zoology)|validity]] of several tiger subspecies was questioned in 1999 as most putative subspecies were distinguished on the basis of fur length and colouration, striping patterns and body size of specimens in [[natural history museum]] collections that are not necessarily representative for the entire population. It was proposed to recognise only two tiger subspecies as valid, namely ''P. t. tigris'' in mainland Asia and the smaller ''P. t. sondaica'' in the [[Greater Sunda Islands]].<ref name=Kitchener1999>Kitchener, A. (1999). "Tiger distribution, phenotypic variation and conservation issues" in {{harvnb|Seidensticker|Christie|Jackson|1999|pp=19–39}}</ref>

This two-subspecies proposal was reaffirmed in 2015 through a comprehensive analysis of morphological, ecological and [[mitochondrial DNA]] (mtDNA) traits of all putative tiger subspecies.<ref name=Wilting2015>{{cite journal |title=Planning tiger recovery: Understanding intraspecific variation for effective conservation |last1=Wilting |first1=A. |last2=Courtiol |first2=A. |first3=P. |last3=Christiansen |first4=J. |last4=Niedballa |first5=A. K. |last5=Scharf |first6=L. |last6=Orlando |first7=N. |last7=Balkenhol |first8=H. |last8=Hofer |first9=S. |last9=Kramer-Schadt |first10=J. |last10=Fickel |first11=A. C. |last11=Kitchener |name-list-style=amp |date=2015 |volume=11 |issue=5 |article-number=e1400175 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1400175 |pmid=26601191 |pmc=4640610 |journal=Science Advances |bibcode=2015SciA....1E0175W}}</ref>
In 2017, the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group revised [[Felidae|felid]] taxonomy in accordance with the 2015 two-subspecies proposal and recognised only ''P. t. tigris'' and ''P. t. sondaica''.<ref name=catsg>{{cite journal |last1=Kitchener |first1=A. C. |last2=Breitenmoser-Würsten |first2=C. |last3=Eizirik |first3=E. |last4=Gentry |first4=A. |last5=Werdelin |first5=L. |last6=Wilting |first6=A. |last7=Yamaguchi |first7=N. |last8=Abramov |first8=A. V. |last9=Christiansen |first9=P. |last10=Driscoll |first10=C. |last11=Duckworth |first11=J. W. |last12=Johnson |first12=W. |last13=Luo |first13=S.-J. |last14=Meijaard |first14=E. |last15=O'Donoghue |first15=P. |last16=Sanderson |first16=J. |last17=Seymour |first17=K. |last18=Bruford |first18=M. |last19=Groves |first19=C. |last20=Hoffmann |first20=M. |last21=Nowell |first21=K. |last22=Timmons |first22=Z. |last23=Tobe |first23=S. |name-list-style=amp |date=2017 |title=A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group |journal=Cat News |issue=Special Issue 11 |pages=66–68 |url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/32616/A_revised_Felidae_Taxonomy_CatNews.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y#page=66 |access-date=27 August 2019 |archive-date=17 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200117172708/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/32616/A_revised_Felidae_Taxonomy_CatNews.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y#page=66 |url-status=live}}</ref> Results of a 2018 [[whole-genome sequencing]] study of 32 samples from the six living putative subspecies—the Bengal, Malayan, Indochinese, South China, Siberian and Sumatran tiger—found them to be distinct and separate [[clade]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Y.-C. |first2=X. |last2=Sun |first3=C. |last3=Driscoll |first4=D. G. |last4=Miquelle |first5=X. |last5=Xu |first6=P. |last6=Martelli |first7=O. |last7=Uphyrkina |first8=J. L. D. |last8=Smith |first9=S. J. |last9=O'Brien |first10=S.-J. |last10=Luo |name-list-style=amp |title=Genome-wide evolutionary analysis of natural history and adaptation in the world's tigers |journal=Current Biology |volume=28 |issue=23 |date=2018 |pages=3840–3849 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2018.09.019 |pmid=30482605 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2018CBio...28E3840L}}</ref> These results were corroborated in 2021 and 2023.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Armstrong|first1=E. E.|last2=Khan|first2=A. |last3=Taylor|first3=R. W.|last4=Gouy|first4=A. |last5=Greenbaum |first5=G. |last6=Thiéry|first6=A |last7=Kang|first7=J. T.|last8=Redondo|first8=S. A.|last9=Prost|first9=S. |last10=Barsh |first10=G. |last11=Kaelin |first11=C. |last12=Phalke|first12=S. |last13=Chugani|first13=A. |last14=Gilbert|first14=M. |last15=Miquelle |first15=D. |last16=Zachariah |first16=A. |last17=Borthakur|first17=U. |last18=Reddy|first18=A. |last19=Louis|first19=E. |last20=Ryder |first20=O. A. |last21=Jhala |first21=Y. V.|last22=Petrov|first22=D. |last23=Excoffier|first23=L. |last24=Hadly|first24=E. |last25=Ramakrishnan |first25=U. |name-list-style=amp |year=2021|title=Recent evolutionary history of tigers highlights contrasting roles of genetic drift and selection |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=38|issue=6|pages=2366–2379 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msab032 |pmid=33592092 |pmc=8136513}}</ref><ref name=Wang2023>{{cite journal|last1=Wang|first1=C. |last2=Wu|first2=D. D. |last3=Yuan |first3=Y. H. |last4=Yao |first4=M. C.|last5=Han|first5=J. L.|last6=Wu|first6=Y. J.|last7=Shan|first7=F. |last8=Li|first8=W. P. |last9=Zhai |first9=J. Q. |last10=Huang |first10=M|last11=Peng|first11=S. H.|last12=Cai|first12=Q .H.|last13=Yu|first13=J. Y. |last14=Liu|first14=Q. X. |last15=Lui |first15=Z. Y. |last16=Li|first16=L. X.|last17=Teng|first17=M. S.|last18=Huang|first18=W. |last19=Zhou|first19=J. Y. |last20=Zhang |first20=C. |last21=Chen|first21=W. |last22=Tu|first22=X. L.|year=2023|title=Population genomic analysis provides evidence of the past success and future potential of South China tiger captive conservation|journal=BMC Biology|volume=21 |issue=1 |page=64 |doi=10.1186/s12915-023-01552-y |doi-access=free |pmid=37069598 |pmc=10111772 |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> A 2023 study found validity for all nine recent subspecies.<ref name=Sun2023/> The Cat Specialist Group states that "Given the varied interpretations of data, the [subspecific] taxonomy of this species is currently under review by the IUCN SSC Cat Specialist Group."<ref>{{cite web|title=Tiger|publisher=CatSG|url=http://www.catsg.org/index.php?id=124|access-date=14 June 2024|archive-date=12 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112171012/http://www.catsg.org/index.php?id=124}}</ref>

The following tables are based on the [[Taxonomy (biology)|classification]] of the tiger as of 2005,<ref name=MSW3/> and also reflect the classification recognised by the Cat Classification Task Force in 2017.<ref name=catsg/>
{{clear}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ style="text-align: centre;" | ''Panthera tigris tigris'' {{small|(Linnaeus, 1758)}}<ref name=Linn1758/>
! Population !! Description !! Image
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| [[Bengal tiger]] {{small|formerly ''P. t. tigris'' (Linnaeus, 1758)}}<ref name=Linn1758/>
| | This population inhabits the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref name=Jackson1996>{{Cite book |author1=Nowell, K. |author2=Jackson, P. |title=Wild Cats: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan |place=Gland, Switzerland |publisher=IUCN |year=1996 |isbn=2-8317-0045-0 |name-list-style=amp |pages=55–65 |chapter=Tiger, ''Panthera tigris'' (Linnaeus, 1758) |chapter-url=https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/1996-008.pdf#page=80 |access-date=25 January 2024 |archive-date=25 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125121859/https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/1996-008.pdf#page=80 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Bengal tiger has shorter fur than tigers further north,<ref name=pocock1939/> with a light [[Tawny (color)|tawny]] to orange-red colouration,<ref name=pocock1939/><ref>{{cite report|title=Indian National Studbook of the Bengal Tiger (''Panthera tigris tigris'') |publisher=Central Zoo Authority, Wildlife Institute of India |date=2011 |url=https://cza.nic.in/uploads/documents/studbooks/english/Bengal%20Tiger%20Studbook%202011.pdf |last1=Srivastav|first1=A. |last2=Malviya |first2=M. |last3=Tyagi |first3=P. C.|last4=Nigam |first4=P. |name-list-style=amp |access-date=27 May 2024}}</ref> and relatively long and narrow nostrils.<ref name="Mazák2010"/>
| |[[File:Adult male Royal Bengal tiger.jpg|frameless]]
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| [[Extinction|†]] [[Caspian tiger]] {{small|formerly ''P. t. virgata'' ([[Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger|Illiger]], 1815)}}<ref name=Illiger>{{cite journal |last1=Illiger |first1=C. |date=1815 |title=Überblick der Säugethiere nach ihrer Verteilung über die Welttheile |journal=Abhandlungen der Königlichen Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin |volume=1804–1811 |pages=39–159 |url=https://bibliothek.bbaw.de/digitalisierte-sammlungen/akademieschriften/ansicht-akademieschriften?tx_bbaw_academicpublicationshow%5Baction%5D=show&tx_bbaw_academicpublicationshow%5Bcontroller%5D=AcademicPublication%5CVolume&tx_bbaw_academicpublicationshow%5Bpage%5D=195&tx_bbaw_academicpublicationshow%5Bvolume%5D=85&cHash=f015ec3f9a13240a9559ebdcb88aafa4}}</ref>
| |This population occurred from [[Turkey]] to around the [[Caspian Sea]].<ref name=Jackson1996/> It had bright rusty-red fur with thin and closely spaced brownish stripes,{{sfn|Sludskii|1992|p=137}} and a broad [[occipital bone]].<ref name=Kitchener1999/> Genetic analysis revealed that it was closely related to the Siberian tiger.<ref name=Driscoll2009>{{Cite journal |last1=Driscoll |first1=C. A. |last2=Yamaguchi |first2=N. |last3=Bar-Gal |first3=G. K. |last4=Roca |first4=A. L. |last5=Luo |first5=S. |last6=MacDonald |first6=D. W. |last7=O'Brien |first7=S. J. |name-list-style=amp |title=Mitochondrial phylogeography illuminates the origin of the extinct Caspian Tiger and its relationship to the Amur Tiger |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0004125 |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=4 |issue=1 |article-number=e4125 |date=2009 |pmid=19142238 |pmc=2624500 |bibcode=2009PLoSO...4.4125D |doi-access=free}}</ref> It has been extinct since the 1970s.<ref name=Seidensticker1999/>
| |[[File:Panthera tigris virgata.jpg|frameless]]
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| [[Siberian tiger]] {{small|formerly ''P. t. altaica'' ([[Coenraad Jacob Temminck|Temminck]], 1844)}}<ref name=Temminck>{{cite book |last=Temminck |first=C. J. |date=1844 |chapter=Aperçu général et spécifique sur les Mammifères qui habitent le Japon et les Iles qui en dépendent |title=Fauna Japonica sive Descriptio animalium, quae in itinere per Japoniam, jussu et auspiciis superiorum, qui summum in India Batava imperium tenent, suscepto, annis 1825–1830 collegit, notis, observationibus et adumbrationibus illustravit Ph. Fr. de Siebold |location=Leiden |publisher=Lugduni Batavorum |editor1=Siebold, P. F. v. |editor2=Temminck, C. J. |editor3=Schlegel, H. |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/faunajaponicasi00sieb/page/43}}</ref>
| |This population lives in the [[Russian Far East]], [[Northeast China]] and possibly [[North Korea]].<ref name=Jackson1996/> The Siberian tiger has long hair and dense fur.<ref name=Temminck/> Its ground colour varies widely from [[ochre]]-yellow in winter to more reddish and vibrant after moulting.{{sfn|Sludskii|1992|p=131}} The skull is shorter and broader than the skulls of tigers further south.<ref name="Mazák2010">{{cite journal |last1=Mazák |first1=J. H. |year=2010|title=Craniometric variation in the tiger (''Panthera tigris''): Implications for patterns of diversity, taxonomy and conservation |journal=Mammalian Biology |volume=75 |issue=1 |pages=45–68 |doi=10.1016/j.mambio.2008.06.003|bibcode=2010MamBi..75...45M}}</ref>
| |[[File:P.t.altaica Tomak Male.jpg|frameless]]
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| [[South China tiger]] {{small|formerly ''P. t. amoyensis'' ([[Max Hilzheimer|Hilzheimer]], 1905)}}<ref name=Hilzheimer>{{cite journal |last=Hilzheimer |first=M. |date=1905 |title=Über einige Tigerschädel aus der Straßburger zoologischen Sammlung |journal=Zoologischer Anzeiger |volume=28 |pages=594–599 |url=https://archive.org/details/zoologischeranze28deut/page/596}}</ref>
| |This tiger historically lived in south-central China.<ref name=Jackson1996/> The skulls of the five [[type specimen]]s had shorter [[carnassial]]s and [[Molar (tooth)|molars]] than tigers from India, a smaller cranium, [[Orbit (anatomy)|orbit]]s set closer together and larger [[Orbital process of the zygomatic bone|postorbital process]]es; skins were yellowish with [[rhombus]]-like stripes.<ref name=Hilzheimer/> It has a unique mtDNA [[haplotype]] due to interbreeding with ancient tiger lineages.<ref name=catsg/><ref name=Sun2023/><ref name=Hu2022/> It is [[extinct in the wild]] as there has not been a confirmed sighting since the 1970s,<ref name=iucn/> and survives only in captivity.<ref name=Wang2023/>
| |[[File:2012 Suedchinesischer Tiger.JPG|frameless]]
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| [[Indochinese tiger]] {{small|formerly ''P. t. corbetti'' ([[Vratislav Mazák|Mazák]], 1968)}}<ref name=Mazak1968>{{cite journal |last=Mazák |first=V. |author-link=Vratislav Mazák |date=1968 |title=Nouvelle sous-espèce de tigre provenant de l'Asie du sud-est |journal=Mammalia |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=104–112 |doi=10.1515/mamm.1968.32.1.104|s2cid=84054536}}</ref>
| |This tiger population occurs on the [[Indochinese Peninsula]].<ref name=Jackson1996/> Indochinese tiger specimens have smaller craniums than Bengal tigers and appear to have darker fur with somewhat thin stripes.<ref name=Mazak1968/><ref name=mazak06>{{cite journal |last1=Mazák |first1=J. H. |last2=Groves |first2=C. P. |name-list-style=amp |date=2006 |title=A taxonomic revision of the tigers (''Panthera tigris'') of Southeast Asia |journal=Mammalian Biology |volume=71 |issue=5 |pages=268–287 |doi=10.1016/j.mambio.2006.02.007 |bibcode=2006MamBi..71..268M |url=http://www.dl.edi-info.ir/A%20taxonomic%20revision%20of%20the%20tigers%20of%20Southeast%20Asia.pdf |access-date=15 January 2024 |archive-date=31 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531133543/http://www.dl.edi-info.ir/A%20taxonomic%20revision%20of%20the%20tigers%20of%20Southeast%20Asia.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
| |[[File:Panthera tigris corbetti (Tierpark Berlin) 832-714-(118).jpg|frameless]]
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| [[Malayan tiger]] {{small|formerly ''P. t. jacksoni'' (Luo et al., 2004)}}<ref name=Luo04>{{cite journal |last1=Luo |first1=S.-J. |last2=Kim |first2=J.-H. |last3=Johnson |first3=W. E. |last4=van der Walt |first4=J. |last5=Martenson |first5=J. |last6=Yuhki |first6=N. |last7=Miquelle |first7=D. G. |last8=Uphyrkina |first8=O. |last9=Goodrich |first9=J. M. |last10=Quigley |first10=H. B. |last11=Tilson |first11=R. |last12=Brady |first12=G. |last13=Martelli |first13=P. |last14=Subramaniam |first14=V. |last15=McDougal |first15=C. |last16=Hean |first16=S. |last17=Huang |first17=S.-Q. |last18=Pan |first18=W. |last19=Karanth |first19=U. K. |last20=Sunquist |first20=M. |last21=Smith |first21=J. L. D. |last22=O'Brien |first22=S. J. |name-list-style=amp |date=2004 |title=Phylogeography and genetic ancestry of tigers (''Panthera tigris'') |journal=[[PLOS Biology]] |volume=2 |issue=12 |article-number=e442 |pmid=15583716 |pmc=534810 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0020442 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
| |The Malayan tiger was proposed as a distinct subspecies on the basis of mtDNA and [[DNA sequences|micro-satellite sequences]] that differ from the Indochinese tiger.<ref name=Luo04/> It does not differ significantly in fur colour or skull size from Indochinese tigers.<ref name=mazak06/> There is no clear geographical barrier between tiger populations in northern [[Malaysia]] and southern [[Thailand]].<ref name=iucn/>
| |[[File:2012-09-15 Tierpark Berlin 26 (cropped).jpg|frameless]]
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ style="text-align: centre;" | ''Panthera tigris sondaica'' {{small|(Temminck, 1844)}}<ref name=catsg/>
! Population !! Description !! Image
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| †[[Javan tiger]] {{small|formerly ''P. t. sondaica'' (Temminck, 1944)}}<ref name=Temminck/>
| |This tiger was described based on an unspecified number of skins with short and smooth hair.<ref name=Temminck/> Tigers from [[Java]] were small compared to tigers of the Asian mainland, had relatively elongated skulls compared to the Sumatran tiger and longer, thinner and more numerous stripes.<ref name=mazak06/> The Javan tiger is thought to have gone extinct by the 1980s.<ref name=Seidensticker1999/>
| |[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Een groep mannen en kinderen poseert bij een pas geschoten tijger te Malingping in Bantam West-Java TMnr 10006636.jpg|frameless]]
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| †[[Bali tiger]] {{small|formerly ''P. t. balica'' ([[Ernst Schwarz (zoologist)|Schwarz]], 1912)}}<ref name=Schwarz>{{cite journal |last=Schwarz |first=E. |date=1912 |title=Notes on Malay tigers, with description of a new form from Bali |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |pages=324–326 |series=8 |volume=10 |issue=57 |doi=10.1080/00222931208693243 |url=https://archive.org/stream/annalsmagazineof8101912lond#page/324/mode/2up}}</ref>
| | This tiger occurred on [[Bali]] and had brighter fur and a smaller skull than the Javan tiger.<ref name=Schwarz/><ref name="der-tiger">{{cite book |author=Mazak, V. |year=2004 |title=Der Tiger |publisher=Westarp Wissenschaften Hohenwarsleben|location = Madgeburg |isbn=978-3-89432-759-0 |language=de}}</ref> A typical feature of Bali tiger skulls is the narrow occipital bone, which is similar to the Javan tiger's skull.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mazák |first1=V. |author-link=Vratislav Mazák |last2=Groves |first2=C. P. |last3=Van Bree |first3=P. |date=1978 |title=Skin and Skull of the Bali Tiger, and a list of preserved specimens of ''Panthera tigris balica'' (Schwarz, 1912) |journal=[[Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde]] |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=108–113 |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> This population went extinct in the 1940s.<ref name=Seidensticker1999>Seidensticker, J.; Christie, S. & Jackson, P. (1999). "Preface" in {{harvnb|Seidensticker|Christie|Jackson|1999|pp=xv–xx}}</ref>
| |[[File:Bali tiger zanveld.jpg|frameless]]
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| [[Sumatran tiger]] {{small|formerly ''P. t. sumatrae'' ([[Reginald Innes Pocock|Pocock]], 1929)}}<ref name=Pocock1929>{{cite journal |last=Pocock |first=R. I. |date=1929 |title=Tigers |journal=[[Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society]] |volume=33 |pages=505–541 |url=https://archive.org/details/journalofbomb33341929bomb/page/n185}}</ref>
| The type specimen from [[Sumatra]] had dark fur.<ref name=Pocock1929/> The Sumatran tiger has particularly long hair around the face,<ref name=Jackson1996/> thick body stripes and a broader and smaller [[nasal bone]] than other island tigers.<ref name=mazak06/>
| |[[File:Panthera tigris sumatrae (Sumatran Tiger) close-up.jpg|frameless]]
|}

=== Evolution ===
{{Cladogram|align=right|caption=Phylogeny of the genus ''Panthera'' based on a 2016 [[nuclear DNA]] study<ref name=Li_al2016>{{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=G. |last2=Davis |first2=B. W. |last3=Eizirik |first3=E. |last4=Murphy |first4=W. J. |date=2016 |title=Phylogenomic evidence for ancient hybridization in the genomes of living cats (Felidae) |journal=Genome Research |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=1–11 |doi=10.1101/gr.186668.114 |pmid=26518481 |pmc=4691742}}</ref>
|1={{clade
|label1=''[[Panthera]]''
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=[[Snow leopard]] [[File:Schneeleoparden (Panthera uncia) Zoo Salzburg 2014 f white background.jpg|70px]]
|2='''Tiger''' [[File:Tigress in Bandhavgarh NP white background.jpg|70px]]
}}
|2={{clade sequential
|1=[[Jaguar]] [[File:Jaguar (Panthera onca palustris) male Three Brothers River white background.JPG|70px]]
|2=[[Leopard]] [[File:Flickr - Rainbirder - Sassy Lassy white background.jpg|70px]]
|3=[[Lion]] [[File:Panthera leo -Ngorongoro, Tanzania-8b white background.jpg|70px]]
}}
}}
}}
}}
The tiger shares the genus ''Panthera'' with the [[lion]], [[leopard]], [[jaguar]] and [[snow leopard]]. Results of genetic analyses indicate that the tiger and snow leopard are [[sister taxon|sister species]] whose [[Lineage (evolution)|lineages]] split from each other between 2.70 and 3.70 million years ago.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Davis |first1=B. W. |last2=Li |first2=G. |last3=Murphy |first3=W. J. |title=Supermatrix and species tree methods resolve phylogenetic relationships within the big cats, ''Panthera'' (Carnivora: Felidae) |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |year=2010 |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=64–76 |pmid=20138224 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2010.01.036 |bibcode=2010MolPE..56...64D |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> The tiger's whole genome sequencing shows [[Repeated sequence (DNA)|repeated sequences]] that parallel those in other cat genomes.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=The tiger genome and comparative analysis with lion and snow leopard genomes |doi=10.1038/ncomms3433 |pmid=24045858 |pmc=3778509 |journal=Nature Communications |volume=4 |article-number=2433 |year=2013 |last1=Cho |first1=Y. S. |last2=Hu |first2=L. |last3=Hou |first3=H. |last4=Lee |first4=H. |last5=Xu |first5=J. |last6=Kwon |first6=S. |last7=Oh |first7=S. |last8=Kim |first8=H. M. |last9=Jho |first9=S. |last10=Kim |first10=S. |last11=Shin |first11=Y. A. |last12=Kim |first12=B. C. |last13=Kim |first13=H. |last14=Kim |first14=C. U. |last15=Luo | first15=S. J. |last16=Johnson |first16=W. E. |last17=Koepfli |first17=K. P. |last18=Schmidt-Küntzel |first18=A. |last19=Turner |first19=J. A. |last20=Marker |first20=L. |last21=Harper |first21=C. |last22=Miller |first22=S. M. |last23=Jacobs |first23=W. |last24=Bertola |first24=L. D. |last25=Kim |first25=T. H. |last26=Lee |first26=S. |last27=Zhou |first27=Q. |last28=Jung |first28=H. J. |last29=Xu |first29=X. |last30=Gadhvi |first30=P. |name-list-style=amp |bibcode=2013NatCo...4.2433C |hdl=2263/32583}}</ref>

The fossil species ''[[Panthera palaeosinensis]]'' of early [[Pleistocene]] northern China was described as a possible tiger ancestor when it was discovered in 1924, but modern cladistics places it as [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] to modern ''Panthera''.<ref name=Mazák>{{cite journal |year=2011 |title=Oldest Known Pantherine Skull and Evolution of the Tiger |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=6 |issue=10 |article-number=e25483 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0025483 |pmid=22016768 |last1=Mazák |first1=J. H. |last2=Christiansen |first2=P. |last3=Kitchener |first3=A. C. |bibcode=2011PLoSO...625483M |pmc=3189913 |doi-access=free |name-list-style=amp}}</ref><ref name=Tseng>{{cite journal |author1=Tseng, Z. J. |author2=Wang, X. |author3=Slater, G. J. |author4=Takeuchi, G. T. |author5=Li, Q. |author6=Liu, J. |author7=Xie, G. |date=2014 |title=Himalayan fossils of the oldest known pantherine establish ancient origin of big cats |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=281 |issue=1774 |article-number=20132686 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2013.2686|pmid=24225466 |pmc=3843846 |bibcode=2014PBioS.28132686T |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> ''[[Panthera zdanskyi]]'' lived around the same time and place, and was suggested to be a sister species of the modern tiger when it was examined in 2014.<ref name=Mazák/> However, as of 2023, at least two subsequent studies considered ''P. zdanskyi'' likely to be a [[Synonym (taxonomy)|synonym]] of ''P. palaeosinensis'', noting that its proposed differences from that species fell within the range of individual variation.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hemmer |first1=Helmut |title= The identity of the "lion", ''Panthera principialis'' sp. nov., from the Pliocene Tanzanian site of Laetoli and its significance for molecular dating the pantherine phylogeny, with remarks on Panthera shawi (Broom, 1948), and a revision of Puma incurva (Ewer, 1956), the Early Pleistocene Swartkrans "leopard" (Carnivora, Felidae)|url= |journal= Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments|year=2023 |volume= 103|issue= 2|pages= 465–487|doi=10.1007/s12549-022-00542-2 |bibcode=2023PdPe..103..465H }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1080/08912963.2022.2034808 |title=Discovery of jaguar from northeastern China middle Pleistocene reveals an intercontinental dispersal event |date=2023 |last1=Jiangzuo |first1=Q. |last2=Wang |first2=Y. |last3=Ge |first3=J. |last4=Liu |first4=S. |last5=Song |first5=Y. |last6=Jin |first6=C. |last7=Jiang |first7=H. |last8=Liu |first8=J. |journal=Historical Biology |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=293–302 |bibcode=2023HBio...35..293J |s2cid=246693903 |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> The earliest appearance of the modern tiger species in the fossil record are jaw fragments from [[Lantian County|Lantian]] in China that are dated to the early Pleistocene.<ref name=Mazák/>

Middle to late Pleistocene tiger fossils have been found throughout China, Sumatra and Java. Prehistoric subspecies include ''[[Panthera tigris trinilensis]]'' and ''[[Panthera tigris soloensis|P. t. soloensis]]'' of Java and Sumatra and ''[[Panthera tigris acutidens|P. t. acutidens]]'' of China; late Pleistocene and early [[Holocene]] tiger fossils have also been found in [[Bornean tiger|Borneo]] and [[Palawan]], Philippines.<ref name=Kitchener2009>Kitchener, A. & Yamaguchi, N. (2009). "What is a Tiger? Biogeography, Morphology, and Taxonomy" in {{harvnb|Tilson|Nyhus|2010|pp=53–84}}</ref> Putative tiger fossils have also been reported from the Late Pleistocene of Japan, but mitochondrial and nuclear genome analysis indicates that they represent the cave lion ''[[Panthera spelaea]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sun |first1=X. |last2=Peng |first2=L. |last3=Tsutaya |first3=T. |last4=Jiangzuo |first4=Q. |last5=Hasegawa |first5=Y. |last6=Hou |first6=Y. |last7=Han |first7=Y. |last8=Zhuang |first8=Y. |last9=Ramos Madrigal |first9=J. |last10=Taurozzi |first10=A. J. |last11=Mackie |first11=M. |last12=Trochė |first12=G. |last13=Olsen |first13=J. V. |last14=Cappellini |first14=E. |last15=O'Brien |first15=S. J. |last16=Gilbert |first16=M. T. P. |last17=Yamaguchi |first17=N. |last18=Luo |first18=S.-J. |year=2026 |title=The Japanese Archipelago sheltered cave lions, not tigers, during the Late Pleistocene |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=123 |issue=6 |article-number=e2523901123 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2523901123 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Results of a [[phylogeographic]] study indicate that all living tigers have a common ancestor that lived between 108,000 and 72,000 years ago.<ref name=Luo04/> Genetic studies suggest that the tiger population contracted around 115,000 years ago due to glaciation. Modern tiger populations originated from a [[Refugium (population biology)|refugium]] in Indochina and spread across Asia after the [[Last Glacial Maximum]]. As they colonised northeastern China, the ancestors of the South China tiger intermixed with a relict tiger population.<ref name=Hu2022>{{cite journal |last1=Hu |first1=J. |last2=Westbury |first2=M. V.|last3=Yuan|first3=J. |last4=Wang|first4=C. |last5=Xiao |first5=B. |last6=Chen|first6=S. |last7=Song|first7=S. |last8=Wang |first8=L. |last9=Lin |first9=H. |last10=Lai|first10=X. |last11=Sheng |first11=G. |name-list-style=amp |year=2022|title=An extinct and deeply divergent tiger lineage from northeastern China recognized through palaeogenomics |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=289 |issue=1979 |article-number=20220617 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2022.0617|pmid=35892215|pmc=9326283}}</ref><ref name=Sun2023>{{cite journal |last1=Sun |first1=X. |last2=Liu |first2=Y.-C. |last3=Tiunov |first3=M. P. |last4=Gimranov|first4=D. O. |last5=Zhuang |first5=Y. |last6=Han |first6=Y. |last7=Driscoll |first7=C. A. |last8=Driscoll |first8=C. A. |last9=Pang |first9=Y. |last10=Li |first10=C. |last11=Pan |first11=Y. |last12=Velasco|first12=M. S. |last13=Gopalakrishnan |first13=S. |last14=Yang |first14=R.-Z. |last15=Li |first15=B.-G. |last16=Jin |first16=K. |last17=Xu |first17=X. |last18=Uphyrkina |first18=O. |last19=Huang |first19=Y. |last20=Wu |first20=X.-H. |last21=Gilbert |first21=M. T. P. |last22=O'Brien |first22=S. J. |last23=Yamaguchi |first23=N. |last24=Luo |first24=S.-J. |year=2023 |title=Ancient DNA reveals genetic admixture in China during tiger evolution |journal=Nature Ecology & Evolution |volume=7 |issue=11 |pages=1914–1929 |doi=10.1038/s41559-023-02185-8 |pmid=37652999 |bibcode=2023NatEE...7.1914S |name-list-style=amp}}</ref>

=== Hybrids ===
{{further|Felid hybrids|Panthera hybrid}}
Tigers can [[interbreed]] with other ''Panthera'' cats and have done so in captivity. The [[liger]] is the offspring of a female tiger and a male lion and the [[tigon]] the offspring of a male tiger and a female lion.<ref name=Gabryś>{{cite journal |author1=Gabryś, J. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Kij, B. |author3=Kochan, J. |author4=Bugno-Poniewierska, M. |year=2021 |title=Interspecific hybrids of animals-in nature, breeding and science–a review |journal=Annals of Animal Science |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=403–415 |doi=10.2478/aoas-2020-0082 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The lion sire passes on a growth-promoting gene, but the corresponding growth-inhibiting gene from the female tiger is absent, so that ligers grow far larger than either parent species. By contrast, the male tiger does not pass on a growth-promoting gene while the lioness passes on a growth inhibiting gene; hence, tigons are around the same size as their parents.<ref name=imprinting>{{cite web |title=Genomic Imprinting |publisher=Genetic Science Learning Center, Utah.org |access-date=26 August 2018 |url=https://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/epigenetics/imprinting/ |archive-date=4 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904215316/https://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/EPIGENETICS/imprinting/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Since they often develop life-threatening birth defects and can easily become obese, breeding these hybrids is regarded as unethical.<ref name=Gabryś/>

== Description ==
[[File:TigerSkelLyd1.png|thumb|left|Tiger skeleton from Royal Natural History Volume 1 (1839)|alt=Drawing of tiger skeleton]]
The tiger has a typical felid morphology, with a muscular body, shortened legs, strong forelimbs with wide front paws, a large head and a tail that is about half the length of the rest of its body.<ref name=Mazak1981/>{{sfn|Sludskii|1992|p=98}} It has five digits, including a [[dewclaw]], on the front feet and four on the back, all of which have retractile claws that are compact and curved, and can reach {{convert|10|cm|in|abbr=on}} long.<ref name=Mazak1981/>{{sfn|Thapar|2004|p=26}} The ears are rounded and the eyes have a round pupil.<ref name=Mazak1981/> The snout ends in a triangular, pink tip with small black dots, the number of which increase with age.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhao|first1=C. |last2=Dai|first2=W. |last3=Liu|first3=Q. |last4=Liu|first4=D. |last5=Roberts |first5=N. J. |last6=Liu |first6=Z. |last7=Gong |first7=M. |last8=Qiu |first8=H. |last9=Liu |first9=C. |last10=Liu |first10=D. |last11=Ma |first11=G. |last12=Jiang |first12=G. |year=2024 |title=Combination of facial and nose features of Amur tigers to determine age|journal=Integrative Zoology |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=186–198 |doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12817 |pmid=38509845 |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> The tiger's skull is robust, with a constricted front region, proportionally small, elliptical [[Orbit (anatomy)|orbits]], long [[nasal bone]]s and a lengthened [[cranium]] with a large [[sagittal crest]].{{sfn|Sludskii|1992|p=103}}<ref name=Mazak1981/> It resembles a lion's skull, but differs from it in the concave or flattened underside of the lower jaw and in its longer nasals.{{sfn|Sludskii|1992|p=103}}<ref name=Kitchener2009/> The tiger has 30 fairly robust teeth and its somewhat curved [[Canine tooth|canines]] are the longest in the cat family at {{cvt|6.4|–|7.6|cm}}.<ref name=Mazak1981 />{{sfn|Thapar|2004|p=25}}

The tiger has a head-body length of {{cvt|1.4|–|2.8|m}} with a {{cvt|0.6|–|1.1|m}} tail and stands {{cvt|0.8|–|1.1|m}} at the shoulder.<ref name=Walker>{{cite book |author1=Novak, R. M. |author2=Walker, E. P. |name-list-style=amp |year=1999 |chapter=''Panthera tigris'' (tiger) |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T37sFCl43E8C&pg=PA825 |title=Walker's Mammals of the World |edition=6th |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |location=Baltimore |isbn=978-0-8018-5789-8 |pages=825–828 |access-date=17 October 2020 |archive-date=5 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505145513/https://books.google.com/books?id=T37sFCl43E8C&pg=PA825#v=onepage&q&f=false#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live}}</ref> The Siberian and Bengal tigers are the largest.<ref name=Mazak1981/> Male Bengal tigers weigh {{cvt|200|–|260|kg}}, and females weigh {{cvt|100|–|160|kg}}; island tigers are the smallest, likely due to [[insular dwarfism]].<ref name=Kitchener1999/> Male Sumatran tigers weigh {{cvt|100|–|140|kg}}, and females weigh {{cvt|75|–|110|kg}}.<ref name=Sunquist2010/> The tiger is popularly thought to be the largest living felid species; but since tigers of the different subspecies and populations vary greatly in size and weight, the tiger's average size may be less than the lion's, while the largest tigers are bigger than their lion counterparts.<ref name=Kitchener2009/>

===Coat===
[[File:Tiger Stripes (29808869755).jpg|thumb|Siberian tiger coat on flank (side)|alt=Close up of a tiger's fur]]
The tiger's coat usually has short hairs, reaching up to {{cvt|35|mm}}, though the hairs of the northern-living Siberian tiger can reach {{cvt|105|mm}}. Belly hairs tend to be longer than back hairs. The density of their fur is usually thin, though the Siberian tiger develops a particularly thick winter coat. The tiger has lines of fur around the face and long whiskers, especially in males.<ref name=Mazak1981/> It has an orange [[animal coloration|colouration]] that varies from yellowish to reddish.{{sfn|Thapar|2004|p=28}} White fur covers the underside, from head to tail, along with the inner surface of the legs and parts of the face.<ref name=Mazak1981 />{{sfn|Sludskii|1992|pp=99–102}} On the back of the ears, it has a prominent white spot, which is surrounded by black.<ref name=Mazak1981 /> The tiger is marked with distinctive black or dark brown stripes, which are uniquely patterned in each individual.<ref name=Mazak1981>{{cite journal |author=Mazák, V. |year=1981 |title=''Panthera tigris'' |journal=Mammalian Species |issue=152 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.2307/3504004 |jstor=3504004 |bibcode=1981MamSp.152....1M |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=Miquelle/> The stripes are mostly vertical, but those on the limbs and forehead are horizontal. They are more concentrated towards the backside and those on the trunk may reach under the belly. The tips of stripes are generally sharp and some may split up or split and fuse again. Tail stripes are thick bands and a black tip marks the end.{{sfn|Sludskii|1992|pp=99–102}}

The tiger is one of only a few striped cat species.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Allen, W. L. |author2=Cuthill, I. C. |author3=Scott-Samuel, N. E. |author4=Baddeley, R. |year=2010 |title=Why the leopard got its spots: relating pattern development to ecology in felids |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B |volume=278 |issue=1710 |pages=1373–1380 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2010.1734 |pmid=20961899 |pmc=3061134 |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Stripes are advantageous for [[camouflage]] in vegetation with vertical patterns of light and shade, such as trees, reeds and tall grass.<ref name=Miquelle>Miquelle, D. "Tiger" in {{harvnb|MacDonald|2001|pp=18–21}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Caro |first=T. |year=2005 |title=The adaptive significance of coloration in mammals |journal=BioScience |volume=55 |issue=2|pages=125–136 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2005)055[0125:TASOCI]2.0.CO;2}}</ref> This is supported by a [[Fourier analysis]] study showing that the striping patterns line up with their environment.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Godfrey |first1=D. |last2=Lythgoe |first2=J. N. |last3=Rumball |first3=D. A. |name-list-style=amp |year=1987 |title=Zebra stripes and tiger stripes: the spatial frequency distribution of the pattern compared to that of the background is significant in display and crypsis |journal=[[Biological Journal of the Linnean Society]] |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=427–433 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8312.1987.tb00442.x |bibcode=1987BJLS...32..427G }}</ref>
The orange colour may also aid in concealment, as the tiger's prey is [[Color blindness|colour blind]] and possibly perceives the tiger as green and blended in with the vegetation.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Fennell, J. G. |author2=Talas, L. |author3=Baddeley, R. J. |author4=Cuthill, I. C. |author5=Scott-Samuel, N. E. |name-list-style=amp |year=2019 |title=Optimizing colour for camouflage and visibility using deep learning: the effects of the environment and the observer's visual system |journal=Journal of the Royal Society Interface |volume=16 |issue=154|doi=10.1098/rsif.2019.0183 |doi-access=free |article-number=20190183 |pmid=31138092 |pmc=6544896}}</ref>

==== Colour variations ====
[[File:White tiger Nandankanan.jpeg|thumb|Pseudo-melanistic [[white tiger]]|alt=White tiger with thickened stripes lying down]]
The three [[Polymorphism (biology)|colour variants]] of Bengal tigers – nearly stripeless snow-white, white and golden – are now virtually non-existent in the wild due to the reduction of wild tiger populations but continue in captive populations. The [[white tiger]] has a white background colour with [[Sepia (color)|sepia]]-brown stripes. The [[golden tiger]] is pale golden with reddish-brown stripes. The snow-white tiger is a morph with extremely faint stripes and a pale sepia-brown ringed tail. White and golden morphs are the result of an [[autosomal recessive trait]] with a white [[Locus (genetics)|locus]] and a [[Cat coat genetics#Wide band factors|wideband]] locus, respectively. The snow-white variation is caused by [[polygene]]s with both white and wideband loci.<ref name=Xu_al2017>{{cite journal |author1=Xu, X. |author2=Dong, G. X. |author3=Schmidt-Küntzel, A. |author4=Zhang, X. L. |author5=Zhuang, Y. |author6=Fang, R. |author7=Sun, X. |author8=Hu, X. S. |author9=Zhang, T. Y. |author10=Yang, H. D. |author11=Zhang, D. L. |author12=Marker, L. |author13=Jiang, Z.-F. |author14=Li, R. |author15=Luo, S.-J. |name-list-style=amp |year=2017 |title=The genetics of tiger pelage color variations |journal=Cell Research |volume=27 |issue=7 |pages=954–957 |doi=10.1038/cr.2017.32 |pmid=28281538 |pmc=5518981 |url=https://www.luo-lab.org/publications/Xu17-CellRes-GoldenTiger.pdf |access-date=25 August 2018}}</ref> The breeding of white tigers is controversial, as they have no use for conservation. Only 0.001% of wild tigers have the genes for this colour morph and the overrepresentation of white tigers in captivity is the result of [[inbreeding]]. Hence, their continued breeding will risk both [[inbreeding depression]] and loss of [[genetic variability]] in captive tigers.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Xavier |first1=N. |year=2010 |title=A new conservation policy needed for reintroduction of Bengal tiger-white |journal=Current Science |volume=99 |issue=7 |pages=894–895 |url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/99/07/0894.pdf |access-date=29 January 2024}}</ref>

Pseudo-[[melanistic]] tigers with thick, merged stripes have been recorded in [[Simlipal National Park]] and three Indian zoos; a [[Population genetics|population genetic]] analysis of Indian tiger samples revealed that this [[phenotype]] is caused by a [[mutation]] of a [[Transmembrane protein|transmembrane]] [[aminopeptidase]] gene. Around 37% of the Simlipal tiger population has this feature, which has been linked to [[genetic isolate|genetic isolation]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Sagar, V. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Kaelin, C. B. |author3=Natesh, M. |author4=Reddy, P. A. |author5=Mohapatra, R. K. |author6=Chhattani, H. |author7=Thatte, P. |author8=Vaidyanathan, S. |author9=Biswas, S. |author10=Bhatt, S. |author11=Paul, S. |year=2021 |title=High frequency of an otherwise rare phenotype in a small and isolated tiger population |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=118 |issue=39 |article-number=e2025273118 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2025273118 |pmid=34518374 |pmc=8488692 |bibcode=2021PNAS..11825273S |doi-access=free}}</ref>

== Distribution and habitat ==
[[File:Tigress Anna Savelevna 01.jpg|thumb|Camera trap of a [[Siberian tiger]] in Russia|alt=Picture of tiger in forest at night]]
The tiger historically ranged from eastern Turkey, northern Iran and Afghanistan to Central Asia and from northern Pakistan through the [[Indian subcontinent]] and Indochina to southeastern Siberia, Sumatra, Java and Bali.<ref name=Mazak1981/> As of 2022, it inhabits less than 7% of its historical distribution and has a scattered range in the Indian subcontinent, the [[Indochinese Peninsula]], Sumatra, northeastern China and the [[Russian Far East]].<ref name=iucn/> As of 2020, India had the largest extent of global tiger habitat with {{cvt|300508|km2}}, followed by Russia with {{cvt|195819|km2}}.<ref name=Sanderson_al2023>{{cite journal |author1=Sanderson, E. W. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Miquelle, D. G. |author3=Fisher, K. |author4=Harihar, A. |author5=Clark, C. |author6=Moy, J. |author7=Potapov, P. |author8=Robinson, N. |author9=Royte, L. |author10=Sampson, D. |author11=Sanderlin, J. |author12=Yackulic, C. B. |author13=Belecky, M. |author14= Breitenmoser, U. |author15=Breitenmoser-Würsten, C. |author16=Chanchani, P. |author17=Chapman, S. |author18=Deomurari, A. |author19=Duangchantrasiri, S. |author20=Facchini, E. |author21=Gray, T. N. E. |author22=Goodrich, J. |author23=Hunter, L. |author24=Linkie, M. |author25=Marthy, W. |author26=Rasphone, A. |author27=Roy, S. |author28=Sittibal, D. |author29=Tempa, T. |author30=Umponjan, M. |author31=Wood, K. |year=2023 |title=Range-wide trends in tiger conservation landscapes, 2001–2020 |journal=Frontiers in Conservation Science |volume=4 |article-number=1191280 |doi=10.3389/fcosc.2023.1191280 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2023FrCS....491280S }}</ref>

The tiger mainly lives in forest habitats and is highly adaptable.<ref name=Sunquist2010>Sunquist, M. (2010). "What is a Tiger? Ecology and Behaviour" in {{harvnb|Tilson|Nyhus|2010|pp=19−34}}</ref> Records in Central Asia indicate that it primarily inhabited [[Tugay]] riverine forests and hilly and lowland forests in the [[Caucasus]].{{sfn|Sludskii|1992|pp=108–112}} In the [[Amur River|Amur]]-[[Ussuri River|Ussuri]] region of Russia and China, it inhabits [[Korean pine]] and [[temperate broadleaf and mixed forest]]s; [[riparian forest]]s serve as [[Biological dispersal|dispersal]] corridors, providing food and water for both tigers and [[ungulate]]s.<ref name=Miquelle_al1999>Miquelle, D. G.; Smirnov, E. N.; Merrill, T. W.; Myslenkov, A. E.; Quigley, H.; Hornocker, M. G. & Schleyer, B. (1999). "Hierarchical spatial analysis of Amur tiger relationships to habitat and prey" in {{harvnb|Seidensticker|Christie|Jackson|1999|pp=71–99}}</ref> On the Indian subcontinent, it inhabits mainly [[tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests]], [[temperate broadleaf and mixed forests]], [[Tropical evergreen forests of India|tropical moist evergreen forest]]s, [[tropical dry forest]]s, [[alluvial plain]]s and the [[mangrove forest]]s of the [[Sundarbans]].<ref name=Wikramanayake_al1999>Wikramanayake, E. D.; Dinerstein, E.; Robinson, J. G.; Karanth, K. U.; Rabinowitz, A.; Olson, D.; Mathew, T.; Hedao, P.; Connor, M.; Hemley, G. & Bolze, D. (1999). "Where can tigers live in the future? A framework for identifying high-priority areas for the conservation of tigers in the wild" in {{harvnb|Seidensticker|Christie|Jackson|1999|pp=265–267}}</ref> In the [[Eastern Himalaya]]s, it was documented in [[temperate forest]] up to an elevation of {{cvt|4200|m}} in Bhutan, of {{cvt|3630|m}} in the [[Mishmi Hills]] and of {{cvt|3139|m}} in [[Mêdog County]], southeastern Tibet.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Jigme, K. |author2=Tharchen, L. |name-list-style=amp |year=2012 |title=Camera-trap records of tigers at high altitudes in Bhutan |journal=Cat News |issue=56 |pages=14–15}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Adhikarimayum, A. S. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Gopi, G. V. |year=2018 |title=First photographic record of tiger presence at higher elevations of the Mishmi Hills in the Eastern Himalayan Biodiversity Hotspot, Arunachal Pradesh, India |journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa |volume=10 |issue=13 |pages=12833–12836 |doi=10.11609/jott.4381.10.13.12833-12836 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Li, X. Y. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Hu, W. Q. |author3=Wang, H. J. |author4=Jiang, X. L. |year=2023 |title=Tiger reappearance in Medog highlights the conservation values of the region for this apex predator |journal=Zoological Research |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=747–749 |doi=10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2023.178 |doi-access=free |pmid=37464931|pmc=10415778}}</ref> In Thailand, it lives in [[deciduous]] and [[evergreen]] forests.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Simcharoen, S. |author2=Pattanavibool, A. |author3=Karanth, K. U. |author4=Nichols, J. D. |author5=Kumar, N. S. |name-list-style=amp |year=2007 |title=How many tigers ''Panthera tigris'' are there in Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand? An estimate using photographic capture-recapture sampling |journal=Oryx |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=447–453 |doi=10.1017/S0030605307414107|doi-access=free|bibcode=2007Oryx...41..447S }}</ref> In Sumatra, it inhabits lowland [[peat swamp forest]]s and rugged [[montane forest]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Wibisono, H. T. |author2=Linkie, M. |author3=Guillera-Arroita, G. |author4=Smith, J. A. |author5=Sunarto |author6=Pusarini, W. |author7=Asriadi |author8=Baroto, P. |author9=Brickle, N. |author10=Dinata, Y. |author11=Gemita, E. |author12=Gunaryadi, D. |author13=Haidir, I. A. |author14=Herwansyah |year=2011 |title=Population status of a cryptic top predator: An island-wide assessment of Tigers in Sumatran rainforests |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=6 |issue=11 |article-number=e25931 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0025931 |pmid=22087218 |pmc=3206793 |bibcode=2011PLoSO...625931W |doi-access=free |name-list-style=amp}}</ref>

=== Population density ===
[[Camera trap]]ping during 2010–2015 in the deciduous and subtropical pine forest of [[Jim Corbett National Park]], northern India revealed a stable tiger [[population density]] of 12–17 individuals per {{cvt|100|km2}} in an area of {{cvt|521|km2}}.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Bisht, S. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Banerjee, S. |author3=Qureshi, Q. |author4=Jhala, Y. |year=2019 |title=Demography of a high-density tiger population and its implications for tiger recovery |journal=Journal of Applied Ecology |volume= 56 |issue=7 |pages=1725–1740 |doi=10.1111/1365-2664.13410 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019JApEc..56.1725B}}</ref>
In northern Myanmar, the population density in a sampled area of roughly {{cvt|3250|km2}} in a mosaic of tropical broadleaf forest and grassland was estimated to be 0.21–0.44 tigers per {{cvt|100|km2}} as of 2009.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Lynam, A. J. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Rabinowitz, A. |author3=Myint, T. |author4=Maung, M. |author5=Latt, K. T. |author6=Po, S. H. T. |year=2009 |title=Estimating abundance with sparse data: tigers in northern Myanmar |journal=Population Ecology |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=115–121 |doi=10.1007/s10144-008-0093-5 |bibcode=2009PopEc..51..115L}}</ref>
Population density in mixed deciduous and semi-evergreen forests of Thailand's [[Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary]] was estimated at 2.01 tigers per {{cvt|100|km2}}; during the 1970s and 1980s, [[logging]] and poaching had occurred in the adjacent [[Mae Wong National Park|Mae Wong]] and [[Khlong Lan National Park]]s, where population density was much lower, estimated at only 0.359 tigers per {{cvt|100|km2}} as of 2016.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Phumanee, W. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Steinmetz, R. |author3=Phoonjampa, R. |author4=Weingdow, S. |author5=Phokamanee, S. |author6=Bhumpakphan, N. |author7=Savini, T. |year=2021 |title=Tiger density, movements, and immigration outside of a tiger source site in Thailand |journal=Conservation Science and Practice |volume=3 |issue=12 |article-number=e560 |doi=10.1111/csp2.560 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2021ConSP...3E.560P}}</ref>
Population density in [[Dipterocarpaceae|dipterocarp]] and montane forests in northern Malaysia was estimated at 1.47–2.43 adult tigers per {{cvt|100|km2}} in [[Royal Belum State Park]], but 0.3–0.92 adult tigers per {{cvt|100|km2}} in the unprotected [[selective logging|selectively logged]] Temengor Forest Reserve.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Rayan, D. M. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Linkie, M. |year=2015 |title=Conserving tigers in Malaysia: A science-driven approach for eliciting conservation policy change |journal=Biological Conservation |volume=184 |pages=18–26 |doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2014.12.024 |bibcode=2015BCons.184...18R}}</ref>

==Behaviour and ecology==
[[File:Tigerwater edit2.jpg|thumb|upright|Tiger bathing|alt=Tiger in water]]
Camera trap data show that tigers in [[Chitwan National Park]] avoided locations frequented by people and were more active at night than during day.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Carter |first1=N. H. |last2=Shrestha |first2=B. K. |last3=Karki |first3=J. B. |last4=Pradhan |first4=N. M. B. |last5=Liu|first5=J. |name-list-style=amp |year=2012 |title=Coexistence between wildlife and humans at fine spatial scales |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=109 |issue=38 |pages=15360–15365 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1210490109 |doi-access=free |pmid=22949642 |pmc=3458348|bibcode=2012PNAS..10915360C}}</ref>
In [[Sundarbans National Park]], six [[Radio collar|radio-collar]]ed tigers were most active from dawn to early morning and reached their zenith around 7:00 o'clock in the morning.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Naha, D. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Jhala, Y. V. |author3=Qureshi, Q. |author4=Roy, M. |author5=Sankar, K. |author6=Gopal, R. |year=2016 |title=Ranging, activity and habitat use by tigers in the mangrove forests of the Sundarban |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=11 |issue=4 |article-number=e0152119 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0152119 |doi-access=free |pmid=27049644 |pmc=4822765 |bibcode=2016PLoSO..1152119N}}</ref>
A three-year-long camera trap survey in [[Shuklaphanta National Park]] revealed that tigers were most active from dusk until midnight.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Pokheral, C. P. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Wegge, P. |year=2019 |title=Coexisting large carnivores: spatial relationships of tigers and leopards and their prey in a prey-rich area in lowland Nepal |journal=Écoscience |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1080/11956860.2018.1491512 |bibcode=2019Ecosc..26....1P |s2cid=92446020}}</ref>
In northeastern China, tigers were [[Crepuscular animal|crepuscular]] and active at night with activity peaking at dawn and dusk; they were largely active at the same time as their prey.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Yang, H. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Han, S. |author3=Xie, B. |author4=Mou, P. |author5=Kou, X. |author6=Wang, T. |author7=Ge, J. |author8=Feng, L. |year=2019 |title=Do prey availability, human disturbance and habitat structure drive the daily activity patterns of Amur tigers (''Panthera tigris altaica'')? |journal=Journal of Zoology |volume=307 |issue=2 |pages=131–140 |doi=10.1111/jzo.12622 |bibcode=2019JZoo..307..131Y |s2cid=92736301}}</ref>

The tiger is a powerful swimmer and easily transverses rivers as wide as {{cvt|8|km}}; it immerses in water, particularly on hot days.<ref name=Miquelle/> In general, it is less capable of climbing trees than many other cats due to its size, but cubs under 16 months old may routinely do so.{{sfn|Thapar|2004|pp=26, 64–66}} An adult was recorded climbing {{cvt|10|m}} up a smooth [[Ficus religiosa|pipal tree]].<ref name=Mazak1981/>

===Social spacing===
Adult tigers lead largely solitary lives within [[home range]]s or [[Territory (animal)|territories]], the size of which mainly depends on prey abundance, geographic area and sex of the individual. Males and females defend their home ranges from those of the same sex and the home range of a male encompasses that of multiple females.<ref name=Mazak1981/><ref name=Miquelle/> Two females in the [[Sundarbans]] had home ranges of {{cvt|10.6|and|14.1|km2}}.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Barlow, A. C. D. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Smith, J. L. D. |author3=Ahmad, I. U. |author4=Hossain, A. N. M. |author5=Rahman, M. |author6=Howlader, A. |year=2011 |title=Female tiger ''Panthera tigris'' home range size in the Bangladesh Sundarbans: the value of this mangrove ecosystem for the species' conservation |journal=Oryx |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=125–128 |doi=10.1017/S0030605310001456 |bibcode=2011Oryx...45..125B |doi-access=free}}</ref>
In [[Panna Tiger Reserve]], the home ranges of five reintroduced females varied from {{cvt|53-67|km2}} in winter to {{cvt|55-60|km2}} in summer and to {{cvt|46-94|km2}} during the [[monsoon]]; three males had {{cvt|84-147|km2}} large home ranges in winter, {{cvt|82-98|km2}} in summer and {{cvt|81-118|km2}} during monsoon seasons.<ref name=Sarkar2016>{{cite journal |author1=Sarkar, M. S. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Ramesh, K. |author3=Johnson, J. A. |author4=Sen, S. |author5=Nigam, P.|author6=Gupta, S. K.|author7=Murthy, R. S. |author8=Saha, G. K. |year=2016 |title=Movement and home range characteristics of reintroduced tiger (''Panthera tigris'') population in Panna Tiger Reserve, central India |journal=European Journal of Wildlife Research |volume=62 |issue=5 |pages=537–547 |doi=10.1007/s10344-016-1026-9|bibcode=2016EJWR...62..537S |s2cid=254187854}}</ref>
In [[Sikhote-Alin Biosphere Reserve]], 14 females had home ranges {{cvt|248-520|km2}} and five resident males of {{cvt|847-1923|km2}} that overlapped with those of up to five females.<ref name=Goodrich_2010>{{cite journal |author1=Goodrich, J. M. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Miquelle, D. G. |author3=Smirnov, E. M. | author4=Kerley, L. L. |author5=Quigley, H. B. |author6=Hornocker, M. G. |year=2010 |title=Spatial structure of Amur (Siberian) tigers (''Panthera tigris altaica'') on Sikhote-Alin Biosphere Zapovednik, Russia |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |volume=91 |issue=3 |pages=737–748 |doi=10.1644/09-mamm-a-293.1 |doi-access=free}}</ref> When tigresses in the same reserve had cubs of up to four months of age, they reduced their home ranges to stay near their young and steadily enlarged them until their offspring were 13–18 months old.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Klevtcova, A. V. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Miquelle, D. G. |author3=Seryodkin, I. V. |author4=Bragina, E. V. |author5=Soutyrina, S. V. |author6=Goodrich, J. M. |year=2021 |title=The influence of reproductive status on home range size and spatial dynamics of female Amur tigers |journal=Mammal Research |volume=66 |pages=83–94 |doi=10.1007/s13364-020-00547-2}}</ref>
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The tiger is a long-ranging species and individuals disperse over distances of up to {{cvt|650|km|mi}} to reach tiger populations in other areas.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Joshi, A. |author2=Vaidyanathan, S. |author3=Mondol, S. |author4=Edgaonkar, A. |author5=Ramakrishnan, U. |year=2013 |title=Connectivity of Tiger (''Panthera tigris'') Populations in the Human-Influenced Forest Mosaic of Central India |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=11 |article-number=e77980 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0077980 |pmid=24223132 |pmc=3819329 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...877980J |doi-access=free |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Young tigresses establish their first home ranges close to their mothers' while males migrate further than their female counterparts.{{sfn|Thapar|2004|p=76}} Four [[Radio telemetry|radio-collared]] females in Chitwan dispersed between {{cvt|0|and|43.2|km|mi}} and 10 males between {{cvt|9.5|and|65.7|km}}.<ref name=Smith1993>{{cite journal |last=Smith |first=J. L. D. |year=1993 |title=The role of dispersal in structuring the Chitwan tiger population |volume=124 |journal=Behaviour |issue=3 |pages=165–195 |doi=10.1163/156853993X00560}}</ref> A subadult male lives as a transient in another male's home range until he is older and strong enough to challenge the resident male.{{sfn|Thapar|2004|p=76}}{{sfn|Mills|2004|pp=54–55}} Tigers mark their home ranges by [[urine spraying|spraying urine]] on vegetation and rocks, clawing or [[scent rubbing]] trees and marking trails with [[faeces]], [[anal gland]] secretions and ground scrapings.<ref name=Miquelle/><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Burger |first1=B. V. |last2=Viviers |first2=M. Z. |last3=Bekker |first3=J. P. I. |last4=Roux |first4=M. |last5=Fish |first5=N. |last6=Fourie |first6=W. B. |last7=Weibchen |first7=G. |year=2008 |title=Chemical characterization of territorial marking fluid of male Bengal tiger, ''Panthera tigris'' |journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology |volume=34 |issue=5 |pages=659–671 |doi=10.1007/s10886-008-9462-y |pmid=18437496 |bibcode=2008JCEco..34..659B |hdl-access=free |hdl=10019.1/11220 |s2cid=5558760 |name-list-style=amp |url=https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=586948b8396932dd13d9e5a880e77cb7618a273f |access-date=29 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Smith|first1=J. L. D. |last2=McDougal|first2=C. |last3=Miquelle |first3=D. |year=1989 |title=Scent marking in free-ranging tigers, ''Panthera tigris'' |url=|journal=Animal Behaviour |volume=37|pages=1–10 |doi=10.1016/0003-3472(89)90001-8 |bibcode=1989AnBeh..37....1D |s2cid=53149100 |name-list-style=amp}}</ref>{{sfn|Thapar|2004|p=105}} Scent markings also allow an individual to pick up information on another's identity. Unclaimed home ranges, particularly those that belonged to a deceased individual, can be taken over in days or weeks.<ref name=Miquelle/>

Male tigers are generally less tolerant of other males within their home ranges than females are of other females. Disputes are usually solved by intimidation rather than fighting. Once [[dominance (ethology)|dominance]] has been established, a male may tolerate a subordinate within his range, as long as they do not come near him. The most serious disputes tend to occur between two males competing for a female in [[oestrus]].{{sfn|Mills|2004|pp=85–86}} Though tigers mostly live alone, relationships between individuals can be complex. Tigers are particularly social at kills and a male tiger will sometimes share a carcass with the females and cubs within this home range and unlike male lions, will allow them to feed on the kill before he is finished with it. However, a female is more tense when encountering another female at a kill.{{sfn|Schaller|1967|pp=244–251}}{{sfn|Mills|2004|p=89}}

===Communication===
During friendly encounters and bonding, tigers [[bunting (animal behavior)|rub against]] each other's bodies.{{sfn|Schaller|1967|pp=262–263}} Facial expressions include the "defence threat", which involves a wrinkled face, bared teeth, pulled-back ears and widened pupils.{{sfn|Schaller|1967|p=263}}<ref name=Mazak1981/> Both males and females show a [[flehmen response]], a characteristic curled-lip grimace, when smelling urine markings. Males also use the flehmen to detect the markings made by tigresses in oestrus.<ref name=Mazak1981/> Tigers will move their ears around to display the white spots, particularly during aggressive encounters and between mothers and cubs.<ref name=WCW/> They also use their tails to signal their mood. To show cordiality, the tail sticks up and sways slowly, while an apprehensive tiger lowers its tail or wags it side-to-side. When calm, the tail hangs low.{{sfn|Thapar|2004|p=29}}

Tigers are normally silent but can produce numerous vocalisations.{{sfn|Schaller|1967|p=256}}{{sfn|Thapar|2004|p=99}} They [[roar]] to signal their presence to other individuals over long distances. This vocalisation is forced through an open mouth as it closes and can be heard {{cvt|3|km}} away. They roar multiple times in a row and others respond in kind. Tigers also roar during mating and a mother will roar to call her cubs to her. When tense, tigers moan, a sound similar to a roar but softer and made when the mouth is at least partially closed. Moaning can be heard {{cvt|400|m}} away.<ref name="Mazak1981" />{{sfn|Schaller|1967|pp=258–261}} Aggressive encounters involve [[growling]], [[snarling]] and hissing.{{sfn|Schaller|1967|p=261}} An explosive "coughing roar" or "coughing snarl" is emitted through an open mouth and exposed teeth.<ref name=Mazak1981/>{{sfn|Schaller|1967|p=261}}<ref name=WCW>{{Cite book |last1=Sunquist |first1=M. E. |year=2002 |last2=Sunquist |first2=F. |name-list-style=amp |title=Wild Cats of the World |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |isbn=978-0-226-77999-7 |chapter=Tiger ''Panthera tigris'' (Linnaeus, 1758) |pages=343–372 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IF8nDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA320}}</ref> In friendlier situations, tigers [[prusten]], a soft, low-frequency snorting sound similar to [[purring]] in smaller cats.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1023/A:1020620121416 |year=1999| last1=Peters |first1=G. |last2=Tonkin-Leyhausen |first2=B. A. |name-list-style=amp |title=Evolution of acoustic communication signals of mammals: Friendly close-range vocalizations in Felidae (Carnivora) |journal=Journal of Mammalian Evolution |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=129–159 |s2cid=25252052}}</ref> Tiger mothers communicate with their cubs by grunting, while cubs call back with [[miaow]]s.{{sfn|Schaller|1967|pp=257–258}} When startled, they "woof". They produce a deer-like "pok" sound for unknown reasons, but most often at kills.{{sfn|Schaller|1967|pp=256–258}}{{sfn|Mills|2004|p=62}}

<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:Panthera tigris altaica 28 - Buffalo Zoo (1).jpg|Siberian tiger baring teeth as a sign of aggression|alt=Image of tiger barring teeth
File:Sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae) vocalising.webm|Captive [[Sumatran tiger]] roaring|alt=Video of tiger roaring at a zoo
File:439280 schots angry-tiger.wav|Caged tiger growling and snarling
</gallery>

=== Hunting and diet ===
[[File:RANTHAMBORE TIGER RESERVE.jpg|thumb|Bengal tiger attacking a [[sambar deer]] in [[Ranthambore Tiger Reserve]]|alt=Tiger attacking a sambar deer from behind, pulling on its back]]
The tiger is a [[carnivore]] and an [[apex predator]]. [[Abundance (ecology)|Abundance]] and body weight of prey species are assumed to be the main criteria for the tiger's prey selection, both inside and outside protected areas.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Biswas, S. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Kumar, S. |author3=Bandhopadhyay, M. |author4=Patel, S. K. |author5=Lyngdoh, S. |author6=Pandav, B. |author7=Mondol, S. |year=2023 |title=What drives prey selection? Assessment of Tiger (''Panthera tigris'') food habits across the Terai-Arc Landscape, India |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |volume=104 |issue=6 |pages=1302–1316 |doi=10.1093/jmammal/gyad069}}</ref> It feeds mainly on large and medium-sized ungulates such as [[sambar deer]], [[Manchurian wapiti]], [[barasingha]], [[gaur]] and [[wild boar]].<ref name=Hayward>{{cite journal |last1=Hayward |first1=M. W. |last2=Jędrzejewski |first2=W. |last3=Jędrzejewska |first3=B. |year=2012 |title=Prey preferences of the tiger ''Panthera tigris''|journal=Journal of Zoology |volume=286 |issue=3 |pages=221–231 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.2011.00871.x |name-list-style=amp}}</ref><ref name=Steinmetz_al2021>{{cite journal |author1=Steinmetz, R. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Seuaturien, N. |author3=Intanajitjuy, P. |author4=Inrueang, P. |author5=Prempree, K. |year=2021 |title=The effects of prey depletion on dietary niches of sympatric apex predators in Southeast Asia |journal=Integrative Zoology |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=19–32 |doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12461 |pmid=32627329}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Variar, A. S. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Anoop, N. R. |author3=Komire, S. |author4=Vinayan, P. A. |author5=Sujin, N. S. |author6=Raj, A. |author7=Prasadan, P. K. |year=2023 |title=Prey selection by the Indian tiger (''Panthera tigris tigris'') outside protected areas in Indias Western Ghats: implications for conservation |journal=Food Webs |volume=34 |article-number=e00268 |doi=10.1016/j.fooweb.2022.e00268|bibcode=2023FWebs..3400268V }}</ref> It also preys opportunistically on smaller species like [[monkey]]s, [[peafowl]] and other ground-based birds, [[porcupine]]s and fish.<ref name=Mazak1981/><ref name=Miquelle/> Occasional attacks on [[Asian elephant]]s and [[Indian rhinoceros]]es have also been reported.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Karanth, K. U. |year=2003 |title=Tiger ecology and conservation in the Indian subcontinent |journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=100 |issue=2 & 3 |pages=169–189 |url=https://repository.ias.ac.in/89489/1/50p.pdf}}</ref>
More often, tigers take the more vulnerable calves.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Karanth, K. U. |author2=Nichols, J. D. |name-list-style=amp |year=1998 |title=Estimation of tiger densities in India using photographic captures and recaptures |journal=Ecology |volume=79 |issue=8 |pages=2852–2862 |doi=10.1890/0012-9658(1998)079[2852:EOTDII]2.0.CO;2 |jstor=176521 |url=http://erepo.usiu.ac.ke/bitstream/handle/11732/758/Estimation%20of%20tiger%20densities%20in%20India%20using%20photographic%20captures%20and%20recaptures.pdf?sequence=4&isAllowed=y |access-date=16 December 2021 |archive-date=27 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127044620/http://erepo.usiu.ac.ke/bitstream/handle/11732/758/Estimation%20of%20tiger%20densities%20in%20India%20using%20photographic%20captures%20and%20recaptures.pdf?sequence=4&isAllowed=y |url-status=live}}</ref>
They sometimes prey on livestock and dogs in close proximity to settlements.<ref name=Mazak1981/> Tigers occasionally consume vegetation, fruit and minerals for [[dietary fibre]] and supplements.<ref name=Perry>{{cite book |author=Perry, R. |title=The World of the Tiger |year=1965 |publisher=Cassell |place=London |pages=133–134 |asin=B0007DU2IU}}</ref>

Tigers learn to hunt from their mothers, though the ability to hunt may be partially inborn.<ref name="Fàbregas">{{cite journal |last1=Fàbregas |first1=M. C. |last2=Fosgate|first2=G. T. |last3=Koehler |first3=G. M.|year=2015|title=Hunting performance of captive-born South China tigers (''Panthera tigris amoyensis'') on free-ranging prey and implications for their reintroduction |journal=Biological Conservation |volume=192 |pages=57–64 |doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2015.09.007 |bibcode=2015BCons.192...57F |hdl=2263/50208 |hdl-access=free |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Depending on the size of the prey, they typically kill weekly though mothers must kill more often.<ref name=Sunquist2010/> Families hunt together when cubs are old enough.{{sfn|Thapar|2004|p=63}} They search for prey using vision and hearing.{{sfn|Schaller|1967|pp=284–285}} A tiger will also wait at a watering hole for prey to come by, particularly during hot summer days.{{sfn|Schaller|1967|p=288}}{{sfn|Thapar|2004|p=120}} It is an ambush predator and when approaching potential prey, it crouches with the head lowered and hides in foliage. It switches between creeping forward and staying still. A tiger may even doze off and can stay in the same spot for as long as a day, waiting for prey and launch an attack when the prey is close enough,{{sfn|Thapar|2004|pp=119–120, 122}} usually within {{cvt|30|m}}.<ref name=Sunquist2010/> If the prey spots it before then, the cat does not pursue further.{{sfn|Schaller|1967|p=288}} A tiger can sprint {{cvt|56|km/h|mph}} and leap {{cvt|10|m}};{{sfn|Schaller|1967|p=287}}{{sfn|Thapar|2004|p=23}} it is not a long-distance runner and gives up a chase if prey outpaces it over a certain distance.{{sfn|Schaller|1967|p=288}}

[[File:Tiger's killing wild boar.jpg|thumb|right|Two Bengal tigers attacking a [[wild boar]] in [[Kanha Tiger Reserve]]|alt=Two tigers attacking a boar]]
The tiger attacks from behind or at the sides and tries to knock the target off balance. It latches onto prey with its forelimbs, twisting and turning during the struggle and tries to pull it to the ground. The tiger generally applies a [[throat clamp|bite to the throat]] until its victim dies of [[strangulation]].<ref name=Mazak1981/>{{sfn|Thapar|2004|p=121}}{{sfn|Schaller|1967|p=295}}{{sfn|Mills|2004|p=24}} It has an average bite force at the canine tips of 1234.3 [[Newton (unit)|newtons]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Christiansen, P. |year=2007 |title=Canine morphology in the larger Felidae: implications for feeding ecology |journal=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=91 |issue=4 |pages=573–592 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8312.2007.00819.x |doi-access=free}}</ref> Holding onto the throat puts the cat out of reach of horns, antlers, tusks and hooves.{{sfn|Thapar|2004|p=121}}{{sfn|Schaller|1967|pp=295–296}} Tigers are adaptable killers and may use other methods, including ripping the throat or breaking the neck. Large prey may be disabled by a bite to the back of the [[Hock (anatomy)|hock]], severing the tendon. Swipes from the large paws are capable of stunning or breaking the skull of a [[water buffalo]].{{sfn|Thapar|2004|p=126}} They kill small prey with a bite to the back of the neck or head.{{sfn|Schaller|1967|p=289}}<ref name=Sunquist2010/> Estimates of the [[Hunting success|success rate]] for hunting tigers range from a low of 5% to a high of 50%. They are sometimes killed or injured by large or dangerous prey like gaur, buffalo and boar.<ref name=Sunquist2010/>

Tigers typically move kills to a private, usually vegetated spot no further than {{cvt|183|m}}, though they have been recorded dragging them {{cvt|549|m}}. They are strong enough to drag the carcass of a fully grown buffalo for some distance. They rest for a while before eating and can consume as much as {{cvt|50|kg}} of meat in one session, but feed on a carcass for several days, leaving little for scavengers.{{sfn|Schaller|1967|pp=297–300}}

=== Competitors ===
[[File:Tigerdholes.jpg|thumb|An 1807 illustration of [[dholes]] attacking a tiger|alt=Painting of dhole pack attacking a tiger]]
In much of their range, tigers share habitat with leopards and [[dhole]]s. They typically dominate both of them, though with dholes it depends on their pack size. Interactions between the three predators involve chasing, [[Kleptoparasitism|stealing kills]] and direct killing.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Srivathsa |first1=A. |last2=Ramachandran|first2=V. |last3=Saravanan |first3=P. |last4=Sureshbabu |first4=A. |last5=Ganguly|first5=D. |last6=Ramakrishnan |first6=U. |year=2023|title=Topcats and underdogs: intraguild interactions among three apex carnivores across Asia's forestscapes |journal=Biological Reviews|volume=98|issue=6|pages=2114–2135 |doi=10.1111/brv.12998 |pmid=37449566 |s2cid=259903849 |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Large dhole packs may kill tigers.{{sfn|Thapar|2004|p=136}} Tigers, leopards and dholes coexist by hunting different sized prey.<ref name=Karanth>{{cite journal |last=Karanth |first=K. U. |author2=Sunquist, M. E. |name-list-style=amp |year=2000 |title=Behavioural correlates of predation by tiger (''Panthera tigris''), leopard (''Panthera pardus'') and dhole (''Cuon alpinus'') in Nagarahole, India | journal=Journal of Zoology |volume=250 |pages=255–265 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.2000.tb01076.x |issue=2}}</ref> In [[Nagarhole National Park]], the average weight for tiger kills was found to be {{cvt|91.5|kg}}, compared to {{cvt|37.6|kg}} for leopards and {{cvt|43.4|kg}} for dholes.<ref name=KaranthSunquist1995>{{cite journal |author1=Karanth, K. U. |author2=Sunquist, M. E. |name-list-style=amp |title=Prey selection by tiger, leopard and dhole in tropical forests |jstor=5647 |doi=10.2307/5647 |journal=Journal of Animal Ecology |volume=64 |issue=4 |year=1995 |pages=439–450|bibcode=1995JAnEc..64..439K}}</ref> In [[Kui Buri National Park]], following a reduction in prey numbers, tigers continued to kill favoured prey while leopards and dholes increased their consumption of small prey.<ref name=Steinmetz_al2021/>

Both leopards and dholes can live successfully in tiger habitat when there is abundant food and vegetation cover.<ref name=Karanth/><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Odden, M. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Wegge, P. |author3=Fredriksen, T. |year=2010 |title=Do tigers displace leopards? If so, why? |journal=Ecological Research |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=875–881 |doi=10.1007/s11284-010-0723-1 |bibcode=2010EcoR...25..875O}}</ref> Otherwise, they appear to be less common where tigers are numerous. The recovery of the tiger population in [[Rajaji National Park]] during the 2000s led to a reduction in leopard population densities.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Harihar |first1=A. |last2=Pandav |first2=B. |last3=Goyal |first3=S. P. |year=2011 |title=Responses of leopard ''Panthera pardus'' to the recovery of a tiger ''Panthera tigris'' population |journal=Journal of Applied Ecology |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=806–814 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2664.2011.01981.x|doi-access=free |bibcode=2011JApEc..48..806H |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Similarly, at two sites in central India the size of dhole packs was negatively correlated with tiger densities.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Habib, B. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Nigam P. |author3=Ghaskadbi P. |author4=Bhandari A. |year=2021 |title=Dhole pack size variation: Assessing the effect of prey availability and apex predator |journal=Ecology and Evolution |volume=11 |issue=9 |pages=4774–4785 |doi=10.1002/ece3.7380 |pmid=33976847 |pmc=8093734 |bibcode=2021EcoEv..11.4774B}}</ref> Leopard and dhole distribution in Kui Buri correlated with both prey access and tiger scarcity.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Steinmetz|first1=R. |last2=Seuaturien |first2=N. |last3=Chutipong|first3=W. |name-list-style=amp |year=2013|title=Tigers, leopards, and dholes in a half-empty forest: Assessing species interactions in a guild of threatened carnivores |journal=Biological Conservation |volume=163|pages=68–78 |doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2012.12.016|bibcode=2013BCons.163...68S }}</ref> In [[Jigme Dorji National Park]], tigers were found to inhabit the deeper parts of forests while the smaller predators were pushed closer to the fringes.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Thinley, P. |author2=Rajaratnam, R. |author3=Lassoie, J. P. |author4=Morreale, S. J. |author5=Curtis, P. D. |author6=Vernes, K. |author7=Leki Leki |author8=Phuntsho, S. |author9=Dorji, T. |author10=Dorji, P. |name-list-style=amp |year=2018 |title=The ecological benefit of tigers (''Panthera tigris'') to farmers in reducing crop and livestock losses in the eastern Himalayas: Implications for conservation of large apex predators |journal=Biological Conservation |volume=219 |pages=119–125 |doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2018.01.015|doi-access=free|bibcode=2018BCons.219..119T }}</ref>

=== Reproduction and life cycle ===
{{Redirect|Tiger cub|other uses|Tiger Cub (disambiguation){{!}}Tiger Cub}}
[[File:Tigeress with cubs in Kanha Tiger reserve.jpg|thumb|A Bengal tiger family in Kanha Tiger Reserve|alt=Tiger with cubs]]

The tiger generally [[Mating|mates]] all year round, particularly between November and April. A tigress is in oestrus for three to six days at a time, separated by three to nine week intervals.<ref name=Mazak1981/> A resident male mates with all the females within his home range, who signal their receptiveness by roaring and marking.{{sfn|Mills|2004|p=42}}{{sfn|Thapar|2004|p=145}} Younger, transient males are also attracted, leading to a fight in which the more dominant, resident male drives the usurper off.<ref name=Sankhala/>{{sfn|Mills|2004|p=42}} During courtship, the male is cautious with the female until she shows readiness to mate by positioning herself in [[Lordosis behavior|lordosis]] with her tail to the side. [[Copulation (zoology)|Copulation]] typically lasts no more than 20 seconds, with the male biting the female by the scruff of her neck. After it is finished, the male quickly pulls away as the female may turn and slap him.{{sfn|Mills|2004|p=42}} Tiger pairs may stay together for up to four days and mate multiple times.{{sfn|Thapar|2004|p=148}} [[Gestation]] lasts around or over three months.<ref name=Mazak1981/>

A tigress gives birth in a secluded location, be it in dense vegetation, in a cave or under a rocky shelter.{{sfn|Thapar|2004|p=45}} [[Litter (zoology)|Litters]] consist of as many as seven cubs, but two or three are more typical.<ref name=Sankhala/>{{sfn|Thapar|2004|p=45}} Newborn cubs weigh {{cvt|785|–|1610|g}} and are blind and [[Precociality and altriciality|altricial]].{{sfn|Thapar|2004|p=45}} The mother licks and cleans her cubs, suckles them and viciously defends them from any potential threat.<ref name=Sankhala>{{cite journal |last1=Sankhala |first1=K. S. |year=1967 |title=Breeding behaviour of the tiger ''Panthera tigris'' in Rajasthan |journal=International Zoo Yearbook |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=133–147 |doi=10.1111/j.1748-1090.1967.tb00354.x}}</ref> Cubs open their eyes at the age of three to 14 days and their vision becomes clear after a few more weeks.{{sfn|Thapar|2004|p=45}} They can leave the denning site after two months and around the same time they start eating meat.<ref name=Sankhala/>{{sfn|Mills|2004|pp=50–51}} The mother only leaves them alone to hunt and even then she does not travel far.{{sfn|Mills|2004|p=50}} When she suspects an area is no longer safe, she moves her cubs to a new spot, transporting them one by one by grabbing them by the scruff of the neck with her mouth.{{sfn|Thapar|2004|p=51}}
A tigress in Sikhote-Alin Biosphere Reserve maximised the time spent with her cubs by reducing her home range, killing larger prey and returning to her den more rapidly than without cubs; when the cubs started to eat meat, she took them to kill sites, thereby optimising their protection and access to food.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Petrunenko, Y. K. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Seryodkin, I. V. |author3=Bragina, E. V. |author4=Soutyrina, S. S. |author5=Mukhacheva, A. S. |author6=Rybin, N. N. |author7=Miquelle, D. G.|year=2019 |title=How does a tigress balance the opposing constraints of raising cubs? |journal=Mammal Research |volume=65 |issue=2 |pages=245–253 |doi=10.1007/s13364-019-00466-x}}</ref>
In the same reserve, one of 21 cubs died in over eight years of monitoring and mortality did not differ between male and female juveniles.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Robinson, H. S. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Goodrich, J. M. |author3=Miquelle, D. G. |author4=Miller, C. S. |author5=Seryodkin, I. V. |year=2015 |title=Mortality of Amur tigers: The more things change, the more they stay the same |journal=Integrative Zoology |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=344–353 |doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12147|pmid=26096683 }}</ref>
Tiger monitoring over six years in [[Ranthambore Tiger Reserve]] indicated an average annual survival rate of around 85 percent for 74 male and female cubs; survival rate increased to 97 percent for both males and female juveniles of one to two years of age.<ref name=Sadhu2017>{{cite journal |author1=Sadhu, A. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Jayam, P. P. C. |author3=Qureshi, Q. |author4=Shekhawat, R. S. |author5=Sharma, S. |author6=Jhala, Y. V. |year=2017 |title=Demography of a small, isolated tiger (''Panthera tigris tigris'') population in a semi-arid region of western India |journal=BMC Zoology |volume=2 |article-number=16 |doi=10.1186/s40850-017-0025-y|doi-access=free}}</ref>
Causes of cub mortality include predators, floods, fires, death of the mother and fatal injuries.{{sfn|Thapar|2004|p=51}}{{sfn|Mills|2004|p=51}}<ref name=Barlow2009>{{cite journal |author1=Barlow, A. C. D. |name-list-style=amp |author2=McDougal, C. |author3=Smith, J. L. D. |author4=Gurung, B. |author5=Bhatta, S. R. |author6=Kumal, S. |author7=Mahato, B. |author8=Taman, D. B. |year=2009 |title=Temporal variation in Tiger (''Panthera tigris'') populations and its implications for monitoring |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |volume=90 |issue=2 |pages=472–478 |doi=10.1644/07-MAMM-A-415.1 |bibcode=2009JMamm..90..472B |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=Sadhu2017/>

[[File:Panthera tigris altaica 13 - Buffalo Zoo.jpg|thumb|A Siberian tigress with her cub at [[Buffalo Zoo]]|alt=Tigress with cub in snow]]
After around two months, the cubs are able to follow their mother. They still hide in vegetation when she goes hunting. Young bond through play fighting and practice stalking. A hierarchy develops in the litter, with the biggest cub, often a male, being the most dominant and the first to eat its fill at a kill.{{sfn|Mills|2004|pp=61, 66–67}} Around the age of six months, cubs are fully weaned and have more freedom to explore their environment. Between eight and ten months, they accompany their mother on hunts.{{sfn|Thapar|2004|p=63}} A cub can make a kill as early as 11 months and reach independence as a juvenile of 18 to 24 months of age; males become independent earlier than females.{{sfn|Schaller|1967|pp=270, 276}}<ref name=Sadhu2017/> Radio-collared tigers in Chitwan started leaving their natal areas at the age of 19 months.<ref name=Smith1993/> Young females are [[Sexual maturity|sexually mature]] at three to four years, whereas males are at four to five years.<ref name=Mazak1981/> [[Generation time|Generation length]] of the tiger is about 7–10 years.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Generation length for mammals |author=Pacifici, M. |author2=Santini, L. |author3=Di Marco, M. |author4=Baisero, D. |author5=Francucci, L. |author6=Grottolo Marasini, G. |author7=Visconti, P. |author8=Rondinini, C. |journal=Nature Conservation |year=2013 |volume=5 |issue=5 |pages=87–94 |doi=10.3897/natureconservation.5.5734 |doi-access=free |name-list-style=amp}}</ref>
Wild Bengal tigers live 12–15 years.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Majumder, A. |year=2023 |title=Survival strategy – Temporal segregation of different age and sex classes of a Bengal tiger (''Panthera tigris tigris'' Linnaeus) population in Pench Tiger Reserve, Madhya Pradesh India |journal=Journal of Animal Diversity |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=43–54 |doi=10.61186/JAD.2023.5.3.5 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Data from the International Tiger [[Studbook]] 1938–2018 indicate that captive tigers lived up to 19 years.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Tidière, M. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Müller, P. |author3=Sliwa, A. |author4=Siberchicot, A. |author5=Douay, G. |year=2021 |title=Sex-specific actuarial and reproductive senescence in zoo-housed tiger (''Panthera tigris''): The importance of sub-species for conservation |journal=Zoo Biology |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=320–329 |doi=10.1002/zoo.21610 |pmid=33861886 |url=https://findresearcher.sdu.dk/ws/files/182491417/zoo.21610.pdf}}</ref>

The father does not play a role in raising the young, but he encounters and interacts with them. The resident male appears to visit the female–cub families within his home range. They socialise and even share kills.{{sfn|Mills|2004|pp=59, 89}}{{sfn|Thapar|2004|pp=55–56}} One male was recorded looking after cubs whose mother had died.<ref>{{cite news |author=Pandey, G. |date=2011 |title=India male tiger plays doting dad to orphaned cubs |work=BBC News |access-date=14 February 2024 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-13598386 |archive-date=8 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408231242/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-13598386 |url-status=live}}</ref> By defending his home range, the male protects the females and cubs from other males.{{sfn|Mills|2004|p=59}} When a new male takes over, dependent cubs are at risk of [[Infanticide (zoology)|infanticide]] as the male attempts to sire his own young with the females.{{sfn|Thapar|2004|p=66}} A seven-year long study in Chitwan National Park revealed that 12 of 56 detected cubs and juveniles were killed by new males taking over home ranges.<ref name=Barlow2009/>

=== Health and diseases ===
Tigers are recorded as hosts for various parasites including tapeworms like ''[[Diphyllobothrium]] erinacei'', ''[[Taenia pisiformis]]'' in India and [[nematode]]s like ''[[Toxocara]]'' species in India and ''[[Physaloptera]] preputialis'', ''[[Dirofilaria]] ursi'' and ''Uiteinarta'' species in Siberia.<ref name=Mazak1981/> [[Canine distemper]] is known to occur in Siberian tigers.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Seimon|first1=T. A. |last2=Miquelle |first2=D. G. |last3=Chang |first3=T. Y.|last4=Newton|first4=A. L. |last5=Korotkova |first5=I. |last6=Ivanchuk |first6=G. |last7=Lyubchenko |first7=E. |last8=Tupikov |first8=A. |last9=Slabe |first9=E. |last10=McAloose |first10=D. |year=2013 |title=Canine distemper virus: an emerging disease in wild endangered Amur tigers (''Panthera tigris altaica'') |journal=mBio |volume=4 |issue=4 |article-number=e00410-13 |doi=10.1128/mbio.00410-13 |doi-access=free|pmid=23943758 |pmc=3747579 |bibcode=2013mBio....410.13S |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> A [[morbillivirus]] infection was the likely cause of death of a tigress in the Russian Far East that was also tested positive for [[feline panleukopenia]] and [[feline coronavirus]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Quigley, K. S. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Evermann, J. F. |author3=Leathers, C. W. |author4=Armstrong, D. L. |author5=Goodrich, J. |author6=Duncan, N. M. |author7=Miquelle, D. G. |year=2010 |title=Morbillivirus infection in a wild Siberian tiger in the Russian Far East |journal=Journal of Wildlife Diseases |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=1252–1256 |doi=10.7589/0090-3558-46.4.1252 |pmid=20966275}}</ref>
Blood samples from 11 adult tigers in Nepal showed [[antibody|antibodies]] for [[canine parvovirus]]-2, [[feline herpesvirus]], feline coronavirus, [[leptospirosis]] and ''[[Toxoplasma gondii]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=McCauley, D. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Stout, V. |author3=Gairhe, K. P. |author4=Sadaula, A. |author5=Dubovi, E. |author6=Subedi, S. |author7=Kaufman, G. E. |year=2021 |title=Serologic survey of selected pathogens in free-ranging Bengal tigers (''Panthera tigris tigris'') in Nepal |journal=The Journal of Wildlife Diseases |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=393–398 |doi=10.7589/JWD-D-20-00046 |doi-access=free |pmid=33822151}}</ref>

== Threats ==
The tiger has been listed as [[Endangered]] on the [[IUCN Red List]] since 1986 and the global tiger population is thought to have continuously declined from an estimated population of 5,000–8,262 tigers in the late 1990s to 3,726–5,578 individuals estimated as of 2022.<ref name=iucn/> During 2001–2020, landscapes where tigers live declined from {{cvt|1025488|km2}} to {{cvt|911901|km2}}.<ref name=Sanderson_al2023/> [[Habitat destruction]], [[habitat fragmentation]] and [[poaching]] for fur and body parts are the major threats that contributed to the decrease of tiger populations in all range countries.<ref name=iucn/>

Protected areas in central India are highly fragmented due to linear infrastructure like roads, railway lines, [[transmission line]]s, [[irrigation]] channels and [[mining]] activities in their vicinity.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Schoen, J. M. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Neelakantan, A. |author3=Cushman, S. A. |author4=Dutta, T. |author5=Habib, B. |author6=Jhala, Y. V. |author7=Mondal, I. |author8=Ramakrishnan, U. |author9=Reddy, P. A. |author10=Saini, S. |author11=Sharma, S. |year=2022 |title=Synthesizing habitat connectivity analyses of a globally important human-dominated tiger-conservation landscape |journal=Conservation Biology |volume=36 |issue=4 |article-number=e13909 |doi=10.1111/cobi.13909 |doi-access=free|pmid=35288989 |pmc=9545158 |bibcode=2022ConBi..36E3909S}}</ref>
In the [[Tanintharyi Region]] of southern Myanmar, [[deforestation]] coupled with mining activities and high hunting pressure threatens the tiger population.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Aung, S. S. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Shwe, N. M. |author3=Frechette, J. |author4=Grindley, M. |author5=Connette, G. |year=2017 |title=Surveys in southern Myanmar indicate global importance for tigers and biodiversity |journal=Oryx |volume=51 |issue=1 |page=13 |doi=10.1017/S0030605316001393 |bibcode=2017Oryx...51...13A |doi-access=free}}</ref>
In Thailand, nine of 15 protected areas hosting tigers are isolated and fragmented, offering a low probability for dispersal between them; four of these have not harboured tigers since about 2013.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Suttidate, N. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Steinmetz, R. |author3=Lynam, A. J. |author4=Sukmasuang, R. |author5=Ngoprasert, D. |author6=Chutipong, W. |author7=Bateman, B. L. |author8=Jenks, K. E. |author9=Baker-Whatton, M. |author10=Kitamura, S. |author11=Ziółkowska, E. |year=2021 |title=Habitat connectivity for endangered Indochinese tigers in Thailand |journal=Global Ecology and Conservation |volume=29 |article-number=e01718 |doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01718 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2021GEcoC..2901718S}}</ref>
In Peninsular Malaysia, {{cvt|8315.7|km2}} of tiger habitat was cleared during 1988–2012, most of it for industrial [[plantation]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Shevade, V. S. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Potapov, P. V. |author3=Harris, N. L. |author4=Loboda, T. V. |year=2017 |title=Expansion of industrial plantations continues to threaten Malayan tiger habitat |journal=Remote Sensing |volume=9 |issue=7 |page=747 |doi=10.3390/rs9070747 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2017RemS....9..747S |hdl=1903/31503 |hdl-access=free}}</ref>
Large-scale land acquisitions of about {{cvt|23000|km2}} for commercial [[agriculture]] and timber extraction in Cambodia contributed to the fragmentation of potential tiger habitat, especially in the Eastern Plains.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Debonne, N. |name-list-style=amp |author2=van Vliet, J. |author3=Verburg, P. |title=Future governance options for large-scale land acquisition in Cambodia: impacts on tree cover and tiger landscapes |year= 2019 |journal=Environmental Science & Policy |volume=94 |issue= |pages=9–19 |doi=10.1016/j.envsci.2018.12.031 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019ESPol..94....9D |hdl=1871.1/1dced676-560b-46fb-a7c5-e0c888c5cff1 |hdl-access=free}}</ref>
[[Inbreeding depression]] coupled with habitat destruction, insufficient prey resources and poaching is a threat to the small and isolated tiger population in the [[Changbai Mountains]] along the China–Russia border.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Wang, D. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Smith, J. L. |author3=Accatino, F. |author4=Ge, J. |author5=Wang, T. |year=2023 |title=Addressing the impact of canine distemper spreading on an isolated tiger population in northeast Asia |journal=Integrative Zoology |volume=18 |issue=6 |pages=994–1008 |doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12712|pmid=36881515|url=https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04055682 }}</ref>
In China, tigers became the target of large-scale 'anti-pest' campaigns in the early 1950s, where suitable habitats were fragmented following deforestation and resettlement of people to rural areas, who hunted tigers and prey species. Though tiger hunting was prohibited in 1977, the population continued to decline and is considered extinct in [[South China]] since 2001.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Dramatic decline of wild South China tigers ''Panthera tigris amoyensis'': field survey of priority tiger reserves |author1=Tilson, R. |author2=Defu, H. |author3=Muntifering, J. |author4=Nyhus, P. J. |name-list-style=amp |year=2004 |journal=Oryx |volume=38 |issue=1|pages=40–47 |doi=10.1017/S0030605304000079 |bibcode=2004Oryx...38...40T |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite iucn |author=Nyhus, P. |year=2008 |title=''Panthera tigris'' ssp. ''amoyensis'' |article-number=e.T15965A5334628 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T15965A5334628.en}}</ref>
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Een jager poseert bij de huid van een geschoten tijger bij Kalitapakdoewoer TMnr 10024166.jpg|thumb|A [[Javan tiger]] skin, 1915|alt=Tiger rug displayed on wall behind a man with a gun]]
Tiger populations in India have been targeted by poachers since the 1990s and were extirpated in two tiger reserves in 2005 and 2009.<ref name=Jhala_al2021>{{cite journal |author1=Jhala, Y. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Gopal, R. |author3=Mathur, V. |author4=Ghosh, P. |author5=Negi, H. S. |author6=Narain, S. |author7=Yadav, S. P. |author8= Malik, A. |author9=Garawad, R. |author10=Qureshi, Q. |year=2021 |title=Recovery of tigers in India: Critical introspection and potential lessons |journal=People and Nature |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=281–293 |doi=10.1002/pan3.10177 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2021PeoNa...3..281J}}</ref>
Between March 2017 and January 2020, 630 activities of hunters using [[Trapping#Snares|snares]], drift nets, hunting platforms and hunting dogs were discovered in a reserve forest of about {{cvt|1000|km2}} in southern Myanmar.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Shwe, N. M. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Grainger, M. |author3=Ngoprasert, D. |author4=Aung, S. S. |author5=Grindley, M. |author6=Savini, T. |year=2023 |title=Anthropogenic pressure on large carnivores and their prey in the highly threatened forests of Tanintharyi, southern Myanmar |journal=Oryx |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=262–271 |doi=10.1017/S0030605321001654 |doi-access=free |hdl=11250/3040580 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> [[Nam Et-Phou Louey National Park]] was considered the last important site for the tiger in Laos, but it has not been recorded there at least since 2013; this population likely fell victim to indiscriminate snaring.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Rasphone, A. |author2=Kéry, M. |author3=Kamler, J. F. |name-list-style=amp |author4=Macdonald, D. W. |year=2019 |title=Documenting the demise of tiger and leopard, and the status of other carnivores and prey, in Lao PDR's most prized protected area: Nam Et-Phou Louey |journal=Global Ecology and Conservation |volume=20 |article-number=e00766 |doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00766 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2019GEcoC..2000766R}}</ref> [[Anti-poaching]] units in Sumatra's [[Kerinci Seblat National Park|Kerinci Seblat]] landscape removed 362 tiger snare traps and seized 91 tiger skins during 2005–2016; annual poaching rates increased with rising skin prices.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Linkie, M. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Martyr, D. |author3=Harihar, A. |author4=Mardiah, S. |author5=Hodgetts, T. |author6=Risdianto, D. |author7=Subchaan, M. |author8=Macdonald, D. |year=2018 |title=Asia's economic growth and its impact on Indonesia's tigers |journal=Biological Conservation |volume=219 |pages=105–109 |doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2018.01.011|bibcode=2018BCons.219..105L}}</ref>
Poaching is also the main threat to the tiger population in far eastern Russia, where [[logging]] roads facilitate access for poachers and people harvesting forest products that are important for prey species to survive in winter.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Slaght, J. C. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Milakovsky, B. |author3=Maksimova, D. A. |author5=Seryodkin, I. |author4=Zaitsev, V. A. |author6=Panichev, A. |author7=Miquelle, D. |year=2017 |title=Anthropogenic influences on the distribution of a Vulnerable coniferous forest specialist: habitat selection by the Siberian musk deer ''Moschus moschiferus'' |journal=Oryx |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=174–180 |doi=10.1017/S0030605316001617 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Body parts of 207 tigers were detected during 21 surveys in 1991–2014 in two wildlife markets in Myanmar catering to customers in Thailand and China.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Nijman, V. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Shepherd, C. R. |year=2015 |title=Trade in tigers and other wild cats in Mong La and Tachilek, Myanmar – A tale of two border towns |journal=Biological Conservation |volume=182 |pages=1–7 |doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2014.10.031 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2015BCons.182....1N}}</ref>
During the years 2000–2022, at least 3,377 tigers were [[Confiscation|confiscated]] in 2,205 seizures in 28 countries; seizures encompassed 665 live and 654 dead individuals, 1,313 whole tiger skins, 16,214 body parts like bones, teeth, paws, claws, whiskers and {{cvt|1.1|t}} of meat; 759 seizures in India encompassed body parts of 893 tigers; and 403 seizures in Thailand involved mostly captive-bred tigers.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Wong, R. |author2=Krishnasamy, K. |name-list-style=amp |year=2022 |title=Skin and Bones: Tiger Trafficking Analysis from January 2000 – June 2022 |publisher=TRAFFIC, Southeast Asia Regional Office |location=Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia |url=https://www.traffic.org/site/assets/files/19714/skin_and_bones_tiger_trafficking_analysis_from_january_2000_to_june_2022_r7.pdf |access-date=1 March 2024 |archive-date=17 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117215040/https://www.traffic.org/site/assets/files/19714/skin_and_bones_tiger_trafficking_analysis_from_january_2000_to_june_2022_r7.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> Seizures between January 2020 and June 2025 comprised 573 tigers in 765 seizure incidents, including 313 tigers in India and 127 tigers in Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite report |author1=Wong, R. |author2=Krishnasamy, K. |date=2025 |title=Beyond Skin and Bones: A 25-Year Analysis of Tiger Seizures from 2000 to June 2025 |publisher=TRAFFIC |place=Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia |name-list-style=amp |url=https://www.traffic.org/site/assets/files/29537/full_report_skin_and_bones_2025_v6_highres.pdf}}</ref>

Seizures in Nepal between January 2011 and December 2015 obtained 585 pieces of tiger body parts and two whole carcasses in 19 districts.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Paudel, P. K. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Acharya, K. P. |author3=Baral, H. S. |author4=Heinen, J. T. |author5=Jnawali, S. R. |year=2020 |title=Trends, patterns, and networks of illicit wildlife trade in Nepal: A national synthesis |journal=Conservation Science and Practice |volume=2 |issue=9 |article-number=e247 |doi=10.1111/csp2.247 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2020ConSP...2E.247P}}</ref> Seizure data from India during 2001–2021 indicate that tiger skins were the most often traded body parts, followed by claws, bones and teeth; trafficking routes mainly passed through the states of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Assam.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Nittu, G. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Shameer, T. T. |author3=Nishanthini, N. K. |author4=Sanil, R. |year=2023 |title=The tide of tiger poaching in India is rising! An investigation of the intertwined facts with a focus on conservation |journal=GeoJournal |volume=88 |issue=1 |pages=753–766 |doi=10.1007/s10708-022-10633-4 |doi-access=free |pmid=35431409 |pmc=9005341|bibcode=2023GeoJo..88..753N}}</ref>
A total of 292 illegal tiger parts were confiscated at US ports of entry from personal baggage, air cargo and mail between 2003 and 2012.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Khanwilkar, S. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Sosnowski, M. |year=2022 |author3=Guynup, S. |title=Patterns of illegal and legal tiger parts entering the United States over a decade (2003–2012) |journal=Conservation Science and Practice |volume=4 |issue=3 |article-number=e622 |doi=10.1111/csp2.622 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022ConSP...4E.622K}}</ref>

Demand for tiger parts for use in [[traditional Chinese medicine]] has also been cited as a major threat to tiger populations.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Van Uhm |first1=D. P. |title=The Illegal Wildlife Trade: Inside the World of Poachers, Smugglers and Traders (Studies of Organized Crime) |date=2016 |publisher=Springer |location=New York|pages=224–226}}</ref>
Interviews with local people in the Bangladeshi Sundarbans revealed that they kill tigers for local consumption and trade of skins, bones and meat, in [[retaliation]] for attacks by tigers and for excitement.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Saif, S. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Rahman, H. T. |author3=MacMillan, D. C. |year=2018 |title=Who is killing the tiger ''Panthera tigris'' and why? |journal=Oryx |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=46–54 |doi=10.1017/S0030605316000491 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
Tiger body parts like skins, bones, teeth and hair are consumed locally by wealthy Bangladeshis and are illegally trafficked from Bangladesh to 15 countries including India, China, Malaysia, Korea, Vietnam, Cambodia, Japan and the United Kingdom via land borders, airports and seaports.<ref name=Uddin2023/>
Tiger bone glue is the prevailing tiger product purchased for medicinal purposes in [[Hanoi]] and [[Ho Chi Minh City]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Davis, E. O. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Willemsen, M. |author3=Dang, V. |author4=O'Connor, D. |author5=Glikman, J. A. |year=2020 |title=An updated analysis of the consumption of tiger products in urban Vietnam |journal=Global Ecology and Conservation |volume=22 |article-number=e00960 |doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e00960 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2020GEcoC..2200960D}}</ref> "Tiger farm" facilities in China and Southeast Asia breed tigers for their parts, but these appear to make the threat to wild populations worse by increasing the demand for tiger products.<ref name=Worldwildlife/>

Local people killing tigers in retaliation for attacking and preying on livestock is a threat in several tiger range countries, as this consequence of [[human–wildlife conflict]] also contributes to the decline of the population.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Singh, R. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Nigam, P. |author3=Qureshi, Q. |author4=Sankar, K. |author5=Krausman, P. R. |author6=Goyal, S. P. |author7=Nicholoson, K. L. |year=2015 |title=Characterizing human–tiger conflict in and around Ranthambhore Tiger Reserve, western India |journal=European Journal of Wildlife Research |volume=61 |issue=2 |pages=255–261 |doi=10.1007/s10344-014-0895-z|bibcode=2015EJWR...61..255S }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Chowdhurym, A. N. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Mondal, R. |author3=Brahma, A. |author4=Biswas, M. K. |year=2016 |title=Ecopsychosocial aspects of human–tiger conflict: An ethnographic study of tiger widows of Sundarban Delta, India |journal=Environmental Health Insights |volume=10 |pages=1–29 |doi=10.4137/EHI.S24 |doi-broken-date=1 July 2025 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Dhungana, R. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Savini, T. |author3=Karki, J. B. |author4=Dhakal, M. |author5=Lamichhane, B. R. |author6=Bumrungsri, S. |year=2018 |title=Living with tigers ''Panthera tigris'': Patterns, correlates, and contexts of human–tiger conflict in Chitwan National Park, Nepal |journal=Oryx |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=55–65 |doi=10.1017/S0030605316001587 |bibcode=2018Oryx...52...55D |doi-access=free |hdl=1887/57668 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Lubis, M. I. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Pusparini, W. |author3=Prabowo, S. A. |author4=Marthy, W. |author5=Tarmizi |author6=Andayani, N. |author7=Linkie, M. |year=2020 |title=Unraveling the complexity of human–tiger conflicts in the Leuser Ecosystem, Sumatra |journal=Animal Conservation |volume=23 |issue=6 |pages=741–749 |doi=10.1111/acv.12591|bibcode=2020AnCon..23..741L}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Neo, W. H. Y. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Lubis, M. I. |author3=Lee, J. S. H. |year=2023 |title=Settlements and plantations are sites of human–tiger interactions in Riau, Indonesia |journal=Oryx |volume=57 |issue=4 |pages=476–480 |doi=10.1017/S0030605322000667 |doi-access=free |hdl=10356/165557 |hdl-access=free}}</ref>

== Conservation ==
{{Main|Tiger conservation}}
{{further information|21st Century Tiger}}
{| class="wikitable sortable floatright"
|+ Global wild tiger population
!Country
!Year
!Estimate
|-
| {{flagicon|India}} [[India]] || 2022 || align="right" |3,167–3,682<ref name=Qureshi2023/>
|-
| {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Russia]] || 2022 || align="right" |573–600<ref name=globaltiger/>
|-
| {{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Indonesia]] || 2022 || align="right" |393<ref name=globaltiger/>
|-
| {{flagicon|Nepal}} [[Nepal]] || 2022 || align="right" |316–355<ref>{{cite book |author1=DNPWC |author2=DFSC |name-list-style=amp |year=2022 |title=Status of Tigers and Prey in Nepal 2022 |location=Kathmandu, Nepal |publisher=Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation and Department of Forests and Soil Conservation. Ministry of Forests and Environment |url=https://dnpwc.gov.np/media/files/Status_of_Tigers_Ic2ylSC.pdf |access-date=6 August 2022 |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408104009/https://dnpwc.gov.np/media/files/Status_of_Tigers_Ic2ylSC.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Thailand]] || 2022 || align="right" |148–189<ref name=globaltiger/>
|-
| {{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Malaysia]] || 2022 || align="right" |<150<ref name=globaltiger/>
|-
| {{flagicon|Bhutan}} [[Bhutan]] || 2022 || align="right" |131<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023 |title=National Tiger Survey 2021–22 |publisher=Government of Bhutan |author=Department of Forests and Park Services |place=Thimphu}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Bangladesh]] || 2022|| align="right" |118–122<ref>{{cite web |author=Begum, S. |date=30 July 2024 |title=Tiger population in Sundarban rises by 8-10pc in 2024 |work=Daily Observer |url=https://www.observerbd.com/news.php?id=482816|access-date=6 October 2024}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagicon|China}} [[China]] || 2022 || align="right"|>60<ref name=globaltiger/>
|-
| {{flagicon|Myanmar}} [[Myanmar]] || 2022 || align="right" |28<ref name=globaltiger/>
|-
| '''Total'''|| || align="right" |'''5,638–5,899'''
|}
Internationally, the tiger is protected under [[CITES#Appendix I|CITES Appendix I]], banning trade of live tigers and their body parts.<ref name=iucn/>
In [[Russia]], hunting the tiger has been banned since 1952.{{sfn|Sludskii|1992|p=202}}
In [[Bhutan]], it has been protected since 1969 and enlisted as totally protected since 1995.<ref name=Tandin_al2018>{{cite report |author1=Tandin, T. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Penjor, U. |author3=Tempa, T. |author4=Dhendup, P. |author5=Dorji, S.|author6=Wangdi, S. |author7=Moktan, V.|year=2018 |title=Tiger Action Plan for Bhutan (2018-2023): A landscape approach to tiger conservation |location=Thimphu, Bhutan |publisher=Nature Conservation Division, Department of Forests and Park Services, Ministry of Agriculture and Forests |doi=10.13140/RG.2.2.14890.70089 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Since 1972, it has been afforded the highest protection level under India's [[Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972]].<ref name=Aryal>{{cite book |last1=Aryal |first1=R. S. |year=2004 |title=CITES Implementation in Nepal and India. Law, Policy and Practice |location=Kathmandu |publisher=Bhrikuti Academic Publications |isbn=99933-673-4-6}}</ref>
In [[Nepal]] and [[Bangladesh]], it has been protected since 1973.<ref name=Aryal/><ref name=Uddin2023>{{cite journal |author1=Uddin, N. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Enoch, S. |author3=Harihar, A. |author4=Pickles, R. S. |author5=Hughes, A. C. |year=2023 |title=Tigers at a crossroads: Shedding light on the role of Bangladesh in the illegal trade of this iconic big cat |journal=Conservation Science and Practice |volume=5 |issue=7 |article-number=e12952 |doi=10.1111/csp2.12952 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2023ConSP...5E2952U}}</ref>
Since 1976, it has been totally protected under [[Malaysia]]'s Protection of Wild Life Act,<ref>{{cite report |author=Malaysian Conservation Alliance for Tigers |title=The Malayan Tiger Conservation Programme |year=2006 |publisher=Department of Wildlife and National Parks Peninsular Malaysia |place=Kuala Lumpur |url=https://conservewildcats.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/WildCats/ProjectReports/Malaysia/MYCATFinalreport2006-07.pdf |access-date=9 April 2024 |archive-date=9 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409203438/https://conservewildcats.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/WildCats/ProjectReports/Malaysia/MYCATFinalreport2006-07.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> and the country's Wildlife Conservation Act enacted in 2010 increased punishments for wildlife-related crimes.<ref name=globaltiger>{{cite report |title=Global Tiger Recovery Program (2023–34) |publisher=Global Tiger Forum and the Global Tiger Initiative Council |url=https://globaltigerforum.org/global-tiger-recovery-program-2-0-2023-34/ |date=2023 |access-date=8 April 2024 |archive-date=8 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408150606/https://globaltigerforum.org/global-tiger-recovery-program-2-0-2023-34/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
In [[Indonesia]], it has been protected since 1990.<ref>{{cite book |author=Ministry of Forestry |title=Conservation Strategy and Action Plan for the Sumatran Tiger (''Panthera tigris sumatrae'') Indonesia 2007-2017 |publisher=Government of Indonesia |place=Jakarta |date=2007 |url=https://globaltigerforum.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/indonesia.pdf |access-date=12 April 2024 |archive-date=23 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923144656/https://globaltigerforum.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/indonesia.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
In [[China]], the trade in tiger body parts was banned in 1993.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Transnational environmentalism and entanglements of sovereignty: The Tiger Campaign across the Himalayas |first=E. T. |last=Yeh |journal=Political Geography |volume=31 |issue=7 |year=2012 |pages=408–418 | doi=10.1016/j.polgeo.2012.06.003}}</ref>
The [[Thailand|Thai]] Wildlife Preservation and Protection Act was enacted in 2019 to combat poaching and trading of body parts.<ref name=future>{{cite web |author=Kampongsun, S. |title=The future of ''Panthera tigris'' in Thailand and globally |date=2022 |publisher=IUCN |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111015312/https://www.iucn.org/story/202208/future-panthera-tigris-thailand-and-globally|archive-date=11 November 2023|url=https://www.iucn.org/story/202208/future-panthera-tigris-thailand-and-globally |access-date=8 April 2024}}</ref>

In 1973, the [[National Tiger Conservation Authority]] and [[Project Tiger]] were founded in [[India]] to gain public support for tiger conservation.<ref name=Jhala_al2021/> Since then, 53 [[Tiger reserves of India|tiger reserves]] covering an area of {{cvt|75796|km2}} have been established in the country up to 2022.<ref name=Qureshi2023>{{cite book |author1=Qureshi, Q. |author2=Jhala, Y. V. |author3=Yadav, S. P. |author4=Mallick, A. |name-list-style=amp |year=2023 |title=Status of tigers, co-predators and prey in India 2022 |publisher=National Tiger Conservation Authority & Wildlife Institute of India |location=New Delhi, Dehradun |url=https://wii.gov.in/images//images/documents/publications/statu_tiger_copredators-2022.pdf |access-date=18 February 2024 |archive-date=5 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505145403/https://wii.gov.in/images//images/documents/publications/statu_tiger_copredators-2022.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> These efforts contributed to the recovery of India's tiger population between 2006 and 2018 so that it occurs in an area of about {{cvt|138200|km2}}.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jhala |first1=Y. V. |last2=Mungi |first2=N. A. |last3=Gopal |first3=R. |last4=Qureshi |first4=Q. |date=2025 |title=Tiger recovery amid people and poverty |journal=Science |volume=387 |issue=6733 |pages=505–510 |doi=10.1126/science.adk4827 |doi-access=free|pmid=39883754 |bibcode=2025Sci...387..505J }}</ref>

[[Myanmar]]'s national tiger conservation strategy developed in 2003 comprises management tasks such as restoration of degraded habitats, increasing the extent of protected areas and wildlife corridors, protecting tiger prey species, thwarting tiger killing and illegal trade of its body parts and promoting public awareness through wildlife education programmes.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Lynam, A. J. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Khaing, S. T. |author3=Zaw, K. M. |year=2006 |title=Developing a national tiger action plan for the Union of Myanmar |journal=Environmental Management |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=30–39 |doi=10.1007/s00267-004-0273-9 |pmid=16362487 |bibcode=2006EnMan..37...30L}}</ref>
Bhutan's first Tiger Action Plan implemented during 2006–2015 revolved around habitat conservation, human–wildlife conflict management, education and awareness; the second Action Plan aimed at increasing the country's tiger population by 20% until 2023 compared to 2015.<ref name=Tandin_al2018/>
In 2009, the Bangladesh Tiger Action Plan was initiated to stabilise the country's tiger population, maintain habitat and a sufficient prey base, improve law enforcement and foster cooperation between governmental agencies responsible for tiger conservation.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Hossain, A. N. M. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Lynam, A. J. |author3=Ngoprasert, D. |author4=Barlow, A. |author5=Barlow, C. G. |author6=Savini, T. |year=2018 |title=Identifying landscape factors affecting tiger decline in the Bangladesh Sundarbans |journal=Global Ecology and Conservation |volume=13 |article-number=e00382 |doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2018.e00382 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2018GEcoC..1300382H}}</ref>
The Thailand Tiger Action Plan [[ratified]] in 2010 envisioned increasing the country's tiger populations by 50% in the [[Western Forest Complex]] and [[Dong Phayayen–Khao Yai Forest Complex]] and reestablish populations in three potential landscapes until 2022.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Pisdamkham, C. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Prayurasiddhi, T. |author3=Kanchanasaka, B. |author4=Maneesai, R. |author5=Simcharoen, S. |author6=Pattanavibool, A. |author7=Duangchantrasiri, S. |author8=Simcharoen, A. |author9=Pattanavibool, R. |author10=Maneerat, S. |author11=Prayoon, U. |author12=Cutter, P. G. |author13=Smith, J. L. D. |year=2010 |title=Thailand Tiger Action Plan 2010–2022 |location=Bangkok |publisher=Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303881962 |access-date=16 April 2024 |archive-date=5 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505145525/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303881962_Thailand_Tiger_Action_Plan_2010-2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>
The Indonesian National Tiger Recovery Program ratified in 2010 aimed at increasing the Sumatran tiger population by 2022.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Chandradewi, D. S. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Semiadi, G. |author3=Pinondang, I. |author4=Kheng, V. |author5=Bahaduri, L. D. |year=2019 |title=A decade on: The second collaborative Sumatra-wide Tiger survey |journal=Cat News |volume=69 |pages=41–42}}</ref> The third strategic and action plan for the conservation of the Sumatran tiger for the years 2020–2030 revolves around strengthening management of small tiger population units of less than 20 mature individuals and connectivity between 13 forest patches in [[North Sumatra]] and [[West Sumatra]] provinces.<ref>{{cite thesis |author=Wibisono, H. T. |year=2021 |title=An Island-wide Status of Sumatran Tiger (''Panthera tigris sumatrae'') and Principal Prey in Sumatra, Indonesia |type=Doctor of Philosophy in Entomology and Wildlife Ecology |publisher=University of Delaware |place=Delaware |url=https://udspace.udel.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/db24ae3d-1681-4d30-9773-4abb62cd861d/content}}</ref>

[[File:Wild Sumatran tiger.jpg|thumb|Wild Sumatran tiger caught by camera trap|alt=Night shot of a tiger face close to the camera]]
Increases in anti-poaching patrol efforts in four Russian protected areas during 2011–2014 contributed to reducing poaching, stabilising the tiger population and improving protection of ungulate populations.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Hötte, M. H. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Kolodin, I. A. |author3=Bereznuk, S. L. |author4=Slaght, J. C. |author5=Kerley, L. L. |author6=Soutyrina, S. V. |author7=Salkina, G. P. |author8=Zaumyslova, O. Y. |author9=Stokes, E. J. |author10=Miquelle, D. G. |year=2016 |title=Indicators of success for smart law enforcement in protected areas: A case study for Russian Amur tiger (''Panthera tigris altaica'') reserves |journal=Integrative Zoology |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=2–15 |doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12168|pmid=26458501}}</ref> Poaching and trafficking were declared to be moderate and serious crimes in 2019.<ref name=globaltiger/>
Anti-poaching operations were also established in Nepal in 2010, with increased cooperation and intelligence sharing between agencies. These policies have led to many years of "zero poaching" and the country's tiger population has doubled in a decade.<ref name=globaltiger/>
Anti-poaching patrols in the {{cvt|1200|km2}} large core area of [[Taman Negara]] lead to a decrease of poaching frequency from 34 detected incidents in 2015–2016 to 20 incidents during 2018–2019; the arrest of seven poaching teams and removal of snares facilitated the survival of three resident female tigers and at least 11 cubs.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Lam, W. Y. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Phung, C. C. |author3=Mat, Z. A. |author4=Jamaluddin, H. |author5=Sivayogam, C. P. |author6=Zainal Abidin, F. A. |author7=Sulaiman, A. |author8=Cheok, M. K. Y. |author9=Osama, N. A. W. |author10=Sabaan, S. |author11=Abu Hashim, A. K. |author12=Booton, M. D. |author13=Harihar, A. |author14=Clements, G. R. |author15=Pickles, R. S. A. |year=2023 |title=Using a crime prevention framework to evaluate tiger counter-poaching in a Southeast Asian rainforest |journal=Frontiers in Conservation Science |volume=4 |article-number=1213552 |doi=10.3389/fcosc.2023.1213552 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2023FrCS....413552L }}</ref>
Army and police officers are deployed for patrolling together with staff of protected areas in Malaysia.<ref name=globaltiger/>

[[Wildlife corridor]]s are important conservation measures as they facilitate tiger populations to connect between protected areas; tigers use at least nine corridors that were established in the [[Terai Arc Landscape]] and [[Sivalik Hills]] in both Nepal and India.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Bhatt, T. R. |author2=Castley, J. G. |author3=Sims-Castley, R. |author4=Bara, H. S. |author5=Chauvenet, A. L. M.|year=2023 |title=Connecting tiger (''Panthera tigris'') populations in Nepal: Identification of corridors among tiger-bearing protected areas |journal=Ecology and Evolution |volume=13 |issue=5 |article-number=e10140 |doi=10.1002/ece3.10140 |doi-access=free |pmid=37261321 |pmc=10227491 |bibcode=2023EcoEv..1310140B |name-list-style=amp}}</ref>
Corridors in forested areas with low human encroachment are highly suitable.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Harihar, A. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Pandav, B. |author3=Ghosh-Harihar, M. |author4=Goodrich, J. |year=2020 |title=Demographic and ecological correlates of a recovering tiger (''Panthera tigris'') population: Lessons learnt from 13-years of monitoring |journal=Biological Conservation |volume=252 |article-number=108848 |doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108848|bibcode=2020BCons.25208848H}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Rahaman, M. H. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Masroor, M. |author3=Sajjad, H. |author4=Saha, T. K. |year=2024 |title=Assessment of habitat suitability and potential corridors for Bengal Tiger (''Panthera tigris tigris'') in Valmiki Tiger Reserve, India, using MaxEnt model and Least-Cost modeling approach |journal=Environmental Modeling & Assessment |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=405–422 |doi=10.1007/s10666-024-09966-w |bibcode=2024EMdAs..29..405R}}</ref>
In West Sumatra, 12 wildlife corridors were identified as high priority for mitigating human–wildlife conflicts.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rahman |first1=H. |last2=Hidayat |first2=R. H. |last3=Nofrizal|first3=A. Y. |last4=Wilastra |first4=I. |last5=Nasution |first5=A. F. R. |year=2023 |title=Priority corridor zone for human-tiger conflict mitigation: A landscape connectivity approach in West Sumatra region, Indonesia |journal=Journal for Nature Conservation |volume=76 |article-number=126501 |doi=10.1016/j.jnc.2023.126501 |bibcode=2023JNatC..7626501R |name-list-style=amp}}</ref>
In 2019, China and Russia signed a [[memorandum of understanding]] for transboundary cooperation between two protected areas, [[Northeast China Tiger and Leopard National Park]] and [[Land of the Leopard National Park]], that includes the creation of wildlife corridors and bilateral monitoring and patrolling along the Sino-Russian border.<ref>{{cite report |author=Paudyal, B. N. |year=2023 |title=Evaluation of the project on transboundary cooperation on the conservation of Amur tigers, Amur leopards and Snow leopards in North-East Asia |publisher=United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific |place=Bangkok, Thailand |url=https://repository.unescap.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12870/6674/ESCAP-2023-RP-Transboundary-cooperation-conservation-Amur-tigers-Amur-leopards-Snow-leopards-ENEA.pdf |access-date=7 April 2024 |archive-date=7 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407175636/https://repository.unescap.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12870/6674/ESCAP-2023-RP-Transboundary-cooperation-conservation-Amur-tigers-Amur-leopards-Snow-leopards-ENEA.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

Rescued and [[Wildlife rehabilitation|rehabilitated]] problem tigers and [[orphan]]ed tiger cubs have been released into the wild and monitored in India, Sumatra and Russia.<ref name=Sarkar2016/><ref name=Priatna2012>{{cite journal |author1=Priatna, D. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Santosa, Y. |author3=Prasetyo, L. B. |author4=Kartono, A. P. |title=Home range and movements of male translocated problem tigers in Sumatra |year=2012 |journal=Asian Journal of Conservation Biology |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=20–30 |url=https://ajcb.in/journals/full_papers/4_AJCB-VOL1-ISSUE1-Priatna%20et%20al.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Rozhnov, V. V. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Naidenko, S. V. |author3=Hernandez–Blanco, J. A. |author4=Chistopolova, M. D. |author5=Sorokin, P. A. |author6=Yachmennikova, A. A. |author7=Blidchenko, E. Yu. |author8=Kalinin, A. Yu. |author9=Kastrikin, V. A. |year=2021 |title=Restoration of the Amur Tiger (''Panthera tigris altaica'') population in the Northwest of its distribution area |journal=Biological Bulletin |volume=48 |issue=8 |pages=1401–1423 |doi=10.1134/S1062359021080239|bibcode=2021BioBu..48.1401R}}</ref>
In Kazakhstan, preparations for tiger reintroduction in [[:kk:Іле-Балқаш (резерват)|Ile-Balkash Nature Reserve]] include [[ecological restoration|habitat restoration]] and [[Species reintroduction|reintroduction]] of prey species.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Gray, T. N. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Rosenbaum, R. |author3=Jiang, G. |author4=Izquierdo, P. |author5=Yongchao, J .I. N. |author6=Kesaro, L. |author7=Lyet, A. |author8=Pasha, M. K. S. |author9=Patterson, D. J. |author10=Channa, P. |author11=Jinzhe, Q. I. |author12=Ripple, W. J. |author13=Roberts, J. L. |author14=Roy, S. |author15=Shwe, N. M. |author16=Wolf, C. |author17=Chapman, S. |year=2023 |title=Restoring Asia's roar: Opportunities for tiger recovery across the historic range |journal=Frontiers in Conservation Science |volume=4 |article-number=1124340 |doi=10.3389/fcosc.2023.1124340 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2023FrCS....424340G}}</ref>
Reintroduction of tigers is considered possible in eastern Cambodia, once management of protected areas is improved and forest loss stabilized.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Gray, T. N. E. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Crouthers, R. |author3=Ramesh, K. |author4=Vattakaven, J. |author5=Borah, J. |author6=Pasha, M. K. S. |author7=Lim, T. |author8=Phan, C. |author9=Singh, R. |author10=Long, B. |author11=Chapman, S. |year=2017 |title=A framework for assessing readiness for Tiger ''Panthera tigris'' reintroduction: a case study from eastern Cambodia |journal=Biodiversity and Conservation |volume=26 |issue=10 |pages=2383–2399 |doi=10.1007/s10531-017-1365-1 |bibcode=2017BiCon..26.2383G}}</ref> South China tigers are kept and bred in Chinese zoos, with plans to reintroduce their offspring into remote protected areas.<ref name=Wang2023/><ref name=Fàbregas/> Coordinated [[breeding program]]s among [[zoo]]s have led to enough genetic diversity in tigers to act as "insurance against extinction in the wild".<ref name=Lou2008>{{cite journal|last1=Luo|first1=S.-J.|last2=Johnson|first2=W. E. |last3=Martenson |first3=J. |last4=Antunes |first4=A. |last5=Martelli |first5=P. |last6=Uphyrkina, O. |last7=Traylor-Holzer |first7=K. |last8=Smith|first8=J. L. D. |last9=O'Brien|first9=S. J. |year=2008 |title=Subspecies genetic assignments of worldwide captive tigers increase conservation value of captive populations |journal=Current Biology |volume=18 |issue=8 |pages=592–596 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2008.03.053 |pmid=18424146 |name-list-style=amp |bibcode=2008CBio...18..592L}}</ref>

== Relationship with humans ==
[[File:ElephantbackTigerHunt.jpg|thumb|Tiger hunting on elephant-back in India, 1808|alt=Painting of people hunting tigers on elephant-back]]

=== Hunting ===

{{Main|Tiger hunting}}
Tigers have been hunted by humans for millennia, as indicated by a painting on the [[Bhimbetka rock shelters]] in India that is dated to 5,000–6,000 years ago. They were hunted throughout their range in Asia, chased on horseback, elephant-back or even with sled dogs and killed with spears and later firearms. Such hunts were conducted both by Asian governments and empires like the [[Mughal Empire]], as well as European colonists. Tigers were often hunted as [[trophy hunting|trophies]] and because of their perceived danger.{{sfn|Thapar|2004|pp=187–200}} An estimated 80,000 tigers were killed between 1875 and 1925.<ref name="Tiger-hunting">{{cite book |year=2005 |title=The Treasures of Indian Wildlife |location=Mumbai |publisher=Bombay Natural History Society |pages=22–27 |chapter=The Manpoora Tiger (about a Tiger Hunt in Rajpootanah) |editor1=Kothari, A. S. |editor2=Chhapgar, B. S. |editor3=Chhapgar, B. F. |isbn=0-19-567728-5 }}</ref>{{sfn|Thapar|2004|p=193}}

===Attacks===

{{main|Tiger attack}}
[[File:Sundarban Tiger.jpg|thumb|A Bengal tiger in the [[Sundarban]]s|alt=Tiger standing along the banks of a mangrove swamp]]
In most areas, tigers avoid humans, but attacks are a risk wherever people coexist with them.<ref name=conflict/><ref name=Goodrich2010>{{cite journal|last1=Goodrich|first1=J. M. |year=2010 |title=Human–tiger conflict: A review and call for comprehensive plans |journal=Integrative Zoology |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=300–312 |doi=10.1111/j.1749-4877.2010.00218.x |doi-access=free |pmid=21392348}}</ref> Dangerous encounters are more likely to occur in [[Edge effects|edge]] habitats between wild and agricultural areas.<ref name=conflict>Nyhus, P. J. & Tilson, R. (2010). "''Panthera tigris'' vs ''Homo sapiens'': Conflict, coexistence, or extinction?" in {{harvnb|Tilson|Nyhus|2010|pp=125–142}}</ref> Most attacks on humans are defensive, including protection of young; however, tigers do sometimes see people as prey.<ref name=Goodrich2010/> [[Man-eating animal#Tigers|Man-eating]] tigers tend to be old and disabled.<ref name=Miquelle/> Tigers driven from their home ranges are also at risk of turning to man-eating.{{sfn|Mills|2004|pp=108–110}}

At the beginning of the 20th century, the [[Champawat Tiger]] was responsible for over 430 human deaths in Nepal and India before she was shot by [[Jim Corbett]].{{sfn|Thapar|2004|p=276}} This tigress suffered from broken teeth and was unable to kill normal prey. Modern authors speculate that sustaining on meagre human flesh forced the cat to kill more and more.{{sfn|Green|2006|pp=73–74}} Tiger attacks were particularly high in Singapore during the mid-19th century, when plantations expanded into the tiger's habitat.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Powell |first=M. A. |year=2016 |title=People in peril, environments at risk: coolies, tigers, and colonial Singapore's ecology of poverty |journal=Environment and History |volume=22|issue=3|pages=455–482|doi=10.3197/096734016X14661540219393 |jstor=24810674|bibcode=2016EnHis..22..455P |hdl=10356/88201 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> In the 1840s, the number of deaths in the area ranged from 200 to 300 annually.{{sfn|Thapar|2004|p=274}} [[Tiger attacks in the Sundarbans]] caused 1,396 human deaths in the period 1935–2006 according to official records of the [[Forest Department (Bangladesh)|Bangladesh Forest Department]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Barlow, A. C. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Ahmad, I. |author3=Smith, J. L. |year=2013 |title=Profiling tigers (''Panthera tigris'') to formulate management responses to human-killing in the Bangladesh Sundarbans |journal=Wildlife Biology in Practice |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=30–39 |doi=10.2461/wbp.2013.9.6|doi-broken-date=1 July 2025 }}</ref> Victims of these attacks are local villagers who enter the tiger's domain to collect resources like wood and honey. Fishermen have been particularly common targets. Methods to counter tiger attacks have included face masks worn backwards, protective clothes, sticks and carefully stationed electric dummies.{{sfn|Mills|2004|pp=111–113}}

===Captivity===
{{Multiple image |align= right |direction=vertical|image1=Clean Toes are a Tiger's Friend (15588882074).jpg |caption1=Tiger at [[Big Cat Rescue]] in 2014 |image2=Ringling Bros and Barnum & Bailey Circus Gunther Gebel-Williams 1969.jpg |caption2=Publicity photo of animal trainer [[Gunther Gebel-Williams]] with several of his trained tigers, {{circa}} 1969|alt=Tiger behind a fence (top) and black-and-white photo of man kneeing in front of six tigers lying down with circus audience in background}}

Tigers have been kept in captivity since ancient times. In [[ancient Rome]], tigers were displayed in [[amphitheatre]]s; they were slaughtered in [[venatio]] hunts and used to [[Damnatio ad bestias|kill criminals]].<ref>Manfredi, P. "The Tiger in the Ancient World" in {{harvnb|Thapar|2004|p=173}}</ref> The Mongol ruler [[Kublai Khan]] is reported to have kept tigers in the 13th century. Starting in the [[Middle Ages]], tigers were being kept in European [[menagerie]]s.{{sfn|Thapar|2004|pp=179–180}} Tigers and other exotic animals were mainly used for the entertainment of elites but from the 19th century onward, they were exhibited more to the public. Tigers were particularly big attractions and their captive population soared.{{sfn|Green|2006|pp=126–130}} In 2020, there were over 8,000 captive tigers in Asia, over 5,000 in the US and no less than 850 in Europe.<ref>{{cite web|title=EU's 'unlikely' role in global tiger trade revealed in new WWF, TRAFFIC report|publisher=World Wildlife Fund for Nature|date=30 September 2020|url=https://tigers.panda.org/?916741/EU-tigers-trade-WWF-report|access-date=6 June 2023}}</ref> There are more tigers in captivity than in the wild.<ref name=Lou2008/> Captive tigers may display [[Stereotypy (non-human)|stereotypical behaviour]]s such as pacing or inactivity. Modern zoos are able to reduce such behaviours with exhibits designed so the animals can move between separate but connected enclosures.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Smith|first1=K. D.|last2=Snider|first2=R. J. |last3=Dembiec |first3=D. P.|last4=Siegford|first4=J. M.|last5=Ali|first5=A. B.|year=2023|title=Effects of a modern exhibit design on captive tiger welfare |journal=Zoo Biology|volume=42|issue=3|pages=371–382|doi=10.1002/zoo.21746|pmid=36478300 |doi-access=free |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Enrichment items are also important for the cat's welfare and the stimulation of its natural behaviours.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Damasceno |first1=J. |last2=Genaro |first2=G. |last3=Quirke |first3=T. |last4=McCarthy |first4=S. |last5=McKeown |first5=S. |last6=O'Riordan |first6=R. |year=2017|title=The effects of intrinsic enrichment on captive felids |journal=Zoo Biology |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=186–192 |doi=10.1002/zoo.21361|pmid=29165868 |name-list-style=amp}}</ref>

Tigers have played prominent roles in [[circus]]es and other live performances. [[Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus|Ringling Bros]] included many tiger tamers in the 20th century including [[Mabel Stark]], who became a big draw and had a long career. She was well known for being able to control the tigers despite being a small woman; using "manly" tools like whips and guns. Another trainer was [[Clyde Beatty]], who used chairs, whips and guns to provoke tigers and other beasts into acting fierce and allowed him to appear courageous. He would perform with as many as 40 tigers and lions in one act. From the 1960s onward, trainers like [[Gunther Gebel-Williams]] would use gentler methods to control their animals. [[Sara Houcke]] was dubbed "the Tiger Whisperer" as she trained the cats to obey her by whispering to them.{{sfn|Thapar|2004|pp=202–204}} [[Siegfried & Roy]] became famous for performing with white tigers in [[Las Vegas]]. The act ended in 2003 when a tiger attacked Roy during a performance.{{sfn|Green|2006|pp=140–141}} In 2009, tigers were the most traded circus animals.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Iossa |first1=G. |last2=Soulsbury |first2=C. D. |last3=Harris |first3=S. |date=2009 |title=Are wild animals suited to a travelling circus life? |journal=Animal Welfare |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=129–140 |doi=10.1017/S0962728600000270 |s2cid=32259865 |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> The use of tigers and other animals in shows eventually declined in many countries due to pressure from [[animal rights]] groups and greater desires from the public to see them in more natural settings. Several countries [[Bans on circus animals|restrict or ban]] such acts.{{sfn|Thapar|2004|pp=204–205}}

Tigers have become popular in the [[exotic pet]] trade, particularly in the United States{{sfn|Thapar|2004|p=214}} where only 6% of the captive tiger population in 2020 were being housed in zoos and other facilities approved by the [[Association of Zoos and Aquariums]].<ref name=Worldwildlife/> Private collectors are thought to be ill-equipped to provide proper care for tigers, which compromises their welfare. They can also threaten public safety by allowing people to interact with them.<ref name=Worldwildlife>{{cite web |author=Henry, L. |date=2020 |title=5 Things Tiger King Doesn't Explain About Captive Tigers |website=World Wildlife Fund for Nature |url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/stories/5-things-tiger-king-doesn-t-explain-about-captive-tigers |access-date=19 February 2024 |archive-date=20 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240220001943/https://www.worldwildlife.org/stories/5-things-tiger-king-doesn-t-explain-about-captive-tigers |url-status=live}}</ref> The keeping of tigers and other big cats by private people was banned in the US in 2022.<ref>{{cite web |date=2023|title=June 18 Deadline for Compliance With Big Cat Public Safety Act|website=U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service |url=https://www.fws.gov/press-release/2023-04/big-cat-owners-must-register-june-18 |access-date=20 February 2024 |archive-date=20 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240220231426/https://www.fws.gov/press-release/2023-04/big-cat-owners-must-register-june-18 |url-status=live}}</ref> Most countries in the European Union have banned breeding and keeping tigers outside of licensed zoos and rescue centres, but some still allow private holdings.<ref>{{cite report|title=Guidance Document on the export, re-export and intra-EU trade of captive-born and bred live tigers and their parts and derivatives|publisher=European Commission|date=18 April 2023|url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52023XC0418(01)|access-date=6 June 2024}}</ref>

===Cultural significance===

{{main|Cultural depictions of tigers}}
{{further information|Tiger worship}}
[[File:Bronze Tiger Tally "Jie" with Gold Inlay from Tomb of Zhao Mo.jpg|thumb|right|Tiger-shaped ''jie'' (badge of authority) with gold inlays, from the tomb of [[Zhao Mo]]|alt=Badge of black tiger with golden stripes]]
The tiger is among the most famous of the [[charismatic megafauna]]. [[Kailash Sankhala]] has called it "a rare combination of courage, ferocity and brilliant colour",<ref name=Sankhala/> while Candy d'Sa calls it "fierce and commanding on the outside, but noble and discerning on the inside". In a 2004 online poll involving more than 50,000 people from 73 countries, the tiger was voted the world's favourite animal with 21% of the vote, narrowly beating the dog.<ref>{{cite news |date=2004 |title=Endangered tiger earns its stripes as the world's most popular beast |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20041206/ai_n12814678 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080120222416/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20041206/ai_n12814678|archive-date=20 January 2008|work=[[The Independent]] |access-date=7 March 2009}}</ref> Similarly, a 2018 study found the tiger to be the most popular wild animal based on surveys, as well as appearances on websites of major zoos and posters of some animated movies.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Albert |first1=C. |name-list-style=amp|last2=Luque |first2=G. M.|last3=Courchamp|first3=F. |year=2018|title=The twenty most charismatic species |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=13|issue=7|article-number=e0199149|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0199149|doi-access=free |pmid=29985962 |pmc=6037359|bibcode=2018PLoSO..1399149A}}</ref>

While the lion represented royalty and power in [[Western culture]], the tiger played such a role in various [[Culture of Asia|Asian cultures]]. In [[ancient China]], the tiger was seen as the "king of the forest" and symbolised the power of the [[Emperor of China|emperor]].<ref name=Symbolism>{{cite book |first=H. B. |last=Werness |year=2007 |title=The Continuum Encyclopedia of Animal Symbolism in World Art |publisher=Continuum |place=New York |pages=402–404|isbn=978-0-8264-1913-2}}</ref> In [[Chinese astrology]], the tiger is the third out of 12 symbols in the [[Chinese zodiac]] and controls the period between 15:00 and 17:00 o'clock in the afternoon. The [[Tiger (zodiac)|Year of the Tiger]] is thought to bring "dramatic and extreme events". The [[White Tiger (mythology)|White Tiger]] is one of the [[Four Symbols]] of the [[Chinese constellations]], representing the west along with the [[Yin and yang|yin]] and the season of autumn. It is the counterpart to the [[Azure Dragon]], which conversely symbolises the east, yang and springtime.{{sfn|Green|2006|pp=39, 46}} The tiger is one of the animals displayed on the [[Pashupati seal]] of the [[Indus Valley Civilisation]]. The big cat was depicted on seals and coins during the [[Chola dynasty]] of southern India, as it was the official emblem.<ref>Thapar, R. "In Times Past" in {{harvnb|Thapar|2004|pp=156, 164}}</ref>
[[File:Durga Mahisasuramardini.JPG|thumb|upright|left|The Hindu goddess [[Durga]] riding a tiger. [[Guler State|Guler]] school, early 18th century|alt=Painting of an eight-armed goddess riding a tiger biting a buffalo demon]]
Tigers have had religious and folkloric significance. In [[Buddhism]], the tiger, monkey and deer are the Three Senseless Creatures, with the tiger symbolising anger.<ref name=Cooper92>{{cite book |last=Cooper |first=J. C. |title=Symbolic and Mythological Animals |page=227 |year=1992 |publisher=Aquarian Press |location=London |isbn=978-1-85538-118-6}}</ref> In [[Hinduism]], the tiger is the [[Vahana|vehicle]] of [[Durga]], the goddess of feminine power and peace, whom the gods created to fight demons. Similarly, in the [[Greco-Roman world]], the tiger was depicted being ridden by the god [[Dionysus]]. In [[Korean mythology]], tigers are messengers of the [[Mountain God]]s.{{sfn|Green|2006|pp=60, 86–88, 96}} In both [[Chinese culture|Chinese]] and [[Korean culture]], tigers are seen as protectors against evil spirits and their image was used to decorate homes, tombs and articles of clothing.<ref name=Symbolism/>{{sfn|Green|2006|p=96}}{{sfn|Thapar|2004|p=152}} In the folklore of Malaysia and Indonesia, "tiger [[shaman]]s" heal the sick by invoking the big cat. People turning into tigers and the inverse has also been widespread; in particular [[Werecat#Asia|weretigers]] are people who could change into tigers and back again. The [[Mnong people]] of Indochina believed that tigers could [[shapeshift]] into humans.{{sfn|Thapar|2004|p=152}} Among some [[indigenous peoples of Siberia]], it was believed that men would seduce women by transforming into tigers.<ref name=Symbolism/>

[[William Blake]]'s 1794 poem "[[The Tyger]]" portrays the animal as the duality of beauty and ferocity. It is the sister poem to "[[The Lamb (poem)|The Lamb]]" in Blake's ''[[Songs of Innocence and of Experience]]'' and he ponders how God could create such different creatures. The tiger is featured in the mediaeval Chinese novel ''[[Water Margin]]'', where the cat battles and is slain by the bandit [[Wu Song]], while the tiger [[Shere Khan]] in [[Rudyard Kipling]]'s ''[[The Jungle Book]]'' (1894) is the mortal enemy of the human protagonist [[Mowgli]]. Friendly tame tigers have also existed in culture, notably [[Tigger]], the [[Winnie-the-Pooh]] character and [[Tony the Tiger]], the [[Kellogg's]] cereal mascot.{{sfn|Green|2006|pp=72–73, 78, 125–127, 147–148}}
{{Clear}}

== See also ==
* [[List of largest cats]]
* [[International Tiger Day]]
* [[Tiger Temple]]

{{clear}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* {{cite book|last1=Thapar |first1=V. |author-link=Valmik Thapar|year=2004|title=Tiger: The Ultimate Guide |publisher=CDS Books |place=New Delhi |isbn=1-59315-024-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/tigerultimategui0000thap/mode/2up}}
* {{cite book|last=Green|first=S. |year=2006|title=Tiger|publisher=Reaktion Books|isbn=978-1-86189-276-8 |place=London}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=MacDonald |editor-first=D. |year=2001 |title=The Encyclopedia of Mammals |edition=Second |publisher=Oxford University Press |place=Oxford |isbn=978-0-7607-1969-5}}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Tilson|editor1-first=R. |editor2-last=Nyhus|editor2-first=P. J. |year=2010|title=Tigers of the World: The Science, Politics and Conservation of ''Panthera tigris'' |publisher=Academic Press |edition=Second |isbn=978-0-08-094751-8 |place=London}}
* {{cite book|last=Mills|first=S. |year=2004|title=Tiger|publisher=Firefly Books|isbn=1-55297-949-0 |place=Richmond Hill|url=https://archive.org/details/tiger0000mill/mode/2up}}
* {{cite book|last=Schaller|first=G. B.|author-link=George Schaller|year=1967|title=The Deer and the Tiger: A Study of Wildlife in India |publisher=University of Chicago Press |place=Chicago |isbn=0-226-73631-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/deertigerstudyof0000scha/page/n419/mode/2up}}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Seidensticker|editor1-first=J. |editor2-last=Christie|editor2-first=S. |editor3-last=Jackson|editor3-first=P. |editor3-link=Peter Jackson (conservationist) |year=1999 |title=Riding the Tiger: Tiger Conservation in Human-Dominated Landscapes |publisher=Cambridge University Press |place=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-64835-6|url=https://archive.org/details/ridingtigertiger00unse}}
* {{cite book |last1=Sludskii |first1=A. A. |chapter=Tiger ''Panthera tigris'' Linnaeus, 1758 |pages=95–202 |editor1=Heptner, V. G. |editor2=Sludskii, A. A. |year=1992 |title=Mlekopitajuščie Sovetskogo Soiuza. Moskva: Vysšaia Škola |trans-title=Mammals of the Soviet Union |volume=((II, Part 2. Carnivora (Hyaenas and Cats) )) |edition=Second |publisher=Smithsonian Institution and the National Science Foundation |location=Washington DC|isbn=978-90-04-08876-4 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/mammalsofsov221992gept#page/94/mode/2up}}

== External links ==
{{wikijunior|Big Cats/Tiger|l1=Tiger}}
* {{Wikiquote-inline|Tigers}}
* {{Wikivoyage inline|Tigers}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.catsg.org/index.php?id=124|publisher=[[Species Survival Commission|IUCN/SSC]] Cat Specialist Group|title=Tiger ''Panthera tigris''|access-date=16 December 2014|archive-date=12 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112171012/http://www.catsg.org/index.php?id=124}}

{{Carnivora|Fe.}}

{{Taxonbar|from1=Q19939|from2=Q41083521}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Portal bar|Cats|Mammals|Animals|Biology|Asia}}

[[Category:Tigers| ]]
[[Category:Apex predators]]
[[Category:Big cats]]
[[Category:Conservation-reliant species]]
[[Category:EDGE species]]
[[Category:Extant Pleistocene first appearances]]
[[Category:Fauna of South Asia]]
[[Category:Fauna of Southeast Asia]]
[[Category:Felids of Asia]]
[[Category:Mammals described in 1758]]
[[Category:Mammals of East Asia]]
[[Category:National symbols of India]]
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[[Category:Animal taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]

President Panchaksharam

2026-03-04T05:00:32Z

BoydMalizia: starting the pg nd citations - done

{{short description|1959 film by A. Bhimsingh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{plot missing|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = President Panchaksharam poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[A. Bhimsingh]]
| producer = V. Arunachalam [[Chinna Annamalai]]
| screenplay = [[B. S. Ramiah]]
| based_on = {{based on|''[[The Government Inspector]]''|[[Nikolai Gogol]]}}
| starring = [[S. S. Rajendran]] [[S. V. Sahasranamam]] [[B. Saroja Devi]]
| music = [[G. Ramanathan]]
| cinematography = [[M. Karnan]]
| editing = A. Bhimsingh
| studio = Savithri Pictures
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|1959|07|10|df=y}}
| runtime = 162 minutes{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=360}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''President Panchaksharam''''' is a 1959 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy film]] directed by [[A. Bhimsingh]] and written by [[B. S. Ramiah]]. It is based on the play of the same name written by Ramiah, itself adapted from the 1836 play ''[[The Government Inspector]]'' by Russian [[Nikolai Gogol]]. The film stars [[S. S. Rajendran]], [[S. V. Sahasranamam]] and [[B. Saroja Devi]]. It was released on 10 July 1959 and became a commercial success.
== Cast ==
{{col-begin|width=60%}}
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Male cast
* [[S. S. Rajendran]] as Sikhamani{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=360}}
* [[S. V. Sahasranamam]] as President Panchaksharam{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=360}}
* [[T. R. Ramachandran]]
* [[Kula Deivam V. R. Rajagopal|V. R. Rajagopal]]
* [[D. Balasubramaniam]]
* D. V. Narayanasami
* Pakkirisami
* Kottapuli Jayaraman
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Female cast
* [[B. Saroja Devi]] as Panchaksharam's daughter{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=360}}
* [[S. N. Lakshmi]]
* T. V. Kumudhini
* N. Chandhini<ref name="RandorGuy" />
;Dance
* [[Sayee Subbulakshmi]]
{{col-end}}

== Production ==
Playwright [[B. S. Ramiah]] adapted Russian dramatist [[Nikolai Gogol]]'s 1836 play ''[[The Government Inspector]]'' into a Tamil play titled ''President Panchaksharam'' with [[S. V. Sahasranamam]] starring.<ref name="RandorGuy" /> {{sfn|Goble|1999|pages=183}} The play, which was produced by Sahasranamam's own company Seva Stage,<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_RBuAAAAMAAJ&q=%22President+Panchatcharam%22+play |title=Proceedings of the Annual Conference |publisher=National Center for the Study of Collective Bargaining in Higher Education and the Professions (U.S.). Conference, South Indian History Congress |year=2000 |volume=19 |pages=358}}</ref> and had [[Devika]] in a key role,<ref>{{Cite news |last=தீனதயாளன் |first=பா. |date=27 August 2016 |title=தேவிகா: 2.பாலிருக்கும் பழமிருக்கும்...! |language=ta |work=[[Dinamani]] |url=http://www.dinamani.com/junction/kanavukkannigal/2016/aug/27/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE2%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-2558558--1.html |url-status=live |access-date=9 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709185941/http://www.dinamani.com/junction/kanavukkannigal/2016/aug/27/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE2%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-2558558--1.html |archive-date=9 July 2018}}</ref> was critically acclaimed,<ref name="TCRC">{{Cite web |last=Bhatt |first=Karthik |date=25 April 2015 |title=Policekaran Magal: From stage to celluloid |url=https://tcrcindia.com/2015/04/25/policekaran-magal-from-stage-to-celluloid/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127203153/https://tcrcindia.com/2015/04/25/policekaran-magal-from-stage-to-celluloid/ |archive-date=27 January 2018 |access-date=11 April 2018 |website=The Cinema Resource Centre}}</ref> and it was adapted into a film with the same title. Sahasranamam, who appeared in the play, returned for the film as well.<ref name="RandorGuy" /> The film adaptation was directed and edited by [[A. Bhimsingh]], and produced by V. Arunachalam and [[Chinna Annamalai]] under Savithri Pictures.<ref name="lakshmansruthi" /> Ramiah wrote the screenplay and dialogues.<ref name="lakshmansruthi" /> Cinematography was handled by [[M. Karnan]],{{sfn|Higgins|Keresztesi|Oscherwitz|2015|pages=165}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Venkatraman |first=Karthikeyan |date=28 July 2016 |title=கேமராவுக்கு சவால்: ஒளிப்பதிவாளர் கர்ணன் |language=ta |work=[[Dinamani]] |url=https://www.dinamani.com/specials/cinemaexpress/2016/jul/29/கேமராவுக்கு-சவால்-ஒளிப்பதி-2549179.html |url-status=live |access-date=11 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411094048/http://www.dinamani.com/specials/cinemaexpress/2016/jul/29/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF-2549179.html |archive-date=11 April 2018}}</ref> and the art direction by Chowdhury.<ref name="lakshmansruthi" /> The film featured a [[Story within a story|musical play]] based on [[V. O. Chidambaram Pillai]].<ref name="RandorGuy" /> The final length of the film was {{convert|14614|feet|metres}}.<ref name="lakshmansruthi" />

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[G. Ramanathan]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Neelamegam |first=G. |title=Thiraikalanjiyam — Part 1 |date=December 2014 |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers |edition=First |location=Chennai |pages=178 |language=Tamil}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Songs !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| "Intru Netru Vandha" || [[P. B. Sreenivas|P. B. Srinivas]] and [[K. Jamuna Rani]] || rowspan=3|[[Kannadasan]] || 05:52
|-
| "Mannaadhi Mannan Inge" || [[P. Susheela]] ||
|-
| "Yaaro Nee Yaaro" || [[T. M. Soundararajan]] and P. Susheela || 03:21
|-
| "Myna Chittu Manasu" || T. M. Soundararajan || rowspan=2|[[K. S. Gopalakrishnan]] || 02:57
|-
| "Naan Suhavaasi, Dhinam Kaiveesi" || [[Sirkazhi Govindarajan|Seergazhi Govindarajan]] ||
|-
| "Oli Padaitha Kanninaayi VaaVaa" || [[M. L. Vasanthakumari]] and [[Radha Jayalakshmi|(Radha) Jayalakshmi]] || [[Subramania Bharati]] ||
|-
| "Chinna Ponnu Sirikudhu" || [[A. P. Komala]] and [[A. G. Rathnamala]] || rowspan=3|[[Ku. Ma. Balasubramaniam]] ||
|-
| "Azhagu Raani Ponne" || [[S. C. Krishnan]], V. T. Rajagopalan and K. Jamuna Rani ||
|-
| "Desa Sudhanthiram Thedi Vazhangiya" || [[P. Leela]], [[Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi]] and group ||
|}

== Release and reception ==
''President Panchaksharam'' was released on 10 July 1959.<ref name="lakshmansruthi" /> Kanthan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' positively reviewed the film for being different from formulaic Tamil films released before.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=காந்தன் |date=16 August 1959 |title=பிரசிடெண்ட் பஞ்சாட்சரம் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1959-08-16/page/n35/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240522031816/https://archive.org/details/kalki1959-08-16/page/n35/mode/2up |archive-date=22 May 2024 |access-date=21 May 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=26–27 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> The film was commercially successful, and film historian [[Randor Guy]] said it would be remembered for "the interesting screenplay and good performances by Sahasranamam, Rajendran and Saroja Devi."<ref name="RandorGuy" />

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="RandorGuy">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=1 October 2011 |title=President {{sic|nolink=y|Panchatcharam}} 1959 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/president-panchatcharam-1959/article2503542.ece |url-status=live |access-date=11 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412053742/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/president-panchatcharam-1959/article2503542.ece |archive-date=12 April 2018}}</ref>
<ref name="lakshmansruthi">{{Cite web |title=1959 – பிரசிடெண்ட் பஞ்சாட்சரம் –சாவித்திரி பிக்சர்ஸ் |trans-title=1959 – President Panchaksharam –Savitri Pictures |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1959-cinedetails37.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411093152/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1959-cinedetails37.asp |archive-date=11 April 2018 |access-date=11 April 2018 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref>
}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yyqc0Qa6b60C&q=President+Panchatcharam&pg=PA183 |title=The Complete Index to Literary Sources in Film |publisher=[[Walter de Gruyter]] |year=1999 |isbn=1-85739-229-9 |editor-last=Goble |editor-first=Alan |location=Berlin}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GGKhCAAAQBAJ&q=%22president+panchatcharam%22&pg=PA165 |title=The Western in the Global South |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-138-84312-7 |editor-last=Higgins |editor-first=MaryEllen |editor-last2=Keresztesi |editor-first2=Rita |editor-last3=Oscherwitz |editor-first3=Dayna}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rajadhyaksha |first=Ashish |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |author-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |author-link2=Paul Willemen |orig-date=1994}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{A. Bhimsingh}}
{{The Government Inspector}}

[[Category:1959 Indian films]]
[[Category:1959 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1959 comedy films]]
[[Category:1959 films]]
[[Category:Films based on adaptations]]
[[Category:Films based on The Government Inspector]]
[[Category:Films directed by A. Bhimsingh]]
[[Category:Films scored by G. Ramanathan]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on plays]]
[[Category:Tamil-language comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Purappadu (1990 film)

2026-03-03T21:24:40Z

BoydMalizia: General improvements to article content

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Purappadu
| image = Purappadu 1990.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| director = [[Jeassy]]
| producer = Mak
| writer = [[John Paul (screenwriter)|John Paul]]
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[Mammootty]]|[[Parvathy Jayaram|Parvathy]]|[[Sumalatha]]|[[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]]|[[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]]}}
| narrator =
| music = '''Songs:'''
[[Ouseppachan]]

'''Background Music:'''
[[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]]
| cinematography = [[Vipindas]]
| editing = K. Sankunni
| studio = [[MAC Productions]]
| distributor = MAC Release
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1990|01|27|Kerala}}
| runtime = 143 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Purappadu''''' is a 1990 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film directed by [[Jeassy]].<ref name=prd>{{cite web|title=List of Malayalam films released during the year 1990|url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/1990.htm|website=prd.kerala.govt.in|publisher=Government of Kerala Information and Public Relations Department.|accessdate=21 July 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316165440/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/1990.htm|archivedate=16 March 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The film stars [[Mammootty]], [[Parvathy Jayaram]], [[Sumalatha]] and [[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]] in the lead roles. The musical score of the film is by [[Ouseppachan]] and the lyrics are written by [[O. N. V. Kurup]].<ref name=hridya>{{cite web|title=Purappadu 1990|url=http://www.hridayaragam.in/purappadu-1990|website=hridayaragam.in|publisher=Hridayaragam by pramod|accessdate=21 July 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015145444/http://www.hridayaragam.in/purappadu-1990|archivedate=15 October 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=prdkerala>{{cite web|title=Kerala State film Awards|url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards2.htm|website=prd.kerala.gov.in|accessdate=21 July 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091119014326/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards2.htm|archivedate=19 November 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The film deals with social issues.<ref name=jaycey>{{cite web|last1=Kuttikkattu|first1=JJ|title=About JayCey|url=http://www.jayceyf.com/aboutjaycey.html|website=jayceyf.com|publisher=Jaycey Foundation. Cochin|accessdate=21 July 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707002715/http://www.jayceyf.com/aboutjaycey.html|archivedate=7 July 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Mammootty]] as Viswanathan
*[[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]] as Achu
*[[Parvathy Jayaram]] as Mallika
*[[Sumalatha]] as Nalini
*[[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as Basheer
*[[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]]
*[[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]]
*[[Aranmula Ponnamma]] as Elippennu
*[[Philomina]]
*[[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]] as Shivan
*[[K. B. Ganesh Kumar]]
*[[Vijayaraghavan (actor)|Vijayaraghavan]]
*[[Sithara (actress)|Sithara]] as Kunjumol
*[[Jose Prakash]]
*[[Balan K. Nair]] as Ravunni Nair
*[[Adoor Bhavani]]
*[[Babu Antony]]
*[[M. S. Thripunithura]] as Thirumeni
*[[V K Sreeraman]] as Hajiyar
*[[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as Kunjuvarkey
*[[Kanakalatha]] as Beevathu
*[[Mohan Raj]] as Samuel
*[[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] as Lonappan
*[[Mamukkoya]]
*[[Kollam Thulasi]] as District Collector
{{colend}}

==Production==
The film was shot in [[Moolamattom]] in [[Kerala]] likes most Malayalam films, and was produced at MAC Productions. The film was shot by cinematographer [[Vipindas]], and production design was by Kitho. The editing work for ''Purappadu'' was conducted by K. Sankunni.<ref name="ME"/>

==Music==
The musical score to the film is by [[Ouseppachan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/movies/purappad.html|title=Purappad|access-date=20 July 2014|publisher=[[Oneindia.in|Entertainment One India]]}}</ref> The lyrics were written by [[O. N. V. Kurup]], and the playback singers were Ambili, K. J. Yesudas, K.S. Chitra, M. G. Sreekumar, and P. B. Sreenivas.<ref name="ME">{{cite web|url=http://en.msidb.org/m.php?4857|title=Purappadu (1990)|publisher=Malayalam Movie and Music Encyclopedia|accessdate=21 July 2014}}</ref><ref name=raaga>{{cite web|title=Purappadu 1990 songs|url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/malayalam/moviedetail.asp?mid=m0000587|website=www.raaga.com|publisher=raaga A world of Music|accessdate=21 July 2014}}</ref> The background music to the film was composed by Shyam. The film features the songs "Annaloonjal" ( a [[raga]]), "Doore Doore", "Ee mannu nammude mannu" and "Manjupeyyunna!". The song "Doore Doore" is written by O.N.V. Kurup and is sung by P. B. Sreenivas and K. S. Chithra.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.msidb.org/s.php?5530|title=Doore Doore|publisher=Malayalam Movie and Music Encyclopedia|accessdate=21 July 2014}}</ref>

===Songs===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1
| "Annaloonjal"
| [[K. S. Chithra]]
|-
| 2
| "Annaloonjal"
| [[K. J. Yesudas]]
|-
| 3
| "Doore Doore"
| Chithra, [[P. B. Srinivas]]
|-
| 4
| "Doore Doore"
| Yesudas
|-
| 5
| "Ee Mannu Nalla Mannu"
| Yesudas
|-
| 6
| "Manju Peyyunna Rathriyil"
| [[M. G. Sreekumar]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0271739|Purappad}}
*[http://en.msidb.org/m.php?4857 Purappadu] at the Malayalam Movie and Music Encyclopedia
*[http://www.inbaminge.com/m/p/Purappaadu/Annaloonjal%20%5BM%5D.vid.html "Annaloonjal"] at Inbaminge.com
{{Jeassy}}

[[Category:Films directed by Jeassy]]
[[Category:1990 films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thodupuzha]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ouseppachan]]
[[Category:1990 Malayalam-language films]]

Thangamani Rangamani

2026-03-03T05:10:45Z

BoydMalizia: small adjust intro per standard format and improved wording

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| director = [[Rama Narayanan]]
| writer = Rama Narayanan
| producer = N. Radha
| starring = [[S. Ve. Shekher]] [[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]] [[Pallavi (actress)|Pallavi]] Devisri
| cinematography = [[N. K. Viswanathan]]

| based_on = {{based on|''[[Poochakkoru Mookkuthi]]''|[[Priyadarshan]]}}

| editing = Rajkeerthi
| music = [[Shankar–Ganesh]]
| studio = [[Sri Thenandal Films]]
| released = {{Film date|1989|04|14|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Thangamani Rangamani''''' is a 1989 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy film]], directed by [[Rama Narayanan]]. [[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]] and [[S. Ve. Shekher]] star, with S. S. Chandran, Kovai Sarala, Pallavi and Devisri in supporting roles. The movie is partially adapted from the 1984 Malayalam film ''[[Poochakkoru Mookkuthi]]''. The film was released on 14 April 1989.<ref>{{Cite web |title=தங்கமணி ரங்கமணி / Thangamani Rangamani (1989) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/thangamani-rangamani |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231030112346/https://screen4screen.com/movies/thangamani-rangamani |archive-date=30 October 2023 |access-date=18 October 2023 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Thangamani and Rangamani are close friends. Rangamani, an unemployed youth, is in love with Meena, the daughter of a rich man. Thangamani is the son of a leading lawyer, who is also the legal advisor to Sivagangai Gopikrishnan, who is a successful businessman.

Rangamani wants to marry Meena and settle down in life. Rangamani lies to Meena's father that he is the son of Sivagangai Gopikrishnan and gets engaged to her. Thangamani comes across Lakshmi and falls in love with her. He misunderstands Lakshmi to be Sivagangai Gopalakrishnan's daughter. Much confusion follows and the film follows Rangamani and Thangamani's love story.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]] as Rangamani
* [[S. Ve. Shekher]] as Thangamani
* [[S. S. Chandran]] as Sivagangai Gopikrishnan
* [[Pallavi (actress)|Pallavi]] as Bhagyalakshmi "Lakshmi"
* Devisri as Meena
* [[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]] as Lawyer Sivaramakrishnan, Thangamani's father
* [[Bayilvan Ranganathan]] as Govindhasamy, Meena's father
* [[Kovai Sarala]] as Lakshmi, Sivagangai Gopikrishnan's wife
* [[Gandhimathi]] as Visalakshi, Thangamani's mother
* [[Thyagu (actor)|Thyagu]] as a lodge owner
* [[Charle|Charlie]] as Kannayeeram, a watchman
* [[Kullamani]] as a mason
* [[Pakoda Kadhar]] as a photographer
* [[Perarasu]] as an employee in Thangamani electronics (uncredited)
}}

== Soundtrack ==
Soundtrack was composed by [[Shankar–Ganesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thangamani Rangamani (1989) Tamil Super Hit Film LP Vinyl Record by Shankar Ganesh |url=https://dmcvinyl.com/collection/thangamani-rangamani-by-shankar-ganesh/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730185251/https://dmcvinyl.com/collection/thangamani-rangamani-by-shankar-ganesh/ |archive-date=30 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-30 |website=Disco Music Center}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_lyrics = [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
| title1 = Va Va
| length1 =
| lyrics1 =
| extra1 = [[Malaysia Vasudevan]], [[S. P. Sailaja]]
| title2 = Sembaruthi
| length2 =
| lyrics2 =
| extra2 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| title3 = Pora
| length3 =
| lyrics3 =
| extra3 = TKS Natrajan
| title4 = Rail Pola
| length4 =
| lyrics4 =
| extra4 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]
| title5 = Thangamani
| length5 =
| lyrics5 =
| extra5 = Shankar
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

{{Rama Narayanan}}

[[Category:1989 Indian films]]
[[Category:1989 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1989 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rama Narayanan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shankar–Ganesh]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Malayalam films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Pugazh (film)

2026-03-03T03:48:29Z

BoydMalizia: starting basic pg w/ sources

{{Short description|2016 film by Manimaran}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pugazh
| image = Pugazh poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Manimaran]]
| producer = Varun Manian Sushant Prasad Govindaraj
| writer = Manimaran
| starring = [[Jai (actor)|Jai]] [[Surbhi]]
| music = [[Vivek-Mervin]]
| cinematography = [[Velraj]]
| editing = G. B. Venkatesh
| studio = Radiance Media Film Department
| distributor = [[Ayngaran International|Ayngaran International Media]] [[Kalasangham Films]]
| released = {{Film date|2016|03|18|df=yes}}
| runtime = 140 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Pugazh''''' ({{translation|Fame}}) is a 2016 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action thriller film]] written and directed by [[Manimaran]] and co-produced by Varun Manian. The film stars [[Jai (actor)|Jai]] and [[Surbhi]], while [[Karunas]], [[RJ Balaji]], [[G. Marimuthu]], and [[Piraisoodan]] play supporting roles. The music was composed by [[Vivek-Mervin]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Live Chennai: Vimal and Anjali to romance again, Vimal, Anjali, Mappillai Singam |url=http://www.livechennai.com/detailnews.asp?catid=16&newsid=15082 |website=www.livechennai.com}}</ref> with cinematography by [[Velraj]] and editing by G. B. Venkatesh. The film released on 18 March 2016 to mixed reviews from critics.

==Plot==
{{Expand section|June 2025|date=June 2025}}
==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Jai (actor)|Jai]] as Pugazhendhi (a) Pugazh
* [[Surbhi]] as Bhuvana
* [[Karunas]] as Pugazh's brother
* [[RJ Balaji]] as Balaji
* [[G. Marimuthu]] as Dass
* [[Piraisoodan]] as Selvanayagam
* Vikram as Venkat
* [[Supergood Subramani]] as Venkat's father
* Kannan as Bhuvana's brother
* Vijayamuthu as Muthu
* Kamal Hassan
* Ravisankar
* Valliappan
* Rajani
* [[Velraj]] in a cameo appearance
* AC Gaayathri in a cameo appearance
{{colend}}

==Production==
The film was first reported in November 2013, when it was revealed that [[Manimaran]] had cast [[Jai (actor)|Jai]] and [[Priya Anand]] to star in his second directorial venture. [[Anirudh Ravichander]] was suggested as the film's music composer, while a simultaneously shot Telugu version with [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]] and [[Hansika Motwani]] was also considered.<ref>{{Cite web |title=- Tamil News |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/jai-and-priya-anand-in-manimarans-second-film-tamil-news-100181 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924172804/http://www.indiaglitz.com/jai-and-priya-anand-in-manimarans-second-film-tamil-news-100181 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> Manimaran added that his first choice was initially [[Dhanush]], but his busy schedule prompted him to select Jai, while the film would be titled ''Podiyan'', and that filming would begin in 2014.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jai to play a 'podiyan' in his next |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Jai-to-play-a-podiyan-in-his-next/articleshow/26022450.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pugazhdirector Manimaran interview |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-director/manimaran/pugazhdirector-manimaran-interview.html |website=www.behindwoods.com}}</ref>

Varun Manian announced in July 2014, that he would produce the Tamil film alongside Sushant Prasad and Govindaraj of Film Department Studios, while [[Velraj]] was revealed as the cinematographer.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 2014 |title=Jai's next with Varun Manian and Sushant Prasad |url=https://www.onlykollywood.com/jai-next-varun-manian-and-sushant-prasad-film-department-manimaran/ |website=Only Kollywood}}</ref> Reports suggested that the film may be re-titled as ''Pugazh'', after the title became re-available following a shelved venture by [[Aascar Films]] and actor [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]. In August 2014, reports emerged that [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]] had liked the script of the film and was re-allocating her dates to try and fit the film into her schedule. However, following the end of her engagement with producer Varun Manian, she opted out of the project. Manimaran later stated that he was not interested in casting Trisha, as she did not suit the role, but the producer had been adamant.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trisha's aura is very strong! |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/trishas-aura-is-very-strong-news-tamil-oihkUXehibeaj.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140807150455/http://www.sify.com/movies/trishas-aura-is-very-strong-news-tamil-oihkUXehibeaj.html |archive-date=7 August 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> By November 2014, the film was launched as ''Pugazh'' with [[Surabhi (actress)|Surabhi]] revealed to be the film's lead heroine.

==Soundtrack==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Vivek-Mervin]] in their second venture and collaboration with Jai after ''[[Vadacurry]]''.

{{Infobox album
| name = Pugazh
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Vivek-Mervin]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2016
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre =
| length = 22:36
| language = Tamil
| label = [[Sony Music South]]
| producer = Vivek-Mervin
| prev_title = [[Vadacurry]]
| prev_year = 2014
| next_title = [[Dora (2017 film)|Dora]]
| next_year = 2017
}}
{{track listing
| extra_column =Singers
| title1 = Naanga Podiyan
| extra1 = [[Anirudh Ravichander]], [[Diwakar]]
| lyrics1 = Annamalai
| length1 = 4:11
| title2 = Neeyae
| extra2 = [[Arijit Singh]], Mervin Solomon
| lyrics2 = [[Na. Muthukumar]]
| length2 = 4:43
| title3 = Podu Podu
| extra3 = RJ Balaji, Vivek-Mervin, MC AK, MC Rude
| lyrics3 = RJ Balaji
| length3 = 4:10
| title4 = Vizhigalil Vizhundhavalo
| extra4 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], Vivek Siva, [[K. S. Chithra]]
| lyrics4 = Ponraj
| length4 = 5:10
| title5 = Sharpu Gangu (not featured in film)
| lyrics5 = [[Rokesh]]
| extra5 = Vivek-Mervin
| length5 = 4:22
|total_length = 22:36}}

==Release==
At the [[Chennai]] Box Office, Pugazh took an average opening, with collections of Rs. {{formatnum:3968766}} from 171 shows in the first weekend.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 March 2016 |title=Pugazh box office collection |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/pugazh/pugazh-box-office-mar-20.html |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> However, the film's collections dropped drastically in the second week, and the total collection at the Chennai Box Office was Rs. {{formatnum:7123250}} from 18 shows, settling for a below average verdict.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 March 2016 |title=Pugazh box office collection |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/pugazh/pugazh-box-office-mar-27.html |website=Behindwoods}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Baradwaj Rangan of the Hindu wrote, "Pugazh is a collection of good bits of writing, good intentions, but they don't add up to a consistently good film because it wants to be both a rooted ensemble drama and a masala-style solo-hero narrative. We get neither.".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |date=19 March 2016 |title=Pugazh: A middling drama somewhat redeemed by grit, texture |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/pugazh-a-middling-drama-somewhat-redeemed-by-grit-texture/article8374314.ece |work=The Hindu |via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> A critic from ''[[India Today]]'' gave mixed reviews.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 March 2016 |title=Pugazh review: Jai, Surabhi's film is out-and-out arid |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/pugazh-jai-surabhis-film-is-out-and-out-arid-313980-2016-03-19 |access-date=2023-04-27 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|5556110}}

[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:Indian political thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:2016 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2016 Indian films]]
[[Category:2016 action drama films]]
[[Category:2016 action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian political action films]]
[[Category:2010s political thriller films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vivek–Mervin]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Kaaduvetty

2026-03-03T02:27:02Z

BoydMalizia: Put Up New Data

{{Short description|2024 Indian Tamil-language film written and directed by Solai Arumugam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Distinguish|Kaduvetti Guru}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kaaduvetty
| image =
| caption =
| director = Solai Arumugam
| producer =
| writer = Solai Arumugam
| screenplay =
| story =
| starring = [[R. K. Suresh]] [[Sangeerthana Vipin]]
| music = '''Songs:''' Vanakkam Tamizha Sadiq '''Score:''' [[Srikanth Deva]]
| cinematography = M Pugazhenthi
| editing = John Abraham
| studio = Manjal Screens
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|03|15}}
| runtime = 131 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Kaaduvetty Nadunattukkathai''''' also simply known as '''''Kaaduvetty''''' is 2024 Indian [[Casteism|casteist]] [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language romantic action [[drama film|drama]] film written and directed by Solai Arumugam in his directorial debut.<ref>https://www.primevideo.com/region/eu/detail/Kaaduvetty-Nadunattukkathai/0JTQ0IIZKH9H01N3P8DS9OT1M2</ref> The film was anticipated to be a fitting tribute in the form of a biopic and was loosely inspired based on the lifestory of politician and former head of Vanniyar Sangam caste [[Kaduvetti Guru]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web | url=https://kumudam.com/Kaaduvetty-Trailer:-RK-Suresh-starrer-Kaaduvetty-trailer-trolled-by-Netizens | title=இது என்ன நடுநாட்டான் கதை..? சர்ச்சையில் ஆர்.கே சுரேஷின் காடுவெட்டி ட்ரெய்லர் | date=4 March 2024 }}</ref>

The film had its theatrical release on 15 March 2024 coinciding with International Consumer Rights Day and the film opened to mostly negative reviews as the film had the attributes of a rural entertainer with the same usual outdated storyline incorporating the honor killing, caste culture and how women have been manipulated in the name of love.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-15 |title=Kaaduvetty Review: A Film That Fails To Make An Impression |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/tamil/kaaduvetty-review-a-film-that-fails-to-make-an-impression-review-108523770 |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Maalaimalar |date=2024-03-15 |title=kaaduvetty |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/kaaduvetty-158126 |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=www.maalaimalar.com |language=ta}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

== Synopsis ==
In a local rural remote village with little to no access to some essential facilities, corrupt politicians who engage in rampant corruption related activities would go further to next level by manipulating a bunch of uneducated youngsters in the village and they brainwash those young boys to exert control and stamp authority over schoolgirls. After witnessing hate crimes and toxic masculinity in the society, a local guy speaks up and rises against the agenda tactfully used by the politicians by exposing the politically motivated intentions of such politicians and he sheds light on the true reality of the politicians to the youngsters by explaining them with his own use of having exposed to such experience beforehand.

== Cast ==
* [[R. K. Suresh]] as Akilan
* [[Subramaniam Siva]] as Rajamanickam, Dakshayini's father
* [[Aadukalam Murugadoss]] as [[Akilan]]'s father
* [[Sangeerthana Vipin]] as Dakshayini

== Censorship ==
It was revealed that the censor board had reportedly instructed the filmmakers to trim and cut at least 31 scenes which were captured in the whole film in its runtime.<ref>{{Cite web |title=காடுவெட்டி படத்துக்கு 31 இடங்களில் கட்… சென்சார் போட்ட தடா! |url=https://m-tamil.webdunia.com/article/tamil-cinema-news-movie-film/kaduvetti-movie-faced-31-cuts-in-censor-124030600002_1.html |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=Webdunia |language=ta}}</ref> It was evident that the censor board was unhappy with the film portions due to lengthy detailed elements which consisted of sensitive elements according to their thought process and perspective.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-07 |title=Censor Board Directs Makers Of Tamil Film Kaaduvetty To Cut 31 Scenes |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/censor-board-directs-makers-of-tamil-film-kaaduvetty-to-cut-31-scenes-8806581.html |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

The director of the film Solai Arumugam who was eventually marking his debut through this project faced further stumbling blocks and obstacles when the censor board requested to change the film title as the title ''Kaaduvetty'' apparently did not go well with the objective of the censor board.<ref name=":1" /> However, the director tried to convince the censor board by indicating the paramount importance in retaining the title as per his weight of expectations by narrating the sequence and buildup on why he is adamant to stick with the particular film title despite the opposition from the censor board. Solai Arumugam insisted that Kaaduvetty has a comprehensive analysis in the form of an history being embedded with it.<ref name=":1" /> Furthermore, he added that during ancient medieval times, kings would apparently pick a place of their choice in the forest for the purpose of conducting an intense war training. They would then ensure that trees are located in that particular location to be cut down to make vacant space and ventilation for the training ground in order to proceed with their intention. He also explained that the people used that place for their agricultural purposes which was a prominent part of their livelihoods. Hence the town was known as Kaaduvetty. Arumugam opined that there are at least 11 localities in [[Tamil Nadu]] similar to that and hence he tried to prove that Kaaduvetty title was well and truly relevant to the storyline since as per his say the writing was on the wall to have that name right from the word go when the [[principal photography]] went on floors.<ref name=":1" />

== Release ==
The film's scheduled theatrical release was postponed on numerous occasions as it was expected to be released during the first week of Pongal in January 2023 coinciding with the [[Thai Pongal]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-09-27 |title=RK Suresh's Kaduvetty to release for Pongal 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rk-sureshs-kaduvetty-to-release-for-pongal-2023/articleshow/94480237.cms |access-date=2024-09-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The first look poster of the film was unveiled by the main lead actor of the R. K. Suresh in his official [[Twitter]] handle on 29 November 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |title=RK Suresh's Kaduvetti first look out |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rk-sureshs-kaduvetti-first-look-out/articleshow/79472927.cms |access-date=2024-09-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The film was released theatrically on 15 March 2024. The film was streamed via [[Amazon Prime Video]] in June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-07-16 |title=RK Suresh's Kaaduvetty gets an OTT premiere |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/ott/news/2024/Jul/16/rk-sureshs-kaaduvetty-gets-an-ott-premiere |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt15839942}}

[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:2024 drama films]]
[[Category:2024 action films]]
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:2024 directorial debut films]]

Shakuntala (play)

2026-02-28T09:29:43Z

BoydMalizia: Updated formatting and improved readability

{{Short description|Sanskrit play by Kālidāsa}}
{{italic title}}
[[File:Raja Ravi Varma - Mahabharata - Shakuntala.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|''[[Shakuntala (Raja Ravi Varma)|Shakuntala Looking Back to Glimpse Dusyanta]]'', scene from ''Shakuntala'' painted by [[Raja Ravi Varma]]]]
'''''Abhijnanashakuntalam''''' ([[Devanagari]]: अभिज्ञानशाकुन्तलम्, [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: ''Abhijñānaśākuntalam''), also known as '''''Shakuntala''''', '''''The Recognition of Shakuntala''''', '''''The Sign of Shakuntala''''', is a [[Sanskrit drama|Sanskrit play]] by the ancient [[Indian people|Indian]] [[poet]] [[Kalidasa]], dramatizing the story of [[Shakuntala]] told in the epic ''[[Mahabharata]]'' and regarded as the best of Kalidasa's works.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hZET2sSUVsgC&pg=PA222|title=Critical Companion to George Orwell|page=222|last=Quinn|first=Edward|publisher=Infobase Publishing|date=2014|isbn=978-1438108735}}</ref> Its exact date is uncertain, but Kalidasa is often placed in the 4th century CE.<ref>[[Sheldon Pollock]] (ed., 2003) [https://books.google.com/books?id=ak9csfpY2WoC&pg=PA79&dq=kalidasa+fourth+century ''Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia''], p.79</ref>

==Origin of Kālidāsa's play==
{{See also|Sanskrit drama}}
[[File:Sakuntala_plate_reconstitution.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Indian plaque depicting the story of Shakuntala, found in the treasury of [[Ai-Khanoum]], [[Bactria]], 2nd century BCE<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rapin |first1=Claude |url=http://claude.rapin.free.fr/Rapin_Tresorerie_Fouilles_Ai_Khanoum_VIII_DAFA_v3.pdf |title=La Trésorerie du palais hellénistique d'Aï Khanoum. L'Apogée et la chute du royaume grec de Bactriane, Fouilles d'Aï Khanoum VIII, Mémoires de la Délégation archéologique française en Afghanistan XXXIII |date=1992 |publisher=De Boccard |location=Paris |page=Plaque 87 (reconstruction)}} also [http://claude.rapin.free.fr/4LDisIndRecons.jpg Reconstruction by Claude Rapin]</ref>]]

Plots similar to the play appear in earlier texts. There is a story mentioned in the ''[[Mahabharata|Mahābhārata]]''. A story of similar plot appear in the Buddhist [[Jataka tales|Jātaka tales]] as well. In the Mahābhārata the story appears as a precursor to the Pāṇḍava and Kaūrava lineages. In the story King Duṣyanta and Śakuntalā meet in the forest and get estranged and ultimately reunited. Their son [[Bharata (Mahabharata)|Bharata]] is said to have laid the foundation of the dynasty that ultimately led to [[Kaurava]]s and [[Pandava|Pāṇḍava]]s.<ref name="Debroy 2015 p. 101">{{cite book | last=Debroy | first=B. | title=The Mahabharata | publisher=Penguin Books Limited | issue=v. 1 | year=2015 | isbn=978-81-8475-388-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5VziP-_XUT8C&pg=PT101 | access-date=2019-07-26 | page=101}}</ref><ref name="Satyamurti Doniger Dharwadker 2015 p. 49">{{cite book | last1=Satyamurti | first1=C. | last2=Doniger | first2=W. | last3=Dharwadker | first3=V. | title=Mahabharata: A Modern Retelling | publisher=W. W. Norton | year=2015 | isbn=978-0-393-24645-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZjVMBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT49 | access-date=2019-07-26 | page=49}}</ref><ref name="Automation 2019">{{cite web | last=Automation | first=Bhaskar | title=महाभारत की शकुंतला और कालिदास के अभिज्ञान शाकुंतलम का किया चित्रण | website=Dainik Bhaskar | date=2019-06-13 | url=https://www.bhaskar.com/mp/ratlam/news/mp-news-the-portrayal-of-shakuntala-and-kalidas39s-recognition-of-shakuntalam-of-the-mahabharata-090005-4763657.html | language=hi | access-date=2019-07-26}}</ref><ref name="dasa Vasudeva 2006 p.20-21">{{cite book | last1=dasa | first1=K. | last2=Vasudeva | first2=S. | title=The Recognition of ShakÂœntala | publisher=NYU Press | series=Clay Sanskrit Library | year=2006 | isbn=978-0-8147-8815-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RHyC5yOMo90C | access-date=2019-07-26 | pages=20–21}}</ref>

===Title===
Manuscripts differ on what its exact title is. Usual variants are ''Abhijñānaśakuntalā'', ''Abhijñānaśākuntala'', ''Abhijñānaśakuntalam'' and ''Abhijñānaśākuntalam''.<ref>{{citation | author=Stephan Hillyer Levitt | url=http://www.indologica.it/volumi/doc_XXXI/08_Levitt.pdf | title=Why Are Sanskrit Play Titles Strange? | journal=Indologica Taurinensia | year=2005 | pages=195–232 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722035418/http://www.indologica.it/volumi/doc_XXXI/08_Levitt.pdf | archive-date=2011-07-22 }}</ref> The Sanskrit title means ''pertaining to the recognition of Śakuntalā'', so a literal translation could be ''Of Śakuntalā who is recognized''. The title is sometimes translated as ''The token-for-recognition of Śakuntalā'' or ''The Sign of Śakuntalā''.{{citation needed|date=August 2017}} Titles of the play in published translations include ''Sacontalá or The Fatal Ring'' and ''Śakoontalá or The Lost Ring''.{{sfn|Jones|1789}}{{sfn|Monier-Williams|1855}}

== Characters ==
===Prologue===
Characters reciting the benediction are:
* ''Sūtradhāra'' ('Actor-manager') — Director/producer and over-all manager of the theatre, who also plays the hero of the play
* ''Naṭī'' ('Actress') — Sutradhara's wife who plays the heroine in the play

===Play===
Characters of the play listed in order of their appearance:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kalidasa |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Recognition_of_Sakuntala/6miC3HNB90oC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=cast+of+characters+%C5%9B%C4%81kuntal%C4%81&pg=PR10&printsec=frontcover |title=The Recognition of Sakuntala: A Play In Seven Acts |date=2001-07-19 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-160609-0 |language=en}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Character
!Description
|-
|''[[Sūta]]'' (Charioteer)
|The royal charioteer who also serves as a close companion to the king.
|-
|King [[Dushyanta|Duṣyanta]]
|Hero (''Nayaka''); ruler from the Puru branch of the [[Lunar dynasty]].
|-
|Vaikhānasa
|A reclusive forest hermit belonging to the spiritual lineage of sage Kanva.
|-
|Two Ascetics
|Disciples receiving spiritual guidance from sage Kanva.
|-
|[[Shakuntala|Śakuntalā]]
|Heroine (''[[Ashta Nayika|Nayika]]''); child of the sage [[Vishvamitra|Viśvāmitra]] and the celestial nymph [[Menaka|Menakā]], raised under the guardianship of sage Kanva.
|-
|Anasūyā
|Young woman devoted to an ascetic life; companion of Śakuntalā, her name signifying “free from envy.”
|-
|Priyamvadā
|Young female ascetic and friend of Śakuntalā, her name meaning “pleasant speaker.”
|-
|Ascetic (off-stage)
|A practitioner of ascetic discipline in the service of sage Kanva.
|-
|Vidūṣaka (Mādhavya)
|A corpulent [[Brahmin]] who serves as the king’s intimate companion and trusted adviser.
|-
|Attendants
|Female members of the royal guard who also serve as the king’s bow-bearers.
|-
|Doorkeeper (Raivataka)
|Gate attendant in the royal court.
|-
|General
|The chief military commander serving under the king.
|-
|Two Seers
|Young hermits residing in Kanva’s forest retreat.
|-
|Karabhaka
|A royal envoy entrusted with delivering messages.
|-
|Assistant Sacrificer
|A member of Kanva’s ascetic circle who aids in ritual duties.
|-
|Gautamī
|An elder woman devoted to ascetic life in Kanva’s hermitage.
|-
|Voice in the Air (Act 3)
|A disembodied voice delivering divine or unseen guidance.
|-
|[[Durvasa|Durvāsas]] (off-stage)
|A formidable and quick-tempered ascetic sage.
|-
|Pupil (Viṣkambhaka)
|A student under Kanva’s spiritual tutelage.
|-
|Ascetic (off-stage)
|An unseen follower of Kanva’s ascetic order.
|-
|Three Hermit Women
|Female recluses living in Kanva’s forest hermitage.
|-
|First Young Ascetic (Nārada)
|A youthful ascetic disciple of Kanva.
|-
|Second Young Ascetic
|Another youthful ascetic disciple of Kanva.
|-
|[[Kanva]]
|A venerable Brahmin sage, head of the hermitage, and foster-father of Śakuntalā; also identified with the sage Kāśyapa.
|-
|Śārṅgarava
|An ascetic belonging to Kanva’s order.
|-
|Voice in the Air (Act 4)
|A supernatural voice heard without a visible speaker.
|-
|Voice (Haṃsapadikā)
|A disembodied female voice, meaning “one with the gait of a swan.”
|-
|Chamberlain (Vātāyana)
|Principal officer overseeing the administration of the royal household.
|-
|Doorkeeper (Vetravatī)
|A female gate attendant in the royal residence.
|-
|One of Duṣyanta’s Consorts
|A royal wife of King Duṣyanta.
|-
|Chief Officer of the Royal Household
|Oversees domestic and ceremonial affairs within the palace.
|-
|Female Attendant
|A woman serving in a supporting role within the royal quarters.
|-
|Two Bards (off-stage)
|Court poets or singers whose voices are heard but who remain unseen.
|-
|Ārāḍvata
|An ascetic associated with Kanva’s community.
|-
|Court Priest (Preceptor Somarāta)
|The king’s chief religious adviser and officiant in rituals.
|-
|Two Policemen
|Enforcers of law and order in the royal domain.
|-
|Chief of Police (Mitrāvasu)
|Senior law officer of the realm; the king’s brother-in-law.
|-
|Man
|A fisherman encountered in the course of events.
|-
|Sānumati
|A celestial nymph and confidante of Menakā, mother of Śakuntalā.
|-
|First Gardener (Parabhṛtikā, “Little Cuckoo”)
|A female gardener serving the palace grounds.
|-
|Second Gardener (Madhukarikā, “Little Bee”)
|Another female gardener attending the royal gardens.
|-
|Caturikā
|A female domestic servant.
|-
|Bowbearer
|A woman tasked with carrying and maintaining the king’s bow.
|-
|[[Mātali]]
|The divine charioteer of [[Indra]], sovereign of the gods.
|-
|[[Bharata (Mahabharata)|Sarvadamana]]
|The young son of Duṣyanta and Śakuntalā, later famed as Bharata.
|-
|Two Female Ascetics
|Women dedicated to ascetic practice.
|-
|Mārīca ([[Kashyapa|Kāśyapa]])
|A celestial sage, lord of the divine hermitage, and father of the god Indra.
|-
|[[Aditi]]
|Wife of Mārīca.
|-
|Pupil (Galava)
|A student under the instruction of Mārīca.
|}

==Synopsis==
{{See also|Shakuntala}}
[[File:Durvasa’s_wrath_against_Shakuntala.jpg|alt=|left|thumb|272x272px|Kalidasa's version features much dramatized variant of the tale. One of Kalidasa's additions include the sage Durvasa cursing Shakuntala (pictured; print by BP Banerjee).]]

The protagonist is [[Shakuntala|Śakuntalā]], daughter of the sage [[Vishwamitra|Viśvāmitra]] and the [[apsara]] [[Menaka|Menakā]]. Abandoned at birth by her parents, Śakuntalā is reared in the secluded hermitage of the sage [[Kanva|Kaṇva]], and grows up a comely but innocent maiden.

While Kaṇva and the other elders of the hermitage are away on a pilgrimage, [[Dushyanta|Duṣyanta]], king of [[Hastinapura|Hastināpura]], comes hunting in the forest. Just as he was about to slay a deer, Vaikhānasa, a sage obstructs him saying that the deer was from the hermitage and must not be slain. He politely requests the king to take his arrow back, to which the king complies. The sage then informs him that they are going to collect firewood for the [[sacrificial fire]] and asks him to join them. They then spot the hermitage of Sage Kaṇva and decide to pay the hermits a visit. However the king decides to go to this penance grove dressed up as a commoner. He also stops the chariot farther away to not disturb the hermits. The moment he enters the hermitage and spots Śakuntalā, he is captivated by her, courts her in royal style, and marries her. Soon, he has to leave to take care of affairs in the capital. The king gives her a ring which, as it turns out, will eventually have to be presented to him when she appears in his court to claim her place as queen.

One day, the anger-prone sage [[Durvasa|Durvāsa]] arrives when Śakuntala is lost in her thoughts, and when she fails to attend to him, he curses her by bewitching Duṣyanta into forgetting her existence. The only cure is for Śakuntala to show the king the [[signet ring]] that he gave her.

She later travels to meet him, and has to cross a river. The ring is lost when it slips off her hand as she dips it in the water playfully. On arrival the king is unable to recognize the person he married and therefore refuses to acknowledge her. Śakuntala is abandoned by her companions who declare that she should remain with her husband. They then return to the hermitage.

Fortunately, the ring is discovered by a fisherman in the belly of a fish, and presents it in the king's court. Duṣyanta realizes his mistake - too late. The newly wise Duṣyanta is asked to defeat an army of [[Asuras]], and is rewarded by [[Indra]] with a journey through heaven. After returning to Earth years later, Duṣyanta finds Śakuntala and their son by chance, and recognizes them.

In other versions, especially the one found in the '[[Mahabharata|Mahābhārata]]', Śakuntala is not reunited until their son Bharata is born, and found by the king playing with lion cubs. Duṣyanta meets young Bharata and enquires about his parents, and finds out that Bharata is indeed his son. Bharata is an ancestor of the lineages of the [[Kauravas]] and [[Pandavas|Pāṇḍavas]], who fought the epic war of the Mahābhārata. It is after this Bharata that India was given the name "Bhāratavarsha", the 'Land of Bharata'.<ref name="Apte">{{cite book|last1=Apte|first1=Vaman Shivaram|title=Revised and enlarged edition of Prin. V. S. Apte's The practical Sanskrit-English dictionary|year=1959|publisher=Prasad Prakashan|location=Poona|url=http://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.4:1:2619.apte|chapter=भरतः|archive-date=2016-01-13|access-date=2017-08-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113234218/http://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.4:1:2619.apte|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Reception==
[[File:Palm-leaf manuscript cover illustrated with scenes from Kalidasa’s Shakuntala play, Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, circa 12th century.jpg|thumb|Palm-leaf manuscript cover illustrated with scenes from Kalidasa’s ''Shakuntala'' play, Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, circa 12th century]]

===Sanskrit literature===
{{See also|Sanskrit literature}}

===Introduction in the West===
{{further|List of Sanskrit plays in English translation}}
By the 18th century, Western poets were beginning to get acquainted with works of Indian literature and [[Indian philosophy|philosophy]].{{citation needed|date=August 2017}} ''Shakuntala'' was the first Indian drama to be translated into a Western language, by [[William Jones (philologist)|Sir William Jones]] in 1789. In the next 100 years, there were at least 46 translations in twelve European languages.<ref name="completer">[http://www.complete-review.com/reviews/sanskrit/ksakun1a.htm Review] of Figueira's ''Translating the Orient: The Reception of Sakuntala in Nineteenth-Century Europe'' at the [[complete review]] website.</ref>

[[File:Sacontala (Jones 1870).djvu|thumb|Fourth edition (1870 reprint) of the Sanskrit play Sacontala by Kālidāsa and translated into English by William Jones]]

''Sacontalá or The Fatal Ring'', Sir William Jones' translation of Kālidāsa's play, was first published in Calcutta, followed by European republications in 1790, 1792 and 1796.{{sfn|Jones|1789}}{{sfn|Evison|1998|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8p8jSshklY8C&pg=PA132 132–135]}} A German (by [[Georg Forster]]) and a French version of Jones' translation were published in 1791 and 1803 respectively.{{sfn|Evison|1998|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8p8jSshklY8C&pg=PA132 132–135]}}{{sfn|Jones|1791}}{{sfn|Jones|1803}} [[Goethe]] published an epigram about Shakuntala in 1791, and in [[Goethe's Faust|his ''Faust'']] he adopted a theatrical convention from the prologue of Kālidāsa's play.{{sfn|Evison|1998|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8p8jSshklY8C&pg=PA132 132–135]}} [[Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel]]'s plan to translate the work into German never materialised, but he did however publish a translation of the ''Mahābhārata'' version of Śakuntalā's story in 1808.{{sfn|Figueira|1991|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=aN_U4bJvrRMC&pg=PA19 19–20]}} [[Goethe]]'s epigram goes like this:<ref>
Mueller, Max [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.279340/2015.279340.A-History#page/n19/mode/2up ''A History Of Ancient Sanskrit Literature'']
</ref>
{{blockquote|<poem>
Wilt thou the blossoms of spring and the fruits that are later in season,
Wilt thou have charms and delights, wilt thou have strength and support,
Wilt thou with one short word encompass the earth and the heaven,
All is said if I name only, [Shakuntala], thee.</poem>}}

=== Paintings and prints by Raja Ravi Varma ===
[[File:Sakunthala-pathralekhanam.jpg|right|thumb|Raja Ravi Varma's [[Shakuntala Patra-lekhan]]]]
[[Raja Ravi Varma]] was widely praised for his ability to merge the Western academic painting style with Indian themes. In the 1870s, as he began creating narrative paintings, he drew inspiration from India’s classical heritage—drawing upon the epics, Puranas, and Kalidasa’s plays. His first major work featuring Shakuntala, ''[[Shakuntala Patra-lekhan|Shakuntala Patralekhan]]'' (Shakuntala Writing a Love Letter to Dushyanta), was painted for the 1876 Madras exhibition. The painting, which depicted Shakuntala lying on the forest floor in a yellow sari, surrounded by her friends and animal companions, won a gold medal and garnered widespread acclaim. It was immediately purchased by the Duke of Buckingham, then Governor of Madras. Though the location of the original painting remains unknown, it was widely reproduced in books and lithographs, including the 1903 publication Ravi Varma: The Indian Artist. Given the colonial fascination with the ''Abhijnanasakuntalam'' narrative at the time, Varma was encouraged to create multiple renditions of Shakuntala. His later works included Shakuntala (1888, Maharaja Fatehsingh Museum, Baroda), Shakuntala (1898, Government Museum, Madras), and ''[[Shakuntala (Raja Ravi Varma)|Shakuntala Looking for Dushyanta]]'' (1898, Shri Chitra Art Gallery, Trivandrum). One of his Shakuntala paintings was even selected as the frontispiece for [[Monier-Williams]]' 1887 edition of Kalidasa’s play.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book |last=McLain |first=Karline |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V4-Su0whKa0C&q=shakuntala+&pg=PA64 |title=India's Immortal Comic Books: Gods, Kings, and Other Heroes |date=2009-03-04 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-22052-3 |language=en}}</ref> His most famous painting, ''Shakuntala Looking for Dushyanta'' captures the moment when she feigns removing a thorn from her foot while actually glancing back to see if Dushyanta notices her.<ref>Prabhu, K. (2022). Contribution of Raja Ravi Varma in Retelling the Religious and Mythological Themes through Paintings. All Studies Journal, 7(4).</ref>

Varma’s works were equally admired by Orientalists and Indian nationalists. In 1895, Varma’s first lithographic print, The Birth of Shakuntala, won the "Best Lithograph" prize at the Bombay Art Society’s annual exhibition.<ref name=":12"/>

===Education in British India===
''Shakuntala'' was disapproved of as a text for school and college students in the [[British Raj]] in the 19th century, as popular Indian literature was deemed, in the words of [[Sir Charles Trevelyan, 1st Baronet|Charles Trevelyan]], to be "marked with the greatest immorality and impurity", and Indian students were thought by colonial administrators to be insufficiently morally and intellectually advanced to read the Indian texts that were taught and praised in Britain.<ref>{{cite book |last=Viswanathan |first=Gauri |title=Masks of Conquest: Literary Study and British Rule in India |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1989 |pages=5–6}}</ref>

===Unfinished opera projects===
{{See also|Sakuntala (opera)}}
When Leopold Schefer became a student of [[Antonio Salieri]] in September 1816, he had been working on an opera about Shakuntala for at least a decade, a project which he did however never complete.<ref name="NSE2008pIX">Manuela Jahrmärker and Thomas Aigner (editors), [[Franz Schubert]] (composer) and [[Johann Philipp Neumann]] (librettist). ''[https://www.baerenreiter.com/en/shop/product/details/BA5561/ Sacontala]'' ([[New Schubert Edition|NSE]] [https://www.baerenreiter.com/en/catalogue/complete-editions/schubert-franz/series-ii/ Series II] Vol. 15). [[Bärenreiter]], 2008, [https://www.baerenreiter.com/resource/public/products/BA5561/infoitems/vw/01.pdf p. IX]</ref> [[Franz Schubert]], who had been a student of Salieri until at least December of the same year, started composing his [[Sakuntala (opera)|''Sakuntala'' opera]], {{D.}} 701, in October 1820.<ref name="NSE2008pIX" /><ref name=musicweb>Margarida Mota-Bull. [http://www.musicweb-international.com/classrev/2008/June08/Schubert_Sakontala_83218.htm Sakontala (8 june 2008)] at {{URL|http://www.musicweb-international.com}}</ref> [[Johann Philipp Neumann]] based the [[libretto]] for this opera on Kālidāsa's play, which he probably knew through one or more of the three German translations that had been published by that time.<ref name="D701">[[Otto Erich Deutsch]], with revisions by [[Werner Aderhold]] and others. ''[[Deutsch catalogue|Franz Schubert, thematisches Verzeichnis seiner Werke in chronologischer Folge]]''. ([[New Schubert Edition]] Series VIII: Supplement, Vol. 4). Kassel: [[Bärenreiter]], 1978. {{ISBN|9783761805718}}, [https://archive.org/stream/FranzSchubert.ThematischesVerzeichnisSeinerWerkeInChronologischerFolge/SchubertDeutsch-verzeichnisDv#page/n434/mode/1up pp. 411–413]</ref> Schubert abandoned the work in April 1821 at the latest.<ref name="NSE2008pIX" /> A short extract of the unfinished score was published in 1829.<ref name="D701" /> Also [[Václav Tomášek]] left an incomplete ''Sakuntala'' opera.<ref name="BSO1903-1904Programme">[[Boston Symphony Orchestra]] [https://archive.org/details/programme0304bost ''Twenty-Third Season, 1903–1904: Programme''] – [https://archive.org/stream/programme0304bost#page/125/mode/1up pp. 125–128]</ref>

===New adaptations and editions===
Kālidāsa's ''Śakuntalā'' was the model for the libretto of [[Karl von Perfall]]'s first opera, which premièred in 1853.<ref>''[[Allgemeine Zeitung]]'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=G9dDAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1649 No. 104 (Thursday 14 April 1853)]: [https://books.google.com/books?id=G9dDAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1662 p. 1662]</ref> In 1853 [[Monier Monier-Williams]] published the Sanskrit text of the play.{{sfn|Monier-Williams|1853}} Two years later he published an English translation of the play, under the title: ''Śakoontalá or The Lost Ring''.{{sfn|Monier-Williams|1855}} A ballet version of Kālidāsa's play, ''Sacountalâ'', on a libretto by [[Théophile Gautier]] and with music by [[Ernest Reyer]], was first performed in Paris in 1858.<ref name="BSO1903-1904Programme"/>{{sfn|Gautier|1858}} A plot summary of the play was printed in the score edition of [[Karl Goldmark]]'s Overture to ''Sakuntala'', Op. 13 (1865).<ref name="BSO1903-1904Programme"/> [[Sigismund Bachrich]] composed a ''Sakuntala'' ballet in 1884.<ref name="BSO1903-1904Programme"/> [[Felix Weingartner]]'s opera ''Sakuntala'', with a libretto based on Kālidāsa's play, premièred the same year.<ref>Hubbard, William Lines (1908). [https://archive.org/details/16218745.1433.emory.edu ''Operas'', Vol. 2] in: The American History and Encyclopedia of Music. Irving Squire, [https://archive.org/stream/16218745.1433.emory.edu/16218745_1433#page/n450/mode/1up p. 418]</ref> Also [[Philipp Scharwenka]]'s ''Sakuntala'', a choral work on a text by Carl Wittkowsky, was published in 1884.<ref>[[scores:List of works by Philipp Scharwenka#Works without Opus Number|§ "Works without Opus Number" of List of works by Philipp Scharwenka]] at IMSLP website</ref>

Bengali translations:{{Relevance inline|date=August 2017}}
* ''Shakuntala'' (1854) by [[Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar]]
* ''Shakuntala'' (1895) by [[Abanindranath Tagore]]

Tamil translations include:{{Relevance inline|date=August 2017}}
* ''Abigna'' ''Sakuntalam '' (1938) by [[Mahavidwan R. Raghava Iyengar|Mahavidwan R.Raghava Iyengar]]. Translated in sandam style.

[[Felix Woyrsch]]'s incidental music for Kālidāsa's play, composed around 1886, is lost.<ref>[http://www.p-w-g.de/woyrsch/werke-2.html Felix Woyrsch – Werke] at Pfohl-Woyrsch-Gesellschaft website</ref> [[Ignacy Jan Paderewski]] would have composed a Shakuntala opera, on a libretto by [[Catulle Mendès]], in the first decade of the 20th century: the work is however no longer listed as extant in overviews of the composer's or librettist's oeuvre.<ref>[[Hugo Riemann|Riemann, Hugo]] (editor). {{interlanguage link|Musik-Lexikon (Riemann)|wikisource:de|Musiklexika#RML|lt=''Musik-Lexikon''}}, 7th edition. Leipzig: Hesse, 1909, [https://archive.org/stream/RiemannMusiklexikon09tea1919/RiemannMusiklexikon07tea1909#page/n1076/mode/1up p. 1037]</ref><ref>[[scores:List of works by Ignacy Jan Paderewski|List of works by Ignacy Jan Paderewski]] at [[IMSLP]] website</ref><ref>Małgorzata Perkowska. [http://pmc.usc.edu/PMJ/issue/4.2.01/paderewskiworks.html "List of Works by Ignacy Jan Paderewski"] in ''Polish Music Journal'', Vol. 4, No. 2, Winter 2001</ref><ref>[http://www.artlyriquefr.fr/personnages/Mendes%20Catulle.html Catulle Mendès] at {{URL|www.artlyriquefr.fr}}</ref> [[Arthur W. Ryder]] published a new English translation of ''Shakuntala'' in 1912.{{sfn|Ryder|1912}} Two years later he collaborated to an English performance version of the play.{{sfn|Holme|Ryder|1914}} The work was staged at the [[Greenwich Village Theatre]] in New York in 1919 with [[Beatrice Prentice]] as Śakuntalā, [[Frank Conroy (actor)|Frank Conroy]] as Kaṇva (also director for the production), [[Joseph Macauley]] as King Duṣyanta, [[Grace Henderson]] as Gautami, and Harold Meltzer as Matali.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://archive.org/details/theatremagazine29newyuoft/page/n291/mode/2up?q=%22Joseph+Macauley%22|title=Greenwich Village, "Shakuntala"|work=Theatre Magazine|page=276|date=May 1919}}</ref>

===Alfano's opera===
{{main|Sakùntala}}
Italian [[Franco Alfano]] composed an [[opera]], named ''[[Sakùntala|La leggenda di Sakùntala]]'' (''The legend of Sakùntala'') in its first version ([[1921 in music#Opera|1921]]) and simply ''[[Sakùntala]]'' in its second version ([[1952 in music#Opera|1952]]).<ref>[http://theoperacritic.com/tocreviews2.php?review=sl/2006/romleggen0406.htm Background to the opera] from The Opera Critic on theoperacritic.com. Retrieved 8 May 2013</ref>

===Further developments===
Chinese translation:{{Relevance inline|date=August 2017}}
* 沙恭达罗 (1956) by [[Ji Xianlin]]

Fritz Racek's completion of Schubert's ''Sakontala'' was performed in Vienna in 1971.<ref name="D701" /> Another completion of the opera, by [[Karl Aage Rasmussen]], was published in 2005<ref>[http://webshop.ewh.dk/product.asp?product=46057 Sakontala (score)] at [[Edition Wilhelm Hansen]] website</ref> and recorded in 2006.<ref name=musicweb /> A scenic performance of this version was premièred in 2010.{{citation needed|date=August 2017}}

Norwegian electronic musician [[Amethystium]] wrote a song called "Garden of Sakuntala" which can be found on the CD ''Aphelion''.{{citation needed|date=August 2017}}{{Relevance inline|date=August 2017}} According to [[Philip Lutgendorf]], the narrative of the movie [[Ram Teri Ganga Maili]]{{when|date=August 2017}} recapitulates the story of Shakuntala.<ref>[http://www.uiowa.edu/~incinema/RamTeriGM.html Ram Teri Ganga Maili] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111228010453/http://www.uiowa.edu/~incinema/RamTeriGM.html |date=2011-12-28 }} at ''Notes on Indian popular cinema'' by Philip Lutgendorf</ref>{{Relevance inline|date=August 2017}}

In [[Koodiyattam]], the only surviving ancient Sanskrit theatre tradition, prominent in the state of [[Kerala]] on India, performances of Kālidāsa's plays are rare. However, internationally recognised Kutiyattam artist and ''[[Natyashastra]]'' scholar Nātyāchārya Vidūshakaratnam [[Padma Shri]] [[Guru]] [[Māni Mādhava Chākyār]] has choreographed a Koodiyattam production of ''The Recognition of Sakuntala''.<ref>Das Bhargavinilayam, Mani Madhaveeyam {{cite web |url=http://www.kerala.gov.in/dept_culture/books.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=2008-02-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080215085741/http://www.kerala.gov.in/dept_culture/books.htm |archive-date=2008-02-15}} (biography of Guru [[Mani Madhava Chakyar]]), Department of Cultural Affairs, Government of Kerala, 1999, {{ISBN|81-86365-78-8}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=August 2017}}

A production directed by Tarek Iskander was mounted for a run at London's Union Theatre in January and February 2009.{{citation needed|date=August 2017}} The play is also appearing on a Toronto stage for the first time as part of the Harbourfront World Stage program.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130509171350/http://www.movietrailerlive.com/ct_0001_HarbourfrontCentreWorldStage Harbourfront World Stage program]{{failed verification|date=August 2017}}</ref> An adaptation by the Magis Theatre Company <ref>[http://www.magistheatre.org]{{failed verification|date=August 2017}}</ref> featuring the music of Indian-American composer [[Rudresh Mahanthappa]] had its premiere at La MaMa E.T.C. in New York February 11–28, 2010.{{citation needed|date=August 2017}}

== Film adaptations ==
It is one of the few [[Classical Sanskrit literature|classical Sanskrit plays]] that have been adapted to the silver screen in India and of them the most adapted (another being the [[Mṛcchakatikā]] by [[Shudraka]]). These films mostly under the title of the heroine (''Shakuntala'') include ones in: [[Shakuntala (1920 film)|1920]] by Suchet Singh, 1920 by [[Shree Nath Patankar]], 1929 by [[Fatma Begum]], 1931 by Mohan Dayaram Bhavnani, 1931 by [[J.J. Madan]], [[Sakunthala (1932 film)|1932]] by [[Sarvottam Badami]], 1932 Hindi film, [[Shakuntala (1940 film)|1940]] by [[Ellis R. Dungan|Ellis Dungan]], [[Shakuntala (1943 film)|1941]] by Jyotish Bannerjee, [[Shakuntala (1943 film)|1943]] by [[V. Shantaram|Shantaram Rajaram Vankudre]], 1961 by [[Bhupen Hazarika]], [[Shakuntala (1965 film)|1965]] by [[Kunchacko]], [[Shakuntala (1966 film)|1966]] by [[Kamalakara Kameswara Rao]], and [[Shaakuntalam|2023]] by [[Gunasekhar]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Heidi R.M. Pauwels|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OAI0scTDAjIC&pg=PA80|title=Indian Literature and Popular Cinema: Recasting Classics|date=17 December 2007|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-06255-3|location=|page=|pages=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-16|title=In pics: Samantha's stunning stills from the sets of 'Shakuntalam'|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pics-samanthas-stunning-stills-sets-shakuntalam-145325|access-date=2021-03-19|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref> A [[television film]], titled ''Shakuntalam'', was an adaptation of the play by Indian theatre director [[Vijaya Mehta]].<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Sanjit Narwekar]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UYUjAQAAIAAJ|title=Directory of Indian Film-makers and Films|publisher=Flicks Books|year=1994|isbn=978-0-948911-40-8|location=|page=181}}</ref>

''[[Bharat Ek Khoj]]'', a 1988 Indian historical drama television series by [[Shyam Benegal]] based on [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]'s ''[[The Discovery of India]]'' (1946), included a two part adaptation of the play and Kalidasa's life which aired on [[DD National]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Bharat Ek Khoj {{!}} Episode-18 {{!}} Kālidāsa, Part—I | date=5 June 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oYyylsa16uc&list=PLqtVCj5iilH4w0Y8KBB4fqBu25T0sGhXG&index=22 |publisher=[[Prasar Bharati |Prasar Bharati Archives]] |language=en}}</ref> A television series adaptation of the [[Shakuntala (TV series)|same name]] was produced by [[Sagar Arts]] and aired on the Indian television channel [[Star One (Indian TV channel)|Star One]] in 2009.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Shakuntala in Gujarat|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/shakuntala-in-gujarat/cid/498918|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=[[Telegraph India]]}}</ref> It was adapted as ''[[Shaakuntalam]]'' in 2023 as a Telugu film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-01-02 |title=Samantha in director Gunasekhar's mythological film 'Shakuntalam' |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/samantha-in-director-gunasekhars-mythological-film-shakuntalam/article33479131.ece |access-date=2023-02-20 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
{{wikisource|sa|अभिज्ञानशाकुन्तलम्|Abhijñānaśākuntalam Sanskrit Text}}
{{Commons category|Abhijñānaśākuntalam}}
{{Wikiquote|Abhijñānaśākuntalam}}
* {{cite book
|last1 =Evison
|first1 =Gillian
|date =1998
|chapter =The Sanskrit Manuscripts of Sir William Jones in the Bodleian Library
|pages =123–142
|title =Sir William Jones, 1746-1794: A Commemoration
|editor1-last =Murray
|editor1-first=Alexander
|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=8p8jSshklY8C
|publisher =[[Oxford University Press]]
|isbn =0199201900
}}
* {{cite book
|last1 =Figueira
|first1 =Dorothy Matilda
|date =1991
|title =Translating the Orient: The Reception of Sakuntala in Nineteenth-Century Europe
|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=aN_U4bJvrRMC
|publisher =SUNY Press
|isbn =978-0-7914-0327-3
}}
* {{cite book
|last1 =Gautier
|first1 =Théophile
|author-link1 =Théophile Gautier
|date =1858
|title =Sacountalâ: ballet-pantomime en deux actes, tiré du drame indien de Calidasá
|url =http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb306721118
|location =Paris
|publisher =Vve Jonas
|postscript =. Other on-line version: [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/17578 Project Gutenberg]
}}
* {{cite book
|last1 =Holme
|first1 =Garnet
|last2 =Ryder
|first2 =Arthur W.
|author-link2 =Arthur W. Ryder
|date =1914
|title =Shakuntala: An acting version in three acts
|url =https://archive.org/details/shakuntala00holm
|location =Berkeley
|publisher =University of California Press
|postscript =. Other on-line versions: [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100396381 Hathi Trust] – [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009573520 Hathi Trust]
}}
* {{cite book
|last1 =Jones
|first1 =William
|author-link1 =William Jones (philologist)
|date =1789
|title =Sacontalá or The Fatal Ring: An Indian Drama by Cálidás, Translated From the Original Sanskrit and Prakrit
|location =Calcutta
|publisher =J. Cooper
|postscript =. On-line versions: 1792 (3rd. ed., London): [https://archive.org/details/sacontalaorfatal00kali_0 Internet Archive] 1807 (pp. 363–532 in Vol. 9 of ''The Works of Sir William Jones'', edited by [[John Shore, 1st Baron Teignmouth|Lord Teignmouth]], London: John Stockdale): [http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00litlinks/shakuntala_jones/ Frances W. Pritchett (Columbia University)] 1870 reprint London: [[s:en:Sacontala (Jones 1870)|Sacontalá; or the Fatal Ring]] at English Wikisource
}}
**{{cite book
|last1 =Jones
|first1 =William
|author-link1 =William Jones (philologist)
|translator-last =Forster
|translator-first=Georg
|translator-link =Georg Forster
|date =1791
|title =Sakontala oder der entscheidende Ring
|url =http://www.mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn=urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10251006-0
|location =Mainz
|publisher =Fischer
}}
**{{cite book
|last1 =Jones
|first1 =William
|author-link1 =William Jones (philologist)
|translator-last =Bruguière
|translator-first=Antoine
|translator-link =:fr:Antoine Bruguière de Sorsum
|date =1803
|title =Sacontala, ou l'Anneau fatal
|url =https://archive.org/details/sacontalaoulanne00kali
|location =Paris
|publisher =Treuttel et Würtz
}}
* {{cite book
|last1 =Monier-Williams
|first1 =Monier
|author-link1 =Monier Monier-Williams
|date =1853
|title =Śakuntalá, or: Śakuntalá Recognised by the Ring, a Sanskrit Drama, in Seven Acts, by Kálidása; The Devanágarí Recension of the Text
|url =https://archive.org/details/cu31924074502059
|location =Hertford
|publisher =Stephen Austin
|edition =1st
|postscript =. Other on-line versions: [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_52FQX87hBR4C Internet Archive] – [https://archive.org/details/akuntalorakunta00monigoog Internet Archive] – [https://books.google.com/books?id=52FQX87hBR4C Google Books] – [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/007124219 Hathi Trust]
}}
** {{cite book
|last1 =Monier-Williams
|first1 =Monier
|author-link1 =Monier Monier-Williams
|date =1876
|title =Śakuntalā, a Sanskrit Drama, in Seven Acts, by Kālidāsa: The Deva-Nāgari Recension of the Text
|url =https://archive.org/details/sakuntalasanskri00kali
|location =Oxford
|publisher =[[Clarendon Press]]
|edition =2nd
|postscript =. Other on-line versions: [https://archive.org/details/sakuntalasanskri00kaliiala Internet Archive] – [https://archive.org/details/sakuntalasanskri00kaliuoft Internet Archive] – [https://archive.org/details/akuntalasanskri00monigoog Internet Archive] – [https://books.google.com/books?id=bpIDAAAAMAAJ Google Books] – [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/002751897 Hathi Trust]
}}
* {{cite book
|last1 =Monier-Williams
|first1 =Monier
|author-link1 =Monier Monier-Williams
|date =1855
|title =Śakoontalá or The Lost Ring: An Indian Drama Translated Into English Prose and Verse, From the Sanskṛit of Kálidása
|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=ahkpAAAAYAAJ
|oclc =58897839
|location =Hertford
|publisher =Stephen Austin
|edition =1st
|postscript =. Other on-line versions: [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/011619845 Hathi Trust] 1856 (3rd ed.): [https://archive.org/details/akoontalorlostr00monigoog Internet Archive] – [https://archive.org/details/akoontalorlostr00monigoog Internet Archive] – [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/002751858 Hathi Trust] 1872 (4th ed., London: Allen & Co.): [https://archive.org/details/sakoontala00kali Internet Archive] – [https://books.google.com/books?id=Z2bfmTJaznkC Google Books] – [https://books.google.com/books?id=VWhQAQAAIAAJ Google Books] – [https://books.google.com/books?id=JCxZAAAAcAAJ Google Books] 1885 (New York: Dodd, Mead & Co.): [https://archive.org/details/akoontalorlostr00klgoog Internet Archive] – [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100423145 Hathi Trust] – [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008693985 Hathi Trust] – [http://jhir.library.jhu.edu/handle/1774.2/33478 Johns Hopkins] 1895 (7th ed., London: Routledge): [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.100629 Internet Archive]
}}
** {{cite book
|last1 =Monier-Williams
|first1 =Monier
|author-link1 =Monier Monier-Williams
|date =1898
|title =Śakoontalá or The Lost Ring: An Indian Drama Translated Into English Prose and Verse, From the Sanskṛit of Kálidása
|url =https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282754
|location =London
|publisher =Routledge
|edition =8th
|postscript =. Other on-line versions: [https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/12169 Project Gutenberg]
}}
* {{cite book
|last1 =Ryder
|first1 =Arthur W.
|author-link1 =Arthur W. Ryder
|date =1912
|title =Kalidasa: Translations of Shakuntala and Other Works
|url =http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/sha/
|location =London
|publisher =[[J.M. Dent & Sons]]
}} Other on-line versions: 1920 reprint: [https://archive.org/details/kalidasatranslat00kali Internet Archive] – [http://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/1261 Online Library of Liberty] 1928 reprint: [https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/16659 Project Gutenberg] 2014 (The Floating Press, {{ISBN|1776535138}}): [https://books.google.com/books?id=exDCAwAAQBAJ Google Books]

==External links==
*[http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/1_sanskr/5_poetry/3_drama/ksakunxu.htm ''Abhijnana Sakuntalam'' - Transliterated text] at [[GRETIL]]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LVqBD_2P4Pg Stop animation version] by [https://anu-au.academia.edu/patrickmccartney Patrick McCartney] and [https://anu-au.academia.edu/AnnieMcCarthy Annie McCarthy] (from the [[Australian National University]]).
* {{librivox book | title= Shakuntala | author= Kalidasa }}

{{Kālidāsa}}
{{Shakuntala}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Sanskrit plays]]
[[Category:Works by Kalidasa]]
[[Category:Indian plays adapted into films]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian poems]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian dramas]]
[[Category:Magic rings]]
[[Category:Plays about kings]]
[[Category:Plays about queens]]

Mumbai City district

2026-02-25T06:12:37Z

BoydMalizia: corrected structure per sources and cleaned formatting for consistency

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| type = | settlement_type = [[List of districts of Maharashtra|District of Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = Division
| subdivision_name2 = [[Konkan Division|Konkan]]
| seat_type = Capital
| seat =
| coordinates = {{coord|18.96|72.82|type:city|display=ti}}
| pushpin_map =
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
|size = 250
|photo1a = 2012 Gateway Of India.jpg
|photo1b = South Bombay Harbour (18407488365).jpg
|photo2a = Ferry boats moored at Gateway of India 02.jpg
|photo2b = Chaitya Bhoomi Stupa 02.jpg
|photo3a = Wankhede Stadium (86312941).jpeg
}}
| image_caption = Clockwise from top-left: [[Gateway of India]], [[Mumbai Harbour|South Mumbai Harbour]], [[Chaitya Bhoomi]], [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Taj Mahal Palace Hotel]]
| image_map = Mumbai City in Maharashtra (India).svg
| image_map1 =
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Maharashtra
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code =
| population_as_of = 2024
| population_total = 3,304,000
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| area_total_km2 = 157
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank_info_sec1 = 840
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 89.2%
| website = https://mumbaicity.gov.in/
| name =
| official_name =
| governing_body = '''[[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]]'''
| leader_title = Guardian Minister
| leader_name = [[Eknath Shinde]] {{small|([[List of deputy chief ministers of Maharashtra|Deputy Chief Minister]])}}
| leader_title1 = Mayor
| leader_name1 = *Mayor '''Vacant'''
*Deputy Mayor '''Vacant'''
| leader_title2 = District Collector
| leader_name2 = *'''Shri Sanjay Yadav (IAS)'''
| leader_title3 = Municipal Commissioner & Administrator
| leader_name3 = *'''[[Bhushan Gagrani]] (IAS)'''
| leader_title4 = [[List of members of the 17th Lok Sabha|MPs]]
| leader_name4 = *'''[[Anil Desai]]''' {{small|([[Mumbai South Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mumbai South Central]])}}
*'''[[Arvind Sawant]]''' {{small|([[Mumbai South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mumbai South]])}}
}}
'''Mumbai City district''' is a [[Districts of Maharashtra|district of Maharashtra]] in [[Konkan Division]], India. As a city district, it has no headquarters or subdivisions. It, along with the [[Mumbai Suburban District]], makes up the metropolis of [[Mumbai]]. This area is called the "Island City" or [[South Mumbai]] or Old Mumbai. It occupies the southern tip of [[Salsette Island]] and extends from [[Colaba]] in the south to [[Mahim]] and [[Sion, India|Sion]] in the north. The city has an area of {{cvt|157
|km2}} and a population of 3,085,411.<ref name=census2011-mumcitydis>{{cite web|title=Mumbai City District Population Census 2011|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/district/357-mumbai-city.html|website=Census 2011 India|publisher=Census Organization of India|access-date=10 July 2015}}</ref>

==Proposed Talukas==
* [[Colaba|Mumbai Colaba]]
* [[Fort (Mumbai precinct)|Mumbai Fort]]
* [[Malabar Hills|Mumbai Malabar Hills]]
* [[Byculla|Mumbai Byculla]]
* [[Dadar|Mumbai Dadar]]
* [[Dharavi]]

==Officer==

===Members of Parliament===

*'''[[Anil Desai]]''' {{small|([[Mumbai South Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mumbai South Central]])}}
*'''[[Arvind Sawant]]''' {{small|([[Mumbai South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mumbai South]])}}

===Guardian Minister===
{{Infobox Political post
| post = Guardian Minister Mumbai City
| native_name = '''पालकमंत्री मुंबई शहर '''
| insignia = Emblem_of_India.svg
| insigniasize = 50px
| insigniacaption = Emblem of India
| image =
| incumbent = [[Eknath Shinde]]
| incumbentsince = 18 January 2025
| style = [[The Honourable]]
| imagesize =
| termlength = 5 years / No time limit
| appointer = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]]
| residence =
| formation =
| succession =
| website = {{url|http://mumbaicity.gov.in/en/}}
}}

====list of Guardian Minister ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name
! Term of office
|-
|'''[[Jayant Patil]]''' {{small|[[Government of Maharashtra|Cabinet Minister]]}}
|07 November 2009 10 November 2010
|-
|'''[[R. R. Patil]]''' {{small|[[Government of Maharashtra|Cabinet Minister]]}}
|11 November 2010 – 26 September 2014
|-
| '''[[Subash Desai]]''' {{small|[[Government of Maharashtra|Cabinet Minister]]}}
| 31 October 2014 - 8 November 2019
|-
| '''[[Aslam Shaikh]]''' {{small|[[Government of Maharashtra|Cabinet Minister]]}}
|9 January 2020 - 29 June 2022
|-
| '''[[Deepak Kesarkar]]''' {{small|[[Government of Maharashtra|Cabinet Minister]]}}
|24 September 2022 - 26 November 2024
|-
| '''[[Eknath Shinde]]''' {{small|([[List of deputy chief ministers of Maharashtra|Deputy Chief Minister]])}}
| 18 January 2025 - Incumbent
|}

===District Magistrate/Collector===

{{Infobox Political post
| post = District Magistrate / Collector Mumbai City
| native_name = '''जिल्हाधिकारी तथा जिल्हदंडाधिकरी मुंबई शहर '''
| insignia = Emblem_of_India.svg
| insigniasize = 50px
| insigniacaption = Emblem of India
| image =
| incumbent = Shri Sanjay Yadav (IAS)
| incumbentsince = 2024
|
| imagesize =
| termlength = No time limit
| appointer = [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| residence = At Mumbai City district
| formation =
| succession =
| website =
{{url|http://mumbaicity.gov.in/en/}}
}}

====list of District Magistrate / Collector ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name
! Term of office
|-
| Aanchal Goyal (IAS)
|2025 - Incumbent
|}

==History==
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=721,776|13=1911|14=893,481|15=1921|16=1,073,685|17=1931|18=1,087,191|19=1941|20=1,401,059|21=1951|22=2,329,020|23=1961|24=2,771,933|25=1971|26=3,070,378|27=1981|28=3,285,040|29=1991|30=3,174,889|31=2001|32=3,338,031|33=2011|34=3,085411|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=left |35=2021|36=3304000}}

{{main|History of Mumbai}}
{{See also|South Mumbai}}
The city of [[Mumbai]] came in light in the year 150 CE through the geographical work of renowned geographer, [[Ptolemy]]. The city, consisting of several islands, was then ruled by native [[Agri (caste)|Agris]] and [[Koli people|Kolis]]. These natives ruled the islands up to 1345. Thereafter, Mumbai's rulers changed through history until Islamic rulers conquered what is now [[Maharashtra]] and conquered some of the islands in 1534. Subsequently, [[sultan]] of [[Gujarat]] took over all the islands, which were then conquered by the Portuguese.

Following the continued support of England in the [[Anglo-Portuguese Alliance]], stemming from the [[Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1373]] and on the accession of a [[Catholic]] monarch in 1660, in 1661 the island of Mumbai was given to the British as part of a Royal [[Dowry]], on the occasion of the marriage of King [[Charles II of England]] with the Portuguese Princess Infanta [[Catherine of Braganza]]. The island of Mumbai, was then to remain part of [[British Raj]] until 15 August 1947, when it became an autonomous [[dominion]]. Initially, Charles II entrusted the administration of Mumbai to the [[East India Company]].

By a Royal Charter under the Regulation XIX of 1827, passed by the British Government, the Collector of Mumbai was made the Chief Controlling Authority of the Revenue Administration of Mumbai. The Collector of Mumbai enjoyed vast authority under the Mumbai Land Revenue Act 1876 which was repealed by the Maharashtra Land Revenue Code 1966.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Mumbai City district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 3,085,411,<ref name="districtcensus">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – Mumbai City |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/804/download/2866/DH_2011_2723_PART_A_DCHB_MUMBAI.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> roughly equal to the nation of [[Mongolia]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 13 June 2007 | access-date = 2011-10-01 | quote = Mongolia 3,133,318 July 2011 est.
}}</ref> or the US state of [[Iowa]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php|title=2010 Resident Population Data|publisher=U. S. Census Bureau|access-date=2011-09-30| quote =N Iowa 3,046,355
}}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 115th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has a population density of {{convert|19,652|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}} .<ref name=census2011-mumcitydis/> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001-2011 was -7.57%.<ref name=census2011-mumcitydis/> Mumbai City has a [[sex ratio]] of 832 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,<ref name=census2011-mumcitydis/> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 89.21%. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 7.13% and 0.81% of the population respectively.<ref name=census2011-mumcitydis/>

===Religion===
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Mumbai City district (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Population by Religion - Mumbai City |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/365-mumbai.html|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Maharashtra|Hinduism]]|darkorange|65.73}}
{{bar percent|[[Marathi Muslims|Islam]]|green|25.76}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism in Maharashtra|Jainism]]|pink|5.38}}
{{bar percent|[[Marathi Buddhists|Buddhism]]|yellow|4.35}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Maharashtra|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|2.74}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|1.01}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|darkkhaki|0.44}}
}}

Hinduism is the largest religion. Islam is the second-largest religion, Jainism is practiced by Gujaratis, while Buddhism is found among the Marathis. Mumbai also has the largest population of Parsis in the world, although their population is fast dwindling.

===Language===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages in Mumbai City district (2011)<ref name="Language"/>
|label1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] |value1 = 35.96 |color1 = red
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 22.98 |color2 = orange
|label3 = [[Urdu]] |value3 = 13.53 |color3 = green
|label4 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] |value4 = 11.34 |color4 = skyblue
|label5 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]] |value5 = 2.93 |color5 = mediumblue
|label6 = [[Marwari language|Marwadi]] |value6 = 2.57 |color6 = maroon
|label7 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] |value7 = 2.37 |color7 = steelblue
|label8 = [[Konkani language|Konkani]] |value8 = 1.38 |color8 = salmon
|label9 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value9 = 1.31 |color9 = orchid
|label10 = Others |value10 = 5.63 |color10 = gray
}}

[[Marathi language|Marathi]] is the official and most spoken language of the district. However being one of the largest cities in the country, Mumbai has attracted speakers of a large number of languages. Other languages with significant number of speakers in the district include Hindi, Urdu, Gujarati, and Tamil.

At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 35.96% of the population in the district spoke [[Marathi language|Marathi]], 22.98% [[Hindi]], 13.53% [[Urdu]], 11.34% [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], 2.93% [[Tamil language|Tamil]], 2.57% [[Marwari language|Marwadi]], 2.37% [[Telugu language|Telugu]], 1.38% [[Konkani language|Konkani]] and 1.31% [[Bengali language|Bengali]] as their first language.<ref name="Language">{{cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Maharashtra |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10212/download/13324/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2700.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Mumbai Metropolitan Area]]
* [[Districts of Maharashtra]]
* [[Chennai district]]
* [[Kolkata district]]
* [[National Capital Territory of Delhi]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090310212824/http://mdmu.maharashtra.gov.in/pages/Mumbai/mumbaiplanShow.php Govt of Maharashtra]
*[http://mumbaicity.gov.in Official site of Mumbai city district]

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Mumbai City district
|North = [[Mumbai Suburban district]]
|Northeast = [[Mumbai Suburban district]]
|East = ''[[Thane Creek]]''
|Southeast = ''[[Thane Creek]]'', [[Raigad district]]
|South = ''[[Arabian Sea]]''
|Southwest =
|West = ''[[Arabian Sea]]''
|Northwest =
}}

{{Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Mumbai City district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Mumbai]]
[[Category:Konkan division]]

Government Senior Secondary School Meethari Marwar

2026-02-21T22:14:33Z

BoydMalizia: new

{{Short description|Government school in Ladnun, Rajasthan}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Government Senior Secondary School Meethari Marwar
| image = Govt Ser.Sec.School Meethari Marwar.png
| image_size = 225px
| logo =
| superintendent = D.E.O Nagaur, Second
| principal = Khan A.
| faculty = [[Science]], [[Commerce]], [[Humanities]]
| enrollment = 456
| motto = तमसोमाज्योतिर्गमय।
| established = 1929
| type = Government
| grades = 10+2 level
| location = [[Meethari Marwar]], [[India]]
| campus = Rural
| colors =
| nickname = Higher Secondary School
| schedule = 10:00 am to 5:00 pm
| schedule_type =
| athletic_conference =
| mascot =
| website = {{URL|www.meetharischool.blogspot.in}}
}}

'''Government Senior Secondary School''', also known as '''GSSS''', in [[Meethari Marwar]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://here.com/27.575975,74.687235,19,0,0,normal.day|title=Meethari Marwar}}</ref> Tehsil [[Ladnun]], [[Rajasthan]], is a boarding school in [[India]]. Earlier it was known as '''Darbar Lower Primary School Hindi School'''. It is one of the oldest schools in [[Nagaur district]].

==History==
[[File:1929 में स्थापित श्री दरबार लोअर प्राईमरी हिन्दी पाठशाला.jpg|thumb|Shari Darbar Hindi Lower Primary School Meethari Marwar, 1929]]
GSSS was established in 1929. The school, the oldest Shree Darbar Lower Primary Hindi School, was started as a ''Pathshala'' in 1929 by the Maharaja of Jodhpur for the education of the poor pupils of the village. Raised to a middle school in 1951 after Indian independence, the school became a pioneer by extending the benefits of education to the people of almost 30 nearby villages and outlying areas. It developed into a high school in 1966 and a senior secondary school in 1995. The school was named as a government senior secondary school.<ref>http://meetharischool.blogspot.in/ {{User-generated source|date=August 2022}}</ref>

==Affiliation==
[[File:शिलालेख- (1951)- राजकीय सीनियर सैकंडरी विध्यालय.jpg|thumb|1951 inscription marking donation of a new building by the Badruka family]]
The school was affiliated to the [[Rajasthan Board of Secondary Education|RBSE]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://rajeduboard.nic.in/ |title=Board of Secondary Education, Rajasthan, Ajmer |access-date=2013-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925040952/http://www.rajeduboard.nic.in/ |archive-date=2012-09-25 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is managed and run by the State Education Department of Rajasthan and is monitored by the [[Nagar District]] Education Officer for Secondary Education. It has permanent recognition for education at 10+2 levels from the [[Government of Rajasthan]] and Board of Secondary Education, Rajasthan.

==Academics and facilities==
The school has approximately 450 students. It has a library. There are classes in years 9 to 12 in three faculties or streams:

* Commerce: Accountancy, Business administration, Economics.
* Science: Physics, Chemistry, Maths (optional)
* Humanities: History, Political Science, [[Hindi literature]].

===Curriculum===
In the secondary section (classes 9 and 10), English and Hindi, maths, science, and social science are the main subjects along with SUPW (Music/Dance/Art/Craft), games, computer skills, and environmental education.

In the senior secondary section (classes 11 and 12), students choose between Science with Maths, Science with Biology, Commerce with or without Maths, and the Humanities stream with Hindi and English as the two main compulsory subjects. Optional subjects include Mathematics, Informatics Practices and physical education. Work experience, general studies, and health education are offered as compulsory internally assessed subjects with the other five main subjects.

==Sports and extracurricular activities==
The school has separate grounds for basketball, football, volleyball, cricket, and athletics. It also offers horse riding, NCC (Naval, Army wings), science, pottery, photography and philately clubs, Scouts and Guides, Cubs and Bulbuls, cultural groups, Social Productive Works and social services, NSS and career guidance.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.facebook.com/meetharischool School Facebook page]

{{Coord|27.5722768|N|74.6838034|E|display=title}}

[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Boarding schools in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Nagaur district]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1929]]
[[Category:1929 establishments in India]]

Pygmy hog

2026-02-17T13:53:57Z

BoydMalizia: General cleanup and content improvements

{{Short description|Species of mammal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Pygmy hog
| genus = Porcula
| parent_authority = [[Brian Houghton Hodgson|Hodgson]], 1847
| display_parents = 2
| species = salvania<ref name = MSW3>{{MSW3 Artiodactyla |id=14200053 |page=641 |heading=Species ''Porcula salvania''}}</ref>
| authority = [[Brian Houghton Hodgson|Hodgson]], 1847
| synonyms = ''Sus salvanius''
| image = Pygmy hog in Assam breeding centre AJT Johnsingh.JPG
| image_caption = At the Pygmy Hog Research and Breeding Centre, [[Assam]]
| status = EN
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |title=''Porcula salvania'' |name-list-style=amp |author1=Meijaard, E. |author2=Narayan, G. |author3=Deka, P. |date=2019 |article-number=e.T21172A44139115 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T21172A44139115.en |access-date=16 January 2022}}</ref>
| status2 = CITES_A1
| status2_system = CITES
| status2_ref = <ref name=iucn/>
| range_map = Location of Manas National Park, only location of Pygmy hogs. Modified by IUCN.jpg
| range_map_caption = Distribution of the pygmy hog
}}

The '''pygmy hog''' ('''''Porcula salvania''''') is a very small and endangered species of pig and the only species in the genus '''''Porcula'''''. Endemic to India, the pygmy hog is a [[Suidae|suid]] native of the alluvial grasslands in the foothills of the Himalayas, at elevations of up to {{convert|300|m|abbr=on}}. Populations of pygmy hogs were once widespread in the tall, dense, wet grasslands in a narrow belt of the southern Himalayan foothills from north-western Uttar Pradesh to Assam, through southern Nepal and North Bengal, and possibly extending into contiguous habitats in southern Bhutan.<ref name=Chakravorty2017>{{Cite book |last1=Chakravorty |first1=P. |last2=Sanyal |first2=S. |date=2017 |title=Defaunation and Conservation |chapter=Conservation of the Pygmy Hog in India |pages=95–104 |publisher=Herpetological Society, Tucson |place=Tucson, Arizona |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344942556 |editor1=Pratihar, S. |editor2=Clark, Jr. H.O. |isbn=978-93-85248-79-5}}</ref> Due to human encroachment and destruction of the pygmy hogs' natural habitat, the species was thought to have gone extinct in the early 1960s. However, in 1971, a small pygmy hog population was rediscovered as they were fleeing a fire near the Barnadi Wildlife Sanctuary in Assam. Today, the only known population of pygmy hogs resides in [[Manas National Park]] in [[Assam]], [[India]].<ref name=Chakravorty2017/> The population is threatened by livestock grazing, fires and poaching. With an estimated population of less than 250 mature individuals, the pygmy hog is listed as an [[Endangered]] species on the [[IUCN Red List]], and conservation efforts such as captive breeding and re-release programs are currently being employed.<ref name=iucn />

==Taxonomy==
[[File:Porcula_skull.jpg|thumb|Skull of the pygmy hog]]
''Porcula salvania'' was the [[scientific name]] proposed by [[Brian Houghton Hodgson]] in 1847 who described a pygmy hog from the Sikkim [[Terai]]. Hodgson argued that the pygmy hog was a genus separate from ''Sus'' based upon its unique morphological differences, particularly pertaining to its skull and dental features.<ref name=Hodgson1847>{{Cite journal| title=On a new form of the Hog kind or Suidae |author=Hodgson, B.H. |year=1847 |journal=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal|volume=16 |issue=May |pages=423–428 |url=https://archive.org/stream/journalofasiatic161asia#page/n475/mode/2up/}}</ref> Hodgson's classification of the pygmy hog as a separate genus was challenged with the argument that the pygmy hog's unique physical characteristics were "superficial" and merely a result of its small body size, therefore deeming these features insufficient to warrant separate distinction from other members of the genus Sus.<ref name=Funk2008>{{Cite journal |last=Funk |first=S. |title=Restoration of the genus ''Porcula'' |journal=Suiform Soundings |volume=8 |issue=1 |page=41 |date=2008 |access-date=26 November 2022 |archive-date=4 December 2022 |url=http://www.kwata.net/medias/images/upload/PUBLI_de%20Thoisy_2008_Suiformes%20Soundings.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204062039/https://kwata.net/medias/images/upload/PUBLI_de%20Thoisy_2008_Suiformes%20Soundings.pdf?PHPSESSID=d0e1e02538f803c49773f19eefeb0dd1 |url-status=live}}</ref> Its species epithet ''salvania'' is after the [[Shorea robusta|sal]] forests where the pygmy hog was found.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Horsfield, T. |year=1849 |title=Brief Notice of several Mammalia and Birds discovered by B. H. Hodgson, Esq., in Upper India |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |volume=3 |issue=15 |page=202 |doi=10.1080/03745485909494621 |url=https://archive.org/details/annalsmagazineof23lond}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Garson, J.G. |year=1883 |title=Notes on the anatomy of ''Sus salvanius'' (''PorcuIa salvania'', Hodgson). Part 1. External characters and visceral anatomy |pages=413–418 |journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London |url=https://archive.org/stream/proceedingsofgen83zool#page/413/mode/1up}}</ref>
Although the decision was not unanimous, the pygmy hog was later determined to be a member of the genus ''Sus'' and was renamed ''Sus salvanius''.<ref name="Oliver1980">{{cite report |author=Oliver, W.L.R. |date=1980 |title=The Pigmy Hog: the Biology and Conservation of the Pigmy Hog, ''Sus (Porcula) salvanius'', and the Hispid Hare, ''Caprolagus hispidus''. Special Scientific Report No 1. |publisher=Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust}}</ref><ref name="Oliver1993">{{cite book |author1=Oliver, W.L.R. |author2=Roy, S.D. |name-list-style=amp |date=1993 |chapter=The Pigmy Hog (''Sus salvanius'') |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8IkvLQtkpwYC&pg=PA121 |pages=121–129 |title=Pigs, Peccaries and Hippos: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan |editor=Oliver, W.L.R. |publisher=IUCN/SSC Pigs and Peccaries Specialist Group, IUCN/SSC Hippo Specialist Group |location=Gland, Switzerland |isbn=978-2-8317-0141-7 |access-date=19 November 2020 |archive-date=10 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210091746/https://books.google.com/books?id=8IkvLQtkpwYC&pg=PA121 |url-status=live}}</ref>

A 2007 [[genetic analysis]] of the variation in three [[mitochondrial DNA]] loci, combined with rigorous statistical testing of other phylogenetic hypotheses, confirmed Hodgson's original classification that the pygmy hog is a separate and distinct genus from ''Sus.''<ref>{{cite journal |author=Funk, S.M. |author2=Verma, S.K. |author2-link=Sunil Kumar Verma |author3=Larson, G. |author4=Prasad, K. |author5=Singh, L. |author6=Narayan, G. |author7=Fa, J.E. |name-list-style=amp |year=2007 |title=The pygmy hog is a unique genus: 19th century taxonomists got it right first time round |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=427–436 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2007.08.007 |pmid=17905601}}</ref> The analysis also showed that the pygmy hog had never clustered with the wild boar or any other ''Sus'' species.<ref name=Funk2008/> Based upon this genetic analysis and resulting evidence, the pygmy hog has again been re-classified as its own unique genus ''Porcula'', which is a [[sister lineage]] of ''Sus''. Genome analyses support the independence of ''Porcula''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=L. |last2=Bosse |first2=M. |last3=Megens |first3=H.-J. |last4=Frantz |first4=L. A. F. |last5=Lee |first5=Y.-. |last6=Irving-Pease |first6=E.K. |last7=Narayan |first7=G. |last8=Groenen |first8=M. A. M. |last9=Madsen |first9=O. |date=2019 |title=Genomic analysis on pygmy hog reveals extensive interbreeding during wild boar expansion |journal=Nature Communications |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=1992 |doi=10.1038/s41467-019-10017-2 |pmid=31040280 |pmc=6491599 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Characteristics==
[[File:PorculaSalvaniaSmit.jpg|thumb|Painting of a piglet born in the [[London Zoological Gardens]] in 1883]]
The skin of the pygmy hog is a grayish-brown color, and its coat consists of blackish-brown bristles. Its irises are hazel brown, and it usually has no facial warts. Its head is sharply tapered with a slight crest of hair on the forehead and on the back of the neck. It has well-developed teeth, with upturned canines and molars with rounded cusps.<ref name="Stinson">{{Cite web |last=Stinson |first=Laura |title=''Sus salvanius'' (pygmy hog) |url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Sus_salvanius/ |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=Animal Diversity Web |language=en |archive-date=8 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008081411/https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Sus_salvanius/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Adult males have the upper [[canine tooth|canine]]s visible on the sides of their mouths.<ref name=Chakravorty2017/>

As suggested by its name, the pygmy hog differs from other members of the Suidae by the extreme reduction of its body size, and it is the smallest pig species. An adult pygmy hog weighs between {{cvt|6.6|and| 9.7|kg}}, with the average male weighing about {{cvt|8.5|kg}}.<ref name="Stinson" /> From its hoof to its shoulder, the pygmy hog ranges from about {{cvt|20-25|cm}} tall and is about {{cvt|55-71|cm}} long. While females are only slightly smaller than males, both sexes have tails approximately {{cvt|2.5|cm}} long.<ref name=Chakravorty2017/>

==Distribution and habitat==
[[File:Manas Wildlife Sanctuary-110510.jpg|thumb|Grassland in Manas Wildlife Sanctuary]]
The pygmy hog is endemic to northeast India and was once widespread in the tall, wet grasslands of the Terai from [[Uttar Pradesh]] through [[Nepal]] to [[Bangladesh]], northern [[West Bengal]] and Assam.<ref name=Oliver1980/><ref name=Oliver1993/><ref name=iucn/> It inhabited early successional riverine grasslands dominated by ''[[Imperata cylindrica]]'', ''[[Saccharum munja]]'', ''S. spontaneum'', ''S. bengalenis'', ''Themeda villosa'' and ''Narenga porphyrocoma''. In its most pristine state, these grasslands were intermixed with a wide variety of herbaceous plants and early colonizing shrubs and young trees.<ref name=Chakravorty2017/> Growing up to {{cvt|1-4|m}} in height, these grass species were maintained by periodic burning, which posed a great threat to the pygmy hog. Since these grass species were also commercially important thatching grasses, they were harvested annually, thereby also causing great disruption to the pygmy hog habitat.<ref name=Chakravorty2017/>

The pygmy hog is currently on the verge of extinction. By 2002, the only viable population, consisting of only a few hundred individuals, lived in small grassland pockets of [[Manas National Park]] in Assam and in an adjacent reserve forest in the Manas Tiger Reserve.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Narayan, G. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Deka, P. J. |year=2002 |title=Pygmy Hog Conservation Programme in Assam, India |journal=IUCN/SSC Pigs, Peccaries, and Hippos Specialist Group (PPHSG) Newsletter |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=5–7 |url=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Narayan, G. |year=2006 |title=Pygmy Hog Conservation Programme – an update |journal=IUCN/SSC Pigs, Peccaries, and Hippos Specialist Group (PPHSG) Newsletter |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=14–15 |url=}}</ref> In 2013, it was estimated that only about 250 pygmy hogs existed.<ref name=Mary_al2013>{{Cite book |author1=Mary, P. P. |date=2013 |title=Knowledge Systems of Societies for Adaptation and Mitigation of Impacts of Climate Change |pages=405–421 |editor1=Nautiyal, S. |place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-36143-2_24 |isbn=978-3-642-36143-2 |author2=Sinha, R. R. |author3=Kumar, A. |author4=Medhi, M. |author5=Narayan, G. |author6=Deka, P. |chapter=Habitat Characteristics of the Critically Endangered Pigmy Hog (''Porcula salvania'') of Manas National Park and Rajiv Gandhi Orang National Park in Assam, Northeast India |series=Environmental Science and Engineering |editor2=Rao, K.S. |editor3=Kaechele, H. |editor4=Raju, K.V. |name-list-style=amp}}</ref>

== Behavior and ecology ==
Pygmy hogs are social animals that live in small family groups consisting of one or two females and their offspring. They are non-territorial, and sometimes family groups can consist of as many as 20 individuals. Adult males are generally solitary and live separately rather than with the family group. However, they do maintain loose contact with the basic family group throughout the year.<ref name="Stinson" />

Pygmy hogs also have a unique nesting behavior which the tall grasses of their habitat enable them to perform. In the wild, they make firm nests in which to sleep by digging small trenches, using dry grasses and vegetation to line them.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Bradford, A. |author2=Dutfield, S. |name-list-style=amp |date=2018 |title=Pigs, Hogs & Boars: Facts About Swine |url=https://www.livescience.com/50623-pigs-facts.html |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=livescience.com |archive-date=7 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007152321/https://www.livescience.com/50623-pigs-facts.html |url-status=live }}</ref> They sleep in these nests at night, but also retreat to these nests during the heat of the day, and use them to warm up in the winter. The nests are also used for birthing and to hide and protect newborn piglets.

Piglets are born greyish-pink in color, and develop a brown coat with faint yellow stripes along their body length before they attain their final adult coloring. Their average lifespan is between 8 and 14 years in the wild, and they become sexually mature at one or two years old. Breeding occurs seasonally before the [[monsoon]]s, and after a gestation period of 100 days, females give birth to litters ranging between two and six offspring, with the average litter size being three to four piglets.<ref name=Chakravorty2017/>

Pygmy hogs are diurnal and forage for food during the daylight hours. Foraging usually takes place for about 6 to 10 hours a day, with the pygmy hog generally taking a break midday in order to escape the high heat of the afternoon. Pygmy hogs are also omnivorous and feed primarily on roots, tubers, and other vegetative food, as well as on insects, rodents, eggs, young birds, and small reptiles.<ref name="Stinson" /><ref name="Bosse, M.-2021">{{Cite journal |last1=de Visser, M. |last2=Liu, L. |last3=Bosse, M. |name-list-style=amp |date=2021 |title=Pygmy hogs |journal=Current Biology |volume=31 |issue=8 |pages=R366–R368 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2021.02.038 |pmid=33905687 |s2cid=233426847 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Pygmy hogs also fulfill important ecological roles within their ecosystems, since by using their snouts to dig for food, they not only spread seeds from plants, but they also enhance the quality of the soil. They sometimes fall prey to pythons, raptors, tigers and other carnivores.<ref name="Bosse, M.-2021" />

== Threats ==
The pygmy hog is considered to be one of the most threatened mammalian species today, and has been listed as "critically endangered" by the International Union of Conservation (IUCN) since 2008. Unfortunately, humans have posed one of the greatest threats to pygmy hogs, as they have severely and negatively impacted the pygmy hogs' natural habitat. Since pygmy hogs live among some of the most important 'thatching grasses', their native environments are being destroyed by humans for commercial purposes. Most of these grasses are harvested annually (even those in areas which are supposedly protected), and most of them are subjected to wide-scale annual or twice-annual burning as a means of maintenance. Although ecologists have suggested burning at the beginning of the dry season in December or early January, and only once every 2–3 years, most of the grasslands continue to be burnt annually during the dry season, thereby drastically affecting the flora and faunal diversity of the area.<ref name=Chakravorty2017/>

As the survival of the pygmy hog is dependent on these tall grasses, the pygmy hog has been driven further into the corner as many of the tall grasses are continuously being harvested and burned, and others are being replaced by short grass species. In Assam, much of the pygmy hog's habitat has also been lost to settlements and agriculture due to rapid human population growth. Loss and degradation of habitat has also occurred due to livestock grazing, commercial forestry and the planting of trees in the grasslands, and due to flood control schemes. In addition, although hunting the pygmy hog for meat by the native tribes of Assam had previously not been a problem, it is now posing a very real threat to the small population of pygmy hogs that still exist in the wild.<ref name=Chakravorty2017/>

==Conservation==
The pygmy hog is protected under Schedule I of India's [[Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972]], providing absolute protection with the highest penalties for offenders. The pygmy hog is also listed in [[CITES Appendix I]], which includes all species of plants and animals threatened with extinction.<ref>{{cite book |title=Global Re-introduction Perspectives: 2010 |publisher=IUCN/SSC Re-introduction Specialist Group |date=2010 |editor=Soorae, P.S. |place=Abu Dhabi, UAE |isbn=978-2-8317-1320-5 |chapter=Conservation breeding and re-introduction of the pygmy hog in N.W. Assam, India |author1=Narayan, G. |author2=Deka, P.J. |author3=Oliver, W.L.R. |author4=Fa, J.E. |name-list-style=amp |pages=290–296 |chapter-url=https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/2010-076.pdf#page=303 |access-date=16 January 2022 |archive-date=16 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116074113/https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/2010-076.pdf#page=303 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Pygmy Hog Conservation Breeding Programme (PHCP) was formed in 1995 in order to aid the implementation of a broad conservation action for the pygmy hog and its habitat. One of the PHCP's main objectives was to implement a captive breeding and reintroduction program to prevent the extinction of the pygmy hog. Two males and four female individuals were caught under permit in Manas National Park and transferred to a facility in Basistha, where they became the founders of the current captive-breeding program. After two years, the captive population had increased by over 600%, and an additional breeding facility was established at Potasali in Nameri.<ref name=Chakravorty2017/> The PHCP is also cooperating with forest department officials to restore and maintain the natural grassland habitat of the pygmy hog.<ref name="Mongabay-India-2018">{{Cite web |date=2018 |title=Playing Cupid to conserve the remaining pygmy hogs in Assam |url=https://india.mongabay.com/2018/03/playing-cupid-to-conserve-the-remaining-pygmy-hogs-in-assam/ |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=Mongabay-India |archive-date=26 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126061235/https://india.mongabay.com/2018/03/playing-cupid-to-conserve-the-remaining-pygmy-hogs-in-assam/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

The PHCP utilizes a "soft release" method in order to pre-condition the animals to survive in the wild. The pre-conditioning process takes about five months, and occurs in a specially constructed 'pre-release' facility in Potasali. While here, the pygmy hogs are divided into social groups, and live in environments simulated to resemble their natural habitat where they can engage in natural foraging, nest-building, and other natural behaviors. Just prior to their release, the pygmy hogs are taken to a reintroduction site where they are maintained for two to three days to ensure their readiness before they are officially released back into the wild.<ref name="Mongabay-India-2018"/>
Between 2008 and 2016, one hundred captive-bred pygmy hogs have been reintroduced into the wild at three different locations in Assam, these being [[Sonai Rupai Wildlife Sanctuary|Sonai Rupai]], [[Orang National Park|Orang]] and [[Barnadi Wildlife Sanctuary|Barnadi]] National Parks. Another 60 individuals remain in captivity as a safety net population in order to reproduce pygmy hogs for future releases.<ref>{{Cite journal |author1=Purohit, D. |author2=Manu, S. |author3=Ram, M.S. |author4=Sharma, S. |author5=Patnaik, H.C. |author6=Deka, P.J. |author7=Narayan, G. |author8=Umapathy, G. |date=2021 |title=Genetic effects of long-term captive breeding on the endangered pygmy hog |journal=PeerJ |volume=9 |article-number=e12212 |doi=10.7717/peerj.12212 |pmid=34707930 |pmc=8504462 |name-list-style=amp |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=World's Smallest Hogs Released Into Wild |url=https://gizmodo.com/world-s-smallest-hogs-released-into-wild-1847195041 |access-date=2021-07-05 |website=Gizmodo |archive-date=5 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705165117/https://gizmodo.com/world-s-smallest-hogs-released-into-wild-1847195041 |url-status=live}}</ref>
In 2024, nine pygmy hogs were released into Manas National Park, increasing its population to 63 individuals.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024 |title=Jersey Durrell trust helps release nine pygmy hogs in India |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/clyvzj7l0vdo.amp |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=BBC News}}</ref>

In 2024, there were around 420 pygmy hogs in the wild and 95 in breeding centres, meaning a total of 515 pygmy hogs.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=13 December 2024 |title=Pygmy Hogs Make a Comeback: Conservation Efforts Spark Hope in Assam |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!state/pygmy-hogs-make-a-comeback-conservation-efforts-spark-hope-in-assam-enn24121306859 |access-date=10 May 2025 |work=ETV Bharat}}</ref> They can be found in the wild in Manas National Park, Orang National Park, Sonai Rupai Wildlife Sanctuary, and Bornodi Wildlife Sanctuary.<ref name=":0" /> Furthermore, they are being captively-bred at two Pygmy Hog Breeding and Research Centres, one in Basistha, Guwahati, and the other near Assam's Nameri National Park.<ref name=":0" />

==See also==
*[[Pygmy hog-sucking louse]]
*[[Miniature pig]]
*[[Göttingen minipig]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Sus salvanius}}
{{Wikispecies|Sus salvanius}}
*[http://www.pygmyhog.org Pygmy Hog Conservation Programme]
*[https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20080510211803/http://www.unep-wcmc.org/species/data/species_sheets/pyghog.htm Entry on "Pygmy Hog – Sus salvanius"; United Nations Environment Programme; World Conservation Monitoring Centre]
*ARKive – [https://archive.today/20130414062325/http://www.arkive.org/species/GES/mammals/Porcula_salvania/Sus_salvanius_00.html?offset=0px images and movies of the pygmy hog ''(Sus salvanius)'']
*NCBI GenBank – [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=476284&lvl=3&p=mapview&p=has_linkout&p=blast_url&p=genome_blast&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock ''Porcula salvania'']

{{Artiodactyla|S.}}
{{Suina|Su.|state=collapsed}}
{{Taxonbar|from1=Q244447|from2=Q11824055}}

[[Category:Mammals described in 1847]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Brian Houghton Hodgson]]
[[Category:Mammals of Bhutan]]
[[Category:Mammals of India]]
[[Category:Suinae]]

Manair River

2026-02-15T13:18:19Z

BoydMalizia:

{{Infobox river
| name = Manair River
|image = Maner River Map.jpg
| image_caption = Locator map of the Manair River in Telangana, India. The map illustrates the river’s course from its origin in the Sircilla hills (Rajanna Sircilla district), through Karimnagar district, and into Jayashankar Bhupalpally district, where it joins the Godavari River. Major reservoirs including Upper Manair Dam, Mid Manair Dam, and Lower Manair Dam are also marked.
| other_name = Maner River, Maneru River
| map_caption = Location in Telangana
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = India
| subdivision_type2 = State
| subdivision_name2 = Telangana
| length = 128–161 km<ref name="telangana360">{{cite web |title=Godavari River and Tributaries

|url=https://www.telangana360.com/2015/01/godavari-river.html |publisher=Telangana360 |access-date=21 September 2025}}</ref>
| source1 = Sircilla hills, Rajanna Sircilla district<ref name="kpias">{{cite web |title=Tributaries of Godavari: Manjeera, Pranahita, Sabari |url=https://kpiasacademy.com/tributaries-of-godavari-manjeera-pranahita-sabari/ |publisher=KPIAS Academy |access-date=21 September 2025}}</ref>
| mouth = [[Godavari River]]
| mouth_location = Narmala village, Mahadevapur taluk, Jayashankar Bhupalpally district<ref name="telangana360" />
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|18.7037|79.8135|format=dms|type:river_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| basin_size = 6,464 km²<ref name="telangana360" />
}}

The '''Manair River''' (also spelled '''Maner''' or '''Maneru''') is a river in the Indian state of [[Telangana]] and a right-bank tributary of the [[Godavari River]]. It flows through the districts of [[Rajanna Sircilla district|Rajanna Sircilla]], [[Karimnagar district]], and [[Jayashankar Bhupalpally district]], supporting irrigation, drinking water supply, and several major dams.<ref name="manerwiki">{{cite web |title=Maner River |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maner_River |website=Wikipedia |access-date=21 September 2025}}</ref>

== Origin and course ==
The Manair originates in the '''Sircilla hills''' of Rajanna Sircilla district.<ref name="kpias" /> From its source, it flows southeast through Rajanna Sircilla and Karimnagar districts, and then east into Jayashankar Bhupalpally district. The river ultimately joins the [[Godavari River]] near Narmala village in Mahadevapur taluk, Jayashankar Bhupalpally district.<ref name="telangana360" /> Along its course, it passes towns such as [[Sircilla]] and [[Karimnagar]].

The total length of the river is estimated at '''128 to 161 km''', draining a catchment area of about '''6,464 km²'''.<ref name="telangana360" />

== Tributaries ==
The Manair River is fed by numerous tributaries and seasonal streams (*vagus*), including:
* [[Salivagu River]]
* Mohedamada River (joins near Lower Manair Dam)
* Sali Vagu / Chali Vaagu
* Podaru Vagu
* Pedda Bodaru Vagu
* Pedda Vagu
* Chinna Vagu
* Kanthatmakur Vagu
* Hussein Miyan Vagu
* Nakkala Vagu
* Kesavapatnam Vagu
* Mothe Vagu
* Alipuram Vagu
* Mathula Vagu
* Mula Vagu (joined by Nalla Vagu and Nakka Vagu)<ref name="kpias" />

== Major reservoirs and dams ==
* '''Upper Manair Dam''' — located at Narmala village, Gambhiraopet mandal, Rajanna Sircilla district. Built during the Nizam period, it impounds the upper reaches of the river and has a capacity of about 2.20 TMC ft.<ref>{{cite web |title=Telangana: Upper Manair Dam to get Kaleshwaram irrigation scheme water |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2021/Mar/29/telangana-upper-manair-dam-to-get-kaleshwaram-irrigation-scheme-waterin-two-days-2282976.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=29 March 2021 |access-date=21 September 2025}}</ref>
* '''Mid Manair Dam (MMD)''' — located at Manwada village, Boinpalli mandal, Rajanna Sircilla district. It has a capacity of ~25.87 TMC and was completed in 2018. During construction, part of its earthen embankment was breached in September 2016 during floods.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mid Manair Dam |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid_Manair_Dam |website=Wikipedia |access-date=21 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Crest gates installed on Mid Manair Dam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/crest-gates-installed-on-mmd/article23489476.ece |work=The Hindu |date=6 April 2018 |access-date=21 September 2025}}</ref>
* '''Lower Manair Dam (LMD)''' — located at Alugunur village, Thimmapur mandal, Karimnagar district. Constructed between 1974 and 1985, it has a height of 41 m, length ~10.7 km, and gross storage capacity ~24 TMC ft. It serves as a balancing reservoir for the [[Sriram Sagar Project]], irrigates ~163,000 hectares, and supplies drinking water to Karimnagar and nearby towns.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lower Manair Dam |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Manair_Dam |website=Wikipedia |access-date=21 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Lower Manair Dam |url=https://karimnagar.telangana.gov.in/tourist-place/lower-manair-dam/ |publisher=Karimnagar District Official Website |access-date=21 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Lower Manair Dam |url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/dams/lower-manair-dam.html |publisher=MapsofIndia |access-date=21 September 2025}}</ref>

The Manair system provides irrigation, stabilizes ayacut under the [[Sriram Sagar Project]], and supplies drinking water to Karimnagar. Through link canals, its reservoirs also receive and regulate water from major lift irrigation projects such as [[Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation Project|Kaleshwaram]].<ref name="telangana360" /> A prominent recent landmark is the '''Karimnagar Cable Bridge''', inaugurated on 21 June 2023, which spans the Manair near Karimnagar. It has become a tourist attraction and improved connectivity in the region.<ref>{{cite web |title=Karimnagar Cable Bridge |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karimnagar_Cable_Bridge |website=Wikipedia |access-date=21 September 2025}}</ref>

A Chalukyan-era '''Trikutalayam temple''' was discovered on the banks of the Manair River at Tangellapally village in Sircilla mandal, Rajanna Sircilla district. The temple dates to the 10th–11th centuries and contains sculptures including Gajalakshmi, a Shiva Linga, and an idol of Lord Keshava among others.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chalukyan-era Trikutalayam discovered on banks of Manair |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2021/Oct/27/chalukyan-era-trikutalayam-discovered-on-banks-of-manair-2376210.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=27 October 2021 |access-date=21 September 2025}}</ref>

The river has been subject to periodic floods, particularly in the midstream areas. The '''2016 breach at Mid Manair Dam''' inundated several villages and highlighted dam safety and resettlement issues.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sand from Mid Manair Dam submergence villages in demand |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2017/Jul/28/sand-from-mid-manair-dam-submergence-villages-in-demand-1634692.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=28 July 2017 |access-date=21 September 2025}}</ref> Siltation, sand mining, and sewage inflows near urban centers have also been reported as concerns.<ref>{{cite news |title=Telangana govt to build high-level bridge over Manair River |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/telangana/telangana-government-to-build-high-level-bridge-over-manair-river-1886075 |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=2017 |access-date=21 September 2025}}</ref> The Lower Manair Dam is a popular recreation spot. It has boating facilities, parks (e.g. Ujwala Park, Deer Park) and attracts visitors especially during monsoon when floodgates release water.<ref>{{cite web |title=LOWER MANAIR DAM - TELANGANA TOURISM |url=https://sites.google.com/sru.edu.in/telangana-tourism/home/districts/karimnagar/lower-manair-dam |access-date=21 September 2025}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Godavari River]]
* [[Sriram Sagar Project]]
* [[Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation Project]]
* [[Upper Manair Dam]]
* [[Mid Manair Dam]]
* [[Lower Manair Dam]]
* [[Karimnagar Cable Bridge]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Tributaries of the Godavari River]]
[[Category:Geography of Telangana]]

Kohl (cosmetics)

2026-02-13T20:23:44Z

BoydMalizia:

{{Short description|Eye cosmetic}}
{{Multiple issues|{{More footnotes needed|date=July 2024}}
{{Excessive examples|date=July 2024}}}}
[[File:Eye make-up (mascara).jpg|thumb|327x327px|Eye shot of a woman with kohl]]


'''Kohl''' is a [[cosmetics|cosmetic]] product traditionally made by crushing [[stibnite]] (antimony sulfide). Modern kohl formulations often contain [[galena]] (lead sulfide), and in some cases charcoal or other pigments.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/s41598-022-08669-0 |title=Recipes of Ancient Egyptian kohls more diverse than previously thought |date=2022 |last1=Riesmeier |first1=Marabel |last2=Keute |first2=Jennifer |last3=Veall |first3=Margaret-Ashley |last4=Borschneck |first4=Daniel |last5=Stevenson |first5=Alice |last6=Garnett |first6=Anna |last7=Williams |first7=Alice |last8=Ragan |first8=Maria |last9=Devièse |first9=Thibaut |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=12 |issue=1 |page=5932 |pmid=35396488 |pmc=8994005 |bibcode=2022NatSR..12.5932R }}</ref> Kohl is similar to [[eyeliner]], which was traditionally made. Kohl is widely used in many cultures to contour or darken the eyelids and heighten beauty marks.<ref>{{cite web |title=Patch Box |url=https://web.prm.ox.ac.uk/bodyarts/index.php/temporary-body-arts/cosmetics/85-patch-box-italy-or-britain-c-17501850-.html |publisher=Body Art collections at the Pitt Rivers Museum}}</ref> Several studies{{such as|date=June 2025}} have questioned the safety of kohl out of fear of [[lead poisoning]]. Importing galena kohl into the United States is banned.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Iman |first1=Sultan |title=As a Pakistani American Teenager, I Found Comfort and Confidence in Kohl Eyeliner |url=https://www.allure.com/story/kohl-eyeliner-history-ban |website=Allure Beauty |date=20 March 2022 |publisher=Conde Nast (Allure) |access-date=March 18, 2025}}</ref>

==Etymology==
{{Further|Antimony#Etymology}}
[[File:Kohl Tube LACMA M.76.97.81.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Ancient kohl cosmetic tube from western [[Iran]], dated 800–500 BCE]]

The Arabic name {{lang|ar|كحل|rtl=yes}} {{transliteration|ar|DIN|''kuḥl''}} formed the Arabic root {{Transliteration|ar|k-ḥ-l}}, "to apply kohl." [[Transliteration]] variants of Arabic dialectal pronunciation include {{Transliteration|ar|kohl}} or {{Transliteration|ar|kuhl}}.

The English word ''{{linktext|alcohol}}'' is a loan of the Arabic word (via [[Middle Latin]] and French, originally, in the sense "powder of [[antimony]]"; the modern meaning is from the 18th century).

==Middle East and North Africa==
Kohl has been worn traditionally since the [[Naqada III|Naqada III era]] ({{circa|3100 BCE}}) by [[Egyptians]] of all social classes, originally as protection against eye ailments.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Ophthalmology of the Pharaohs: Antimicrobial Kohl Eyeliner in Ancient Egypt |url=https://discovermagazine.com/health/ophthalmology-of-the-pharaohs-antimicrobial-kohl-eyeliner-in-ancient-egypt |magazine=[[Discover (magazine)|Discover]] |language=en |access-date=2021-12-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mohta|first=Anup |date=2010 |title=Kajal (Kohl): A dangerous cosmetic |journal=[[Oman Journal of Ophthalmology]] |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=100–101 |doi=10.4103/0974-620X.64242 |issn=0974-620X |pmc=3003848 |pmid=21217909 |doi-access=free}}</ref> There was also a belief that darkening the skin around the eyes would protect one from the harsh rays of the sun.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hardy|first1=Andrew D. |last2=Walton|first2=Richard I. |last3=Myers|first3=Kathryn A. |last4=Vaishnav|first4=Ragini |date=March 2006 |title=Availability and chemical composition of traditional eye cosmetics ('kohls') used in the United Arab Emirates of Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman, Umm Al-Quwain, Ras Al-Khaimah, and Fujairah |journal=Journal of Cosmetic Science |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=107–125 |issn=1525-7886 |pmid=16688375}}</ref>

Archaeological and scientific research established the earliest direct evidence for use of kohl in [[Sudanese]] Lower [[Nubia]]. Lead isotope analysis of kohl samples from [[C-Group culture|C-group]] and Pan-grave cemeteries in [[Debeira]] and Ashkeit, dated to [[Bronze Age|Middle Bronze Age]] (c.2300 - 1500 BCE), demonstrates that Nubian populations were using and possibly producing kohl, with some materials sourced locally and others imported from Egypt. These findings are supported by the discovery of numerous kohl containers and applicators in Nubian graves that predate full Egyptian colonial control.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Clough |first=Lydia |date=2024-11-27 |title=Ancient supply networks between Egypt and Nubia uncovered by analysis of eyeliner |url=https://www.arch.cam.ac.uk/news/ancient-supply-networks-between-egypt-and-nubia-uncovered-by-analysis-of-eyeliner |access-date=2025-06-01 |website=www.arch.cam.ac.uk |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 June 2025 |title=A "Kohl Road" to Nubia? |url=https://www.archaeology.wiki/blog/2024/11/13/a-kohl-road-to-nubia/ |url-status=dead |access-date=2025-06-01 |website=Archaeology Newsroom |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-05-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250518103303/https://www.archaeology.wiki/blog/2024/11/13/a-kohl-road-to-nubia/ }}</ref> The evidence challenges the traditional view that kohl use originated solely in Egypt, highlighting the central role of Nubian societies in development and spread of this iconic cosmetic.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lemos |first1=Rennan |last2=Tichindelean |first2=Matei |last3=Kochergina |first3=Yulia V. Erban |last4=Zaggia |first4=Caterina |last5=Werkström |first5=Ludmila |last6=Hocker |first6=Emma |last7=Martinón-Torres |first7=Marcos |date=2024-11-11 |title=Bronze age supply chains between ancient Egypt and Nubia revealed by lead isotope analysis of kohl samples |url=https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-79162-z |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=14 |issue=1 |page=27488 |doi=10.1038/s41598-024-79162-z |pmid=39523393 |issn=2045-2322|pmc=11551143 |bibcode=2024NatSR..1427488L }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |chapter=Contributions to the Archaeology of Egypt, Nubia and the Levant |date=2024 |pages=244 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.13173/9783447121378.244 |access-date=2025-06-01 |publisher=Harrassowitz Verlag |doi=10.13173/9783447121378.244 |isbn=978-3-447-12137-8 |title=Landscape and resource management in Bronze Age Nubia |series=Contributions to the Archaeology of Egypt, Nubia and the Levant |volume=17 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Dann |first=Rachael J. |title=Perspectives on the Body in Ancient Nubia |date=2021-01-13 |work=The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Nubia |pages=1033–1050 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190496272.013.54 |access-date=2025-06-01 |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190496272.013.54 |isbn=978-0-19-049627-2|url-access=subscription }}</ref>[[File:Musicians and dancers on fresco at Tomb of Nebamun.jpg|thumb|left|[[Ancient Egypt]]ian women wearing kohl, from a tomb mural in [[Thebes, Egypt|Thebes]] (1420–1375 BCE)]]

[[Galena]] (lead sulfide) eye paint (later termed ''Kohl'' in Arabic from the [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] word for the cosmetic) was widely applied in [[ancient Egypt]]. The upper eyelids were painted black, and the lower ones were colored green, as depicted in ancient texts that describe the use of both black galena and green [[malachite]]. Ancient graves from the prehistoric [[Tasian culture]] point to the early application of galena in Egypt, a custom stretching from as old as the [[Badarian culture]] through to the [[Greco-Roman world|Greco-Roman]] era. Although found locally, both black galena and green malachite were also imported from nearby regions in [[Western Asia]], [[Coptos]], and the [[Land of Punt]].<ref name="Stiant">''Studies in Ancient Technology'', Volume III, Brill Archive, p.18.</ref>

The [[Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt|18th Dynasty]] female Pharaoh [[Hatshepsut]] would also grind charred [[frankincense]] into kohl eyeliner. This is the first recorded use of the resin.<ref name="Isaac14">{{cite book |last1=Isaac |first1=Michael |title=A Historical Atlas of Oman |date=2004 |publisher=Rosen |isbn=978-0823945009 |page=14 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gTgdRuWa9xMC |access-date=5 September 2014}}</ref> The frankincense itself had originally been obtained during an expedition to the ancient Land of Punt in this [[New Kingdom of Egypt|New Kingdom]] dynasty ({{circa}} 1500 BCE).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Martin Watt, Wanda Sellar |title=Frankincense & Myrrh: Through the Ages, and a complete guide to their use in herbalism and aromatherapy today |date=2012 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-1446490778 |page=24 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fxTgyhyMTLwC&pg=PT24 |access-date=11 November 2016}}</ref> Cosmetic ingredients such as [[cinnamon bark]] and other spice components – used for fragrances – alongside copper kohl sticks were exported from the towns of Pomparippu and [[Kandarodai|Kadiramalai-Kandarodai]] [[Tamraparni|in Tamraparni]] (now, Sri Lanka) to ancient Egypt.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uragoda |first1=C. G. |title=A history of medicine in Sri Lanka from the earliest times to 1948 |date=1987 |publisher=Sri Lanka Medical Association |page=8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gj9rAAAAMAAJ&q=kohl |access-date=22 June 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SkFuAAAAMAAJ |title=The evolution of an ethnic identity: the Tamils in Sri Lanka c. 300 BCE to c. 1200 CE |last=Intirapālā |first=Kārttikēcu |date=2005 |publisher=M.V. Publications for the South Asian Studies Centre, Sydney |isbn=9780646425467 |pages=63 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cItyybhNOLoC |title=International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics |date=2009 |publisher=Department of Linguistics, University of Kerala. |pages=62 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Brand |first1=Chad |last2=Mitchell |first2=Eric |last3=Staff |first3=Holman Reference Editorial |title=Holman Illustrated Bible Dictionary |date=2015 |publisher=B&H Publishing Group |isbn=9780805499353 |page=351 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jgxCDwAAQBAJ&q=ancient+sri+lanka+makeup&pg=PA351 |access-date=22 June 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

Additionally, the pioneering Muslim scholar [[ibn Abi Shaybah]] described in a legal compilation how to apply kohl to the eye, as narrated by earlier authorities.<ref name="Swain">{{cite book |editor-last=Swain |editor-first=Simon |editor-link=Simon Swain |title=Seeing the Face, Seeing the Soul: Polemon's ''Physiognomy'' from Classical Antiquity to Medieval Islam |year=2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0199291533 |page=277 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-I79HM8aKWIC}}</ref>
[[Berbers|Berber]] and Semitic-speaking women in [[North Africa]] and the [[Middle East]], respectively, also apply kohl to their faces. A vertical line is drawn from the bottom lip to the chin and along the bridge of the nose. Originally, the line from the bottom lip to the chin showed whether a woman was married or not. This form of using kohl on the face originated from the [[Arabian Peninsula]], and was introduced in the seventh century to North Africa.<ref>''Many Mirrors: Body Image and Social Relations''. Nicole Landry Sault.</ref>

Kohl has also been used in [[Yemen]] as a cosmetic for a long time. In addition, mothers would apply kohl to their infants' eyes soon after birth. Some did this to "strengthen the child's eyes", and others believed it could prevent the child from being cursed by the [[evil eye]].<ref name="hardy cairo">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hardy A, Walton R, Vaishnav R |journal=International Journal of Environmental Health Research |date=February 2004 |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=83–91 |title=Composition of eye cosmetics (kohls) used in Cairo|doi=10.1080/09603120310001633859 |pmid=14660121 |bibcode=2004IJEHR..14...83H }}</ref>

==Horn of Africa==
The usage of kohl eye paint in the [[Horn of Africa]] dates to the ancient Kingdom of Punt.<ref name="Stiant"/> [[Somali people|Somali]], [[Djibouti]]an, [[people of Ethiopia|Ethiopian]], and [[Eritrea]]n women have long applied kohl (''kuul'') for cosmetic purposes, as well as to cleanse the eyes, lengthen eyelashes, and to protect the eyes from the sun's rays.<ref name="Loughran">Katheryne S. Loughran, ''Somalia in word and image'', (Foundation for Cross Cultural Understanding: 1986), p.166.</ref><ref name="Selassie">Sergew Hable Selassie, ''Ancient and medieval Ethiopian history to 1270'', (Printed by United Printers: 1972), p.26.</ref>

==West Africa==
Kohl is also applied in by many peoples parts of [[West Africa]], including the [[Fulani people|Fulani]], the [[Hausa people]], the [[Tuareg people|Tuareg]], and the [[Yoruba people|Yoruba]].<ref name="Nasidi">Nasidi, A., Karwowski, M.P., Woolf, A.D., Kellogg, M.D., Law, T.C., Sucosky, M.S., Glass-Pue, R.M., Brown, M.J., & Behbod, B. (2012). "Infant lead poisoning associated with use of tiro, an eye cosmetic from Nigeria--Boston, Massachusetts, 2011". MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report, 61 30, 574-6 .</ref><ref name="Bascom">Bascom, W. R. (1949). Literary style in Yoruba riddles. The Journal of American Folklore, 62(243), 1-16.</ref><ref name="Donovan">Alan Donovan, ''My journey through African Heritage'', (Kenway Publications: 2004), p.62.</ref> In addition, it is utilized by [[Muslim]] inhabitants of the [[Sahel]] and [[Sahara]] regions. Kohl is used by both sexes and by people of all ages during weddings, festivals, and outings.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}

For women, kohl or black [[henna]] is applied to the face as well in a similar manner as that practiced by communities in North Africa.

==South Asia==
{{Unreferenced section|date=November 2024}}

Although the terms Kajal and Kohl are not identical, people often use them interchangeably. In India (Hinduism in particular), locals consider kajal to be a traditional remedy. Some Indian [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic]] (i.e., ancient Indian herbal medicine) manufacturing companies add [[camphor]] and other medicinal herbs that are meant for eye health.

In [[Indian culture]], ''kājal'' is predominantly worn by women around their eyes.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}

Some people{{citation needed|date=July 2024}} apply dots of ''kājal'' to ward off bad omens and the evil eye (''nazar'').

Kajal is an integral part of classical dances in India, such as [[Bharatanatyam]] and [[Odissi]] . The dancers apply kajal broadly around their eyes to give them an elongated look so as to draw attention to their eye gestures and movements.

The ingredients used in the homemade preparation of kajal are believed by local people to have medicinal properties. They are still used in Indian therapies like [[ayurveda]] and [[Siddha]] medicines.

==Health concerns==
The content of kohl and the recipes to prepare it vary greatly between regions. In North Africa and the Middle East, homemade kohl is often made by grinding [[galena]] ([[Lead(II) sulfide|lead sulfide]]). Western manufacturers use [[amorphous carbon]] or organic [[charcoal]] instead of lead. Plant oils and the soot from various nuts, seeds, and gum [[resin]]s are often added to the carbon powder. The non-lead products are considered{{by whom|date=July 2024}} to be of inferior quality to the older, traditional varieties, and so there has been an increase in the use of handmade, lead-based kohl.

For decades, various conflicting reports in literature have been published relating to kohl application to eyes being responsible for causing higher blood lead concentration, which may cause lead poisoning. At the same time, a number of research studies and reports have also been published, refuting any such links to increased blood lead levels upon kohl application.<ref name="mahmood">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mahmood ZA, Zoha SM, Usmanghani K, Hasan MM, Ali O, Jahan S, Saeed A, Zaihd R, Zubair M, Pak |journal=Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences |volume=22 |number=1 |date=January 2009 |pages=107–122 |title=Kohl (surma): retrospect and prospect|pmid=19168431 }}</ref>

A group of researchers in China tried to find some scientific basis of this claimed property of lead sulfide (galena) relating to absorption of sun rays when applied into the eyes in the form of kohl.<ref name="li yun">Li-Yun C, Wen H, Jian-Feng H and Jian-Peng W (2008). "Influence of deposition voltage on properties of lead sulfide thin film". ''American Ceramic Society Bulletin'', 87(6): 9101–9104</ref> The authors reported the ultraviolet (UV) absorption spectra of a thin film of lead sulfide prepared on an [[indium tin oxide]] (ITO) substrate. The spectra showed that thin films of lead sulfide had higher absorption and lower transmittance in the UV light band, which further increases with increased deposition voltage.

The drive to eliminate lead from kohl was sparked by studies in the early 1990s of preparations of kohl that found high levels of contaminants, including lead.<ref name="hardy oman"/><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=al-Hazzaa SA, Krahn PM |journal=International Ophthalmology |year=1995 |volume=19 |number=2 |pages=83–88 |title=Kohl: a hazardous eyeliner|doi=10.1007/BF00133177 |pmid=8586501 |s2cid=33603176 }}</ref><ref name="parry">{{cite journal |vauthors=Parry C, Eaton J |journal=[[Environmental Health Perspectives]] |date=August 1991 |number=94 |pages=121–123 |title=Kohl: a lead-hazardous eye makeup from the Third World to the First World|volume=94 |doi=10.1289/ehp.94-1567936 |doi-broken-date=17 January 2026 |pmid=1954922 |bibcode=1991EnvHP..94..121P |pmc=1567936 }}</ref> Lead levels in commercial kohl preparations were as high as 84%. Kohl samples from [[Oman]] and Cairo, analyzed using [[powder diffraction|X-ray powder diffraction]] and [[scanning electron microscope|scanning electron microscopy]], were found to contain galena.<ref name="hardy cairo"/><ref name="hardy oman">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hardy AD, Vaishnav R, Al-Kharusi SS, Sutherland HH, Worthing MA |journal=[[Journal of Ethnopharmacology]] |date=April 1998 |volume=60 |number=3 |pages=223–34 |title=Composition of eye cosmetics (kohls) used in Oman|doi=10.1016/S0378-8741(97)00156-6 |pmid=9613836 |bibcode=1998JEthn..60..223H }}</ref> One decade later, a study of kohl manufactured in Egypt and India found that a third of the samples studied contained lead, while the remaining two-thirds contained [[amorphous carbon]],<ref name="hardy cairo"/> [[zincite]],<ref name="hardy cairo"/><ref name="hardy oman"/> [[cuprite]],<ref name="hardy cairo"/> [[goethite]],<ref name="hardy cairo"/> [[silicon|elemental silicon]]<ref name="hardy cairo"/> or [[talc]],<ref name="hardy cairo" /> [[hematite]], [[Minium (mineral)|minium]],<ref name="hardy oman"/> and other organic compounds.<ref name="hardy cairo"/>

Lead-contaminated kohl use has been linked to increased levels of lead in the bloodstream,<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Alkhawajah AM |title=Alkohl use in Saudi Arabia: Extent of use and possible lead toxicity |journal=Tropical Geographical Medicine |date=October 1992 |volume=44 |number=4 |pages=373–377|pmid=1295151 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Al-Saleh I, Nester M, DeVol E, Shinwari N, Al-Shahria S |title=Determinants of blood lead levels in Saudi Arabian schoolgirls |journal= International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health|date=April–June 1999 |volume=5 |number=2 |pages=107–114|doi=10.1179/oeh.1999.5.2.107 |pmid=10330510 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Nir A, Tamir A, Nelnik N, Iancu TC |title=Is eye cosmetic a source of lead poisoning? |journal=Israel Journal of Medical Science |date=July 1992 |volume=28 |number=7 |pages=417–421|pmid=1506164 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Rahbar MH, White F, Agboatwalla M, Hozhbari S, Luby S |title=Factors associated with elevated blood lead concentrations in children in Karachi, Pakistan |journal=[[Bulletin of the World Health Organization]] |year=2002|volume=80 |number=10 |pages=769–775|pmid=12471396 |pmc=2567650 }}</ref> putting its users at risk of [[lead poisoning]] (also called lead intoxication). Complications of lead poisoning include [[anemia]], [[developmental delay (disambiguation)|developmental delay]], low [[intelligence quotient|IQ]], [[convulsions]], and, in severe cases, death. Anemia from lead poisoning is of special concern in Middle Eastern and South Asian countries where other forms of anemia are prevalent, including [[iron deficiency anemia]] (from malnutrition) and [[hemoglobinopathy]] ([[sickle cell anemia]], [[thalassemia]]).

{{anchor|Kohl kajal}}These banned products are different from lead-free cosmetics that use the term "kohl" only to describe their shade or color rather than its actual ingredients. Some modern eye cosmetics are marketed as "kohl", but are prepared differently and follow relevant health standards.

Eye cosmetics such as surma are recognized as one of the important sources of lead exposure in Pakistan. As adverse health effects of [[heavy metals]] are a public health concern, where especially lead may cause negative health impacts to human fetal and infantile development, a study in Pakistan of pregnant women's nails in 2016, showed 13 nail samples out of 84 analyzed contained lead concentrations exceeding the 13.6 μg/g found in a fatal case of lead poisoning. The possibility of an external contamination was excluded. The observations showed that lead-containing surma consists of fine particles of [[galena]] in [[respiratory system|a respirable]] dust range (less than 10 μm), and relative ''[[in vitro]]'' [[bioavailability]] of lead in the surma was determined as 5.2%. Thus, lead-containing surma consists of inhalable and bioavailable particles, and it contributes to an increased risk of lead exposure.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ikegami |first1=Akihiko |last2=Takagi |first2=Mai |last3=Fatmi |first3=Zafar |last4=Kobayashi |first4=Yayoi |last5=Ohtsu |first5=Mayumi |last6=Cui |first6=Xiaoyi |last7=Mise |first7=Nathan |last8=Mizuno |first8=Atsuko |last9=Sahito |first9=Ambreen |date=2016-11-01 |title=External lead contamination of women's nails by surma in Pakistan: Is the biomarker reliable? |journal=Environmental Pollution |volume=218 |issue=Supplement C |pages=723–727 |doi=10.1016/j.envpol.2016.07.068 |pmid=27554978|bibcode=2016EPoll.218..723I }}</ref>

"Blue" kohl is a dark-bluish black pigment composed of lead-based compounds as well as a compound of antimony. The lead-based compounds in kohl are [[galena]] (PbS) – dark grey and gloss, [[laurionite]] (PbCl(OH)) – white, [[phosgenite]] (PbCl)2CO3), and [[cerussite]] (PbCO3) – blue. The antimony-based compound in kohl is [[stibnite]] (Sb2S3) – blue.

In January 2010, French researchers reported that the particular heavy eye makeup that ancient Egyptians wore may have had medical benefits. At submicromolar concentrations, the specially-made lead compounds can elicit overproduction of [[nitric oxide#Biological functions|nitric oxide]] (NO), which in turn can trigger an enhancement of the immune response.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Finding Out Egyptian Gods' Secret Using Analytical Chemistry: Biomedical Properties of Egyptian Black Makeup Revealed by Amperometry at Single Cells |vauthors=Tapsoba I, Arbault S, Walter P, Amatore C |journal= Analytical Chemistry|volume=82 |issue=2 |pages=457–460 |date=January 2010 |doi=10.1021/ac902348g |pmid=20030333 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2010AnaCh..82..457T }}</ref><ref>National Geographic [https://web.archive.org/web/20210222180552/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/100114%2Dcleopatra%2Deye%2Dmakeup%2Dancient%2Degyptians "Cleopatra's eye makeup Warded Off Infections?"]</ref>

The ancient Egyptians, documented in the [[Ebers Papyrus]] ({{circa}} 1550 BCE), discuss these compounds within kohl as protective for the eyes. Indeed, kohl was used as both a cosmetic eyeliner and a medicine. There are a number of endemic ocular diseases in the Nile region including [[trachoma]] – which is caused by a chlamydial bacterium and can cause corneal scarring – and conjunctival cicatricial disease, with resulting visual loss. Kohl was used not only as a cosmetic but also as a medicinal [[collyrium]] (from [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] {{lang|grc-Latn|kollurion}}). Two of kohl's lead compounds – the lead chlorides laurionite and phosgenite – were not natural to the Nile valley. It is believed they were intentionally synthesized by the ancient Egyptians for this purpose. The widespread use of kohl across the Mediterranean and the Middle East attests to its ability to protect the eye from infectious disease and as well as being used as a cosmetic.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Kreston |first=Rebecca |title=Ophthalmology of the Pharaohs: Antimicrobial Kohl Eyeliner in Ancient Egypt |department=Body Horrors |magazine=Discover |date=April 20, 2012 |url=https://www.discovermagazine.com/health/ophthalmology-of-the-pharaohs-antimicrobial-kohl-eyeliner-in-ancient-egypt}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Finding Out Egyptian Gods' Secret Using Analytical Chemistry: Biomedical Properties of Egyptian Black Makeup Revealed by Amperometry at Single Cells |journal=Analytical Chemistry |volume=82 |issue=2 |pages=457–460 |year=2010 |first1=Issa |last1=Tapsoba |first2=Stéphane |last2=Arbault |first3=Philippe |last3=Walter |first4=Christian |last4=Amatore |pmid=20030333 |doi=10.1021/ac902348g|doi-access=free |bibcode=2010AnaCh..82..457T }}</ref>

A test of kohl's anti microbial properties as found that kohl was especially able to inhibit the growth of ''[[Streptococcus pyogenes]],'' and mildly able to inhibit ''[[Proteus vulgaris|Proteus vulgares]]'' and ''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]'' bacterias.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Al-Kaff |first1=Ali |last2=Al-Rajhi |first2=Ali |last3=Tabbara |first3=Khalid |last4=El-Yazigi |first4=Adnan |title=Kohl - the traditional eyeliner: use and analysis |journal= Annals of Saudi Medicine|date=1993 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=26–30 |doi=10.5144/0256-4947.1993.26 |pmid=17587986 |issn=0256-4947}}</ref>

===Legal status===
In the United States, kohl is not on the list of color additives approved by the [[Food and Drug Administration]], which considers kohl unsafe for use due to its potential lead content. It is illegal to import into, or sell in, the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/cosmetic-products/kohl-kajal-al-kahal-surma-tiro-tozali-or-kwalli-any-name-beware-lead-poisoning |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905014348/https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/cosmetic-products/kohl-kajal-al-kahal-surma-tiro-tozali-or-kwalli-any-name-beware-lead-poisoning |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 5, 2019 |access-date=2017-10-26 |title=Kohl, Kajal, Al-Kahal, Surma, Tiro, Tozali, or Kwalli: By Any Name, Beware of Lead Poisoning |publisher=[[Food and Drug Administration]]}}</ref> Kohl is considered unsafe partly due to risk of lead exposure.

==Gallery==
<gallery class="center" mode="packed" heights="167" classes="center">
File:Kohl Container Inscribed for Queen Tiye LACMA M.80.198.89.jpg|A kohl container from the [[Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt|18th Dynasty]] of [[ancient Egypt]], inscribed for Queen [[Tiye]] (1410–1372 BCE)
File:Double cosmetic tube Louvre MNC1825.jpg|Double cosmetic tube (dilekythos) used for kohl; make-up was applied with an ivory, bronze or glass stick
File:Killedan.jpg|A [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]] kohl (''kil'') set
File:Kajalstifte.jpg|Modern kajal pencils
File:Gotipua make-up (INDIA).jpg|[[Make-up artist]] at work before a ''Gotipua'' [[Odissi]] dance performance
File:It's a boy - Khol Kajal kanmashi kan mai eyeliner infants evil eye Buri nazar drishti bommai काजल கண் மை surma Tamil Nadu village India Documentary Featur story jpg photo IMG 3192 signed.jpg|A [[Tamil Nadu|Tamil]] woman applying kajal on her toddler son in India
File:India - Varanasi old food seller and granddaughter - 0604.jpg|A [[Varanasi]] food seller with his granddaughter wearing kajal
File:Ucidlhd29.png|A [[Somali people|Somali]] woman with ''indha kuul'' ("kohl eyes")
File:Kohl bottle in the shape of a mango (20th century).jpg|Kohl container in the shape of a mango, made in Bihar, India in the 1960s
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Henna]]

==References==

===References===
{{reflist}}<ref name=":0" />

===Bibliography===
{{Refbegin}}
* Al-Ashban RM, Aslam M, Shah AH., ''[[Public health|Public Health]]''. 2004 Jun;118(4):292–8. "Kohl (surma): a toxic traditional eye cosmetic study in Saudi Arabia."
* Abdullah MA., ''J Trop Med Hyg''. 1984 Apr;87(2):67–70. "Lead poisoning among children in Saudi Arabia."
* Hardy AD, Walton RI, Myers KA, Vaishnav R., ''J Cosmet Sci''. 2006 Mar–Apr;57(2):107–25. "Availability and chemical composition of traditional eye cosmetics ('kohls') used in the United Arab Emirates of Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman, Umm Al-Quwain, Ras Al-Khaimah, and Fujairah."
* Shaltout A, Yaish SA, Fernando N., ''[[Ann Trop Paediatr]]''. 1981 Dec;1(4):209–15. "Lead encephalopathy in infants in Kuwait. A study of 20 infants with particular reference to clinical presentation and source of lead poisoning."
* Administrator. (n.d.). Patch box. web.prm.ox.ac.uk. https://web.prm.ox.ac.uk/bodyarts/index.php/temporary-body-arts/cosmetics/85-patch-box-italy-or-britain-c-17501850-.html
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Kohl|lcfirst=yes}}
{{Wiktionary|kohl}}
* [http://www.globalegyptianmuseum.org/record.aspx?id=3633 Egyptian: Kohl pot], Black [[steatite]]. Click on picture.
* [http://www.globalegyptianmuseum.org/record.aspx?id=3634 Egyptian: Bone kohl pot]. Figurine design. Click on picture.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303205811/http://www.copperwiki.org/index.php/Kohl Kohl (CopperWiki)]

{{Cosmetics}}

[[Category:Cosmetics]]
[[Category:History of cosmetics]]
[[Category:Badarian culture]]
[[Category:Land of Punt]]

[[sv:Kohl (smink)]]
[[zh:眼影粉]]

N. Srinivasan (artist)

2026-02-08T17:59:09Z

BoydMalizia: post

{{Short description|Indian artist (born 1972)}}
{{Multiple issues|{{COI|date=September 2015}}
{{promotional|date=September 2015}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Srinivasan Natarajan
| image = Artist N.Srinivasan.jpg
| caption = Srinivasan in 2011.
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1972|01|24}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://abedheen.files.wordpress.com/2011/10/srinivasan-kalaimamani-resume-sept2011.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=29 January 2013 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106112250/http://abedheen.files.wordpress.com/2011/10/srinivasan-kalaimamani-resume-sept2011.pdf |archivedate=6 November 2013}}</ref>
| birth_place = Raja Mannarkudi, [[Thanjavur district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| parents =
| spouse =
| children =
| known_for = Painting and fiction
| occupation = Artist; Writer
| website = {{URL|www.artistsrinivasan.com}}
}}

'''N. Srinivasan''' (born 24 January 1972) is an Indian digital artist in the fields of [[art]] and [[architecture]]. He uses technology and traditional subject matter for most of his artwork.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}}

==Early life==
Srinivasan was born on January 24, 1972 in the small village of [[Thanjavur]]. In 1996, he completed his [[Bachelor of Fine Arts|Bachelor in Fine Arts]] at the Government College of Arts and Crafts in [[Chennai]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/04/08/stories/2003040800160300.htm|title=Down memory lane|date=4 July 2003|pages=03|accessdate=11 January 2017|via=The Hindu (old)|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105121139/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/04/08/stories/2003040800160300.htm|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archivedate=5 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Negotiating Memories, Roots and Identity |url=http://www.artistsrinivasan.com/html/page0007.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928052200/http://www.artistsrinivasan.com/html/page0007.htm |archivedate=28 September 2013 |accessdate=26 September 2013}}</ref>

He obtained both a [[Master of Arts]] and a Master of Philosophy in [[Public administration|Public Administration]]. He completed his Master's Degree in Fine Arts in Painting at the Government College of Fine Arts, studying at [[Tamil Nadu Music and Fine Arts University]], Chennai, in 2016. {{Citation needed|date=June 2021}}

==Career==
Srinivasan works at the School of Architecture and Planning, [[Anna University]], Chennai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.annauniv.edu/ctdt/contents/architecture/architec.html|title=CTDT – Anna University|work=annauniv.edu|accessdate=11 January 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116144407/https://www.annauniv.edu/ctdt/contents/architecture/architec.html|archivedate=16 January 2017}}</ref> In September 2005, he acted as curator for the tsunami art exhibition by NSS students from 230 engineering colleges at the university.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/09/18/stories/2005091813280200.htm|title=Tsunami art exhibition|date=17 September 2005|pages=02|accessdate=11 January 2017|via=The Hindu (old)|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105121058/http://www.hindu.com/2005/09/18/stories/2005091813280200.htm|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archivedate=5 November 2013}}</ref>

Srinivasan moved from traditional artistic techniques to digital technology. He studied [[Saiva Siddhanta]] for three years at the Thiruvaduthurai Mutt and obtained the title "S''iddantha Ratnam,''" which influences his art.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://thiruvavaduthuraiadheenam.com/23saivasitharntham.html |title=thiruvavaduthuraiadheenam.com|accessdate=15 April 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615193041/http://thiruvavaduthuraiadheenam.com/23saivasitharntham.html |archivedate=15 June 2013}}</ref>

His drawings, digital prints, installations, videos and three-dimensional sculptures have been displayed publicly, including in Mumba,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tale-of-two-cities-in-an-art-exhibition/article7195291.ece|title=Tale of two cities in an art exhibition|first=Madhumitha|last=Srinivasan|work=The Hindu|accessdate=11 January 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171022202456/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tale-of-two-cities-in-an-art-exhibition/article7195291.ece|archivedate=22 October 2017|date=12 May 2015}}</ref> Chennaii,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.buzzintown.com/chennai/events/paintings-graphic-prints-k-balasubramanian-n-srinivasan/id--32667.html|title=Paintings And Graphic Prints By K Balasubramanian And N Srinivasan at Lakshana Art Gallery, Mylapore, Chennai on 05 Jul, 2008|work=buzzintown.com|accessdate=11 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113145515/http://www.buzzintown.com/chennai/events/paintings-graphic-prints-k-balasubramanian-n-srinivasan/id--32667.html|archivedate=13 January 2017}}</ref> and Coimbatore.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/art-show/article3309411.ece|title=Art show|work=The Hindu|accessdate=11 January 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140530011211/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/art-show/article3309411.ece|archivedate=30 May 2014|date=13 April 2012}}</ref>

In 2009, the Tamil Nadu Iyal Isai Nataka Manram awarded the Kalaimamani award to Srinivasan for Outstanding Achievements in digital painting.<ref>{{cite web |title=Schemes |url=http://www.tn.gov.in/tneinm/schemes.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211212203/http://www.tn.gov.in/tneinm/schemes.htm |archivedate=11 February 2017 |accessdate=11 January 2017 |work=tn.gov.in}}</ref> He is the only person to have received the Kalimamani award in the Field of Painting.<ref>{{cite news |date=26 February 2009 |title=70 chosen for Kalaimamani award |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/02/26/stories/2009022659540500.htm |url-status=dead |accessdate=11 January 2017 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402194619/http://www.hindu.com/2009/02/26/stories/2009022659540500.htm |archivedate=2 April 2012}}</ref> In 2016, N. Srinivasan and V. Senguttuvan received the [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|APJ Abdul Kalam]] Memorial Research Award for fine arts.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/site/photonebooks/photon-thesis|title=International Library for Thesis – Photon eBooks|accessdate=11 January 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113135709/https://sites.google.com/site/photonebooks/photon-thesis|archivedate=13 January 2017}}</ref>

In 2005, Srinivasan advocated for a Tamil university for fine arts.<ref>{{cite web |title=Notice Board |url=http://unchangedheroes.blogspot.in/p/notice-board.html |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113140240/http://unchangedheroes.blogspot.in/p/notice-board.html |archivedate=13 January 2017 |accessdate=11 January 2017 |work=unchangedheroes.blogspot.in}}</ref> In 2013, the Tamil Nadu government announced the start up of the new Tamil Nadu Music and Fine Arts University.<ref>{{cite news |date=11 May 2013 |title=University for music, fine arts |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/university-for-music-fine-arts/article4704732.ece |url-status=live |accessdate=11 January 2017 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116194030/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/university-for-music-fine-arts/article4704732.ece |archivedate=16 January 2017}}</ref>
Srinivasan has also advocated for the preservation of ancient decorated rocks in the Villupuram district.<ref>{{cite web |date=5 August 2013 |title=Dinakaran vasantham – Vasantham – Weekly Magazines – Online tamil magazine – Dinakaran Tamil Daily News Paper – Tamil News Paper |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/E_Book.asp?id=25&showfrom=8/5/2013&cat=22 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170608171935/http://www.dinakaran.com/E_Book.asp?id=25&showfrom=8%2F5%2F2013&cat=22 |archivedate=8 June 2017 |accessdate=11 January 2017 |work=dinakaran.com}}</ref> In 2016, he formed an Integrated Village for Arts to teach youth about art.<ref>{{cite news |last=Madhuvanti |date=27 March 2016 |title=A pageant of talent at painting competition |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/a-pageant-of-talent-at-painting-competition/article8400858.ece |url-status=live |accessdate=11 January 2017 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327012018/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/a-pageant-of-talent-at-painting-competition/article8400858.ece |archivedate=27 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=27 March 2016 |title=ஆந்திரம், ஜெய்ப்பூரில் உள்ளதுபோல தமிழகத்திலும் கலா-கிராமங்கள் வேண்டும்: 'தி இந்து' யங் வேர்ல்டு ஓவிய போட்டியில் ஸ்ரீனிவாசன் நடராஜன் வேண்டுகோள் |url=http://tamil.thehindu.com/tamilnadu/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF-%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%93%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D/article8401994.ece |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171022202456/http://tamil.thehindu.com/tamilnadu/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF-%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%93%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D/article8401994.ece |archivedate=22 October 2017 |accessdate=11 January 2017 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

Srinivasan is a member of the Indian Society for Technical Education,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.isteonline.in/|title=Indian Society for Technical Education|work=isteonline.in|accessdate=11 January 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201030230/http://isteonline.in/|archivedate=1 December 2016}}</ref> the South Zone Cultural Center Thanjavur,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/06/02/stories/2008060250600200.htm|title=South Zone Cultural Centre urged to tap artistic talents of youth |accessdate=11 January 2017|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007061731/http://www.hindu.com/2008/06/02/stories/2008060250600200.htm|archivedate=7 October 2008|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2 June 2008}}</ref> the Bombay Art Society Mumbai,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bombayartsociety.org/committeemembers.html |title=The Bombay Art Society : : 121 years - Serving Indian Art and Artists! .. |accessdate=27 March 2013 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603100015/http://www.bombayartsociety.org/committeemembers.html |archivedate=3 June 2013}}</ref> and the Jehangir Art Gallery of Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jehangirartgallery.com/copyrights.php|title=Jehangir Art Gallery|work=jehangirartgallery.com|accessdate=11 January 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220225801/http://www.jehangirartgallery.com/copyrights.php|archivedate=20 December 2016}}</ref>

==Publications==
His Tamil novel, ''Vidambanam,'' was released by Kaalachuvadu publications in 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kalachuvadu.com/current/issue-205/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%88-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81|title=Kalachuvadu – சென்னை புத்தகக் கண்காட்சியில் காலச்சுவடு நூல் ஆசிரியர்களை சந்திக்க வாய்ப்பு|work=kalachuvadu.com|accessdate=11 January 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171022202456/http://www.kalachuvadu.com/current/issue-205/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%88-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81|archivedate=22 October 2017}}</ref> He published a technical paper on machine learning at the IEEE International Conference in 2015.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ponmagal |first1=R. S. |title=2015 IEEE International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Computing Research (ICCIC) |last2=Srinivasan |first2=N. |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-4799-7848-9 |pages=1–6 |chapter=Machine learning approach for exploring rock arts through the cloud infrastructure |doi=10.1109/ICCIC.2015.7435682 |s2cid=16603117}}</ref>

He publishes the Tamil little magazine ''Mei Porul,'' which focuses on art and aesthetics related issues''.''<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/10/27/stories/2005102701070100.htm|title=Youthful strokes|date=26 October 2005|pages=01|accessdate=11 January 2017|via=The Hindu (old)|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529141626/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/10/27/stories/2005102701070100.htm|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archivedate=29 May 2014}}</ref> In 2016, Srinivasan became an author for ''Kanaiyazhi'', the monthly Tamil literary magazine.<ref>{{cite web |title=emagaz.in – tamil novels and magazines online (ebooks & audio books) |url=http://www.emagaz.in/catalog/view/Kanaiyazhi_04_2014/Kanaiyazhi042014.html |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304093033/http://www.emagaz.in/catalog/view/Kanaiyazhi_04_2014/Kanaiyazhi042014.html |archivedate=4 March 2016 |accessdate=11 January 2017 |work=emagaz.in}}</ref>

== Further reading ==

*''Digital Visual Fare: The Artistic''[[Kungumam (magazine)|m]].<ref>{{cite web |title=நாடோடிகளின் தடங்கள் வழியே கலையைத் தேடும் அற்புத மனிதர்! – Kungumam Tamil Weekly Magazine |url=http://kungumam.co.in/Articalinnerdetail.aspx?id=11811&id1=9&issue=20170303 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326135931/http://kungumam.co.in/Articalinnerdetail.aspx?id=11811&id1=9&issue=20170303 |archivedate=26 March 2017 |accessdate=7 May 2017 |website=kungumam.co.in}}</ref> ''Trajectory of N. Srinivasan'' — Dr. Ashrafi, S. Bhagat<ref>{{cite news |date=16 July 2013 |title=N.arrivals – 16-7-13 |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-bookreview/narrivals-16713/article4919171.ece |url-status=live |accessdate=11 January 2017 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140831032143/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-bookreview/narrivals-16713/article4919171.ece |archivedate=31 August 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
*{{Official website}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Srinivasan, N}}
[[Category:Indian digital artists]]
[[Category:Indian multimedia artists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kalaimamani Award]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male artists]]
[[Category:Artists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:People from Thanjavur district]]

Howrah–New Delhi Duronto Express

2026-01-26T14:04:40Z

BoydMalizia:

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = 80FF00
| name = Howrah Junction – New Delhi ''Duronto Express''
| image = Howrah dur exp.jpg
| caption = Howrah-New Delhi Duronto Express Arrived At [[Prayagraj Junction railway station]]
| type = [[Duronto Express]]
| locale = [[West Bengal]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Bihar]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Delhi]]
| first = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2010|04|02}}
| status = Operating
| last =
| operator = [[Eastern Railway zone]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Howrah}} (HWH),
West Bengal
| stops = 7
| end = {{stnlnk|New Delhi}} (NDLS),
Delhi
| distance = {{convert|1,531|km}}
| journeytime = 22 hrs
| frequency = Twice a week: 12273 – Mondays and Fridays; 12274 – Tuesdays and Saturdays
| class = First AC, Second AC, Third AC, Sleeper
| seating = Available
| sleeping = Available
| autorack =
| catering = Available
| observation = [[LHB coach]]
| entertainment =
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities =
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}}
| el = [[25 kV AC]] [[Utility frequency|50 Hz]]
| trainnumber = 12273/12274
| speed = Average – 70 km/h Maximum – 130 km/h
| map = {{Howrah-New Delhi Duronto Express Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

The '''Howrah–New Delhi–Howrah Duronto Express''' is a [[Duronto Express|Duronto]] class train which operates between the capital of [[West Bengal]], [[Kolkata]] and the national capital [[New Delhi]]. It is the second Duronto Express connecting Delhi to Kolkata, the other one being the [[Sealdah–Bikaner Duronto Express]]. Most of the other Duronto trains take less travel time than their [[Rajdhani Express|Rajdhani]] counterparts. Therefore, before the introduction of the Howrah Duronto, it was expected to be the fastest service on the route by many Indian railfans. The Rajdhani Express gets top-most priority on the route, making it the fastest train in the Howrah–Delhi route. But, the Rajdhani continues to be the fastest as both trains cover the same distance and despite being a non-stop service, with no commercial halts, the Duronto takes more time than the Rajdhani. It has been running with modern [[LHB coach|LHB]] rakes since 2 July 2021, having a maximum permissible speed of 130 km/h, thus replacing the hybrid LHB Rakes which have a maximum permissible speed of 120 km/h.

==Change in route ==
Beginning 6 February 2018, the route of this train was changed from Grand Chord (via [[Gaya Junction railway station|Gaya]]) to mainline (via [[Patna Junction railway station|Patna]]) on request of [[Godda]] MP [[Nishikant Dubey]]. Therefore, it now travels 1,531 km rather than 1,451 km. Due to this it takes more time than the Premium Rajdhanis and Sealdah Duronto Express from Kolkata to Delhi. Therefore, its average speed went down from 84 km/h to 70 km/h.

==Locomotive==
[[File:12273 Duronto Express led by WAP 5 standing on Platform 5, New Delhi, India.jpg|thumb|left|12273 Duronto Express led by WAP 5 standing on Platform 5 in New Delhi]]

It is hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Howrah|Howrah]]-based [[Indian locomotive class WAP-7|WAP-7]] end to end.<ref>{{cite web|title=India Rail info|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-howrah-new-delhi-duronto-express-12273/7993/1/664}}</ref>

[[File:Howrah-New Delhi Duronto Express on Platform 6 of Mughalsarai Junction.jpg|thumb|Howrah-New Delhi Duronto Express on Platform 6 of Mughalsarai Junction]]

== Route and halts ==

• [[Howrah railway station|Howrah Junction]]

• [[Asansol Junction railway station|Asansol Junction]]

• [[Jasidih Junction railway station|Jasidih Junction]]

• [[Patna Junction railway station|Patna Junction]]

• [[Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction railway station|Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction]]

• [[Kanpur Central railway station|Kanpur Central]]

• [[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi]]

== Coach composition ==

This train uses [[LHB coach|LHB coaches]].Coach Composition for this train is:

8 Sleeper coach

1 Pantry Car

7 AC 3 Tier

1 AC 3 Tier economy

2 AC 2 tier coach

1 AC 1 Tier coach

== Coach positioning ==

Coach Positioning of this train at [[Howrah railway station|Howarh Junction]] is:

LOCO-SLR-S1-S2-S3-S4-S5-S6-S7-S8-PC-H1-A1-A2-B1-B2-B3-B4-B5-B6-B7-M1-EOG

Vice Versa Coach positioning at [[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi Railway station.]]

==Speed==
The maximum permissible speed of the train is up to 130 km/h except some parts. Its all coaches are of air conditioned LHB coach type which is capable of reaching 160 km/h but it does not touch. Sometimes people become confused because according to Indian Railways Permanent Way Manual (IRPWM) on Indian Railways website or Indian Railway Institute of Civil Engineering website, the BG (Broad Gauge) lines have been classified into six groups ‘A’ to ‘E’ on the basis of the future maximum permissible speeds but it may not be same as present speed.[https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/civil_engg/CE_II/2019/Raising%20of%20sectionl%20speed%20to%20130%20kmph%20%20(dated%2017_12_2019).pdf]

The maximum permissible speed is 130 km/h except two small parts – 29 km long New Delhi (NDLS) – Chipyana Buzurg (CPYZ) part where Railway is trying to raise maximum permissible sectional speed to 130 km/h from 110 km/h and Jhajha – Madhupur part where trains pass through at a maximum permissible speed of 110 km/h. The trains also touch the speed of 100 km/h in a short stretch of approximately for this short distance.
[[File:12274 HWH Duronto at Asansol.jpg|thumb|An Air Conditioned 3 Tier coach (numbered B3) of 12274 New Delhi - Howrah Duronto Express standing at Asansol Junction]]
Railway Board has approved the speed policy which envisages operation of passenger trains at 160 km/h on Delhi–Howrah route but it is still unclear what will its impact on this train in future like increasing of speed but not up to 160 km/h or up to 160 km/h.
[https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/civil_engg/CE_II/2020/12032020.pdf]

==Other trains==
Other trains for Kolkata to Delhi travel and vice versa are :-
# [[Howrah–Barmer Express]]
# [[Netaji Express]]
# [[Poorva Express (via Gaya)]]
# [[Poorva Express (via Patna)]]
# [[West Bengal Sampark Kranti Express]]
# [[Howrah–New Delhi Rajdhani Express (via Gaya)]]
# [[Howrah–New Delhi Rajdhani Express (via Patna)]]
# [[Sealdah-Bikaner Duronto Express]]
# [[Sealdah Rajdhani Express]]
# [[Howrah-New Delhi Duronto Express]]
# [[Jallianwalla Bagh Express]]
# Bikaner Howrah Weekly Superfast Express (via Lucknow)
# [[Santragachi–Anand Vihar Superfast Express]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Duronto Express}}
{{Railways in Eastern India}}
{{Railways in Northern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Howrah-New Delhi Duronto Express}}
[[Category:Trains from Howrah railway station]]
[[Category:Delhi–Kolkata trains]]
[[Category:Duronto Express trains]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2010]]

Thigala

2026-01-25T20:25:45Z

BoydMalizia: Refined content and updated sections

{{short description|Social group}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
|group = Thigala
|poptime =
|popplace =
|region1 = Southern [[Karnataka]], India
|languages = [[Kannada language|Kannada]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|religions = Hinduism
|related = [[Vanniyar]]{{·}}[[Agnivansha]]
}}
'''Thigala''' ({{ipa|ta|t̪iɡɐɭɐ|ipa}}) is a social group found in [[Karnataka]] and [[Tamil Nadu]], India, particularly the city of [[Bengaluru]] and in Southern Karnataka. Thigala people where mainly involved in Horticulture and Gardening,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/lal-bagh-inside-a-citys-green-heart/articleshow/63070227.cms|title=Inside a city's green heart|date=2018|publisher=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref> Hyder Ali deployed Thigala people for the development of Lalbagh gardening then they played a major role in making Bangalore as Flower City.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/lalbaghs-history-through-the-ages-955724.html|title=Lalbagh's history through the ages|date=2021|publisher=Deccan Herald}}</ref>

Their main deities are [[Draupadi]] and [[Dharmaraya]] Swamy. There is a Dharmaraya temple in Thigalarapete which was built in the 11th century AD. Kempegowda, the founder of Bangalore, built four gopuras with this temple as the centre of the city.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bo8BAAAAMAAJ|title=Karnataka State Gazetteer: Bangalore District|date=1990|publisher=Director of Print., Stationery and Publications at the Government Press|page=173}}</ref> The [[Karaga (festival)|Karaga]] festival is celebrated in Narasapura, Kolar, Bangalore, Hosakote, Anekal, Malur, Jakkasandra, Immadahalli, Mayasandra, Huskur, Ramagondanahalli, Bethamangala, Varthur, Doopanahalli, Chunchagatta, Vokkaleri, Vijayapura, Lakkur, Thornahalli, Bellandur and in other towns where Thigalas are highly located.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tHFuAAAAMAAJ|title=A Handbook of Karnataka|last=Kamath|first=Suryanath U.|date=1996|publisher=Government of Karnataka, Karnataka Gazetteer Department}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Social groups of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Social groups of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:South Indian communities]]
[[Category:Vanniyar]]

Phalgu River

2026-01-19T21:07:49Z

BoydMalizia: starting a place basic info

{{Short description|River in India}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Phalgu River
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| name_other =
| name_etymology = 
| image = Phalgu or Falgu River.JPG
| image_size =
| image_caption = Phalgu River at Gaya
| map =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_size =
| pushpin_map_caption = 
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[India]]
| subdivision_type2 = State
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type3 = District
| subdivision_name3 = Gaya
| subdivision_type4 =
| subdivision_name4 =
| subdivision_type5 =
| subdivision_name5 = 
| length =
| width_min =
| width_avg =
| width_max =
| depth_min =
| depth_avg =
| depth_max =
| discharge1_location =
| discharge1_min =
| discharge1_avg =
| discharge1_max = 
| source1 = Confluence of [[Lilajan River|Lilajan]] and [[Mohana River|Mohana]] rivers
| source1_location = near [[Gaya, India|Gaya]]
| source1_coordinates = {{coord|24|43|41|N|85|00|47|E|display=inline}}
| source1_elevation =
| mouth = [[Punpun River]]
| mouth_location =
| mouth_coordinates =
| mouth_elevation =
| progression =
| river_system =
| basin_size =
| tributaries_left =
| tributaries_right =
| custom_label =
| custom_data =
| extra =
}}

The '''Phalgu''' or '''Falgu''', a river that flows past [[Gaya, India]] in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Bihar]], is a sacred river for [[Hindu]]s and [[Buddhism|Buddhists]]. Lord Vishnu's Temple [[Vishnupad Mandir]] is situated on the bank of '''Phalgu''' river, also called '''Niranjana''' river in sanskrit and '''Lilagan''' river. Its called ଭାଲୁକୀ (''Bhāluki'') in [[Odia language|Odia]] and is also mentioned in Odia Ramayana. Before attaining Enlightenment, the prince [[Siddhārtha Gautama]] practiced asceticism for six years (ten or twelve years according to some accounts) on the banks of the river, residing in a forest near the village of [[Uruvilvā]]. After realizing that strict asceticism would not lead to Enlightenment, he recuperated after bathing in the river and receiving a bowl of [[Madhupayasa|milk-rice]] from the milkmaid [[Sujata (milkmaid)|Sujātā]].

He sat under the nearby [[pippala tree]], where he finally achieved Enlightenment. This tree became known as the [[Bodhi Tree]], and the site became known as [[Bodh Gaya|Bodh Gayā]].

==Course==
[[File:Phalgu or Falgu River1.JPG|thumb|Phalgu River at Gaya in winter]]
The Phalgu is formed by the confluence, some {{convert|2|mi|km|0|disp=flip}} below [[Bodh Gaya]], of the [[Lilajan River|Lilajan]] (also called Niranjan or Nilanjan) and the [[Mohana River|Mohana]], two large hill streams each of which is over {{convert|300|yd|m|disp=flip}} wide.<ref name=omalley>{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=BCzSKEDwd5oC&q=Gaya+Gazetteer | title = Bengal District Gazaetter - Gaya By L.S.S. O'malley | work = pp. 8-9 | isbn = 9788172681371 | access-date = 2010-05-05 | last1 = O'Malley | first1 = L. S. S. | year = 2007 | publisher = Concept Publishing Company }}</ref> The Phalgu is also mentioned as Niranjan.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.travelindia-guide.com/east/bihar/gaya_weather.php |title = Gaya, India |access-date = 2010-05-05 |archive-date = 2010-12-23 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101223164605/http://www.travelindia-guide.com/east/bihar/gaya_weather.php |url-status = dead }}</ref> The united stream flows on to the north past the town of Gaya, where it attains a breadth of over {{convert|900|yd|m|disp=flip}}. The Phalgu here passes by a high rocky bank, on the steep sides of which are many paved stairs leading down to the river bed, while high above are the [[Vishnupad Mandir]], with many minor shrines around it. It then runs in a north-easterly direction for about {{convert|17|mi|km|disp=flip}}, and opposite the [[Barabar Caves|Barabar hills]] it again takes the name of Mohana, and divides into two branches which eventually flow into a branch of the [[Punpun River|Punpun]].<ref name=omalley/>

The Phalgu like its confluent streams, Lilajan and Mohana, is subject to high floods during the [[monsoon]]s but in other seasons of the year it dwindles to a stream wandering through a wide expanse of sand.<ref name=omalley/>

==Religious significance==
===Buddhism===
Before attaining Enlightenment, the [[Siddhārtha Gautama]] practiced asceticism [[Lilajan River#Buddhism|on a tributary]] of the river.

===Hinduism===
There is reference to the city of Gaya and the Phalgu in the [[Ramayana]] in which it says that [[Sita]] had cursed the Phalgu River. There is an interesting story and the ''purana'' states that on account of this curse, the Phalgu lost its water, and the river is simply a vast stretch of sand dunes. According to mythology, in the absence of [[Rama]], his wife Sita offered ''pinda'' on its banks to [[Dasharatha]] father of Rama.<ref name=omalley/>

The story goes that Rama, along with his brothers and Sita, came to Gaya to perform the sacred rites for his father, Dasaratha. When the brothers were bathing in the river, Sita was sitting on the banks, playing with the sand. Suddenly, Dasaratha appeared out of the sand, and asked for the Pindam, saying he was hungry. Sita asked him to wait till his sons returned, so that she could give him the traditional Pindam of rice and til. He refused to wait, asking her to give him pindams made of the sand in his hand.

Having no other option, in the presence of five witnesses – the Akshaya Vatam, the Falguni River, a cow, a Tulsi plant and a Brahmin, she gave him the Pindam he desired. Soon, Rama returned and started the rituals. In those days apparently, the ancestors would arrive in person to collect their share, and when Dasaratha did not appear, they wondered why. Sita then told them what had happened, but Rama could not believe that his father would accept pindams made of sand. Sita now mentioned her witnesses, and asked them to tell Rama the truth.

Among the five, only the Akshaya Vatam took her side and told the truth, while the others lied, trying to take Rama’s side. In her anger, Sita cursed all of them thus: the Falguni river henceforth would have no water at Gaya; the Cow would no longer be worshipped from the front as all others are: only its backside would be worshipped; there would be no more Tulsi plants at Gaya and the Gaya Brahmins would never be satisfied, they would always be hungry and crave more and more. She then blessed the Akshaya Vatam saying that all who came to Gaya would perform the Pinda pradaanam at the Akshaya Vatam too.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.tourisminbihar.com/gaya/index.html | title =Tourism in Bihar | work = gaya | access-date = 2010-05-05 }}</ref>

===History===

The portion of the course of the Phalgu flowing by Gaya is sacred to the Hindus. It is the first holy site visited by the pilgrim and here his first offering must be made for the souls of his ancestors. According to the Gaya Mahatmya, which forms part of the ''[[Vayu Purana]]'', the Phalgu is the embodiment of [[Vishnu]] himself. One tradition states that it formerly flowed with milk.<ref name=omalley/>

According to Hindu belief, the soul wanders after death until ''pindadan'', or religious service seeking salvation for the dead from the cycle of rebirth, is performed. The fortnight-long ''pitrapaksh'' period is considered auspicious to offer ''pindadan''. The 15 days of the waning moon during the Hindu month of [[Ashvin]] are known as ''pitrapaksh''. ''Pindadan'' is traditionally offered on the banks of the Phalgu at Gaya. It is mandatory for Hindu devotees offering ''pindadan'' to shave their heads and take a holy dip and head for the Baitarni pond. The prayers are performed at the Vishnupad Mandir. Priests, known as Gaywal-pandas, conduct the ritual. Thousands of Hindus visit Gaya for the purpose of ''pindadan''.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/uncategorized/in-bihar-hindu-period-to-pray-for-dead-begins_10095999.html |title = In Bihar, Hindu period to pray for dead begins |publisher = Thaindian News |access-date = 2010-05-05 |archive-date = 2012-10-08 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121008124508/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/uncategorized/in-bihar-hindu-period-to-pray-for-dead-begins_10095999.html |url-status = dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Rivers in Bihar}}

[[Category:Rivers of Bihar]]
[[Category:Rivers in Buddhism]]

BPL Group

2025-12-30T06:33:15Z

BoydMalizia: fix lead for consistency and improved wording based on references

{{Short description|Indian electronics manufacturer}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox company
| name = BPL Ltd.
| logo = BPL Logo.svg
| logo_size = 150px
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{BSE|500074}} {{NSE|BPL}}
| industry = [[Electronics]]
| founder = [[T. P. G. Nambiar]]
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1963}} at [[Palakkad]], [[Kerala]], India
| location = Dynamic House, [[Church Street, Bangalore|Church Street]] [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India
| products = {{Bulleted_list|[[Medical equipment]]|[[Television]]|[[Refrigerator]]|[[Washing machine]]|[[Microwave oven]]|[[Audio equipment]]|[[Air conditioners]]}}
| revenue = {{INRConvert|118.50|c}}
| operating_income = {{INRConvert|90|c}}
| net_income = {{INRConvert|77|c}} (Extraordinary income inclusive)
| num_employees =
| homepage = {{URL|bpl.in}}
}}

'''British Physical Laboratories''', [[doing business as]] '''BPL Ltd.''', is an Indian electronics company. It makes [[consumer electronics]] and health care equipment. It was founded in 1963 in [[Palakkad]], [[Kerala]], and is headquartered at [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]].

==History==
British Physical Laboratories India Pvt. Ltd. was founded in 1963, during the [[Licence Raj]], by T. P. Gopalan Nambiar in [[Palakkad]], [[Kerala]], as a company for manufacturing [[hermetically sealed]] precision panel meters for the defence forces.<ref name="companyHistory">{{cite web|url=http://www.bplworld.com/group/Overview/ourhistory.asp|title=Our Historysexy|publisher=BPL Group|access-date=28 August 2007|archive-date=2 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102061842/http://www.bplworld.com/group/Overview/ourhistory.asp}}</ref><ref name="BabuEtPulla2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/0DETNgiBEOJRHc8OfLTHYP/The-rise-and-fall-of-BPL.html|newspaper=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|publisher=[[HT Media]]|title=The rise and fall of BPL|date=15 March 2011|last1=Babu|first1=Venkatesha|last2=Pulla|first2=Priyanka|location=Bangalore|access-date=18 April 2014|url-status=live|archive-date=25 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225080334/http://www.livemint.com/Companies/0DETNgiBEOJRHc8OfLTHYP/The-rise-and-fall-of-BPL.html}}</ref><ref name="iipm">{{cite web
|url=http://www.iipm.edu/iipm-editorial-500.html
|title='B'eyond 'P'erceptible 'L'ogic! - Nambiar's misplaced trust in his son-in-law was just the icing...
|publisher=Indian Institute of Planning and Management
|access-date=18 April 2014
|archive-date=19 April 2014
|url-status=live
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419015118/http://www.iipm.edu/iipm-editorial-500.html

}}</ref> Nambiar had worked in the United Kingdom and United States, and when he returned to India, he desired to create a company that manufactured high-quality electronic products, and he wanted to make BPL a [[brand awareness|household name]].<ref name="companyHistory"/> The initial products were precision measuring instruments such as [[Hermetic seal|hermetic sealed panel meters]] for [[Bharat Electronics]] as a subcontract for [[Indian Army]].<ref name="thenewsminute.com">{{Cite web|date=5 July 2016|title=BPL returns: The legacy of an iconic electronics brand all set to invade your home again|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/bpl-returns-legacy-iconic-electronics-brand-all-set-invade-your-home-again-45976|access-date=20 April 2021|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref> The newly founded company was joint venture with the British company of the same name.<ref name="WhoOwnsWhom1964">{{cite book|work=Who Owns Whom|date=1964|page=93|publisher=[[Dun & Bradstreet]]|title=U.K. Subsidiary and Associate Companies showing Parent and Associate Companies}}</ref><ref name="NDTV2021">{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/business/stock/bpl-ltd_bpl/reports|title= BPL Ltd.|work=[[NDTV Profit]]|date=2021|access-date=8 May 2021|url-status=live|archive-date=17 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190917084152/https://www.ndtv.com/business/stock/bpl-ltd_bpl/reports}}</ref>

Then BPL expanded its medical product ranges to include [[electrocardiograph]]s and patient-monitoring systems.<ref name="BabuEtPulla2011"/> After the [[1982 Asian Games]], BPL expanded its range further and manufactured colour televisions and video cassette recorders, and later refrigerators, batteries and other consumer electrical equipment.<ref name="iipm"/>

The company headquarters was moved to Dynamic House, Church Street, [[Bangalore]].<ref name="BabuEtPulla2011"/> From medical electronics, it expanded into consumer electronics, telecommunications, [[soft energy technology|soft energy]] and electronic components.<ref name="BabuEtPulla2011"/>

===1980s===
From 1980 onwards, when the industrial licensing was relaxed, BPL began manufacturing televisions and [[telecommunications]] equipment, demonstrating its potential and future business area. It began collaborating with the Japanese [[Sanyo Electric Company]] in the early 1980s with a [[technology transfer|technology-transfer]] agreement.<ref name="BabuEtPulla2011"/><ref name="icmr">{{cite web|url=http://www.icmrindia.org/casestudies/catalogue/Business%20Strategy/BPL%20Ltd%20Sanyo%20Electric%20Ltd%20-%20An%20Enduring%20Alliance.htm|title=BPL Ltd & Sanyo Electric Co. Ltd: An Enduring Alliance|date=2006|publisher=IBS Center for Management Research|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024012938/http://icmrindia.org/casestudies/catalogue/Business%20Strategy/BPL%20Ltd%20Sanyo%20Electric%20Ltd%20-%20An%20Enduring%20Alliance.htm|archive-date=24 October 2013|url-status=live|access-date=18 April 2014}}</ref> In the early 1990s, after [[globalisation]] and [[liberalization]] of the Indian economy, competition entered the market. BPL retained its strong presence and growth rate. During the late 1990s, the company's annual revenue peaked at {{INRConvert|4300|c|year=1998}}.<ref name="BabuEtPulla2011"/>

BPL concentrated on importing technology, improving product quality, innovations and manufacturing of electronic products. In late 1980s, BPL had metamorphosed from an entrepreneurial venture, into India's biggest consumer electronics & telecommunication company.

Following [[economic liberalisation in India]] in 1991, BPL faced increased competition from South Korean companies [[LG Corp|LG]] and [[Samsung]].<ref name="BabuEtPulla2011"/> Internal disputes within the controlling family took away attention from external threats, and the company's fortunes declined.<ref name="BabuEtPulla2011"/> By 2004, BPL and Sanyo were facing serious financial problems due to intense competition in the global electronics market.<ref name="icmr"/> In 2005, the companies announced a joint-venture, and BPL transferred its colour television business, then worth US$80 million, to the new venture.<ref name="MathewEtSinha2005">{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2005-06-28/news/27489856_1_cdr-package-wilful-defaulter-sanyo|title=Bombay HC clears BPL's debt restructuring plan|last1=Mathew|first1=James|last2=Sinha|first2=Vivek|date=28 June 2005|access-date=18 April 2011|archive-date=18 April 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418210512/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2005-06-28/news/27489856_1_cdr-package-wilful-defaulter-sanyo|location=[[New Delhi]]|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|publisher=[[The Times Group]]}}</ref>

BPL was [[restructuring|restructured]] with a focus on energy, healthcare, consumer electronics and home security systems. In 2015, BPL partnered with [[Flipkart]] as an online retailer.<ref name="thenewsminute.com"/> In 2016, BPL launched new [[Light-emitting diode|LED]] TVs (32 Inch, 40 inch and more) with a very economical price through [[E-commerce]] websites like Flipkart and [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]].<ref name="BabuEtPulla2011" />

==Performance==
BPL Ltd has reported a net loss of {{INRConvert|34.76|c|year=2006}} in the second quarter of fiscal 2005–06, on gross sales of {{INRConvert|34.71|c|year=2006}}. Operating losses were at {{INRConvert|13.91|c|year=2006}}.

Gross sales were {{INRConvert|64.45|c|year=2005}} in the corresponding period during 2004-05 while net loss was at {{INRConvert|41.59|c|year=2005}}.

According to the company, the promoters have brought in {{INRConvert|50.08|c|year=2005}} as contemplated in the corporate [[debt restructuring]] scheme. The amount was to pay statutory liabilities, unsecured, pressing creditors, dealers, credit balances, employee dues and working capital requirements, in part.

In respect to the auditors' qualification of the company's accounts for the period ended 31 March 2005, about undisputed amounts payable in respect of income-tax ({{INRConvert|4.44|c|year=2005}}), dividend tax ({{INRConvert|2.51|c|year=2005}}), wealth tax ({{INRConvert|0.11|c|year=2005}}), TDS ({{INRConvert|6.77|c|year=2006}}) and customs duty ({{INRConvert|1.68|c|year=2005}}).

The balance in customs duty would be paid once the financial restructuring is completed and normalcy of operations is achieved, according to the company.

==Joint venture with Sanyo==
The BPL Group and Japanese electronics major [[Sanyo Electric Company]] Ltd formally started their 50:50 joint venture.

The partners, who had shared a long-standing relationship since 1982, had been off the market for about two years, going through some tough times. In the year 2006, they decided to get back in action together to regain lost market share.

While unveiling the Joint Venture's plans, Sanyo-BPL Pvt Ltd Chairman and chief executive officer, Ajit G Nambiar, said the company expected to post revenues of around {{INRConvert|2000|c|year=2009}} by 2009 and lead the market in consumer electronics and white goods in five years.

However, they decided to market their brands separately with BPL focusing on the volume segment while Sanyo brand positioned itself as the value driver.

Besides, Sanyo also planned to use India as its sourcing base and has already started sourcing slim TVs from India. It also expected India to contribute five per cent of its global revenues from its operations in India.

In May 2007 after the failure of Sanyo BPL venture. The attrition rate in Sanyo BPL was 70%. BPL concentrated 100% on Healthcare Business group which has its own manufacturing of electromedical equipment such as electrocardiography apparatus and patient monitors.{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}

== BPL Medical Technologies ==
BPL Medical Technologies was spun off into a separate company in 2013. In May 2013, [[Goldman Sachs]] purchased a 49% stake in the new company for {{INRConvert|110|c|year=2013}}.<ref name="goldman">{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/goldman-sachs-picks-up-49-stake-in-bpl-med-113051300698_1.html|title=Goldman Sachs picks up 49% stake in BPL Med|date=14 May 2013|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]|access-date=4 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130913071200/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/goldman-sachs-picks-up-49-stake-in-bpl-med-113051300698_1.html|archive-date=13 September 2013|url-status=live|publisher=Business Standard Ltd}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Loop Mobile]], formerly BPL Mobile
*[[Rajeev Chandrasekhar]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Electronics industry in India}}

[[Category:Electronics companies of India]]
[[Category:Home appliance manufacturers]]
[[Category:Portable audio player manufacturers]]
[[Category:Companies based in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Electronics companies established in 1963]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:Health care companies of India]]
[[Category:1963 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1963]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Home appliance manufacturers of India]]

Khwaish

2025-12-27T17:56:02Z

BoydMalizia:

{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Cleanup-rewrite|date=June 2024}}
{{incomprehensible|date=June 2024}}
}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Khwaish serial.jpg
| caption =
| runtime = 24 minutes
| creator = [[Nivedita Basu]]
| writer =
| director = Mujammil Desai
| producer = {{ubl|[[Ekta Kapoor]]|[[Shobha Kapoor]]}}
| editor = {{ubl|Vikas Sharma|Khursheed Rizvi|Prem Raaj}}
| cinematography =
| starring = [[Khwaish#Cast|See Below]]
| opentheme = "Khwaish" by [[Rekha Rao]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| company = [[Balaji Telefilms]]
| network = [[Sony Entertainment Television]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=y|2007|7|16}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=y|2008|4|24}}
| num_episodes = 163
| image_alt =
| num_seasons =
| list_episodes =
| channel =
| released =
}}

'''''Khwaish''''' is an Indian television series which was telecast on [[Sony Entertainment Television]] from 16 July 2007 to 24 April 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Ekta's Khwaish|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/news/india/ektas-khwaish/articleshow/15730784.cms|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Mumbai Mirror}}</ref>

The show aired in [[Pakistan]] on [[ARY Digital]] from 25 June 2007, becoming the first Indian television show legally broadcast on Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Khwahish first Indian serial on PTV|url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070714/saturday/main1.htm|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=The Tribune}}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

The series was produced in [[Dubai]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=7 July 2007|title=Ekta's Khwahish makes history in Pak|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/ekta-s-khwahish-makes-history-in-pak/story-MvGqxwnWlPCwwKK2UDIMlJ.html|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

==Plot==
{{unreferenced section|date=June 2024}}
The show is based on the life of an Indian Muslim girl, Afreen, who is living with her family in Dubai. Afreen gets what many girls dream of: marriage into a wealthy and respectable family, as well as a handsome, loving husband, Kabir. Soon, she is expecting her first child. Kabir's brother in law, Azaan, is in love with the wealthy and spoiled Sania, who lives in London. Azaan shares his love story with his beloved brother Kabir.

Unfortunately, Afreen's joy is short-lived, as Kabir suddenly dies in an accident. Circumstances then lead Afreen to marry her brother-in-law Azaan, who has never gotten along with her. One misunderstanding after another affects the relationships within the family. However, as time passes, Azaan and Afreen begin to take a liking to each other, until they fall in love. Then, Sania lands in Dubai and tries to separate Azaan and Afreen. However, they always get back together. Sania threatens Afreen for ruining her life, and thus, for the sake of Sania, Afreen decides to leave Azaan. However, as Afreen still loves Azaan, she decides to wait until Azaan find out the true, spoiled nature of Sania. Once that happened, Afreen and Azaan got back together. Time passes, and they live happily. Afreen delivers a baby boy, Kabir. However, due to the child, Azaan and Afreen's relationship fall apart, and Azaan insists on a divorce. However, Afreen decides that she will not accept the divorce until she learns who is behind Kabir's death. Through investigation, the family realises that Zarin was responsible for the family's mishaps. Azaan and Afreen start their new life with much love and care with their baby Kabir, and they live happily thereafter.

One day, they see a man who almost perfectly resembles Kabir. Is this his look-alike or had he survived the accident? Was the accident staged by someone close to them? And who should now be considered Afreen's husband? The answers to these questions form the denouement of the story.

==Cast==
* [[Sumeet Sachdev]] as Kabir Khan / Kamran
* [[Yasir Shah (actor)|Yasir Shah]] as Azaan Khan
* [[Priya Bathija]] as Afreen Kabir Khan / Afreen Azaan Khan
* [[Anju Mahendru]] as Zareen Shahnawaz Khan
* [[Nandish Sandhu]] as Yasir Hassan
* [[Indraneel Bhattacharya]] as Shahnawaz Khan
* Ragesh Asthanaa as Hadi Hassan
* Behzaad Khan as Mazhar Khan
* Ekta Sharma as Naaz
* Aaradhana Uppal as Nadira Phuppi (Kabir and Azaan's aunt)
* [[Avinash Sachdev]] as Salman
* Mitika Sharma as Nasreen Hassan (Afreen's sister)
* [[Anjali Mukhi]] as Naila Hussain
* [[Aniruddh Singh]] as Riaz Zardari

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title | id=tt7416834}}

{{SET Shows}}
{{Balaji Telefilms}}
{{India-tv-stub}}
[[Category:Balaji Telefilms television series]]
[[Category:2007 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2008 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Sony Entertainment Television original programming]]

List of Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for Sindhi

2025-12-16T18:23:43Z

BoydMalizia: stub

{{Short description|Winners of a literary honour in India}}
{{Sahitya Akademi Awards}}
'''Bal Sahitya Puraskar''' is given each year to writers for their outstanding works in the 24 languages, since 2010.

== Recipients ==
Following is the list of recipients of [[Bal Sahitya Puraskar]] for their works written in [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]. The award comprises a cash prize of [[Indian rupee|Rs]]. 50,000 and an engraved copper plaque.<ref name="the quint">{{cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Bal, Yuva Puraskar for 2018 |url=https://www.thequint.com/hotwire-text/sahitya-akademi-announces-bal-yuva-puraskar-for-2018 |website=www.thequint.com |date=2018-06-22 |access-date=1 December 2022}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Author
! Work
! Genre
! class="unsortable" |References
|-
| 2010 || Khiman U. Mulani || ''Suhinaa Gulra Baar'' || Poetry || <ref name = "winners">{{cite web | url = https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/bal%20sahitya%20samman_suchi.jsp | title = BAL SAHITYA PURASKAR (2010-2025) | website = sahitya-akademi.gov.in | access-date = 14 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
| 2011 || Hundraj Balwani || ''Naon Niralo Jungle'' || Novel || <ref name = "winners" />
|-
| 2012 || Jagdish Lachhani || ''Roshan Rah'' || Short Stories || <ref name = "winners" />
|-
| 2013 || Vasudev 'Nirmal' || ''Moonkhe Char Puchh, Rel'' || Stories || <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/e-newsletter/October-December_2013_Newsletter.pdf |title=Fourth Sahitya Akademi Bal Sahitya Puraskar for 2013 were presented to twenty four writers in Indian languages recognised by the Akademi in a grand function held on 15 November 2013 at Goa State Museum Auditorium, Panaji, Goa |access-date=29 June 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 2014 || Vashdev 'Sindhu Bharati' || Total Contribution to Children's Literature || || <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/e-newsletter/Nov-Dec_2014_NewsLetter.pdf |title=Bal Sahitya Puraskar November 2014, Awards Presentation Ceremony |access-date=6 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714091455/http://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/e-newsletter/Nov-Dec_2014_NewsLetter.pdf |archive-date=14 July 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| 2015 || Jetho Lalwani || Total Contribution to Children's Literature || || <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/e-newsletter/sep-dec_2015_NewsLetter.pdf|title=Sahitya Akademi Newsletter|website=www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in|access-date=|archive-date=|pages=4–5}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi announced Bal Sahitya Puraskar for the year 2015 |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/sahitya-akademi-announced-bal-sahitya-puraskar-for-the-year-2015-1435216949-1 |website=www.jagranjosh.com |date=25 June 2015 |access-date=13 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2016 || Dayal Katumal Dhameja 'Asha' || Total Contribution to Children's Literature || ||<ref name = "winners" />
|-
| 2017 || Roshan Golani || ''Roshn Barana Bol'' || Poetry ||<ref name = "winners" />
|-
| 2018 || Kalpana Ashok Chellani || ''Suhini Daian'' || Short Stories || <ref name="the quint"/>
|-
| 2019 || Veena Shringi || Total Contribution to Children's Literature || ||<ref name = "winners" />
|-
| 2020 || Sahib Bijani || ''Mundee Kera Paaye?'' || Drama || <ref name = "winners" />
|-
| 2021 || Kishin Khubchandani 'Ranjayal' || ''Baar Man Thaar'' || Poetry || <ref name = "winners" />
|-
| 2022 || Manohar Nihalani || ''Anokhiyun Aakhaniyun'' || Stories || <ref>{{cite news |title=मराठी भाषेसाठी बाल साहित्य पुरस्कार |url=https://www.adda247.com/mr/jobs/bal-sahitya-puraskar-2022/ |access-date=13 December 2022 |work=www.adda247.com |date=3 September 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2023 || Dholan Rahi || ''Vanganmal Ji Shadi'' || Poetry || <ref>{{cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2023 |url=https://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/Pressrelease_BSP-2023.pdf |website=sahitya-akademi.gov.in |access-date=29 June 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || Lal Hotchandani 'Lachaar' || ''Dostan ji Dosti'' || Stories ||<ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for 2024 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sahitya-akademi-announces-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-winners-for-2024/article68293703.ece |access-date=15 June 2024 |publisher=www.thehindu.com |date=15 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for 2024 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-winners-for-2024/articleshow/111018778.cms |access-date=15 June 2024 |publisher=economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=15 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for 2024 |url=https://theprint.in/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-winners-for-2024/2132795/ |access-date=15 June 2024 |publisher=theprint.in |date=15 June 2024}}</ref>
|-
| 2025 || Heena Agnani 'Heer' || ''Asmani Pari'' || Poetry || <ref>{{cite web |title=Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2025 |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2138824 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=28 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi 2025: Yuva, Bal Sahitya Puraskar Winners Announced |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-bal-sahitya-yuva-puraskar-for-2025-3591773 |access-date=28 October 2025 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Arora |first1=Sumit |title=Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2025 Winners Announced |url=https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/bal-sahitya-puraskar-2025-winners-announced-complete-list-of-24-award-recipients/ |access-date=28 October 2025 |agency=Adda 24x7 Current Affairs |date=19 June 2025}}</ref>
|-
|}

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Literature}}
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Sindhi]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/bal%20sahitya%20samman_suchi.jsp Bal Sahitya Puraskar-Sahitya Akademi India - Official Website]

[[Category:Indian literary awards]]
[[Category:Literary awards by language]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian award winners]]
[[Category:Bal Sahitya Puraskar by language]]

Piyush Ranade

2025-10-30T17:28:49Z

BoydMalizia:

{{Short description|Indian television & film actor}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Piyush Ranade
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1983|03|28}}
| birth_place = [[Nagpur]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| image = PiyushRanadeMarathi.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| years_active = 2005–present
| occupation = [[Actor]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Shalmalee Tolye|2010|2014|end=divorced}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Piyush Ranade - Marathi TV celebs who got separated from their real-life partner|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/tv/news/marathi/marathi-tv-celebs-who-got-separated-from-their-real-life-partner/piyush-ranade/photostory/66399199.cms|access-date=2021-10-18|website=The Times of India}}</ref> {{marriage|[[Mayuri Wagh]]|2018|end=separated}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/-mayuri-wagh-gets-engaged/articleshow/53724641.cms?from=mdr|title = Mayuri Wagh gets engaged - Times of India}}</ref> {{marriage|[[Suruchi Adarkar]]|2023}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marathi actress Suruchi Adarkar calls herself 'luckiest' as she ties the knot with Piyush Ranade|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/marathi-actress-suruchi-adarkar-calls-herself-luckiest-as-she-ties-the-knot-with-piyush-ranade-23323627|date=6 December 2023|work=Mid Day|access-date=6 December 2023}}</ref>
| website = [https://piyushranade.blogspot.in/ PiyushRanade.blogspot.in]
}}

'''Piyush Ranade''' (born 28 March 1983) is a [[Marathi people|Marathi]] film & television actor. He appeared in [[Zee Marathi]] TV series ''Ekach Hya Janmi Janu, [[Lajja (TV series)|Lajja]] and [[Asmita (TV series)|Asmita]]'', also in [[Star Plus]]'s [[Burey Bhi Hum Bhale Bhi Hum]] as Kaivalya.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/entertainment/star-plus-presents-burey-bhi-hum-bhale-bhi-hum_100166168.html |title=Star Plus presents Burey Bhi Hum Bhale Bhi Hum - Tha Indian News |publisher=Thaindian.com |date=13 March 2009 |access-date=24 February 2013}}</ref>

== Career ==
Piyush Ranade's first major [[Hindi]] play was ''Mahanirvan'' by [[Satish Alekar]] when he was still in college. He later performed in Oye Band Baj Gaya! <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ncpamumbai.com/event/oye-band-baj-gaya |title=Oye Band Baj Gaya! |publisher=NCPA Mumbai |date=15 November 2009 |access-date=24 February 2013}}</ref> and Sakna Re To Sasu Nahi <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ncpamumbai.com/event/sakhna-re-to-sasu-nahin |title=Sakhna Re To Sasu Nahin |publisher=NCPA Mumbai |date=11 April 2010 |access-date=24 February 2013}}</ref> by [[National Centre for the Performing Arts (India)]].
Piyush got his first [[Marathi language|Marathi]] television show Kata Rute Kunala. His first major [[Hindi]] television show was [[Burey Bhi Hum Bhale Bhi Hum]] on [[Star Plus]] in which he played Kaivalya (Mansukh's elder son).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.afaqs.com/perl/media/media_newslets/index.html?id=40154 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130407165253/http://www.afaqs.com/perl/media/media_newslets/index.html?id=40154 |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 April 2013 |title=Media Newsletter, Press Releases, Online Press Release, Media Press Releases |publisher=Afaqs.com |date=13 March 2009 |access-date=24 February 2013}}</ref> His first Marathi television show as lead star was [[Zee Marathi]]'s Lajja along with [[Girija Oak]], [[Tejaswini Pandit]] and [[Mukta Barve]]. In this show, he portrayed character of a young and dynamic CID Inspector Akash Ketkar who was firm supporter of a scandal victim Manu (played by [[Girija Oak]]). The show was huge hit and his work was very well praised. This was the start of his career. After that he never looked back. His second Marathi television show as lead was [[Zee Marathi]]'s Ekach Hya Janmi Janu opposite to [[Tejaswini Pandit]].<ref>{{cite web |author=zeemarathi |url=https://zeemarathiblog.blogspot.in/2011/08/zee-marathi-brings-brand-new-show-ekach.html |title=Zee Marathi brings a brand new show : Ekach Ya Janmi Janu |publisher=Zeemarathiblog.blogspot.in |date=1 August 2011 |access-date=24 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.afternoondc.in/television/tejaswini-plays-a-disabled-girl/article_30481 |title=Tejaswini plays a disabled girl |publisher=Afternoondc.in |date=21 July 2011 |access-date=24 February 2013}}</ref> In Ekach Hya Janmi Janu, he portrayed character named Shrikant, who found his lost wife's reflection in a disabled girl Anjali (played by [[Tejaswini Pandit]]. He was also seen in other Marathi, Hindi as well as Gujrati television shows. Pawan in Gunda Purush Dev on [[ETV Marathi]],<ref>{{cite web |author=marathi actors |url=http://marathiactors.blogspot.in/2012/09/gunda-purush-dev-marathi-serial-cast.html |title=marathi actor and actress: Gunda Purush DEV Marathi serial cast with crew |publisher=Marathiactors.blogspot.in |date=22 September 2012 |access-date=24 February 2013}}</ref> Madhu Ithe An Chandra Tithe on [[Zee Marathi]], [[Man Udhan Varyache]], Manu in Papad Pol,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/papad-pol |title=papad pol: Latest News, Videos, Photos | Times of India |work=[[The Times of India]] |date= |access-date=24 February 2013}}</ref> [[Jasuben Jayantilaal Joshi Ki Joint Family]], Chalti ka naam gaadi zee TV Ek Phool Khile Che Aag Ma. ETV Gujarati and Chuta Cheda ETV Gujarati. He also played Lead Role Character of Abhimaan in [[Zee Marathi]]'s Serial Asmita. He was also played role of Dr. Aseem Khanapurkar in [[Zee Yuva]]'s serial Anjali.

== Filmography ==

{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Language
! Notes
|-
||2014 || ''Untitled'' || Lead || Marathi || By Director Mangesh Kanthale
|-
||2014 || ''Shivya'' || Negative || Marathi || By Director Sakar Raut
|-
||2013 || ''Shrimant Damodar Pant Movie'' || Vijay || Marathi || By [[Kedar Shinde]]
|-
||2014 || ''Chuk Bhul Dyavi Ghyavi'' || Guest Appearance|| Marathi || By Director [[Viju Mane]]
|-
||2021 || ''[[Tribhanga (film)|Tribhanga]]'' || Vinayak || Hindi, English, Marathi || By Director [[Renuka Shahane]]
|-
||2023 || ''[[Baipan Bhaari Deva]]'' || Ashutosh Deshmukh || Marathi || By Director [[Kedar Shinde]]
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Language
!Notes
|-
|2009
|''[[Burey Bhi Hum Bhale Bhi Hum]]''
|Kaivalya
|Hindi
|Television debut
|-
|2010-2011
|''[[Lajja (TV series)|Lajja]]''
|Aakash Desai
|Marathi
|Lead debut
|-
|2011
|''Ekach Hya Janmi Janu''
|Shrikant Inamdar
|Marathi
|
|-
|2014-2016
|''[[Asmita (TV series)|Asmita]]''
|Abhiman Saranjame
|Marathi
|
|-
|2017
|''Shaurya: Gatha Abhimanachi''
|Inspector Deepak Dhole
|Marathi
|
|-
|2018
|''Anjali – Jhep Swapnanchi''
|Dr. Aseem Khanapurkar
|Marathi
|
|-
|2019
|''Saath De Tu Mala''
|Shubhankar Gorhe
|Marathi
|
|-
|2022
|''[[Pinkicha Vijay Aso!]]''
|Sameer
|Marathi
|
|-
|2023-2024
|''[[Kavyanjali - Sakhi Savali]]''
|Vishwajeet
|Marathi
|
|-
|2024-present
|''Adishakti''
|Prince
|Marathi
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://piyushranade.blogspot.in Piyush Ranade Official Webpage]
* {{IMDb name|3574103}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ranade, Piyush}}
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Nagpur]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda alumni]]
[[Category:Marathi actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi television]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]

Abhay Bhushan

2025-10-19T19:54:19Z

BoydMalizia: Added some pg w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian computer scientist (born 1944)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Abhay Bhushan
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1944|11|23}}<ref name="IHOF" />
| birth_place = [[Allahabad]], [[United Provinces (1937-50)|United Provinces]], [[British India]]
| known_for = [[File Transfer Protocol]]
| alma_mater = [[Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur]] [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] [[MIT Sloan School of Management]]
}}

'''Abhay Bhushan''' ({{IPA|hi|əbʰəj bʰuːʂəɳː}}; born November 23, 1944)<ref name="IHOF" /> is an Indian computer scientist. Bhushan has been a major contributor to the development of the Internet [[TCP/IP]] architecture, and is the author of the [[File Transfer Protocol]] (which he started working on while he was a student at MIT) and the early versions of [[email]] standards. He is currently chairman of Asquare Inc., Secretary of Indians for Collective Action<ref>{{Cite web|title=Leadership Team - Indians for Collection Action (ICA)|url=https://icaonline.org/team/|access-date=2021-04-08|website=ICA|language=en-US|archive-date=22 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422151514/https://icaonline.org/team/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and the former President of the IIT-Kanpur Foundation.<ref>[https://dora.iitk.ac.in/dora/abhay-bhushan-profile Mr. Abhay K. Bhushan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120095544/https://dora.iitk.ac.in/dora/abhay-bhushan-profile |date=20 November 2018 }} Retrieved 20 November 2018.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iitk.ac.in/drpg/iitkf.htm|title=Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Foundation|accessdate=19 September 2011|url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104122201/http://www.iitk.ac.in/drpg/iitkf.htm|archivedate=4 January 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In 2023, he was inducted into the [[Internet Hall of Fame]].<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Champions of Internet Security, Accessibility, and Global Connectivity: 2023 Internet Hall of Fame Inductees Announced |date=September 26, 2023 |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/champions-of-internet-security-accessibility-and-global-connectivity-2023-internet-hall-of-fame-inductees-announced-301938968.html |publisher=[[Internet Society]] |access-date=2023-09-26 |agency=[[PR Newswire]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="IHOF">{{cite web |title=2023 Inductee - Abhay Bhushan |website=Internet Hall of Fame |url=https://www.internethalloffame.org/inductee/abhay-bhushan/ |publisher=[[Internet Society]] |access-date=2023-10-04}}</ref>

==Early life and career==
Abhay Bhushan was born in [[Allahabad]], [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="IHOF" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UA4QEAAAQBAJ&dq=Abhay+bhushan&pg=PA123|title = Computer History Notes - Herong's Tutorial Notes|date = 20 December 2020|publisher = HerongYang.com}}</ref> Bhushan is a graduate of the first batch (1960–65) from the [[Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur]],<ref>{{cite web | url=http://iit-global-archives.blogspot.com/2005/12/abhay-k-bhushan-distinguished-alumni.html | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708042527/http://iit-global-archives.blogspot.com/2005/12/abhay-k-bhushan-distinguished-alumni.html | archivedate=8 July 2011 | title=Abhay K. Bhushan- Distinguished Alumni From Kanpur IIT | publisher=IIT Global Current Affairs Archives | accessdate=13 September 2020 }}</ref> receiving a B.Tech. in [[electrical engineering]]. Subsequently, he studied at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]], where he received a Masters in electrical engineering together with a degree in Management from the [[MIT Sloan School of Management]]. At MIT, he drafted the now famous {{IETF RFC|114}} and worked on developing FTP and E-mail protocols for the ARPANet and subsequent Internet. In 1978 he was a [[Director (business)|Director]] at the Institute of Engineering and Rural Technology in [[Allahabad]] and was also a senior manager in Engineering and Development of [[Xerox]] where he was a founder and manager of the Xerox Environmental Leadership. He also was a co-founder of both the YieldUP International which in 1995 went public on [[NASDAQ]] and Portola Communications, which was bought by [[Netscape]] in 1997.<ref>[https://www.iitgn.ac.in/leadership_2017/abhay-k-bhushan.htm Eighth Leadership Conclave] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426110211/https://www.iitgn.ac.in/leadership_2017/abhay-k-bhushan.htm |date=26 April 2019 }} [[Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar|IITG]]. Retrieved 20 November 2018.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhushan, Abhay}}
[[Category:Indian computer scientists]]
[[Category:MIT School of Engineering alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:IIT Kanpur alumni]]
[[Category:MIT Sloan School of Management alumni]]
[[Category:1944 births]]

Nagar Singh Chouhan

2025-09-30T17:46:33Z

BoydMalizia:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}

'''Nagar Singh Chouhan''' (born 1978)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Chouhan Nagar Singh(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- ALIRAJPUR (ST)(ALIRAJPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/MadhyaPradesh2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=554 |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Madhya Pradesh]]. He is a four-time MLA from [[Alirajpur Assembly constituency]], which is reserved for Scheduled Tribe community, in [[Alirajpur district]]. He won the [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]], representing the Bharatiya Janata Party.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alirajpur Election Result 2023 LIVE Updates and Highlights: Chouhan Nagar Singh of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/alirajpur-election-result-2023-live-updates-and-highlights-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8687536.html |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He is currently Scheduled Caste Welfare Minister.

== Early life and education ==
Chouhan is from [[Alirajpur]], Madhya Pradesh. He is the son of Bhuwan Chouhan. He completed his graduation in arts in 2013 at M. P. Bhoj Open University, [[Bhopal]].<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Chouhan won from the Alirajpur Assembly constituency in the 2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He polled 83,764 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Mukesh Patel of the Indian National Congress, by a margin of 3,723 votes. He was elected as an MLA for the first time winning the [[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] on BJP ticket from Alirajpur seat. Later, he retained the seat for two more terms for the BJP in the 2008 and 2013 Assembly elections.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alirajpur Constituency Election Results 2023: Alirajpur Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/madhya-pradesh/constituency-show/alirajpur |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> However, he lost the [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]] election to Mukesh Rawat of the [[Indian National Congress]] by a margin of 21,962 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alirajpur assembly election results 2023: Alirajpur Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/madhya-pradesh/alirajpur-assembly-result-12191 |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> But regained the seat for BJP in the [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]] election.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Madhya Pradesh Election Results 2023: Full list of BJP and Congress winners list |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/madhya-pradesh-assembly-elections-2023-results-winners-list-9050485/ |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=english |title=Alirajpur Election Result 2023 Live, Alirajpur Elections Vote Counting, Madhya Pradesh Results 2023 {{!}} ABP News |url=https://news.abplive.com/electionselections/madhya-pradesh-assembly-election-2023/madhya-pradesh-alirajpur-constituency-191.html |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chouhan, Nagar Singh}}

[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2003–2008]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Alirajpur district]]

Baikampady

2025-09-16T01:13:44Z

BoydMalizia: small cleanup formatting as per guidelines additionally and updated info for accuracy

{{more citations needed|date=February 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Baikampady
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = Kannada
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Locality(Industrial)
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| latd =
| latm =
| lats =
| latNS =
| longd =
| longm =
| longs =
| longEW =
| coordinates = {{coord|12.953398|N|74.816795|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Dakshina Kannada]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[City]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Mangaluru]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for = Fishing, Industries
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tulu language|Tulu]], [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 575010
| registration_plate = KA 19, KA 62
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Baikampady''' (Baikampadi) is a place in the northern part{{cn |date=February 2024}} of [[Mangaluru]] in [[Dakshina Kannada]] district.<ref name="Times">{{cite web |title=Houses damaged due to gale in Baikampady |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/houses-damaged-due-to-gale-in-baikampady/articleshow/92929918.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=22 February 2024 |date=17 July 2022}}</ref> It is at 6 km from [[Surathkal]]. There is an industrial estate, where many small scale industries are located. The Baikampadi industrial estate has many [[electrical]], engineering, [[leaf spring]], [[hollow blocks]] and pharmaceutical industries. It serves nearby New Mangalore port ([[NMPT]]), Mangalore Fertilizers and Mangalore petroleum refinery ([[MRPL]]). There is market yard for agriculture produce ([[APMC]]) built few years ago is lying unutilised. Sri Ram Mandir kodical is also located in Baikampady.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Economy of Mangalore]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Dakshina Kannada district]]

{{DakshinaKannada-geo-stub}}

Pandharkawada

2025-07-25T11:48:04Z

BoydMalizia: starting a post added tags - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{refimprove|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pandharkawda
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = mr
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India3
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|19.9594527|N|78.7261256|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[yavatmal district]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 31094
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 445302
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 07235
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 1000:983 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Pandharkawda''' is a City and a [[Municipal council]] in [[Yavatmal district]] of the Vidarbha region in [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiamapped.com/maharashtra/yavatmal/maregaon/pandharkawada/|title=Tehsil Pandharkawada of district gondia, Maharashtra|work=indiamapped.com|accessdate=4 August 2015}}</ref> The Pandharkawada municipality won "Best Municipality at Amravati Division" in 2006 and a quality of education award in 2011.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}} It is near the Saikheda Dam, an earthfill dam on the Khuni River.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}.

==Agriculture ==

=== Kharip Crops ===
Jowar, Cotton, Groundnut and rice are the major kharip crops.

Jowar – grows in talukas such as Pusad, Ner, Mahagaon, Umarkhed, Maregaon, Ghatanji, Wani and Zari Jamni.

Cotton – major talukas are Ghatanji, Wani, Pusad, Umarkhed, Mahagaon and Ner.

Groundnut - talukas such as Pusad, Digras, Darwha, Arni, Ghatanji etc.

=== Rabi Crops ===
Wheat and gram are the important crops. Rabi sesame and linseed (Jawas) are grown along with these crops.

Wheat – talukas lying in river basins of Wardha and Painganga. Umarkhed, Pusad, Wani, Digras, Maregaon and Zari Jamni are the largest. Talukas such as Arni, Ghatanji and Yavatmal also take this crop.

Gram – talukas such as Umarkhed, Wani, Ralegaon, Maregaon, Pusad, Digras, Ghatanji and Babhulgaon.

=== Irrigated crops ===
Sugarcane, bananas, Oranges, Grapes and betel leaves are important irrigated crops.

Sugar cane – Pusad, Umarkhed and Mahagaon talukas

Bananas and oranges – Zadgaon, Ralegaon, Kalamb and Dabha-Pahur regions

Grapes – Pusad and Umarkhed region

Betel leaves - Lalkhed, Darwha, Digras and Umarkhed region

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Pandharkawada had a population of 26,567. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Pandharkawada has an average literacy rate of 74%, significantly higher than the national average of 59.5%. Male literacy is at 80%, while female literacy is 68%.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}} In Pandharkawada, 13% of the population is under age 6.

{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |Year
! rowspan="2" |Male
! rowspan="2" |Female
! rowspan="2" |Total Population
! rowspan="2" |Change
! colspan="8" |Religion (%)
|-
!Hindu
!Muslim
!Christian
!Sikhs
!Buddhist
!Jain
!Other religions and persuasions
!Religion not stated
|-
|2001<ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/21494/download/24626/PC01_C01_27.xls Census India 2001].</ref>
| style="text-align:right;" |13,613
| style="text-align:right;" |12,959
| style="text-align:right;" |26,572
| style="text-align:center;" | -
| style="text-align:right;" |74.616
| style="text-align:right;" |18.745
| style="text-align:right;" |0.181
| style="text-align:right;" |0.467
| style="text-align:right;" |3.793
| style="text-align:right;" |0.884
| style="text-align:right;" |1.291
| style="text-align:right;" |0.023
|-
|2011<ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11382/download/14495/DDW27C-01%20MDDS.XLS Census India 2011].</ref>
| style="text-align:right;" |15,681
| style="text-align:right;" |15,413
| style="text-align:right;" |31,094
| style="text-align:right;" |17̥%
| style="text-align:right;" |75.622
| style="text-align:right;" |18.991
| style="text-align:right;" |0.154
| style="text-align:right;" |0.322
| style="text-align:right;" |4.039
| style="text-align:right;" |0.746
| style="text-align:right;" |0.090
| style="text-align:right;" |0.035
|}
{{Graph:Chart
| width=400
| height=150
| xAxisTitle=Year
| yAxisFormat = %
| showSymbols =
|colors = orange,green,blue,red,pink,grey,purple,black
| yAxisTitle=Religion
| legend=
| y1Title=Hindu
| y2Title=Muslim
| y3Title=Christian
| y4Title=Sikhs
| y5Title=Buddhist
| y6Title=Jain
| y7Title=Other
| y8Title=Religion not stated
| x=2001,2011
| type = line
| y1=0.74616,0.75622
| y2=0.18745,0.18991
| y3=0.00181,0.00154
| y4=0.00467,0.00322
| y5=0.03793,0.04039
| y6=0.00884,0.00746
| y7=0.01291,0.0009
| y8=0.00023,0.00035
}}
{{Graph:Chart
| width=400
| height=150
| xAxisTitle=Year
| yAxisFormat = %
| showSymbols =
|colors = orange,green,blue,red,pink,grey,purple,black
| yAxisTitle=Religion
| legend=
| y1Title=Hindu
| y2Title=Muslim
| y3Title=Christian
| y4Title=Sikhs
| y5Title=Buddhist
| y6Title=Jain
| y7Title=Other
| y8Title=Religion not stated
| x=2001,2011
| type = rect
| y1=0.74616,0.75622
| y2=0.18745,0.18991
| y3=0.00181,0.00154
| y4=0.00467,0.00322
| y5=0.03793,0.04039
| y6=0.00884,0.00746
| y7=0.01291,0.0009
| y8=0.00023,0.00035
}}

==Transport==
Pandharkawada is located on [[National Highway 44 (India)|National Highway 7]] on [[Nagpur]]-[[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]] section. MSRTC buses connect the city to [[Nagpur]], [[Ghatanji]], [[Yavatmal]], [[Chandrapur]], [[Amravati]], [[Akola city|Akola]], [[Nanded]], [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]], [[Adilabad]], [[Pune]] and Hyderabad.

==Geography==
Dense forests are found in Pandharkawada. Tipeshwar is one of the two wildlife sanctuaries in the city and the most well-known forest of the district. Trees such as teak, bamboo, tendu, hirda, apta and moha live in the forests. Tiger, bear, deer, [[nilgai]], [[Sambar deer|sambar]], hyena and the national bird, the peacock, are found in the forests.
A suspected man eating tigress, with 13 victims attributed was active in this area in Oct/Nov 2018 <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/08/world/asia/india-tiger-hunt.html|title = India Hunts Man-Eating Tiger Blamed for 13 Deaths|newspaper = The New York Times|date = 8 September 2018|last1 = Gettleman|first1 = Jeffrey|last2 = Kumar|first2 = Hari}}</ref> and was shot dead on November 2, 2018. <ref>{{Cite news|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/03/world/asia/india-tiger-dead.html |title = Man-Eating Tiger Is Shot Dead in India |newspaper = The New York Times|date = 3 November 2018|last2 = Gettleman|first2 = Jeffrey|last1 = Kumar|first1 = Hari}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url= https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/tigress-avni-t1-killing-man-eater-supreme-court-maharashtra-3419375.html |title = Who Was Avni and Why Was She Killed? All You Need to Know About T1 the 'Man-eater' Tigress |newspaper = News18.com|date = 11 February 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Yavatmal district]]

Susmita Biswas

2025-07-05T14:21:45Z

BoydMalizia: created a info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}

'''Susmita Biswas''' (born 1963)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Susmita Biswas (CPM):Constituency- Barjora (Bankura) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/westbengal2011/candidate.php?candidate_id=1126 |access-date=2025-05-07 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[West Bengal]]. She is a former three time consecutive member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from [[Barjora Assembly constituency]] in [[Purba Medinipur district|Bankura district]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021-03-29 |title=West Bengal Assembly election 2021, Barjora profile: CPM’s Sujit Chakraborty won seat in 2016 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/west-bengal-assembly-election-2021-barjora-profile-cpms-sujit-chakraborty-won-seat-in-2016-9370721.html |access-date=2025-05-07 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref> She was last elected in the [[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Barjora Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/barjora-west-bengal-assembly-constituency |access-date=2025-05-07 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Biswas is from [[Barjora]], Bankura district, West Bengal. Her husband was late Dilip Biswas. She completed her graduation in arts.<ref name=":0" /> She was a former councillor from [[South Dum Dum]] municipality.

== Career ==
Biswas was elected as an MLA for the first time in the [[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] from Barjora Assembly constituency representing the Communist Party of India (Marxist). She polled votes 73,859 votes and defeated her nearest rival, [[Shampa Daripa]] of the [[All India Trinamool Congress]], by a margin of 20,476 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006 |title=West Bengal Assembly Elections 2006 Constituency wise Results |url=https://in.rediff.com/election/wbdetail06.htm |access-date=2025-05-07 |website=in.rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=🗳️ Susmita Biswas winner in Barjora, West Bengal Assembly Elections 1996: LIVE Results & Latest News: Election Dates, Polling Schedule, Election Results & Live Election Updates |url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/west-bengal/1996/barjora/ |access-date=2025-05-07 |website=LatestLY |language=en}}</ref> She retained the seat for the Communist Party in the next election winning the [[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]. In 2001, she polled 126,787 votes and beat her closest opponent, Sudhanghshu Sekhar Tewari of the All India Trinamool Congress, by a margin of 9,821 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC: West Bengal 2001 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/2001/west-bengal/154/9 |access-date=2025-05-07 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=West Bengal Assembly Election Results in 2001 |url=https://www.elections.in/west-bengal/assembly-constituencies/2001-election-results.html |access-date=2025-05-07 |website=www.elections.in}}</ref> She was elected for the third consecutive term in the [[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name=":1" /> In 2006, she polled 73,859 votes and defeated her nearest rival Shampa Daripa of the All India Trinamool Congress by a margin of 20,476 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=🗳️ Susmita Biswas winner in Barjora, West Bengal Assembly Elections 2006: LIVE Results & Latest News: Election Dates, Polling Schedule, Election Results & Live Election Updates |url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/west-bengal/2006/barjora/ |access-date=2025-05-07 |website=LatestLY |language=en}}</ref> In the 2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election she lost to Asutosh Mukherjee of the Trinamool Congress.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Biswas, Susmita}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:People from Bankura district]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1996–2001]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2001–2006]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2006–2011]]
[[Category:Women members of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:West Bengal municipal councillors]]

V. Ramaiah

2025-06-03T10:45:25Z

BoydMalizia: minor adjust information as per guidelines and corrected details as per guidelines

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = V. Ramaiah
| image =V Ramaiah.png
| relations =
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Madras State Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Tirumayam Assembly constituency|Thirumayam]]
| term = 1957 - 1962 1962 - 1967
| predecessor = Muthuvairava Ambalagarar
| successor =
| office1 = Minister for Electricity and Prohibition & Excise
|term1 = 1 April 1957 – 1 March 1962
| party = Indian National Congress
}}

'''V. Ramaiah''' is an Indian politician former member of parliament and former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was elected to the [[Tamil Nadu legislative assembly]] as an [[Indian National Congress]] candidate from [[Tirumayam (State Assembly Constituency)|Tirumayam constituency]] in [[1957 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1957]] and [[1962 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1962]]. He has been a minister in Kamaraj and Bhakthavachalam cabinet elections.<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf 1957 Madras State Election Results, Election Commission of India]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf 1962 Madras State Election Results, Election Commission of India]</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramaiah, V.}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu ministers]]
[[Category:Members of the Constituent Assembly of India]]
[[Category:Possibly living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Madras MLAs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:Madras MLAs 1962–1967]]

{{TamilNadu-INC-politician-stub}}

Neem Ki Dhani

2025-04-06T12:33:53Z

BoydMalizia: entry

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement

| name = Nimakidhani
| other_name = Neem Ki Dhani Neemakidhani
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_flag =
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| seal_alt =
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| shield_alt =
| nickname =
| motto =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt = The village location as shown within the map of the Indian state of Rajasthan
| pushpin_map_caption = Nima kidhani location in Rajasthan
| coordinates = {{coord|27.93546|75.5422|region:IN-RJ_scale:10000|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint =
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = Division
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jaipur division|Jaipur]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of Rajasthan|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Sikar district|Sikar]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Ramgarh Shekhawati Rajasthan]]
| established_title = Founded
| established_date = c. 1482–1483
| founder = Nyoldanji Kavia
| seat_type =
| seat =
| government_footnotes =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric


| area_footnotes =
| area_urban_footnotes = 
| area_rural_footnotes = 
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| area_total_km2 =
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| area_total_ha =
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| length_km =
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| dimensions_footnotes =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 320
| population_footnotes =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_note =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| timezone1_DST =
| utc_offset1_DST =
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 331024
| area_code_type =
| area_code =
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|Hot semi-arid]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| blank2_name_sec2 = Avg. summer temperature
| blank2_info_sec2 = 48–49 °C
| blank3_name_sec2 = Avg. winter temperature
| blank3_info_sec2 = 0–1 °C
| blank4_name_sec2 = Avg. annual precipitation
| blank4_info_sec2 = 460 mm
| website = 
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|RJ-IN]]
| footnotes =

}}
'''Nimakidhani''' (also known as '''Neem Ki Dhani''' or '''Neemakidhani''') is a [[village]] located in [[Fatehpur, Rajasthan|Fatehpur]] [[tehsil]], [[Sikar district]], within the [[Jaipur division]], in the [[India]]n state of [[Rajasthan]]. Lying on the border of three districts, Sikar, [[Jhunjhunu district|Jhunjhunu]], and [[Churu district|Churu]], it is part of the historical region of [[Shekhawati]] and has a sub-tropical [[semi-arid climate]].The nearest railway station Ramgarh Shekhawati is well connected by trains with Jaipur and Churu.

== History ==
The village was founded by Nyoldanji Kavia in the year 1539 of the [[Vikram Samwat]] calendar (c. 1482–1483). The land was given in jagir as [[Sasan (land grant)|sasan]] by Devi Singh of [[Sikar]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Śekhāvata |first=Raghunāthasiṃha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5jpuAAAAMAAJ |title=Shekhawati Pradesh ka rajnitik itihas |date=1998 |publisher=Ṭhā. Mallūsiṃha Smr̥ti Granthāgāra |pages=696 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Miśra |first=Ratanalāla |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y4rXAAAAMAAJ |title=Śekhāvāṭī: Ārya Samāja ke cāra stambha |date= |publisher=Roḍe Viśvavidyālaya |pages=108 |language=hi}}</ref> The Karanimata mandir of this village is very important, statue was placed by Baldanji Kavia and regular [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] (worshiping) is being performed by local people{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Sikar district]]
[[Category:Populated places established in the 1480s]]
[[Category:Sasan]]

{{Jaipurdivision-geo-stub}}

Masjid E Qutub Shahi Langer Houz

2025-03-05T11:51:44Z

BoydMalizia: entry

{{short description|Mosque in Hyderabad, Telangana, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Masjid E Qutub Shahi
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Golconda, tombe qutb shahi, moschea 06.jpg
| image_upright = 1.4
| alt =
| caption = The [[façade]] of the former mosque, undergoing repairs in 2019
| religious_affiliation = [[Islam]] {{small|(former)}}
| tradition =
| sect =
| deity =
| rite =
| festival = 
| organisational_status = [[Mosque]] {{small|(former)}}
| ownership =
| governing_body =
| leadership =
| bhattaraka =
| patron =
| consecration_year =
| functional_status = '''Abandoned'''; ''(partial ruinous state)''
| religious_features_label =
| religious_features =
| location = [[Langar Houz]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Hyderabad district, India|Hyderabad District]], [[Telangana]]
| country = [[India]]
| map_type = India Hyderabad
| map_size = 250
| map_alt =
| map_relief = 1
| map_caption = Location of the former mosque in [[Hyderabad]]
| grid_name =
| grid_position =
| sector =
| territory =
| administration = Telangana Heritage Department
| coordinates = {{coord|17.378758|N|78.417941|E|region:IN-TE_type:landmark|format=dms|display=title,inline}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| heritage_designation =
| architect =
| architecture_type = {{nowrap|[[Mosque architecture]]}}
| architecture_style = [[Qutb Shahi architecture|Qutb Shahi]]
| founded_by =
| creator =
| funded_by =
| general_contractor =
| established = [[16th Century]]
| groundbreaking =
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| height_max =
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| dome_height_inner =
| dome_dia_outer =
| dome_dia_inner =
| minaret_quantity = Two
| minaret_height =
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}}

'''Masjid e Qutb Shahi''' ({{langx|ar|مسجد قطب شاه}}; {{langx|ur|مسجد قطب شاہی}}) is a former [[mosque]] in a partial ruinous state, located in [[Langar Houz]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], in the [[Hyderabad district, India|Hyderabad district]] of the state of [[Telangana]], India.

The former mosques is associated with the [[Qutb Shahi dynasty]], a ruling dynasty of the region during 1518–1687.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sur |first=Aihik |date=26 December 2019 |title=The 450-year-old Masjid-e-Qutub Shahi require around '25 lakh for repair works |language=en-IN |work=Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2019/dec/26/heritage-mosque-in-frail-shape-due-to-financial-crisis-2080963.html |access-date=26 December 2019 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Nanisetti |first=Serish |date=2023-07-25 |title=Lightning damages 400-year-old masjid near Golconda |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/lightning-damages-400-year-old-masjid-near-golconda/article67120510.ece |access-date=2024-12-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Overview ==
Efforts have been made to preserve and restore Masjid e Qutb Shahi to ensure its architectural integrity. Various conservation projects and initiatives have taken place to maintain the mosque's historical and cultural value. The restoration work has helped in preserving the original features and enhancing the overall condition of the mosque.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sur |first=Aihik |date=13 December 2021 |title=Hyderabad: 450-yr-old Masjid-e-Qutub Shahi all set for renovation |language=en-IN |work=Hans India |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/hyderabad/hyderabad-450-yr-old-masjid-e-qutub-shahi-all-set-for-renovation-719423 |access-date=13 December 2021 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{stack|{{portal|Islam|Hyderabad}}}}
* [[Islam in India]]
* [[List of mosques in Telangana]]
* [[List of State Protected Monuments in Telangana]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons-cat-inline}}

{{Mosques in India}}
{{Qutb Shahi monuments}}

[[Category:16th-century mosques in India]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Mosque buildings with minarets in India]]
[[Category:Mosque ruins in India]]
[[Category:Mosques in Hyderabad, India|Mosques in Hyderabad]]
[[Category:Qutb Shahi architecture]]

{{India-mosque-stub}}