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Veyil (2006 film)

2026-05-07T17:11:18Z

BootTPP: Started a stub!

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Veyil 2006 poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[G. Vasanthabalan]]
| writer = G. Vasanthabalan
| producer = [[S. Shankar]]
| starring = [[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]] [[Pasupathy]] [[Bhavana (actress)|Bhavana]] [[Sriya Reddy]] [[Priyanka Nair|Priyanka]]
| cinematography = [[R. Madhi]]
| editing = Mathan Gunadeva
| music = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| studio = [[S Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|2006|12|17|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Veyil''''' ({{translation|''Sunshine''}}) is a 2006 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[crime drama film]] written and directed by [[G. Vasanthabalan]]. The film stars [[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]], [[Pasupathy]], [[Bhavana (actress)|Bhavana]], [[Sriya Reddy]] and [[Priyanka Nair|Priyanka]]. The music was composed by [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] with cinematography by [[R. Madhi]] and editing by Mathan Gunadeva.

''Veyil'' was released on 17 December 2006 and was a commercial success. It is the first [[Tamil cinema|Tamil film]] screened at Cannes as part of the [[2007 Cannes Film Festival]] in the 'Tous les Cinemas du Monde' section.<ref name=sify>{{Cite web |title='Veyil' to shine in Cannes! |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14421280 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070406204549/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14421280 |archive-date=6 April 2007 |access-date=8 March 2023 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The film was remade in [[Cinema of Bangladesh|Bangladeshi Bengali]] as ''Antor Jala'' (2017)<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 November 2017 |title='অন্তর জ্বালা'র গান হুবহু নকল! |url=https://ntvbd.com/entertainment/168393/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%81-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114130552/https://www.ntvbd.com/entertainment/168393/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%81-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2 |archive-date=14 November 2023 |access-date=14 November 2023 |website=NTV Online |language=bn}}</ref> and unofficially in Kannada as ''[[Kanaka (film)|Kanaka]]'' (2018).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kannadamoviesinfo.wordpress.com/2018/01/26/kanaka-2018/|title=Kanaka – ಕನಕ (2018/೨೦೧೮)|date=26 January 2018|access-date=28 February 2026|work=Kannada Movies Info}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Sivanandi Thevar is a butcher who works hard to raise his four children (two sons and two daughters) and has a happy family. Sivanandi's sons are Murugesan and Kathir, and Murugesan dotes on his younger brother Kathir. Murugesan's enjoyment is films (especially those of [[M. G. Ramachandran|MGR]]) that are screened in a local theatre. One day, Murugesan's life changes when his father catches him watching a film in the theatre and smoking a cigarette. Murugesan is severely punished and runs away from home, stealing his family's money and jewels.

Along the way, Murugesan gets sidetracked from his intended destination of [[Chennai]] by an MGR movie poster. He is shown watching several MGR shows, buying a change of clothes, and eating a hearty meal with his ill-gotten money. After spending the night at the local temple, he wakes up to find his money and other possessions stolen. Murugesan is then taken under the wings of a theatre projectionist in a nearby town. Slowly, the theatre becomes his home.

As adults, Murugesan and Kathir fall in love with Thangam and Meenakshi, respectively. Thangam is a beautiful girl who lives opposite the theatre, and Meenakshi is an innocent girl. Kathir starts an advertising agency but faces opposition from Bose and Annachi, the local gangster.

Murugesan's love ends in Thangam's suicide because her father and his relatives beat up and hang Murugesan as they are trying to kill him due to their dislike of him. At that moment, Thangam shows up with a knife and threatens to kill herself if they do not release Murugesan; when they do not release him, she slits her throat and dies. Murugesan is heartbroken and is released upon Thangam's death. He begins to drink heavily. Sometime later, the theatre is demolished, the owner citing loss of business.

Murugesan decides to return home after 20 years. The rest of the film follows Murugesan's mental turmoil as he is caught between the deep love showered by Kathir, his guilt over not being a responsible son or elder brother, and his remorse for his parents. Then there is Paandi, Murugesan's childhood sweetheart.

Bose, fearing Kathir will be a challenge to his advertising company, ruins Kathir's agency with Annachi's help. Kathir retaliates by trying to kill Bose, but gets stopped by Murugesan. One day, jewels go missing in Murugesan's family's house. Murugesan's father suspects Murugesan of being the thief and insults the latter in front of everyone, when their daughter arrives and tells her father that she took them. After an emotional conversation with his father, Murugesan decides to leave his family home.

Kathir learns of this and goes to the bus station to bring Murugesan back, but there, Bose's and Annachi's men stab Kathir. In retaliation, Murugesan beats a few thugs. Kathir is rushed to a hospital in a critical condition. That night, Murugesan decides to avenge his brother's injury. He goes to Annachi's place, engages in a duel with him, and becomes unconscious. Bose arrives there with his men and tells him that his brother is dead. Believing this, Murugesan kills Bose and the latter's men. However, Murugesan is stabbed by Bose in the fight and dies, while Kathir becomes stable and recovers in the hospital. The next day, all mourn Murugesan's death, and his father is filled with remorse for not having trusted his son when he was alive.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]] as Kathir
* [[Pasupathy]] as Murugesan
* [[Bhavana (actress)|Bhavana]] as Meenakshi
* [[Sriya Reddy]] as Paandiyamma
* [[Priyanka Nair]] as Thangam
* [[Ravi Mariya]] as Bose
* [[G. M. Kumar]] as Sivanandi Thevar
* [[T. K. Kala]]
* [[Bombay Gnanam]]
* [[Periya Karuppu Thevar]]
* [[Kadhal Sukumar]]
* [[Kottachi]]
* [[R. S. G. Chelladurai]]
* Kirupa as Aachi
;Uncredited
* [[Chaams]] as Meenakshi's brother
* Karate Venkatesan<ref name="movie">{{Cite AV media |title=Veyil |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=
S Pictures |year=2006}}</ref>{{rp|1:04–5:30}}
}}

== Production ==
''Veyil'' is the first Tamil film to be shot in [[Virudhunagar]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rao |first=Subha J |date=5 December 2018 |title='I Can Write A Light-Hearted Film In Two Days, But I'm Not Sure I Want To': Vasanthabalan |url=https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/features/i-can-write-a-light-hearted-film-in-two-days-but-im-not-sure-i-want-to-vasanthabalan/ |access-date=8 March 2023 |website=Silverscreen India |language=en-US |archive-date=8 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308051710/https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/features/i-can-write-a-light-hearted-film-in-two-days-but-im-not-sure-i-want-to-vasanthabalan/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Director and writer [[Vasanthabalan]] said that after he wrote the story, [[S. Shankar]] was impressed and asked him to expand it into a screenplay.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2006 |title=Will 'Veyil' stick to the success list of Shankar? |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-articles/movies-03/14-07-06-veyil.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060715161022/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-articles/movies-03/14-07-06-veyil.html |archive-date=15 July 2006 |access-date=8 March 2023 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> [[Sandhya (actress, born 1988)|Sandhya]] was supposed to play the female lead but was replaced by [[Bhavana (actress)|Bhavana]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 December 2021 |title=15 years of Vasanthabalan's Veyil: Interesting facts about the film |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/15-years-of-vasanthabalans-veyil-interesting-facts-about-the-film/photostory/88212619.cms |access-date=8 March 2023 |archive-date=11 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211041311/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/15-years-of-vasanthabalans-veyil-interesting-facts-about-the-film/photostory/88212619.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Vasanthabalan cast [[Sriya Reddy]] after being impressed with her performance in the 2004 Malayalam film ''[[Black (2004 film)|Black]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Neelima |date=21 October 2014 |title=In the Picture: The Sriya Reddy Interview |url=https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/features/interviews/in-the-picture-the-sriya-reddy-interview/ |access-date=14 October 2024 |website=Silverscreen India |language=en-US |archive-date=26 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526054337/https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/features/interviews/in-the-picture-the-sriya-reddy-interview/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by debutant [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]], the nephew of [[A. R. Rahman]].<ref>{{cite news |date=17 December 2006 |title=Veyil (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |work=[[Apple Music]] |url=https://music.apple.com/bz/album/veyil-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1603076080 |url-status=dead |access-date=8 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308050325/https://music.apple.com/bz/album/veyil-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1603076080 |archive-date=8 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Lakshmi |first=K. |date=28 January 2008 |title=A passion for music |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/28/stories/2008012859311100.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=10 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080129232112/http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/28/stories/2008012859311100.htm |archive-date=29 January 2008}}</ref> The soundtrack received a positive review from Shyam Balasubramanian of ''[[Rediff.com]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Balasubramanian |first=Shyam |date=18 September 2006 |title=Impressive debut from Rahman's nephew |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/sep/18veyil.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506174059/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/sep/18veyil.htm |archive-date=6 May 2021 |access-date=8 March 2023 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Veyilodu Vilaiyadi
| extra1 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], [[Jassie Gift]], [[Kailash Kher]], V. V. Prasanna
| lyrics1 = [[Na. Muthukumar]]
| title2 = Kaadhal Neruppin
| extra2 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]], Nidheesh Gopalan
| lyrics2 = Na. Muthukumar
| title3 = Urugudhe Maragudhe
| extra3 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| lyrics3 = Na. Muthukumar
| title4 = Sethavadam
| extra4 = [[Manikka Vinayagam]]
| lyrics4 = Ekadasi
| title5 = Iraivanai Unargira
| extra5 = [[Prashanthini]]
| lyrics5 = Na. Muthukumar
| title6 = Ooran Thotathhilae
| extra6 = [[Palakkad Sreeram]], Rakesh
| lyrics6 = Na. Muthukumar
| title7 = Aruva Minuminuga
| extra7 = Karisal Karunanidhi, Kottaisami, Madurai Chandran, Jayapal, Azhaguthai, Thillai Panneer
| lyrics7 = Karisal Karunanidhi
| title8 = Kaatraaga Kadhal
| extra8 = [[Rahul Nambiar]]
| lyrics8 = Na. Muthukumar
}}

== Critical reception ==

Shwetha Bhaskar of ''Rediff.com'' wrote, "Director Vasantha Balan has deftly handled the script, making it his own. By maintaining an energetic pace throughout, he ensures the story doesn't become monotonous or conventional, despite the somewhat predictable plot. His characters are distinctly human with myriad personality flaws, so that the audience can identify with them".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhaskar |first=Shwetha |date=11 December 2006 |title=Watch Veyil for its energy |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/dec/11veyil.htm |access-date=8 March 2023 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |archive-date=11 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211034130/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/dec/11veyil.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' wrote, "Once again Shankar has introduced Vasantha Balan a director who understands the nuances of making a realistic film with well-etched out characters and strong screenplay."<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2006 |title=Veyil |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/veyil-review-tamil-pclwhyjfheibd.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190127053027/http://www.sify.com/movies/veyil-review-tamil-pclwhyjfheibd.html |archive-date=27 January 2019 |access-date=8 March 2023 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Lajjavathi of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised the performances of star cast, Prakash Kumar's music, Madhi's cinematography while also praising for conveying emotions through visuals by lessening dialogues and concluded saying the cinema which used to portray only winners in life has first time portrayed a life of a loser, even that sadness feels good.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=லஜ்ஜாவதி |date=24 December 2006 |title=தோல்வியின் வெற்றி! {{!}} வெயில் - விமர்சனம் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2006-12-24/page/16/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240411164039/https://archive.org/details/kalki2006-12-24/page/16/mode/2up |archive-date=11 April 2024 |access-date=11 April 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=17 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== Festivals ==
* Cannes International Film Festival 2007 – Screened under Tous les Cinemas du Monde<ref name=sify />
* Shanghai International Film Festival 2007 – Nominee under Asian New Talent Award
* Habitat International Film Festival 2007 – Screened
* Pune International Film Festival 2007 – Screened under Indian Bioscope<ref>{{cite web |title=Competition Films P.I.F.F. 2007 |url=http://www.puneinternationalfilmfestival.com/story/2007/3/1/1951/95664 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314212635/http://www.puneinternationalfilmfestival.com/story/2007/3/1/1951/95664 |archive-date=14 March 2007 |access-date=25 May 2007 |work=PIFF}}</ref>

== Accolades ==

* [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil]] – 2006
* Elemec's 3rd Amrita Film Awards — Won Best Other Language Film<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 September 2007 |title=Elemec's 3rd Amrita Film Awards – NOMINEES |url=http://www.amritatv.com/html/afanominees.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928011208/http://www.amritatv.com/html/afanominees.php |archive-date=28 September 2007 |access-date=25 May 2007 |website=Amrita TV}}</ref>
* [[Filmfare Best Film Award (Tamil)|Filmfare Award for Best Tamil Film]] – [[S. Shankar]]
* [[Filmfare Best Director Award (Tamil)|Filmfare Award for Best Tamil Director]] – [[Vasanthabalan]]
* [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film]] – 2006<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamil Nadu State Film Awards 2006 |url=https://www.webindia123.com/movie/awards/state/tamil/2006/index.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204173429/https://www.webindia123.com/movie/awards/state/tamil/2006/index.htm |archive-date=4 December 2023 |access-date=17 October 2024 |website=Webindia123}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Vasanthabalan}}
{{S. Shankar}}
{{NationalFilmAwardBestFeatureFilmTamil}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil}}
{{TamilNaduStateFilmAwardBestFilm}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2006 crime drama films]]
[[Category:2006 films]]
[[Category:2006 Indian films]]
[[Category:2006 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Best Tamil Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films directed by Vasanthabalan]]
[[Category:Films scored by G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
[[Category:Films set in Madurai]]
[[Category:Films set in Virudhunagar]]
[[Category:Films shot in Madurai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Virudhunagar]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language crime drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Khushbu Sundar

2026-05-07T14:36:57Z

BootTPP: creating stub

{{Short description|Indian politician, actress and film producer (born 1970)}}
{{Redirect|Khushbu}}
{{Indian patronymic|Khushbu|Sundar}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Kushboo BH (cropped).jpg
| caption = Khushbu in 2013
| office = Vice President of [[Bharatiya Janata Party – Tamil Nadu|BJP Tamil Nadu]]
| 1blankname = President
| 1namedata = [[Nainar Nagenthran]]
| term_start = 30 July 2025
| term_end =
| office1 = Member of the [[National Commission for Women]]
| term_start1 = 28 February 2023
| term_end1 =
| office2 = National Executive Committee Member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| term_start2 = 7 October 2021
| term_end2 = 30 June 2025
| 1blankname2 = President
| 1namedata2 = [[J. P. Nadda]]
| birth_name = Nakhat Khan
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1970|9|29}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai|Bombay, Maharashtra]], India
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] {{small|(2020–present)}}
| other_party = {{ubl|[[Indian National Congress]] {{small|(2014–2020)}},|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] {{small|(2010–2014)}}}}
| spouse = [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] {{small|(1993–1994)}}<ref name="unplugged" /> {{marriage|[[Sundar C]]|2000}}
| children = 2
| profession = {{hlist|Politician|actress|film producer|television personality}}
| nickname = Kushboo
}}
'''Khusbhu Sundar''' (born '''Nakhat Khan''' on 29 September 1970) is an Indian politician, actress, film producer and television personality. She is known for her work predominantly in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] and [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] language films in addition to [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]], [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] and [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] films.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theindiansun.com.au/2018/01/19/lessons-rich-famous/|title=Lessons from the rich and famous |publisher=The Indian Sun|date=19 Jan 2018}}</ref>

Khushbu has appeared in over [[Khushbu Sundar filmography|200 films]], with over 100 directly credited to [[Tamil cinema]] alone. She has won three [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]], two [[Cinema Express Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Cinema Express Awards]], a [[Kalaimamani#1994–95|Kalaimamani Award]] and a [[Kerala State Film Award – Special Mention|Kerala State Film Award]].

== Early life ==
Khushbu was born as Nakhat Khan on 29 September 1970 into a [[Muslims in India|Muslim]] family in [[Mumbai|Bombay, Maharashtra]], India.<ref name="andheri">{{Cite web |date=1 March 2016 |title=Andheri to Akbar Road via Madras: The many turns of Khushbu's personal life and politics |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/andheri-akbar-road-madras-many-turns-khushbu%E2%80%99s-personal-life-and-politics-39635 |website=The News Minute |access-date=19 July 2020 |archive-date=22 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122051006/http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/andheri-akbar-road-madras-many-turns-khushbu%E2%80%99s-personal-life-and-politics-39635 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 December 2017 |title=Actor-politician Khushbu Sundar silences trolls for 'discovering' she is Muslim – '47 yrs late'! |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/trending-in-india/khushbu-sundar-yes-i-am-khan-silences-trolls-calling-her-muslim-twitter-reactions-4967686/ |access-date=19 July 2020 |archive-date=1 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401042632/https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/trending-in-india/khushbu-sundar-yes-i-am-khan-silences-trolls-calling-her-muslim-twitter-reactions-4967686/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Her parents gave her the [[stage name]] Khushbu when she started her career as a child actress.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 April 2018 |title='Yes, I'm Nakhat Khan': Khushbu changes name on Twitter, slays trolls |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/yes-i-m-nakhat-khan-khushbu-changes-name-twitter-slays-trolls-80270 |website=The News Minute |access-date=19 July 2020 |archive-date=6 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106212957/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/yes-i-m-nakhat-khan-khushbu-changes-name-twitter-slays-trolls-80270 |url-status=live}}</ref> She has lived in [[Chennai]] for nearly 40 years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Happy Birthday Kushboo: Star's personal photos you may have missed |url=https://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/happy-birthday-kushboo-stars-personal-photos-you-may-have-missed-1121938-8.html |website=News18 |access-date=19 July 2020 |archive-date=4 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004142948/http://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/happy-birthday-kushboo-stars-personal-photos-you-may-have-missed-1121938-8.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Film career ==
Khushbu started her career as a child artist in the [[Hindi]] film ''[[The Burning Train]]'' (1980) in the song "Teri Hai Zameen Tera Aasman". Between 1980 and 1985, she performed as a child actor in various [[Hindi]] films like ''[[Naseeb (1981 film)|Naseeb]]'', ''[[Laawaris (1981 film)|Laawaris]]'', ''[[Kaalia]]'', ''[[Dard Ka Rishta]]'', and ''[[Bemisal]]''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=28 April 2010 |title=Who is Khushboo? |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/who-is-khushboo-416592 |access-date=24 August 2019 |website=NDTV.com |archive-date=24 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824092350/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/who-is-khushboo-416592 |url-status=live}}</ref> Her sensitive performance in the emotional 1982 Hindi movie, ''Dard Ka Rishta'' was appreciated by audiences.<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Ramathan |date=1 March 2016 |title=Andheri to Akbar Road via Madras: The many turns of Khushbu's personal life and politics |url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/andheri-akbar-road-madras-many-turns-khushbu%E2%80%99s-personal-life-and-politics-39635 |access-date=24 August 2019 |website=The Newsminute |archive-date=19 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719173259/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/andheri-akbar-road-madras-many-turns-khushbu%E2%80%99s-personal-life-and-politics-39635 |url-status=live}}</ref>

She made her adult acting debut in the much-acclaimed 1985 Hindi film ''[[Meri Jung]]'' in a supporting role as [[Anil Kapoor]]'s younger sister. In the same year, she got her first lead role in the film ''[[Jaanoo]]'' opposite veteran actor [[Jackie Shroff]]. This was followed by ''[[Tan-Badan]]'' (1986) paired with [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]]. Khushbu played a significant supporting role in ''[[Deewana Mujh Sa Nahin]]'' (1990), alongside [[Aamir Khan]] and [[Madhuri Dixit]].

Khushbu was introduced to [[South India]]n screens by [[D. Ramanaidu]] and [[K. Raghavendra Rao]] through the [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] film ''[[Kaliyuga Pandavulu]]'' (1986). Khushbu moved her base to [[Chennai]] and started focussing on [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and other [[South India]]n film industries.

Khushbu had done close to 12 movies in Telugu and Kannada, and had bagged her first role in Tamil in the movie ''[[Dharmathin Thalaivan]]'' (1988). Then she did films like ''[[Varusham 16]]'' (1989), ''[[Kizhakku Vaasal]]'' (1990) and ''[[Nadigan]]'' (1990), but the movie which catapulted her to the top was the runaway hit ''[[Chinna Thambi]]'' (1991).

She met her future husband on the set of [[Sundar C]]'s directorial debut ''[[Murai Maman]]'' (1995).

She later appeared in successful films such as ''[[Nattupura Pattu]]'' (1996), ''[[Irattai Roja]]'' (1996), ''[[Ettupatti Rasa]]'' (1997), ''[[Paththini (1997 film)|Paththini]]'' (1997), ''[[Thulli Thirintha Kaalam]]'' (1998), ''[[Simmarasi]]'' (1998), ''[[Viralukketha Veekkam]]'' (1999), ''[[Power of Women (film)|Power of Women]]'' (2005), ''[[Periyar (2007 film)|Periyar]]'' (2007) and ''[[Pazhani (2008 film)|Pazhani]]'' (2008).

Khushbu then forayed into television, plunged into politics and also devoted time as a homemaker.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/khushbu-sundar-on-annaatthe-rajinikanth-sir-still-remains-like-a-kid-on-his-first-day-to-school/article37018593.ece |title=Khushbu on 'Annaatthe': Rajinikanth sir still remains like a kid on his first day to school |newspaper=The Hindu |date=16 October 2021 |last1=Sudevan |first1=Praveen |access-date=9 September 2022 |archive-date=9 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909151817/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/khushbu-sundar-on-annaatthe-rajinikanth-sir-still-remains-like-a-kid-on-his-first-day-to-school/article37018593.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2021, she made a comeback with [[Rajinikanth]] in ''[[Annaatthe]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/khushbu-meena-and-keerthy-sureshs-characters-from-annaatthe-revealed/articleshow/86933528.cms |title=Khushbu, Meena, and Keerthy Suresh's characters from 'Annaatthe' revealed |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=11 October 2021 |access-date=9 September 2022 |archive-date=12 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612045449/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/khushbu-meena-and-keerthy-sureshs-characters-from-annaatthe-revealed/articleshow/86933528.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

She also makes appearances in songs directed by her husband [[Sundar C]] such as ''[[Theeya Velai Seiyyanum Kumaru]]'' (2013), ''[[Aambala]]'' (2015), ''[[Aranmanai 2]]'' (2016) and ''[[Aranmanai 4]]'' (2024).

==Filmography==
{{Main|Khushbu Sundar filmography}}

==Overseas engagements==
=== Involvement with the Australian Football (AFL) ===
Khushbu and sprinter [[Usain Bolt]] are honorary members of [[Richmond Football Club]], based in [[Melbourne]], Australia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2017 |title=Bolt and Khushboo back the Richmond Tigers |website=The Indian Sun |url=http://www.theindiansun.com.au/bolt-khushbu-back-richmond-tigers |access-date=4 March 2017 |archive-date=4 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304114953/http://www.theindiansun.com.au/bolt-khushbu-back-richmond-tigers/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Khushbu was made the [[number-one ticket holder]] of Richmond Football Club in March 2017. She became the first [[India]]n, and is the only [[India]]n female, to be bestowed with such an honour in the [[Australian Football League|AFL]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=What do Khushbu and Usain Bolt have in common? Footy! |url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/what-do-khushbu-and-usain-bolt-have-common-footy-58064 |access-date=4 March 2017 |website=thenewsminute.com |date=4 March 2017 |archive-date=4 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304043713/http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/what-do-khushbu-and-usain-bolt-have-common-footy-58064 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2017 |title=Alex Rance named All-Australian AFL Captain |url=http://www.theindiansun.com.au/alex-rance-named-australian-afl-captain |publisher=The Indian Sun |access-date=11 September 2017 |archive-date=12 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912012351/http://www.theindiansun.com.au/alex-rance-named-australian-afl-captain/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Khushbu was introduced to [[Australian Rules Football]], and nominated for the role of honorary member of Richmond Tigers by former Ministerial Adviser Mr. Nitin Gupta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 September 2017 |title=Damien Hardwick wins Coach of the Season |url=http://www.theindiansun.com.au/2017/09/27/tigers-damien-hardwick-wins-coach-season |publisher=The Indian Sun |access-date=21 April 2018 |archive-date=21 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421233433/http://www.theindiansun.com.au/2017/09/27/tigers-damien-hardwick-wins-coach-season/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2017 |title=Baillieu, Khushbu join 43rd Janmasthmi Celebrations at Albert Park |url=http://www.theindiansun.com.au/baillieu-khushbu-join-43rd-janmasthmi-celebrations-albert-park |publisher=The Indian Sun |access-date=22 August 2017 |archive-date=22 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822223735/http://www.theindiansun.com.au/baillieu-khushbu-join-43rd-janmasthmi-celebrations-albert-park/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Session at the RMIT University, Melbourne ===
On 14 August 2017, Khushbu was invited by [[RMIT University]] to speak with their Media and Communication students about the 'Representation of Women in Indian Cinema' at a session moderated by Dr. Vikrant Kishore. She also engaged in a lengthy Q&A with students and guests, sharing her own experiences of working in Indian cinema for over 37 years and appearing in around 200 films.

Around 200-plus students and guests turned up to listen and interact with Khushbu. She was given a standing ovation by the audiences both at the beginning and at the end of the session.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2017 |title=Khushbu interacts with RMIT Students |url=https://www.theindiansun.com.au/2017/08/21/khushbu-interacts-rmit-university-students-gets-standing-ovation/ |publisher=The Indian Sun |access-date=7 December 2023 |archive-date=7 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207181912/https://www.theindiansun.com.au/2017/08/21/khushbu-interacts-rmit-university-students-gets-standing-ovation/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Indian Independence Day at the Deakin University, Melbourne ===
On 15 August 2017, Khushbu was invited as the chief guest at the [[Deakin University]] Indian Club's (DUIC) Indian Independence Day celebrations event by DUIC Founder President Mr. Amogh Chakravarthy. Deakin University's Deputy Vice-Chancellor for Global Engagement, Professor Gary Smith, was guest of honor at the celebrations, which were hosted at the university's Burwood Campus.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2017 |title=Khushbu joins Indian Independence Day celebrations at Deakin |url=https://www.theindiansun.com.au/2017/08/25/khushbu-attends-duics-day-celebrations// |publisher=The Indian Sun |access-date=7 December 2023 |archive-date=7 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207210805/https://www.theindiansun.com.au/2017/08/25/khushbu-attends-duics-day-celebrations/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Political career ==

===DMK===
Khushbu joined the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] on 14 May 2010. She was welcomed by DMK Leader [[Karunanidhi]] at the party headquarters in [[Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kushboo jumps on the DMK bandwagon |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/69600/kushboo-jumps-dmk-bandwagon.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612125953/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/69600/kushboo-jumps-dmk-bandwagon.html |archive-date=12 June 2010 |access-date=15 May 2010 |work=Decan Herald}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=15 May 2010 |title=Kushboo joins DMK |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/Kushboo-joins-DMK/article16035579.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613172151/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/Kushboo-joins-DMK/article16035579.ece |archive-date=13 June 2021 |access-date=13 June 2021 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> Khushbu quit DMK on 16 June 2014.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Yamunan |first=Sruthisagar |date=16 June 2014 |title=Actor Kushboo quits DMK |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/actor-kushboo-quits-dmk/article6120171.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140620040910/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/actor-kushboo-quits-dmk/article6120171.ece |archive-date=20 June 2014 |access-date=16 June 2014 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>

===Congress===
Khushbu joined the [[Indian National Congress]] on 26 November 2014 after meeting with then Congress President Mrs. [[Sonia Gandhi]] and then Vice-president Mr. [[Rahul Gandhi]]. She served as the National Spokesperson of the INC.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Actor Kushboo joins Congress |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Actor-Kushboo-joins-Congress/articleshow/45285690.cms |website=The Times of India |date=26 November 2014 |access-date=26 November 2014 |archive-date=29 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129024210/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Actor-Kushboo-joins-Congress/articleshow/45285690.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> Khushbu had been very critical of [[Narendra Modi]]'s policies and had often taken to Twitter to criticise the ruling dispensation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=TK |first=Smitha |date=12 October 2020 |title='Jumla Govt': How Khushbu Scoffed at the BJP Before Joining It |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/actor-politician-khushbu-sundar-joins-bjp-quits-congress-criticised-pm-modi |access-date=25 January 2022 |website=TheQuint |language=en |archive-date=25 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125110928/https://www.thequint.com/news/india/actor-politician-khushbu-sundar-joins-bjp-quits-congress-criticised-pm-modi |url-status=live}}</ref>

Khushbu resigned from Congress on 12 October 2020<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khushbu Sundar Joins BJP, Says Congress Leaders Out Of Touch With Reality |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/khushbu-sundar-resigns-from-congress-in-letter-to-sonia-gandhi-may-join-bjp-say-sources-2308725 |website=NDTV.com |access-date=12 October 2020 |archive-date=12 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012045213/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/khushbu-sundar-resigns-from-congress-in-letter-to-sonia-gandhi-may-join-bjp-say-sources-2308725 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Kushboo quits Congress, joins BJP |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/congress-removes-khushboo-from-panel-of-spokespersons-actor-likely-to-join-bjp-today/article32831344.ece |access-date=13 October 2020 |archive-date=13 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013025322/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/congress-removes-khushboo-from-panel-of-spokespersons-actor-likely-to-join-bjp-today/article32831344.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> ahead of the [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|Tamil Nadu Assembly elections in 2021]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stalin |first=J Sam Daniel |title=Khushbu Sundar Joins BJP, Says Congress Leaders Out of Touch with Reality |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/khushbu-sundar-resigns-from-congress-in-letter-to-sonia-gandhi-may-join-bjp-say-sources-2308725?pfrom=home-bigstory |website=NDTV.com |publisher=NDTV |access-date=12 October 2020 |archive-date=18 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018054231/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/khushbu-sundar-resigns-from-congress-in-letter-to-sonia-gandhi-may-join-bjp-say-sources-2308725?pfrom=home-bigstory |url-status=live}}</ref> The Congress Secretary of Media said that Khushbu was being pressured by her husband, [[Sundar C]], to join the BJP.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.puthiyathalaimurai.com/newsview/83537/Khushbu-joins-BJP-because-of-her-husband-says-Gopanna |title="சுந்தர் சி கொடுத்த அழுத்தத்தாலேயே குஷ்பு பாஜகவில் இணையலாம்"-கோபண்ணா |access-date=25 January 2022 |archive-date=25 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125113042/https://www.puthiyathalaimurai.com/newsview/83537/Khushbu-joins-BJP-because-of-her-husband-says-Gopanna |url-status=live}}</ref> Khushbu claimed that her previous party "does not want an intelligent woman" and there is no freedom to speak the truth within the party. She referred to the Congress as "mentally retarded".<ref>{{Cite web |title="Mentally Retarded": Khushbu Sundar Slams Congress After Joining BJP |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/mentally-retarded-khushbu-sundar-slams-congress-after-joining-bjp-2309470 |access-date=25 January 2022 |website=NDTV.com |archive-date=25 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125111712/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/mentally-retarded-khushbu-sundar-slams-congress-after-joining-bjp-2309470 |url-status=live}}</ref> The National Platform for the Rights of the Disabled (NPRD) filed 30 complaints at different police stations in the state over her statements, alleging that she made derogatory remarks against people with disabilities.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 October 2020 |title=Rights group files multiple police complaints against Khushbu Sundar for calling Cong leaders 'mentally-retarded' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/khushbu-sundar-congress-remark-6725269/ |access-date=25 January 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=25 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125111709/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/khushbu-sundar-congress-remark-6725269/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== BJP ===
On 12 October 2020,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khushbu Sundar Joins BJP, Says Congress Leaders Out Of Touch With Reality |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/khushbu-sundar-resigns-from-congress-in-letter-to-sonia-gandhi-may-join-bjp-say-sources-2308725 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012045213/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/khushbu-sundar-resigns-from-congress-in-letter-to-sonia-gandhi-may-join-bjp-say-sources-2308725 |archive-date=12 October 2020 |access-date=12 October 2020 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> Khushbu joined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kushboo quits Congress, joins BJP |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/congress-removes-khushboo-from-panel-of-spokespersons-actor-likely-to-join-bjp-today/article32831344.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013025322/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/congress-removes-khushboo-from-panel-of-spokespersons-actor-likely-to-join-bjp-today/article32831344.ece |archive-date=13 October 2020 |access-date=13 October 2020 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> She is currently a National Executive Committee Member of the Bharatiya Janata Party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 February 2023 |title=Khushbu nominated as member of National Commission for Women |url=https://www.dtnext.in/tamilnadu/2023/02/27/khushbu-nominated-as-member-of-national-commission-for-women |website=dtnext.in |language=en |access-date=13 March 2024 |archive-date=13 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313170313/https://www.dtnext.in/tamilnadu/2023/02/27/khushbu-nominated-as-member-of-national-commission-for-women |url-status=live}}</ref>

Khushbu said during a meeting with journalists in November 2023 that she wouldn't apologize for using the term "cheri language". She used the term to highlight the use of foul language against women in a post on social media platform [[Twitter, Inc.|X]] while responding to a supporter of the DMK who accused her of staying silent during the [[2023–2024 Manipur violence|Manipur ethnic violence]] on social media.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=25 November 2023 |title='Cheri' remark: BJP's Khushbu refuses to take down post, reiterates word was French |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/cheri-remark-bjps-khushbu-refuses-to-take-down-post-reiterates-word-was-french |website=The News Minute |language=en |access-date=13 March 2024 |archive-date=13 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313170313/https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/cheri-remark-bjps-khushbu-refuses-to-take-down-post-reiterates-word-was-french |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=22 November 2023 |title=Khushbu offers bizarre explanation for her faux pas |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/khushbu-offers-bizarre-explanation-for-her-faux-pas/article67563117.ece |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |access-date=13 March 2024 |archive-date=13 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313170313/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/khushbu-offers-bizarre-explanation-for-her-faux-pas/article67563117.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> In Tamil, the term refers to [[Dalit]] colonies that are separated from the rest of a village or town, and it is frequently used in a derogatory manner in reference to anything crude or crass.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=24 November 2023 |title=VCK lodges police complaint against Khushbu Sundar for 'cheri' remark |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/vck-lodges-police-complaint-against-khushbu-sundar-for-cheri-remark |website=The News Minute |language=en |access-date=13 March 2024 |archive-date=13 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313170313/https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/vck-lodges-police-complaint-against-khushbu-sundar-for-cheri-remark |url-status=live}}</ref> Her use of the term 'cheri' was condemned by activists for its caste-based connotations.<ref name=":3" /> The [[Pa. Ranjith|Neelam Foundation]], an organization fighting for Dalit rights, demanded an unconditional apology.<ref name=":4" /> The Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi lodged a police complaint about her remarks.<ref name="auto"/> The [[Chennai city police]] increased security for Khushbu's house after the [[SC/ST]] wing of the Congress party announced a protest in front of her house.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 November 2023 |title=Addl security for Khushbu's residence |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/addl-security-khushbu-sundar-residence-chennai/articleshow/105486583.cms |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |access-date=13 March 2024 |archive-date=13 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313170313/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/addl-security-khushbu-sundar-residence-chennai/articleshow/105486583.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> In her defence, she claimed that she had utilized the French term 'chéri', which translates to 'beloved', and not the Tamil word 'cheri'.<ref name=":4" />

=== 2021 Tamil Nadu assembly election ===
The Bharatiya Janata Party fielded Khushbu for the [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Thousand Lights (constituency)|Thousand Lights constituency]] in Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Pandey |first1=Tanushree |date=14 March 2021 |title=BJP announces candidates for Tamil Nadu election, Khushbu Sundar to contest from Chennai |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/tamil-nadu-assembly-polls-2021/story/bjp-candidates-list-for-tamil-nadu-election-khushboo-sundar-vanathi-srinavasan-1779180-2021-03-14 |website=India Today |access-date=6 November 2021 |archive-date=29 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829172823/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/tamil-nadu-assembly-polls-2021/story/bjp-candidates-list-for-tamil-nadu-election-khushboo-sundar-vanathi-srinavasan-1779180-2021-03-14 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=3 April 2021 |title=Tamil Nadu: Home Minister Amit Shah campaigns for Khushbu in Chennai |newspaper=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/elections/tamil-nadu-home-minister-amit-shah-campaigns-for-khushbu-in-chennai-121040300323_1.html |access-date=6 November 2021 |archive-date=3 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210403092533/https://www.business-standard.com/article/elections/tamil-nadu-home-minister-amit-shah-campaigns-for-khushbu-in-chennai-121040300323_1.html |url-status=live}}</ref> She lost the election by a margin of 32,200 votes to [[Ezhilan Naganathan]] of [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kushboo Sundar Election Results 2021: News, Votes, Results of Tamil-nadu Assembly |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/tamil-nadu-assembly-election-candidates-list-2021/kushboo-sundar-22020-20 |access-date=3 May 2021 |website=NDTV.com |language=en |archive-date=3 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503144217/https://www.ndtv.com/elections/tamil-nadu-assembly-election-candidates-list-2021/kushboo-sundar-22020-20 |url-status=live}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!Elections
!Constituency
!Party
!Result
!Vote %
!Opposition candidate
!Opposition party
!Opposition vote %
|-
|[[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|[[Thousand Lights (state assembly constituency)|Thousand Lights]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|{{color|Red|Lost}}
|28.99
|[[Ezhilan Naganathan]]
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|52.87
|}

Khushbu Sundar was appointed as Tamil Nadu BJP vice president on 30 July 2025.<ref name="Khushbu Sundar named BJP Tamil Nadu vice-president">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Khushbu Sundar named BJP Tamil Nadu vice-president |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/khushbu-sundar-named-bjp-tamil-nadu-vice-president/article69873880.ece |access-date=31 July 2025 |work=The Hindu |date=30 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250731153013/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/khushbu-sundar-named-bjp-tamil-nadu-vice-president/article69873880.ece |archive-date=31 July 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="Khushbu Sundar becomes BJP Tamil Nadu Vice-President, urges actor Vijay to ally">{{cite news |title=Khushbu Sundar becomes BJP Tamil Nadu Vice-President, urges actor Vijay to ally |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/tamil-nadu/story/actor-khushbu-sundar-appointed-bjp-tamil-nadu-vice-president-urges-tvk-vijay-to-join-bjp-aiadmk-alliance-2763756-2025-07-30 |access-date=31 July 2025 |publisher=India Today |date=30 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

== Popularity ==
=== Temple built for Khushbu ===
During her prime, Khushbu was a prominent actress in [[Tamil cinema]]. She became the first Indian actress for whom her fans built a dedicated temple.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 April 2001 |title=Khushboo: She's mother goddess now |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Khushboo-Shes-mother-goddess-now/articleshow/39146293.cms |access-date=24 August 2019 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=15 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915115545/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Khushboo-Shes-mother-goddess-now/articleshow/39146293.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2017 |title=Baillieu, Khushbu join 43rd Janmasthmi Celebrations at Albert Park |url=http://www.theindiansun.com.au/baillieu-khushbu-join-43rd-janmasthmi-celebrations-albert-park |publisher=The Indian Sun |access-date=22 August 2017 |archive-date=22 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822223735/http://www.theindiansun.com.au/baillieu-khushbu-join-43rd-janmasthmi-celebrations-albert-park/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Food dishes, products named after Khushbu ===
During her prominence in Tamil cinema, several dishes in [[Tamil Nadu]] were named after Khushbu. Kushboo [[Idli]], a rice cake, stood out as the most popular food item named after the actress.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 September 2017 |title=WOW Jacquelien meets Khushbu |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/wow-jacqueline-fernandez-meets-south-superstar-kushboo/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=19 October 2018 |archive-date=19 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019121906/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/wow-jacqueline-fernandez-meets-south-superstar-kushboo/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Other items such as Kushboo Jhumki, Kushboo Sarees, Kushboo Sharbet, Kushboo Coffee, Kushboo Cocktails, and various other food items were also named after her, with many still retaining those names.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 November 2017 |title=Khushbu and her love for South Indian Cuisine |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/actor-and-politician-khushboo-on-her-food-preferences/article19997150.ece |website=[[The Hindu]] |last1=Anantharam |first1=Chitra Deepa |access-date=22 May 2018 |archive-date=25 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125202354/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/actor-and-politician-khushboo-on-her-food-preferences/article19997150.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Social issues ==

=== Support for Jallikattu ===
Khushbu has been a very vocal supporter of the bull-taming sport, [[jallikattu]], and has voiced her opinion at various national and international platforms. In Aug 2017, she even visited a cattle station in [[Warrnambool]], [[Australia]], to get a better understanding of how cattle are treated and raised on farms outside India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 January 2017 |title=Jalikattu |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/viral-and-trending/220117/jallikattu-to-ban-or-not-to-ban.html |website=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=11 April 2019 |archive-date=11 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411210130/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/viral-and-trending/220117/jallikattu-to-ban-or-not-to-ban.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kushboo finds film inspiration on the Great Ocean Road |url=http://www.standard.net.au/story/4859948/warrnambool-welcomes-film-star/?cs=72 |access-date=16 August 2017 |website=standard.net.au |date=16 August 2017 |archive-date=16 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816232923/http://www.standard.net.au/story/4859948/warrnambool-welcomes-film-star/?cs=72 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Fighting for more recognition of South Indian Cinema on global platforms ===
Khushbu has been very vocal about obtaining more recognition for [[South India]]n cinema and non-[[Hindi]] cinema from India on global platforms, and film festivals. She has always maintained that Indian cinema is not just about [[Bollywood]] movies.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Manish |first=Salvi |date=19 August 2017 |title=IFFM discriminating against non-Hindi films, accuses South Indian star Kushboo |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/yourlanguage/node/1108899?language=tr |access-date=24 August 2019 |website=SBS |archive-date=28 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628154505/https://www.sbs.com.au/yourlanguage/node/1108899?language=tr |url-status=live}}</ref>

In August 2017, Khushbu visited the [[Victorian Parliament]] and met with former Victorian Premier [[Ted Baillieu]] and former Ministerial Adviser Mr. Nitin Gupta to discuss greater recognition for South Indian cinema within the Victorian government–funded Indian Film Festival of Melbourne.<ref>{{cite web |last=Irene |first=Maria |url=https://www.theindiansun.com.au/2026/02/07/why-september-trips-fall-flat-and-how-victorias-bollywood-policy-was-born/ |title= How Victoria's Bollywood Policy was born |work=The Indian Sun |date=7 Feb 2026}}</ref>

== Awards ==
*1991 - [[Cinema Express Awards]] for [[Cinema Express Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Best Actress – Tamil]] for ''[[Chinna Thambi]]''<ref>{{cite web |date=25 February 1992 |title='Chinnathambi' Bags ''Cinema Express'' Award |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=VZBlAAAAIBAJ&pg=1432,722114&dq=cinema+express&hl=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417131836/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=VZBlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=lJ4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1432,722114&dq=cinema+express&hl=en |archive-date=17 April 2016 |access-date=21 September 2016 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>
*1996 - [[Cinema Express Awards]] for [[Cinema Express Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Best Actress – Tamil]] for ''[[Irattai Roja]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=More Indian Beauties |url=https://jayaramanganesh.tripod.com/beauties/id28.html |access-date=14 July 2023 |website=jayaramanganesh.tripod.com |archive-date=24 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024183209/https://jayaramanganesh.tripod.com/beauties/id28.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
*1994–95 - [[Kalaimamani|Kalaimamani Honour for Film industry Contribution]]<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Recipients of Kalaimamani Awards for the year 1994–95 |url=https://www.tamildigitallibrary.in/admin/assets/periodicals/TVA_PRL_0016438/TVA_PRL_0016438_Tamil_Arasu_December_1995.pdf |magazine=TamilArasu |date=December 1995 |pages=18–19 |access-date=9 May 2024 |archive-date=9 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509054048/https://www.tamildigitallibrary.in/admin/assets/periodicals/TVA_PRL_0016438/TVA_PRL_0016438_Tamil_Arasu_December_1995.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
*1997 - [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award]] for [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award Special Prize|Special Prize]] for ''[[Paththini (1997 film)|Paththini]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/awards/27-11-98/g_award.htm |title=Tamilnadu Government Cinema Awards For 1997 |publisher=[[Dinakaran]] |access-date=11 August 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080101131515/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/awards/27-11-98/g_award.htm |archive-date=1 January 2008}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
She dated actor [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] while filming ''[[Chinna Thambi]]'' (1991). Khushbu started seeing Prahbu in 1989, and by 1991 she had fallen in love with him.<ref name="andheri" /> In 1996, Khushbu gave an interview to an English film magazine where she revealed that she and Prabhu had been in a [[live-in relationship]] for four and a half years before getting married. Their wedding took place on 12 September 1993, at the house they had bought in Poes Garden.<ref name="unplugged">{{Cite web |title=Kushboo unplugged |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2010/may/18/kushboo-unplugged-155443.html |website=The New Indian Express |date=16 May 2012 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624200319/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2010/may/18/kushboo-unplugged-155443.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2000, Khushbu married actor, director, and producer [[Sundar C]]. Following their union, she adopted her husband's name, Sundar, and has since been known as Khushbu Sundar. They have two daughters, Avantika and Anandita, after whom they named their production house, [[Avni Cinemax]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/heroines-who-fell-for-their-directors/heroines-who-fell-for-their-directors/photostory/34322092.cms |title=Heroines who fell for their directors |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=5 August 2021 |archive-date=6 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106213011/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/heroines-who-fell-for-their-directors/photostory/34322092.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 December 2017 |title=Actor-politician Khushbu Sundar silences trolls for 'discovering' she is Muslim – '47 yrs late'! |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/trending-in-india/khushbu-sundar-yes-i-am-khan-silences-trolls-calling-her-muslim-twitter-reactions-4967686/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401042632/https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/trending-in-india/khushbu-sundar-yes-i-am-khan-silences-trolls-calling-her-muslim-twitter-reactions-4967686/ |archive-date=1 April 2019 |access-date=19 July 2020 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

Although she married a Hindu, she has stated that she has not converted to [[Hinduism]], nor has she been asked to do so by her husband.<ref>{{cite web |date=11 May 2023 |title='Neither Converted Nor Asked To': Khushbu Sundar Responds To Trolls |url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/neither-converted-nor-asked-to-khushbu-sundar-responds-to-trolls-7783369.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111214414/https://www.news18.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/neither-converted-nor-asked-to-khushbu-sundar-responds-to-trolls-7783369.html |archive-date=11 November 2023 |access-date=18 April 2024 |website=News18}}</ref>
Khushbu stated in 2006 that she was an atheist.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 February 2006 |title=I AM: Khushboo |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/i-am-khushboo/articleshow/1429011.cms |access-date=19 April 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502165051/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/i-am-khushboo/articleshow/1429011.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Controversies ==

=== Opposition by Hindutva groups ===
Kushbu stirred controversy in December 2012 when she wore a saree that had images of the Hindu gods [[Rama]], [[Krishna]] and [[Hanuman]]. The [[Hindu Makkal Katchi]] demanded an apology from her and threatened to start agitations. She responded by saying, "I am not going to answer every Tom, Dick and Harry. Why should I? There is no need at all. Why are they worried about what a woman sports. Don't they have any other worthwhile work?".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajan |first=MC |title=Kushboo courts controversy for wearing saree with images of Hindu gods |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/dmk-politico-kushboo-controversy-for-wearing-saree-with-images-of-hindu-gods-124034-2012-12-11 |access-date=12 October 2020 |website=India Today |date=11 December 2012 |language=en |archive-date=12 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012132529/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/dmk-politico-kushboo-controversy-for-wearing-saree-with-images-of-hindu-gods-124034-2012-12-11 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Hindu Munnani]] and the Hindu Makkal Katchi filed several cases against Khushbu, accusing the actress of disrespecting Hindu gods by sitting cross-legged with her slippers in front of the [[Murti|idols]] of the goddesses [[Lakshmi]], [[Saraswati]], and [[Parvati]] during a [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] for the [[muhurta]] in Chennai on 22 November 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 November 2007 |title=Third case of religious offence filed against Kushboo |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-third-case-of-religious-offence-filed-against-kushboo-1136394 |website=DNA India |access-date=12 October 2020 |archive-date=12 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012144730/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-third-case-of-religious-offence-filed-against-kushboo-1136394 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== ''Maxim'' morphed photo case ===
In January 2006, in its first Indian edition,<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 August 2006 |title=Chargesheet filed against Maxim editor |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/chargesheet-filed-against-maxim-editor/story-yK4F9nHihV84f0hmJkkqLK.html |access-date=24 August 2019 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=24 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824102611/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/chargesheet-filed-against-maxim-editor/story-yK4F9nHihV84f0hmJkkqLK.html |url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Maxim (India)|Maxim]]'' magazine featured a full-page composite photograph with her head pasted onto the body of a model wearing a [[bikini]]. Khushbu filed two complaints: defamation and the indecent representation of women against the editor and four others involved with the magazine.<ref name="dnaindia1">{{Cite web |date=22 May 2006 |title=SC dismisses anticipatory bail plea of Maxim editor |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_sc-dismisses-anticipatory-bail-plea-of-maxim-editor_1030636 |access-date=13 March 2013 |website=Daily News and Analysis }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=22 May 2006 |title=Maxim editor denied bail |work=[[The Times of India]] |agency=Press Trust of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Maxim-editor-denied-bail/articleshow/1541743.cms |url-status=live |access-date=13 March 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411033752/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-05-22/india/27806710_1_morphed-editor-publishing |archive-date=11 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=31 January 2006 |title=Indian star to sue Maxim over photo |language=en-GB |publisher=BBC |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4666278.stm |access-date=24 August 2019 |archive-date=24 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824081350/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4666278.stm |url-status=live}}</ref> The proceedings were later stayed by the Madras High Court in December 2007 based on a plea filed by one of those charged.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 December 2007 |title=Khushboo case: HC stays proceedings against Maxim |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/khushboo-case-hc-stays-proceedings-against/247181 |access-date=24 August 2019 |website=The Indian Express |archive-date=13 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613171508/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/khushboo-case-hc-stays-proceedings-against/247181 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Comments on pre-marital sex ===
In 2005, she said in an interview it was fine for girls to indulge in [[pre-marital sex]] if they safeguard themselves and took precautions to prevent pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases. Later, she justified her statement by saying no educated man could expect his partner to be a virgin. The Dalit Panthers of India stormed the office of the South India Film Artistes' Association in Chennai demanding an apology from her. The [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]] said it will protest outside her house.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khushboo's comments stir controversy |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/sep/26khushboo.htm |website=Rediff |access-date=13 June 2021 |archive-date=13 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613172157/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/sep/26khushboo.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> 22 complaints alleging that she was "defaming Tamil womanhood and chastity" were brought against her, but in 2010, the Supreme Court dismissed all cases.<ref name="hindu.com">{{Cite news |date=17 November 2005 |title=Front Page: Kushboo enlarged on bail |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/17/stories/2005111720110100.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=2 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051124191812/http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/17/stories/2005111720110100.htm |archive-date=24 November 2005}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 April 2010 |title=Supreme Court dismisses charges against actress Khusboo Sundar |url=http://www.indiavision.com/news/article/entertainment/49548/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125030153/http://www.indiavision.com/news/article/entertainment/49548/ |archive-date=25 November 2011 |access-date=23 August 2019 |website=IndiaVision.com}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name}}
*{{Instagram}}
*{{twitter}}

{{Subject bar|d=y|common=y }}
{{Tamil Nadu State Award for Best Actress}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sundar, Khushbu}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu State Film Awards winners]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian atheists]]
[[Category:Indian feminists]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil television producers]]
[[Category:Tamil television writers]]

Sagar Municipal Corporation

2026-05-03T12:22:03Z

BootTPP: Started entry

{{Short description|Local civic body in Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox organization
|name = Sagar Municipal Corporation
|image = Nagar Nigam Sagar.png
|caption = Sagar Municipal Corporation
|map =
|map_size =
|map_caption =
|formation = 1987
|type = Municipal Corporation
|headquarters = [[Saugor]]
|membership =
|language = [[Hindi]], [[English Language|English]]
|leader_name = Sangeeta Sushil tiwari
|key_people = Rajkumar Khatri
|num_staff =
|budget = 6.3 billion (2024-2025)<ref>https://www.bhaskar.com/local/mp/sagar/news/general-conference-of-sagar-municipal-corporation-budget-of-rs-63-billion-presented-132721595.html</ref>
|website = [http://www.sagarmunicipalcorporation.com/ Official website]
}}

'''Sagar Municipal Corporation''' is the [[Municipal corporation (India)|municipal corporation]] governing [[India|Indian]] city of [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh|Sagar]]. Sagar Municipal Corporation is headed by [[Mayor]] of city and governed by [[Municipal commissioner (India)|Commissioner]].

== History and administration ==
Sagar Municipal Corporation was formed to improve the infrastructure of the town as per the needs of local population.<ref name="sa1">{{cite news |title=Sagar: Negligence in drain cleaning will not be tolerated, says Assistant Commissioner |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/bhopal/sagar-negligence-in-drain-cleaning-will-not-be-tolerated-says-assistant-commissioner |access-date=29 May 2022 |publisher=Free Press Journal |date=22 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="sa3">{{cite news |title=Sagar: Municipal corporation immerses mortal remains of Covid patients in Narmada river as families avoid ritual |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/bhopal/sagar-municipal-corporation-immerses-mortal-remains-of-covid-patients-in-narmada-river-as-families-avoid-ritual |access-date=29 May 2022 |publisher=Free Press Journal |date=18 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Sagar Municipal Corporation has been categorised into wards and each ward is headed by councillor for which elections are held every 5 years.
Sagar Municipal Corporation is governed by mayor<ref>{{cite news |title=Sagar: As Congress names Nidhi Jain as mayor candidate, BJP aspirants rise to occasion |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/bhopal/sagar-as-congress-names-nidhi-jain-as-mayor-candidate-bjp-aspirants-rise-to-occasion |access-date=25 December 2022 |publisher=Free Press Journal |date=10 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="sa4">{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Suchandana |title=HC raps Election Commission, govt over Mayor by-poll in Sagar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/hc-raps-election-commission-govt-over-mayor-by-poll-in-sagar/articleshow/14284082.cms |access-date=29 May 2022 |publisher=The Times of India |date=20 June 2012 |language=en}}</ref> and administered by Municipal Commissioner RP Ahirwar.<ref name="sa2">{{cite news |title=Sagar: Women given tips on making manure from garbage |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/bhopal/sagar-women-given-tips-on-making-manure-from-garbage |access-date=29 May 2022 |publisher=Free Press Journal |date=28 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
== Functions ==
Sagar Municipal Corporation is created for the following functions:<ref name="Sa9">{{cite news |title=Municipal Corporation - Functions, Roles, Members Qualification and Term |url=https://www.elections.in/government/municipal-corporation-in-india.html |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.elections.in}}</ref><ref name="Sa10">{{cite news |title=Good municipal governance key to improve quality of life {{!}} Pune News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/good-municipal-governance-key-to-improve-quality-of-life/articleshow/57320746.cms |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=The Times of India |date=24 February 2017 |language=en}}</ref>
* Planning for the town including its surroundings which are covered under its Department's Urban Planning Authority .
* Approving construction of new buildings and authorising use of land for various purposes.
* Improvement of the town's economic and Social status.
* Arrangements of water supply towards commercial, residential and industrial purposes.
* Planning for fire contingencies through Fire Service Departments.
* Creation of solid waste management, public health system and sanitary services.
* Working for the development of ecological aspect like development of Urban Forestry and making guidelines for environmental protection.
* Working for the development of weaker sections of the society like mentally and physically handicapped, old age and gender biased people.
* Making efforts for improvement of slums and poverty removal in the town.
== Revenue sources ==
The following are the Income sources for the Corporation from the Central and State Government.<ref name="Sa11">{{cite news |last1=Jadhav |first1=Radheshyam |title=Why civic bodies in India need municipal bonds |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/why-civic-bodies-in-india-need-municipal-bonds/article33237962.ece |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.thehindubusinessline.com |date=3 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Sa12">{{cite news |title=Municipal corporations under severe strain as revenues sink: RBI Report |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/municipal-corporations-under-severe-strain-as-revenues-sink-rbi-report-314215-2021-12-02 |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Business Today |date=2 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Sa13">{{cite news |title=If cities are to deliver better quality life, need to have business models which are sustainable |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/if-cities-are-to-deliver-better-quality-life-need-to-have-business-models-which-are-sustainable/642276/ |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Financialexpress |date=17 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
=== Revenue from taxes ===
Following is the Tax related revenue for the corporation.
* Property tax.
* Profession tax.
* Entertainment tax.
* Grants from Central and State Government like Goods and Services Tax.
* Advertisement tax.
=== Revenue from non-tax sources ===
Following is the Non Tax related revenue for the corporation.
* Water usage charges.
* Fees from Documentation services.
* Rent received from municipal property.
* Funds from municipal bonds.
=== Revenue from taxes ===
Following is the Tax related revenue for the corporation.
* Property tax.
* Profession tax.
* Entertainment tax.
* Grants from Central and State Government like Goods and Services Tax.
* Advertisement tax.
=== Revenue from non-tax sources ===
Following is the Non Tax related revenue for the corporation.
* Water usage charges.
* Fees from Documentation services.
* Rent received from municipal property.
* Funds from municipal bonds.
== See also ==

* [[List of municipal corporations in India|List of Municipal Corporations in India]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}
== External links ==
* [http://www.sagarmunicipalcorporation.com/ Official website]

[[Category:Municipal corporations in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Municipal corporations in India]]

Chennai Grand Masters

2026-05-01T20:42:02Z

BootTPP: info

{{Short description|Annual chess tournament held in Chennai, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox tournament
| name = Chennai Grand Masters
| image =
| caption =
| sport = [[Chess]]
| location = [[Chennai]], India
| established = 2023
| format = [[Round-robin tournament]]
}}

The '''Chennai Grand Masters''' is an annual closed [[chess tournament]] held in Chennai, India.

[[Vincent Keymer]] won the most recent edition in 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sundar |first=C. Shyam |date=2025-08-14 |title=The strongest classical tournament I have won: Keymer |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/the-strongest-classical-tournament-i-have-won-keymer/article69934037.ece |access-date=2025-08-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=McGourty |first=Colin |date=2025-08-14 |title=Keymer Wins Chennai Grand Masters With Round To Spare |url=https://www.chess.com/news/view/2025-keymer-wins-chennai-grand-masters-round-8 |access-date=2025-08-15 |website=Chess.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Winners ==
{|class=wikitable
!#
!Year
!Winner
|-
|1
|2023
|{{flagathlete|[[Gukesh Dommaraju]]|India}}
|-
|2
|2024
|{{flagathlete|[[Aravindh Chithambaram]]|India}}
|-
|3
|2025
|{{flagathlete|[[Vincent Keymer]]|Germany}}
|}

== 2023 ==
The 2023 Chennai Grand Masters was organized from 15 December to 21 December at [[The Leela Palace Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Venkatesan |first=S. Prasanna |date=2024-11-05 |title=Chennai Grandmasters {{!}} Arjun rallies to post a win over Vidit on opening day |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/chennai-grandmasters-arjun-rallies-to-post-a-win-over-vidit-on-opening-day/article68833461.ece |access-date=2024-11-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It was organized by MGD1, NODWIN Gaming, and [[ChessBase]] India, with support from the [[Government of Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu Government]] and Sports Development Authority of Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-11 |title=Chennai Grand Masters 2023 - India's strongest ever Classical Super Tournament - ChessBase India |url=https://chessbase.in/news/Chennai-Grand-Masters-2023 |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=www.chessbase.in}}</ref>

The tournament was announced only 4 days prior to its start, which led to criticism that the tournament was held at the last minute to help [[Gukesh Dommaraju]] and [[Arjun Erigaisi]] qualify for the [[Candidates Tournament 2024]]. However, [[FIDE]] deputy president [[Viswanathan Anand]] explained that the organization of the tournament is within the rules.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Venkata Krishna B. |date=2023-12-16 |title=Chess controversy: Is Chennai Grand Masters held just to help Gukesh & Erigaisi make candidates cut? 'Within rules' says Viswanathan Anand |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/chess/is-chennai-grand-masters-to-help-gukesh-erigaisi-make-candidates-viswanathan-anand-9071113/ |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mayank |date=2023-12-18 |title=Anand weighs in on Chennai Grand Masters controversy, says tournament within FIDE rules |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/chess/chennai-grand-masters-organised-within-fide-rules-gukesh-arjun-chase-candidates-2024-spot/article67650380.ece |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref>

After the seventh round, Gukesh and Arjun were tied for the first place with 4.5 points each. The [[Sonneborn–Berger score]] was used as the tie-breaker, and Gukesh emerged victorious.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2023-12-21 |title=Gukesh wins title on tie-break, becomes frontrunner for FIDE Circuit Candidates berth |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/gukesh-wins-title-on-tie-break-becomes-frontrunner-for-fide-circuit-candidates-berth/article67663135.ece |access-date=2024-11-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;
|+1st Chennai Grand Masters, 15–21 December 2023, [[Chennai]], India, [[Chess tournament#Tournament categories|Category XIX (2711)]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Chennai Grand Masters 2023 |url=https://chess-results.com/tnr864875.aspx?lan=1&art=4&turdet=YES&flag=30 |website=Chess-results.com}}</ref>
!
!Player
!Rating
!1
!2
!3
!4
!5
!6
!7
!8
!Points
![[Sonneborn–Berger score|SB]]
|-style="background:#ccffcc"
|1
|align="left"|'''{{flagathlete|[[Gukesh Dommaraju]]|India}}'''
|2720
|{{CNone}}
|½
|½
|½
|½
|½
|1
|1
|'''4½'''
|align="right"|13.75
|-
|2
|align="left"|{{flagathlete|[[Arjun Erigaisi]]|India}}
|2727
|½
|{{CNone}}
|0
|½
|½
|1
|1
|1
|4½
|align="right"|13.00
|-
|3
|align="left"|{{flagathlete|[[Pentala Harikrishna]]|India}}
|2696
|½
|1
|{{CNone}}
|½
|½
|½
|½
|½
|4
|align="right"|14.25
|-
|4
|align="left"|{{flagathlete|[[Pavel Eljanov]]|Ukraine}}
|2691
|½
|½
|½
|{{CNone}}
|½
|1
|0
|1
|4
|align="right"|13.25
|-
|5
|align="left"|{{flagathlete|[[Levon Aronian]]|USA}}
|2723
|½
|½
|½
|½
|{{CNone}}
|½
|½
|½
|3½
|align="right"|12.25
|-
|6
|align="left"|{{flagathlete|[[Parham Maghsoodloo]]|Iran}}
|2742
|½
|0
|½
|0
|½
|{{CNone}}
|1
|1
|3½
|align="right"|10.00
|-
|7
|align="left"|{{flagathlete|[[Sanan Sjugirov]]|Hungary}}
|2703
|0
|0
|½
|1
|½
|0
|{{CNone}}
|½
|2½
|align="right"|8.50
|-
|8
|align="left"|{{flagathlete|[[Alexandr Predke]]|Serbia}}
|2689
|0
|0
|½
|0
|½
|0
|½
|{{CNone}}
|1½
|align="right"|5.00
|}

== 2024 ==
The 2024 edition was India's strongest classical super-tournament of the year. It was held from 5 November to 11 November at the [[Anna Centenary Library]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team Sportstar |date=2024-11-04 |title=Chennai Grand Masters 2024 guide: Preview, player list, pairing, full schedule, FIDE circuit points at stake |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/chess/chennai-chess-grand-masters-2024-full-schedule-preview-pairings-fide-circuit-points/article68830279.ece |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref>

After the seventh round, there was a three-way tie between [[Levon Aronian]], Arjun Erigaisi, and [[Aravindh Chithambaram]]. Aravindh was declared the winner after tiebreaks. The challengers section was won by [[Pranav V|V. Pranav]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Venkatesan |first=S. Prasanna |date=2024-11-11 |title=Aravindh stuns Aronian to claim top prize |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/aravindh-stuns-aronian-to-claim-top-prize/article68856755.ece |access-date=2024-11-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Masters ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;
|+ 2nd Chennai Grand Masters, 5–11 November 2024, [[Chennai]], India, [[Chess tournament#Tournament categories|Category XIX (2725)]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Chennai Grand Masters 2024 |url=https://chess-results.com/tnr1053415.aspx?lan=1&art=4&turdet=YES&flag=30 |website=Chess-results.com}}</ref>
!
!Player
!Rating
!1
!2
!3
!4
!5
!6
!7
!8
!Points
|-
|-style="background:#ccffcc"
|1
|align="left"|'''{{flagathlete|[[Aravindh Chithambaram]]|India}}'''
|2706
|{{CNone}}
|½
|1
|½
|½
|1
|½
|½
|'''4½'''
|-
|2
|align="left"|{{flagathlete|[[Levon Aronian]]|USA}}
|2739
|½
|{{CNone}}
|½
|½
|1
|1
|½
|½
|4½
|-
|3
|align="left"|{{flagathlete|[[Arjun Erigaisi]]|India}}
|2799
|0
|½
|{{CNone}}
|1
|½
|½
|1
|1
|4½
|-
|4
|align="left"|{{flagathlete|[[Amin Tabatabaei]]|Iran}}
|2686
|½
|½
|0
|{{CNone}}
|1
|½
|1
|½
|4
|-
|5
|align="left"|{{flagathlete|[[Maxime Vachier-Lagrave]]|France}}
|2737
|½
|0
|½
|0
|{{CNone}}
|1
|½
|½
|3
|-
|6
|align="left"|{{flagathlete|[[Parham Maghsoodloo]]|Iran}}
|2712
|0
|0
|½
|½
|0
|{{CNone}}
|½
|1
|2½
|-
|7
|align="left"|{{flagathlete|[[Alexey Sarana]]|Serbia}}
|2679
|½
|½
|0
|0
|½
|½
|{{CNone}}
|½
|2½
|-
|8
|align="left"|{{flagathlete|[[Vidit Gujrathi]]|India}}
|2739
|½
|½
|0
|½
|½
|0
|½
|{{CNone}}
|2½
|}
====Tiebreaks====
The tiebreak was a two-game [[Blitz chess|blitz]] match, followed by an [[Armageddon chess|armageddon]] if necessary. The time control was 3 minutes with a 2-second increment per move.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saravanan (VSaravanan) |first=Venkatachalam |date=2024-11-11 |title=Aravindh Wins 2024 Chennai Grand Masters Through Tiebreak |url=https://www.chess.com/news/view/aravindh-wins-2024-chennai-grand-masters |access-date=2025-03-12 |website=Chess.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Aravindh was given a bye because he had a better score in terms of direct encounters, beating Arjun in their game.<ref name=":0" /> He then won the final match against Levon Aronian, who had proceeded after holding a draw as black in the armageddon game.

{{3TeamBracket
|RD1=
|RD1-team1='''{{flagicon|USA}} [[Levon Aronian]]'''
|RD1-score1='''1½'''
|RD1-team2={{flagicon|India}} [[Arjun Erigaisi]]
|RD1-score2=1½
|RD2=
|RD2-team1='''{{flagicon|India}} [[Aravindh Chithambaram]]'''
|RD2-score1='''2'''
|RD2-seed2=2
|RD2-team2={{flagicon|USA}} [[Levon Aronian]]
|RD2-score2=0
}}

=== Challengers ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;
|+1st Chennai Grand Masters Challengers, 5–11 November 2024, [[Chennai]], India, [[Chess tournament#Tournament categories|Category XIV (2594)]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Chennai Grand Masters Challengers 2024 |url=https://chess-results.com/tnr1053416.aspx?lan=1&art=4&turdet=YES&flag=30 |website=Chess-results.com}}</ref>
!
!Player
!Rating
!1
!2
!3
!4
!5
!6
!7
!8
!Points
|-
|-style="background:#ccffcc"
|1
|align="left"|'''{{flagicon|India}} [[Pranav V]]'''
|2602
|{{CNone}}
|½
|½
|1
|1
|½
|1
|1
|'''5½'''
|-
|2
|align="left"|{{flagicon|India}} [[Leon Luke Mendonca]]
|2631
|½
|{{CNone}}
|½
|1
|½
|½
|1
|1
|5
|-
|3
|align="left"|{{flagicon|India}} [[Raunak Sadhwani]]
|2677
|½
|½
|{{CNone}}
|1
|½
|½
|½
|½
|4
|-
|4
|align="left"|{{flagicon|India}} [[Karthikeyan Murali]]
|2625
|0
|0
|0
|{{CNone}}
|1
|½
|1
|1
|3½
|-
|5
|align="left"|{{flagicon|India}} [[Abhimanyu Puranik]]
|2652
|0
|½
|½
|0
|{{CNone}}
|1
|½
|1
|3½
|-
|6
|align="left"|{{flagicon|India}} [[Pranesh M]]
|2580
|½
|½
|½
|½
|0
|{{CNone}}
|½
|1
|3½
|-
|7
|align="left"|{{flagicon|India}} [[Harika Dronavalli]]
|2493
|0
|0
|½
|0
|½
|½
|{{CNone}}
|½
|2
|-
|8
|align="left"|{{flagicon|India}} [[Vaishali Rameshbabu]]
|2490
|0
|0
|½
|0
|0
|0
|½
|{{CNone}}
|1
|}

== 2025 ==
The 2025 edition was India's strongest classical super-tournament of the year. It was held from 7 August to 15 August at the [[Hyatt Regency Chennai]], after a one-day delay caused by a [https://www.newsonair.gov.in/chennai-grand-masters-2025-postponed-after-fire-at-hyatt-regency/ fire incident at the players’ hotel].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Quantbox Chennai Grand Masters Brochure|url=https://aicf.in/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Quantbox-CGM-brochure-2025.pdf|access-date=2025-07-04|website=aicf.in|language=en}}</ref>

[[Vincent Keymer]] won the tournament with one round to spare. [[Pranesh M]] won in the Challengers section. <ref>{{cite web|last=McGourty |first=Colin |title=Keymer Crosses 2750, Giri Takes 2nd, Pranesh Wins Challengers|url=https://www.chess.com/news/view/2025-chennai-grand-masters-round-9|website=Chess.com}}</ref>
=== Masters ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;
|+ 3rd Quantbox Chennai Grand Masters, 7–16 August 2025, [[Chennai]], India, [[Chess tournament#Tournament categories|Category XVIII (2700)]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Chennai Grand Masters 2025 |url=https://s3.chess-results.com/tnrWZ.aspx?lan=1&art=1&turdet=YES&flag=30&SNode=S0&tno=1230063 |website=Chess-results.com}}</ref>
!
!Player
!Rating
!1
!2
!3
!4
!5
!6
!7
!8
!9
!10
!Points
|-
|-style="background:#ccffcc"
|1
|align="left"|'''{{flagathlete|[[Vincent Keymer]]|Germany}}'''
|'''2730'''
|{{CNone}}
|½
|½
|1
|1
|1
|½
|½
|1
|1
|'''7'''
|-
|2
|align="left"|{{flagathlete|[[Anish Giri]]|Netherlands}}
|2748
|½
|{{CNone}}
|½
|½
|½
|½
|½
|1
|½
|½
|5
|-
|3
|align="left"|{{flagathlete|[[Arjun Erigaisi]]|India}}
|2776
|½
|½
|{{CNone}}
|½
|0
|1
|½
|½
|½
|1
|5
|-
|4
|align="left"|{{flagathlete|[[Karthikeyan Murali]]|India}}
|2658
|0
|½
|½
|{{CNone}}
|½
|½
|1
|1
|½
|½
|5
|-
|5
|align="left"|{{flagathlete|[[Nihal Sarin]]|India}}
|2692
|0
|½
|1
|½
|{{CNone}}
|½
|0
|0
|1
|1
|4½
|-
|6
|align="left"|{{flagathlete|[[Awonder Liang]]|United States}}
|2696
|0
|½
|0
|½
|½
|{{CNone}}
|½
|1
|1
|½
|4½
|-
|7
|align="left"|{{flagathlete|[[Vidit Gujrathi]]|India}}
|2720
|½
|½
|½
|0
|1
|½
|{{CNone}}
|½
|½
|0
|4
|-
|8
|align="left"|{{flagathlete|[[Jorden van Foreest]]|Netherlands}}
|2697
|½
|0
|½
|0
|1
|0
|½
|{{CNone}}
|½
|1
|4
|-
|9
|align="left"|{{flagathlete|[[Pranav V]]|India}}
|2597
|0
|½
|½
|½
|0
|0
|½
|½
|{{CNone}}
|½
|3
|-
|10
|align="left"|{{flagathlete|[[Ray Robson]]|United States}}
|2687
|0
|½
|0
|½
|0
|½
|1
|0
|½
|{{CNone}}
|3
|}

=== Challengers ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;
|+2nd Quantbox Chennai Grand Masters Challengers, 7–16 August 2025, [[Chennai]], India, [[Chess tournament#Tournament categories|Category XIII (2558)]]<ref name=challengers>{{cite web |title=Chennai Grand Masters - Challengers 2025 |url=https://s1.chess-results.com/tnrWZ.aspx?lan=1&art=1&turdet=YES&flag=30&SNode=S0&tno=1230064 |website=Chess-results.com}}</ref>
!
!Player
!Rating
!1
!2
!3
!4
!5
!6
!7
!8
!9
!10
!Points
|-
|-style="background:#ccffcc"
|1
|align="left"|{{flagicon|India}} GM '''[[Pranesh M]]'''
|'''2589'''
|{{CNone}}
|½
|1
|½
|1
|½
|0
|1
|1
|1
|'''6½'''
|-
|2
|align="left"|{{flagicon|India}} GM [[Adhiban Baskaran]]
|2534
|½
|{{CNone}}
|½
|1
|½
|1
|1
|½
|½
|½
|6
|-
|3
|align="left"|{{flagicon|India}} GM [[Abhimanyu Puranik]]
|2635
|0
|½
|{{CNone}}
|1
|0
|1
|1
|½
|1
|1
|6
|-
|4
|align="left"|{{flagicon|India}} GM [[Leon Luke Mendonca]]
|2606
|½
|0
|0
|{{CNone}}
|½
|1
|1
|1
|1
|1
|6
|-
|5
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} GM [[P. Iniyan]]
|2586
|0
|½
|1
|½
|{{CNone}}
|½
|½
|1
|1
|½
|5½
|-
|6
|align="left"|{{flagicon|India}} GM [[Diptayan Ghosh]]
|2576
|½
|0
|0
|0
|½
|{{CNone}}
|1
|½
|1
|1
|4½
|-
|7
|align="left"|{{flagicon|India}} IM [[Harshavardhan G. B.]]
|2454
|1
|0
|0
|0
|½
|0
|{{CNone}}
|½
|1
|1
|4
|-
|8
|align="left"|{{flagicon|India}} GM [[Aryan Chopra]]
|2634
|0
|½
|½
|0
|0
|½
|½
|{{CNone}}
|1
|1
|4
|-
|9
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} GM [[Harika Dronavalli]]
|2487
|0
|½
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|{{CNone}}
|1
|1½
|-
|10
|align="left"| {{flagicon|India}} GM [[Vaishali Rameshbabu]]
|2476
|0
|½
|0
|0
|½
|0
|0
|0
|0
|{{CNone}}
|1
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Chess tournaments}}
[[Category:Invitational chess tournaments]]
[[Category:Chess in India]]
[[Category:International sports competitions hosted by India]]
[[Category:Recurring sporting events established in 2023]]
[[Category:2023 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Sports competitions in Chennai]]

St. Norbert School, Indore

2026-04-30T14:34:29Z

BootTPP: Started new details

{{multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=August 2018}}
{{independent sources|date=August 2018}}
{{Orphan|date=August 2018}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox university
|name= St. Norbert Senior Secondary School
|motto=Towards A New Society
|image= St. Norbert School, Indore - Logo.jpg
|image_size= 200
|established= {{Start date|2001|07}}
|head_label=
|city= [[Indore|Rangwasa, Rau, Indore]]
|state= [[Madhya Pradesh]]
|country= [[India]]
|campus= Rural
|type= [[Private school|Private]]
|principal= Sr. Immaculate
|administrative_staff=
|website= {{URL|http://stnorbertschool.ac.in}}, {{URL|http://stnorbertindore.com}}
|footnotes =
|image_alt=Logo of St. Norbert Senior Secondary School
|postalcode=453331}}

'''St. Norbert Senior Secondary School''' is a private school in [[Indore district|Indore]], [[Madhya Pradesh, India|Madhya Pradesh]], India. It has been established since 1 July 2001.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/site/stnorbertschurch/institutions/st-norbert-school|title=St. Norbert School - St. Norbert's Church|website=sites.google.com|access-date=2018-10-27}}</ref> Its patron is [[Norbert of Xanten|St. Norbert]]. The school is affiliated to [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]], New Delhi (''Affiliation Number is 1030291'') since 2007.<ref name=":1" /> It is an English medium school. It has a motto, ''“Towards a New Society"''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.stnorbertschool.ac.in|title=Home|website=www.stnorbertschool.ac.in|language=en-gb}}</ref>

The school started with just one building of three floors (including G-floor), 39<ref name=":0" /> students and very few teachers. By 2018, this school has grown to five such buildings, which includes Kids Paradise (a separate building dedicated to small students up to class 3rd), with an attendance of 4,308<ref name=":0" /> students along with 131<ref name=":0" /> qualified teaching and non-teaching staff along with 62<ref name=":0" /> support staff.

The school has [[10+2]] system of school education, meaning it teaches from Classes Nursery to Twelfth Standard. The facilities available in the school mainly includes Library, Smart Classes, Christian Church, student laboratories (including Physics Lab, Maths Lab, Chemistry Lab, Computer Labs), bus facility, basketball court, and a ground for football. It is a Christian Minority School, for both boys and girls (meaning the school supports coeducation<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.frosher.com/schools/st-norbert-school-indore#location|title=St. Norbert School|access-date=2018-11-01|language=en-US}}</ref>). It is a self-financing school.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://stnorbertindore.com St. Norbert School (homepage)]
* [https://sites.google.com/site/stnorbertschurch/home St. Norbert School's church]
* [https://www.aura.education/school-ST_NORBERT_SCHOOL-10407 St. Norbert School details on Aura.Education]

{{coord missing|Madhya Pradesh}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Norbert School Indore}}
[[Category:Schools in Indore]]
[[Category:Co-educational schools in India]]
[[Category:Private schools in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Christian schools in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:2001 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2001]]

Debi Chowdhurani (TV series)

2026-04-29T20:45:21Z

BootTPP: done - done

{{Short description|Indian Bengali television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Devi Chaudhurani New Poster.jpg
| based_on = ''[[Devi Chaudhurani]]'' by [[Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay]]
| writer = Writam Ghosal
| director = Amit Sengupta
| starring = {{ubl|Sonamoni Saha|[[Rahul Mazumdar]]}}
| open_theme = ''Debi Chaudhurani''
| composer = Upali
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| executive_producer = Pallabi Basu
| producer = Subrata Roy
| location = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| camera = [[Multi-camera setup]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = Subrata Roy Productions
| channel = [[Star Jalsha]]
| num_episodes = 420
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2018|07|16}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=y|2019|10|25}}
}}

'''''Debi Chowdhurani''''' was an Indian Bengali-language period drama television series that premiered on 16 July 2018 and aired daily on [[Star Jalsha]].<ref>{{cite news |title=A new show on Devi Chaudhurani to hit small screens soon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/a-new-show-on-devi-chaudhurani-to-hit-small-screens-soon/articleshow/64506281.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=8 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Seven Bengali films by Suchitra Sen to watch on the actress’s birthday |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/try-this/watch/seven-bengali-films-by-suchitra-sen-to-watch-on-the-actresss-birthday/cid/2011624 |website=The Telegraph (My Kolkata) |publisher=ABP Group |date=6 April 2023 |access-date=22 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Suchitra Sen and Ranjit Mullick in Debi Chaudhurani (1974) |url=https://learningandcreativity.com/uttam-kumar-suchitra-sen-bengali-cinemas-first-couple/suchitra-sen-ranjit-mullick/ |website=Silhouette Magazine |publisher=Learning and Creativity |access-date=22 August 2025}}</ref> Based on [[Bankim Chandra Chatterjee]]'s novel of [[Devi Chaudhurani]], it was produced by [[Subrata Roy]], Joydeb Mondal, and starred Sonamoni Saha and Rahul Mazumdar in the lead roles. [[Sujan Mukhopadhyay]], [[Tanima Sen]], and Rayati Bhattacharya, among others, appeared in supporting roles. Upon its launch, the series became one of the most-watched shows on [[Star Jalsha]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/new-tv-show-debi-choudurani-scores-well-on-trp-charts-krishnokali-tops-the-list/articleshow/65159024.cms|title=New TV show 'Debi Choudurani' scores well on TRP charts; Krishnokoli tops the list|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref>

The series is an onscreen adaptation of [[Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay]]’s novel of the same name. Bankim Chandra’s work called for a resurgent India that resisted the oppression of the [[British Empire]] through the strength of the common people, based on traditional Indian values of austerity, dedication, and selflessness. He placed a female protagonist at the centre of the struggle, fighting against the tyranny of oppressive [[zamindar]]s and the British Raj.

==Synopsis==
Based on the novel by [[Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay]], the series follows the journey of Prafulla, an innocent young woman who transforms into [[Devi Chaudhurani]], a formidable bandit queen.

The show portrays Prafulla’s evolution from an ordinary village girl into an iconic leader and legendary warrior. As Debi Chaudhurani, she becomes the saviour of the poor, revered and respected by all. She wages battle against the British Empire and cruel zamindars, inspiring women to break purdah and join the struggle for independence. Prafulla’s transformation into a figure feared by the British and admired by her people has resonated with Bengali audiences across generations. Depicted as a revered leader, moral guide, and embodiment of austerity and selflessness, Debi Chaudhurani remains a powerful symbol of Bengali womanhood.

==Cast==
* [[Sonamoni Saha]] as Prafullamukhi Rai ("Prafulla") / Debi Chaudhurani – Titular protagonist
* [[Rahul Mazumdar]] as Brojeswar Rai ("Brojo") – Prafulla’s husband
* [[Sujan Mukhopadhyay]] as Haraballabh Rai – Greedy zamindar; Brojo’s father and Prafulla’s father-in-law
* Awrkojyoti Roy as Kartiar Saheb – British officer
* Sanjib Dasgupta as Bhavani Pathak
* Biplab Chatterjee
* Sudip Sarkar as Sardar – A dacoit in Bhavani Pathak’s troop
* [[Subhra Sourav Das]] as East India Company officer
* Sritoma Bhattacharya as Diba – A dacoit in Bhavani Pathak’s troop
* [[Kanyakumari Mukherjee]] as Nishi – A dacoit in Bhavani Pathak’s troop
* Mahua Haldar
* Sagnik as Bishaai Dakat
* Subhamoy Chatterjee as a selfish and greedy purohit
* Adrija Mukherjee as young Prafulla
* Rayati Bhattacharya as Prafulla’s mother
* [[Tanima Sen]] as Brojeswar’s grandmother; Haraballabh’s paternal aunt
* Jack as a selfish zamindar
* Rupsha Guha
* Dipanjan Bhattacharya
* Anindya Banerjee
* Priyantika Karmakar as Sagar Bou
* Seenchita Sanyal as Nayan Bou

==See also==
* [[Karunamoyee Rani Rashmoni]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2018 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Star Jalsha original programming]]
[[Category:Bengali-language television programming in India]]
[[Category:2019 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Adaptations of works by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay]]

Kailas Nath Kaul

2026-04-29T07:13:32Z

BootTPP: creating new info

{{Short description|Indian scientist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Kailas Nath Kaul
| image = MSc LU 1928.jpg
| caption = Kaul at the [[University of Lucknow]] in 1928 (standing, fourth from left)
| birth_date = 1905
| death_date = 1983 (aged 77–78)
| fields = [[Botany]], [[Agricultural science]], [[Natural resource management]], Horticulture
| workplaces = [[National Botanical Research Institute]], India; [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]], United Kingdom; [[Natural History Museum, London]], United Kingdom; University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; [[Lucknow University]], India; [[Kanpur University]], India; [[Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology]], India; [[University of Kashmir]], India; [[Central Drug Research Institute]], India
| known_for = [[Arecaceae]] research
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]], Indian civilian honour (1977)
| spouse = [[Sheila Kaul]]
| relatives = [[Kamala Nehru]] (sister)
}}
'''Kailas Nath Kaul''' (1905–1983) was an Indian [[botanist]], [[naturalist]], [[agricultural scientist]], [[horticulturist]], [[herbalist]], [[plant collector]] and [[herpetologist]], and a world authority on [[Arecaceae]]. He founded India's [[National Botanical Research Institute]] and was instrumental in organizing the country's modern scientific infrastructure. He is regarded as a vital influence behind his niece [[Indira Gandhi]]'s proactive role in environmental protection by means of extensive legislative and policy interventions.<ref name="Statesman">{{cite news|title=Indira and the bounty of nature|newspaper=The Statesman|date= 24 September 2017|access-date=20 October 2017|url=http://www.thestatesman.com/books-education/indira-bounty-nature-1502498236.html}}</ref><ref name="ET">{{cite news|title=Indira Gandhi made environment a fashionable subject when it wasn't one in India|newspaper=The Economic Times|date= 30 June 2017|access-date=20 October 2017|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/indira-gandhi-made-environment-a-fashionable-subject-when-it-wasnt-one-in-india-jairam-ramesh/articleshow/59369704.cms}}</ref>

==Notable achievements==
Having served as the first Indian scientist at the [[Kew Gardens|Royal Botanic Gardens]], [[Kew]],<ref name="Kew1">{{cite journal |author=News |journal=Nature |year=1939 |title=Assistant for India at Kew|volume=144 |issue=3654 |page=829 |doi=10.1038/144829a0|bibcode=1939Natur.144Q.829. |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Kew2">{{cite journal |author=News |journal=Nature |year=1945 |title=Botanist for India at Kew|volume=156 |issue=3963 |page=444 |doi=10.1038/156444b0|bibcode=1945Natur.156R.444. |doi-access=free }}</ref> and worked with the [[Natural History Museum, London|Natural History Museum]], London, and several British universities including the [[University of Cambridge]], Professor Kaul established the [[National Botanical Research Institute]] (formerly, the National Botanic Gardens of India), at [[Lucknow]] in 1948. He directed the Institute until 1965, during which time it remained one of the world's five best botanical gardens, along with those at Kew (UK), Bogor (Indonesia), Paris (France) and New York (USA). From 1953 until 1965, Kaul surveyed botanically the whole of India, from the [[Karakoram]] mountains in the north to [[Kanyakumari]] at the southern tip of the country, and from the [[North East Frontier Agency]] in the east to the [[Rann of Kutch]] in the west. In the same period, he contributed to the development of the botanical gardens at [[Peradeniya]] (Sri Lanka), Singapore, Bogor (Indonesia), Bangkok (Thailand), Hong Kong, Tokyo (Japan), and Manila (Philippines). He represented India at the [[International Botanical Congress]]es at Paris (1954), Montreal (1959), and Edinburgh (1964). In 1968, he was elected as the President of the Palaeobotanical Society, India. In 1975, he was appointed the first [[Vice Chancellor]] of the [[Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology]], [[Kanpur]], India.

Kaul's 1929 work on the medicinal plant ''[[Artemisia (genus)|Artemisia]] brevifolia'' in [[Kashmir]] caused yields of [[Santonin]], an [[anthelminthic]] derived from the plant, to increase six times. This made the production of Santonin economically viable in India.

In 1947, Kaul discovered fresh water [[aquifers]] in the princely state of [[Jodhpur]] in the [[Thar Desert]], India, mainly by studying the spatial patterns of vegetation and depths of wells in the region. He used a small aircraft owned by Maharaja [[Umaid Singh]] to conduct aerial surveys for this purpose. He then prepared a [[desert reclamation]] scheme to solve the enigma of Jodhpur's water shortage. In 1949–50, he also organized the Underground Water Board for Rajasthan at [[Jaipur]].

In 1969, Kaul, a native of [[Kashmir]], was appointed Director for Gardens, Parks and Floriculture in the Indian state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. He worked for several years on the conservation and management of floral [[biodiversity]] and the rejuvenation of the [[Mughal Empire|Mogul]]-era gardens in the state, and as the advisor to the [[Chief Minister]] on the subject.

Kaul was responsible for the [[land reclamation|reclamation]] of several thousand acres of [[alkaline]] land in the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. His work has been named ''The Banthra Formula'' after Banthra, the place where it was initiated in 1953. The project involved [[organic farming|organic]] amendments and biological interventions such as the cultivation of [[alkali]]-tolerant [[herbaceous]], [[shrub]] and [[tree]] species. Its decentralized, community-based development approach benefited [[subsistence]] and small-scale commercial farmers through the intensification and diversification of [[biomass]] production for food, fuel, fodder, fertilizers, medicines, timber, [[animal husbandry]], [[aquaculture]], soil amelioration, and bioaesthetics.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gh87O2st1MgC&q=kailas+nath+kaul&pg=PA36 |title=Vetiver Grass: A Thin Green Line Against Erosion |author=Panel on Vetiver, Board on Science and Technology for International Development, National Research Council |year=1983 |publisher=National Academies Press |access-date=2 July 2014|isbn=9780309598149 }}</ref>

As the architect of the ''Vigyan Mandir'' or School of Science Scheme (1948), which was later adopted by the Government of India, Kaul encouraged science education and research across the country. He also worked for the promotion of traditional sculpture, painting, and [[applied arts]], and was elected as the President of the [[Lalit Kala Akademi]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]] in 1965.

==Contribution to the Indian freedom movement==
Kaul joined the Indian freedom movement led by Gandhi in 1930, when he was sent by the [[All India Congress Committee]] to assist [[Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan]] in organising rural uplift work in the [[Kohat]], [[Bannu]] and [[Peshawar]] districts. He also worked in villages adjoining [[Delhi]] under the guidance of [[Asaf Ali]] during the [[Civil Disobedience Movement]]. In 1931, Kaul was arrested and charged with planting the flag of Independence and was sentenced to six months in jail. While in jail, he ran a school for 'C Class' prisoners. His thesis on [[alkaline]] (''usar'') soils was confiscated by the British Government for his active participation in the Indian Freedom Movement. Kaul also worked against [[untouchability]] and gave free education to [[Dalit]] children in Lucknow. His mother Rajpati Kaul and his sister [[Kamala Nehru]] were among the first few women to have participated in the Indian freedom movement.

Colonel [[Richard Meinertzhagen]], on [[Salim Ali]]'s choice of Kailas Nath Kaul as the botanical expert for a 1937 expedition to Afghanistan, remarked, ''"He [Kaul] is a young man, nice mannered and intelligent, but I am a little doubtful whether I can stomach two seditionists for three months all day and every day. Salim is a rank seditionist and communist; so is Kaul..."''<ref>{{cite book |title=Inventing Global Ecology: Tracking the Biodiversity Ideal in India, 1947-1997 |author=Michael L. Lewis|publisher=Ohio University Press|year=2004|page=40}}</ref>

==Family and friends==

Rajpati and Jawahar Mull Atal-Kaul were Kaul's parents, and [[Kamala Nehru]], [[Chand Bahadur Kaul]], and Swaroop Kathju were his siblings.<ref name="Gandhi">{{cite book |title=Two Alone, Two Together: Letters Between Indira Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru 1922-1964 |author=Gandhi, Sonia |publisher=Penguin|year=2004 |isbn=9780143032458|page=xxi-xxii}}</ref> He was married to [[Sheila Kaul]], an educationist, social worker, and politician. [[Gautam Kaul (Film Critic)|Gautam Kaul]], [[Deepa Kaul]], and Vikram Kaul are their children.

Kaul's paternal great-grandfather, Moti Lal Atal (originally Thullal in [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]), was [[dewan]] of the princely state of [[Jaipur]], his brother-in-law, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] ''('Jawahar Bhai')'', was the first prime minister of independent India, and his niece, [[Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi]] ''('Indu')'', was the third prime minister of India.<ref name="Gandhi"/> Having spent much time with him in the [[Himalayas]], Indira became deeply influenced by Kaul's passion for nature.<ref name="ET"/> Kaul was introduced to Kumaon and Garhwal’s botanical diversity by Nirmal Chandra Chaturvedi, a prominent social worker from Lucknow.

Among Kaul's natural scientist friends were Frank Hawking, a British biologist and physician and [[Stephen Hawking]]'s father; Sir [[Edward James Salisbury]], a British botanist and ecologist; [[Ronald Melville (botanist)|Ronald Melville]], a British botanist; [[Arthur John Cronquist]], an American botanist; [[Birbal Sahni]], an Indian palaeobotanist; G.C. Mitra, an Indian botanist; [[Alexandr Innokentevich Tolmatchew]], a Soviet botanist; [[Kiril Bratanov]], a Bulgarian biologist; [[Ronald Pearson Tripp]], a British palaeontologist; and [[René Dumont]], a French agronomist. His other friends included [[Todor Zhivkov]], former President of Bulgaria; [[Alfred Jules Ayer]], a British philosopher, [[Herbert V. Günther]], a German philosopher and linguist, and [[Margaret Mee]], a British botanical artist.

==Awards and honours==
*[[Padma Bhushan]], Indian civilian honour (1977)<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref>
*K.N. Kaul Institute of [[Life Sciences]], India
*K.N. Kaul Block, [[National Botanical Research Institute]], India
*''[[Kaulinia]]'', a [[genus]] of [[fern]]s named in his honour.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Kaulinia, a new genus of Polypodiaceous fern |journal = Taxon|volume = 13|issue = 2|pages = 67–69 |jstor = 1216315|year = 1964|doi = 10.2307/1216315|last1 = Nayar|first1 = B. K.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |jstor=1216315 |title=Kaulinia, a New Genus of Polypodiaceous Ferns |first=B. K |last=Nayar |year=1964 |journal= Taxon|volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=67–69 |doi=10.2307/1216315}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite journal |title=Plants New to Assam: XII|journal= Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew)|volume=1940|issue=5|date=1940|pages=194–198 |doi=10.2307/4111570 |jstor=4111570|doi-access=free}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1069473/dawn-features-october-09-2006 |title=DAWN – Features; October 09, 2006 – Newspaper |website=Dawn|location=Pakistan |date=2006-10-09 |access-date=2016-06-30}}
*{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/jahresberichtde00nrgoog/jahresberichtde00nrgoog_djvu.txt |title=Full text of "Jahresbericht der Naturhistorischen Gesellschaft zu Nürnberg" |website=Archive.org |year=1882 |access-date=2016-06-30}}
*{{cite journal|url=http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/savifadok/volltexte/2009/254/pdf/K_.pdf |title=Burma/Myanmar Bibliographic Project: A Collection of Publications in West-European Languages for Preparation a Burma/Myanmar Bibliography |website=Archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de |date=2009-02-17 |doi=10.11588/xarep.00000254 |access-date=2016-06-30|last1=Schwertner |first1=Siegfried M. }}
*{{cite journal |title=Ashwagandha: An Ancient Indian Drug|author1=C. K. Atal |author2=A. E. Schwarting|journal=[[Economic Botany]]|volume=15|issue=3 |date=July 1961|pages=256–263 |jstor=4252277|doi=10.1007/BF02862166 |s2cid=30473159 }}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1970–79}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaul, Kailaas Nath, Kailash Nath, K.N.}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian botanists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Lucknow]]
[[Category:1905 births]]
[[Category:1983 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in literature & education]]
[[Category:Kashmiri people]]
[[Category:Kashmiri Pandits]]

Eanugu Ravinder Reddy

2026-04-25T09:09:10Z

BootTPP: done - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}

'''Eanugu Ravinder Reddy''' (born 5 April 1965)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2020-06-12 |title=Eanugu Ravinder Reddy {{!}} MLA {{!}} Yellareddy {{!}} Nizamabad {{!}} TRS |url=https://theleaderspage.com/eanugu-ravinder-reddy/ |access-date=2026-04-25 |language=en-US}}</ref> is an Indian politician from Telangana.<ref>{{Cite web |last=telugu |first=NT News |date=2025-12-16 |title=Eanugu Ravinder Reddy {{!}} ఎర్రపహాడ్‌లో గెలిచింది నా మనుషులే: మాజీ ఎమ్మెల్యే ఏనుగు రవీందర్ రెడ్డి |url=https://www.ntnews.com/nizamabad/kamareddy/my-followers-won-in-panchayathi-elections-says-former-mla-eanugu-ravinder-reddy-2244906 |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=www.ntnews.com |language=te}}</ref> He was a former four time Member of the Legislative Assembly from Yellareddy Assembly constituency in the erstwhile Nizamabad district of combined Andhra Pradesh. After the division of the state, he won from the same seat in 2014 Assembly election, also on [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]] ticket.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eanugu Ravinder Reddy(TRS):Constituency- YELLAREDDY(NIZAMABAD) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/telangana2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=45 |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

Reddy is from Erapahad village, [[Tadwai]] mandal, Nizamabad district. He completed intermediate in 1984 at Narsapur, Medak District. Later, he did SITC in 1986 at [[Gandhi Medical College and Hospital|Gandhi Medical College]], Hyderabad. He joined B.Sc. but discontinued for a while and later completed the degree from Osmania University.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eanugu Ravinder Reddy(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- BANSWADA(NIZAMABAD) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Telangana2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=30 |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Reddy first became an MLA winning from Yellareddy Assembly constituency in the 2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election repreenting Telangana Rashtra Samithi. Later, he lost a by election in 2008 but won for three consecutive elections in 2009, 2010 and 2014, all on TRS ticket.<ref name=":0" /> He lost the 2018 election on TRS ticket and the 2023 election on a Congress ticket.<ref>{{Cite web |last=hindi |title=Eanugu ravinder reddy Telangana Banswada candidate Profile,Candidates Net Worth, Education News |url=https://www.abplive.com/elections/eanugu-ravinder-reddy-telangana-banswada-candidate-profile.html |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=ABP News |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Yellareddy Election Result 2018 Live Updates: Candidate List, Winner, Runner-up MLA List |url=https://www.elections.in/telangana/assembly-constituencies/yellareddy.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251106191920/https://www.elections.in/telangana/assembly-constituencies/yellareddy.html |archive-date=2025-11-06 |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=Elections in India}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ravinder Reddy, Eanugu}}
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Nizamabad, Telangana]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:Bharat Rashtra Samithi politicians]]

Ravi Kumar Katulu

2026-04-24T12:14:56Z

BootTPP: Stub!

{{Short description|Indian weightlifter (born 1988)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| image = Katulu Ravi Kumar.jpg
| caption = Ravi at the [[2012 Summer Olympics|2012 London Olympics]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1988|4|24|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Berhampur]], [[Odisha]], India
| height = 1.7 m
| alma_mater = [[Berhampur University]]
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Men's [[Olympic weightlifting|weightlifting]]}} [[File:Weightlifting pictogram.svg|30px]]
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Commonwealth Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2010 Commonwealth Games|2010 Delhi]]|[[Weightlifting at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Men's 69 kg|69kg]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2014 Commonwealth Games|2014 Glasgow]]|[[Weightlifting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 77 kg|77kg]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Commonwealth Weightlifting Championships|Commonwealth Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[Penang|2009 Penang]]|[[Commonwealth Weightlifting Championships|69kg]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Weightlifting Championships|Asian Championships]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2011 Asian Weightlifting Championships|2011 Tongling]]|[[2011 Asian Weightlifting Championships#Men|69kg]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Weightlifting Federation|Asian Junior Championships]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[Jordan|2007 Jordan]]|[[Asian Weightlifting Federation|69kg]]}}
| module = {{Infobox police officer
| embed = yes
| branch = [[Odisha Police]]
| service_years = 2016–present
| rank = [[Deputy Superintendent of Police]]
| awards = [[Arjuna Award]]
}}
}}

'''Ravi Kumar Katulu''' (born 24 April 1988) is an Indian former [[Olympic weightlifting|weightlifter]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ravi Kumar Katulu|url=https://www.orisports.com/PersonDetails.aspx?pId=NTI2Ng==|work=Orisports|access-date=15 November 2023}}</ref> At the [[2010 Commonwealth Games]], he won a gold medal in the [[Weightlifting at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Men's 69 kg|men's 69 kg]] event.<ref>S. Sabanayakan. [https://web.archive.org/web/20121108045257/http://www.hindu.com/2010/10/07/stories/2010100764852000.htm Ravi Kumar, Renu Bala win India's first golds].</ref> Ravi represented India in the [[Weightlifting at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's 69 kg|men's 69 kg]] event at the [[2012 Summer Olympics|2012 London Olympics]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Ravi Kumar Katulu Bio, Stats, and Results |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ka/ravi-kumar-katulu-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418094703/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ka/ravi-kumar-katulu-1.html |archive-date=2020-04-18 |access-date=24 July 2017 |website=Olympics at Sports-Reference.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Ravi started weightlifting at the Veer Hanuman Club in [[Berhampur|Behrampur]]. He was originally a bodybuilder for seven years before he took up weightlifting. However, after his trainer Narayan Sahu's counsel he changed his attention towards weightlifting, which at last made him an outstanding performer. He took up weightlifting just three years before the 2010 [[Commonwealth Games]], and won with a record total of {{convert|321|kg|0|abbr=on}}.

Ravi won many State, National, and International awards in this short span of time. He won gold in [[Commonwealth Weightlifting Championships|2009 Commonwealth Championships]] held at [[Penang F.C.|Penang]].

Then in 2010, he won gold medal at the [[2010 Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]]. He lifted {{convert|147|kg|0|abbr=on}} in the [[Snatch (weightlifting)|Snatch]] and {{convert|175|kg|0|abbr=on}} in the [[Clean and Jerk]] for a total of {{convert|321|kg|0|abbr=on}} in the 69 kg weightlifting category.

In 2011, he won bronze in [[2011 Asian Weightlifting Championships|Asian Championships]] at [[Tongling]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20101024081909/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Record-breaker-Ravi-Kumar-grabs-11th-gold-for-India/Article1-609235.aspx Record-breaker Ravi Kumar grabs 11th gold for India. 6 October 2010.] Recently he was conferreed with the [[Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna]] award by Smt. Pratibha Patil, the Hon'ble President of India. {{dead link|date=September 2016}}</ref>

Ravi finished 12th in the [[Weightlifting at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's 69 kg|men’s 69 kg]] category at the [[2012 Summer Olympics|2012 London Olympics]], with lifts of 135 kg in snatch and 172 kg in clean and jerk, totaling 307 kg.

He won a silver at the [[2014 Commonwealth Games]] in the 69 kg division. His lifts were 142 kg in the snatch and 175 kg in the clean and jerk for a total of 317 kg.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://g2014results.thecgf.com/PEVU/PEVU_WLM077A01.html|title=Glasgow 2014 - Men's 77kg Group A|website=g2014results.thecgf.com|language=es|access-date=2017-07-24|archive-date=14 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914175759/http://g2014results.thecgf.com/PEVU/PEVU_WLM077A01.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> He came in second to fellow Indian weightlifter [[Sathish Sivalingam]], who set a new Games Record to win.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://g2014results.thecgf.com/PEVU/PEVU_WLM077A01.html|title=Glasgow 2014 - Men's 77kg Group A|last=|first=|date=|website=g2014results.thecgf.com|language=en|access-date=24 July 2017|archive-date=14 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914175759/http://g2014results.thecgf.com/PEVU/PEVU_WLM077A01.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> He placed 10th in the men’s 77 kg category at the [[2014 Asian Games]] in [[Incheon]], recording lifts of 141 kg in the snatch and 172 kg in the clean and jerk for a total of 313 kg.

On 5 November 2019, [[National Anti-Doping Agency (India)|National Anti-Doping Agency]] handed him a four-year ban after he tested positive for [[Ostarine]]. He has retired from professional weightlifting ever since his ban.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{sports links}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Katulu Ravi}}
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male weightlifters]]
[[Category:People from Brahmapur]]
[[Category:Weightlifters from Odisha]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games gold medallists for India]]
[[Category:Weightlifters at the 2010 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Olympic weightlifters for India]]
[[Category:Weightlifters at the 2012 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:Weightlifters at the 2010 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Weightlifters at the 2014 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games silver medallists for India]]
[[Category:Weightlifters at the 2014 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games weightlifters for India]]
[[Category:Medallists at the 2014 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games gold medallists in weightlifting]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games squash players for India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games silver medallists in weightlifting]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games weightlifters for India]]
[[Category:Asian Weightlifting Championships medalists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

{{India-weightlifting-bio-stub}}

Parvati Sehgal

2026-04-24T03:35:12Z

BootTPP: Adding

{{short description|Indian television actress (born 1990)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| image =
| caption =
| name = Parvati Sehgal
| othername =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1990|01|09}}
| birth_place = [[Jammu]], [[India]]
| occupation = Theatre Personality, [[Actress]]
| parents =
| spouse =
| children =
| years_active = 2010–present
}}
'''Parvati Sehgal''' (born 9 January 1990) is an Indian television actress who appeared in the Hindi television drama series like ''[[Mann Kee Awaaz Pratigya]]'', in which she played the main character of ''Komal Singh Thakur Saxena''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Parvati-Sehgal-quits-Pratigya/articleshow/11399631.cms|title=Parvati Sehgal quits Pratigya – Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=7 January 2012 |language=en|access-date=2019-07-27}}</ref>

==Career==
In 2009, Parvati Sehgal who played Komal's role in [[Mann Kee Awaaz Pratigya]], was originally approached for Aarushi's role but got rejected because of a look test, but later got selected for Komal's role when she was approached for the second time.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Reality shows are scripted: Parvati Sehgal|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/reality-shows-are-scripted-parvati-sehgal/articleshow/14745069.cms|website=The Times of India|date=8 July 2012 }}</ref> She participated in [[Comedy Circus]] along with [[Kapil Sharma]]. Later she acted in other TV serials like [[Gauna – Ek Pratha]], [[Gustakh Dil]], [[Sher-e-Punjab: Maharaja Ranjit Singh]], [[The Kapil Sharma Show]] and [[Comedy Nights with Kapil]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/the-struggle-to-get-good-work-is-something-every-one-has-to-go-through-in-this-industry-says-pratigya-2-actress-parvati-sehgal/articleshow/84916562.cms|title=The struggle to get good work is something every one has to go through in this industry, says Pratigya 2 actress Parvati Sehgal|work=The Times of India |date=31 July 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/parvati-sehgal-returns-to-tv-with-sher-e-punjab-maharaja-ranjit-singh/articleshow/56477507.cms|title=Parvati Sehgal returns to TV with Sher-E-Punjab: Maharaja Ranjit Singh|work=The Times of India }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/parvati-sehgal-gauna-ek-pratha-is-not-just-a-love-triangle-it-has-different-emotions/videoshow/101579952.cms|title=gauna ek pratha: Parvati Sehgal: Gauna Ek Pratha is not just a love triangle; it has different emotions TV - Times of India Videos|website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/parvati-sehgal-i-took-a-break-from-daily-soaps-and-not-tv-was-doing-comedy-on-and-off/articleshow/82064282.cms|title=Parvati Sehgal: I took a break from daily soaps and not TV; was doing comedy on and off|work=The Times of India |date=14 April 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/parvati-sehgal-is-inspired-by-anupam-kher-to-shatter-fear-of-being-typecast/articleshow/101595669.cms|title=Parvati Sehgal is inspired by Anupam Kher to shatter fear of being typecast|work=The Times of India |date=8 July 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/parvati-sehgal-will-star-in-gauna-ek-prathamesh-507131|title=Parvati Sehgal will star in Gauna Ek Prathamesh}}</ref>

==Television==
*''[[Mann Kee Awaaz Pratigya]]'' as Komal Singh Thakur Saxena
*''[[Gauna – Ek Pratha]]'' as Urvashi Singh Chaudhary
*''[[Comedy Circus]]''
*''[[Gustakh Dil]]'' as Ishana
*''[[Karmaphal Daata Shani]]'' as Elder NeelimaDevi
*''[[Laal Ishq (Indian TV series)|Laal Ishq]]'' as Yashri
*''[[Doli Armaano Ki]]'' as Taani Samrat Singh Rathore/Sinha
*''[[Aye Mere Humsafar]]'' as Bharati Mishra– Pratibha's daughter
*''[[Banni Chow Home Delivery]]'' as Manini Rathod: An entrepreneur;
*''[[Dastaan-E-Mohabbat Salim Anarkali]]'' as Salima Sultan Begum,
*''[[Ravivaar With Star Parivaar]]'' (Episode 1,6,7,9,16)
*''[[Sher-e-Punjab: Maharaja Ranjit Singh]]'' as Roop Kaur, Wife of Sahib Singh and sister of Maha Singh
*''[[The Kapil Sharma Show]]''
*''[[Mann Kee Awaaz Pratigya 2]]''
*''[[Comedy Nights with Kapil]]''
*''[[Ek Thhi Naayka]]'' as Chandini
*''[[Jhanak]]'' as Old Jhanak "Nutan" Raina Bhanushali Bose

==Web series==
*[[Adrishyam – The Invisible Heroes]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|8716830}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sehgal, Parvati}}
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]

Sri Krishna Tulabharam (1966 film)

2026-04-21T05:34:35Z

BootTPP: Started a data

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sri Krishna Tulabharam
| image = Sri Krishna Tulabharam.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| writer = [[Samudrala Sr.|Samudrala Sr]] {{small|(dialogues)}}
| producer = [[D. Ramanaidu]]
| director = [[Kamalakara Kameswara Rao]]
| starring = [[N. T. Rama Rao]] [[Anjali Devi]] [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]]
| music = [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]]
| cinematography = Annayya
| editing = K. A. Marthand
| studio = [[Suresh Productions]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1966|8|25}}
| runtime = 178 mins
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Sri Krishna Tulabharam''''' ({{translation|'[[Sri Krishna]]'s [[Tulabhara]]'}}) is a 1966 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Hindu mythological film]], produced by [[D. Ramanaidu]] under the [[Suresh Productions]] banner and directed by [[Kamalakara Kameswara Rao]]. It stars [[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[Anjali Devi]], [[Kanta Rao]] and [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]] with music composed by [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Yashodhara|date=4 August 1966|title=శ్రీ కృష్ణ తులాభారం|trans-title=Sri Krishna Tulabharam|work=[[Visalaandhra]]|url=https://indiancine.ma/documents/GSY/0,0,2550,1650|access-date=12 September 2020|archive-date=14 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114130733/https://indiancine.ma/documents/GSY/0,0,2550,1650|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Thurlapati|date=4 September 1966|title=శ్రీ కృష్ణ తులాభారం|trans-title=Sri Krishna Tulabharam|work=[[Andhra Jyothi]]|url=https://indiancine.ma/documents/GSW/0,39,2550,1689|access-date=12 September 2020|archive-date=26 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826223537/https://indiancine.ma/documents/GSW/0,39,2550,1689|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film begins with [[Krishna]] & [[Satyabhama]] returning to Dwaraka after defeating [[Narakasura]]. Hereupon, Satyabhama is deluded that herself as the victory's leading cause. Meanwhile, Narada obtains a ''Parijata flower'' from heaven, bestows it on Krishna, and requests the honor for Krishna's prime consort, and Krishna endorses it to [[Rukmini]]. This infuriates Satyabhama, making her annoyed toward Krishna. Ergo, he oaths her to accord the entire ''Parijat tree'' and plant it in her garden. Next, Krishna lands in heaven, confronts [[Indra]], wins the tree, and gifts it to Satyabhama.

Consequently, her pride magnifies tenfold, and she looks at Rukmini at a low pace. Following, on Rukmini's birthday, she invites Krishna for hospitality, which Satyabhama denies. Anyhow, the Lord surrenders for Rukmini's devotion. Thus, Satyabhama aims to hold proprietorial power over him and possess all his love. Hence, to enlighten her, Narada derives a game to perform a ritual called ''Sri Krishna Tulabharam,'' i.e., to donate her husband with the ''Parijat tree'' and recoup him by weighing him with equivalent wealth.

Here, the deluded divine consort Satyabhama fails leading to Narada purportedly carrying Krishna and auctioning him in the streets. At this, the public revolts, and all the fellow wives plead with Narada to acquit Krishna in lieu of their possessions. Then, he proclaims that the Lord grants only devotion, and the one & only who does so in the universe is Rukmini. Accordingly, Satyabhama bows her head down before Rukmini, who retrieves Krishna with ''Tulasidalam,'' the Basil leaf. Finally, the movie ends with Satyabhama perceiving the Lord's form and being freed from delusion.

==Cast==
*[[N. T. Rama Rao]] as [[Lord Krishna]]
*[[Anjali Devi]] as [[Rukmini]]
*[[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]] as [[Satyabhama]]
*[[Kanta Rao]] as [[Narada|Narada Maharshi]]
*[[Rajanala Kaleswara Rao|Rajanala]] as [[Indra]]
*[[Padmanabham (actor)|Padmanabham]] as Vasanthaka
*[[Mikkilineni (actor)|Mikkilineni]] as [[Vasudeva]]
*[[Krishna Kumari (actress)|Krishna Kumari]] as [[Jambavati]]
*[[S. Varalakshmi]] as [[Shachi|Sachee Devi]]
*[[Vanisri]] as Nalini
*[[L. Vijayalakshmi]] as [[Rambha (apsara)|Rambha]]
*[[Vijaya Lalitha]]
*[[Rushyendramani]] as [[Aditi]]
*[[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]]
*Meena Kumari as Malathi
*[[Nirmalamma]] as [[Devaki]]

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Sri Krishna Tulabharam
| type = film
| artist = [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1966
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length =
| label = EMI Columbia
| producer = [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

Music composed by [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]]. Music released by EMI Columbia Audio Company.
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!S. No.!!Song title !!Lyrics !!Singers !!length
|-
|1
|"Jaya Ho"
|[[Samudrala Sr.]]
|[[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]], [[P. Susheela]]
|2:24
|-
|2
|"Oho Mohana Roopa"
|[[Sri Sri (writer)|Sri Sri]]
|Ghantasala, P. Susheela
|5:56
|-
|3
|"O Cheli Kopama"
|[[Daasarathi Krishnamacharyulu|Dasaradhi]]
|Ghantasala
|3:50
|-
|4
|"Konu Meede Kusumanjali"
|Samudrala Sr.
|P. Susheela
|4:02
|-
|5
|"Idi Saragaala Tota"
|[[Aarudhra]]
|P. Susheela, [[L. R. Eeswari]]
|4:09
|-
|6
|"Yemduke Naameda"
|[[Kosaraju Raghavaiah|Kosaraju]]
|[[Madhavapeddi Satyam]], L. R. Eeswari, Vasantha
|2:38
|-
|7
|"Karuninchave Tulasi Maata"
|Samudrala Sr.
|P. Susheela, [[S. Janaki]]
|4:26
|-
|8
|"Meerajalagalada"
|Sthanam Narasimha Rao.
|P. Susheela
|3:26
|-
|9
|"Bhale Manchi"
|Chandala Kesava Dasu
|Ghantasala, P. Susheela
|4:44
|-
|10
|"Vidhudu Nee Maata"
|Samudrala Sr.
|[[S. Varalakshmi]]
|0:30
|-
|11
|"Indra Krishna Parijata"
|Samudrala Sr.
|Ghantasala, Madhavapeddi Satyam
|2:00
|-
|12
|"Rukmini Puttinanadu"
|Samudrala Sr.
|Ghantasala, P. Susheela, [[P. Leela]]
|4:13
|-
|13
|"Tulabhara Yojana"
|Samudrala Sr.
|Ghantasala, P. Susheela
|2:35
|-
|14
|"Krishna Tulabharam"
|Samudrala Sr.
|Ghantasala
|2:23
|-
|15
|"Satyabhama Garvabhanga"
|Samudrala Sr.
|Ghantasala, P. Susheela
|3:06
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Kamalakara Kameswara Rao}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt0263994}}

[[Category:Hindu mythological films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kamalakara Kameswara Rao]]
[[Category:Films scored by Pendyala (composer)]]
[[Category:Films based on the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Films about Krishna]]
[[Category:Suresh Productions films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:1960s musical drama films]]
[[Category:Indian musical drama films]]
[[Category:1966 Indian films]]

Jay Thakkar

2026-04-20T16:14:21Z

BootTPP: creating a details

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Short description|Indian Film Actor (Since 2004)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jay Thakkar
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 15 November 1999
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| education = Masters in Marketing & Advertising from Mumbai University, 2023
Bachelors in Mass Media from Mumbai University, 2021
| occupation = Film Actor
| relatives =
| website = https://jaythakkarofficial.com/
| yearsactive = 2004–present
| spouse =
}}
'''Jay Thakkar''' is an Indian film actor.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |title=Uttaran fame Jay Thakkar shares his joy on completing 20 years in the Industry; says 'I still consider myself a learner and a hustler' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/uttaran-fame-jay-thakkar-shares-his-joy-on-completing-20-years-in-the-industry-says-i-still-consider-myself-a-learner-and-a-hustler/articleshow/110542104.cms |access-date=2024-06-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |title=Uttaran fame Jay Thakkar on how his journey in showbiz started, says 'one of my neighbours advised my mom to enroll me in the entertainment industry' - Exclusive |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/uttaran-fame-jay-thakkar-on-how-his-journey-in-showbiz-started-says-one-of-my-neighbours-advised-my-mom-to-enroll-me-in-the-entertainment-industry-exclusive/articleshow/100939944.cms |access-date=2024-06-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-22 |title=Gullak 4 Actor Jay Thakkar On Celebs Joining Politics: Most Actors Do This For Fame, Money And Not...{{!}} EXCLUSIVE |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/gullak-4-actor-jay-thakkar-on-celebs-joining-politics-most-actors-do-this-for-fame-money-and-not-exclusive-article-111188779 |access-date=2024-06-29 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> He is primarily known for his acting in Bollywood movies such as ''[[Bhool Chuk Maaf]]'' alongside Rajkummar Rao and ''[[Kapkapiii]]'' alongside Shreyas Talpade and Tusshar Kapoor. <ref>{{Cite news |title=Actor Jay Thakkar Set to Shine With Back-to-Back Releases: 'Bhool Chuk Maaf' and 'Kapkapiii' |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/actor-jay-thakkar-set-to-shine-with-back-to-back-releases-bhool-chuk-maaf-and-kapkapiii-1873218 |access-date=2025-07-19 |work=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref><ref name="TOI">{{Cite news |title=Jay Thakkar reunites with Rajkummar Rao in Bhool Chuk Maaf: He is a secure actor |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/jay-thakkar-shines-in-bhool-chuk-maaf-alongside-rajkummar-rao/articleshow/118440333.cms |access-date=2024-06-29 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="Hans">{{Cite web |last=Ganguly |first=Dharitri |date=2024-06-06 |title=Jay Thakkar Reunites with Shreyas Talpade in Kapkapiii: “We’ve Come So Far” |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/jay-thakkar-reunites-with-shreyas-talpade-in-kapkapiii-weve-come-so-far-978838 |access-date=2024-06-29 |work=The Hans India}}</ref>
He is also known for playing primary roles in series like ''[[UP65]]'' Season 1 & 2, ''[[Ek Duje Ke Vaaste 2]]'', ''[[Lakhon Mein Ek (TV series)|Laakhon Me Ek]]'', ''[[Laagi Tujhse Lagan]]'' and India's first silent comedy show - ''[[Gutur Gu]]'' season 1 & 2.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Actor Jay Thakkar opens up on working with Shreyas Talpade and director Sangeeth Sivan for their upcoming horror comedy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/actor-jay-thakkar-opens-up-on-working-with-shreyas-talpade-and-director-sangeeth-sivan-for-their-upcoming-horror-comedy/articleshow/105010665.cms |access-date=2024-06-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Biography ==

Thakkar belongs to [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra.<ref name=":3" />

He made his acting debut as television actor with the project Devrani Jethani in 2004.<ref name=":3" />
He acted in [[Ekta Kapoor]]’s Man Mein Hai Vishwaas in 2005.<ref name=":1" />
In the year 2006, thakkar played a character named Surya in [[Karam Apnaa Apnaa]] and played as Jugnu in [[Amber Dhara]] in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=IWMBuzz Editorial |title=Jay Thakkar comes of age in Amazon Prime's web-series Laakhon Mein Ek |url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/digital/celebrities-digital/jay-thakkar-comes-age-amazon-primes-web-series-laakhon-mein-ek/2017/10/21 |access-date=2024-06-29 |website=IWMBuzz |date=21 October 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> He also appeared in the show [[Boogie Woogie (Indian TV series)|Boogie Woogie]] as celebrity guest performer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thakkar |first=Actor Jay |title=Actor Jay Thakkar |url=https://jaythakkarofficial.com/ |access-date=2024-06-29 |website=Actor Jay Thakkar Official Website {{!}} Indian Film Actor |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2008, Thakkar made his debut in [[Hindi cinema|Bollywood]] with the film [[Maan Gaye Mughal-e-Azam|Maan Gaye Mughal-E-Aazam]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=desk4 |date=2019-09-13 |title=Jay Thakkar Took Eco-Friendly Ganpati Few Notches Higher |url=https://balkaninews.com/from-balkani/jay-thakkar-took-ecofriendly-ganpati-few-notches-higher/c78311-w2971-cid495244-s11373.htm |access-date=2024-06-29 |website=balkaninews.com |language=en-IN}}</ref> In the same year he acted in Tv Serial [[Uttaran]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Correspondent |first=D. C. |date=2024-05-23 |title=Jay Thakkar on working with Shreyas Talpade and Tusshar Kapoor in Kapkapiii |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/jay-thakkar-on-working-with-shreyas-talpade-and-tusshar-kapoor-in-kapkapiii-895328 |access-date=2024-06-29 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref>
In 2009, he acted in the project like [[Laagi Tujhse Lagan]], [[Ladies Special]] and [[Accident on Hill Road]], [[Ghar Ki Baat Hai]] and [[Pavitra Rishta]].<ref name="tellychakkar.com">{{Cite web |title=Jay Thakkar to don a negative role in Sony TV's Suryaputra Karn |url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/jay-thakkar-don-negative-role-sony-tvs-suryaputra-karn-150824 |access-date=2024-06-29 |website=www.tellychakkar.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-15 |title=I have had my struggles, but I am happy to be where I am today: Jay Thakkar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sushant-singh-rajput-used-to-love-theplas-made-by-my-mother-jay-thakkar/articleshow/101765105.cms |access-date=2024-06-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
In 2010, he appeared in the India's 1st Silent Comedy show [[Gutur Gu|Guturgu]] on Sab Tv and [[Fear Files: Darr Ki Sacchi Tasvirein|Fear Files]] on Zee TV.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-01-10 |title=Jay Thakkar back with Gutur Gu! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/jay-thakkar-back-with-gutur-gu/articleshow/17967503.cms |access-date=2024-06-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jay Thakkar, Shlesh Raja and Prince Shah in Zee TV's Fear Files |url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/jay-thakkar-shlesh-raja-and-prince-shah-zee-tvs-fear-files-131106 |access-date=2024-06-29 |website=www.tellychakkar.com |language=en}}</ref>
Thakkar played as Negative Lead-Rakhbaan in [[The Adventures of Hatim|The Adventure of Hatim]] in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jay Thakkar to play the negative Rakwan in Life OK's The Adventures of Hatim |url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/jay-thakkar-play-the-negative-rakwan-life-oks-the-adventures-of-hatim-140206 |access-date=2024-06-29 |website=www.tellychakkar.com |language=en}}</ref>
In the same year, he appeared in [[Hrithik Roshan]] starrer [[Main Krishna Hoon]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-01-24 |title=CID kid's special episode |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/cid-kids-special-episode/articleshow/18165847.cms |access-date=2024-06-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
He played a negative character named Young Dushasana in [[Suryaputra Karn]].<ref name="tellychakkar.com"/>
In 2019, he played a cameo role in the film [[Dream Girl (2019 film)|Dream Girl]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Ghosal |first=Sharmistha |date=2024-01-11 |title=Actor Jay Thakkar on playing a psycho terrorist in upcoming series, Adrishyam |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/tv/2024/Jan/30/actor-jay-thakkar-on-playing-a-psycho-terrorist-in-upcoming-series-adrishyam-57274.html |access-date=2024-06-29 |website=Indulgexpress |language=en}}</ref>
Thakkar acted in [[Ek Duje Ke Vaaste 2|Ek Dujey Ke Vaaste 2]] in 2020, [[Mauka-E-Vardaat|Mauka E Vardaat]] in 2021, [[Ram Setu (film)|Ram Setu]] and Pranksters in 2022 and UP65 in 2023.<ref name="Ganguly">{{Cite web |last=Ganguly |first=Dharitri |date=2023-06-02 |title=Jay Thakkar plays protagonist in UP65 |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/tv/2023/Jun/10/jay-thakkar-plays-protagonist-in-up65-49825.html |access-date=2024-06-29 |website=Indulgexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=EXCLUSIVE! Ansh Pandit JOINS the cast of Pranksters |url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/exclusive-ansh-pandit-joins-the-cast-of-pranksters-220803 |access-date=2024-06-29 |website=www.tellychakkar.com |language=en}}</ref>
In 2024, he appeared in Sony Liv's [[Adrishyam – The Invisible Heroes|Adrishyam]] and [[Gullak]] Season 4.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Ganguly |first=Dharitri |date=2024-06-06 |title=Jay Thakkar opens up on playing Suryanarayana in Gullak 4 |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/tv/2024/Jun/10/jay-thakkar-opens-up-on-playing-suryanarayana-in-gullak-4 |access-date=2024-06-29 |website=Indulgexpress |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Movie/TV
! scope="col" | Character Name
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
| 2004|| Devrani Jethani
|Micky Ahuja
|Debut in TV Series
|-
| 2005 || Man Mein Hai Vishwaas
|
|
|-
|2006
|[[Karam Apnaa Apnaa|Karan Apnaa Apnaa]]
|Surya
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2007
|[[Amber Dhara]]
|Jugnu
|
|-
|[[Boogie Woogie (Indian TV series)|Boogie Woogie]]
|Celebrity Guest Performer
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2008
|[[Maan Gaye Mughal-e-Azam|Maan Gaye Mughal Aazam]]
|Cameo
|Debut in Bollywood
|-
|[[Uttaran]]
|Taklu
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2009
|[[Laagi Tujhse Lagan]]
|Sethji
|
|-
|[[Ghar Ki Baat Hai]]
|Happy Singh
|
|-
|[[Pavitra Rishta]]
|Chotu
|
|-
|[[Ladies Special]]
|Tony Chadda
|
|-
|[[Accident on Hill Road]]
|Ajju
|Bollywood film
|-
| rowspan="2" |2012
|[[Gutur Gu|Guturgu]]
|Cheeku
|
|-
|[[Fear Files: Darr Ki Sacchi Tasvirein|Fear Files]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2013
|[[The Adventures of Hatim]]
|Rakhban
|
|-
|[[Main Krishna Hoon]]
|Tempo
|Bollywood film
|-
|2015
|[[Suryaputra Karn]]a
|Young Dushasana
|
|-
|2019
|[[Dream Girl (2019 film)|Dream Girl]]
|Director
|Bollywood film
|-
|2020
|[[Ek Duje Ke Vaaste 2|Ek Dujey Ke Vaaste 2]]
|Bunty Miyaan
|
|-
|2021
|[[Mauka-E-Vardaat]]
|Banphool
|
|-
|2022
|[[Ram Setu (film)|Ram Setu]]
|Nishant
|Bollywood film
|-
|2023
|[[UP65]]
|Mohit Sharma
|Season 1 & 2
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
|[[Adrishyam – The Invisible Heroes|Adrishyam]]
|Muzammil
|
|-
|[[Gullak|Gullak Season 4]]
|Suryanarayan
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025
|[[Bhool Chuk Maaf]]
|Sushil
| rowspan="2" |Bollywood film
|-
|[[Kapkapiii]]
|Nanku
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=4778066 |name=Jay Thakkar}}
* [https://jaythakkarofficial.com/ Jay Thakkar] at his [https://jaythakkarofficial.com/ Official Website]
* [https://www.instagram.com/jay_thakkar1524/ Jay Thakkar] at [https://www.instagram.com/jay_thakkar1524/ Instagram]
* [https://www.youtube.com/@JayThakkarActor Jay Thakkar] at [https://www.youtube.com/@JayThakkarActor YouTube]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thakkar, Jay}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male soap opera actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

List of Lok Sabha members from West Bengal

2026-04-19T15:24:19Z

BootTPP: created the info with sources

{{Short description|none}}
{{refimprove|date=October 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}

[[File:Westbengalen Wahlkreise Lok Sabha.svg|thumbnail|400px|Lok Sabha constituencies in West Bengal]]

This is the '''List of members of the [[Lok Sabha]]''' representing from [[West Bengal]]. These lower house members of the Indian Parliament were elected [[Elections in India|Indian general election]].

== 18th Lok Sabha ==
This is a list of MPs elected in the [[2024 Indian general election in West Bengal]] held in April–June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lok Sabha Election 2024 Schedule: Elections Date, Month, Seats, States and Candidates |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-election-schedule |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Lok Sabha Elections 2024 Results: Full List of winners on all 543 seats">{{cite news|last1=The Indian Express|title=Lok Sabha Elections 2024 Results: Full List of winners on all 543 seats|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/2019-general-election-schedule/full-list-of-winners-in-lok-sabha-elections-2024-9364542/|accessdate=5 June 2024|date=4 June 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605115428/https://indianexpress.com/elections/2019-general-election-schedule/full-list-of-winners-in-lok-sabha-elections-2024-9364542/|archivedate=5 June 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Lok Sabha Election Results 2024: Full list of constituency-wise winners, parties and margin">{{cite news|last1=India TV News|first1=|last2=|first2=|title=Lok Sabha Election Results 2024: Full list of constituency-wise winners, parties and margin|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/lok-sabha-election-results-2024-full-list-of-all-constituency-wise-leading-winning-candidates-parties-bjp-congress-2024-06-04-934845|accessdate=5 June 2024|work=|date=4 June 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605120528/https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/lok-sabha-election-results-2024-full-list-of-all-constituency-wise-leading-winning-candidates-parties-bjp-congress-2024-06-04-934845|archivedate=5 June 2024|language=en}}</ref>

[[File:2024 Lok Sabha West Bengal Result Map.svg|thumb|200px]]
'''Keys:'''
:'''{{Party legend|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|30}}'''
:*{{Party legend|Trinamool Congress|29}}
:*{{Party legend|Indian National Congress|1}}
:'''{{Party legend|National Democratic Alliance|12}}'''
:*{{Party legend|Bharatiya Janata Party|12}}
{|class="sortable wikitable"
! No.
! style="width:120px" | Constituency
! style="width:180px" | Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
! 1
| [[Cooch Behar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Cooch Behar]] (SC)
| [[Jagadish Chandra Barma Basunia]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Trinamool Congress}}
|-
! 2
| [[Alipurduars (Lok Sabha constituency)|Alipurduars]] (ST)
| [[Manoj Tigga]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=6}}
|-
! 3
| [[Jalpaiguri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalpaiguri]] (SC)
| [[Jayanta Kumar Roy]]
|-
! 4
| [[Darjeeling (Lok Sabha constituency)|Darjeeling]]
| [[Raju Bista]]
|-
! 5
| [[Raiganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raiganj]]
| [[Kartick Paul]]
|-
! 6
| [[Balurghat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Balurghat]]
| [[Sukanta Majumdar]]
|-
! 7
| [[Maldaha Uttar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Maldaha Uttar]]
| [[Khagen Murmu]]
|-
! 8
| [[Maldaha Dakshin (Lok Sabha constituency)|Maldaha Dakshin]]
| [[Isha Khan Choudhury]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
! 9
| [[Jangipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jangipur]]
| [[Khalilur Rahaman]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
! 10
| [[Baharampur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Baharampur]]
| [[Yusuf Pathan]]
|-
! 11
| [[Murshidabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Murshidabad]]
| [[Abu Taher Khan]]
|-
! 12
| [[Krishnanagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Krishnanagar]]
| [[Mahua Moitra]]
|-
! 13
| [[Ranaghat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ranaghat]] (SC)
| [[Jagannath Sarkar (BJP politician)|Jagannath Sarkar]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
! 14
| [[Bangaon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangaon]] (SC)
| [[Shantanu Thakur]]
|-
! 15
| [[Barrackpore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barrackpore]]
| [[Partha Bhowmick]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=15}}
|-
! 16
| [[Dum Dum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dum Dum]]
| [[Saugata Roy]]
|-
! 17
| [[Barasat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barasat]]
| [[Kakoli Ghosh Dastidar]]
|-
! 18
| [[Basirhat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Basirhat]]
| [[Haji Nurul Islam]]
|-
! 19
| [[Jaynagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jaynagar]] (SC)
| [[Pratima Mondal]]
|-
! 20
| [[Mathurapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mathurapur]] (SC)
| [[Bapi Halder]]
|-
! 21
| [[Diamond Harbour (Lok Sabha constituency)|Diamond Harbour]]
| [[Abhishek Banerjee (politician)|Abhishek Banerjee]]
|-
! 22
| [[Jadavpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jadavpur]]
| [[Saayoni Ghosh]]
|-
! 23
| [[Kolkata Dakshin (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolkata Dakshin]]
| [[Mala Roy]]
|-
! 24
| [[Kolkata Uttar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolkata Uttar]]
| [[Sudip Bandyopadhyay]]
|-
! 25
| [[Howrah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Howrah]]
| [[Prasun Banerjee]]
|-
! 26
| [[Uluberia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Uluberia]]
| [[Sajda Ahmed]]
|-
! 27
| [[Srerampur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Srerampur]]
| [[Kalyan Banerjee (politician)|Kalyan Banerjee]]
|-
! 28
| [[Hooghly (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hooghly]]
| [[Rachana Banerjee]]
|-
! 29
| [[Arambagh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arambagh]] (SC)
| [[Bag Mitali|Mitali Bag]]
|-
! 30
| [[Tamluk (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tamluk]]
| [[Abhijit Gangopadhyay]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
! 31
| [[Kanthi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kanthi]]
| [[Adhikari Soumendu|Soumendu Adhikari]]
|-
! 32
| [[Ghatal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ghatal]]
| [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Deepak Adhikari]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
! 33
| [[Jhargram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jhargram]] (ST)
| [[Kalipada Soren]]
|-
! 34
| [[Medinipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Medinipur]]
| [[June Malia]]
|-
! 35
| [[Purulia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Purulia]]
| [[Jyotirmay Singh Mahato]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
! 36
| [[Bankura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bankura]]
| [[Arup Chakraborty (politician)|Arup Chakraborty]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Trinamool Congress}}
|-
! 37
| [[Bishnupur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bishnupur]] (SC)
| [[Saumitra Khan]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
! 38
| [[Bardhaman Purba (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bardhaman Purba]] (SC)
| [[Sharmila Sarkar]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
! 39
| [[Bardhaman–Durgapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bardhaman–Durgapur]]
| [[Kirti Azad]]
|-
! 40
| [[Asansol (Lok Sabha constituency)|Asansol]]
| [[Shatrughan Sinha]]
|-
! 41
| [[Bolpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bolpur]] (SC)
| [[Asit Kumar Mal]]
|-
! 42
| [[Birbhum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Birbhum]]
| [[Satabdi Roy]]
|}

== 17th Lok Sabha ==
List of members (17 June 2019 – 16 June 2024) representation in Lok Sabha. These members of the Lower house of the Indian Parliament were elected in the [[2019 Indian general election in West Bengal|2019 Indian general election]] held in April–May 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=33. Constituency wise detailed result |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13539-33-constituency-wise-detailed-result/ |website=Electoral Commission of India |access-date=18 December 2021}}</ref>

[[File:West Bengal Lok Sabha election result 2019.png|thumb|200px]]
'''Keys:'''
{{Party legend|All India Trinamool Congress|22}}
{{Party legend|Bharatiya Janata Party|18}}
{{Party legend|Indian National Congress|2}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! #
! style="width:120px" | Constituency
! style="width:180px" | Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
! 1
| [[Cooch Behar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Cooch Behar]] (SC)
| [[Nisith Pramanik]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
! 2
| [[Alipurduars (Lok Sabha constituency)|Alipurduars]] (ST)
| [[John Barla]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
! 3
| [[Jalpaiguri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalpaiguri]] (SC)
| [[Jayanta Kumar Roy]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
! 4
| [[Darjeeling (Lok Sabha constituency)|Darjeeling]]
| [[Raju Bista]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
! 5
| [[Raiganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raiganj]]
| [[Debasree Chaudhuri]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
! 6
| [[Balurghat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Balurghat]]
| [[Sukanta Majumdar]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
! 7
| [[Maldaha Uttar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Maldaha Uttar]]
| [[Khagen Murmu]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
! 8
| [[Maldaha Dakshin (Lok Sabha constituency)|Maldaha Dakshin]]
| [[Abu Hasem Khan Choudhury]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
! 9
| [[Jangipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jangipur]]
| [[Khalilur Rahaman]]
| {{Full party name with colour|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|-
! 10
| [[Berhampore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Berhampore]]
| [[Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
! 11
| [[Murshidabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Murshidabad]]
| [[Abu Taher Khan]]
| {{Full party name with colour|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|-
! 12
| [[Krishnanagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Krishnanagar]]
| [[Mahua Moitra]]
| {{Full party name with colour|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|-
! 13
| [[Ranaghat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ranaghat]] (SC)
| [[Jagannath Sarkar (BJP politician)|Jagannath Sarkar]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
! 14
| [[Bangaon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangaon]] (SC)
| [[Shantanu Thakur]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
! 15
| [[Barrackpore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barrackpore]]
| [[Arjun Singh (West Bengal politician)|Arjun Singh]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
! 16
| [[Dum Dum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dum Dum]]
| [[Saugata Roy]]
| {{Full party name with colour|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|-
! 17
| [[Barasat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barasat]]
| [[Kakoli Ghosh Dastidar]]
| {{Full party name with colour|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|-
! 18
| [[Basirhat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Basirhat]]
| [[Nusrat Jahan]]
| {{Full party name with colour|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|-
! 19
| [[Jaynagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jaynagar]] (SC)
| [[Pratima Mondal]]
| {{Full party name with colour|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|-
! 20
| [[Mathurapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mathurapur]] (SC)
| [[Choudhury Mohan Jatua]]
| {{Full party name with colour|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|-
! 21
| [[Diamond Harbour (Lok Sabha constituency)|Diamond Harbour]]
| [[Abhishek Banerjee (politician)|Abhishek Banerjee]]
| {{Full party name with colour|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|-
! 22
| [[Jadavpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jadavpur]]
| [[Mimi Chakraborty]]
| {{Full party name with colour|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|-
! 23
| [[Kolkata Dakshin (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolkata Dakshin]]
| [[Mala Roy]]
| {{Full party name with colour|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|-
! 24
| [[Kolkata Uttar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolkata Uttar]]
| [[Sudip Bandyopadhyay]]
| {{Full party name with colour|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|-
! 25
| [[Howrah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Howrah]]
| [[Prasun Banerjee]]
| {{Full party name with colour|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|-
! 26
| [[Uluberia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Uluberia]]
| [[Sajda Ahmed]]
| {{Full party name with colour|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|-
! 27
| [[Srerampur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Srerampur]]
| [[Kalyan Banerjee (politician)|Kalyan Banerjee]]
| {{Full party name with colour|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|-
! 28
| [[Hooghly (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hooghly]]
| [[Locket Chatterjee]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
! 29
| [[Arambagh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arambagh]] (SC)
| [[Afrin Ali|Aparupa Poddar (Afrin Ali)]]
| {{Full party name with colour|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|-
! 30
| [[Tamluk (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tamluk]]
| [[Dibyendu Adhikari]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party }}
|-
! 31
| [[Kanthi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kanthi]]
| [[Sisir Adhikari]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
! 32
| [[Ghatal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ghatal]]
| [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Deepak Adhikari (Dev)]]
| {{Full party name with colour|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|-
! 33
| [[Jhargram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jhargram]] (ST)
| [[Kunar Hembram]]
| {{Full party name with colour|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|-
! 34
| [[Medinipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Medinipur]]
| [[Dilip Ghosh (politician)|Dilip Ghosh]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
! 35
| [[Purulia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Purulia]]
| [[Jyotirmay Singh Mahato]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
! 36
| [[Bankura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bankura]]
| [[Subhas Sarkar]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
! 37
| [[Bishnupur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bishnupur]] (SC)
| [[Saumitra Khan]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
! 38
| [[Bardhaman Purba (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bardhaman Purba]] (SC)
| [[Sunil Kumar Mandal]]
| {{Full party name with colour|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|-
! 39
| [[Bardhaman–Durgapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bardhaman–Durgapur]]
| [[S. S. Ahluwalia]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | 40
| rowspan="2" | [[Asansol (Lok Sabha constituency)|Asansol]]
| [[Babul Supriyo]]
(Resigned on 22 October 2021)
| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Shatrughan Sinha]]
(Elected on 16 April 2022)
| {{Full party name with colour|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|-
! 41
| [[Bolpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bolpur]] (SC)
| [[Asit Kumar Mal]]
| {{Full party name with colour|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|-
! 42
| [[Birbhum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Birbhum]]
| [[Satabdi Roy]]
| {{Full party name with colour|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|}

== 16th Lok Sabha ==
'''Keys:'''
{{legend2|#3CB371|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]] (33) |border=solid 1px #000000}}
{{legend2|#00BFFF|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] (4) |border=solid 1px #000000}}
{{legend2|#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (2) |border=solid 1px #000000}}
{{legend2|#FF0000|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] (2) |border=solid 1px #000000}}
{{legend2|#FFFFFF|Vacant (1) |border=solid 1px #000000}}

{|class="sortable wikitable"
! No.
! style="width:120px" | Constituency
! style="width:180px" | Name of elected M.P.
! Colspan=2|Party affiliation
|-
! rowspan="2" | 1
| rowspan="2" | [[Cooch Behar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Cooch Behar]] (SC)
| [[Renuka Sinha]]
(Died on 17 August 2016)
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
| [[Parthapratim Roy]]
(Elected on 22 November 2016)
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
! 2
| [[Alipurduars (Lok Sabha constituency)|Alipurduars]] (ST)
| [[Dasrath Tirkey]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
! 3
| [[Jalpaiguri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalpaiguri]] (SC)
| [[Bijoy Chandra Barman]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
! 4
| [[Darjeeling (Lok Sabha constituency)|Darjeeling]]
| [[S. S. Ahluwalia]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
! 5
| [[Raiganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raiganj]]
| [[Mohammed Salim (politician)|Mohammed Salim]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
! 6
| [[Balurghat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Balurghat]]
| [[Arpita Ghosh]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
! 7
| [[Maldaha Uttar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Maldaha Uttar]]
| [[Mausam Noor]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
! 8
| [[Maldaha Dakshin (Lok Sabha constituency)|Maldaha Dakshin]]
| [[Abu Hasem Khan Choudhury]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
! 9
| [[Jangipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jangipur]]
| [[Abhijit Mukherjee]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
! 10
| [[Baharampur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Baharampur]]
| [[Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
! 11
| [[Murshidabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Murshidabad]]
| [[Badaruddoza Khan]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
! 12
| [[Krishnanagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Krishnanagar]]
| [[Tapas Paul]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
! 13
| [[Ranaghat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ranaghat]] (SC)
| [[Tapas Mandal]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
!rowspan="2"|14
|rowspan="2"|[[Bangaon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangaon]] (SC)
|[[Kapil Krishna Thakur]]
(Died on 13 October 2014)
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
| [[Mamata Thakur]]
(Elected on 16 February 2015)
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
! 15
| [[Barrackpore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barrackpore]]
| [[Dinesh Trivedi]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
! 16
| [[Dum Dum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dum Dum]]
| [[Saugata Roy]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
! 17
| [[Barasat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barasat]]
| [[Kakali Ghoshdostidar]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
! 18
| [[Basirhat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Basirhat]] (SC)
| [[Idris Ali (politician)|Idris Ali]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
! 19
| [[Jaynagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jaynagar]] (SC)
| [[Pratima Mondal]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
! 20
| [[Mathurapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mathurapur]]
| [[Choudhury Mohan Jatua]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
! 21
| [[Diamond Harbour (Lok Sabha constituency)|Diamond Harbour]]
| [[Abhishek Banerjee (politician)|Abhishek Banerjee]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
! rowspan="2" | 22
| rowspan="2" | [[Jadavpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jadavpur]]
| [[Sugata Bose]]
(Resigned on 12 March 2019)
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
|colspan="3"| '''Vacant'''
|-
! 23
| [[Kolkata Dakshin (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolkata Dakshin]]
| [[Subrata Bakshi]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
! 24
| [[Kolkata Uttar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolkata Uttar]]
| [[Sudip Bandyopadhyay]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
! 25
| [[Howrah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Howrah]]
| [[Prasun Banerjee]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
! rowspan="2" | 26
| rowspan="2" | [[Uluberia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Uluberia]]
| [[Sultan Ahmed (Indian politician)|Sultan Ahmed]]
(Died on 4 September 2017)<ref>{{cite news|title=TMC MP Sultan Ahmed passes away after suffering cardiac arrest|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/tmc-mp-sultan-ahmed-passes-away-uluberia-4827898/|work=The Indian Express|date=4 September 2017}}</ref>
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
| [[Sajda Ahmed]]
(Elected on 1 February 2018)<ref>{{cite news|title=West Bengal bypolls: TMC wins Noapara and retains Uluberia Lok Sabha seat|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/west-bengal-bypolls-tmc-wins-noapara-assembly-leading-in-uluberia-lok-sabha-seat-bjp-cpm-congress-5047228/|work=The Indian Express|date=1 February 2018}}</ref>
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
! 27
| [[Srerampur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Srerampur]]
| [[Kalyan Banerjee (politician)|Kalyan Banerjee]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
! 28
| [[Hooghly (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hooghly]]
| [[Ratna De|Ratna De (Nag)]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
! 29
| [[Arambagh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arambagh]] (SC)
| [[Afrin Ali]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
! rowspan="2" | 30
| rowspan="2" | [[Tamluk (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tamluk]]
| [[Suvendu Adhikari]]
(Resigned on 19 May 2016)
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
| [[Dibyendu Adhikari]]
(Elected on 22 November 2016)
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
! 31
| [[Kanthi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kanthi]]
| [[Sisir Adhikari]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
! 32
| [[Ghatal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ghatal]]
| [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Deepak Adhikari (Dev)]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
! 33
| [[Jhargram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jhargram]] (ST)
| [[Uma Saren]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
! 34
| [[Medinipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Medinipur]]
| [[Sandhya Roy]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
! 35
| [[Purulia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Purulia]]
| [[Mriganko Mahato|Mriganka Mahato]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
! 36
| [[Bankura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bankura]]
| [[Moon Moon Sen]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
! 37
| [[Bishnupur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bishnupur]] (SC)
| [[Saumitra Khan]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
! 38
| [[Bardhaman Purba (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bardhaman Purba]] (ST)
| [[Sunil Kumar Mandal]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
! 39
| [[Bardhaman–Durgapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bardhaman–Durgapur]]
| [[Mamtaz Sanghamita]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
! 40
| [[Asansol (Lok Sabha constituency)|Asansol]]
| [[Babul Supriyo]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
! 41
| [[Bolpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bolpur]] (SC)
| [[Anupam Hazra]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
! 42
| [[Birbhum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Birbhum]]
| [[Satabdi Roy]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
|}

== 15th Lok Sabha ==

'''Keys:'''
{{legend2|#3CB371|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]] (18) |border=solid 1px #000000}}
{{legend2|#FF0000|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] (9) |border=solid 1px #000000}}
{{legend2|#00BFFF|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] (6) |border=solid 1px #000000}}
{{legend2|#FF4A4A|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]] (2) |border=solid 1px #000000}}
{{legend2|#C24641|[[All India Forward Bloc|AIFB]] (2) |border=solid 1px #000000}}
{{legend2|#DC381F|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]] (2) |border=solid 1px #000000}}
{{legend2|#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (1) |border=solid 1px #000000}}
{{legend2|darksalmon|[[Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|SUCI(C)]] (1) |border=solid 1px #000000}}
{{legend2|#FFFFFF|Vacant (1) |border=solid 1px #000000}}
{|class="sortable wikitable"
! No.
! style="width:120px" | Constituency
! style="width:180px" | Name of elected M.P.
! Colspan=2|Party affiliation
|-
| 1
| [[Cooch Behar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Cooch Behar]]
| [[Nripendra Nath Roy]]
| bgcolor=#C24641|
|[[All India Forward Bloc]]
|-
| 2
| [[Alipurduars (Lok Sabha constituency)|Alipurduars]]
| [[Manohar Tirkey]]
| bgcolor=#DC381F|
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
|-
| 3
| [[Jalpaiguri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalpaiguri]]
| [[Mahendra Kumar Roy (Marxist)|Mahendra Kumar Roy]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
| 4
| [[Darjeeling (Lok Sabha constituency)|Darjeeling]]
| [[Jaswant Singh]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 5
| [[Raiganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raiganj]]
| [[Deepa Dasmunsi]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 6
| [[Balurghat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Balurghat]]
| [[Prasanta Kumar Majumdar]]
| bgcolor=#DC381F|
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
|-
| 7
| [[Maldaha Uttar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Maldaha Uttar]]
| [[Mausam Noor]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 8
| [[Maldaha Dakshin (Lok Sabha constituency)|Maldaha Dakshin]]
| [[Abu Hasem Khan Choudhury]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!rowspan="2"| 9
|rowspan="2"| [[Jangipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jangipur]]
| [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
(Ceased to become a M.P. upon elected as a president on 25
7.2012)
|rowspan="2" bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| [[Abhijit Mukherjee]]
(Elected on 13 October 2012)
|-
| 10
| [[Baharampur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Baharampur]]
| [[Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 11
| [[Murshidabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Murshidabad]]
| [[Abdul Mannan Hossain]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 12
| [[Krishnanagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Krishnanagar]]
| [[Tapas Paul]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
| 13
| [[Ranaghat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ranaghat]]
| [[Sucharu Ranjan Haldar]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
| 14
| [[Bangaon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangaon]]
| [[Gobinda Chandra Naskar]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
| 15
| [[Barrackpore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barrackpore]]
| [[Dinesh Trivedi]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
| 16
| [[Dum Dum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dum Dum]]
| [[Saugata Roy]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
| 17
| [[Barasat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barasat]]
| [[Kakali Ghosh Dastidar]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
| 18
| [[Basirhat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Basirhat]]
| [[Haji Nurul Islam]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
| 19
| [[Jaynagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jaynagar]]
| [[Tarun Mondal]]
| bgcolor=darksalmon|
|[[Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)]]
|-
| 20
| [[Mathurapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mathurapur]]
| [[Choudhury Mohan Jatua]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
! rowspan="2"| 21
| rowspan="2"| [[Diamond Harbour (Lok Sabha constituency)|Diamond Harbour]]
| [[Somen Mitra]]
(Resigned on 28 January 2014)
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
| colspan="3"|'''Vacant<ref name=15LSvac>{{cite web |url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/vacant.aspx |title=Fifteenth Lok Sabh - Vacant Constituency |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327095756/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/vacant.aspx |archive-date=27 March 2014 }}</ref>'''
|-
| 22
| [[Jadavpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jadavpur]]
| [[Kabir Suman]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
! rowspan="2" | 23
| rowspan="2" | [[Kolkata Dakshin (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolkata Dakshin]]
| [[Mamata Banerjee]]
(Resigned on 9 October 2011)<ref name=15LSmod>{{Cite web|url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/died.aspx|title=Fifteenth Lok Sabh - Members Resigned / Died / Ceased|access-date=26 February 2021}}</ref>
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
| [[Subrata Bakshi]] (Elected on 4 December 2011)
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
| 24
| [[Kolkata Uttar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolkata Uttar]]
| [[Sudip Bandyopadhyay]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
! rowspan="2" | 25
| rowspan="2" | [[Howrah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Howrah]]
| [[Ambica Banerjee]] (Died on 25 April 2013) <ref name=15LSmod />
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
| [[Prasun Banerjee]] (Elected on 5 June 2013)
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
| 26
| [[Uluberia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Uluberia]]
| [[Sultan Ahmed (Indian politician)|Sultan Ahmed]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
| 27
| [[Sreerampur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sreerampur]]
| [[Kalyan Banerjee (politician)|Kalyan Banerjee]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
| 28
| [[Hooghly (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hooghly]]
| [[Ratna De (Nag)]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
| 29
| [[Arambagh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arambagh]]
| [[Sakti Mohan Malik]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
| 30
| [[Tamluk (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tamluk]]
| [[Suvendu Adhikari]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
| 31
| [[Kanthi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kanthi]]
| [[Sisir Adhikari]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
| 32
| [[Ghatal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ghatal]]
| [[Gurudas Dasgupta]]
| bgcolor=#FF4A4A|
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|-
| 33
| [[Jhargram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jhargram]]
| [[Pulin Bihari Baske]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
| 34
| [[Medinipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Medinipur]]
| [[Prabodh Panda]]
| bgcolor=#FF4A4A|
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|-
| 35
| [[Purulia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Purulia]]
| [[Narahari Mahato]]
| bgcolor=#C24641|
|[[All India Forward Bloc]]
|-
| 36
| [[Bankura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bankura]]
| [[Acharia Basudeb]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
| 37
| [[Bishnupur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bishnupur]]
| [[Susmita Bauri]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
| 38
| [[Bardhaman Purba (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bardhaman Purba]]
| [[Anup Kumar Saha]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
| 39
| [[Bardhaman-Durgapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Burdwan-Durgapur]]
| [[Prof. S. K. Saidul Haque]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
| 40
| [[Asansol (Lok Sabha constituency)|Asansol]]
| [[Bansa Gopal Chowdhury]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
| 41
| [[Bolpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bolpur]]
| [[Ram Chandra Dome]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
| 42
| [[Birbhum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Birbhum]]
| [[Satabdi Roy]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|}

== 14th Lok Sabha ==

'''Keys:'''
{{legend2|#FF0000|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] (26) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#00FFFF|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] (6) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#8D0000|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]] (3) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#800080|[[All India Forward Bloc|AIFB]] (3) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FF4A4A|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]] (3) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#66FF00|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]] (1) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}

{| class="wikitable"
! No.
! style="width:120px" | Constituency
! style="width:180px" | Name of elected M.P.
! Party affiliation
|-
! 1
| [[Cooch Behar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Cooch Behar]]
| [[Hiten Barman]]
| bgcolor=#800080| [[All India Forward Bloc]]
|-
! 2
| [[Alipurduars (Lok Sabha constituency)|Alipurduars]]
| [[Joachim Baxla]]
| bgcolor=#FF4A4A| [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
|-
! 3
| [[Jalpaiguri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalpaiguri]]
| [[Minati Sen]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
! 4
| [[Darjeeling (Lok Sabha constituency)|Darjeeling]]
| [[Dawa Narbula]]
| bgcolor=#00FFFF|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
! 5
| [[Raiganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raiganj]]
| [[Priya Ranjan Dasmunsi]]
| bgcolor=#00FFFF|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
! 6
| [[Balurghat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Balurghat]]
| [[Ranen Barman]]
| bgcolor=#FF4A4A| [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
|-
! rowspan="2"| 7
| rowspan="2"| [[Malda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Malda]]
| [[A. B. A. Ghani Khan Choudhury]]
(Died on 14.4.2006)
| bgcolor=#00FFFF|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| [[Abu Hasem Khan Choudhury]]
(Elected on 19.9.2006)
| bgcolor=#00FFFF|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
! 8
| [[Jangipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jangipur]]
| [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| bgcolor=#00FFFF|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
! 9
| [[Murshidabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Murshidabad]]
| [[Abdul Mannan Hossain]]
| bgcolor=#00FFFF|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
! 10
| [[Behrampore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Behrampore]]
| [[Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury]]
| bgcolor=#00FFFF|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
! 11
| [[Krishnagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Krishnanagar]]
| [[Jyotirmoyee Sikdar]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
! 12
| [[Nabadwip (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nabadwip]]
| [[Alakesh Das]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
! 13
| [[Barasat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barasat]]
| [[Subrata Bose]]
| bgcolor=#800080|[[All India Forward Bloc]]
|-
! 14
| [[Basirhat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Basirhat]]
| [[Ajay Chakraborty]]
| bgcolor=#8D0000|[[Communist Party of India]]
|-
! 15
| [[Jaynagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jaynagar]]
| [[Sanat Kumar Mandal]]
| bgcolor=#FF4A4A| [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
|-
! 16
| [[Mathurapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mathurapur]]
| [[Basudeb Barman]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
! 17
| [[Diamond Harbour (Lok Sabha constituency)|Diamond Harbour]]
| [[Samik Lahiri]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
! 18
| [[Jadavpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jadavpur]]
| [[Sujan Chakraborty]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
! 19
| [[Barrackpore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barrackpore]]
| [[Tarit Baran Topdar]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
! 20
| [[Dum Dum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dum Dum]]
| [[Amitava Nandy]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
! 21
| [[Calcutta North West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Calcutta North West]]
| [[Sudhangshu Seal]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
! 22
| [[Calcutta North East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Calcutta North East]]
| [[Mohammed Salim (politician)|Mohammed Salim]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
! 23
| [[Calcutta South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Calcutta South]]
| [[Mamata Banerjee]]
| bgcolor=#66FF00| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
! 24
| [[Howrah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Howrah]]
| [[Swadesh Chakrabortty]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
! 25
| [[Uluberia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Uluberia]]
| [[Hannan Mollah]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
! 26
| [[Serampore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Serampore]]
| [[Santasri Chatterjee]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
! 27
| [[Hooghly (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hooghly]]
| [[Rupchand Pal]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
! 28
| [[Arambagh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arambagh]]
| [[Anil Basu]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
! 29
| [[Panskura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Panskura]]
| [[Gurudas Dasgupta]]
| bgcolor=#8D0000|[[Communist Party of India]]
|-
! 30
| [[Tamluk (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tamluk]]
| [[Lakshman Chandra Seth]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
! 31
| [[Contai (Lok Sabha constituency)|Contai]]
| [[Prasanta Pradhan]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
! 32
| [[Midnapore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Midnapore]]
| [[Prabodh Panda]]
| bgcolor=#8D0000|[[Communist Party of India]]
|-
! 33
| [[Jhargram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jhargram]]
| [[Rupchand Murmu]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
! rowspan="2"| 34
| rowspan="2"| [[Purulia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Purulia]]
| [[Bir Singh Mahato]]
(Resigned on 30.5.2006)
| bgcolor=#800080|[[All India Forward Bloc]]
|-
| [[Narahari Mahato]]
(Elected on 19.9.2006)
| bgcolor=#800080|[[All India Forward Bloc]]
|-
! 35
| [[Bankura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bankura]]
| [[Acharia Basudeb]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
! 36
| [[Bishnupur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vishnupur]]
| [[Susmita Bauri]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
! 37
| [[Durgapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Durgapur]]
| [[Sunil Khan]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
! rowspan="2"| 38
| rowspan="2"| [[Asansol (Lok Sabha constituency)|Asansol]]
| [[Bikash Chowdhury]]
(Died on 1.8.2005)
| bgcolor=#FF0000|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
| [[Bansa Gopal Chowdhury]]
(Elected on 4.10.2005)
| bgcolor=#FF0000|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
! 39
| [[Burdwan (Lok Sabha constituency)|Burdwan]]
| [[Nikhilananda Sar]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
! rowspan="2"| 40
| rowspan="2"| [[Katwa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Katwa]]
| [[Mahboob Zahedi]]
(Died on 8.4.2006)
| bgcolor=#FF0000|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
| [[Abu Ayesh Mondal]]
(Elected on 19.9.2006)
| bgcolor=#FF0000|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
! 41
| [[Bolpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bolpur]]
| [[Somnath Chatterjee]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
! 42
| [[Birbhum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Birbhum]]
| [[Ram Chandra Dome]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]

|}

== 13th Lok Sabha ==

'''Keys:'''
{{legend2|#FF0000|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] (21)
|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#00FF00|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]] (8)
|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#00FFFF|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|INC)]] (3)
|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#8D0000|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]] (3)
|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FF1493|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]] (3)
|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FBB917|[[Bhartiya Janata Party|BJP]] (2)
|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#B22222|[[All India Forward Bloc|AIFB]] (2)
|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable"
! No.
! style="width:120px" | Constituency
! style="width:180px" | Name of elected M.P.
! Party affiliation
|-
|1||[[Cooch Behar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Cooch Behar]] (SC)||[[Amar Roy Pradhan]]||bgcolor=#B22222|[[All India Forward Bloc]]
|-
|2||[[Alipurduars (Lok Sabha constituency)|Alipurduars]] (ST)||[[Joachim Baxla]]||bgcolor=#FF1493|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
|- bgcolor=#FFFFFF
|-
|3||[[Jalpaiguri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalpaiguri]]||[[Minati Sen]]||bgcolor=#FF0000|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|4||[[Darjeeling (Lok Sabha constituency)|Darjeeling]]||[[S P Lepcha]]|| bgcolor="#FF0000" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|5||[[Raiganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raiganj]]||[[Priya Ranjan Dasmunsi]]||bgcolor=#00FFFF|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|6||[[Balurghat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Balurghat]] (SC)||[[Ranen Barman]]||bgcolor=#FF1493|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
|-
|7||[[Malda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Malda]]||[[A. B. A. Ghani Khan Choudhury]]||bgcolor=#00FFFF|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|8||[[Jangipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jangipur]]||[[Abul Hasnat Khan]]||bgcolor=#FF0000|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|9||[[Murshidabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Murshidabad]]||[[Moinul Hassan]]||bgcolor=#FF0000|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|10||[[Behrampore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Behrampore]]||[[Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury]]||bgcolor=#00FFFF|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|11||[[Krishnagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Krishnanagar]]||[[Satyabrata Mookherjee]]||bgcolor=#FBB917|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|12||[[Nabadwip (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nabadwip]] (SC)||[[Anand Mohan Biswas]]|| bgcolor="#00FF00" |[[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
|13||[[Barasat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barasat]]||[[Dr. Ranjit Kumar Panja]]|| bgcolor="#00FF00" |[[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
|14||[[Basirhat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Basirhat]]||[[Ajay Chakraborty]]||bgcolor=#8D0000|[[Communist Party of India]]
|-
|15||[[Jaynagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jaynagar]] (SC)||[[Sanat Kumar Mandal]]||bgcolor=#FF1493|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
|-
|16||[[Mathurapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mathurapur]] (SC)||[[Radhika Ranjan Pramanik]]||bgcolor=#FF0000|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|17||[[Diamond Harbour (Lok Sabha constituency)|Diamond Harbour]]||[[Samik Lahiri]]||bgcolor=#FF0000|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|- bgcolor=#FFFFFF
|-
|18||[[Jadavpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jadavpur]]||[[Krishna Bose]]||bgcolor=#00FF00|[[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
|19||[[Barrackpore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barrackpore]]||[[Tarit Baran Topdar]]||bgcolor=#FF0000|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|20||[[Dum Dum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dum Dum]]||[[Tapan Sikdar]]||bgcolor=#FBB917|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|21||[[Calcutta North West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Calcutta North West]]||[[Sudip Bandyopadhyay]]||bgcolor=#00FF00|[[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
|22||[[Calcutta North East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Calcutta North East]]||[[Ajit Kumar Panja]]||bgcolor=#00FF00|[[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|- bgcolor=#FFFFFF
|-
|23||[[Calcutta South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Calcutta South]]||[[Mamata Banerjee]]||bgcolor=#00FF00|[[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
|24||[[Howrah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Howrah]]||[[Swadesh Chakrabortty]]||bgcolor=#FF0000|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|25||[[Uluberia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Uluberia]]||[[Hannan Mollah]]||bgcolor=#FF0000|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|26||[[Serampore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Serampore]]||[[Akbor Ali Khandoker]]|| bgcolor="#00FF00" |[[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
|27||[[Hooghly (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hooghly]]||[[Rupchand Pal]]||bgcolor=#FF0000|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|28||[[Arambagh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arambagh]]||[[Anil Basu]]||bgcolor=#FF0000|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|- bgcolor=#FFFFFF
|-
|29||[[Panskura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Panskura]]||[[Geeta Mukherjee]]||bgcolor=#8D0000|[[Communist Party of India]]
|-
|30||[[Tamluk (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tamluk]]||[[Seth Lakshman Chandra]]||bgcolor=#FF0000|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|31||[[Contai (Lok Sabha constituency)|Contai]]||[[Nitish Sengupta]]||bgcolor=#00FF00|[[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
|32||[[Midnapore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Midnapore]]||[[Indrajit Gupta]]||bgcolor=#8D0000|[[Communist Party of India]]
|-
|33||[[Jhargram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jhargram]] (ST)||[[Rupchand Murmu]]||bgcolor=#FF0000|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|34||[[Purulia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Purulia]]||[[Bir Singh Mahato]]||bgcolor=#B22222|[[All India Forward Bloc]]
|-
|35||[[Bankura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bankura]]||[[Acharia Basudeb]]||bgcolor=#FF0000|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|- bgcolor=#FFFFFF
|-
|36||[[Bishnupur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vishnupur]] (SC)||[[Sandhya Bauri]]||bgcolor=#FF0000|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|37||[[Durgapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Durgapur]] (SC)||[[Sunil Khan]]||bgcolor=#FF0000|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|38||[[Asansol (Lok Sabha constituency)|Asansol]]||[[Bikash Chowdhury]]||bgcolor=#FF0000|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|39||[[Burdwan (Lok Sabha constituency)|Burdwan]]||[[Nikhilananda Sar]]||bgcolor=#FF0000|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|40||[[Katwa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Katwa]]||[[Mahboob Zahedi]]||bgcolor=#FF0000|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|41||[[Bolpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bolpur]]||[[Somnath Chatterjee]]||bgcolor=#FF0000|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|42||[[Birbhum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Birbhum]] (SC)||[[Ram Chandra Dome]]||bgcolor=#FF0000|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|}

== 12th Lok Sabha ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+Key:
!AITC (6)
!CPIM (21)
!BJP (1)
!OTHERS (14)
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Constituency
!Member
!Party
|-
|[[Alipurduars (Lok Sabha constituency)|Alipurduars (ST)]]
|[[Joachim Baxla]]
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
|-
|[[Arambagh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arambagh (SC)]]
|[[Anil Basu]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Asansol (Lok Sabha constituency)|Asansol]]
|[[Bikash Chowdhury]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Balurghat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Balurghat (SC)]]
|[[Ranen Barman]]
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
|-
|[[Bankura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bankura]]
|[[Basudeb Acharia]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Barasat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barasat]]
|Dr. Ranjit Kumar Panja
|[[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
|[[Barrackpore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barrackpore]]
|[[Tarit Baran Topdar]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Basirhat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Basirhat]]
|[[Ajay Chakraborty]]
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|-
|[[Berhampore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Berhampore]]
|Pramothes Mukherjee
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Bolpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bolpur (SC)]]
|[[Ram Chandra Dome]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Somnath Chatterjee]]
|
|-
|[[Burdwan (Lok Sabha constituency)|Burdwan]]
|[[Nikhilananda Sar]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Calcutta North East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Calcutta North East]]
|Ajit Kumar Panja
|[[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
|[[Contai (Lok Sabha constituency)|Contai]]
|Prof. Sudhir Kumar Giri
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Coochbehar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Coochbehar (SC)]]
|Amar Roy Pradhan
|[[All India Forward Bloc]]
|-
|[[Darjeeling (Lok Sabha constituency)|Darjeeling]]
|Ananda Pathak
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Diamond Harbour (Lok Sabha constituency)|Diamond Harbour]]
|[[Samik Lahiri]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Dum Dum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dum Dum]]
|Tapan Sikdar
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[Durgapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Durgapur (SC)]]
|[[Sunil Khan]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Hooghly (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hooghly]]
|Rupchand Pal
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Jadavpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jadavpur]]
|Prof. Krishna Bose
|[[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
|[[Jalpaiguri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalpaiguri (SC)]]
|Minati Sen
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Jangipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jangipur]]
|Abul Hasnat Khan
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Jaynagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jaynagar (SC)]]
|Sanat Kumar Mandal
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
|-
|[[Jhargram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jhargram (ST)]]
|Rupchand Murmu
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Katwa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Katwa]]
|Mahboob Zahedi
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Kolkata Uttar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolkata Uttar]]
|[[Sudip Bandyopadhyay]]
|[[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
|[[Krishnagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Krishnagar]]
|Ajoy Mukhopadhyay
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Malda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Malda]]
|A.B.A. Ghani Khan Choudhury
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Mathurapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mathurapur (SC)]]
|Prof. Radhika Ranjan Pramanik
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Midnapore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Midnapore]]
|[[Indrajit Gupta]]
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|-
|[[Murshidabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Murshidabad]]
|Moinul Hassan Ahamed
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Nabadwip (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nabadwip (SC)]]
|Dr. Asim Bala
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Panskura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Panskura]]
|Dr. Bikram Sarkar
|[[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
|[[Geeta Mukherjee]]
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|-
|[[Purulia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Purulia]]
|Bir Sing Mahato
|[[All India Forward Bloc]]
|-
|[[Raiganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raiganj]]
|Subrata Mukherjee
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Serampore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Serampore]]
|Akbor Ali Khandoker
|[[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
|[[Tamluk (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tamluk]]
|Lakshman Chandra Seth
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Uluberia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Uluberia]]
|Hannan Mollah
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Vishnupur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vishnupur (SC)]]
|Sandhya Bauri
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|}

== 11th Lok Sabha ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Constituency
!Member
!Party
|-
|[[Alipurduars (Lok Sabha constituency)|Alipurduars (ST)]]
|[[Joachim Baxla]]
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
|-
|[[Arambagh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arambagh (SC)]]
|[[Anil Basu]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Asansol (Lok Sabha constituency)|Asansol]]
|Haradhan Roy
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Balurghat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Balurghat (SC)]]
|[[Ranen Barman]]
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
|-
|[[Bankura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bankura]]
|[[Basudeb Acharia]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Barasat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barasat]]
|[[Chitta Basu (politician)]]
|[[All India Forward Bloc]]
|-
|[[Barrackpore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barrackpore]]
|[[Tarit Baran Topdar]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Basirhat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Basirhat]]
|[[Ajay Chakraborty]]
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|-
|[[Berhampore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Berhampore]]
|Pramothes Mukherjee
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
|-
|[[Bolpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bolpur (SC)]]
|[[Somnath Chatterjee]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Burdwan (Lok Sabha constituency)|Burdwan]]
|Balai Ray
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Calcutta North East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Calcutta North East]]
|Ajit Kumar Panja
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Calcutta North West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Calcutta North West]]
|Dr. Debiprosad Pal
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Contai (Lok Sabha constituency)|Contai]]
|Prof. Sudhir Kumar Giri
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Coochbehar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Coochbehar (SC)]]
|Amar Roy Pradhan
|[[All India Forward Bloc]]
|-
|[[Darjeeling (Lok Sabha constituency)|Darjeeling]]
|Ratna Bahadur Rai
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Diamond Harbour (Lok Sabha constituency)|Diamond Harbour]]
|[[Samik Lahiri]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Dumdum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dumdum]]
|Nirmal Kanti Chatterjee
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Durgapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Durgapur (SC)]]
|[[Sunil Khan]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Hooghly (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hooghly]]
|Rupchand Pal
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Jadavpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jadavpur]]
|Prof. Krishna Bose
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Jalpaiguri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalpaiguri]]
|Jitendra Nath Das
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Jangipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jangipur]]
|Mohammad Idris Ali
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Jaynagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jaynagar (SC)]]
|Sanat Kumar Mandal
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
|-
|[[Jhargram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jhargram (ST)]]
|Rupchand Murmu
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Katwa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Katwa]]
|Mahboob Zahedi
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Krishnagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Krishnagar]]
|[[Ajoy Mukhopadhyay]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Malda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Malda]]
|[[A.B.A. Ghani Khan Choudhury]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Mathurapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mathurapur (SC)]]
|Prof. Radhika Ranjan Pramanik
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Midnapore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Midnapore]]
|[[Indrajit Gupta]]
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|-
|[[Murshidabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Murshidabad]]
|Syed Masudal Hossain
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Nabadwip (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nabadwip (SC)]]
|Dr. Asim Bala
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Panskura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Panskura]]
|[[Geeta Mukherjee]]
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|-
|[[Purulia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Purulia]]
|Bir Sing Mahato
|[[All India Forward Bloc]]
|-
|[[Raiganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raiganj]]
|Subrata Mukherjee
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Serampore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Serampore]]
|Pradip Bhattacharya
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Tamluk (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tamluk]]
|Jayanta Bhattacharya
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Uluberia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Uluberia]]
|Hannan Mollah
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Vishnupur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vishnupur (SC)]]
|Sandhya Bauri
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|}

== 10th Lok Sabha ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Constituency
!Member
!Party
|-
|[[Alipurduars (Lok Sabha constituency)|Alipurduars (ST)]]
|[[Pius Tirkey]]
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
|-
|[[Arambagh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arambagh (SC)]]
|[[Anil Basu]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Asansol (Lok Sabha constituency)|Asansol]]
|Haradhan Roy
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Balurghat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Balurghat (SC)]]
|Palas Barman
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
|-
|[[Bankura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bankura]]
|[[Basudeb Acharia]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Barasat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barasat]]
|[[Chitta Basu (politician)]]
|[[All India Forward Bloc]]
|-
|[[Barrackpore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barrackpore]]
|[[Tarit Baran Topdar]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Basirhat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Basirhat]]
|Manoranjan Sur
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Berhampore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Berhampore]]
|Nani Bhattacharya
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
|-
|Pramothes Mukherjee
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Bolpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bolpur (SC)]]
|[[Ram Chandra Dome]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Somnath Chatterjee]]
|
|-
|[[Burdwan (Lok Sabha constituency)|Burdwan]]
|Dr. Sudhir Ray
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Calcutta North East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Calcutta North East]]
|Ajit Kumar Panja
|[[
Indian national Congress]]
|-
|[[Calcutta North West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Calcutta North West]]
|Dr. Debiprosad Pal
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Contai (Lok Sabha constituency)|Contai]]
|Sudhir Kumar Giri
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Coochbehar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Coochbehar (SC)]]
|Amar Roy Pradhan
|[[All India Forward Bloc]]
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Darjeeling (Lok Sabha constituency)|Darjeeling]]
|Inder Jit
|[[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|Jaswant Singh
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[Diamond Harbour (Lok Sabha constituency)|Diamond Harbour]]
|Amal Datta
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Dumdum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dumdum]]
|Nirmal Kanti Chatterjee
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Durgapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Durgapur (SC)]]
|Purna Chandra Malik
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Hooghly (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hooghly]]
|Rupchand Pal
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Howrah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Howrah]]
|Susanta Chakraborty
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Jadavpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jadavpur]]
|Malini Bhattacharya
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Jalpaiguri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalpaiguri]]
|Jitendra Nath Das
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Jangipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jangipur]]
|Abedin Zainal
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Jaynagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jaynagar (SC)]]
|Sanat Kumar Mandal
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
|-
|[[Jhargram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jhargram (ST)]]
|Rupchand Murmu
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Katwa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Katwa]]
|Saifuddin Choudhury
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Krishnagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Krishnagar]]
|Ajoy Mukhopadhyay
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Malda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Malda]]
|A.B.A. Ghani Khan Choudhury
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Mathurapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mathurapur (SC)]]
|Radhika Ranjan Pramanik
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Midnapore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Midnapore]]
|[[Indrajit Gupta]]
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|-
|[[Murshidabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Murshidabad]]
|Syed Masudal Hossain
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Nabadwip (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nabadwip (SC)]]
|Dr. Asim Bala
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Panskura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Panskura]]
|[[Geeta Mukherjee]]
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Purulia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Purulia]]
|Bir Sing Mahato
|[[All India Forward Bloc]]
|-
|Chitta Ranjan Mahata
|[[All India Forward Bloc|Forward Bloc (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Raiganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raiganj]]
|Subrata Mukherjee
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Serampore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Serampore]]
|Sudarsan Raychaudhuri
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Tamluk (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tamluk]]
|Satyagopal Misra
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Uluberia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Uluberia]]
|Hannan Mollah
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Vishnupur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vishnupur (SC)]]
|Sukhendu Khan
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|}

== 9th Lok Sabha ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Constituency
!Member
!Party
|-
|[[Alipurduars (Lok Sabha constituency)|Alipurduars (ST)]]
|[[Pius Tirkey]]
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
|-
|[[Arambagh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arambagh (SC)]]
|[[Anil Basu]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Asansol (Lok Sabha constituency)|Asansol]]
|Haradhan Roy
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Balurghat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Balurghat (SC)]]
|Palas Barman
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
|-
|[[Bankura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bankura]]
|[[Basudeb Acharia]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Barasat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barasat]]
|[[Chitta Basu (politician)]]
|[[All India Forward Bloc]]
|-
|[[Barrackpore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barrackpore]]
|[[Tarit Baran Topdar]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Basirhat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Basirhat]]
|Manoranjan Sur
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|-
|[[Berhampore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Berhampore]]
|Nani Bhattacharya
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Bolpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bolpur (SC)]]
|[[Ram Chandra Dome]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Somnath Chatterjee]]
|
|-
|[[Burdwan (Lok Sabha constituency)|Burdwan]]
|Dr. Sudhir Ray
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Calcutta North East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Calcutta North East]]
|Ajit Kumar Panja
|[[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
|[[Calcutta North West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Calcutta North West]]
|Dr. Debiprosad Pal
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Calcutta South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Calcutta South]]
|Dr. Biplab Dasgupta
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Contai (Lok Sabha constituency)|Contai]]
|Prof. Sudhir Kumar Giri
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Coochbehar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Coochbehar (SC)]]
|Amar Roy Pradhan
|[[All India Forward Bloc]]
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Darjeeling (Lok Sabha constituency)|Darjeeling]]
|Inder Jit
|[[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|Jaswant Singh
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[Diamond Harbour (Lok Sabha constituency)|Diamond Harbour]]
|Amal Datta
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Dumdum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dumdum]]
|Nirmal Kanti Chatterjee
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Durgapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Durgapur (SC)]]
|Purna Chandra Malik
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Hooghly (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hooghly]]
|Rupchand Pal
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Howrah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Howrah]]
|Susanta Chakraborty
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Jadavpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jadavpur]]
|Prof. Malini Bhattacharya
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Jalpaiguri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalpaiguri]]
|Manik Sanyal
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Jangipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jangipur]]
|Abedin Zainal
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Jaynagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jaynagar (SC)]]
|Sanat Kumar Mandal
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
|-
|[[Jhargram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jhargram (ST)]]
|Matilal Hansda
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Katwa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Katwa]]
|Saifuddin Choudhury
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Krishnagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Krishnagar]]
|Ajoy Mukhopadhyay
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Malda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Malda]]
|A.B.A. Ghani Khan Choudhury
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Mathurapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mathurapur (SC)]]
|Prof. Radhika Ranjan Pramanik
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Midnapore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Midnapore]]
|[[Indrajit Gupta]]
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|-
|[[Murshidabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Murshidabad]]
|Syed Masudal Hossain
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Nabadwip (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nabadwip (SC)]]
|Dr. Asim Bala
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Panskura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Panskura]]
|[[Geeta Mukherjee]]
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|-
|[[Purulia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Purulia]]
|Chitta Ranjan Mahata
|[[All India Forward Bloc|Forward Bloc (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Raiganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raiganj]]
|Dr. Golam Yazdani
|[[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[Serampore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Serampore]]
|Prof. Sudarsan Raychaudhuri
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Tamluk (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tamluk]]
|Satyagopal Misra
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Uluberia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Uluberia]]
|Hannan Mollah
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Vishnupur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vishnupur (SC)]]
|Sukhendu Khan
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|}

== 8th Lok Sabha ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Constituency
!Member
!Party
|-
|[[Alipurduars (Lok Sabha constituency)|Alipurduars (ST)]]
|[[Pius Tirkey]]
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
|-
|[[Arambagh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arambagh (SC)]]
|[[Anil Basu]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Asansol (Lok Sabha constituency)|Asansol]]
|Ananda Gopal Mukhopadhyay
|[[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[Balurghat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Balurghat (SC)]]
|Palas Barman
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
|-
|[[Bankura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bankura]]
|[[Basudeb Acharia]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Barasat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barasat]]
|Tarun Kanti Ghosh
|[[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[Barrackpore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barrackpore]]
|Debi Ghosal
|[[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[Berhampore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Berhampore]]
|Atish Chandra Sinha
|[[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[Birbhum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Birbhum (SC)]]
|Gadadhar Saha
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Bolpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bolpur (SC)]]
|[[Somnath Chatterjee]]
|
|-
|[[Bolpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bolpur]]
|Dr. Saradish Roy
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Burdwan (Lok Sabha constituency)|Burdwan]]
|Dr. Sudhir Ray
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Calcutta North East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Calcutta North East]]
|Ajit Kumar Panja
|[[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|-
|[[Calcutta North West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Calcutta North West]]
|Ashok Kumar Sen
|[[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[Calcutta South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Calcutta South]]
|Bhola Nath Sen
|[[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[Contai (Lok Sabha constituency)|Contai]]
|Phulrenu Guha
|[[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[Coochbehar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Coochbehar (SC)]]
|Amar Roy Pradhan
|[[All India Forward Bloc]]
|-
|[[Darjeeling (Lok Sabha constituency)|Darjeeling]]
|Ananda Pathak
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Diamond Harbour (Lok Sabha constituency)|Diamond Harbour]]
|Amal Datta
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Dumdum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dumdum]]
|Asutosh Law
|[[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[Durgapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Durgapur (SC)]]
|Purna Chandra Malik
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Hooghly (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hooghly]]
|Indumati Bhattacharyya
|[[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[Jalpaiguri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalpaiguri]]
|Manik Sanyal
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Jangipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jangipur]]
|Abedin Zainal
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Jaynagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jaynagar (SC)]]
|Sanat Kumar Mandal
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
|-
|[[Jhargram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jhargram (ST)]]
|Matilal Hansda
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Katwa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Katwa]]
|Saifuddin Choudhury
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Krishnagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Krishnagar]]
|Renu Pada Das
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Malda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Malda]]
|A.B.A. Ghani Khan Choudhury
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Mathurapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mathurapur (SC)]]
|Prof. Manoranjan Halder
|[[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Midnapore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Midnapore]]
|Narayan Choubey
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|-
|[[Indrajit Gupta]]
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|-
|[[Murshidabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Murshidabad]]
|Syed Masudal Hossain
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Nabadwip (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nabadwip (SC)]]
|Bibha Ghosh Goswami
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Panskura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Panskura]]
|[[Geeta Mukherjee]]
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|-
|[[Purulia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Purulia]]
|Chitta Ranjan Mahata
|[[All India Forward Bloc|Forward Bloc (Marxist)]]
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Raiganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raiganj]]
|Dr. Golam Yazdani
|[[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[Priya Ranjan Dasmunsi]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Serampore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Serampore]]
|Bimal Kanti Ghosh
|[[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[Tamluk (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tamluk]]
|Satyagopal Misra
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Uluberia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Uluberia]]
|Hannan Mollah
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Vishnupur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vishnupur (SC)]]
|Ajit Kumar Saha
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|}

== 7th Lok Sabha ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Constituency
!Member
!Party
|-
|[[Alipurduars (Lok Sabha constituency)|Alipurduars (ST)]]
|[[Pius Tirkey]]
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
|-
|[[Asansol (Lok Sabha constituency)|Asansol]]
|Ananda Gopal Mukhopadhyay
|[[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[Azambagh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Azambagh]]
|Bijoy Krishna Modak
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Balurghat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Balurghat (SC)]]
|Palas Barman
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
|-
|[[Bankura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bankura]]
|[[Basudeb Acharia]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Barasat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barasat]]
|[[Chitta Basu (politician)]]
|[[All India Forward Bloc]]
|-
|[[Barrackpore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barrackpore]]
|Mohammed Ismail
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Berhampore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Berhampore]]
|[[Tridib Chaudhuri]]
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
|-
|[[Birbhum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Birbhum (SC)]]
|Gadadhar Saha
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Bolpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bolpur]]
|Dr. Saradish Roy
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Burdwan (Lok Sabha constituency)|Burdwan]]
|Sushil Kumar Bhattacharya
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Calcutta North East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Calcutta North East]]
|Sunil Maitra
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Calcutta North West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Calcutta North West]]
|Ashok Kumar Sen
|[[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[Calcutta South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Calcutta South]]
|Satyasadhan Chakraborty
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Contai (Lok Sabha constituency)|Contai]]
|Prof. Sudhir Kumar Giri
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Coochbehar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Coochbehar (SC)]]
|Amar Roy Pradhan
|[[All India Forward Bloc]]
|-
|[[Darjeeling (Lok Sabha constituency)|Darjeeling]]
|Ananda Pathak
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Diamond Harbour (Lok Sabha constituency)|Diamond Harbour]]
|Amal Datta
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|Jyotirmoy Bosu
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Dumdum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dumdum]]
|Niren Ghosh
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Durgapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Durgapur (SC)]]
|Krishna Chandra Halder
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Hooghly (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hooghly]]
|Rupchand Pal
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Howrah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Howrah]]
|Samar Mukherjee
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Jalpaiguri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalpaiguri]]
|Subodh Sen
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Jangipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jangipur]]
|Abedin Zainal
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Jaynagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jaynagar (SC)]]
|Sanat Kumar Mandal
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
|-
|[[Jhargram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jhargram (ST)]]
|Matilal Hansda
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Katwa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Katwa]]
|Saifuddin Choudhury
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Krishnagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Krishnagar]]
|Renu Pada Das
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Malda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Malda]]
|[[A. B. A. Ghani Khan Choudhury]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Mathurapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mathurapur (SC)]]
|Dr. Nirmal Kumar Sinha
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|Prof. Mukunda Kumar Mandal
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Midnapore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Midnapore]]
|Narayan Choubey
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|-
|[[Indrajit Gupta]]
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|-
|[[Murshidabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Murshidabad]]
|Syed Masudal Hossain
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Nabadwip (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nabadwip (SC)]]
|Bibha Ghosh Goswami
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Panskura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Panskura]]
|[[Geeta Mukherjee]]
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|-
|[[Purulia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Purulia]]
|Chitta Ranjan Mahata
|[[All India Forward Bloc|Forward Bloc (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Raiganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raiganj]]
|Dr. [[Golam Yazdani]]
|[[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Serampore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Serampore]]
|Ajit Bag
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|Dinendra Nath Bhattacharya
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Tamluk (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tamluk]]
|Satyagopal Misra
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Uluberia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Uluberia]]
|Hannan Mollah
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Vishnupur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vishnupur (SC)]]
|Ajit Kumar Saha
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|}

== 6th Lok Sabha ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Constituency
!Member
!Party
|-
|[[Alipurduars (Lok Sabha constituency)|Alipurduars (ST)]]
|[[Pius Tirkey]]
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
|-
|[[Arambagh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arambagh]]
|Profulla Chandra Sen
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[Asansol (Lok Sabha constituency)|Asansol]]
|Robin Sen
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Azambagh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Azambagh]]
|Bijoy Krishna Modak
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Balurghat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Balurghat (SC)]]
|Palas Barman
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
|-
|[[Bankura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bankura]]
|Dr. Bijoy Kumar Mondal
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[Barasat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barasat]]
|[[Chitta Basu (politician)]]
|[[All India Forward Bloc]]
|-
|[[Basirhat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Basirhat]]
|M.A. Hannan Alhaj
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[Berhampore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Berhampore]]
|[[Tridib Chaudhuri]]
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
|-
|[[Birbhum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Birbhum (SC)]]
|Gadadhar Saha
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Jadavpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jadavpur]]
|[[Somnath Chatterjee]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Bolpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bolpur]]
|Dr. Saradish Roy
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Burdwan (Lok Sabha constituency)|Burdwan]]
|Raj Krishna Dawn
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[Calcutta North East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Calcutta North East]]
|[[Dr. Pratap Chandra Chunder]]
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[Calcutta North West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Calcutta North West]]
|Bijoy Singh Nahar
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[Calcutta South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Calcutta South]]
|Dilip Kumar Chakravorty
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[Contai (Lok Sabha constituency)|Contai]]
|[[Prof. Samar Guha]]
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[Coochbehar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Coochbehar (SC)]]
|Amar Roy Pradhan
|[[All India Forward Bloc]]
|-
|[[Darjeeling (Lok Sabha constituency)|Darjeeling]]
|Krishna Bahadur Chettri
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Diamond Harbour (Lok Sabha constituency)|Diamond Harbour]]
|Jyotirmoy Bosu
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Barrackpore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barrackpore]]
|[[Saugata Roy]]
|[[Indian National Congress (R)]]
|-
|[[Dumdum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dumdum]]
|Ashok Krishna Dutt
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[Durgapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Durgapur (SC)]]
|Krishna Chandra Halder
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Howrah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Howrah]]
|Samar Mukherjee
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Jalpaiguri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalpaiguri]]
|Khagendra Nath Dasgupta
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[Jangipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jangipur]]
|Sasankasekhar Sanyal
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Jaynagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jaynagar (SC)]]
|Sakti Kumar Sarkar
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[Jhargram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jhargram (ST)]]
|Jadunath Kisku
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Katwa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Katwa]]
|Dhirendranath Basu
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Krishnagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Krishnagar]]
|Renu Pada Das
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Malda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Malda]]
|Dinesh Chandra Joarder
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Mathurapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mathurapur (SC)]]
|Prof. Mukunda Kumar Mandal
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Midnapore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Midnapore]]
|Sudhir Kumar Ghoshal
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[Murshidabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Murshidabad]]
|Kazim Ali Meerza
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[Nabadwip (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nabadwip (SC)]]
|Bibha Ghosh Goswami
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Panskura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Panskura]]
|Kumari Abha Maiti
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[Purulia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Purulia]]
|Chitta Ranjan Mahata
|[[All India Forward Bloc|Forward Bloc (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Raiganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raiganj]]
|Mohammed Hayat Ali
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[Serampore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Serampore]]
|Dinendra Nath Bhattacharya
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Tamluk (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tamluk]]
|Sushil Kumar Dhara
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[Uluberia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Uluberia]]
|Shyamaprasanna Bhattacharyya
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Bishnupur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bishnupur (SC)]]
|Ajit Kumar Saha
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|}

== 5th Lok Sabha ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Constituency
!Member
!Party
|-
|[[Arambagh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arambagh]]
|Manoranjan Hazra
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Asansol (Lok Sabha constituency)|Asansol]]
|Robin Sen
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Hooghly (Lok Sabha constituency)|Azambagh]]
|Bijoy Krishna Modak
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Balurghat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Balurghat (SC)]]
|Rasendra Nath Barman
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Bankura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bankura]]
|Shankar Narayan Singh Deo
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Barasat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barasat]]
|Dr. Ranenendra Nath Sen
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|-
|[[Barrackpore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barrackpore]]
|Mohammed Ismail
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Basirhat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Basirhat]]
|A.K.M. Ishaque
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Berhampore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Berhampore]]
|[[Tridib Chaudhuri]]
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
|-
|[[Birbhum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Birbhum (SC)]]
|Gadadhar Saha
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Bolpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bolpur (SC)]]
|[[Somnath Chatterjee]]
|
|-
|[[Bolpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bolpur]]
|Dr. Saradish Roy
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Calcutta North East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Calcutta North East]]
|[[Hirendranath Mukherjee]]
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|-
|[[Calcutta North West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Calcutta North West]]
|Ashok Kumar Sen
|[[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[Contai (Lok Sabha constituency)|Contai]]
|Prof. Samar Guha
|
|-
|[[Cooch Behar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Cooch Behar (SC)]]
|[[Benoy Krishna Daschowdhury]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Darjeeling (Lok Sabha constituency)|Darjeeling]]
|Rattanlal Brahman
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Diamond Harbour (Lok Sabha constituency)|Diamond Harbour]]
|Jyotirmoy Bosu
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Durgapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Durgapur (SC)]]
|Krishna Chandra Halder
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Ghatal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ghatal]]
|Jagadish Bhattacharyya
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Howrah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Howrah]]
|Samar Mukherjee
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Jalpaiguri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalpaiguri]]
|Tuna Oraon
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Jangipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jangipur]]
|Haji Lutfal Haque
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Jaynagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jaynagar (SC)]]
|Sakti Kumar Sarkar
|
|-
|[[Jhargram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jhargram (ST)]]
|Prof. Amiya Kumar Kisku
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Katwa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Katwa]]
|Saroj Mukherjee
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Krishnagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Krishnagar]]
|Renu Pada Das
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Malda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Malda]]
|Dinesh Chandra Joarder
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Mathurapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mathurapur (SC)]]
|Madhuryya Haldar
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Midnapore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Midnapore]]
|Subodh Chandra Hansda
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Indrajit Gupta]]
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Murshidabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Murshidabad]]
|Abu Taleb Chowdhury
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|-
|Muhammed Khuda Bukhsh
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Nabadwip (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nabadwip (SC)]]
|Bibha Ghosh Goswami
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Purulia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Purulia]]
|Debendra Nath Mahata
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|rowspan=3|[[Raiganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raiganj]]
|Maya Ray
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Siddhartha Shankar Ray]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Priya Ranjan Dasmunsi]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Serampore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Serampore]]
|Dinendra Nath Bhattacharya
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Tamluk (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tamluk]]
|[[Satish Chandra Samanta]]
|[[Bangla Congress]]
|-
|[[Uluberia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Uluberia]]
|Shyamaprasanna Bhattacharyya
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Vishnupur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vishnupur (SC)]]
|Ajit Kumar Saha
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|}

== 4th Lok Sabha ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Constituency
!Member
!Party
|-
|[[Arambagh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arambagh]]
|Amiya Nath Bose
|[[All India Forward Bloc]]
|-
|[[Asansol (Lok Sabha constituency)|Asansol]]
|Deven Sen
|[[Samyukta Socialist Party]]
|-
|[[Ausgram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ausgram (SC)]]
|Bhagaban Das
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Azambagh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Azambagh]]
|Bijoy Krishna Modak
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Balurghat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Balurghat (SC)]]
|Jatindra Nath Pramanik
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Bankura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bankura]]
|J.M. Biswas
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|-
|[[Barasat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barasat]]
|Dr. Ranenendra Nath Sen
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|-
|[[Barrackpore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barrackpore]]
|Mohammed Ismail
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Basirhat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Basirhat]]
|Humayun Kabir
|[[Bangla Congress]]
|-
|[[Sardar Amjad Ali]]
|[[United Interparliamentary Group]]
|-
|[[Berhampore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Berhampore]]
|[[Tridib Chaudhuri]]
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
|-
|[[Birbhum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Birbhum (SC)]]
|Dr. Sisir kumar Saha
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Bolpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bolpur]]
|Anil Kumar Chanda
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Burdwan (Lok Sabha constituency)|Burdwan]]
|[[Nirmal Chandra Chatterjee]]
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|-
|[[Calcutta North East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Calcutta North East]]
|[[Hirendranath Mukherjee]]
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|-
|[[Calcutta North West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Calcutta North West]]
|Ashok Kumar Sen
|[[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[Calcutta South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Calcutta South]]
|Ganesh Ghosh
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Contai (Lok Sabha constituency)|Contai]]
|Prof. Samar Guha
|Socialist Party
|-
|[[Cooch Behar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Cooch Behar (SC)]]
|[[Benoy Krishna Daschowdhury]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Darjeeling (Lok Sabha constituency)|Darjeeling]]
|Dr. Maitreyee Bose
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|-
|[[Diamond Harbour (Lok Sabha constituency)|Diamond Harbour]]
|Jyotirmoy Bosu
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Ghatal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ghatal]]
|Parimal Ghosh
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Howrah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Howrah]]
|Krishna Kumar Chatterji
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Jalpaiguri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalpaiguri]]
|Birendra Nath Katham
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Jangipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jangipur]]
|Haji Lutfal Haque
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Jaynagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jaynagar (SC)]]
|Chitta Ranjan Ray
|[[United Interparliamentary Group]]
|-
|[[Jhargram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jhargram (ST)]]
|Prof. Amiya Kumar Kisku
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Katwa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Katwa]]
|Dwaipayan Sen
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Krishnagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Krishnagar]]
|Hari Pada Chatterjee
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|-
|Ila Pal Choudhuri
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Malda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Malda]]
|Uma Roy
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Mathurapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mathurapur (SC)]]
|Kansari Halder
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Midnapore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Midnapore]]
|Sachindra Nath Maiti
|[[Bangla Congress]]
|-
|[[Indrajit Gupta]]
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|-
|[[Murshidabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Murshidabad]]
|Syed Badrudduja
|[[Independent Democratic Party (India)|Independent Democratic Party]]
|-
|[[Nabadwip (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nabadwip (SC)]]
|P.R. Thakur
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|-
|[[Purulia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Purulia]]
|[[Bhajahari Mahato]]
|[[Lok Sewak Sangha]]
|-
|[[Raiganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raiganj]]
|C.K. Bhattacharyya
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Serampore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Serampore]]
|Bimal Kanti Ghosh
|[[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[Tamluk (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tamluk]]
|[[Satish Chandra Samanta]]
|[[Bangla Congress]]
|-
|[[Uluberia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Uluberia]]
|Jugal Mondal
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Vishnupur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vishnupur (SC)]]
|Dr. Pashupati Mandal
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|}

== 3rd Lok Sabha ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Constituency
!Member
!Party
|-
|[[Asansol (Lok Sabha constituency)|Asansol]]
|[[Atulya Ghosh]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Ausgram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ausgram (SC)]]
|Dr. Mono Mohan Das
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Balurghat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Balurghat (SC)]]
|Sarkar Murmu
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|-
|[[Bankura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bankura]]
|Dr. Ramgati Banerji
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Barasat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barasat]]
|Dr. Ranenendra Nath Sen
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|-
|[[Arun Chandra Guha]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Barrackpore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barrackpore]]
|Renu Chakravartty
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|-
|[[Basirhat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Basirhat]]
|Humayun Kabir
|[[Bangla Congress]]
|-
|[[Berhampore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Berhampore]]
|[[Tridib Chaudhuri]]
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
|-
|[[Birbhum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Birbhum (SC)]]
|Dr. Sisir Kumar Saha
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Bolpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bolpur]]
|Dr. Saradish Roy
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Burdwan (Lok Sabha constituency)|Burdwan]]
|Gurugovinda Basu
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Nirmal Chandra Chatterjee]]
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|-
|[[Calcutta North East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Calcutta North East]]
|[[Hirendranath Mukherjee]]
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|-
|[[Calcutta North West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Calcutta North West]]
|Ashok Kumar Sen
|[[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[Contai (Lok Sabha constituency)|Contai]]
|[[Basanta Kumar Das (Indian politician)|Basanta Kumar Das]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Cooch Behar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Cooch Behar (SC)]]
|Debendra Nath Karjee
|[[All India Forward Bloc]]
|-
|P.C. Barman
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Darjeeling (Lok Sabha constituency)|Darjeeling]]
|T. Manaen
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Diamond Harbour (Lok Sabha constituency)|Diamond Harbour]]
|Sudhansu Bhushan Das
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Ghatal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ghatal]]
|Sachindra Nath Chaudhuri
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Hooghly (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hooghly]]
|Prabhat Kar
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|-
|[[Howrah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Howrah]]
|Mohammed Elias
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|-
|[[Jalpaiguri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalpaiguri]]
|Nalini Ranjan Ghosh
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Jaynagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jaynagar (SC)]]
|Paresh Nath Kayal
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Krishnagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Krishnagar]]
|Hari Pada Chatterjee
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|-
|[[Malda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Malda]]
|Smt. Renuka Ray
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Mathurapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mathurapur (SC)]]
|Purnendu Sekhar Naskar
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|rowspan=3|[[Midnapore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Midnapore]]
|Govinda Kumar Singha
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|Subodh Chandra Hansda
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Indrajit Gupta]]
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|-
|[[Murshidabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Murshidabad]]
|Syed Badrudduja
|[[Independent Democratic Party (India)|Independent Democratic Party]]
|-
|[[Purulia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Purulia]]
|[[Bhajahari Mahato]]
|[[Lok Sewak Sangha]]
|-
|[[Raiganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raiganj]]
|C.K. Bhattacharyya
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Serampore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Serampore]]
|Dinendra Nath Bhattacharya
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Tamluk (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tamluk]]
|[[Satish Chandra Samanta]]
|[[Bangla Congress]]
|-
|[[Uluberia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Uluberia]]
|Dr. Purnendu Narayan Khan
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Vishnupur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vishnupur (SC)]]
|Dr. Pashupati Mandal
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|}

== 2nd Lok Sabha ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Constituency
!Member
!Party
|-
|[[Asansol (Lok Sabha constituency)|Asansol]]
|[[Atulya Ghosh]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Ausgram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ausgram (SC)]]
|Dr. Mono Mohan Das
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Bankura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bankura]]
|Dr. Ramgati Banerji
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Barasat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barasat]]
|[[Arun Chandra Guha]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Barrackpore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barrackpore]]
|Bimal Comar Ghose
|[[Praja Socialist Party]]
|-
|Renu Chakravartty
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|-
|[[Berhampore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Berhampore]]
|[[Tridib Chaudhuri]]
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
|-
|[[Birbhum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Birbhum (SC)]]
|Kamal Krishna Das
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Bolpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bolpur]]
|Anil Kumar Chanda
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Burdwan (Lok Sabha constituency)|Burdwan]]
|Subiman Ghose
|[[All India Forward Bloc|Forward Bloc (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Calcutta East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Calcutta East]]
|[[Sadhan Gupta]]
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|-
|[[Calcutta North East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Calcutta North East]]
|[[Hirendranath Mukherjee]]
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|-
|[[Calcutta North West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Calcutta North West]]
|Ashok Kumar Sen
|[[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[Calcutta South West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Calcutta South West]]
|[[Biren Roy]]
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|-
|[[Contai (Lok Sabha constituency)|Contai]]
|Pramathanath Banerjee
|[[Praja Socialist Party]]
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Cooch Behar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Cooch Behar (SC)]]
|Santosh Kumar Banerjea
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|Upendranath Barman
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Darjeeling (Lok Sabha constituency)|Darjeeling]]
|T. Manaen
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Ghatal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ghatal]]
|Nikunja Bihari Maiti
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Hooghly (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hooghly]]
|Prabhat Kar
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|-
|[[Howrah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Howrah]]
|Mohammed Elias
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|-
|[[Jalpaiguri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalpaiguri]]
|Nalini Ranjan Ghosh
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Jaynagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jaynagar (SC)]]
|Paresh Nath Kayal
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Krishnagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Krishnagar]]
|Ila Pal Choudhuri
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Malda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Malda]]
|Renuka Ray
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Mathurapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mathurapur (SC)]]
|Kansari Halder
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|-
|Purnendu Sekhar Naskar
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|rowspan=3|[[Midnapore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Midnapore]]
|Narasingha Malla Ugal Sanda Deb
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|Subodh Chandra Hansda
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Indrajit Gupta]]
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|-
|[[Murshidabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Murshidabad]]
|Muhammed Khuda Buksh
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Purulia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Purulia]]
|Bibhuti Bhushan Das Gupta
|[[Lok Sewak Sangha|Manbhum Lok Sewak Sangha]]
|-
|[[Raiganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raiganj]]
|C.K. Bhattacharyya
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Serampore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Serampore]]
|Jiten Lahiri
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Tamluk (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tamluk]]
|[[Satish Chandra Samanta]]
|[[Bangla Congress]]
|-
|[[Uluberia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Uluberia]]
|Aurobindo Ghosal
|[[All India Forward Bloc|Forward Bloc (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[Vishnupur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vishnupur (SC)]]
|Dr. Pashupati Mandal
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[West Dinajpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|West Dinajpur]]
|Selku Mardi
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|}

== 1st Lok Sabha ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Constituency
!Reserved
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|West Dinajpur
|rowspan=31|None
|[http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/651.htm Sushil Ranjan Chatopadhyay]
|rowspan=5| [[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan=5 width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|Malda
|[[Surendra Mohan Ghose|Surendra Mohan Ghosh]]
|-
|rowspan=2|Birbhum
|Kamal Krisna Das
|-
|Anil Kumar Chanda
|-
|Murshidabad
|Muhammad Khuda Baksh
|-
|Berhampore
|[[Tridib Chaudhari]]
|RSP
|
|-
|rowspan=2|Bankura
|Pashupati Mandal
|rowspan=3| [[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan=3 width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|Jaggannath Koley
|-
|rowspan=2|Midnapur Jhargam
|Tudu Bharat Lal
|-
|Bandhopadhyaya Durga Charan
|BJS
|
|-
|Ghatal
|Chowdhary Nikunj Bihari
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}"|
|-
|Tamluk
|Satish Chandra Samanta
|rowspan=4| [[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan=4 width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|Contai
|Basant Kumar Das
|-
|Uluberia
|Satyaban Rai
|-
|Howrah
|Santosh Kumar Dutta
|-
|Serampore
|Tushar Kanti Chattopadhyaya
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}"|
|-
|Hooghly
|NC Chatterjee
|HMS
|
|-
|rowspan=2|Burdwan
|Mono Mohan Das
|rowspan=5| [[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan=5 width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|[[Atulya Ghosh]]
|-
|Kalna Katwa
|[[Janab Abdus Sattar]]
|-
|Nabadwip
|Lakshmikant Maitra
|-
|Santipur
|Arun Chandra Guha
|-
|rowspan=2|Basirhat
|Chakravarty Renu
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}"|
|-
|Roy Patirman
|rowspan=2| [[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan=2 width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|Barrackpore
|Das Ramananda
|-
|rowspan=2|Diamond Harbour
|Basu Kamal
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}"|
|-
|Naskar Purnendu Sekhar
|rowspan=2| [[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan=2 width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|Calcutta South West
|Asim Krishna Dutt
|-
|Calcutta South East
|[[Syama Prasad Mukherjee|Shyama Prasad Mookerjee]]
|BJS
|width="4px" style="background-color:{{party color|Jan Sangh}}"|
|-
|Calcutta North East
|[[Hirendra Nath Mukherjee]]
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}"|
|-
|Calcutta North West
|[[Meghnad Saha]]
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Revolutionary Socialist Party}}"|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Lists of members of the Lok Sabha by state|West Bengal]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from West Bengal| ]]
[[Category:West Bengal politics-related lists]]
[[Category:Lists of people from West Bengal|Lok Sabha ]]

Amarendra Das

2026-04-18T21:01:01Z

BootTPP: put up the info first draft

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Amarendra Das
| birth_name =
| caption = Amarendra Das in 2024
| image = Amarendra Das.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1975|06|14}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Member of Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Jagatsinghpur Assembly constituency|Jagatsinghpur]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| predecessor = Prasanta Kumar Muduli
| constituency1 =
| term1 =
| term_end1 =
| successor1 =
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| other_party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| website =
| alma_mater =
| profession = Politician
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}

'''Amarendra Das''' is an Indian politician. He was elected to the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[Jagatsinghpur Assembly constituency]] as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Amarendra Das Election Affidavit |url=https://www.myneta.info/Odisha2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=1089 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=23 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Jagatsinghpur Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Amarendra Das of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/jagatsinghpur-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8917396.html |website=News18 |publisher=News18 Election Results Hub |access-date=23 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Jagatsinghpur (SC) election results 2024 live updates: BJP's Amarendra Das leads by 16247 votes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/jagatsinghpur-sc-election-results-2024-odisha-jagatsinghpur-sc-lok-sabha-elections-poll-result-updates-bibhu-prasad-tarai-bjp-rabindra-kumar-sethy-cong-rajashree-mallick-bjd/articleshow/110669976.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=23 September 2024}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Das was born on 14 June 1975 in a [[Karan (caste)|Karan]] family.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amarendra Das(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- JAGATSINGHPUR(JAGATSINGHPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Odisha2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=1089 |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> On April 4, 2024 Das left [[Biju Janata Dal]] and joined [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] on next day.<ref>{{Cite web |title=पूर्व बीजेडी नेता अमरेंद्र दास ने थामा बीजेपी का दामन |url=https://khabareast.com/Odisha/Ex-BJD-Leader-Amarendra-Das-Joins-BJP |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=khabareast.com}}</ref> In [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|2024 Odisha Assembly Election]] Das contested [[Jagatsinghpur Assembly constituency]] from [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] ticket and won in the margin of 22138 votes against [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Prasanta Kumar Muduli]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S18104.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130091224/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S18104.htm |archive-date=2024-11-30 |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=results.eci.gov.in |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Das, Amarendra}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Odisha]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:1975 births]]

{{Odisha-BJP-politician-stub}}

Mydukur Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:04:28Z

BootTPP: created first page added tags...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mydukur
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (133-Mydukur highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Mydukur Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| mla = [[Putta Sudhakar Yadav]]
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Kadapa district|YSR Kadapa]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kadapa Lok Sabha constituency|Kadapa]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 207,957
| established = 1955
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 133
}}

'''Mydukur Assembly constituency''' is a constituency in [[Kadapa district|YSR Kadapa district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref> It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Kadapa Lok Sabha constituency]].

[[Putta Sudhakar Yadav]] is the current [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Telugu Desam Party]]. As of 25 March 2019, there are a total of 207,957 electors in the constituency. The constituency was established in 1955, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1955)''.

== Mandals ==
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| [[Duvvur]]
|-
| [[Mydukur]]
|-
| [[Khajipet]]
|-
| [[Brahmamgarimattam]]
|-
| [[Chapadu]]
|}

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| [[1955 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1955]]
|Bommu Rama Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Pelakolanu Narayana Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|rowspan=2|Settipalli Nagi Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
|rowspan=2|[[D. L. Ravindra Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|[[Settipalli Raghurami Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|rowspan=2|[[D. L. Ravindra Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|[[Settipalli Raghurami Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|rowspan=2|[[D. L. Ravindra Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| rowspan=2 |[[Settipalli Raghurami Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| rowspan=4 |[[Putta Sudhakar Yadav]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=4}}
|}

==Election results==

=== 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Mydukur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[D. L. Ravindra Reddy]]
|votes = 62,377
|percentage = 43.89
|change = -7.89
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Settipalli Raghurami Reddy]]
|votes = 58,016
|percentage = 40.82
|change = -3.44
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Praja Rajyam Party
|candidate = Iragamreddy Tirupala Reddy
|votes = 16,552
|percentage = 11.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 4,361
|percentage = 3.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 142,117
|percentage = 79.98
|change = +4.73
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Mydukur<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4055-andhra-pradesh-2014/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 14 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Settipalli Raghurami Reddy]]
|votes = 85,539
|percentage = 51.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Putta Sudhakar Yadav]]
|votes = 74,017
|percentage = 44.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 11,522
|percentage = 7.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 164,595
|percentage = 84.42
|change = +4.44
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Mydukur<ref name=election2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11673-andhra-pradesh-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 14 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Settipalli Raghurami Reddy]]
|votes = 94,849
|percentage = 55.53
|change = +3.56
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Putta Sudhakar Yadav]]
|votes = 65,505
|percentage = 38.35
|change = -6.62
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 29,344
|percentage = 7.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 170,816
|percentage = 82.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Mydukur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Putta Sudhakar Yadav]]
|votes = 96,181
|percentage = 53.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Settipalli Raghurami Reddy]]
|votes = 75,231
|percentage = 41.62
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Gundlakunta Sriramulu
|votes = 4,579
|percentage = 2.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = None Of The Above
|votes = 1,564
|percentage = 0.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 20,950
|percentage = 11.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,80,740
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
*http://ysrkadapa.info/

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{coord|14|44|11.13|N|78|41|39.05|E|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Kadapa district]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1955]]

Cultural diffusion

2026-04-10T16:10:54Z

BootTPP: Creating

{{Short description|Archaeological theory}}
{{Anthropology}}
In [[cultural anthropology]] and [[cultural geography]], '''cultural diffusion''' is the spread of [[culture|cultural]] items—such as [[idea]]s, [[fashion|style]]s, [[art]],<ref>
{{cite book
|last1 = Ott
|first1 = John
|editor-last1 = Davis
|editor-first1 = John
|editor-last2 = Greenhill
|editor-first2 = Jennifer A.
|editor-last3 = LaFountain
|editor-first3 = Jason D.
|date = 23 January 2015
|chapter = Patrons, Collectors, and Markets
|edition = revised
|title = A Companion to American Art
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=p-ZpBgAAQBAJ
|series = Wiley-Blackwell Companions to Art History
|publisher = John Wiley & Sons
|page = 532
|isbn = 9781118542545
|access-date = 22 September 2025
|quote = [...] David Jaffee has instructively overturned normative trickle-down models of cultural diffusion, in which subaltern groups uncritically (and usually imperfectly) emulate elite culture. In so doing he avoids reifying 'high-styles' as symptomatic of superior aesthetic tastes.
}}
</ref>
religions, [[technology|technologies]], [[contact linguistics|languages]]—between individuals, whether within a single culture or from one culture to another.<ref>
{{cite book
|last1 = Alderman
|first1 = Derek H.
|editor-last1 = Stoltman
|editor-first1 = Joseph P.
|year = 2012
|chapter = Cultural Change and Diffusion: Geographic Patterns, Social Processes, and Contact Zones
|title = 21st Century Geography: A Reference Handbook
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7WrVewV6rOwC
|series = 21st century reference series
|volume = 1
|publication-place = Los Angeles
|publisher = SAGE
|page = 123
|isbn = 9781412974646
|access-date = 22 September 2025
|quote = The diffusion or spread of culture from a point of origin to other places and people can occur through personal contact, migration, trade, war, or mass communications.
}}
</ref>
The concept was introduced by [[Leo Frobenius]] in his 1897/98 publication ''Der westafrikanische [[Kulturkreis]]''.<ref>
{{cite journal
|last1 = Frobenius
|first1 = Leo
|author-link1 = Leo Frobenius
|title = Der westafrikanische Kulturkreis
|url = https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/receive/jportal_jparticle_00588013?XSL.q=Frobenius
|journal = Petermann's Mitteilungen
|language = de
|volume = 43
|publication-date = 1897
|pages = 225 - 236
|access-date = 22 September 2025
}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite journal
|last1 = Frobenius
|first1 = Leo
|author-link1 = Leo Frobenius
|title = Der westafrikanische Kulturkreis
|url = https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/receive/jportal_jparticle_00509230?XSL.q=Frobenius
|journal = Petermann's Mitteilungen
|language = de
|volume = 44
|publication-date = 1898
|pages = 193 - 204
|access-date = 22 September 2025
}}
</ref>
It is distinct from the [[diffusion of innovations]] within a specific culture.{{cn|date=April 2026}} Examples of cultural diffusion include the spread of the [[war chariot]] and of iron [[smelting]] in ancient times, and the use of [[automobile]]s and Western [[business suit]]s in the 20th century.

==Types==
Five major types of cultural diffusion have been defined:
* Expansion diffusion: an innovation or idea that develops in a source area and remains strong there, while also spreading outward to other areas. This can include hierarchical, stimulus, and contagious diffusion.
* Relocation diffusion: an idea or innovation that migrates into new areas, leaving behind its origin or source of the cultural trait.
* Hierarchical diffusion: an idea or innovation that spreads by moving from larger to smaller places, often with little regard to the distance between places, and often influenced by social elites.
* Contagious diffusion: an idea or innovation that spreads based on person-to-person contact within a given population with no regard for hierarchies. HIV/AIDS first spread to urban neighborhoods (Hierarchical diffusion) and then spread outwards (contagious diffusion)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Domosh |first1=Mona |title=The Human Mosaic: A Cultural Approach to Human Geography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C79V2BKtKc0C&pg=PA10 |publisher=W.H. Freeman and Company |date=2013 |location=New York, NY |isbn=978-1-4292-4018-5 |pages=10–12 |edition=Twelfth}}</ref>
* Stimulus diffusion: an idea or innovation that spreads based on its attachment to another concept. Occurs when a certain idea is rejected but the underlying concept is adopted. Early Siberian people domesticated reindeer only after exposure to the domesticated cattle raised by cultures to their south. They had no use for cattle but the idea of domesticated herds appealed to them, and they began domesticating reindeer, an animal they had long hunted.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Domosh |first1=Mona |title=The Human Mosaic: A Cultural Approach to Human Geography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C79V2BKtKc0C&pg=PA12 |publisher=W.H. Freeman and Company |date=2013 |location=New York, NY |isbn=978-1-4292-4018-5 |page=12 |edition=Twelfth}}</ref>

==Mechanisms==
Inter-cultural diffusion can happen in many ways. [[Human migration|Migrating populations]] will carry their culture with them. Ideas can be carried by trans-cultural visitors, such as merchants, [[Geographic exploration|explorers]], soldiers, diplomats, enslaved people, and hired artisans. Technology diffusion has often occurred by one society luring skilled scientists or workers by payments or another inducement. Trans-cultural marriages between two neighboring or interspersed cultures have also contributed. Among literate societies, diffusion can occur through letters, books, and, in modern times, through electronic media.

There are three categories of diffusion mechanisms:
* '''Direct diffusion''' occurs when two cultures are very close to each other, resulting in intermarriage, trade, and even warfare. An example of direct diffusion is between the United States and Canada, where the people living on the border of these two countries engage in hockey, which started in Canada, and baseball, which is popular in American culture.
* '''Forced diffusion''' occurs when one culture subjugates (conquers or enslaves) another culture and forces its own customs on the conquered people. An example would be the forced [[Christianization]] of the [[indigenous peoples]] of the Americas by the Spanish, French, English, and Portuguese, or the forced [[Islamization]] of West African peoples by the [[Fula people|Fula]] or of the [[Nuristanis]] by the Afghans.
* '''Indirect diffusion''' happens when traits are passed from one culture through a middleperson to another culture, without the first and final cultures being in direct contact. An example could be the presence of [[Mexican cuisine|Mexican food]] in Canada since a large territory (the United States) lies between.

Direct diffusion was common in ancient times when small groups of humans lived in adjoining settlements. Indirect diffusion is common in today's world because of the mass media and the invention of the Internet. Also of interest is the work of American historian and critic [[Daniel J. Boorstin]] in his book ''[[The Discoverers]]'', in which he provides a historical perspective on the role of explorers in the [[diffusion of innovations]] between [[civilization]]s.

==Theories==
The many models that have been proposed for inter-cultural diffusion are:
* [[Migrationism]], the spread of cultural ideas by either gradual or sudden population movements
* [[Kulturkreis|Culture circles]] diffusionism (''Kulturkreise'')—the theory that cultures originated from a small number of cultures
* "''Kulturkugel''" (a German compound meaning "culture bullet", [[Neologism|coined]] by [[J. P. Mallory]]), a mechanism suggested by Mallory<ref>In the context of [[Indo-Aryan migration]]; Mallory, "A European Perspective on Indo-Europeans in Asia". In ''The Bronze Age and Early Iron Age Peoples of Eastern Central Asia''. Ed. Mair. Washington D.C.: Institute for the Study of Man (1998)</ref> to model the scale of [[invasion]] vs. gradual migration vs. diffusion. According to this model, local continuity of material culture and social organization is stronger than linguistic continuity, so that cultural contact or limited migration regularly leads to linguistic changes without affecting material culture or social organization.<ref>The term is a 'half-facetious' mechanical analogy, imagining a "bullet" of which the tip is material culture and the "charge" is language and social structure. Upon "intrusion" into a host culture, migrants will "shed" their material culture (the "tip") while possibly still maintaining their "charge" of language and, to a lesser extent, social customs (viz., the effect is a [[diaspora]] culture, which depending on the political situation may either form a [[Substrata (linguistics)|substratum]] or a [[superstratum]] within the host culture).</ref>
* [[Trans-cultural diffusion#Hyperdiffusionism|Hyperdiffusionism]]—the theory that all cultures originated from one culture

A concept that has often been mentioned in this regard, which may be framed in the evolutionary diffusionism model, is that of "an idea whose time has come"—whereby a new cultural item appears almost simultaneously and independently in several widely separated places, after certain prerequisite items have diffused across the respective communities. This concept was invoked with regard to the independent development of [[calculus]] by [[Isaac Newton|Newton]] and [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz|Leibnitz]], and the inventions of the airplane and of the [[electronic computer]].

==Hyperdiffusionism==
{{Main|Hyperdiffusionism in Archaeology}}
Hyperdiffusionists deny that [[parallel evolution]] or independent invention took place to any great extent throughout history; they claim that all major inventions and all cultures can be traced back to a single culture.<ref>Legend and lore of the Americas before 1492: an encyclopedia of visitors, explorers, and immigrants, Ronald H. Fritze, 1993, p. 70</ref>

Early theories of hyperdiffusionism can be traced to ideas about South America being the origin of mankind. [[Antonio de León Pinelo]], a Spaniard who settled in [[Bolivia]], claimed in his book ''Paraíso en el Nuevo Mundo'' that the [[Garden of Eden]] and the creation of man had occurred in present-day Bolivia and that the rest of the world was populated by [[Human migration|migration]]s from there. Similar ideas were also held by Emeterio Villamil de Rada; in his book ''La Lengua de Adán'' he attempted to prove that [[Aymaran languages|Aymara]] was the original language of mankind and that humanity had originated in [[Sorata]] in the Bolivian [[Andes]]. The first scientific defence of humanity originating in South America came from the Argentine [[paleontologist]] [[Florentino Ameghino]] in 1880, who published his research in ''La antigüedad del hombre en el Plata''.<ref>Indians of the Andes: Aymaras and Quechuas, Harold Osborne, 2004, pp. 2–3</ref>

The work of [[Grafton Elliot Smith]] fomented a revival of hyperdiffusionism in 1911; he asserted that copper–producing knowledge spread from [[Egypt]] to the rest of the world along with [[megalithic]] culture.<ref>''The Routledge Dictionary of Anthropologists,'' Gérald Gaillard, 2004, p. 48</ref> Smith claimed that all major inventions had been made by the ancient [[Egyptians]] and were carried to the rest of the world by migrants and voyagers. His views became known as "Egyptocentric-Hyperdiffusionism".<ref>Megaliths, Myths and Men: An Introduction to Astro-Archaeology, Peter Lancaster Brown, 2000, p. 267</ref> [[W. J. Perry|William James Perry]] elaborated on Smith's hypothesis by using [[ethnographic]] data. Another hyperdiffusionist was [[FitzRoy Somerset, 4th Baron Raglan|Lord Raglan]]; in his book ''How Came Civilization'' (1939) he wrote that instead of Egypt all culture and civilization had come from [[Mesopotamia]].<ref>''Sociocultural Evolution: Calculation and Contingency,'' Bruce G. Trigger, 1998, p. 101</ref> Hyperdiffusionism after this did not entirely disappear, but it was generally abandoned by mainstream academia.

==Medieval Europe==
Diffusion theory has been advanced{{according to whom|date=July 2015}} as an explanation for the "[[European miracle]]", the adoption of technological innovation in [[Middle Ages|medieval Europe]] which by the 19th century culminated in European technological achievement surpassing the [[Science in the medieval Islamic world|Islamic world]] and [[Ming dynasty|China]].<ref>Carlo M. Cipolla, Before the Industrial revolution: European Society and Economy 1000–1700, W.W. Norton and Co., New York (1980) {{ISBN|0-393-95115-4}}</ref> Technological imports to medieval Europe include [[gunpowder]], [[clock]] mechanisms, [[shipbuilding]], paper, and the [[windmill]]; however, in each of these cases, Europeans not only adopted the technologies but improved the manufacturing scale, inherent technology, and applications to a point clearly surpassing the evolution of the original invention in its country of origin.

There are also some historians who have questioned whether Europe really owes the development of such inventions as gunpowder, the compass, the windmill or printing to the Chinese or other cultures.<ref>Peter Jackson: ''The Mongols and the West'', Pearson Longman 2005, p. 315</ref><ref>[[Donald F. Lach]]: ''Asia in the Making of Europe''. 3 volumes, Chicago, Illinois, 1965–93; I:1, pp. 82–83</ref><ref>Robert Bartlett: ''The Making of Europe. Conquest, Colonization and Cultural Change 950–1350'', Allen Lane, 1993</ref>

However, historian Peter Frankopan argues that influences, particularly trade, through the Middle East and Central Asia to China through the silk roads have been overlooked in traditional histories of the "rise of the West". He argues that the Renaissance was funded with trade with the east (due to the demise of Byzantium at the hands of Venice and the Fourth Crusade), and that the trade allowed ideas and technology to be shared with Europe. But the constant warfare and rivalry in Europe meant there was extreme evolutionary pressure for developing these ideas for military and economic advantage, and a desperate need to use them in expansion.<ref>'The Silk Roads: A New History of the World' {{ISBN|9781101912379}}</ref>

==Disputes==
{{Further|Migrationism and diffusionism}}
While the concept of diffusion is well accepted in general, conjectures about the existence or the extent of diffusion in some specific contexts have been hotly disputed. An example of such disputes is the proposal by [[Thor Heyerdahl]] that similarities between the culture of [[Polynesia]] and the pre-Columbian civilizations of the [[Andes]] are due to diffusion from the latter to the former—[[Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories#Claims of Polynesian, Melanesian, and Austronesian contact|a theory]] that currently has few supporters among professional [[Anthropology|anthropologists]].<ref>Robert C. Suggs ''The Island Civilizations of Polynesia'', New York: New American Library, pp. 212-224</ref><ref>Kirch, P. (2000). ''On the Roads to the Wind: An archaeological history of the Pacific Islands before European contact''. [[University of California, Berkeley|Berkeley]]: [[University of California Press]], 2000</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Barnes, S.S.|title=Ancient DNA of the Pacific rat (Rattus exulans) from Rapa Nui (Easter Island)|url=http://www.anthropology.hawaii.edu/People/Faculty/Hunt/pdfs/Barnesetal2006.pdf|journal=Journal of Archaeological Science|volume=33|issue=11|page=1536|year=2006|doi=10.1016/j.jas.2006.02.006|bibcode=2006JArSc..33.1536B |display-authors=etal|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719205425/http://www.anthropology.hawaii.edu/People/Faculty/Hunt/pdfs/Barnesetal2006.pdf|archive-date=2011-07-19}}</ref><ref>Physical and cultural evidence had long suggested that Polynesia was settled from west to east, migration having begun from the Asian mainland, not South America. In the late 1990s, [[Genetics|genetic]] testing found that the [[mitochondrial DNA]] of the Polynesians is more similar to people from southeast Asia than to people from South America, showing that their ancestors most likely came from Asia.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Friedlaender, J.S.|title=The genetic structure of Pacific Islanders|journal=PLOS Genetics|volume=4|issue=1|pages=e19|year=2008 |pmid=18208337|pmc=2211537|doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.0040019|display-authors=etal |doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Contributors==
{{unreferenced section|date=July 2015}}
Major contributors to inter-cultural diffusion research and theory include:
{{Div col|colwidth=16em}}
* [[Franz Boas]]
* [[Anne Walbank Buckland]]
* [[James Burnett, Lord Monboddo]]
* [[Leo Frobenius]]
* [[Cyrus H. Gordon]]
* [[Fritz Graebner]]
* [[A. C. Haddon]]
* [[Alice Beck Kehoe]]
* [[David H. Kelley]]
* [[A. L. Kroeber]]
* [[W. J. Perry]]
* [[Friedrich Ratzel]]
* [[W. H. R. Rivers]]
* [[Everett Rogers]]
* [[Wilhelm Schmidt (linguist)|Wilhelm Schmidt]]
* [[Grafton Elliot Smith]]
* [[E. B. Tylor]]
* [[Clark Wissler]]
* [[Thomas Friedman]]
{{Div col end}}

==See also==
* [[Cultural appropriation]]
* [[Demic diffusion]]
* [[Diffusion of innovations]]
* [[Meme]]
* [[Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|2}}

==References==
{{Refbegin}}
* Frobenius, Leo. ''Der westafrikanische Kulturkreis. Petermanns Mitteilungen 43/44'', 1897/98
* Kroeber, Alfred L. (1940). "Stimulus diffusion." ''American Anthropologist'' 42(1), Jan.–Mar., pp. 1–20
* Rogers, Everett (1962) ''Diffusion of innovations''. New York: Free Press of Glencoe, Macmillan Company
* [[John L. Sorenson|Sorenson, John L.]] & Carl L. Johannessen (2006) "Biological Evidence for Pre-Columbian Transoceanic Voyages." In: ''Contact and Exchange in the Ancient World''. Ed. Victor H. Mair. [[University of Hawaii Press]], pp. 238–297. {{ISBN|978-0-8248-2884-4}}; {{ISBN|0-8248-2884-4}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
* [http://www.as.ua.edu/ant/Faculty/murphy/diffusion.htm "Diffusionism and Acculturation"] by Gail King and Meghan Wright, ''Anthropological Theories'', M.D. Murphy (ed.), Department of Anthropology, College of Arts and Sciences, The University of Alabama.

{{Culture}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Anthropology]]
[[Category:Cultural exchange]]
[[Category:Cultural history]]
[[Category:Human migration]]
[[Category:Hyperdiffusionism]]
[[Category:Majority–minority relations]]
[[Category:Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories]]

Anand Jon

2026-04-08T22:28:22Z

BootTPP: put up the pg needs work

{{Short description|Indian-born American fashion designer convicted of rape (born 1973)}}
{{Infobox criminal
| image_size = 200px
| image_name = Anand Jon at San Quentin.jpg
| image_caption =
| birth_name = Anand Jon Alexander
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kerala]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| conviction_penalty = 59+ years
| conviction_status = Incarcerated
| occupation = [[Fashion designer]] and [[company director]]
| spouse =
| parents = Shashi Abraham
| children =
}}
{{POV|date=April 2025}}
'''Anand Jon Alexander''', professionally known as '''Anand Jon''', is an Indian-born American fashion designer convicted of rape and other sex offenses.

Jon appeared on ''America's Next Top Model'' and was listed in ''Newsweek''<nowiki/>'s ”Who’s Next in 2007?”.<ref>{{cite web |last1=McCain |first1=Meghan |title=Anand Jon |url=https://www.newsweek.com/anand-jon-105497 |website=Newsweek |date=24 December 2006 |access-date=2006-12-26}}</ref>

In November 2008, Jon was convicted at the Los Angeles Court on one count of rape and multiple counts of lesser sexual offenses. He was sentenced to 59 years to life. Jon was facing similar charges in New York and Texas, but before the trial began in 2013, the New York prosecutors accepted his guilty plea, and he was sentenced to time served.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Greenwald |first1=David |title=Analysis: Was Wrongfully Convicted Fashion Designer a Victim of Racial Prejudice on the Part of Prosecutor? |url=https://www.davisvanguard.org/2019/10/analysis-was-wrongfully-convicted-fashion-designer-victim-of-racial-prejudice-on-the-part-of-the-prosecutor/ |website=Davis Vanguard |date=10 October 2019 |access-date=2019-10-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Leonard |first1=Jack |title=Fashion designer Anand Jon guilty of rape |url=http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-anand14-2008nov14,0,1094449.story |newspaper=LA Times |date=14 November 2008 |access-date=2008-11-14 |archive-date=2008-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081226065807/http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-anand14-2008nov14,0,1094449.story |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> Jon successfully resolved the overlapping out of state cases in NY and TX on the very same charges in CA, and is currently appealing his conviction in Federal Court for his release in CA.

Jon claimed "conspiracy put him behind bars".<ref>{{cite web |title=Locked-up fashion designer Anand Jon Alexander claims conspiracy put him behind bars for rape charges |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/2013/04/14/locked-up-fashion-designer-anand-jon-alexander-claims-conspiracy-put-him-behind-bars-for-rape-charges/ |website=Daily News |date=14 April 2013 |access-date=January 10, 2019}}</ref>

== Career ==
Jon was born in [[Kerala]], India. At 16, he won a scholarship to the [[Art Institute of Fort Lauderdale]], Florida, and moved to United States. He moved to New York and joined [[Parsons The New School for Design]] making the transition from fine art to fashion.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/people/us-fashion-designer-gets-59-years-to-life-sentence-for-rape-20090901-f5jw.html |title=Anand Jon Alexander | US fashion designer gets 59 years to life sentence for rape |website=smh.com.au |date=2009-09-01 |access-date=2010-05-02}}</ref> Upon graduating from Parsons, where the Associate Dean was [[Tim Gunn]], Jon launched his debut collection "Amazone" in 1999.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/designers/anand-jon/ |title=Anand Jon |website=fashionmodeldirectory.com}}</ref>

As Jon's brand gained popularity with his [[Kama Sutra]] Indo chic fusions, he was sponsored by [[Giorgio Armani]]. Jon also credits Gianni Versace for his start in the fashion world.<ref name="latimeswinton">{{cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-anandjon20mar20,0,6010939.story|title=Designer is facing more sex charges|last=Richard Winton|date=March 20, 2007|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=20 November 2012}}</ref>

Jon attracted celebrities, socialites and royalty as clients, some of whom debuted as models on his runway shows and projects, including [[Michelle Rodriguez]],<ref>{{Cite web|title = PMc – Michelle Rodriguez & Anand Jon Host Pre-Oscar Bash Featuring AJ JEANS ...|url = http://www.patrickmcmullan.com/site/event_detail.aspx?eid=23097|website = www.patrickmcmullan.com|access-date = 2015-09-29}}</ref> [[Amanda Hearst]] and [[Lydia Hearst]],<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|title = The Designer Who Liked Models|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/15/fashion/15anand.html|newspaper = The New York Times|date = 2007-04-15|access-date = 2015-09-29|issn = 0362-4331|first = Sharon|last = Waxman}}</ref> [[Paris Hilton]] and [[Nicky Hilton Rothschild|Nicky Hilton]],<ref>{{Cite web|title = Social Diary 8/17/04 – Nicky Hilton and Todd Meister were married|url = http://www.newyorksocialdiary.com/legacy/socialdiary/2004/08_17_04/socialdiary08_17_04.php|website = www.newyorksocialdiary.com|access-date = 2015-09-29}}</ref> and others. "If you were a wannabe, he was the perfect tailcoat to ride on", according to Catherine Saxton, a fashion publicist in New York.<ref name=":1" />

In 2006 Jon founded a denim design company Jeanisis Fashion Inc., and the same year he received capitalization from the Joseph Stevens & Co. Inc. investment firm.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.laweekly.com/news/endgame-anand-jons-lawyers-fight-for-new-trial-2393522
|title=Endgame: Anand Jon's Lawyers Fight for New Trial |website=L.A. Weekly |date=2009-05-13 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/vprr/06/9999999997-06-033411 |title=Notice of Sales of Securities |website=Security and Exchange Commission |access-date=2017-08-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429004445/http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/vprr/06/9999999997-06-033411 |archive-date=2016-04-29 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Arrest and conviction ==
Jon was arrested in March 2007 in [[Beverly Hills, California]], on rape and related charges.<ref name="latimeswinton"/><ref name=nzherald>{{cite news |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/2/story.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=10428948 |title=US celebrity designer charged with rape |work=New Zealand Herald |date=2007-03-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-anandjon20mar20,0,6010939.story |title=Designer is facing more sex charges |work=Los Angeles Times |date=2007-03-20 | first=Richard | last=Winton}}</ref> He pleaded not guilty to all charges. He had no prior felony convictions.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Independent Media Center {{!}} www.indymedia.org {{!}} ((( i )))|url = https://www.indymedia.org/en/2007/12/898018.shtml|website = www.indymedia.org|access-date = 2015-09-29|archive-date = 2015-09-30|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150930114510/https://www.indymedia.org/en/2007/12/898018.shtml|url-status = dead}}</ref> The prosecutors accused Jon of luring women and girls to his apartment under the pretext of securing modeling jobs.<ref name = LATimesVerdict/> Jon claimed that the sexual activity was consensual, and that one minor who accused him of rape had lied about her age.<ref name=nzherald />

On November 13, 2008, he was convicted on one count of rape of an adult woman as well as fifteen counts of sexual assault and other charges including unlawful conduct and [[contributing to delinquency of minors]].<ref name = LATimesVerdict>{{cite news |url=http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-anand14-2008nov14,0,1094449.story |title=Anand Jon Alexander Guilty of Rape |work=Los Angeles Times |date=2008-11-13 | first=Jack | last=Leonard |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081226065807/http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-anand14-2008nov14,0,1094449.story |archive-date=26 December 2008 }}</ref> In July 2009 the judge denied Jon's request for a new trial. Jon dismissed his attorneys before his sentencing as he suspected that they were in collaboration with the prosecutors.<ref name=openthemagazine>{{cite news |url=http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/nation/the-man-authorities-came-to-frame |title=The Man Authorities Came to Frame |work=Open Magazine |date=2012-02-11}}</ref> He represented himself for the sentencing phase of the proceedings.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2009/07/anand-jon-acts-as-own-defense.html |title=Anand Jon acts as own attorney in sexual-assault case |work=Los Angeles Times |date=2009-07-14}}</ref> On August 31, 2009, Jon was sentenced to 59 years to life.<ref>{{cite news|title=LA Fashion Designer Gets 59 Years to Life Sentence |date=August 31, 2009 |access-date=September 1, 2009 |work=The New York Times |agency=[[Associated Press]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2009/08/31/us/AP-US-Fashion-Designer.html }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref name=toi/>

Jon was also indicted in Texas and New York on multiple charges alleging [[sexual assault]].<ref name = LATimesVerdict/> All but one of the charges were dropped in the New York trial.<ref name=nydailynews>{{cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/fashion-desiger-avoids-jail-n-y-sex-assault-case-article-1.1306242 |title=Fashion designer Anand Jon Alexander avoids jail in New York sex assault case |work=NEW YORK DAILY NEWS |date=2013-04-03}}</ref>

A PageSix article published in 2017 claims a recent motion for discovery in Dallas federal court as “The Los Angeles jury trial was riddled with the red flags of due process violations, [[jury tampering]] and intimidation, racism-xenophobia and many unresolved discovery issues.” <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-04 |title=Designer Anand Jon to discuss prison and more in new book {{!}} Page Six |url=https://pagesix.com/2017/06/04/designer-anand-jon-to-discuss-prison-and-more-in-new-book/ |access-date=2025-12-22 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Los Angeles case controversy ==
Jon maintains that during his trial, [[juror]] No. 12 was not an [[Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution#Impartial jury|impartial juror]].<ref name=cbsnews>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/jurors-flirting-imperils-rape-conviction/ |title=Juror's Flirting Imperils Rape Conviction |work=CBS News |date=2009-07-04}}</ref> Alvin Dymally, juror No.12, made contact with Jon’s sister Sanjana during the trial.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2009-09-01 |title=Fashion Designer Anand Jon Alexander Goes Down for Sex Crimes - CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/fashion-designer-anand-jon-alexander-goes-down-for-sex-crimes/ |access-date=2025-12-22 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Superior Court Judge David Wesley determined Dymally appeared to want a romantic relationship with her when he spoke to her by phone and offered his help. Judge Wesley found both Sanjana and juror no. 12 in [[contempt of court]].<ref name=":0" />

Jon was convicted in November 2009 of 14 counts including forcible rape.<ref name=":0" /> He was found not guilty of four felonies, and jurors could not reach a verdict on three counts.<ref name=":0" />

Although it was prohibited, juror No. 12 had discussed case details with his neighbour and had indicated that he felt the girls on the stand had the same or similar stories, and therefore juror No. 12 was under the impression the girls had collaborated.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.courts.ca.gov/opinions/nonpub/B220072.PDF |title=Appeal from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County. David S. Wesley, Judge. Affirmed. |website=Superior Court of Los Angeles County |date=2012-06-19}}</ref>

Due to his fellow jurors’ anger, juror No. 12 claims he felt pressured to give a verdict that he did not want to give.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local/Jury-Reaches-Partial-Verdict-in-Fashion-Designer-Rape-Case.html |title=Fashion Designer Anand Jon Convicted of 16 Counts of Sexual Abuse |website=NBC News Los Angeles |date=2006-03-08}}</ref> During [[deliberation]]s, other jurors had complained about juror No. 12, that it seemed he had already made up his mind to convict Jon.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thewrap.com/breaking-news-anand-jon-convicted-life-prison-492/ |title=Breaking News: Anand Jon Convicted – Life in Prison |website=thewrap.com |date=2008-11-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mikulan |first=Steven |date=2009-08-31 |title=Anand Jon Makes Last Stand |url=https://www.laweekly.com/news/anand-jon-makes-last-stand-2390750 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706204129/https://www.laweekly.com/news/anand-jon-makes-last-stand-2390750 |archive-date=2015-07-06 |access-date=2025-12-22 |work=L.A. Weekly}}</ref> Although a request from the juror No. 12 be removed for refusal to deliberate, the request was denied by Judge Wesley.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-jul-05-me-anandjon5-story.html |title=Anand Jon juror tried to meet with defendant's sister before conviction, defense lawyers say |work=Los Angeles Times |date=2009-07-05}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

Also during jury deliberations and before the verdict, juror No. 12 was flirty with the defendant's sister, Sanjana.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://jonathanturley.org/2009/09/16/for-a-good-time-call-juror-12-juror-held-in-contempt-in-trial-of-anand-jon-alexander-for-contacting-sister/ |title=For a Good Time, Call Juror 12: Juror Held in Contempt in Trial of Anand Jon Alexander For Contacting Sister |publisher=Jonathan Turley |date=2009-09-16}}</ref> due to fear of angering juror No. 12<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2009-07-04 |title=Juror's Flirting Imperils Rape Conviction - CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/jurors-flirting-imperils-rape-conviction/ |access-date=2025-12-22 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref>, Sanjana called the phone number he handed to her during the trial.<ref name=":3">{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2009/jul/05/local/me-anandjon5/2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706141816/http://articles.latimes.com/2009/jul/05/local/me-anandjon5/2 |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 6, 2015 |title=Anand Jon juror tried to meet with defendant's sister before conviction, defense lawyers say |work=Los Angeles Times |date=2009-07-05}}</ref> after Sanjana refused to meet him, juror No. 12 changed his vote from not guilty to guilty.<ref name="cbsnews" /> Before a verdict was reached, juror No. 12 re-initiated contact with Sanjana, once again requesting she meet him.<ref name=":2" /> She recorded the phone call<ref name=":3" />. After Sanjana informed the court, she was instructed to schedule a meeting connected to a [[Covert listening device|wire]]. Prior to the scheduling meeting, juror No. 12 was intercepted by [[District Attorney]] Investigators informing him of the [[criminal investigation]] he was under, thus [[Sabotage|sabotaging]] the plan.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local/Designer-Convicted-of-Sexual-Assault-Seeks-New-Trial.html |title=Designer Convicted of Sexual Assault Seeks New Trial |work=NBC News Los Angeles |date=2006-03-08 |access-date=2015-07-08 |archive-date=2015-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709124730/http://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local/Designer-Convicted-of-Sexual-Assault-Seeks-New-Trial.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-apr-28-me-briefs28.s1-story.html |title=California Briefing / Los Angeles |work=Los Angeles Times |date=2009-04-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.laweekly.com/news/new-questions-raised-about-anand-jon-trial-2390550 |title=New Questions Raised About Anand Jon Trial |work=L.A. Weekly |date=2009-02-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/crime-of-fashion-no-new-trial-for-wayward-designer-to-stars/ |title=Crime of Fashion: No New Trial for Wayward Designer to Stars |work=CBS News |date=2009-07-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.laweekly.com/columns/star-crossed-at-starbucks-strange-twist-at-anand-jon-sentencing-2159162 |title=Star-Crossed at Starbucks: Strange Twist at Anand Jon Sentencing |work=L.A. Weekly |date=2009-04-08}}</ref>

Regarding his actions, juror No. 12 faced questioning under oath, where he testified to have never made attempts to speak to Jon’s sister. Defence attorneys presented a recording of their conversation, with the phone records, proving the juror falsely testified.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.victoriaadvocate.com/news/2009/jul/02/bc-us-fashion-designer1st-ld-writethru/ |title=Prosecutors: Flirty juror no reason for new trial |work=Victoria Advocate |date=2009-07-02}}</ref>

Juror No. 12 pleaded the [[Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fifth Amendment]] to "not further incriminate himself" for [[perjury]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/2009/jun/12/ca-convicted-designer-061209/ |title=Juror takes 5th in probe of fashion designer trial |work=The San Diego Union Tribune |date=2009-06-12}}</ref> Judge Wesley refused to consider or hold evidentiary hearings in the matter and the request for a new trial was denied.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.foxnews.com/story/judge-denies-new-sex-assault-trial-for-fashion-designer-anand-jon-alexander |title=Judge Denies New Sex Assault Trial for Fashion Designer Anand Jon Alexander |work=Fox News |date=2009-07-06}}</ref>

Jon asserts there were inconsistencies in the victims’ testimonies.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-nov-05-me-designer5-story.html |title=Defense targets designer's accusers |work=Los Angeles Times |date=2008-11-05}}</ref> During the trial, it was shown that the lead detective destroyed evidence crucial to Jon’s case and did not follow up with alleged victims that had said Jon never sexually assaulted them.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.oneindia.com/2008/08/21/lead-detective-destroyed-evidence-crucial-anand-jons-1219320420.html |title=Lead detective destroyed evidence crucial to Jon's case |work=Oneindia |date=2008-08-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.oneindia.com/2008/08/22/twists-anand-jon-prove-innocence-1219406760.html |title=New twists in Anand Jon case may prove his innocence |work=Oneindia |date=2008-08-22}}</ref>

Jon dismissed his lawyers during the penalty phase, as he believed they were working with the prosecution. One reason that he felt supported this belief is that his Donald Marks, his former defense lawyer, his daughter was hired on by the D.A.'s office during the trial<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.laweekly.com/news/anand-jon-makes-last-stand-2390750 |title=Anand Jon Makes Last Stand |work=L.A. Weekly |date=2009-08-31}}</ref>

Almost all the same witnesses and same charges as the Los Angeles case was brought in New York; the New York District Attorney’s Office offered "time served" for a single count as a plea, Jon accepted.

In exchange for the plea, prosecutors agreed to turn over crucial documents to Jon. Jon’s appeal in California argued the Manhattan documents prove his California lawyers did not share vital police documents and relevant correspondence showing his accusers worked together with the help of his civil lawyers to ensure consistency among their stories.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://nypost.com/2013/02/15/designer-rapist-anand-jon-has-48-sex-attack-counts-dropped-still-faces-54-years/ |title=Designer rapist Anand Jon has 48 sex-attack counts dropped, still faces 54 years |work=The New York Post |date=2013-02-15}}</ref>

The Los Angeles trial included a [[rape kit]] result (negative), indicating no assault findings.<ref>{{Cite web|title = 'Jon victim of racial discrimination'|url = http://www.indiapost.com/jon-victim-of-racial-discrimination/|website = www.indiapost.com|date = 21 February 2013|access-date = 2015-09-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Runway to Rape: Rise and Fall of Anand Jon|url = https://abcnews.go.com/2020/anand-jon-fashion-designer-convicted-serial-sexual-assault/story?id=9344417|website = ABC News|date = 2009-12-22|access-date = 2015-09-29}}</ref> Jon took and successfully passed a [[polygraph test]] regarding the rape charge for which he was convicted.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Anand Jon's Lie Detector Test|url = http://www.laweekly.com/news/anand-jons-lie-detector-test-2387629|access-date = 2015-09-29|first = Steven|last = Mikulan|date = 10 December 2008}}</ref>

== Racial Justice Act ==

Anand Jon's path to freedom was catalyzed alongside the first of a kind [[California Racial Justice Act of 2020|California Racial Justice Act]] (applicable stating 2024) when the International Justice Alliance delegates met with then Assembly Member Dr. [[Shirley Weber]] who has then become the [[California Secretary of State]].<ref>{{cite web |title=California Secretary of State Shirley N. Weber, Ph.D. |url=https://www.sos.ca.gov/administration/about |website=sos.ca.gov |access-date=2023-11-13}}</ref>

The record shows how the L.A. prosecutor "demonized Anand Jon's Indian-Jewish culture, meditating cross legged, Kamasutra and foreign (Hebrew) symbols" and further inflamed the jury by portraying Anand Jon as an outsider, who was "above the laws of the United States" "targeted white women". The International Justice Alliance delegation included influential activists, filmmakers, students and exonerees such as Amy Ralston Povah,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Greenwald |first1=David |title=Everyday Injustice Podcast Episode 59 - the Wrongful Conviction of Anand Jon Alexander |url=https://soundcloud.com/davisvanguard/everyday-injustice-podcast-episode-59-the-wrongful-conviction-anand-jon-alexander |website=soundcloud.com/davisvanguard |publisher=David Greenwald |access-date=2023-11-13}}</ref> founder of the [[CAN-DO Foundation]] who noted "correcting an injustice".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.huffpost.com/author/amy-povah |title=Amy Povah |website=HuffPost |access-date=2023-11-13}}</ref>

Weber concurred that "this really seems like this was racially charged with a lot of motive behind it."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Greenwald |first1=David |title=Anand Jon's Path to Freedom: A San Diego Meeting with Assemblymember Weber |url=https://www.davisvanguard.org/2020/03/anand-jons-path-to-freedom-a-san-diego-meeting-with-assemblymember-weber/ |website=Davis Vanguard |date=9 March 2020 |publisher=David Greenwald |access-date=2023-11-13}}</ref> The disturbing racism in the case was referred to in the Racial Justice Act, assembly member [[Ash Kalra]]. "In our research, we found the misconduct of the Beverly Hills police and prosecutor in People v Anand Jon Alexander utterly shocking" said former Assembly member Patty Lopez who passed the AB1909 law (2018) holding prosecutors criminally liable for withholding favorable evidence.<ref>{{cite web |title=AB-1909 Falsifying evidence |url=https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160AB1909 |website=leginfo.legislature.ca.gov |publisher=California Legislative Information |access-date=2023-11-13}}</ref>

== Cal State Masters, San Quentin Rehabilitation Center ==
The [[Parsons School of Design]] ([[New York City]]) BA graduate Anand Jon was among 30 selected for the first of a kind Cal State HUX masters degree for the incarcerated starting fall 2023. Studies by the [[RAND Corporation]] 2018 and Public Safety Committee show a return on investment of nearly $20 for every dollar spent on education, return on investment reported the ''San Quentin News'' in October 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=San Quentin News |url=https://sanquentinnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/SQN-161-ISSUE-OCTOBER-2023-FOR-PRINT-min.pdf |website=San Quentin News |access-date=October 1, 2023}}</ref> Jon was transferred to [[San Quentin Prison]] where a $380 million transformation into a Norwegian model rehabilitation center is underway under [[Governor Newsom]]'s vision to reduce crime, racism and [[recidivism]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chabria |first1=Anita |title=California to transform infamous San Quentin prison with Scandinavian ideas, rehab focus |url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2023-03-16/newsom-wants-to-transform-san-quentin-using-a-scandinavian-model |newspaper=LA Times |date=16 March 2023 }}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Jon is a nephew of Indian classical musician and playback singer [[K. J. Yesudas]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/NEWS/Sunday-TOI/articleshow/msid-1775512,curpg-2.cms |title=Flashback of a rape accused |website=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2007-03-18 |access-date=2010-05-02}}</ref> Jon's mother Shashi Abraham and his sister Sanjana Jon have urged the governments of the US and India to intervene and grant a new trial.<ref name=toi>[https://archive.today/20130103100126/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-09-02/us/28060846_1_anand-jon-young-women-vulnerable-women "Anand Jon gets 59 years for sex crimes"], Chidanand Rajghatta, ''Times of India'', September 9, 2009</ref>

Jon has been involved in charity projects such as Universe Aids awareness tour to India with his sister Sanjana.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Anand Jon Celebrity Fashion Designer {{!}} Asiance Magazine|url = http://www.asiancemagazine.com/dec_2006/anand_jon_celebrity_fashion_designer|website = www.asiancemagazine.com|access-date = 2015-09-29|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150923175806/http://www.asiancemagazine.com/dec_2006/anand_jon_celebrity_fashion_designer|archive-date = 2015-09-23|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Tiger Skanda during Nature Santuary [sic] benefit hosted by Anand Jon and...| date=18 June 2011 |url = http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/tiger-skanda-during-nature-santuary-benefit-hosted-by-anand-news-photo/116939307|access-date = 2015-09-29}}</ref>

Jon was named cultural ambassador of India for his contribution to fashion. He has won "Rising Star Award" for Fashion week of the Americas, "Designer of the Year" at [[Vancouver Fashion Week]]. He was celebrity host for [[MTV Southeast Asia|MTV Asia]] and [[VH1]]’s ''Awesomely Bad Fashions''. He has appeared on ''America's Next Top Model'' with [[Tyra Banks]] and on ''[[E!]]'' with [[Paris Hilton]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asiancemagazine.com/dec_2006/anand_jon_celebrity_fashion_designer |title=Anand Jon Celebrity Fashion Designer |website=asiancemagazine.com |date=2006-12-01 |access-date=2015-07-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923175806/http://www.asiancemagazine.com/dec_2006/anand_jon_celebrity_fashion_designer |archive-date=2015-09-23 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jon, Anand}}
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Loyola College, Chennai alumni]]
[[Category:American fashion designers]]
[[Category:American people convicted of child sexual abuse]]
[[Category:American prisoners and detainees]]
[[Category:American people convicted of rape]]
[[Category:American businesspeople in fashion]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:American people of Malayali descent]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of California]]

George Goschen, 2nd Viscount Goschen

2026-04-05T16:02:22Z

BootTPP: data

{{Short description|British politician (1866–1952)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2011}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[The Right Honourable]]
| name = The Viscount Goschen
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|GCSI|GCIE|CBE|VD|KStJ|PC}}
| image = Viscount Goschen.jpg
| order2 = [[Governor of Madras Presidency]]
| term_start2 = 14 April 1924
| term_end2 = 29 June 1929
| governor-general2 = [[Rufus Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading|The Marquess of Reading]] [[Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax|The Earl of Halifax]]
| premier2 = [[Raja of Panagal]], [[P. Subbarayan]]
| predecessor2 = [[Charles Todhunter|Sir Charles Todhunter]]
| successor2 = [[Norman Marjoribanks|Sir Norman Majoribanks]]
| order3 = [[Parliamentary Secretary to the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries]]
| term_start3 = 26 March 1918
| term_end3 = 18 June 1918
| monarch3 = [[George V]]
| prime_minister3 = [[David Lloyd George]]
| predecessor3 = [[Charles Spencer-Churchill, 9th Duke of Marlborough|The Duke of Marlborough]]
| successor3 = [[Charles Hepburn-Stuart-Forbes-Trefusis, 21st Baron Clinton|The Lord Clinton]]
| office6 = Member of the [[House of Lords]]
| status6 = Lord Temporal
| term_start6 = 7 February 1907
| term_end6 = 24 July 1952
| predecessor6 = [[George Goschen, 1st Viscount Goschen|The 1st Viscount Goschen]]
| successor6 = [[John Goschen, 3rd Viscount Goschen|The 3rd Viscount Goschen]]
| office8 = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[East Grinstead (UK Parliament constituency)|East Grinstead]]
| term_start8 = 18 July 1895
| term_end8 = 25 January 1906
| predecessor8 = [[Alfred Gathorne-Hardy]]
| successor8 = [[Charles Corbett]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1866|10|15|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Hastings]], Sussex, England
| death_date = {{death date and age|1952|7|24|1866|10|15|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Royal Tunbridge Wells]], Kent, England
| party = [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]]
| alma_mater = [[Balliol College, Oxford]]
| occupation =
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Margaret Goschen, Viscountess Goschen|Lady Margaret Gathorne-Hardy]] |1893}}
| caption = Lord Goschen in 1923
| parents = [[George Goschen, 1st Viscount Goschen]] Lucy Dalley
| children = 3
}}

'''George Joachim Goschen, 2nd Viscount Goschen''' (15 October 1866 – 24 July 1952), was a British [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] politician who served as [[Governor of Madras]] from 1924 to 1929, and acting [[Governor-General of India|Viceroy of India]] from 1929 to 1931.

Goschen was the son of prominent [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] (formerly [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]] and [[Liberal Unionist Party|Liberal Unionist]]) politician and Chancellor of the Exchequer, [[George Goschen, 1st Viscount Goschen]]. He had his early education in the United Kingdom and served as Secretary to [[Victor Child Villiers, 7th Earl of Jersey]],{{sfn|Hesilrige|1921|p=411}} the Governor of [[New South Wales]] in [[Australia]] from 1890 to 1892. In 1895 and 1900, he was elected to the House of Commons from East Grinstead and served as a Member of Parliament from 1895 to 1906 and as the [[Parliamentary Secretary to the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries]] from March to June 1918. In 1924, he was appointed Governor of [[Madras Presidency]], India, and served there from 1924 to 1929. He acted as the Viceroy of India in place of [[Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax]], from 1929 to 1931. He died in 1952 at the age of 85.<ref name=":0" />

Goschen was knighted the grace of [[Order of Saint John#Order of Saint John|Order of Saint John]]{{sfn|Hesilrige|1921|p=411}} in 1921 and made a [[Order of the Star of India|Knight Grand Commander of Order of the Star of India]] in March 1924. He was also a member of the [[Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council|Privy Council]] of the [[United Kingdom]].

== Early life and family ==
[[File:George Goschen the younger.jpg|150px|thumb|The Honourable George Joachim Goschen, 1895|left]]
Goschen was born the eldest son of [[George Goschen, 1st Viscount Goschen|George Joachim Goschen, 1st Viscount Goschen]], and his wife Lucy Dalley (1830–1898), daughter of John Dalley, on 15 October 1866 at [[St Leonards-on-Sea]], Hastings.<ref name="burke">{{cite book |title=Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knighthood |publisher=Burke’s Peerage & Gentry |editor=Mosley, Charles |edition=107 |year=2003 |pages=1607–1608 |ref=Burke |isbn=0-9711966-2-1}}</ref> The Goschen family was eminent in both Germany and Britain; indeed, his grandfather, Wilhelm Heinrich Göschen, who settled in England in 1814 during the [[Napoleonic Wars|Napoleonic wars]], was co-founder of the merchant banking firm [[Frühling & Göschen]] and the son of publisher [[Georg Joachim Göschen]], of [[Leipzig]], [[Kingdom of Saxony]].<ref>{{cite book |title=George Joachim Goschen: The Transformation of a Victorian Liberal |url=https://archive.org/details/georgejoachimgos00thom |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/georgejoachimgos00thom/page/1 1] |publisher=Cambridge University Press Archive |first=Thomas J. |last=Spinner |year=1973 |isbn=0521202108 |id={{ISBN|978-0-521-20210-7}}}}</ref> He was educated at [[Rugby School]], and [[Balliol College, Oxford]].{{sfn|Hesilrige|1921|p=411}}

Goschen fell in love with [[Margaret Goschen, Viscountess Goschen|Lady Margaret Evelyn Gathorne-Hardy]], the youngest daughter the [[Gathorne Gathorne-Hardy, 1st Earl of Cranbrook|Earl of Cranbrook]], who was eight years older than he was, but still desired to marry her.<ref name="spinner175">{{cite book |title=George Joachim Goschen: The Transformation of a Victorian Liberal |url=https://archive.org/details/georgejoachimgos00thom |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/georgejoachimgos00thom/page/175 175] |publisher=Cambridge University Press Archive |first=Thomas J. |last=Spinner |year=1973 |isbn=0521202108 |id={{ISBN|978-0-521-20210-7}}}}</ref> His father, the 1st Viscount, was, however, strongly opposed to their marriage and used his influence to get an appointment for his son as a Private Secretary to [[Victor Child Villiers, 7th Earl of Jersey|Lord Jersey]], the Governor of [[New South Wales]] in [[Australia]].<ref name="spinner175" /> Goschen calmly obeyed his father's orders and worked in Australia from 1890 to 1892.<ref name="spinner175" /> On his return from Australia, however, he married Margaret in 1893.<ref name="burke" /><ref name="spinner175" />

He was a [[Major (British Army)|Major]] in the 2nd [[Volunteer Army (British)|Volunteer]] Battalion of [[The Buffs (East Kent Regiment)]], and from February 1901 served as an [[aide-de-camp]] (ADC) to [[Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts|Lord Roberts]], [[Commander-in-Chief of the Forces|Commander-in-Chief]] during the [[Second Boer War]].<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=27430 |page=2937 |date=2 May 1902}}</ref> He fought in the [[World War I|First World War]] as Commandant of the 2nd/5th Battalion, East Kent Regiment.

== Member of Parliament for East Grinstead ==
Goschen entered politics early in life. In 1895, he was elected to the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom]] as a [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] for the then [[East Grinstead Constituency|East Grinstead constituency]] in Sussex and served as a member of parliament for two terms from 18 July 1895 to 25 January 1906.<ref>{{cite web |title=The House of Comkons Constituencies beginning with "E" |url=http://www.leighrayment.com/commons/Ecommons1.htm |work=Members of the United Kingdom House of Commons |publisher=Leigh Rayment |access-date=21 January 2009 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029190716/http://www.leighrayment.com/commons/Ecommons1.htm |archive-date=29 October 2013}}</ref> In July 1913, he was elected Chairman of the Council of the [[Corporation of Foreign Bondholders]] which comprised some of the leading financiers in England.<ref>{{cite news |title=Goschen Chairman |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1913/07/20/100571408.pdf |date=20 July 1913 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Goschen served as the [[Parliamentary Secretary to the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries]] from March to June 1918.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hon. George Goschen |work=Hansard Millibanks |publisher=UK Parliament |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/hon-george-goschen/index.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Dod's Parliamentary Companion |page=58 |year=1920 |publisher=Whittake & Co.}}</ref>

Goschen succeeded his father as [[Viscount Goschen]] on the latter's death on 7 February 1907.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lord Goschen dead |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1907/02/08/106739349.pdf |date=8 February 1907 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> In December 1910, he was appointed a [[deputy lieutenant]] (DL) of Kent.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=28443 |page=9044 |date=2 December 1910}}</ref> He was also appointed [[justice of the peace]] (JP) for Sussex.

== Governor of Madras ==
[[File:L-R Viscount George J Goschen, HH Maharajah Ram Chandra Deo, Lady Viscount.jpg|thumb|Lord and Lady Goschen with the [[Maharaja of Jeypore]]]]
[[File:Maharajah Ram Chandra Dev IV with the Viscount Goschen, the Governor of Madras.jpg|thumb|Lord Goschen, Ram Chandra Dev IV, Maharaja of Jeypore and Lady Goschen]]
Goschen was appointed Governor of Madras in 1924 and he arrived at [[Madras]] in May 1924 to take charge.<ref>{{cite news |title=75 Years Ago: New Madras Governor |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99may24/edit.htm#tt |date=24 May 1999}}</ref> Goschen was awarded the [[Order of the Star of India]] (GCSI) in March 1924.

The Madras Presidency Radio Club started a radio transmission service in Madras, the first in the city, in 1924, under Goschen's patronage. This service lasted from 1924 to 1927. Goschen was also involved in the early stages of the [[Loyola College, Chennai]], and presided over its first college day in 1928.<ref>{{cite web |title=Milestones in the story of Loyola |url=http://www.loyolacollege.edu/milestones.html |publisher=Loyola College, Chennai |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081231052547/http://loyolacollege.edu/milestones.html |archive-date=31 December 2008}}</ref> The Children's Hospital at [[Mangalore]] was refurbished and renamed as Lady Goschen Hospital while the SPG College, [[Trichinopoly]], was renamed as Bishop Heber College and Goschen presided over its diamond jubilee celebrations in 1926.<ref>{{cite web |title=College profile |url=http://www.bhc.ac.in/index.php?pg=col_profile |publisher=Bishop Heber College |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080731092309/http://www.bhc.ac.in/index.php?pg=col_profile |archive-date=31 July 2008}}</ref>

In November 1926, the [[Pykara]] hydroelectric project across the Moyar river was conceived by Lord Goschen.<ref>{{cite news |title=Big power project in India will harness Pykara river |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1926/11/14/archives/big-power-project-in-india-will-harness-pykara-river.html?sq=governor+of+madras&scp=32&st=p |date=14 November 1926 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>

Goschen maintained friendly relations with the [[Raja of Panagal]] who was the Chief Minister of Madras Presidency. However, in the 1926 elections to the Madras Legislative Assembly, the Justice Party, to which the Raja belonged, was reduced to a minority winning only 21 out of 98 seats in the assembly.<ref name=epp189>[[#Encyclopedia of Political Parties|Encyclopedia of Political Parties]], p. 189.</ref> The Raja stepped down as Chief Minister and handed over his resignation to the Governor.<ref name=epp189/> Goschen invited [[S. Srinivasa Iyengar]], the leader of the [[Swarajya Party]] which had won a majority, to form the government, but he refused as the acceptance of public posts would defeat the very purpose of the Swarajists to disrupt the working of the [[dyarchy]].<ref name=epp189/> Goschen, therefore, made an independent, [[P. Subbarayan]], the Chief Minister, and nominated 34 members to the council to support him.<ref name=epp190>[[#Encyclopedia of Political Parties|Encyclopedia of Political Parties]], p. 190.</ref> As the government was set up by Goschen and all the members nominated by him, it functioned more or less like a puppet government.<ref name=epp190/>

Subbarayan's government was the subject of much controversy and survived a no-confidence motion on 23 August 1927.<ref name=epp191>[[#Encyclopedia of Political Parties|Encyclopedia of Political Parties]], p. 191.</ref> Its position became more precarious when the [[Simon Commission]] arrived in India in 1928.<ref name=epp191/> The Swarajya Party moved a resolution exhorting a boycott of the commission and the Justice Party supported them. The motion was passed 65 to 50 with both of Subbarayan's ministers in favour of a boycott.<ref name=epp192>[[#Encyclopedia of Political Parties|Encyclopedia of Political Parties]], p. 192.</ref> Subbarayan responded by resigning his post.<ref name=epp192/> Goschen, however, mediated a settlement with the Raja of Panagal and appointed a Justice Party nominee, Krishnan Nair to the Executive Council.<ref name=epp192/> The Justice Party, immediately, withdrew their support to the resolution<ref name=epp192/> and welcomed the commission.<ref>[[#Encyclopedia of Political Parties|Encyclopedia of Political Parties]], p. 194.</ref> Just before his retirement from active politics in 1925, the Justice Party insisted upon a gift of land to their leader [[Theagaroya Chetty]] from the Madras government but Goschen staunchly refused to make the grant.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Cambridge Economic History of India: C. 1757 - C. 1970 |first=Dharma |last=Kumar |author2=Tapan Raychaudhuri |author3=Meghnad Desai |author4=Irfan Habib |page=215 |publisher=Cambridge University Press Archive |year=1983 |isbn=0521228026 |id={{ISBN|978-0-521-22802-2}}}}</ref> A block named "Goschen Block" was constructed in the Government Estate (presently Omandurar Estate) in Mount Road. This had a number of houses allotted to Government officials and later to MLAs (P. Kakkan, Minister in the Kamaraj Government, lived in one). Goschen Block was demolished when construction of the new Assembly building (now a hospital) started.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}

During his tenure, the [[Yanam]]-Neelapalli bridge was constructed. Yanam was then a French colony. He laid the foundation stone for the bridge on 10 December 1927.

== Acting Viceroy of India ==
[[File:Viscount Goschen Viceroy of India.webp|left|thumb|Lord Goschen, as Viceroy of India]]
[[Lord Irwin]], the Viceroy of India, left for London on leave in June 1929. He appointed Goschen to act as Viceroy and Governor-General during his absence, which lasted until November.<ref name=":1">{{cite book |title=Halifax: The Life of Lord Halifax |page=270 |first=Frederick Winston Furneaux Smith |last=Birkenhead |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |year=1966}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XiUbAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA204 |title=The India Office and Burma Office List for ... |date=1945 |publisher=Harrison and Sons, Limited |location=Great Britain India Office |pages=204 |language=en}}</ref> He acted when Lord Irwin was periodically absent between 1929 and 1931. Indeed, as Irwin's deputy, he was acting Viceroy several further times during Irwin's tenure, such as in February 1930,<ref name=":3" /> when Irwin left India, and again in 1931 when he was overseeing the beginning of the [[Round Table Conferences (India)|Round Table conferences]] in Britain.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2012-01-27 |title=Lady Goschen Hospital |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/222501/lady-goschen-get-facelift-soon.html |access-date=2023-04-04 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bonhams : MADRAS Lord Goschen, Governor of Madras, with his Staff and their wives, January 1925 |url=https://www.bonhams.com/auctions/14417/lot/217/ |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=www.bonhams.com}}</ref>

Lord Goschen's tenure as Governor of Madras and then acting Viceroy was a period of lavish splendour.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mosley |first=Leonard |title=The Last Days of the British Raj |publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson |year=1961 |pages=124–127}}</ref> He partook in [[tiger hunting]] and [[Horse racing in India|horse racing]], and hosted large, luxurious banquets and high-society weddings, such as that of his daughter to his [[Aide-de-camp|ADC]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bonham Carter |first=C. |date=1992 |title=The British in India |url=https://specialcollectionsuniversityofsouthampton.files.wordpress.com/2014/05/cat_british_india.pdf |journal=Special Collections Gallery Exhibition |pages=8–9}}</ref>

George Goschen's father, the [[George Goschen, 1st Viscount Goschen|1st Viscount]], had been offered the Viceroyalty of India by British Liberal Prime Minister [[William Ewart Gladstone]] in 1880, but had declined the offer.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Spinner |first=Thomas J. |url=http://archive.org/details/georgejoachimgos00thom |title=George Joachim Goschen; the transformation of a Victorian liberal |date=1973 |publisher=Cambridge [Eng.] University Press |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-521-20210-7}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Spinner |first=Thomas J. |date=1967 |title=George Joachim Goschen: The Man Lord Randolph Churchill "Forgot" |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1875739 |journal=The Journal of Modern History |volume=39 |issue=4 |pages=405–424 |doi=10.1086/240122 |jstor=1875739 |s2cid=144832263 |issn=0022-2801|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=George Joachim Goschen, 1st Viscount Goschen {{!}} British economist {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/George-Joachim-Goschen-1st-Viscount-Goschen-of-Hawkhurst |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Later life ==
In 1933, a group which called itself the Union of Britain and India was formed in London.<ref name="britishindia_history">{{cite book |title=The History of British India: A Chronology |page=11 |last=F. Riddick |first=John |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2006 |isbn=0313322805 |id={{ISBN|978-0-313-32280-8}}}}</ref> This group was in favour of an Indian federation.<ref name="britishindia_history" /> Goschen served as the first President of the union.<ref name="britishindia_history" /> Goschen also wrote a chapter titled "Provincial Autonomy" in the 1934 book ''India from a Back Bench'' where he criticized the [[dyarchy]] system regarding it as a failure based on his experience as an administrator in India.<ref name="india_backbench">{{cite book |title=India from a Back Bench |year=1934 |first=Sir Adrian |last=Baillies |pages=45–46}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|From this point of view, the result has been disappointing; for Diarchy has inculcated a spirit of irresponsibility than responsibility. The Ministers have to rely for support on the official ''bloc'' in the Councils (about a quarter of the whole number of members), and for this reason their sense of responsibility to the elected members is "blurred", and the elected members regard them as to some extent suspect. 
The Ministers are not responsible for "Law and Order" or Finance. In other words, they have not to find the money for their departments and are consequently handicapped in starting new schemes: and they are not responsible for the effect of their administration. They thus stand to lose their credit and escape the blame that fuller responsible would award them.<ref name="india_backbench" />}}

== Personal life ==
On 26 January 1893, at [[Benenden, Kent]], Lord Goschen married [[Margaret Goschen, Viscountess Goschen|Lady Margaret Evelyn Gathorne-Hardy]] (27 May 1858 – 11 July 1943), youngest daughter of [[Gathorne Gathorne-Hardy, 1st Earl of Cranbrook]], by his wife Jane (née Stewart-Orr).{{sfn|Hesilrige|1921|p=411}} Lady Goschen gave her name to the Viscountess Goschen Government Girls (Muslim) High School in [[Tharanallur]], [[Tiruchirappalli]], Tamil Nadu,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nainar |first=Nahla |date=2019-08-02 |title=Viscountess Goschen Government Girls (Muslim) HSS in Tiruchi survives |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/education/viscountess-goschen-government-girls-muslim-hss-in-tiruchi-survives/article28796639.ece |access-date=2023-04-05 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and to the Lady Goschen Hospital in [[Mangalore]].<ref name=":2" />

They had three children:<ref name="burke"/>

*Lt. Hon. George Joachim Goschen (18 November 1893 – 16 January 1916), 7th Battalion, [[The Buffs (East Kent Regiment)]]; expected to succeed, but died of wounds received in action at the [[Siege of Kut]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Goschen |first=George Joachim |url=http://archive.org/details/wreathofmemories00gosciala |title=A wreath of memories |date=1917 |location=London |publisher=Arthur L. Humphreys |others=University of California Libraries}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Life story: The Honourable George Joachim Goschen {{!}} Lives of the First World War |url=https://livesofthefirstworldwar.iwm.org.uk/lifestory/1395375 |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=livesofthefirstworldwar.iwm.org.uk}}</ref>
*Hon. Phyllis Evelyn Goschen (5 August 1895 – 27 May 1976), Lady-in-Waiting to Her Royal Highness the [[Mary, Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood|Princess Royal]] 1948–1965, married Lt Col. [[Francis Balfour (colonial administrator)|Francis Cecil Campbell Balfour]], nephew of Prime Minister [[Arthur Balfour]] and grandson of [[George Campbell, 8th Duke of Argyll|the Duke of Argyll]]
*Hon. Cicely Winifred Goschen (29 April 1899 – 1980), married Maj. [[Portal baronets|Melville Edward Bertram Portal]], who had previously served as secretary to the Governor of Madras, in India

Goschen died on 25 July 1952 at the age of 85. His title passed to his nephew [[John Goschen, 3rd Viscount Goschen|John Goschen]].<ref name=":0">{{cite news |title=Viscount Goschen |date=25 July 1952 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>

Goschen owned [[Seacox Heath]], a country house in East Sussex for many decades.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lawson |first=Athena |title=A little dacha in the Sussex woods |url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/IF0500243811/TTDA?u=wes_ttda&sid=bookmark-TTDA&xid=a14e993c |access-date=17 February 2024 |work=[[The Times]] |issue=66685 |date=30 November 1999 |page=5}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==
* {{cite book |title=Encyclopaedia of Political Parties |last=Ralhan |first=O. P. |year=2002 |publisher=Anmol Publications PVT. LTD |isbn=978-81-7488-865-5 |ref=Encyclopedia of Political Parties}}

== Further reading ==
*{{cite book |last=Hesilrige |first=Arthur G. M. |date=1921 |title=Debrett's Peerage and Titles of courtesy |url=https://archive.org/details/debrettspeeraget00unse/page/411 |location=160A, [[Fleet Street]], London, UK |publisher=[[Dean & Son]] |page=411}}
* {{cite news |title=In search of the Stanley name |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/05/12/stories/2008051250370500.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103185714/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/05/12/stories/2008051250370500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 November 2012 |date=12 May 2008 |work=[[The Hindu]] |first=S. |last=Muthiah |author-link=S. Muthiah}}
* {{cite news |title=Traveller with a mission |work=[[The Hindu]] |first=V. |last=Ramnarayan |date=23 July 2001 |url=http://www.thehindujobs.com/thehindu/2001/07/23/stories/13230788.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522065010/http://www.thehindujobs.com/thehindu/2001/07/23/stories/13230788.htm |archive-date=22 May 2011}}

==External links==
*{{Hansard-contribs | hon-george-goschen | the Viscount Goschen }}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|uk}}
{{succession box
| title = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[East Grinstead (UK Parliament constituency)|East Grinstead]]
| years = [[1895 United Kingdom general election|1895]]–[[1906 United Kingdom general election|1906
]]
| before = [[Alfred Gathorne-Hardy]]
| after = [[Charles Corbett]]
}}
{{s-off}}
{{succession box
| title = [[Governor of Madras]]
| before = [[Charles Todhunter|Sir Charles Todhunter]] (pro tempore)
| after = [[Norman Marjoribanks|Sir Norman Majoribanks]] (pro tempore)
| years = 1924–1929
}}
{{succession box
| title = [[Governor-General of India|Viceroy of India]]
| before = [[Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax|The Lord Irwin]]
| after = The Lord Irwin
| years = 1929–1931
}}
{{s-reg|uk}}
{{succession box
| before = [[George Goschen, 1st Viscount Goschen|George Goschen]]
| title = [[Viscount Goschen]]
| years = 1907–1952
| after = [[John Goschen, 3rd Viscount Goschen|John Goschen]]
}}
{{s-end}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Goschen, George Goschen, 2nd Viscount}}
[[Category:1866 births]]
[[Category:1952 deaths]]
[[Category:Governors of Madras]]
[[Category:Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies|Goschen, George]]
[[Category:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1895–1900|Goschen, George]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1900–1906|Goschen, George]]
[[Category:UK MPs who inherited peerages|Goschen, George]]
[[Category:English people of German descent]]
[[Category:Buffs (Royal East Kent Regiment) officers]]
[[Category:Deputy lieutenants of Kent]]
[[Category:Military personnel from East Sussex]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of the Second Boer War]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:Volunteer Force officers]]
[[Category:Viscounts Goschen|2]]
[[Category:Goschen family|George]]
[[Category:Gathorne-Hardy family|George]]
[[Category:Territorial Force officers]]
[[Category:People educated at Rugby School]]

Romeo (2007 film)

2026-04-01T10:36:54Z

BootTPP:

{{Short description|2007 Malayalam romantic comedy film}}
{{for|the 2008 film originally called Romeo|Parugu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Romeo
| image = Romeoo.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| director = [[Rajasenan]]
| producer = [[Rafi Mecartin]]
| writer = [[Rafi Mecartin]]
| narrator =
| starring = {{Ubl|[[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]]|[[Vimala Raman]]|[[Samvrutha Sunil]]|[[Sruthi Lakshmi]]}}
| music = [[Alex Paul]]
| cinematography = [[K. P. Nambiathiri]]
| editing = [[Raja Mohammad]]
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|2007|12|25|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Romeo''''' is a 2007 [[Malayalam]] [[romantic comedy]] film written by Rafi Mecartin and directed by [[Rajasenan]], starring [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]], [[Vimala Raman]], [[Samvrutha Sunil]] and [[Sruthi Lakshmi]] in the lead roles. Romeo was a box-office success.<ref name="indiaglitz.romeo.review.2007.12.14" /><ref name="rediff.romeo.review.2007.12.17" /><ref name="webindia123.romeo" /><ref name="sify.romeo.review.2008.03.06" />

==Plot==
Manu Krishnan is a male nurse at a reputed hospital. He is the son of Ratheesh Kumar, a junior artist in films, and Lakshmikutty, an ex-singer and a judge in a reality show. He has a special relationship with Dr. Priya, but is also in love with Leena, the star contestant in a popular music reality show (where Manu's mother is one of the judges). Manu goes in search of a job and arrives at an [[Agraharam]] to take care of a mentally ill patient. A girl from the Agraharam, Bhama, falls in love with him. Now the three girls want to marry Manu but the parents of none of them want Manu as their son-in-law. The rest of the movie is about the trouble Manu goes through when the three meet, and whom he decides to marry.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]] as Manu Krishnan
*[[Vimala Raman]] as Dr. Priya, Manu's love interest
*[[Samvrutha Sunil]] as Leena, a singing contest winner
*[[Sruthi Lakshmi]] as Bhama, an [[Iyer|Iyer girl]] who wants to become a singer
*[[Cochin Haneefa]] as Ratheesh Kumar, Manu's father
*[[Mallika Sukumaran]] as Lakshmikutty, Manu's mother and an ex-singer and [[reality show|reality show judge]]
*[[Salim Kumar]] as Naranimangalam Narayanan
*[[Suraj Venjaramood]] as Prasanth
*[[Ashokan (actor)|Ashokan]] as Subramanian, Manu's rival who fights for Bhama
*[[Madhu Warrier]] as Manuel as Leena's 5 years boyfriend
*Salu Kuttanadu as Passenger on the bus
*Murali Mohan as Jayaraj Menon, Priya's father
*[[Bheeman Raghu]] as Kurushammoottil Avarachan, Leena's father
*[[Ambika Mohan]] as Priya's mother
*[[Rizabawa]] as Ramanathan, Subramanian's mentally unstable father
*[[Kalabhavan Haneef]] as Vetoor Nath, Protest Leader
*Nandu Poduval as Father Gabriel
*Kalamandalam Geethanandan as Vaidyar
*Rema Devi C. as Bhama's mother
*[[Subbalakshmi]] as Bhama's grandmother
}}

==Soundtrack==
The songs were composed by [[Alex Paul]], and the lyrics were written by [[Vayalar Sarath Chandra Varma]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
|+
! Track # !! Song !! Artist(s) !! Raga
|-
| 1
| "Kilichundan Mavin"
| [[Afsal]], [[Swetha Mohan]]||
|-
| 2
| "Kilichundan Mavin"
| [[Swetha Mohan]] ||
|-
| 3
| "Olikkunnu Ennalullil"
| [[M. G. Sreekumar]], [[Rimi Tomy]] ||
|-
| 4
| "Paal Kadalil Uyarum"
| [[M. K. Sankaran Namboothi]], [[Manjari (Indian singer)|Manjari]] || [[Chalanata]]
|-
| 5
| "Paal Kadalil Uyarum"
| Manjari || Chalanata
|}

==References==
<references>

<ref name="indiaglitz.romeo.review.2007.12.14">{{Cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071215120524/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/preview/9767.html
| archive-date = 15 December 2007
| url-status = dead
| url = http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/preview/9767.html
| title = Malayalam Cinema News | Malayalam Movie Reviews | Malayalam Movie Trailers – IndiaGlitz Malayalam
}}</ref>

<ref name="rediff.romeo.review.2007.12.17">{{Cite web
| url = https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/dec/17ssromeo.htm
| title = A half-baked Romeoo
| website = [[Rediff.com]]
| access-date = 6 April 2023
| archive-date = 24 March 2023
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230324165428/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/dec/17ssromeo.htm
| url-status = live
}}</ref>

<ref name="webindia123.romeo">{{cite web
| url = https://www.webindia123.com/movie/regional/dec2007/romeo/index.htm
| title = Romeo Malayalam Movie review-Romeo film review-Romeo review-Romeo review
| access-date = 10 April 2022
| archive-date = 10 April 2022
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220410215422/https://www.webindia123.com/movie/regional/dec2007/romeo/index.htm
| url-status = live
}}</ref>

<ref name="sify.romeo.review.2008.03.06">{{cite web
| url = https://www.sify.com/movies/romeo-review-malayalam-pclw1wcjfaccc.html
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220410215939/https://www.sify.com/movies/romeo-review-malayalam-pclw1wcjfaccc.html
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 10 April 2022
| title = Romeo
| website = [[Sify]]
}}</ref>

</references>

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1612612|Romeo}}

{{Rajasenan}}
{{Rafi Mecartin}}

[[Category:2007 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2007 films]]
[[Category:2007 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rajasenan]]

{{2000s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Bardhaman Bidyarthi Bhaban Girls' High School

2026-03-30T20:36:55Z

BootTPP: put up a info needs work

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Bardhaman Bidyarthi Bhaban Girls' High School
| image =
| established = {{Start date and age|df=yes|paren=yes|1958}}
| address = 101a, Link Rd, Perbirhata
| city = [[Bardhaman]]
| district = [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| postal_code = 713101
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|23|14|07.41|N|87|51|40.77|E|display=title,inline}}
| headmistress = Pamela Chottopadhyaya
| type = [[State school|Public]] [[Secondary school|high school]]
| classes = V–XII
| age_range = 9–18
| gender = Girls
| ratio = 35
| area = {{convert|1.14|acre|m2}}
| campus_type = Urban
| motto =
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] & [[English language|English]]
| colors = {{colour box|White}}{{colour box|SkyBlue}} White and Sky Blue
| song = * [[Indian National Anthem]] {{small|(National Anthem)}}
* [[Atul Prasad Sen#Atul Prasad's songs in Bengali films|Uthago Bharat Lakshmi]] {{small|(School Anthem)}}
| rival = [[Burdwan Municipal Girls' High School]]
| school_board = [[West Bengal Board of Secondary Education|WBBSE]] & [[West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education|WBCHSE]]
| website = {{URL|https://school.banglarshiksha.gov.in/ws/website/index/19252403504| Official Website of BBBGHS}}
}}

'''Bardhaman Bidyarthi Bhaban Girls' High School''' is a girls' school located in [[Bardhaman]], West Bengal, India. Established in 1958, it is managed by the Department of Education and offers education from Class V to XII following the curriculum of the [[West Bengal Board of Secondary Education]] and [[West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bardhaman Bidyarthi Bhaban Girls' High School |url=https://school.banglarshiksha.gov.in/ws/website/index/19252403504 |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=Banglar Shiksha |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
Bardhaman Bidyarthi Bhaban Girls' High School was established in 1958 with only five students. Over the years, it has grown into one of the leading girls' schools in Bardhaman, now educating over 2,000 students. The school has expanded its facilities and introduced an English medium section for higher secondary Science.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History – Bardhaman Bidyarthi Bhaban Girls' High School |url=https://school.banglarshiksha.gov.in/ws/website/history/19252403504 |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=Banglar Shiksha |language=en}}</ref>

Dr. Krishna Mukhopadhyay, a former headmistress, played a pivotal role in the growth and development of Bardhaman Bidyarthi Bhaban Girls' High School. Her guidance, leadership, and dedicated service helped establish the school's reputation as a leading girls' educational institution in Bardhaman.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Headmistress gives Rs 2.5 Lakhs for school development |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/bardhaman/headmistress-gives-rs-2-5-lakhs-for-school-development-1.605477 |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=Anandabazar Patrika |language=bn}}</ref>

==Curriculum==
The school provides education in Bengali medium. Students follow the common curriculum until Class 10, after which they can choose between [[Science]], [[Arts]] and [[Commerce]] streams in Classes 11 and 12.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Subjects Offered at Bardhaman Bidyarthi Bhavan Girls' High School |url=https://school.banglarshiksha.gov.in/ws/website/subject_offered/19252403504 |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=Banglar Shiksha |language=en}}</ref>

==Extracurricular activities==
Students participate in cultural programmes, sports, debates, and other co-curricular activities. The school hosts annual sports events and inter-school competitions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bidyarthi Bhavan Girls High School – Barddhaman |url=https://schools.org.in/barddhaman/19093303504/bidyarthi-bhavan-girls-high-school.html |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=Schools.org.in |language=en}}</ref>

==Campus==
The school is situated in an urban area of Bardhaman and has a campus of approximately 1.14 acres. It consists of multiple buildings, classrooms, laboratories, a library with several thousand books, and recreational areas. The campus includes a playground and facilities for co-curricular activities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bardhaman Bidyarthi Bhavan Girls High School – Campus and Profile |url=https://schools.org.in/barddhaman/19093303504/bidyarthi-bhavan-girls-high-school.html |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=Schools.org.in |language=en}}</ref>

==Ceremonies==
Annual events include the foundation day and prize distribution ceremonies. Cultural programmes and academic events are organised throughout the year. Every year on 26 January and 15 August, the [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]] and [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]] are celebrated.

==Notable achievement==
* Soumili Mondal secured 9th rank in [[Uccha Madhyamik Pariksha|West Bengal Higher Secondary Examination]] with a score of 483 out of 500 (96.6%), in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 10 District-wise Combine Results 2025 |url=https://wbchse.wb.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/TOP-10-DIST-WISE_COMBINE.pdf |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education}}</ref>
* Papri Mondal, scored 688 marks in the 2025 West Bengal Madhyamik Examination.<ref>{{Cite web |title=West Bengal Madhyamik Toppers List 2025 |url=https://news.careers360.com/west-bengal-madhyamik-toppers-list-2025-aditya-sarkar-tops-class-10-exam-696-marks-66-students-in-top-10 |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=Careers360 |language=en}}</ref>
* Sahitika Ghosh ranked 6th in the 2019 West Bengal Madhyamik Examination with 685 out of 700 marks.<ref>{{Cite web |title=West Bengal Madhyamik Toppers 2019 |url=https://news.aglasem.com/west-bengal-madhyamik-toppers-2019/ |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=AglaSem News |language=en}}</ref>
* Ayontika Majhi from Bardhaman Bidyarthi Bhaban Girls' High School shared the 8th rank in the 2019 West Bengal Madhyamik Examination.<ref>{{Cite web |title=West Bengal Madhyamik Toppers 2019 |url=https://news.aglasem.com/west-bengal-madhyamik-toppers-2019/ |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=AglaSem News |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of schools in West Bengal]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Girls' schools in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Primary schools in West Bengal]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Schools in Purba Bardhaman district]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1958]]
[[Category:1958 establishments in West Bengal]]

{{WestBengal-school-stub}}

Pinjra Tod

2026-03-30T02:51:16Z

BootTPP: Info!

{{Short description|Collective of female students in Delhi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox organization
| native_name = पिंजरा तोड़ कच्छा फाड़
| native_name_lang = hin
| founding_location = [[Delhi]], India
| purpose = Women's rights
| established =
| full_name = Break the Cage
| key_people = [[Natasha Narwal]]
| website = {{URL|https://pinjratod.wordpress.com/}}
}}
'''Pinjra Tod''' (''Break the Cage'') is a collective of women students and alumni of colleges from across [[Delhi]], India, that seeks to make regulations for [[hostel]] and [[paying guest]] (PG) accommodation less restrictive for women students. They aim to counter a perceived official narrative that women need to be protected. Challenging what they consider to be the [[Closed-circuit television|CCTV]]-driven police-security complex, Pinjra Tod demands that concepts of safety and security not be used to silence women's right to mobility and liberation.

The main goals of Pinjra Tod are to end the imposition of curfews on women, to provide affordable accommodation for women, to regularise the situation for paying guests, and to obtain the formation of elected Internal Complaint Committees for prevention, prohibition and redress of sexual harassment in universities.

== Background ==

In 2015, when Delhi's universities reopened after the summer break, [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] issued a notice stating that the female students of the college could no longer request permission to stay out later than 8 pm. The [[Delhi Commission for Women]] (DCW) challenged this, asking why the college administration thought it necessary to impose such a restriction.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/women-commission-issues-notice-to-jamia-vice-chancellor-over-gender-discrimination-1208665 |title=Women Commission Issues Notice to Jamia Vice Chancellor Over Gender Discrimination |date=18 August 2015 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

A group of women students identified the reaction of DCW as an opening to make interventions at other universities in Delhi, rather than just Jamia.{{cn|date=March 2023}} They decided to circulate a petition<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/pinjra-tod-womens-body-accepts-groups-demands/|title=Sign the Petition|website=Change.org|date=11 October 2015|language=en-GB|access-date=2017-09-11}}</ref> to extend the discourse sparked by the Jamia incident, questioning the exclusive and exclusionary treatment that they believe applies in university spaces. Pinjra Tod mobilised people around several issues faced by female residents of hostels and PGs such as curfews, policies that apply to only women,<ref name="Azad">{{Cite web|url=http://feminisminindia.com/2015/09/30/pinjra-tod-stop-caging-women-behind-college-hostel-bars/|title=Pinjra Tod: Stop Caging Women Behind College Hostel Bars|last=Azad|first=Nikita|date=2015-09-30|website=Feminism in India|access-date=2017-02-18}}</ref> moral policing,<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/Pinjra-Tod-campaigners-threatened-to-be-beaten-up-for-pasting-posters/articleshow/49052268.cms|title=Pinjra Tod campaigners threatened to be "beaten up" for pasting posters - Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2017-02-18}}</ref> higher prices for women's hostels,<ref name="huffingtonpost.in">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/10/04/why-these-women-from-a-south-delhi-college-took-out-a-march-to-r/|title=These Women From A South Delhi College Took Out A March To Reclaim The Streets|website=Huffington Post India|access-date=2017-02-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219170226/http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/10/04/why-these-women-from-a-south-delhi-college-took-out-a-march-to-r/|archive-date=19 February 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/pinjra-tod-stages-protest-against-high-university-hostel-fee/article19556804.ece|title=Pinjra Tod stages protest against high university hostel fee|last1=Ara|first1=Ismat|date=2017-08-25|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-09-11|last2=Ara|first2=Ismat|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> among others. It is also focused on ensuring that universities establish a sexual harassment committee, as mandated by [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grant Commission]] (UGC) guidelines in 2006.<ref name="dnaindia.com">{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-pinjra-tod-wave-gets-hostels-to-extend-curfew-2279112|title=Pinjra Tod wave gets hostels to extend curfew {{!}} Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=2016-12-03|newspaper=dna|access-date=2017-02-18|language=en-US}}</ref>

Since then, the movement has seen participation from students of several colleges, especially from [[University of Delhi|Delhi University]], such as Jamia Milia Islamia, [[Miranda House]], [[Ambedkar University Delhi]], [[Hindu College, Delhi|Hindu College]], [[Lady Shri Ram College for Women|Lady Shriram College for Women]], [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi|St. Stephen's College]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://livewire.thewire.in/campus/st-stephens-stifles-student-protests/ |title=Students Explain How St. Stephen's Stifles Protests on Campus |date=6 November 2018 |author=St. Stephen's Dissenters |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref> and Delhi Technical University.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/dtu-changes-curfew-timings-for-girls-brings-it-par-with-boys-1029276-2017-08-11|title=DTU changes curfew timings for girls, brings it par with boys|access-date=2017-09-12}}</ref> The movement has garnered momentum across the country,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/z6E69WRoNJAyUuGU5yYwXO/How-Pinjra-Tod-spread-its-wings.html|title=How 'Pinjra Tod' spread its wings|last=Borpujari|first=Priyanka|date=2016-12-30|work=livemint.com/|access-date=2017-09-12}}</ref> with students from several colleges, such as [[National Institute of Technology Calicut|NIT Calicut]], [[Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee|IIT-Roorkee]], [[Punjabi University]], [[Dr. Ram Manohar Lohiya National Law University|RMNLU Lucknow]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://barandbench.com/pinjratod-movement-sees-a-victory-of-sorts-at-rmlnlu-after-change-in-hostel-timings/|title=#PinjraTod movement sees a victory (of sorts) at RMLNLU after change in hostel timings - Bar & Bench|last=Bench|first=Bar &|date=2015-11-28|work=Bar & Bench|access-date=2017-09-12|language=en-US}}</ref> using the Pinjra Tod to challenge patriarchal policies women face in their campuses.<ref name="dnaindia.com"/>

== Activities ==
The petition organised by Pinjra Tod was submitted to the DCW on 10 October 2015<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/indian-women-push-back-against-campus-curfews/2015/10/21/6b739680-727e-11e5-ba14-318f8e87a2fc_story.html|title=Indian women push back against campus curfews|last=Lakshmi|first=Rama|date=2015-10-22|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=12 September 2017 |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> and was preceded on 8 October by a protest march in the North Campus of Delhi University to symbolically reclaim the night.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/pinjra-tod-fighting-against-discriminatory-directives-of-delhi-colleges-1121179.html|title='Pinjra Tod' fighting against discriminatory directives of Delhi colleges|work=News18|access-date=12 September 2017}}</ref>

Reacting to a claim by [[Smriti Irani]], the [[Minister of Human Resource Development]] who had said "women in India are not told what to wear, whom to meet and where to go",<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Women-in-India-free-says-Smriti-Irani-booed/articleshow/49867251.cms |title=Women in India free, says Smriti Irani; booed - Times of India |work=The Times of India |access-date=12 September 2017}}</ref> on 24 October 2015, Pinjra Tod called for a protest at her ministry offices. Titled "FYI Smriti Irani", it saw the minister presented with copies of rule-books from various hostels.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-34919731 |title=Indian rules: Women educate 'ignorant' Smriti Irani - BBC News |work=BBC News |date=26 November 2015 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

On 16 December 2015, Pinjra Tod organised a multi-city protest called {{lang|hi|Bus Teri Meri, Chal Saheli}},<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/people/story/they-sang-they-laughed-they-conquered-how-a-group-of-angry-women-reclaimed-their-space-in-the-society-pinjra-tod-patriarcy-hostel-rules-deadlines-delhi-pune-chandigarh-patiala-277693-2015-12-17|title=A simultaneous protest in seven cities against hostel rules imposed after December 16, was highly inspiring|access-date=12 September 2017}}</ref> three years after the [[2012 Delhi gang rape]]. The idea was to use public transport at night and reconfigure public spaces which are always already assumed to be posing a danger to women. The initiative challenged the [[Patriarchy|patriarchal]] ideology which imagines women only in terms of violence in the discourse of violation of security.<ref name=scroll2015>{{cite web |url=https://scroll.in/article/776327/three-years-after-delhi-rape-women-across-india-take-bus-rides-after-dark-to-assert-their-rights |title=Three years after Delhi rape, women across India take bus rides after dark to assert their rights |date=17 December 2015 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref> Parallel demonstrations took place in [[Allahabad]], [[Kolkata]], [[Pune]], [[Bangalore]], Delhi, [[Darjeeling]], [[Chandigarh]] and [[Patiala]].<ref name=scroll2015/> Similar protests were repeated in December 2016, where women were seen in the heart of the capital, [[Connaught Place, New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/staging-plays-campaign-in-buses-to-remember-nirbhaya-today/articleshow/55999870.cms |title=Staging plays, campaign in buses to remember Nirbhaya today |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=16 December 2016 |access-date=24 June 2021}}</ref>

In February 2016, the group released a statement after charges of [[sedition]] were slapped against [[Jawaharlal Nehru University sedition row|Jawaharlal Nehru University students]]. The statement was called, "No Nation for Women," and it addressed the question of nationalism—unpacking the "anti-national/national" binary and how the very idea of nationalism is built on layers of exclusion of minorities.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.eyeartcollective.com/no-nation-for-women-pinjra-tod/|title=No Nation For Women : Pinjra Tod |date=27 February 2016 |work=EYEZINE|access-date=12 September 2017 |language=en-GB}}{{Dead link|date=July 2021}}</ref> The group answered the calls to {{lang|hi|Bharat Maata Ki Jai}}, with {{lang|hi|Bharat Ki Mata Nahi Banenge}},<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forwardpress.in/2017/08/bharat-mata-and-her-unruly-daughters/|title=Bharat Mata and her unruly daughters |last=Menon |first=Nivedita |date=25 August 2017 |work=Forward Press |access-date=12 September 2017 |language=en-US}}</ref> with the end to prove how hyper-masculinity often masquerades as patriotism.

On 2 May 2016, the UGC published in ''[[The Gazette of India]]'', a letter regarding Prevention, Prohibition, and Redressal of Sexual Harassment of Women Employees and Students in Higher Educational Institutions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ugc.ac.in/ugc_notices.aspx?id=1433|title=UGC letter reg.:Prevention,prohibition and redressal of sexual harassment of women employees and students in higher educational institutions.(published in the Gazette of India dated 2nd, May, 2016)|website=ugc.ac.in|access-date=12 September 2017}}</ref> On 7 May 2016, the DCW issued notices to 23 universities, acting on Pinjra Tod's report.<ref name="The Quint">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thequint.com/voices/women/pinjra-tod-happy-to-have-dcw-act-but-fight-still-far-from-over|title=Pinjra Tod: Happy to Have DCW Act, but Fight Still Far From Over|work=The Quint|access-date=12 September 2017 |language=en}}</ref> Acting on the complaint submitted to the DCW by Pinjra Tod in November 2015, regarding discriminatory rules in several women's hostels in Delhi. DCW later, also issued notices to seven colleges asking for an explanation regarding why hostel curfew timings differ for men and women.<ref name="dnaindia.com"/><ref name="The Quint"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://theladiesfinger.com/pinjra-tod-interview/|title=Pinjra Tod Breaks a Lock: Delhi Commission for Women Issues Notice to Universities |website=The Ladies Finger |last=Bhasin |first=Shivani |date=11 May 2016 |language=en-US |access-date=12 September 2017}}</ref> Pinjra Tod undertook a "night march" in North Campus against the Delhi University Students' Union (DUSU) elections, protesting against the violent nature of electoral politics on campus.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/night-march-against-dusu-elections/article29386861.ece |title=Night march against DUSU elections |date=11 September 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Public art ==
In September 2015, within weeks of the movement's inception, there was wall art and graffiti painted across North Campus, Delhi University, featuring Pinjra Tod's name and pictures of birds escaping from cages. One of the founders of Pinjra Tod, which first became a public entity via a Facebook page, said that the creators of the work were unknown.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://scroll.in/article/755709/heres-why-graffiti-on-delhi-university-walls-is-exhorting-women-hostellers-to-break-the-locks|title=Here's why graffiti on Delhi University walls is exhorting women hostellers to 'break the locks'|last=Jain|first=Mayank|work=Scroll.in|access-date=2017-09-12|language=en-US}}</ref>

On 21 September 2015, two Pinjra Tod activists claimed to have received a phone call from a man who said he was a student of Satyawati College and a member of [[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad]] (ABVP). He had got their phone number from posters they had pasted on top of others at the Wall of Democracy. Objecting to the way in which their actions had obscured other posters, the man allegedly threatened to beat up the women activists if they repeated their actions. ABVP said that the caller did not speak on behalf of the organisation and that they had no objection to Pinjra Tod or the posters put up by it. Pinjra Tod filed a [[First Information Report]] and produced a new poster saying "You can't lock the walls".<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhi-charges-fly-thick-and-fast-as-pinjra-tod-campaign-on-campus-takes-an-ugly-turn/|title=Delhi: Charges fly thick and fast as Pinjra Tod campaign on campus takes an ugly turn|date=2015-09-23|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2017-09-12|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/pinjra-tod-members-file-fir/article7678863.ece|title=Pinjra Tod members file FIR|last=Sebastian|first=Kritika Sharma|date=2015-09-23|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-09-12|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

A year later, Pinjra Tod campaigners organised a "graffiti drive" at Ambedkar University that protested a wide range of social matters, not all related to women and/or their hostels. Their work was then challenged with anti-feminist graffiti, leading them to respond with further examples.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Ambedkar-University-girls-give-fitting-reply-to-anti-feminist-comments-via-graffiti/articleshow/54736605.cms|title=Ambedkar University girls give fitting reply to anti-feminist comments via graffiti - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-09-12}}</ref>

On 23 September 2016, Pinjra Tod had organised a night march and vigil in North Campus to end sexist diktats and discriminatory hostel rules, which was allegedly disrupted by ABVP activists.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Pinjra-Tod-rails-against-harassment-by-ABVP/articleshow/54966249.cms|title=Pinjra Tod rails against 'harassment' by ABVP - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-09-12}}</ref> Pinjra Tod later released a video to substantiate its claim.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newsclick.in/students-collective-pinjratod-fights-back-abvp |title=Student's Collective 'Pinjratod' Fights Back ABVP |date=21 Oct 2016 |author=Apurva Chaudhry |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

Following the disqualification (later overturned) of Lakshya, the drama society of [[Kamala Nehru College]], for using words like ''bra'' and ''panty'' in their play at a theatre festival organised by [[Sahitya Kala Parishad]] on 13 February 2017, members of Pinjra Tod protested by performing a piece titled "An Ode to Bra, Panty and the [[Sahitya Kala Parishad|Sahitya Kala Academy]]". They also hung bras on the outer wall of the [[Shriram Bharatiya Kala Kendra|Shri Ram Centre for Performing Arts]], where the performance took place, to protest the stigmatisation of women's undergarments.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/kamla-nehru-college-students-hang-bras-on-wall-to-protest-get-disqualification-rolled-back/story-1VtDPKNcLwL8T3ifkPy8JK.html|title=Students hang bras on wall to protest, get disqualification rolled back|date=2017-02-01|newspaper=Hindustan Times|access-date=2017-02-18|language=en}}</ref>

==Internal dissent==
On 20 February 2019, a group of women issued a statement announcing that they were leaving the movement because it was not inclusive or properly representative. Claiming "Pinjra Tod is an organisation of [[Savarna (Hinduism)|Savarna Hindu]] women and like all other Savarna organisations it has failed women from marginalised race, castes and religion", they argued that the emotional and physical work of [[Muslims|Muslim]] women and those from the [[Scheduled Castes]], [[Scheduled Tribes]] and [[Other Backwards Class]]es had been exploited by Pinjra Tod and that the movement should be addressing wider issues of social abuse and harassment rather than concentrating on those related to gender. Referencing women's voices emboldened by the [[#MeToo movement]], the leavers said "Thus, to Savarna feminists and Savarna women's organisations, we are no longer going to be fascinated by your sisterhood circles and [[tokenism]] inclusivity. Your Time is Up too."<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://livewire.thewire.in/gender-and-sexuality/pinjra-tod-your-time-is-up-why-bahujan-tribal-and-muslim-women-are-quitting-the-collective/|title=Why Some Bahujan, Muslim and Tribal Students are Quitting Pinjra Tod|date=18 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gawali|first=Sandhya|date=October 2019|title=Unpacking sexual harassment of women in the context of the #MeToo and the Pinjra Tod campaigns: feminist understandings|journal=Jindal Global Law Review|volume=10|issue=2|pages=287–302|doi=10.1007/s41020-019-00108-y|s2cid=213571429|issn=0975-2498}}</ref> A few days later, Pinjra Tod issued a response countering the charges raised.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://livewire.thewire.in/gender-and-sexuality/pinjra-tod-responds-to-allegations-of-being-non-inclusive/|title = Pinjra Tod Responds to Allegations of Being Non-Inclusive|date = 22 March 2019}}</ref>

==Activists' arrests==
On 23 May 2020, two activists associated with the movement were interrogated by the [[Delhi Police]] Special Cell and arrested from their homes in connection to the [[2020 Delhi riots]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhi-police-arrest-two-women-from-pinjra-tod-over-feb-protest-6424531/|title=Delhi Police arrest two women from Pinjra Tod over February protest|date=24 May 2020}}</ref> Devangana Kalita and [[Natasha Narwal]], the arrested students, were [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] scholars at Jawaharlal Nehru University and had [[Citizenship Amendment Act protests|opposed the Citizenship Amendment Act, 2019]]. Senior police officials later told reporters that they had been arrested on charges of 'obstructing public servant in discharge of public functions' through use of force. As per media reports, the [[first information report]] had not reflected this.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/rights/pinjra-tod-arrest-delhi-police-jafrabad|title = Delhi Police Re-Arrest Pinjra Tod Women Activists as Court Grants Them Bail}}</ref> A statement released by the group following the arrests stated, 'We strongly condemn this hounding of democratic activists and students being carried out by the state and appeal to the student community and all democratic minded citizens to remain vigilant and strong in our struggles in face of this repression.'<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/pinjratod/posts/2956697051083326|title=Pinjra Tod: Break the Hostel Locks|website=www.facebook.com}}</ref>

==Criticism==
It was claimed that the group reflected the nepotistic tendencies of the privileged by reiterating the views and perceptions of the elite savarna group within Indian society<ref name="auto"/> and thus failed to achieve the reforms it seeks.

== References ==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{facebook|pinjratod}}
{{Campus violence in India}}

[[Category:Social movements in India]]
[[Category:Activism in India]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Delhi]]
[[Category:Women's rights organisations based in India]]

Bengal

2026-03-18T01:36:35Z

BootTPP:

{{Short description|Region in the eastern Indian subcontinent}}
{{other uses}}
{{pp-sock|small=yes}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bengal
| image_map = Bengal in Asia.jpg
| map_caption = Bengal region in Asia
| native_name = {{unbulleted list
| {{lang|bn|বঙ্গ}} {{transliteration|bn|Bôṅgô}}
| {{lang|bn|বাংলা}} {{transliteration|bn|Bāṅlā}}}}
| type = Region
| subdivision_type = Continent
| subdivision_name = [[Asia]]
| subdivision_type1 = Countries
| subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Bangladesh}} {{flag|India}} ([[West Bengal]], [[Karimganj district]] of [[Assam]])
| established_title = [[Iron Age India]], [[Vedic India]], [[Suhma kingdom]], [[Pundravardhana]], [[Vanga kingdom]]
| established_date = 1500 – c. 500 BCE
| established_title1 = [[Gangaridai]], [[Nanda Empire]]
| established_date1 = 500 – c. 350 BCE
| established_title2 = [[Mauryan Empire]]
| established_date2 = 4th century – 2nd century BCE
| established_title3 = [[Shunga Empire]], [[Gupta Empire]], [[Later Gupta dynasty]]
| established_date3 = 185–75 BCE, 3rd century CE – 543 CE, 6th–7th century
| established_title4 = [[Gauda Kingdom]]
| established_date4 = 590–633 CE
| established_title5 = [[Pala Empire]], [[Sena dynasty|Sena Empire]], [[Deva dynasty|Deva Empire]]
| established_date5 = 8th–11th century, 11th–12th century, 12th–13th century
| established_title6 = [[Delhi Sultanate]], [[Bengal Sultanate]]
| established_date6 = 1204–1339 CE, 1338–1576 CE
| established_title7 = [[Bengal Subah]] ([[Mughal Empire]]), [[Nawabs of Bengal]]
| established_date7 = 1565–1717 CE, 1717–1765 CE
| extinct_title = [[Bengal Presidency]] ([[British India]])
| extinct_date = 1765–1947 CE
| official_name =
| parts_type = Divisions
| parts_style = list
| p1 = {{flagicon|India}} [[Barak Valley]]
| p2 = {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Barisal division|Barisal]]
| p3 = {{flagicon|India}} [[Burdwan division|Burdwan]]
| p4 = {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Chittagong Division|Chittagong]]
| p5 = {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Dhaka division|Dhaka]]
| p6 = {{flagicon|India}} [[Jalpaiguri division|Jalpaiguri]]
| p7 = {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Khulna Division|Khulna]]
| p8 = {{flagicon|India}} [[Malda division|Malda]]
| p9 = {{flagicon|India}} [[Medinipur division|Medinipur]]
| p10 = {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Mymensingh Division|Mymensingh]]
| p11 = {{flagicon|India}} [[Presidency division|Presidency]]
| p12 = {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Rajshahi Division|Rajshahi]]
| p13 = {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Rangpur Division|Rangpur]]
| p14 = {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Sylhet Division|Sylhet]]
| area_total_km2 = 239021
| population_as_of = 2022
| population_total = 273,610,384
| population_density_km2 = 1144
| blank_name_sec1 =
| blank_info_sec1 =
| blank_name_sec2 =
| blank_info_sec2 =
| blank2_name_sec2 = [[Demonym|Demonym(s)]]
| blank2_info_sec2 = [[Bengalis|Bengali]]
| blank3_name_sec2 = Time zone
| blank3_info_sec2 = [[UTC+5:30]], [[UTC+6:00]]
| blank4_name_sec2 = Internet [[top-level domain|TLD]]
| blank4_info_sec2 = [[.bd]], [[.in]] (English) [[.বাংলা]], [[.ভারত]] (Bengali)
| blank5_name_sec2 = Largest urban areas
| blank5_info_sec2 = {{Collapsible list
|title= [[#Urban Areas|List]]
| {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Dhaka]]
| {{flagicon|India}} [[Kolkata]]
| {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Chittagong]]
| {{flagicon|India}} [[Siliguri]]
}}
}}
{{Contains special characters|Bengali}}
{{Bengalis}}
[[File:Geographic distribution of Bengali language.png|thumb|Geographical distribution of the Bengali language.]]

'''Bengal''' ({{IPAc-en|b|ɛ|n|ˈ|ɡ|ɔː|l}} {{respell|ben|GAWL}})<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Chambers Dictionary |publisher=Chambers |year=2003 |isbn=0-550-10105-5 |edition=9th |chapter=Bengal}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/bengal |title=Oxford Dictionaries |access-date=22 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829074813/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/bengal |archive-date=29 August 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>{{efn|{{langx|bn|বঙ্গ|Bôṅgô}}, {{IPA|bn|ˈbɔŋɡo|pron|LL-Q9610 (ben)-Titodutta-বঙ্গ.wav}} or {{langx|bn|বাংলা|Bāṅlā}}, {{IPA|bn|ˈbaŋla|pron}}}} is a [[geographical]], [[ethnolinguistic]], historically geopolitical region in [[South Asia]], located north of the [[Bay of Bengal]]. Today, it is politically divided between the sovereign state of [[Bangladesh]], the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[West Bengal]], and [[Karimganj district]] in the Indian state of [[Assam]].

The ancient [[Vanga Kingdom]] is widely regarded as the namesake of the Bengal region.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Vanga |title=Vanga {{pipe}} ancient kingdom, India |website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> The [[Bengali calendar]] dates back to the reign of [[Shashanka]] in the 7th century CE. The [[Pala Empire]] was founded in Bengal during the 8th century. The [[Sena dynasty]] and [[Deva dynasty]] ruled between the 11th and 13th centuries. By the 14th century, Bengal was absorbed by [[Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent]]. An independent [[Bengal Sultanate]] was formed and became the eastern frontier of the [[Islamic world]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft067n99v9;brand=ucpress |title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/bengal |title=Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/op-ed/2022/11/27/know-your-history |title=Know your history |work=Dhaka Tribune |date=27 November 2022}}</ref> During this period, Bengal's rule and influence spread to [[Assam]], [[Arakan]], [[Tripura]], [[Bihar]], and [[Odisha]] (formerly Orissa).<ref name="Lewis2011">David Lewis (31 October 2011). Bangladesh: Politics, Economy and Civil Society. Cambridge University Press. pp. 44–45. ISBN 978-1-139-50257-3.</ref><ref>Perween Hasan (2007). Sultans and Mosques: The Early Muslim Architecture of Bangladesh. I.B.Tauris. pp. 16–17. ISBN 978-1-84511-381-0. "[Husayn Shah pushed] its western frontier past Bihar up to Saran in Jaunpur ... when Sultan Husayn Shah Sharqi of Jaunpur fled to Bengal after being defeated in battle by Sultan Sikandar Lodhi of Delhi, the latter attacked Bengal in pursuit of the Jaunpur ruler. Unable to make any gains, Sikandar Lodhi returned home after concluding a peace treaty with the Bengal sultan."</ref> [[Bengal Subah]] later emerged as a prosperous part of the [[Mughal Empire]].

The last independent [[Nawab of Bengal]] was defeated in 1757 at the [[Battle of Plassey]] by the [[East India Company]]. The company's [[Bengal Presidency]] grew into the largest administrative unit of [[British India]] with [[Calcutta]] as the capital of both Bengal and India until 1911. As a result of the [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|first partition of Bengal]], a short-lived province called [[Eastern Bengal and Assam]] existed between 1905 and 1911 with its capital in the former Mughal capital [[Dhaka]]. Following the [[Sylhet referendum, 1947|Sylhet referendum]] and votes by the [[British Bengal Legislative Council|Bengal Legislative Council]] and [[Bengal Legislative Assembly (1937—1947)|Bengal Legislative Assembly]], the region was again [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|divided along religious lines in 1947]].

Bengali culture, particularly its [[Bengali literature|literature]], [[Bengali music|music]], [[Bangladeshi art|art]] and cinema, are well known in South Asia and beyond. The region is also notable for its economic and social scientists, which includes several [[Nobel laureate]]s. Once home to the city with the highest per capita income level in British India,<ref name="orfonline1">{{cite web |url=https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/looking-ahead-retrospectively-bangladeshi-perspective/ |title=Looking ahead retrospectively: A Bangladeshi perspective {{pipe}} ORF}}</ref> the region is today a leader in South Asia in terms of [[Gender Parity Index|gender parity]], the [[gender pay gap]] and other indices of [[Human Development Index|human development]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Pramit |date=25 December 2014 |title=Why West Bengal is like Canada, and Bihar like Swaziland |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/1rl0WtFHAUyrXy1KcwGYlK/Why-West-Bengal-is-like-Canada-and-Bihar-like-Swaziland.html |work=Mint |access-date=20 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/top-news/bangladesh-ahead-india-social-indicators-amartya-3540 |title=Bangladesh ahead of India in social indicators: Amartya |work=The Daily Star |date=23 February 2015 |access-date=20 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Grover |first1=Priyamvada |date=11 October 2018 |title=Bangladesh is better off than India, not a poor, backward neighbour anymore |url=https://theprint.in/economy/bangladesh-is-better-off-than-india-not-a-poor-backward-neighbour-anymore/132363/ |work=ThePrint |access-date=20 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.undp.org/bangladesh/blog/new-directions-human-development-bangladesh |title=New directions for human development in Bangladesh}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bangladesh marches ahead of India in Global Gender Gap Index |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/bangladesh-marches-ahead-of-india-in-global-gender-gap-index/articleshow/72897529.cms |work=The Times of India |date=20 December 2019 |access-date=20 January 2025}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
{{Main|Names of Bengal}}

The name of ''Bengal'' is derived from the ancient kingdom of [[Vanga Kingdom|Vanga]] (pronounced Bôngô),<ref>{{cite book |last=Rahman |first=Urmi |date=2014 |title=Bangladesh – Culture Smart!: The Essential Guide to Customs & Culture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1HelAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT26 |publisher=Kuperard |pages=26– |isbn=978-1-85733-696-2}}</ref><ref name="britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Vanga |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |title=Vanga |access-date=7 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160730062030/https://www.britannica.com/place/Vanga |archive-date=30 July 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> the earliest records of which date back to the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' epic in the [[first millennium BCE]].<ref name="britannica" /> The land of Vaṅga later came to be known as Vaṅgāla (''Bāṅgālā'') and its earliest reference is in the [[Comilla District|Comilla]] copperplates (720 CE) of earlier Buddhist [[Deva dynasty|Deva]] King Ananda Deva, where he was mentioned as ''Sri Vaṅgāla Mrīgānka'', means the moon of Bengal.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TlnoMdZu40UC&dq=vangalamriganka&pg=PA462|title=Gold coins of the World|isbn=978-0-87184-308-1 |last1=Friedberg |first1=Arthur L. |last2=Friedberg |first2=Ira S. |date=12 April 2025 |publisher=Coin & Currency Institute }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Copperplates|title=Copperplates|publisher=[[Banglapedia]]|access-date=12 April 2025}}</ref> The reference to 'Vangalam' is present in an inscription in the [[Brihadisvara Temple]] at [[Thanjavur]], which is one of the oldest references to Bengal.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sengupta |first=Nitish K. |author-link=Nitish Sengupta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kVSh_TyJ0YoC |title=Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib |date=2011 |publisher=Penguin Books India |page=10 |isbn=978-0-14-341678-4|quote=Also, we have the reference to 'Vangalam' in an inscription in the Vrihadeshwara temple at Tanjore in south India as one among the countries overrun by the Cholas. This is perhaps the earliest reference to Bengal as such.}}</ref> The term ''Vangaladesa'' is used to describe the region in 11th-century South Indian records.<ref>{{cite book |last=Keay |first=John |author-link=John Keay |year=2000 |title=India: A History |publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press |page=220 |isbn=978-0-87113-800-2 |quote=In C1020 ... launched Rajendra's great northern escapade ... peoples he defeated have been tentatively identified ... 'Vangala-desa where the rain water never stopped' sounds like a fair description of Bengal in the monsoon.}}</ref><ref name="Allan1934">{{cite book |last1=Allan |first1=J. |last2=Haig |first2=T. Wolseley |last3=Dodwell |first3=H. H. |year=1934 |editor-last=Dodwell |editor-first=H. H. |editor-link=H. H. Dodwell |title=The Cambridge Shorter History of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9_48AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA145 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=145}}</ref><ref name="Sen1999">{{cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra Nath |year=1999 |orig-year=First published 1988 |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA281 |publisher=New Age International |page=281 |isbn=978-81-224-1198-0}}</ref> Even, In the early 12th-century Sanskrit text [[Manasollasa]], the name ''Gaudabangala'' was mentioned to denote the whole [[Bengal region]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.calcutta.01172/page/n24/mode/1up|title=Itihas|author=Sukumar Sen|date=1366 |page=19}}</ref> The modern term ''Bangla'' is prominent from the 14th century, which saw the establishment of the [[Sultanate of Bengal]], whose first ruler [[Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah]] was known as the ''[[Shah]] of Bangala''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hasan |first=Perween |author-link=Perween Hasan |date=2007 |title=Sultans and Mosques: The Early Muslim Architecture of Bangladesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uunyz4qFZwEC&pg=PA13 |publisher=I.B.Tauris |pages=13– |isbn=978-1-84511-381-0}}</ref> Arab geographers [[Ahmad ibn Majid]] and [[Sulaiman Al Mahri]] also mentions the region as {{'}}''Bangala''{{'}} and the 'land of Bang'.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Siddiq |first=Mohammad Yusuf |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nAUBCwAAQBAJ |title=Epigraphy and Islamic Culture: Inscriptions of the Early Muslim Rulers of Bengal (1205-1494) |date=19 November 2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-58745-3 |pages=29 |language=en}}</ref> The [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] referred to the region as ''Bengala'' in the [[Age of Discovery]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lach |first1=Donald F. |author1-link=Donald F. Lach |last2=Kley |first2=Edwin J. Van |date=1998 |title=Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume III: A Century of Advance. Book 3: Southeast Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M4t8S7BfgeIC&pg=PA1124 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |pages=1124– |isbn=978-0-226-46768-9}}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|History of Bengal}}

===Antiquity===
{{See also|Vanga Kingdom|Gauda Kingdom|Samatata|Pala Empire|Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah}}
[[File:WLA lacma West Bengal Vase with Processional Scenes ca 100 BC.jpg|thumb|left|Pottery with processional scenes from the [[Chandraketugarh|Chandraketugarh region]] of West Bengal, India, c. 100 BC]]
[[File:Durga Mahishasuramardini slaying the Buffalo Demon, Bengal, India, or Bangladesh, Pala dynasty, 1100s AD, phyllite - Dallas Museum of Art - DSC05056.jpg|thumb|left|Goddess Durga, Pala period, 10th century]] [[File:Delhi Sultanate Coin from Gaur, Bengal in the British Museum.jpg|thumb|Coin featuring a horseman issued by the [[Delhi Sultanate]] celebrating the Muslim conquest of [[Lakhnauti]]|left]]
[[File:Vanga coin (400-300 BCE).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Coinage of India#Origin of currency in Indian subcontinent|Coinage]] of [[Vanga Kingdom]], 400–300 BCE]]
[[File:Atisha.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Atisa]] of [[Bikrampur]]]]

[[Neolithic]] sites have been found in several parts of the region.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Prehistory |title=Prehistory |website=Banglapedia}}</ref> In the second millennium BCE, rice-cultivating communities dotted the region. By the eleventh century BCE, people in Bengal lived in systematically aligned homes, produced copper objects, and crafted black and red pottery. Remnants of [[Copper Age]] settlements are located in the region.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-50746 |title=Wari-Bateshwar: In search of origins |work=The Daily Star |date=18 August 2008}}</ref> At the advent of the [[Iron Age]], people in Bengal adopted iron-based weapons, tools and irrigation equipment.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft067n99v9&chunk.id=d0e788&toc.depth=100&toc.id=ch01&brand=ucpress |title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760}}</ref> From 600&nbsp;BCE, the second wave of urbanisation engulfed the north Indian subcontinent as part of the [[Northern Black Polished Ware]] culture. Ancient archaeological sites and cities in [[Dihar (archaeological site)|Dihar]], [[Pandu Rajar Dhibi]], [[Mahasthangarh]], [[Chandraketugarh]] and [[Wari-Bateshwar ruins|Wari-Bateshwar]] emerged. The [[Ganges]], [[Brahmaputra]] and [[Meghna]] rivers were natural arteries for communication and transportation.<ref name="google5" /> [[Estuary|Estuaries]] on the [[Bay of Bengal]] allowed for [[maritime industry|maritime]] trade with distant lands in Southeast Asia and elsewhere.<ref name="google5" />

The ancient geopolitical divisions of Bengal included [[Varendra]], [[Suhma]], [[Anga]], [[Vanga Kingdom|Vanga]], [[Samatata]] and [[Harikela]]. These regions were often independent or under the rule of larger empires. The Mahasthan [[Brahmi]] Inscription indicates that Bengal was ruled by the [[Mauryan Empire]] in the 3rd century BCE.<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Mahasthan_Brahmi_Inscription|title=Mahasthan Brahmi Inscription |website=Banglapedia}}</ref> The inscription was an administrative order instructing relief for a distressed segment of the population.<ref name="auto1"/> [[Punch-marked coins]] found in the region indicate that [[coin]]s were used as currency during the Iron Age.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Punch_Marked_Coins|title=Punch Marked Coins |website=Banglapedia}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bb.org.bd/museum/collections/ancient.php|title=About Taka Museum|website=bb.org.bd}}</ref> The namesake of Bengal is the ancient Vanga Kingdom which was reputed as a naval power with overseas colonies. A prince from Bengal named [[Prince Vijaya|Vijaya]] founded the first kingdom in [[Sri Lanka]]. The two most prominent pan-Indian empires of this period included the Mauryans and the [[Gupta Empire]]. The region was a centre of artistic, political, social, spiritual and scientific thinking, including the invention of [[chess]], [[Indian numerals]], and the concept of [[zero]].<ref name="Murray 1913">{{cite book |last=Murray |first=H. J. R. |author-link=H. J. R. Murray |title=A History of Chess |publisher=Benjamin Press (originally published by Oxford University Press) |year=1913 |isbn=978-0-936317-01-4 |oclc=13472872 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofchess00murr }}</ref>

The region was known to the ancient [[Ancient Greece|Greeks]] and [[Roman world|Romans]] as [[Gangaridai]].<ref name=Gangaridai>{{cite web |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Gangaridai |title=Gangaridai |access-date=5 August 2015 |last=Chowdhury |first=AM |website=[[Banglapedia]] |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bangladesh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602094443/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Gangaridai |archive-date=2 June 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Greek ambassador [[Megasthenes]] chronicled its military strength and dominance of the [[Ganges delta]]. The invasion army of [[Alexander the Great]] was deterred by the accounts of Gangaridai's power in 325&nbsp;BCE, including a [[cavalry]] of [[war elephant]]s. Later Roman accounts noted maritime trade routes with Bengal. 1st century Roman coins with images of [[Hercules]] were found in the region and point to trade links with [[Roman Egypt]] through the [[Red Sea]].<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.archaeology.org/issues/112-1311/letter-from/1406-wari-bateshwar-ptolemy-sounagoura-indo-pacific-beads#art_page2 |title=A Family's Passion |magazine=Archaeology Magazine |date=November–December 2013}}</ref> The [[Wari-Bateshwar ruins]] are believed to be the emporium (trading centre) of Sounagoura mentioned by Roman geographer [[Claudius Ptolemy]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10081769/1/Man_and_Environment_Bangladesh_Archaeobotany_7_01_2019.pdf |title=Wari-Bateshwar and Vikrampura: 2 Successful Case Studies in Bangladesh 3 Archaeobotany |publisher=University College London |access-date=6 March 2023 |author=Mizanur Rahman |display-authors=et. al.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-28431 |title=Wari-Bateshwar one of earliest kingdoms |first1=Emran |last1=Hossain |date=19 March 2008 |work=The Daily Star}}</ref> A Roman amphora was found in [[Purba Medinipur district]] of West Bengal which was made in [[Aelana]] (present-day Aqaba, [[Jordan]]) between the 4th and 7th centuries AD.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sarkar |first1=Sebanti |date=19 February 2018 |title=In rural Bengal, an indefatigable relic hunter has uncovered a hidden chapter of history |url=https://scroll.in/magazine/868330/in-rural-bengal-an-indefatigable-relic-hunter-has-uncovered-a-hidden-chapter-of-history |work=Scroll.in |access-date=18 February 2024}}</ref>

[[File:Pañcarakṣā (Cambridge University Library MS Add.1688).jpg|thumb|Buddhist palm leaf manuscript, 10th century CE]]

The first unified Bengali polity can be traced to the reign of [[Shashanka]]. The origins of the [[Bengali calendar]] can be traced to his reign. Shashanka founded the [[Gauda Kingdom]]. After Shashanka's death, Bengal experienced a period of civil war known as Matsyanyayam.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Matsyanyayam | title=Matsyanyayam |website=Banglapedia}}</ref> The ancient city of [[Gauda (city)|Gauda]] later gave birth to the [[Pala Empire]]. The first Pala emperor [[Gopala I]] was chosen by an assembly of chieftains in Gauda. The Pala kingdom grew into one of the largest empires in the Indian subcontinent. The Pala period saw advances in linguistics, sculpture, painting, and education. The empire achieved its greatest territorial extent under [[Dharmapala (emperor)|Dharmapala]] and [[Devapala (Pala dynasty)|Devapala]]. The Palas vied for control of [[Kannauj]] with the rival [[Gurjara-Pratihara]] and [[Rashtrakuta]] dynasties. Pala influence also extended to [[Tibet]] and [[Sumatra]] due to the travels and preachings of [[Atisa]]. The university of [[Nalanda]] was established by the Palas. They also built the [[Somapura Mahavihara]], which was the largest monastic institution in the subcontinent. The rule of the Palas eventually disintegrated. The [[Chandra dynasty]] ruled southeastern Bengal and [[Arakan]]. The [[Varman dynasty]] ruled parts of northeastern Bengal and [[Assam]]. The [[Sena dynasty]] emerged as the main successor of the Palas by the 11th century. The Senas were a resurgent Hindu dynasty which ruled much of Bengal. The smaller [[Deva dynasty]] also ruled parts of the region. Ancient Chinese visitors like [[Xuanzang]] provided elaborate accounts of Bengal's cities and monastic institutions.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Hiuen-Tsang | title=Hiuen-Tsang |website=Banglapedia}}</ref>

Muslim trade with Bengal flourished after the fall of the [[Sasanian Empire]] and the [[Arab]] takeover of Persian trade routes. Much of this trade occurred with southeastern Bengal in areas east of the [[Meghna River]]. Bengal was probably used as a transit route to China by the earliest Muslims. [[Abbasid]] coins have been discovered in the archaeological ruins of [[Somapura Mahavihara|Paharpur]] and [[Mainamati]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Coins|title=Coins |website=Banglapedia}}</ref> A collection of Sasanian, [[Umayyad]] and Abbasid coins are preserved in the [[Bangladesh National Museum]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.asiaticsociety.org.bd/journal/H_DEC_2017/4_H_Shariful%20%20&%20Monir.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.asiaticsociety.org.bd/journal/H_DEC_2017/4_H_Shariful%20%20&%20Monir.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live |title=Microsoft Word – 4_H_942 Revised_ Monir m.doc |access-date=6 February 2022}}</ref>

===Sultanate period===
{{See also|Bengal Sultanate}}
[[File:Tribute Giraffe with Attendant.jpg|thumb|Chinese manuscript showing an African giraffe gifted to China by the [[Sultan of Bengal]] in 1414]]

In 1204, the [[Ghurid Empire|Ghurid]] general [[Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji]] began the Islamic conquest of Bengal.<ref>{{cite book |last=Eaton |first=Richard M. |title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760 |url=https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft067n99v9&chunk.id=ch02&toc.depth=1&toc.id=ch02&brand=ucpress |year=1993 |publisher=University of California Press |quote=By the time Muhammad Bakhtiyar conquered northwestern Bengal in 1204}}</ref> The fall of Lakhnauti was recounted by historians circa 1243. Lakhnauti was the capital of the Sena dynasty. According to historical accounts, Ghurid cavalry swept across the Gangetic plains towards Bengal. They entered the Bengali capital disguised as horse traders. Once inside the royal compound, Bakhtiyar and his horsemen swiftly overpowered the guards of the Sena king who had just sat down to eat a meal. The king then hastily fled to the forest with his followers.<ref name="Eaton1993">{{cite web |url=https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft067n99v9&chunk.id=intro&toc.depth=1&toc.id=intro&brand=ucpress | title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760 }}</ref> The overthrow of the Sena king has been described as a coup d'état, which "inaugurated an era, lasting over five centuries, during which most of Bengal was dominated by rulers professing the Islamic faith. In itself this was not exceptional, since from about this time until the eighteenth century, Muslim sovereigns ruled over most of the Indian subcontinent. What was exceptional, however, was that among India's interior provinces only in Bengal—a region approximately the size of England and Scotland combined—did a majority of the indigenous population adopt the religion of the ruling class, Islam".<ref name="Eaton1993"/> Bengal became a province of the [[Delhi Sultanate]]. A coin featuring a horseman was issued to celebrate the Muslim conquest of Lakhnauti with inscriptions in Sanskrit and Arabic. An abortive [[Islamic invasion of Tibet]] was also mounted by Bakhtiyar. Bengal was under the formal rule of the Delhi Sultanate for approximately 150 years. Delhi struggled to consolidate control over Bengal. Rebel governors often sought to assert autonomy or independence. Sultan [[Iltutmish]] re-established control over Bengal in 1225 after suppressing the rebels. Due to the considerable overland distance, Delhi's authority in Bengal was relatively weak. It was left to local governors to expand territory and bring new areas under Muslim rule, such as through the [[Conquest of Sylhet]] in 1303.

In 1338, new rebellions sprung up in Bengal's three main towns. Governors in Lakhnauti, [[Satgaon]] and [[Sonargaon]] declared independence from Delhi. This allowed the ruler of Sonargaon, [[Fakhruddin Mubarak Shah]], to annexe [[Chittagong]] to the Islamic administration. By 1352, the ruler of Satgaon, [[Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah]], unified the region into an independent state. Ilyas Shah established his capital in [[Pandua, Malda|Pandua]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Iliyas_Shah | title=Iliyas Shah |website=Banglapedia}}</ref> The new breakaway state emerged as the [[Bengal Sultanate]], which developed into a territorial, mercantile and maritime empire. At the time, the [[Islamic world]] stretched from [[Muslim Spain]] in the west to Bengal in the east.

The initial raids of Ilyas Shah saw the first Muslim army enter [[Nepal]] and stretched from [[Varanasi]] in the west to [[Orissa]] in the south to [[Assam]] in the east.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Iliyas_Shah | title=Iliyas Shah |website=Banglapedia}}</ref> The Delhi army continued to fend off the new Bengali army. The [[Bengal Sultanate-Delhi Sultanate War|Bengal-Delhi War]] ended in 1359 when Delhi recognised the independence of Bengal. Ilyas Shah's son [[Sikandar Shah]] defeated Delhi Sultan [[Firuz Shah Tughluq]] during the Siege of Ekdala Fort. A subsequent peace treaty recognised Bengal's independence and Sikandar Shah was gifted a golden crown by the Sultan of Delhi.<ref>Nitish K. Sengupta (2011). Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib. Penguin Books India. p. 73. {{ISBN|978-0-14-341678-4}}.</ref> The ruler of [[Arakan]] sought refuge in Bengal during the reign of [[Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah]]. [[Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah]] later helped the Arakanese king to regain control of his throne in exchange for becoming a [[tributary state]] of the Bengal Sultanate. Bengali influence in Arakan persisted for 300 years.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rohuAAAAMAAJ|title=Bengal-Arakan Relations, 1430–1666 A.D.|first=Mohammed Ali|last=Chowdhury|date=25 November 2004|publisher=Firma K.L.M.|isbn=9788171021185}}</ref> Bengal also helped the king of Tripura to regain control of his throne in exchange for becoming a tributary state. The ruler of the [[Jaunpur Sultanate]] also sought refuge in Bengal.<ref name="Hasan2007p16-17">{{cite book |author=Perween Hasan |year=2007 |title=Sultans and Mosques: The Early Muslim Architecture of Bangladesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uunyz4qFZwEC&pg=PA16 |publisher=I.B.Tauris |pages=16–17 |isbn=978-1-84511-381-0 |quote="[Husayn Shah pushed] its western frontier past Bihar up to Saran in Jaunpur ... when Sultan Husayn Shah Sharqi of Jaunpur fled to Bengal after being defeated in battle by Sultan Sikandar Lodhi of Delhi, the latter attacked Bengal in pursuit of the Jaunpur ruler. Unable to make any gains, Sikandar Lodhi returned home after concluding a peace treaty with the Bengal sultan."}}</ref> The [[vassal state]]s of Bengal included Arakan, Tripura, [[Chandradwip]] and [[Pratapgarh Kingdom|Pratapgarh]]. At its peak, the Bengal Sultanate's territory included parts of Arakan, Assam, Bihar, Orissa, and Tripura.<ref name="Lewis2011"/> The Bengal Sultanate experienced its greatest military success under [[Alauddin Hussain Shah]], who was proclaimed as the conqueror of Assam after his forces led by [[Shah Ismail Ghazi]] overthrew the [[Khen dynasty]] and annexed large parts of Assam. In maritime trade, the Bengal Sultanate benefited from [[Indian Ocean trade]] networks and emerged as a hub of [[re-export]]s. A giraffe was brought by African envoys from [[Malindi]] to Bengal's court and was later gifted to [[Imperial China]]. Ship-owing merchants acted as envoys of the Sultan while travelling to different regions in Asia and Africa. Many rich Bengali merchants lived in Malacca.<ref name="Habib2011">Irfan Habib (2011). Economic History of Medieval India, 1200–1500. Pearson Education India. p. 185. ISBN 978-81-317-2791-1.</ref> Bengali ships transported embassies from [[Brunei]], [[Aceh Sultanate|Aceh]] and [[Malacca Sultanate|Malacca]] to China. Bengal and the [[Maldives]] had a vast trade in [[shell currency]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Boomgaard |first=P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TXphAAAAQBAJ |title=Linking Destinies: Trade, Towns and Kin in Asian History |date=1 January 2008 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004253995 |access-date=23 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106131821/https://books.google.com/books?id=TXphAAAAQBAJ |archive-date=6 January 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Sultan of Bengal donated funds to build schools in the [[Hejaz]] region of Arabia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Ghiyasia_Madrasa|title=Ghiyasia Madrasa |website=Banglapedia}}</ref>

The five dynastic periods of the Bengal Sultanate spanned from the [[Ilyas Shahi dynasty]], to a period of rule by Bengali converts, to the [[Hussain Shahi dynasty]], to a period of rule by Abyssinian usurpers; an interruption by the [[Sur Empire|Suri dynasty]]; and ended with the [[Karrani dynasty]]. The [[Battle of Raj Mahal]] and the capture of [[Daud Khan Karrani]] marked the end of the Bengal Sultanate during the reign of [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Akbar]]. In the late 16th century, a confederation called the [[Baro-Bhuyan]] resisted Mughal invasions in eastern Bengal. The Baro-Bhuyan included twelve Muslim and Hindu leaders of the [[Zamindars of Bengal]]. They were led by [[Isa Khan]], a former prime minister of the Bengal Sultanate. By the 17th century, the Mughals were able to fully absorb the region to their empire.

===Mughal period===
{{See also|Bengal Subah}}
[[File:Akbar prays after Bengal victory.jpg|thumb|[[Mughal painting]] showing [[Emperor Akbar]] offering prayers after the conquest of Bengal]]
[[File:Royal Peacock Barge LACMA M.82.154.jpg|thumb|Art of [[Murshidabad]]. An [[ivory]] [[elephant tusk]] crafted into a model of the Royal Peacock Barge of the [[Nawab of Bengal]].]]

[[Mughal Bengal]] had the richest elite and was the wealthiest region in the subcontinent. Bengal's trade and wealth impressed the Mughals so much that it was described as the ''Paradise of the Nations'' by the [[Mughal Emperor]]s.<ref>{{cite book |title=A Collection of Treaties and Engagements with the Native Princes and States of Asia: Concluded on Behalf of the East India Company by the British Governments in India, Viz. by the Government of Bengal Etc. : Also Copies of Sunnuds Or Grants of Certain Privileges and Imunities to the East India Company by the Mogul and Other Native Princes of Hindustan |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_J_1RAAAAcAAJ |access-date=23 August 2013 |year=1812 |publisher=United East-India Company |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_J_1RAAAAcAAJ/page/n55 28]}}</ref> A new provincial capital was built in [[Dhaka]]. Members of the imperial family were appointed to positions in Mughal Bengal, including the position of governor (''[[subedar]]''). Dhaka became a centre of palace intrigue and politics. Some of the most prominent governors included [[Rajput]] general [[Man Singh I]], Emperor [[Shah Jahan]]'s son Prince [[Shah Shuja (Mughal prince)|Shah Shuja]], Emperor [[Aurangzeb]]'s son and later Mughal emperor [[Muhammad Azam Shah|Azam Shah]], and the influential aristocrat [[Shaista Khan]]. During the tenure of Shaista Khan, the Portuguese and Arakanese were expelled from the port of Chittagong in 1666. Bengal became the eastern frontier of the Mughal administration. By the 18th century, Bengal became home to a semi-independent aristocracy led by the [[Nawabs of Bengal]].<ref name="Ahmed2011">{{cite book |title=A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century |author=Ahmed, F. S. |date=2011 |publisher=Pearson |isbn=9788131732021 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC |access-date=7 January 2017}}</ref> Bengal premier [[Murshid Quli Khan]] managed to curtail the influence of the governor due to his rivalry with Prince Azam Shah. Khan controlled Bengal's finances since he was in charge of the treasury. He shifted the provincial capital from Dhaka to [[Murshidabad]].

In 1717, the Mughal court in Delhi recognised the hereditary monarchy of the Nawab of Bengal. The ruler was officially titled as the "Nawab of Bengal, [[Bihar]] and [[Orissa]]", as the Nawab ruled over the three regions in the eastern subcontinent. The Nawabs began issuing their own coins but continued to pledge nominal allegiance to the Mughal emperor. The wealth of Bengal was vital for the Mughal court because Delhi received its biggest share of revenue from the Nawab's court. The Nawabs presided over a period of unprecedented economic growth and prosperity, including an era of growing organisation in textiles, banking, a military-industrial complex, the production of fine quality [[handicrafts]], and other trades. A process of [[proto-industrialisation]] was underway. Under the Nawabs, the streets of Bengali cities were filled with brokers, workers, peons, naibs, wakils, and ordinary traders.<ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Murshidabad |title=Murshidabad |website=Banglapedia}}</ref> The Nawab's state was a major exporter of [[muslin trade in Bengal|Bengal muslin]], silk, [[gunpowder]] and [[saltpetre]]. The Nawabs also permitted European trading companies to operate in Bengal, including the [[British East India Company]], the [[John Law's Company|French East India Company]], the [[Danish East India Company]], the [[Austrian East India Company]], the [[Ostend Company]], and the [[Dutch East India Company]]. The Nawabs were also suspicious of the growing influence of these companies.

[[File:Krishna traveling to Mathura (Bengal painting).jpg|thumb|Bengali manuscript painting, 17th century]]

Under Mughal rule, Bengal was a centre of the worldwide [[muslin]] and silk trades. During the Mughal era, the most important centre of cotton production was Bengal, particularly around its capital city of Dhaka, leading to muslin being called "daka" in distant markets such as Central Asia.<ref name="eaton">Richard Maxwell Eaton (1996), [https://books.google.com/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC&pg=PA202 ''The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760'', page 202], [[University of California Press]]</ref> Domestically, much of India depended on Bengali products such as rice, silks and cotton textiles. Overseas, Europeans depended on Bengali products such as cotton textiles, silks and opium; Bengal accounted for 40% of [[Dutch East India Company|Dutch]] imports from Asia, for example, including more than 50% of textiles and around 80% of silks.<ref name="Prakash">[[Om Prakash (historian)|Om Prakash]], "[http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3447600139/WHIC?u=seat24826&xid=6b597320 Empire, Mughal]", ''History of World Trade Since 1450'', edited by [[John J. McCusker]], vol. 1, Macmillan Reference USA, 2006, pp. 237–240, ''World History in Context''. Retrieved 3 August 2017</ref> From Bengal, saltpetre was also shipped to Europe, opium was sold in [[Indonesia]], raw silk was exported to Japan and the Netherlands, cotton and silk textiles were exported to Europe, Indonesia, and Japan,<ref name="richards95">[[John F. Richards]] (1995), [https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&pg=PA202 ''The Mughal Empire'', page 202], [[Cambridge University Press]]</ref> cotton cloth was exported to the Americas and the Indian Ocean.<ref name="riello">{{cite book |title=How India Clothed the World: The World of South Asian Textiles, 1500–1850 |author=Giorgio Riello, Tirthankar Roy |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] | year=2009 |page=174 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=niuwCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA174|isbn=9789047429975 }}</ref> Bengal also had a large [[shipbuilding]] industry. In terms of shipbuilding tonnage during the 16th–18th centuries, economic historian Indrajit Ray estimates the annual output of Bengal at 223,250 tons, compared with 23,061 tons produced in nineteen colonies in North America from 1769 to 1771.<ref name="ray174">{{cite book |last=Ray |first=Indrajit |year=2011 |title=Bengal Industries and the British Industrial Revolution (1757–1857) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CHOrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA174 |publisher=Routledge |page=174 |isbn=978-1-136-82552-1}}</ref>

Since the 16th century, European traders traversed the sea routes to Bengal, following the Portuguese conquests of Malacca and Goa. The Portuguese established a [[Portuguese Chittagong|settlement in Chittagong]] with permission from the Bengal Sultanate in 1528 but were later expelled by the Mughals in 1666. In the 18th century, the Mughal Court rapidly disintegrated due to [[Nader Shah's invasion of India|Nader Shah's invasion]] and internal rebellions, allowing European colonial powers to set up trading posts across the territory. The British East India Company eventually emerged as the foremost military power in the region; and defeated the last independent Nawab of Bengal at the [[Battle of Plassey]] in 1757.<ref name="Ahmed2011" />

=== Colonial era (1757–1947) ===
{{Main|Bengal Presidency}}

[[File:Victoria Memorial, Calcutta - LIFE.jpg|thumb|[[Victoria Memorial, Kolkata|Victoria Memorial]] in [[Calcutta]]]]
[[File:Lord Clive meeting with Mir Jafar after the Battle of Plassey.jpg|thumb|The [[Battle of Plassey]] in 1757 ushered in British rule.]]

The British [[East India Company]] began influencing and controlling the [[Nawab of Bengal]] from 1757 after the Battle of Plassey, thus signalling the start of British influence in India. British control of Bengal increased between 1757 and 1793 while the Nawab was reduced to a puppet figure.<ref>{{cite book |author=Baten, Jörg |title=A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present |date=2016 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=251 |isbn=978-1-107-50718-0}}</ref>
with the [[Presidency of Fort William]] asserting greater control over the entire province of Bengal and neighbouring territories. [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] was named the capital of [[British territories in India]] in 1772. The presidency was run by a military-civil administration, including the [[Bengal Army]], and had the world's sixth earliest railway network. Between 1833 and 1854, the [[Governor of Bengal]] was concurrently the [[Governor-General of India]] for many years. Great [[Famines in India|Bengal famines]] struck several times during colonial rule (notably the [[Great Bengal famine of 1770]] and [[Bengal famine of 1943]]).<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/worst-atrocities-british-empire-amritsar-boer-war-concentration-camp-mau-mau-a6821756.html 5 of the worst atrocities carried out by the British Empire]. ''The Independent''. 19 January 2016.</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/29/winston-churchill-policies-contributed-to-1943-bengal-famine-study Churchill's policies contributed to 1943 Bengal famine – study]. ''The Guardian''. 29 March 2019.</ref> Under British rule, Bengal experienced the [[deindustrialisation]] of its pre-colonial economy.<ref name="ray">{{cite book |last=Ray |first=Indrajit |year=2011 |title=Bengal Industries and the British Industrial Revolution (1757–1857) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CHOrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA7 |publisher=Routledge |pages=7–10 |isbn=978-1-136-82552-1}}</ref>

Company policies led to the deindustrialisation of Bengal's textile industry.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://academic.eb.com/levels/collegiate/article/Cornwallis-Code/26365|title=Cornwallis Code|date=4 February 2009|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=24 February 2017}}</ref> The capital amassed by the East India Company in Bengal was invested in the emerging [[Industrial Revolution]] in [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Great Britain]], in industries such as [[Textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution|textile manufacturing]].<ref name="ray"/><ref name="sengupta">Shombit Sengupta, [http://www.financialexpress.com/archive/bengals-plunder-gifted-the-british-industrial-revolution/576476/ Bengals plunder gifted the British Industrial Revolution], ''[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]'', 8 February 2010</ref> Economic mismanagement, alongside drought and a smallpox epidemic, directly led to the Great Bengal famine of 1770, which is estimated to have caused the deaths of between 1 million and 10 million people.<ref name="Roy2019">{{citation|last=Roy|first=Tirthankar|title=How British Rule Changed India's Economy: The Paradox of the Raj|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XBWZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA117|year=2019|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-030-17708-9|pages=117–|quote=The 1769-1770 famine in Bengal followed two years of erratic rainfall worsened by a smallpox epidemic.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Datta|first=Rajat|title=Society, economy, and the market : commercialization in rural Bengal, c. 1760–1800|date=2000|publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors|isbn=81-7304-341-8|location=New Delhi|pages=262, 266|oclc=44927255}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Amartya Sen|title=Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation|url=https://archive.org/details/povertyfamineses0000sena|url-access=registration|year=1981|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-828463-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/povertyfamineses0000sena/page/39 39]}}</ref><ref name="Jonsson2013p167">{{cite book|author=Fredrik Albritton Jonsson|title=Enlightenment's Frontier: The Scottish Highlands and the Origins of Environmentalism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d9FUmajYyqgC&pg=PT167|date=18 June 2013|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-16374-2|pages=167–170}}</ref>

In 1862, the [[British Bengal Legislative Council|Bengal Legislative Council]] was set up as the first modern [[List of legislatures in South Asia|legislature in India]]. Elected representation was gradually introduced during the early 20th century, including with the [[Morley-Minto reforms]] and the system of [[dyarchy]]. In 1937, the council became the upper chamber of the Bengali legislature while the [[Bengal Legislative Assembly (1937—1947)|Bengal Legislative Assembly]] was created. Between 1937 and 1947, the chief executive of the government was the [[Prime Minister of Bengal]].

The Bengal Presidency was the largest administrative unit in the [[British Empire]]. At its height, it covered large parts of present-day India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Burma, Malaysia, and Singapore. In 1830, the British Straits Settlements on the coast of the [[Malacca Straits]] was made a residency of Bengal. The area included the erstwhile [[Prince of Wales Island (Malaysia)|Prince of Wales Island]], [[Province Wellesley]], [[Malacca]] and [[Singapore]].<ref name="residency"/> In 1867, [[Penang]], Singapore and Malacca were separated from Bengal into the [[Straits Settlements]].<ref name="residency">{{cite web |url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/history/events/bd541c73-58ef-4bb1-9de7-173f00913286 |title=The Straits Settlements becomes a residency – Singapore History |website=Eresources.nlb.gov.sg |access-date=30 March 2020}}</ref> [[British Burma]] became a province of India and a later a [[Crown colony]] in itself. Western areas, including the [[Ceded and Conquered Provinces]] and [[Punjab Province (British India)|The Punjab]], were further reorganised. Northeastern areas became [[Colonial Assam]].

[[File:Khas Mahal (Agra Fort)-1.jpg|thumb|left|[[Bengal roofs]] seen on Mughal architecture, c. 1600s]]

In 1876, about 200,000 people were killed in Bengal by the [[1876 Bangladesh cyclone|Great Backerganj Cyclone of 1876]] in the [[Barisal]] region.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chowdhury |first1=Masud Hasan |title=Cyclone |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Cyclone |website=[[Banglapedia]] | publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] | access-date=6 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119131247/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Cyclone |archive-date=19 January 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> About 50 million were killed in Bengal due to massive plague outbreaks and famines which happened in 1895 to 1920, mostly in western Bengal.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The "Gandhians" of Bengal: Nationalism, Social Reconstruction and Cultural Orientations 1920–1942|page=19|quote=Malaria was endemic in rural areas during the 19th century, particularly in western Bengal. This was ... The famine of 1769–70 resulted in about ten million deaths, while 50 million died of malaria, plague and famine between 1895 and 19206.}}</ref>

[[File:Mahomedan wedding at night.jpg|thumb|Wedding at night, [[Murshidabad]], Bengal, 1810]]
[[File:Gangesdelta klein.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|The [[Ganges-Brahmaputra delta]]]]

The [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] was initiated on the outskirts of Calcutta, and spread to Dhaka, Chittagong, Jalpaiguri, Sylhet and Agartala, in solidarity with revolts in North India. The failure of the rebellion led to the abolition of the [[Company Rule in India]] and establishment of direct rule over India by the British, commonly referred to as the [[British Raj]]. The late 19th and early 20th century [[Bengal Renaissance]] had a great impact on the cultural and economic life of Bengal and started a great advance in the literature and science of Bengal. Between 1905 and 1911, an abortive attempt was made to [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|divide the province of Bengal]] into two: Bengal proper and the short-lived province of [[Eastern Bengal and Assam]] where the [[All India Muslim League]] was founded.<ref name=baxter3>{{cite book |last=Baxter |first=Craig|author-link = Craig Baxter |year=1997 |title=Bangladesh: From a Nation to a State |location=Boulder, CO |publisher=Westview Press |pages=39–40 |isbn=0-8133-2854-3}}</ref> In 1911, the Bengali poet and polymath [[Rabindranath Tagore]] became Asia's first Nobel laureate when he won the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]].

Bengal played a major role in the [[Indian independence movement]], in which [[Revolutionary movement for Indian independence|revolutionary groups]] were dominant. Armed attempts to overthrow the British Raj began with the rebellion of [[Titumir]], and reached a climax when [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] led the [[Indian National Army]] against the British. Bengal was also central in the rising political awareness of the Muslim population—the [[All-India Muslim League]] was established in Dhaka in 1906. The Muslim homeland movement pushed for a sovereign state in eastern India with the [[Lahore Resolution]] in 1943. [[Hindu nationalism]] was also strong in Bengal, which was home to groups like the [[Hindu Mahasabha]]. In spite of a last-ditch effort by politicians [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]], [[Sarat Chandra Bose]] to form a [[United Bengal]],<ref name=unitedbengal>{{cite web |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=United_Independent_Bengal_Movement |title=United Independent Bengal Movement |access-date=5 August 2015 |author=Chitta Ranjan Misra |website=[[Banglapedia]] | publisher=Asiatic Society of Bangladesh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150805022148/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=United_Independent_Bengal_Movement |archive-date=5 August 2015}}</ref> when India [[History of the Republic of India|gained independence]] in 1947, Bengal was [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|partitioned]] along religious lines.<ref name = parttionbanglaped /> The western joined India (and was named West Bengal) while the eastern part joined Pakistan as a province called [[East Bengal]] (later renamed [[East Pakistan]], giving rise to Bangladesh in 1971). The circumstances of partition were bloody, with widespread religious riots in Bengal.<ref name=parttionbanglaped>{{cite web |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Partition_of_Bengal,_1947 |title=Partition of Bengal, 1947 |access-date=5 August 2015 |author=Harun-or-Rashid |website=[[Banglapedia]] | publisher=Asiatic Society of Bangladesh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702002256/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Partition_of_Bengal,_1947 |archive-date=2 July 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=calcuttakilling>{{cite web |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Calcutta_Riot,_1946 |title=Calcutta Riot (1946) |access-date=5 August 2015 |author=Suranjan Das |website=[[Banglapedia]] | publisher=Asiatic Society of Bangladesh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801150533/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Calcutta_Riot%2C_1946 |archive-date=1 August 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Partition of Bengal (1947)===
{{See also|United Bengal|History of Bangladesh|History of West Bengal}}{{Main|Partition of Bengal (1947)}}

On 27 April 1947, the last [[Prime Minister of Bengal]] [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]] held a press conference in New Delhi where he outlined his vision for an independent Bengal. Suhrawardy said "Let us pause for a moment to consider what Bengal can be if it remains united. It will be a great country, indeed the richest and the most prosperous in India capable of giving to its people a high standard of living, where a great people will be able to rise to the fullest height of their stature, a land that will truly be plentiful. It will be rich in agriculture, rich in industry and commerce and in course of time it will be one of the powerful and progressive states of the world. If Bengal remains united this will be no dream, no fantasy".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://scroll.in/article/907754/why-did-british-prime-minister-attlee-think-bengal-was-going-to-be-an-independent-country-in-1947 |title=Why did British prime minister Attlee think Bengal was going to be an independent country in 1947? |work=Scroll.in |date=6 January 2019}}</ref> On 2 June 1947, [[British Prime Minister]] [[Clement Attlee]] told the [[US Ambassador to the United Kingdom]] that there was a "distinct possibility Bengal might decide against partition and against joining either Hindustan or Pakistan".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1453994/uk-pm-attlee-believed-bengal-may-opt-to-be-a-separate-country |title=UK PM Attlee believed Bengal may opt to be a separate country |newspaper=Dawn|location=Pakistan|date=28 December 2018}}</ref>

On 3 June 1947, the [[Mountbatten Plan]] outlined the [[partition of British India]]. On 20 June, the Bengal Legislative Assembly met to decide on the partition of Bengal. At the preliminary joint meeting, it was decided (126 votes to 90) that if the province remained united, it should join the [[Constituent Assembly of Pakistan]]. At a separate meeting of legislators from [[West Bengal]], it was decided (58 votes to 21) that the province should be partitioned and West Bengal should join the [[Constituent Assembly of India]]. At another meeting of legislators from [[East Bengal]], it was decided (106 votes to 35) that the province should not be partitioned and (107 votes to 34) that East Bengal should join the Constituent Assembly of [[Pakistan]] if Bengal was partitioned.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bose |first=Sugata |title=Agrarian Bengal: Economy, Social Structure and Politics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fxXInQEACAAJ |year=1986 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=230 |isbn=978-0-521-30448-1}}</ref> On 6 July, the [[Sylhet Division|Sylhet district]] of Assam voted in a [[1947 Sylhet referendum|referendum to join East Bengal]].

The English barrister [[Cyril Radcliffe]] was instructed to draw the borders of Pakistan and India. The [[Radcliffe Line]] created the boundary between the [[Dominion of India]] and the [[Dominion of Pakistan]], which later became the [[Bangladesh-India border]]. The Radcliffe Line awarded two-thirds of Bengal as the eastern wing of Pakistan, although the historic Bengali capitals of [[Gauda (city)|Gaur]], [[Pandua, Malda|Pandua]], [[Murshidabad]] and Calcutta fell on the Indian side close to the border with Pakistan. Dhaka's status as a capital was also restored.

== Geography ==
{{Main|Geography of Bangladesh|Geography of West Bengal}}

Most of the Bengal region lies in the [[Ganges-Brahmaputra delta]], but there are highlands in its north, northeast and southeast. The Ganges Delta arises from the confluence of the rivers [[Ganges]], [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]], and [[Meghna River|Meghna]] rivers and their respective tributaries. The total area of Bengal is {{convert|237212|km2}}—West Bengal is {{convert|88752|km2|0|abbr=on}} and Bangladesh {{convert|148460|km2|0|abbr=on}}.

The flat and fertile Bangladesh Plain dominates the [[geography of Bangladesh]]. The [[Chittagong Hill Tracts]] and [[Sylhet region]] are home to most of the [[List of mountains in Bangladesh|mountains in Bangladesh]]. Most parts of Bangladesh are within {{convert|10|m|ft|abbr=off}} above the sea level, and it is believed that about 10% of the land would be flooded if the sea level were to rise by {{convert|1|m|ft|abbr=off}}.<ref name=ali>{{cite journal |last=Ali |first=A |year=1996 |title=Vulnerability of Bangladesh to climate change and sea level rise through tropical cyclones and storm surges |doi=10.1007/BF00175563 |journal=Water, Air, & Soil Pollution |volume=92 |issue=1–2 |pages=171–179 |bibcode=1996WASP...92..171A |s2cid=93611792 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00175563|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Because of this low elevation, much of this region is exceptionally vulnerable to seasonal flooding due to monsoons.
The highest point in Bangladesh is in Mowdok range at {{convert|1052|m|ft|abbr=off}}.<ref>[http://www.sol.co.uk/v/viewfinder/elevmisquotes.html#keok Summit Elevations: Frequent Internet Errors.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725020735/http://www.sol.co.uk/v/viewfinder/elevmisquotes.html |date=25 July 2013 }} Retrieved 13 April 2006.</ref> A major part of the coastline comprises a [[marsh]]y [[jungle]], the [[Sundarbans]], the largest [[mangrove]] forest in the world and home to diverse flora and fauna, including the [[royal Bengal tiger]]. In 1997, this region was declared endangered.<ref name=sundarbans>{{cite journal |last=IUCN |year=1997 |title=Sundarban wildlife sanctuaries Bangladesh |journal=World Heritage Nomination-IUCN Technical Evaluation}}</ref>

West Bengal is on the eastern bottleneck of India, stretching from the [[Himalaya]]s in the north to the Bay of Bengal in the south. The state has a total area of {{convert|88752|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name=area>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianmirror.com/geography/geo9.html |title=Statistical Facts about India |access-date=26 October 2006 |website=indianmirror.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061026055639/http://www.indianmirror.com/geography/geo9.html |archive-date=26 October 2006 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Darjeeling Himalayan hill region]] in the northern extreme of the state belongs to the eastern Himalaya. This region contains [[Sandakfu]] ({{convert|3636|m|ft|0|abbr=on}})—the highest peak of the state.<ref name=sandak>{{cite web |url=http://yhaindia.org/sandakphu_trek.htm |title=National Himalayan Sandakphu-Gurdum Trekking Expedition: 2006 |access-date=26 October 2006 |publisher=Youth Hostels Association of India: West Bengal State Branch |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061024013140/http://www.yhaindia.org/sandakphu_trek.htm  |archive-date=24 October 2006}}</ref> The narrow [[Terai region]] separates this region from the plains, which in turn transitions into the Ganges delta towards the south. The [[Rarh region]] intervenes between the Ganges delta in the east and the [[western plateau and high lands]]. A small coastal region is on the extreme south, while the Sundarbans mangrove forests form a remarkable geographical landmark at the Ganges delta.

At least nine districts in West Bengal and 42 districts in Bangladesh have [[Arsenic contamination of groundwater|arsenic levels in groundwater]] above the World Health Organization maximum permissible limit of 50&nbsp;μg/L or 50 parts per billion and the untreated water is unfit for human consumption.<ref name=chowdhury>{{cite journal |title=Groundwater arsenic contamination in Bangladesh and West Bengal, India |last1=Chowdhury |first1=U. K. |last2=Biswas |first2=B. K. |last3=Chowdhury |first3=T. R. |last4=Samanta |first4=G. |last5=Mandal |first5=B. K. |last6=Basu |first6=G. C. |last7=Chanda |first7=C. R. |last8=Lodh |first8=D. |last9=Saha |first9=K. C. |last10=Mukherjee |first10=S. K. |last11=Roy |first11=S. |last12=Kabir |first12=S. |last13=Quamruzzaman |first13=Q. |last14=Chakraborti |first14=D. |display-authors=3 |date=May 2000 |journal=[[Environmental Health Perspectives]] | volume=108 |issue=4 |pages=393–397 |url=http://www.ehponline.org/members/2000/108p393-397chowdhury/chowdhury-full.html |doi=10.2307/3454378 |jstor=3454378 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927002931/http://www.ehponline.org/members/2000/108p393-397chowdhury/chowdhury-full.html |archive-date=27 September 2007 |pmid=10811564 |pmc=1638054}}</ref> The water causes arsenicosis, skin cancer and various other complications in the body.

=== Geographic distinctions ===
[[File:Kanchenjunga view from Bangladesh.jpg|thumb|[[Kangchenjunga]], the third highest mountain in the world, seen from a tea garden in Bangladesh. Kangchenjunga is often visible from the plains of [[Tetulia Upazila|Tetulia]] in the northernmost tip of Bangladesh.|198x198px]]

==== North Bengal ====
[[North Bengal]] is a term used for the north-western part of Bangladesh and northern part of West Bengal. The Bangladeshi part comprises [[Rajshahi Division]] and [[Rangpur Division]]. Generally, it is the area lying west of [[Jamuna River (Bangladesh)|Jamuna River]] and north of [[Padma River]], and includes the [[Barind Tract]]. Politically, West Bengal's part comprises [[Jalpaiguri Division]] and most of [[Malda division]] (except [[Murshidabad district]]) together and Bihar's parts include [[Kishanganj district]]. [[Darjeeling]] Hilly are also part of North Bengal. The people of Jaipaiguri, Alipurduar and Cooch Behar usually identify themselves as North Bengali. North Bengal is divided into [[Terai]] and [[Dooars]] regions. North Bengal is also noted for its rich cultural heritage, including two UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Aside from the Bengali majority, North Bengal is home to many other communities including Nepalis, [[Santhal people]], Lepchas and Rajbongshis.

==== Northeast Bengal ====
[[File:People crossing Tanguar Haor in a boat.jpg|alt=|thumb|Tanguar Haor in [[Sunamganj District]], Bangladesh. Haor are a common sight in the northeast of Bengal.|184x184px]]

Northeast Bengal<ref name="Lethbridge1874">{{cite book |title=An Easy Introduction to the History and Geography of Bengal: For the Junior Classes in Schools |author=Lethbridge, E. |date=1874 |publisher=Thacker |url=https://archive.org/details/easyintroduction00lethrich |page=[https://archive.org/details/easyintroduction00lethrich/page/5 5] |access-date=7 January 2017}}</ref> refers to the Sylhet region, which today comprises the [[Sylhet Division]] of Bangladesh and [[Karimganj district]] in the Indian state of [[Assam]]. The region is famous for its fertile land terrain, many rivers, extensive tea plantations, rainforests and wetlands. The [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]] and [[Barak River|Barak]] river are the geographic markers of the area. The city of [[Sylhet]] is its largest urban centre, and the region is known for its unique regional [[Sylheti language]]. The ancient name of the region is Srihatta and Nasratshahi.<ref name="en.banglapedia.org">{{cite book |last=Akhter |first=Nasrin |year=2012 |chapter=Sarkar |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Sarkar |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> The region was ruled by the [[Kamarupa]] and [[Harikela]] kingdoms as well as the [[Bengal Sultanate]]. It later became a district of the [[Mughal Empire]]. Alongside the predominant Bengali population resides a small [[Garo people|Garo]], [[Bishnupriya Manipuri]], [[Khasi people|Khasia]] and other tribal minorities.<ref name="en.banglapedia.org" />

The region is the crossroads of Bengal and [[northeast India]].

[[File:Bangladesh Bank (33398162476).jpg|left|thumb|307x307px|Central Bengal, one of the most urban and developed regions in Bengal]]

==== Central Bengal ====
Central Bengal refers to the [[Dhaka Division]] of Bangladesh. It includes the elevated [[Madhupur tract]] with a large [[Sal (tree)|Sal tree forest]]. The Padma River cuts through the southern part of the region, separating the greater [[Faridpur District|Faridpur]] region. In the north lies the greater [[Mymensingh]] and [[Tangail]] regions.

==== South Bengal ====
{{Main|South Bengal}}

[[File:Cox's Bazar beach 15.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Cox's Bazar]] has the longest uninterrupted sea beach in the world.]]

South Bengal covers the southwestern Bangladesh and the southern part of the Indian state of West Bengal. The Bangladeshi part includes [[Khulna Division]], [[Barisal Division]] and the proposed [[Faridpur Division]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PpIzAFZ5zZEC&q=South%20Bengal%20area%20districts&pg=PA16 |title=Social Structure and Cultural Practices in Slums: A Study of Slums in Dhaka City |isbn=9788172111106 |last1=Das |first1=Tulshi Kumar |year=2000|publisher=Northern Book Centre }}</ref> The part of South Bengal of West Bengal includes [[Presidency division]], [[Burdwan division]] and [[Medinipur division]].<ref name="swhydro">{{cite web |url=http://www.swhydro.arizona.edu/07symposium/presentationpdf/ChristianaD_pro.pdf |title=Arsenic Mitigation in West Bengal, India: New Hope for Millions |author=David Christiana |publisher=Southwest Hydrology |page=32 |date=1 September 2007 |access-date=20 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305124232/http://www.swhydro.arizona.edu/07symposium/presentationpdf/ChristianaD_pro.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xgoYwm4xiVYC&q=%22South%20Bengal%22&pg=PA322 |title=Agroforestry: Systems and Practices |isbn=9788189422622 |last1=Puri |first1=Sunil |year=2007|publisher=New India }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=toTvPa0CRIgC&q=South%20Bengal%20area%20districts&pg=PA347 |title=Gandhi and globalisation |isbn=9788183242967 |last1=Reddy |first1=Angadi Ranga |year=2009|publisher=Mittal Publications }}</ref>

The [[Sundarbans]], a major [[biodiversity hotspot]], is located in South Bengal. Bangladesh hosts 60% of the forest, with the remainder in India.

==== Southeast Bengal ====
{{Main|Greater Chittagong}}

[[File:Sunset of Porenga.jpg|thumb|Sunset at [[Patenga|Potenga Beach]], [[Chittagong]], Bangladesh|276x276px]]

Southeast Bengal<ref name="Andaya2015">{{cite book |title=A History of Early Modern Southeast Asia, 1400–1830 |author1=Andaya, B. W. |author2=Andaya, L. Y. |date=2015 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-88992-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rh2BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA220 |page=220 |access-date=7 January 2017}}</ref><ref name="Singh2006">{{cite book |title=Modern World System and Indian Proto-industrialization: Bengal 1650–1800 |author=Singh, A. K. |date=2006 |volume=1 |publisher=Northern Book Centre |isbn=9788172112011 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WwNUblS-jpwC&pg=PA225 |page=225 |access-date=7 January 2017}}</ref><ref name="Banu1992">{{cite book |title=Islam in Bangladesh |author=Banu, U. A. B. Razia Akter |year=1992 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-09497-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XyzqATEDPSgC&pg=PA6 |page=6 |access-date=7 January 2017 |quote=in Samatata (South-east Bengal) where the Buddhist Khadaga dynasty ruled throughout the fifth, sixth and seventh centuries AD.}}</ref> refers to the hilly-coastal [[Chittagonian language|Chittagonian]]-speaking and coastal Bengali-speaking areas of [[Chittagong Division]] in southeastern Bangladesh. The region is noted for its [[thalassocracy|thalassocratic]] and [[seafaring]] heritage. The area was dominated by the Bengali [[Harikela]] and [[Samatata]] kingdoms in antiquity. It was known to Arab traders as ''Samandar'' in the 9th century.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rashid |first=M Harunar |year=2012 |chapter=Harikela |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Harikela |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> During the medieval period, the region was ruled by the [[Chandra dynasty]], the [[sultanate of Bengal]], the [[kingdom of Tripura]], the [[kingdom of Mrauk U]], the [[Portuguese Empire]] and the [[Mughal Empire]], prior to the advent of British rule. The [[Chittagonian language]], a sister of Bengali is prevalent in coastal areas of southeast Bengal. Along with its Bengali population, it is also home to [[Tibeto-Burman]] ethnic groups, including the [[Chakma people|Chakma]], [[Marma people|Marma]], [[Tanchangya people|Tanchangya]] and [[Bawm people|Bawm]] peoples.

Southeast Bengal is considered a bridge to Southeast Asia and the northern parts of [[Arakan]] are also historically considered to be a part of it.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chittagong to bridge S Asian nations |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/cache/cached-news-details-226586.html |newspaper=The Daily Star |date=17 March 2012 |access-date=12 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813113736/http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/cache/cached-news-details-226586.html |archive-date=13 August 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Places of interest ===
There are four [[World Heritage Sites]] in the region, including the [[Sundarbans]], the [[Somapura Mahavihara]], the [[Mosque City of Bagerhat]] and the [[Darjeeling Himalayan Railway]]. Other prominent places include the [[Bishnupur, Bankura]] temple city, the [[Adina Mosque]], the [[Katra Masjid|Caravanserai Mosque]], numerous [[zamindar]] palaces (like [[Ahsan Manzil]] and [[Cooch Behar Palace]]), the [[Lalbagh Fort]], the [[Bara Katra|Great Caravanserai ruins]], the [[Choto Katra|Shaista Khan Caravanserai ruins]], the Kolkata [[Victoria Memorial (Kolkata)|Victoria Memorial]], the Dhaka Parliament Building, archaeologically excavated ancient fort cities in [[Mahasthangarh]], [[Mainamati]], [[Chandraketugarh]] and [[Wari-Bateshwar]], the [[Jaldapara National Park]], the [[Lawachara National Park]], the [[Teknaf Game Reserve]] and the [[Chittagong Hill Tracts]].

[[Cox's Bazar]] in southeastern Bangladesh is home to the longest natural sea beach in the world with an unbroken length of 120&nbsp;km (75&nbsp;mi). It is also a growing [[surfing]] destination.<ref>{{cite news |title=World's longest natural sea beach under threat |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-20699989 |publisher=BBC News |date=28 December 2012 |access-date=21 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113172432/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-20699989 |archive-date=13 January 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[St. Martin's Island]], off the coast of Chittagong Division, is home to the sole [[coral reef]] in Bengal.

=== Other regions ===
[[File:Bengali speaking zone.png|thumb|Today, [[Bengali language|Bengali]] is still spoken in areas beside Bengal proper, including the Barak Valley, Tripura and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.]]

Bengal was a regional power of the Indian subcontinent. The administrative jurisdiction of Bengal historically extended beyond the territory of Bengal proper. In the 9th century, the Pala Empire of Bengal ruled large parts of northern India. The Bengal Sultanate controlled Bengal, Assam, Arakan, Bihar and Orissa at different periods in history. In Mughal Bengal, the Nawab of Bengal had a jurisdiction covering Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. Bengal's administrative jurisdiction reached its greatest extent under the British Empire, when the Bengal Presidency extended from the Straits of Malacca in the east to the Khyber Pass in the west. In the late-19th and early-20th centuries, administrative reorganisation drastically reduced the territory of Bengal.

Several regions bordering Bengal proper continue to have high levels of Bengali influence. The Indian state of Tripura has a Bengali majority population. Bengali influence is also prevalent in the Indian regions of Assam, Meghalaya, Bihar and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands; as well as in Myanmar's Rakhine State.

====Arakan====
[[File:Eastern Lower Bengal and Chittagong with Arakan.jpg|thumb|Bengal and Arakan in 1638]]

[[Arakan]] (now [[Rakhine State]], [[Myanmar]]) has historically been under strong Bengali influence. Since antiquity, Bengal has influenced the culture of Arakan. The ancient Bengali script was used in Arakan.<ref>"Three medallions above the head contain sacred syllables in proto-Bengali script". [[Pamela Gutman]] and
Zaw Min Yu, 'Vesali', Burma's Lost Kingdoms: Splendours of Arakan (Orchid Press 2001). p. 57</ref> An Arakanese inscription recorded the reign of the Bengali [[Candra dynasty]]. [[Paul Wheatley (geographer)|Paul Wheatley]] described the "Indianization" of Arakan.<ref>[[Pamela Gutman]] and Zaw Min Yu,&nbsp;Burma's Lost Kingdoms: Splendours of Arakan&nbsp;(Orchid Press 2001). p. 3</ref>

According to [[Pamela Gutman]], "Arakan was ruled by kings who adopted Indian titles and traditions to suit their own environment. Indian Brahmins conducted royal ceremonies, Buddhist monks spread their teachings, traders came and went and artists and architects used Indian models for inspiration. In the later period, there was also influence from the Islamic courts of Bengal and Delhi".<ref>[[Pamela Gutman]] and Zaw Min Yu,&nbsp;Burma's Lost Kingdoms: Splendours of Arakan&nbsp;(Orchid Press 2001). p. 8</ref> Arakan emerged as a [[vassal state]] of the [[Bengal Sultanate]].<ref name="Chowdhury2008">{{cite book |last1=Chowdhury |first1=Mohammed |title=Bengal-Arakan Relations, 1430–1666 A.D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rohuAAAAMAAJ |year=2008 |publisher=Firma K.L.M. |isbn=9788171021185 |access-date=17 May 2023}}</ref> It later became an independent kingdom. The royal court and culture of the [[Kingdom of Mrauk U]] was heavily influenced by Bengal. [[Bengali Muslims]] served in the royal court as ministers and military commanders.<ref name="Chowdhury2008"/> [[Bengali Hindus]] and [[Bengali Buddhists]] served as priests. Some of the most important poets of medieval [[Bengali literature]] lived in Arakan, including [[Alaol]] and [[Daulat Qazi]].<ref name="Umran Chowdhury, Dhaka Tribune">{{cite news |author=Umran Chowdhury, Dhaka Tribune |url=https://scroll.in/article/1006362/the-history-of-the-rohingyas-that-myanmar-refuses-to-acknowledge |title=The history of the Rohingyas that Myanmar refuses to acknowledge |work=Scroll.in |date=29 September 2021 |access-date=17 May 2023}}</ref> In 1660, [[Shah Shuja (Mughal prince)|Prince Shah Shuja]], the governor of Mughal Bengal and a pretender of the [[Peacock Throne]] of India, was forced to seek asylum in Arakan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://lostfootsteps.org/en/history/the-indian-prince-who-fled-to-mrauk-u |title=The Indian Prince who fled to Mrauk-U |website=Lost Footsteps |access-date=17 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44138771 |jstor=44138771 |title=A Contemporary Dutch Account of Shah Shuja at Arakan |last1=Ray |first1=Aniruddha |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |year=1974 |volume=35 |pages=112–118}}</ref> Bengali influence in the Arakanese royal court persisted until Burmese annexation in the 18th century.

The modern-day [[Rohingya people|Rohingya]] population is a legacy of Bengal's influence on Arakan.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Islam |first=Nurul |title=Rohingya: The descendants of ancient Arakan |url=https://archive.dhakatribune.com/magazine/weekend-tribune/2017/10/12/rohingya-descendants-ancient-arakan |magazine=Weekend Tribune |date=12 October 2017}}</ref><ref name="Umran Chowdhury, Dhaka Tribune"/> The [[Rohingya genocide]] resulted in the displacement of over a million people between 2016 and 2017, with many being uprooted from their homes in Rakhine State.

====Assam====
[[File:Bengali-Assamese subbranches.png|thumb|Region of the [[Bengali-Assamese languages]]]]

The Indian state of [[Assam]] shares many cultural similarities with Bengal. The Assamese language uses the same script as the Bengali language. The [[Barak Valley]] has a Bengali-speaking majority population. During the [[Partition of India]], Assam was also partitioned along with Bengal. The [[Sylhet Division]] joined [[East Bengal]] in Pakistan, with the exception of [[Karimganj]] which joined Indian Assam. Previously, East Bengal and Assam were part of a single province called [[Eastern Bengal and Assam]] between 1905 and 1912 under the [[British Raj]].<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43553644 | jstor=43553644 | last1=Iqbal | first1=Iftekhar | title=The Space between Nation and Empire: The Making and Unmaking of Eastern Bengal and Assam Province, 1905–1911 | journal=The Journal of Asian Studies | year=2015 | volume=74 | issue=1 | pages=69–84 | doi=10.1017/S0021911814001661 | s2cid=161412009 | url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Assam and Bengal were often part of the same kingdoms, including [[Kamarupa]], [[Gauda Kingdom|Gauda]] and [[Kamata Kingdom|Kamata]]. Large parts of Assam were annexed by [[Alauddin Hussain Shah]] during the Bengal Sultanate.<ref>Sarkar, J. N. (1992), "Chapter II The Turko-Afghan Invasions", in Barpujari, H. K. (ed.), The Comprehensive History of Assam, vol. 2, Guwahati: Assam Publication Board, pp. 35–48</ref> Assam was one of the few regions in the subcontinent to successfully resist Mughal expansion and never fell completely under Mughal rule.

====Andaman and Nicobar Islands====
Bengali is the most spoken language among the population of the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], a strategically important archipelago which is controlled by India as a federal territory. The islands were once used as a British penal colony. During [[World War II]], the islands were seized by the Japanese and controlled by the [[Provisional Government of Free India]]. Anti-British leader [[Subhash Chandra Bose]] visited and renamed the islands. Between 1949 and 1971, the Indian government resettled many [[Bengali Hindus]] in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://reviews.history.ac.uk/review/2042 |title=Review of ''Crossing the Bay of Bengal'' |first1=Madhumita |last1=Mazumdar |doi-access=free |doi= 10.14296/RiH/2014/2042 |publisher=Reviews in History |date= 5 January 2017 |access-date=17 May 2023}}</ref>

====Bihar====
[[File:Pope1880BengalPres2.jpg|thumb|Bengal in 1880, including Bihar, Orissa and Assam]]

In antiquity, Bihar and Bengal were often part of the same kingdoms. The ancient region of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] covered both Bihar and Bengal. Magadha was the birthplace or bastion of several pan-Indian empires, including the [[Mauryan Empire]], the [[Gupta Empire]] and the [[Pala Empire]]. Bengal, Bihar and Orissa together formed a single province under the [[Mughal Empire]]. The Nawab of Bengal was styled as the Nawab of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa.<ref name="banglapedia1">{{cite web|url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Nawab |title=Nawab |website=Banglapedia |date=18 June 2021 |access-date=17 May 2023}}</ref>

====Chittagong Hill Tracts====
The [[Chittagong Hill Tracts]] is the southeastern frontier of Bangladesh. Its indigenous population includes [[Tibeto-Burman]] ethnicities, including the [[Chakma people]], [[Bawm people]] and [[Mru people|Mro people]] among others. The region was historically ruled by tribal chieftains of the [[Chakma Circle]] and [[Bohmong Circle]]. In 1713, the [[Chakma Raja]] signed a treaty with [[Mughal Bengal]] after obtaining permission from [[Farrukhsiyar|Emperor Farrukhsiyar]] for trade with the plains of Chittagong.<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003406020-6/mughal-influence-chittagong-chittagong-hill-tracts-cht-ashfaque-hossain-ananda-bikash-chakma |doi=10.4324/9781003406020 |isbn=9781003406020 |title=The Mughals and the North-East |chapter=Mughal Influence on Chittagong and Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) |year=2023 |publisher=Routledge |last1=Nag |first1=Sajal |s2cid=258409383}}</ref><ref name="thedailystar2">{{cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/opinion/in-focus/news/chakma-resistance-british-rule-3090111 |title=Chakma resistance to British rule |work=The Daily Star |date=8 August 2022 |type=Opinion}}</ref> Like the kings of Arakan, the Chakma Circle began to fashion themselves using Mughal nomenclatures and titles. They initially resisted the [[Permanent Settlement]] and the activities of the [[East India Company]].<ref name="thedailystar2"/> The tribal royal families of the region came under heavy Bengali influence. The Chakma queen [[Benita Roy]] was a friend of [[Rabindranath Tagore]]. The region was governed by the [[Chittagong Hill Tracts manual]] under colonial rule. The manual was significantly amended after the end of British rule; and the region became fully integrated with Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-1313.html |title=The Chittagong Hill-tracts Regulation, 1900}}</ref>

====Malay Archipelago====
[[File:Bengal Presidency (1849-1853) with modern borders.png|thumb|Extent of the Bengal Presidency between 1858 and 1867, including the Straits Settlements]]

Through trade, settlements and the exchange of ideas; parts of [[Maritime Southeast Asia]] became linked with Bengal.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ghosh |first=Suchandra |year=2013 |title=Locating South Eastern Bengal in the Buddhist Network of Bay of Bengal (C. 7th Century CE-13th Century CE) |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=74 |pages=148–153 |jstor=44158810}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/19480881.2019.1640577|title=Crossings and contacts across the Bay of Bengal: a connected history of ports in early South and Southeast Asia|first=Suchandra|last=Ghosh|date=2 September 2019|journal=Journal of the Indian Ocean Region|volume=15|issue=3|pages=281–296|via=Taylor and Francis+NEJM|doi=10.1080/19480881.2019.1640577|s2cid=202332142 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Language, literature, art, governing systems, religions and philosophies in ancient [[Sumatra]] and [[Java]] were influenced by Bengal. [[Indianized kingdom|Hindu-Buddhist kingdom]]s in Southeast Asia depended on the Bay of Bengal for trade and ideas. [[Islam in Southeast Asia]] also spread through the Bay of Bengal, which was a bridge between the Malay Archipelago and Indo-Islamic states of the Indian subcontinent.<ref>{{cite book|author=Sunil S. Amrith|title=Crossing the Bay of Bengal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8eWwAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA37|date=7 October 2013|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-72846-2|page=37}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Formichi|first=Chiara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t-fWDwAAQBAJ|title=Islam and Asia: A History|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2020|isbn=978-1-107-10612-3|pages=75–79}}</ref> A large number of wealthy merchants from Bengal were based in Malacca.<ref name="Habib2011"/> Bengali ships were the largest ships in the waters of the Malay Archipelago during the 15th century.<ref>Tapan Raychaudhuri; Irfan Habib, eds. (1982). The Cambridge Economic History of India. Vol. I. Cambridge University Press. p. 130. ISBN 978-0-521-22692-9.</ref>

Between 1830 and 1867, the ports of Singapore and [[Malacca]], the island of [[Penang]], and a portion of the [[Malay Peninsula]] were ruled under the jurisdiction of the [[Bengal Presidency]] of the [[British Empire]].<ref>Jarman, J. L. (Ed). (1998). Annual reports of the Straits Settlements 1855–1941 (Vol 1: 1855–1867, pp. 3–4). Slough, UK: Archive Editions. Call no.: RSING English 959.51 STR.</ref> These areas were known as the [[Straits Settlements]], which was separated from the Bengal Presidency and converted into a [[Crown colony]] in 1867.<ref name=EB1911>{{EB1911|wstitle=Straits Settlements|last=Clifford|first=Hugh Charles|author-link=Hugh Clifford (colonial administrator)|volume=25|pages=980–981|inline=1}}</ref>{{RP|980}}

====Meghalaya====
The Indian state of [[Meghalaya]] historically came under the influence of [[Shah Jalal]], a Muslim missionary and conqueror from [[Sylhet]]. During [[British Raj|British rule]], the city of [[Shillong]] was the [[summer capital]] of [[Eastern Bengal and Assam]] (modern Bangladesh and Northeast India). Shillong boasted the highest per capita income in British India.<ref name="orfonline1"/>

====North India====
[[File:Sepoy of the Indian Infantry, 1900 (c)..jpg|thumb|A sepoy of the [[Bengal Army]], which played a key role in the expansion of the Bengal Presidency into the northern reaches of India up to the [[Khyber Pass]]]]

The ancient Mauryan, Gupta and [[Pala Empire|Pala]] empires of the [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] region (Bihar and Bengal) extended into northern India. The westernmost border of the Bengal Sultanate extended towards [[Varanasi]] and [[Jaunpur district|Jaunpur]].<ref>Kunal Chakrabarti; Shubhra Chakrabarti (22 August 2013). Historical Dictionary of the Bengalis. Scarecrow Press. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-8108-8024-5.</ref><ref name="Hasan2007p16-17"/> In the 19th century, [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]] and the [[Ceded and Conquered Provinces]] formed the western extent of the Bengal Presidency. According to the British historian [[Rosie Llewellyn-Jones]], "The Bengal Presidency, an administrative division introduced by the East India Company, would later include not only the whole of northern India up to the Khyber Pass on the north-west frontier with Afghanistan, but would spread eastwards to Burma and Singapore as well".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Llewellyn-Jones |first1=Rosie |title=Empire Building: The Construction of British India, 1690–1860 |year=2023 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vXysEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT26 |access-date=28 July 2023 |publisher=Hurst Publishers |isbn=978-1-80526-026-4 |page=25}}</ref>

====Odisha====
[[Odisha]], previously known as Orissa, has a significant Bengali minority. Historically, the region has faced invasions from Bengal, including an invasion by [[Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Iliyas_Shah |title=Iliyas Shah |website=Banglapedia |date=18 June 2021 |access-date=17 May 2023}}</ref> Parts of the region were ruled by the [[Bengal Sultanate]] and [[Mughal Bengal]]. The [[Nawab of Bengal]] was styled as the "Nawab of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa" because the Nawab was granted jurisdiction over Orissa by the [[Mughal Emperor]].<ref name="banglapedia1"/>

====Tibet====
During the [[Pala Empire|Pala dynasty]], Tibet received missionaries from Bengal who influenced the emergence of [[Tibetan Buddhism]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pala-dynasty |title=Pala dynasty {{pipe}} Indian Empire, Buddhist Monarchs, Bengal Region |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |date=14 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Pala_Dynasty |title=Pala Dynasty |website=Banglapedia |date=18 June 2021 |access-date=28 July 2023}}</ref> One of the most notable missionaries was [[Atisa]]. During the 13th century, Tibet experienced an [[Islamic invasion of Tibet|Islamic invasion]] by the forces of [[Bakhtiyar Khalji]], the Muslim conqueror of Bengal.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tibetpolicy.net/china-and-strategic-infrastructures-in-tibet-ccps-recipe-for-a-troubled-relationship/ |title=China and Strategic Infrastructures in Tibet: CCP's Recipe for a Troubled Relationship |date=16 May 2023}}</ref>

====Tripura====
The [[Tripura (princely state)|princely state of Tripura]] was ruled by the [[Manikya dynasty]] until the 1949 [[Tripura Merger Agreement]]. Tripura was historically a [[vassal state]] of Bengal. After assuming the throne with military support from the Bengal Sultanate in 1464, [[Ratna Manikya I]] introduced administrative reforms inspired by the government of Bengal. The Tripura kings requested Sultan [[Ruknuddin Barbak Shah|Barbak Shah]] to provide manpower for developing the administration of Tripura. As a result, [[Bengali Hindu]] bureaucrats, cultivators and artisans began settling in Tripura.<ref>Sarma, Ramani Mohan (1987). Political History of Tripura. Puthipatra.</ref> Today, the Indian state of [[Tripura]] has a Bengali-majority population. Modern Tripura is a gateway for trade and transport links between [[Bangladesh]] and [[Northeast India]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Deb |first=Debraj |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/representatives-japan-bangladesh-tripura-gateway-ne-india-at-conclave-8553149/ |title=Representatives of Japan, Bangladesh look at Tripura as potential gateway of NE India at conclave |work=The Indian Express |date=12 April 2023 |access-date=17 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/tripura-emerging-as-international-trade-gateway-of-northeast-pm-modi-101671372968462.html |title=Tripura emerging as international trade gateway of northeast: PM Modi |date=18 December 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=17 May 2023}}</ref> In [[Bengali culture]], the celebrated singer [[S. D. Burman]] was a member of the Tripura royal family.

=== Flora and fauna ===
[[File:Sundarban Tiger.jpg|thumb|The [[Bengal tiger]]]]

The flat Bengal Plain, which covers most of Bangladesh and West Bengal, is one of the most [[Soil fertility|fertile]] areas on Earth, with lush vegetation and farmland dominating its landscape. Bengali villages are buried among groves of [[mango]], [[jackfruit]], [[betel nut]] and [[date palm]]. Rice, [[jute]], [[mustard plant|mustard]] and [[sugarcane]] plantations are a common sight. [[Body of water|Water bodies]] and [[wetland]]s provide a habitat for many aquatic plants in the Ganges-Brahmaputra delta. The northern part of the region features Himalayan foothills (''[[Dooars]]'') with densely wooded [[Sal (tree)|Sal]] and other tropical [[evergreen]] trees.<ref name=India123>{{cite web |url=http://www.webindia123.com/westbengal/land/forest.htm#N |title=Natural vegetation |access-date = 31 October 2006 |work=West Bengal |publisher=Suni System (P) Ltd |url-status = live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060523204956/http://www.webindia123.com/westbengal/land/forest.htm#N |archive-date = 23 May 2006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Sal_Forest |title=Sal Forest |website=Banglapedia |date=18 June 2021 |access-date=28 July 2023}}</ref> Above an elevation of 1,000 metres (3,300&nbsp;ft), the forest becomes predominantly subtropical, with a predominance of temperate-forest trees such as [[oak]]s, [[conifer]]s and [[rhododendron]]s. Sal woodland is also found across central Bangladesh, particularly in the [[Bhawal National Park]]. The [[Lawachara National Park]] is a [[rainforest]] in northeastern Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nishorgo.org/nishorgo/files_pdf/Secondary%20Data%20on%20Lawachara%20NP.pdf |title=Secondary Data Collection for Pilot Protected Areas: Lawachara National Park |date=November 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001204429/http://www.nishorgo.org/nishorgo/files_pdf/Secondary%20Data%20on%20Lawachara%20NP.pdf |access-date=28 July 2023|archive-date=1 October 2011 }}</ref> The Chittagong Hill Tracts in southeastern Bangladesh is noted for its high degree of [[biodiversity]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://unpo.org/article/1537 | title=UNPO: Chittagong Hill Tracts: The vanishing forest biodiversity of Bangladesh | date=2 November 2009 }}</ref>

The [[littoral]] [[Sundarbans]] in the southwestern part of Bengal is the largest [[mangrove forest]] in the world and a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]].<ref>{{cite web |author=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/798/#:~:text=The%20Sundarbans%20Reserve%20Forest%20(SRF,mangrove%20forest%20in%20the%20world |title=The Sundarbans – UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=28 July 2023}}</ref> The region has over [[List of mammals in Bangladesh|89 species of mammals]], [[List of birds of Bangladesh|628 species of birds]] and [[List of fishes in Bangladesh|numerous species of fish]].<ref>{{cite news |author=Muhammad Selim Hossain |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=89375 |title=Conserving biodiversity must for survival |work=The Daily Star |date=23 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530100603/http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=89375 |access-date=28 July 2023 |archive-date=30 May 2015}}</ref> For Bangladesh, the [[Nymphaea|water lily]], the [[oriental magpie-robin]], the [[hilsa]] and [[mango tree]] are national symbols. For West Bengal, the [[white-throated kingfisher]], the [[Alstonia|chatim tree]] and the [[night-flowering jasmine]] are state symbols. The [[Bengal tiger]] is the [[national animal]] of Bangladesh and India. The [[fishing cat]] is the state animal of West Bengal.

== Politics ==
Today, the region of Bengal proper is divided between the [[sovereign state]] of the [[Bangladesh|People's Republic of Bangladesh]] and the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Bengal-region-Asia |title=Bengal {{pipe}} region, Asia |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |date=16 June 2023}}</ref> The Bengali-speaking [[Barak Valley]] forms part of the Indian state of [[Assam]]. The Indian state of [[Tripura]] has a Bengali-speaking majority and was formerly the princely state of [[Hill Tipperah]]. In the Bay of Bengal, [[St. Martin's Island]] is governed by Bangladesh; while the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] has a plurality of Bengali speakers and is governed by India's federal government as a [[union territory]].

=== Bangladeshi Republic ===
{{Main|Politics of Bangladesh}}

[[File:রাতের বেলায় বঙ্গভবনের সৌন্দর্য্য! 02.jpg|thumb|[[Bangabhaban]] (the ''House of Bengal'') is the [[presidential palace]] of Bangladesh.|331x331px]]

The state of Bangladesh is a [[parliamentary republic]] based on the [[Westminster system]], with a [[Constitution of Bangladesh|written constitution]] and a [[President of Bangladesh|President]] elected by parliament for mostly ceremonial purposes. The [[Government of Bangladesh|government]] is headed by a Prime Minister, who is appointed by the President from among the popularly elected 300 Members of Parliament in the [[Jatiyo Sangshad]], the national parliament. The Prime Minister is traditionally the leader of the single largest party in the Jatiyo Sangshad. Under the constitution, while recognising [[Islam]] as the country's [[established religion]], the constitution grants [[freedom of religion]] to non-Muslims.

Between 1975 and 1990, Bangladesh had a [[presidential system]] of government. Since the 1990s, it was administered by non-political technocratic [[Caretaker government of Bangladesh|caretaker governments]] on four occasions, the last being under military-backed emergency rule in 2007 and 2008. The [[Awami League]] and the [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]] (BNP) were the two most dominant political parties in Bangladesh until the [[July Revolution (Bangladesh)|July Revolution]] of 2024, which led to the ousting of [[Sheikh Hasina]] following mass protests and a nationwide uprising. In the aftermath, a non-partisan [[Yunus Ministry|interim government]] was formed under Nobel laureate [[Muhammad Yunus]] to restore democratic governance and oversee institutional reforms. Much like the technocratic caretaker governments between 1990 and 2008, this interim administration pledged neutrality and began preparations for constitutional changes and future elections.

Bangladesh is a member of the [[United Nations|UN]], [[World Trade Organization|WTO]], [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]], the [[World Bank]], [[Asian Development Bank|ADB]], [[Organization of Islamic Cooperation|OIC]], [[Islamic Development Bank|IDB]], [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|SAARC]], [[Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation|BIMSTEC]] and the [[Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition|IMCTC]]. Bangladesh has achieved significant strides in [[List of countries by Human Development Index|human development]] compared to its neighbours.

=== Indian Bengal ===
{{Main|Politics of West Bengal}}

[[File:Writer's Building (14839639795).jpg|thumb|[[Writers' Building]], the official seat of the [[Government of West Bengal]]|328x328px]]
[[File:Raj Bhaban 1.jpg|thumb|[[Raj Bhavan, Kolkata|Raj Bhavan]] the [[official residence]] of the [[Governor of West Bengal]], [[India]]]]

West Bengal is a constituent state of the [[India|Republic of India]], with local [[State governments of India|executives]] and [[Vidhan Sabha|assemblies]]- features shared with other states in the Indian federal system. The [[president of India]] appoints a governor as the ceremonial representative of the [[Government of India|union government]]. The governor appoints the [[chief minister]] on the nomination of the legislative assembly. The chief minister is the traditionally the leader of the party or coalition with most seats in the assembly. [[President's rule]] is often imposed in Indian states as a direct intervention of the union government led by the [[prime minister of India]]. The Bengali-speaking zone of India carries 48 seats in the lower house of India, [[Lok Sabha]].

Each state has popularly elected members in the Indian lower house of parliament, the [[Lok Sabha]]. Each state nominates members to the Indian upper house of parliament, the [[Rajya Sabha]].

The state legislative assemblies also play a key role in electing the ceremonial president of India. The former president of India, [[Pranab Mukherjee]], was a native of West Bengal and a leader of the [[Indian National Congress]]. The former [[Leader of Opposition in Lok Sabha|leader of opposition]] of India, [[Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury]] is from [[West Bengal]]. He has been elected from [[Baharampur Lok Sabha constituency]].

The major political forces in the Bengali-speaking zone of India are the [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] and the [[Trinamool Congress]], the [[Indian National Congress]] and the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. The Bengali-speaking zone of India is considered stronghold for [[Communism in India]]. Bengalis are known not to vote on communal lines but in recent years this conception has how changed.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pirzada-abbas-siddiqui-announces-indian-secular-front-isf-for-bengal-elections-2356170 |title="Want to be Kingmaker": Muslim Preacher Announces Party for Bengal Polls |publisher=NDTV}}</ref> The [[West Bengal]] based [[Trinamool Congress]] is now the third largest party of India in terms of number of MP or MLA after the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and the [[Indian National Congress]]. Earlier the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] held this position.

=== Crossborder relations ===
{{Main|Bangladesh-India relations|Indians in Bangladesh|Bangladeshis in India}}

[[File:Inauguration of the first edition of the lN-BN CORPAT (01).jpg|thumb|A meeting between the naval commanders of India and Bangladesh|311x311px]]

India and Bangladesh are the world's first and eighth most populous countries respectively. [[Bangladesh-India relations]] began on a high note in 1971 when India played a major role in the [[liberation of Bangladesh]], with the Indian Bengali populace and media providing overwhelming support to the independence movement in the former East Pakistan. The two countries had a twenty five-year friendship treaty between 1972 and 1996. However, differences over river sharing, border security and access to trade have long plagued the relationship. In more recent years, a consensus has evolved in both countries on the importance of developing good relations, as well as a strategic partnership in South Asia and beyond. Commercial, cultural and defence co-operation have expanded since 2010, when Prime Ministers [[Sheikh Hasina]] and [[Manmohan Singh]] pledged to reinvigorate ties.

The Bangladesh High Commission in New Delhi operates a Deputy High Commission in [[Kolkata]] and a consular office in [[Agartala]]. India has a High Commission in [[Dhaka]] with consulates in [[Chittagong]] and [[Rajshahi]]. Frequent international air, bus and rail services connect major cities in Bangladesh and Indian Bengal, particularly the three largest cities- Dhaka, Kolkata and Chittagong. Undocumented immigration of Bangladeshi workers is a controversial issue championed by right-wing nationalist parties in India but finds little sympathy in West Bengal.<ref name=natwarspeech>{{cite web |url=http://www.mea.gov.in/incoming-visit-detail.htm |title=Address by External Affairs Minister Shri Natwar Singh at India-Bangladesh Dialogue Organised by Centre for Policy Dialogue and India International Centre |date=7 August 2005 |website=Speeches |publisher=Ministry of External Affairs, New Delhi |access-date=28 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505224301/http://www.mea.gov.in/incoming-visit-detail.htm?2663 |archive-date=5 May 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> India has since fenced the border which has been criticised by Bangladesh.<ref name=migrHindu>{{cite magazine |last=Chattopadhyay |first=S. S. |date=June 2007 |title=Constant traffic |magazine=Frontline |volume=24 |issue=11 |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2411/stories/20070615003701400.htm |access-date=26 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080417025216/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2411/stories/20070615003701400.htm |archive-date=17 April 2008 |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Bangladesh|Economy of West Bengal}}

[[File:2.শাপলা চত্বর.jpg|thumb|Downtown [[Dhaka]]|310x310px]]

The [[Ganges Delta]] provided advantages of fertile soil, ample water, and an abundance of fish, wildlife, and fruit.<ref name="hp" /> Living standards for Bengal's elite were relatively better than other parts of the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref name="hp" /> Between 400 and 1200, Bengal had a well-developed economy in terms of land ownership, agriculture, livestock, shipping, trade, commerce, taxation, and banking.<ref>{{cite thesis|author=Kamrunnesa Islam|title=Economic History of Bengal|url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/29147/|location=SOAS, University of London|degree=PhD|doi=10.25501/SOAS.00029147|year=1996}}</ref> The apparent vibrancy of the Bengal economy in the beginning of the 15th century is attributed to the end of tribute payments to the [[Delhi Sultanate]], which ceased after the creation of the [[Bengal Sultanate]] and stopped the outflow of wealth. [[Ma Huan]]'s travelogue recorded a booming shipbuilding industry and significant [[international trade]] in Bengal.

In 1338, [[Ibn Battuta]] noticed that the silver taka was the most popular currency in the region instead of the Islamic [[dinar]].<ref name="Blanchard2005">{{cite book |author=Ian Blanchard |title=Mining, Metallurgy and Minting in the Middle Ages: Continuing Afo-European supremacy, 1250–1450 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=um-EXNlRKO4C&pg=PA1264 |year=2005 |publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag |isbn=978-3-515-08704-9 |page=1264}}</ref> In 1415, members of [[Admiral Zheng He]]'s entourage also noticed the dominance of the taka. The currency was the most important symbol of sovereignty for the [[Sultan of Bengal]]. The Sultanate of Bengal established an estimated 27 [[Mint (facility)|mints]] in provincial capitals across the kingdom.<ref name="banglapedia2">{{cite web |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Coins |title=Coins |website=Banglapedia |access-date=14 February 2017}}</ref><ref name="banglapedia3">{{cite web |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Currency_System |title=Currency System |website=Banglapedia |access-date=14 February 2017}}</ref> These provincial capitals were known as Mint Towns.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Mint_Towns |title=Mint Towns |website=Banglapedia}}</ref> These Mint Towns formed an integral aspect of governance and administration in Bengal.

The taka continued to be issued in [[Mughal Bengal]], which inherited the sultanate's legacy. As Bengal became more prosperous and integrated into the [[world economy]] under Mughal rule, the taka replaced shell currency in rural areas and became the standardised [[legal tender]]. It was also used in commerce with the [[Dutch East India Company]], the [[John Law's Company|French East India Company]], the [[Danish East India Company]] and the [[British East India Company]]. Under Mughal rule, Bengal was the centre of the worldwide [[muslin]] trade. The [[muslin trade in Bengal]] was patronised by the Mughal imperial court. Muslin from Bengal was worn by aristocratic ladies in courts as far away as Europe, Persia and Central Asia. The treasury of the [[Nawab of Bengal]] was the biggest source of revenue for the imperial Mughal court in Delhi. Bengal had a large [[shipbuilding]] industry. The shipbuilding output of Bengal during the 16th and 17th centuries stood at 223,250{{nbsp}}tons annually, which was higher than the volume of shipbuilding in the nineteen colonies of North America between 1769 and 1771.<ref name="ray174" />

Historically, Bengal has been the industrial leader of the subcontinent. Mughal Bengal saw the emergence of a proto-industrial economy backed up by textiles and gunpowder. The organised early modern economy flourished till the beginning of British rule in the mid 18th-century, when the region underwent radical and revolutionary changes in government, trade, and regulation. The British displaced the indigenous ruling class and transferred much of the region's wealth back to the colonial metropole in Britain. In the 19th century, the British began investing in railways and limited industrialisation. However, the Bengali economy was dominated by trade in raw materials during much of the colonial period, particularly the [[jute trade]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Railway | title=Railway |website=Banglapedia}}</ref>

The [[partition of India]] changed the economic geography of the region. Calcutta in West Bengal inherited a thriving industrial base from the colonial period, particularly in terms of jute processing. East Pakistan soon developed its industrial base, including the [[Adamjee Jute Mills|world's largest jute mill]]. In 1972, the newly independent government of Bangladesh nationalised 580 industrial plants. These industries were later privatised in the late 1970s as Bangladesh moved towards a market-oriented economy. [[Economic liberalization|Liberal reforms]] in 1991 paved the way for a major expansion of Bangladesh's private sector industry, including in telecoms, natural gas, textiles, pharmaceuticals, ceramics, steel and shipbuilding. In 2022, Bangladesh was the second largest economy in South Asia after India.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/bangladesh/bangladesh-ranked-41st-largest-economy-in-2019-all-over-the-world-study-1684078 |title=Bangladesh ranked 41st largest economy in 2019 all over the world |work=The Daily Star |date=8 January 2019 |access-date=2 October 2022}}</ref><ref name="scroll.in">{{cite news |author=Sayeed Iftekhar Ahmed |url=https://scroll.in/article/1019006/where-do-bangladesh-and-pakistan-stand-after-50-years-of-separation#:~:text=Bangladesh%20outpaces%20Pakistan%20across%20all,the%20world's%20fastest%2Dgrowing%20economies |title=Where do Bangladesh and Pakistan stand after 50 years of separation? |work=Scroll.in |date=18 March 2022 |access-date=2 October 2022}}</ref>

The region is one of the largest rice producing areas in the world, with West Bengal being India's largest rice producer and Bangladesh being the world's fourth largest rice producer.<ref name="importantindia">{{cite web |url=http://www.importantindia.com/10116/major-rice-producing-states-in-india/ |website=importantindia.com |title=7 Major Rice Producing States in India – Important India |access-date=7 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129120550/http://www.importantindia.com/10116/major-rice-producing-states-in-india/ |archive-date=29 November 2016 |url-status=dead |date=21 January 2014}}</ref> Three Bengali economists have been Nobel laureates, including [[Amartya Sen]] and [[Abhijit Banerjee]] who won the [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics]] and [[Muhammad Yunus]] who won the [[Nobel Peace Prize]].

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Bengal
! [[GDP|Real economy (nominal GDP per capita)]] in 2023–2024)
! Nominal economy (nominal GDP in 2023–2024)
! Population (2025)
|-
| ''[[Bangladesh]]'s [[Dhaka]] ([[Dhaka|Dhaka Municipal Corporation Area]])''
| $5,000
| $70 billion
| 3.7 crore<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhaka world’s 2nd most populous city with 3.66 crore people: UN {{!}} The Daily Star |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/dhaka-worlds-2nd-most-populous-city-366-crore-people-un-4044546 |access-date=24 January 2026 |website=www.thedailystar.net |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Madden |first=Duncan |title=Tokyo Loses Title Of World’s Most Populous City, According To UN |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/duncanmadden/2025/11/28/tokyo-loses-title-of-worlds-most-populous-city-according-to-un/ |access-date=24 January 2026 |work=Forbes |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[West Bengal]]'s [[Kolkata|Kolkata District]] ([[Kolkata|Kolkata Municipal Corporation Area]])''
| $4,400
| $20 billion
| 2.2 crore<ref name=":0" />
|-
| [[Bangladesh]] ([[East Bengal]])
| $2,700
| $460 billion
| 17.5 crore<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangladesh’s population hits 175.7 million {{!}} The Daily Star |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/bangladeshs-population-hits-1757-million-3934196 |access-date=24 January 2026 |website=www.thedailystar.net |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Total population Bangladesh |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/438167/total-population-of-bangladesh/?srsltid=AfmBOoryiJw9EeS_GcQIPdiCt1jG5MhxftBUdgRNio_uXcgPyVe42gZt |access-date=24 January 2026 |website=Statista |language=en}}</ref> (more than 17.3 crore Bengalis)<ref>Bengalis constitute 99% of the total population of Bangladesh.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Chambers Dictionary |publisher=Chambers |year=2003 |isbn=0-550-10105-5 |edition=9th |chapter=Bengal}}</ref>
|-
| [[India]]'s [[West Bengal]]
| $2,400
| $240 billion
| 10 crore<ref>{{Cite web |title=West Bengal Population 2026 |url=https://www.indiacensus.net/states/west-bengal |access-date=24 January 2026 |website=www.indiacensus.net |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rana |first=Rajeev |date=3 January 2021 |title=West Bengal Population 2026 {{!}} Sex Ratio {{!}} Literacy Rate {{!}} Future Projection |url=https://www.findeasy.in/population-of-west-bengal/ |access-date=24 January 2026 |website=Find Easy |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=West Bengal Population 2026: Religion, Literacy, and Census Data Insights |url=https://censusofindia.net/west-bengal/19 |access-date=24 January 2026 |website=censusofindia.net}}</ref> (around 8-8.5 crore Bengalis)<ref>Bengalis constitute 80-86% of the total population of West Bengal.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Chambers Dictionary |publisher=Chambers |year=2003 |isbn=0-550-10105-5 |edition=9th |chapter=Bengal}}</ref>
|-
|}

===Stock markets===
*[[Dhaka Stock Exchange]]
*[[Chittagong Stock Exchange]]
*[[Calcutta Stock Exchange]]

===Ports and harbours===
*[[Port of Chittagong]]
*[[Port of Kolkata]]
*[[Port of Mongla]]
*[[Haldia Port|Port of Haldia]]
*[[Port of Payra]]
*[[Port of Pangaon]]
*[[Port of Khulna]]
*[[Farakka Port|Port of Farakka]]
*[[Port of Narayanganj]]
*[[Port of Ashuganj]]
*[[Port of Barisal]]
*[[Matarbari Port]]
*Land port of [[Benapole]]-[[Petrapole]]

===Chambers of commerce===
*[[Bengal Chamber of Commerce and Industry]]
*[[Bengal National Chamber of Commerce & Industry]]
*[[Federation of Bangladesh Chambers of Commerce and Industry]] (FBCCI)
*[[Chittagong Chamber of Commerce & Industry]]
*[[Dhaka Chamber of Commerce & Industry]] (DCCI)
*[[Metropolitan Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Dhaka|Metropolitan Chamber of Commerce and Industry]] (MCCI)

=== Intra-Bengal trade ===
Bangladesh and India are the largest trading partners in South Asia, with two-way trade valued at an estimated US$16&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://theprint.in/diplomacy/delhi-dhaka-trade-becoming-one-sided-need-to-balance-it-says-bangladesh-fm-on-india-visit/1004819/ |title=Delhi-Dhaka trade becoming one-sided, need to balance it, says Bangladesh FM on India visit |work=ThePrint |date=21 June 2022}}</ref> Most of this trade relationship is centred on some of the world's busiest [[land port]]s on the [[Bangladesh-India border]]. The [[Bangladesh Bhutan India Nepal]] Initiative seeks to boost trade through a Regional Motor Vehicles Agreement.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://aric.adb.org/initiative/bangladesh-bhutan-india-and-nepal-motor-vehicles-agreement |title=Bangladesh, Bhutan, India and Nepal Motor Vehicles Agreement Initiative}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{Main|Demographics of Bangladesh|Demographics of West Bengal|Languages of Bangladesh}}

{{Pie chart
|caption = Language in Bengal
|label1=[[Bengali language|Bengali]]|color1=Red|value1=92
|label2=Others|color2=dodgerblue|value2=8}}
The Bengal region is one of the [[Population density|most densely populated areas]] in the world. With a population of 300&nbsp;million, [[Bengalis]] are the third largest ethnic group in the world after the [[Han Chinese]] and [[Arabs]].{{efn|Roughly 163 million in Bangladesh and 100&nbsp;million in the [[India|Republic of India]] ([[CIA Factbook]] 2014 estimates, numbers subject to rapid population growth); about 3 million [[Bangladeshis in the Middle East]], 1 million [[Bengalis in Pakistan]], 0.4&nbsp;million [[British Bangladeshi]].}}
According to provisional results of 2011 Bangladesh census, the population of Bangladesh was 149,772,364;<ref name=BBSprovjul2011>{{cite web |title=2011 Population & Housing Census: Preliminary Results |url=http://www.bbs.gov.bd/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/BBS/PHC2011Preliminary%20Result.pdf |publisher=Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Statistics Division, Ministry of Planning, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh |date=July 2011 |access-date=17 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115170757/http://www.bbs.gov.bd/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/BBS/PHC2011Preliminary%20Result.pdf |archive-date=15 January 2013 }}</ref> however, CIA's ''[[The World Factbook]]'' gives 163,654,860 as its population in a July 2013 estimate. According to the provisional results of the 2011 Indian national census, West Bengal has a population of 91,347,736.<ref name="2011 pp tableA2">{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_wb.html |title=Area, population, decennial growth rate and density for 2001 and 2011 at a glance for West Bengal and the districts: provisional population totals paper 1 of 2011: West Bengal |publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=26 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107060612/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_wb.html |archive-date=7 January 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> "So, the Bengal region, {{as of|2011|lc=y}}, has at least 241.1&nbsp;million people. This figures give a population density of 1003.9/km2; making it among the most densely populated areas in the world.<ref name=censuswb>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/ |title=Provisional Population Totals: West Bengal |access-date=26 August 2006 |website=Census of India, 2001 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070514045222/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/ |archive-date=14 May 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="WorldBank">[[World Bank Group|World Bank]] Development Indicators Database, 2006.</ref>

[[Bengali language|Bengali]] is the main language spoken in Bengal. Many phonological, lexical, and structural differences from the standard variety occur in peripheral varieties of Bengali across the region. Other regional languages closely related to Bengali include [[Sylheti language|Sylheti]], [[Chittagonian language|Chittagonian]], [[Chakma language|Chakma]], [[Rangpuri language|Rangpuri/Rajbangshi]], [[Hajong language|Hajong]], [[Rohingya language|Rohingya]], and [[Tangchangya language|Tangchangya]].<ref name="ethnologue.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/country/BD/languages |title=Bangladesh |website=Ethnologue |access-date=26 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626114709/http://www.ethnologue.com/country/BD/languages |archive-date=26 June 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

According to the 2011 Indian census, 18% of the Bengali-speakers are bilingual of whom half can speak [[Hindi]], and 5% are trilingual.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nagarajan |first=Rema |date=14 November 2018 |title=Hindi, Bengali speakers India's least multilingual groups |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/hindi-bengali-speakers-indias-least-multilingual-groups/articleshow/66612384.cms |issn=0971-8257 |work=The Times of India |access-date=19 July 2023}}</ref>

In general, [[Bengalis]] are followers of [[Islam]], [[Hinduism]], [[Christianity]] and [[Buddhism]] with a significant number are [[Irreligion|Irreligious]].

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Population trends for major religious groups in the Bengal region (West Bengal and Bangladesh) under the [[British Raj|British India]] (1881–1941)
|- style="text-align: left;"
! Religious group
! Population % 1881
! Population % 1891
! Population % 1901
! Population % 1911
! Population % 1921
! Population % 1931
! Population % 1941
|-
! style="background: green; color: white;"| Islam
| 50.16% || 50.7% || 51.58% || 52.74% || 53.99% || 54.87% || 54.73%
|-
! style="background: Orange; color: white;"| Hinduism
| 48.45% || 47.27% || 46.60% || 44.80% || 43.27% || 43.04% || 41.55%
|-
! style="background: DodgerBlue; color: white;"| Christianity
| 0.2% || – || – || – || – || – || –
|-
! style="background: Yellow; color: white;"| Buddhism
| 0.69% || – || – || – || – || – || –
|-
! style="background: Silver;"| Other religions
| 0.5% || – || – || – || – || –
||-
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ '''Bengal region religious diversity as per 2011 census'''<ref name=census2011>{{cite web|url=http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/National%20Reports/Union%20Statistics.pdf|title=Population & Housing Census |year=2011 |author=[[Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics]] |publisher=Bangladesh Government |access-date=17 April 2015 |page=xiii |quote="Population By Religion (%) Muslim 90.39 Hindu 8.54 Buddhist 0.60 Christian 0.37 Others 0.14" |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903181037/http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/National%20Reports/Union%20Statistics.pdf |archive-date=3 September 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Data Archived 4 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Census – Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in |title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |publisher=Censusindia.gov.in |access-date=17 July 2021}}</ref>
|-
! Religion
! Population
|-
| [[Bengali Muslims|Muslims]] ([[File:Star and Crescent.svg|18px]])
| 159,274,952
|-
| [[Bengali Hindus|Hindus]] ([[File:Om.svg|15px]])
| 86,138,190
|-
| [[Bengali Christians|Christians]] ([[File:Christian cross.svg|12px]])
| 1,718,887
|-
| [[Bengali Buddhists|Buddhists]] ([[File:Dharma Wheel.svg|18px]])
| 1,278,871
|-
| Other or no religion
| 1,707,917
|-
| Total
| 250,118,816
|}

In addition, several minority ethnolinguistic groups are native to the region. These include speakers of other Indo-Aryan languages (e.g., [[Bishnupriya Manipuri language|Bishnupriya Manipuri]], [[Sadri language|Oraon Sadri]], various [[Bihari languages]]), [[Tibeto-Burman languages]] (e.g., [[A'Tong language|A'Tong]], [[Chak language|Chak]], [[Koch language|Koch]], [[Garo language|Garo]], [[Megam language|Megam]], [[Meitei language|Meitei]] (officially called "[[Manipuri language|Manipuri]]"), [[Mizo language|Mizo]], [[Mru language|Mru]], [[Pangkhua language|Pangkhua]], [[Rakhine language|Rakhine]]/[[Marma Language|Marma]], [[Kok Borok language|Kok Borok]], [[Reang language|Riang]], [[Tippera language|Tippera]], [[Usoi language|Usoi]], various [[Chin languages]]), [[Austroasiatic languages]] (e.g., [[Khasi language|Khasi]], [[Koda language|Koda]], [[Mundari language|Mundari]], [[Pnar language|Pnar]], [[Santali language|Santali]], [[War language|War]]), and [[Dravidian languages]] (e.g., [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]], [[Sauria Paharia language|Sauria Paharia]]).<ref name="ethnologue.com" />

Life expectancy is around 72.49 years for Bangladesh<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook |country=Bangladesh |access-date=31 October 2009}}</ref> and 70.2 for West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web |title=Contents 2010–14 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Vital_Statistics/SRS_Life_Table/1.CONTENTS-2010-14.pdf |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=12 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161113174353/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Vital_Statistics/SRS_Life_Table/1.CONTENTS-2010-14.pdf |archive-date=13 November 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="life table">{{cite web |title=Abridged Life Tables- 2010–14 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Vital_Statistics/SRS_Life_Table/2.Analysis_2010-14.pdf |page=5 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=12 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110123124/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Vital_Statistics/SRS_Life_Table/2.Analysis_2010-14.pdf |archive-date=10 January 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> In terms of literacy, West Bengal leads with 77% literacy rate,<ref name=censuswb /> in Bangladesh the rate is approximately 72.9%.<ref>{{cite book |last=CRI |title=Bangladesh Education for All |date=2014 |publisher=CRI Publication |isbn=978-0-7566-9859-1 |page=138 |url=http://cri.org.bd/publication/2015/Bangladesh%20Education%20for%20All/#/1/ |access-date=6 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814012330/http://cri.org.bd/publication/2015/Bangladesh%20Education%20for%20All/#/1/ |archive-date=14 August 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|CRI do not give a breakdown by gender or state the age bracket for the data}} The level of poverty in West Bengal is at 19.98%, while in Bangladesh it stands at 12.9%<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=15283 |title=Table 162, Number and Percentage of Population Below Poverty Line |publisher=Reserve Bank of India, Government of India |year=2013 |access-date=20 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407102043/http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=15283 |archive-date=7 April 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Misha |first1=Farzana |last2=Sulaiman |first2=Munshi |title=Bangladesh Priorities: Poverty, Sulaiman and Misha {{pipe}} Copenhagen Consensus Center |url=http://www.copenhagenconsensus.com/publication/bangladesh-priorities-poverty-sulaiman-and-misha |website=copenhagenconsensus.com |access-date=7 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416191511/http://www.copenhagenconsensus.com/publication/bangladesh-priorities-poverty-sulaiman-and-misha |archive-date=16 April 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="unicef_stats">{{cite web |url=http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/bangladesh_bangladesh_statistics.html |title=Statistics |date=18 December 2013 |website=UNICEF |access-date=2 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151219134729/http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/bangladesh_bangladesh_statistics.html |archive-date=19 December 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

West Bengal has one of the lowest total fertility rates in India. West Bengal's TFR of 1.6 roughly equals that of Canada.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/1rl0WtFHAUyrXy1KcwGYlK/Why-West-Bengal-is-like-Canada-and-Bihar-like-Swaziland.html |title=Why West Bengal is like Canada, and Bihar like Swaziland |work=Mint |access-date=7 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160724083636/http://www.livemint.com/Politics/1rl0WtFHAUyrXy1KcwGYlK/Why-West-Bengal-is-like-Canada-and-Bihar-like-Swaziland.html |archive-date=24 July 2016 |url-status=live|date=25 December 2014}}</ref>

=== Major cities ===
The Bengal region is home to the some of the world's [[List of urban areas by population|major urban areas]], [[Dhaka]] is the [[List of urban areas by population|4th largest urban area]] in the world, while [[Kolkata]] is [[List of urban areas by population|17th largest urban area]].{{citation needed|date=February 2025}}
{| class="sortable wikitable"
|+ List of million plus urban areas of Bengal
|-
! Rank
! City
! Country
! data-sort-type="numeric" | Population (2024)
! Image
|-
| align="center" | 1 || '''[[Dhaka]]''' || {{flag|Bangladesh}}
| data-sort-value="1" | 24,653,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhaka, Bangladesh Metro Area Population 1950-2024 |url=https://www.macrotrends.net/global-metrics/cities/20119/dhaka/population |access-date=24 October 2024 |website=www.macrotrends.net}}</ref>
| [[File:Dhaka April (33244268934).jpg|alt=|thumb|130px|[[Dhaka]]]]
|-
| align="center" | 2 || '''[[Kolkata]]''' || {{flag|India}}
| data-sort-value="2" | 15,845,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=Calcutta, India Metro Area Population 1950-2024 |url=https://www.macrotrends.net/global-metrics/cities/21211/calcutta/population |access-date=24 October 2024 |website=www.macrotrends.net}}</ref>
| [[File:EM Bypass Kolkata.jpg|thumb|130px|[[Kolkata]]]]
|-
| align="center" | 3 || '''[[Chittagong]]''' || {{flag|Bangladesh}}
| data-sort-value="3" | 5,653,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chittagong, Bangladesh Metro Area Population 1950-2024 |url=https://www.macrotrends.net/global-metrics/cities/20115/chittagong/population |access-date=24 October 2024 |website=www.macrotrends.net}}</ref>
| [[File:Chittagong city skyline.jpg|thumb|130px|[[Chittagong]]]]
|-
| align="center" | 4 || '''[[Asansol]]''' || {{flag|India}}
| data-sort-value="4" | 1,565,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asansol, India Metro Area Population 1950-2024 |url=https://www.macrotrends.net/global-metrics/cities/21170/asansol/population |access-date=24 October 2024 |website=www.macrotrends.net}}</ref>
| [[File:Modernisation of ISP.JPG|thumb|130px|[[Asansol]]]]
|-
| align="center" | 5 || '''[[Siliguri]]''' || {{flag|India}}
| data-sort-value="5" | 1,191,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=Siliguri, India Metro Area Population 1950-2024 |url=https://www.macrotrends.net/global-metrics/cities/21405/siliguri/population |access-date=24 October 2024 |website=www.macrotrends.net}}</ref>
| [[File:Siliguri view 3.jpg|thumb|130px|[[Siliguri]]]]
|}

====Other major cities in West Bengal====
Other important cities of West Bengal region such as [[Howrah]], [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]], [[Basirhat]], [[Kharagpur]], [[Durgapur]], [[Coochbehar]], [[Malda, West Bengal|Malda]], [[Chandannagar]], [[Bardhaman]], [[Darjeeling]] etc.<ref>{{cite web |title=West Bengal (India): State, Major Agglomerations & Cities |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/india/cities/westbengal/ |website=CityPopulation.de |access-date=10 May 2025}}</ref>

====Other major cities in Bangladesh====
Other important cities in Bangladesh such as [[Sylhet]], [[Khulna]], [[Jessore]], [[Rajshahi]], [[Rangpur, Bangladesh|Rangpur]], [[Cox's Bazar]] etc.

== Culture ==
{{Main|Culture of Bengal}}

=== Language ===
{{Main|Bengali language}}

[[File:Bengali letters.svg|thumb|left|[[Bengali alphabet|Bengali letters]]]]

The [[Bengali language]] developed between the 7th and 10th centuries from [[Apabhraṃśa]] and [[Magadhi Prakrit]].<ref name="britannica2">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://global.britannica.com/topic/Bengali-language |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |title=Bengali language |access-date=7 January 2017}}</ref> It is written using the indigenous [[Bengali alphabet]], a descendant of the ancient [[Brahmi script]]. Bengali is the [[List of languages by number of native speakers|5th most spoken language in the world]]. It is an eastern [[Indo-Aryan language]] and one of the easternmost branches of the [[Indo-European language family]]. It is part of the [[Bengali-Assamese languages]]. Bengali has greatly influenced other languages in the region, including [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Chakma language|Chakma]], [[Nepali language|Nepali]] and [[Rohingya language|Rohingya]]. It is the sole [[state language]] of Bangladesh and the second most spoken language in India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Scheduled Languages in Descending Order of Speakers' Strength – 2011 |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/Language-2011/Statement-4.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/Language-2011/Statement-4.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live |website=censusindia.gov.in |access-date=10 April 2020}}</ref> It is also the seventh most spoken language by total number of speakers in the world.

[[File:Bengali dialects.png|thumb|centre|Bengali and its dialects]]

Bengali binds together a culturally diverse region and is an important contributor to regional identity. The 1952 [[Bengali language movement]] in East Pakistan is commemorated by [[UNESCO]] as [[International Mother Language Day]], as part of global efforts to preserve linguistic identity.

=== Currency ===
{{Main|History of the taka}}

[[File:Coin - Silver - Circa 9-10th Century 13th Century CE - Harikela Kingdom - ACCN 90-C2752 - Indian Museum - Kolkata 2014-04-04 4303.JPG|thumb|left|A silver coin with Proto-Bengali script, 9th century]]

In both [[Bangladesh]] and [[West Bengal]], currency is commonly denominated as taka. The [[Bangladesh taka]] is an official standard bearer of this tradition, while the [[Indian rupee]] is also written as taka in Bengali script on all of its banknotes. The [[history of the taka]] dates back centuries. Bengal was home one of the world's earliest coin currencies in the first millennium BCE. Under the Delhi Sultanate, the taka was introduced by [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]] in 1329. Bengal became the stronghold of the taka. The silver currency was the most important symbol of sovereignty of the [[Sultanate of Bengal]]. It was traded on the [[Silk Road]] and replicated in [[Nepal]] and China's [[Tibet]]an protectorate. The [[Pakistani rupee]] was scripted in Bengali as taka on its banknotes until Bangladesh's creation in 1971.

=== Literature ===
{{Main|Bengali literature|Bangladeshi English literature}}

[[File:Tagore Iran.jpg|thumb|left|[[Rabindranath Tagore]], known as the Bengali Shakespeare, being hosted at the Parliament of [[Iran]] in the 1930s]]

Bengali literature has a rich heritage. It has a history stretching back to the 3rd century BCE, when the main language was [[Sanskrit]] written in the [[brahmi]] script. The [[Bengali language]] and [[Bengali–Assamese script|script]] evolved {{Circa|1000&nbsp;CE}} from [[Magadhi Prakrit]]. Bengal has a long tradition in folk literature, evidenced by the ''[[Charyapada|Chôrjapôdô]]'', ''[[Mangalkavya]]'', ''[[Shreekrishna Kirtana]]'', ''[[Maimansingha Gitika]]'' or ''[[Thakurmar Jhuli]]''. Bengali literature in the medieval age was often either religious (e.g. [[Chandidas]]), or adaptations from other languages (e.g. [[Alaol]]). During the [[Bengal Renaissance]] of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, [[Bengali literature]] was modernised through the works of authors such as [[Michael Madhusudan Dutta]], [[Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar]], [[Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay]], [[Rabindranath Tagore]], [[Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay]], [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]], [[Satyendranath Dutta]], [[Begum Rokeya]] and [[Jibanananda Das]]. In the 20th century, prominent modern Bengali writers included [[Syed Mujtaba Ali]], [[Jasimuddin]], [[Manik Bandopadhyay]], [[Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay]], [[Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay]], [[Buddhadeb Bose]], [[Sunil Gangopadhyay]] and [[Humayun Ahmed]].

Prominent contemporary Bengali writers in English include [[Amitav Ghosh]], [[Tahmima Anam]], [[Jhumpa Lahiri]] and [[Zia Haider Rahman]] among others.

=== Personification ===
{{Main|Mother Bengal}}

The [[Bangamata]] is a female [[national personification|personification]] of Bengal which was created during the [[Bengali Renaissance]] and later adopted by the [[Bengali nationalism|Bengali nationalists]].<ref>[http://appweb.cortland.edu/ojs/index.php/Wagadu/article/viewArticle/250/464 Symbols of Water and Woman on Selected Examples of Modern Bengali Literature in the Context of Mythological Tradition] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212184455/http://appweb.cortland.edu/ojs/index.php/Wagadu/article/viewArticle/250/464 |date=12 December 2013 }}</ref> [[Hindu nationalism|Hindu nationalists]] adopted a modified [[Bharat Mata]] as a national personification of India.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/lSOX1BWMcgypBUV8mUb8cJ/The-origins-of-Bharat-Mata.html|title=The origins of Bharat Mata|last=Roche|first=Elizabeth|date=17 March 2016|work=LiveMint|access-date=18 November 2019}}</ref> The Mother Bengal represents not only biological motherness but its attributed characteristics as well – protection, never ending love, consolation, care, the beginning and the end of life. In [[Amar Sonar Bangla]], the national anthem of Bangladesh, [[Rabindranath Tagore]] has used the word "Maa" (Mother) numerous times to refer to the motherland i.e. Bengal.

{{Multiple image
| image1 = Bharat Mata by Abanindranath Tagore.jpg
| caption1 = The nationalist sentiments that this painting evoked transformed [[Abanindranath Tagore]]'s initial thoughts "[[Bangamata]]" after the [[Partition of Bengal (1905)]] into [[Bharat Mata]] (Mother India), a pan-Indian figure, inspiring people across the length and breadth of the nation during the [[Indian independence movement]].
| image2 = কোলকাতা ভাষা শহীদ মিনার.jpg
| caption2 = [[Mother Language Day]] Monument in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]] representing Language Matyrs on the lap of [[Bangamata]] (Mother Bengal) during [[Bangladesh Liberation War]].
| total_width = 600
}}

=== Art ===
{{See also|Bangladeshi art}}
[[File:CezanneGalleryofSaifulIslam2012.JPG|thumb|Bangladeshi paintings for sale at an art gallery in Dhaka]]

The Pala-Sena School of Art developed in Bengal between the 8th and 12th centuries and is considered a high point of classical Asian art.<ref name="Bagchi1993">{{cite book |title=The History and Culture of the Pālas of Bengal and Bihar, Cir. 750 A.D.-cir. 1200 A.D |author=Bagchi, J. |date=1993 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=9788170173014 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J7RKoMeAtpUC&pg=PA127 |page=127 |access-date=7 January 2017}}</ref><ref name="Huntington1984">{{cite book |title=The "Påala-Sena" Schools of Sculpture |author=Huntington, S. L. |date=1984 |publisher=E.J. Brill |isbn=9789004068568 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xLA3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA4 |page=4 |access-date=7 January 2017}}</ref> It included sculptures and paintings.<ref name="britannica3">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pala-art |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |title=Pala art |access-date=7 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003233853/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pala-art |archive-date=3 October 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Islamic Bengal was noted for its production of the finest cotton fabrics and [[sari]]s, notably the [[Jamdani]], which received warrants from the Mughal court.<ref name="metmuseum">{{cite web |url=http://www.metmuseum.org/blogs/ruminations/2015/bangladeshi-islamic-art |website=metmuseum.org |title=In Search of Bangladeshi Islamic Art {{pipe}} The Metropolitan Museum of Art |date=12 November 2015 |access-date=7 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812083629/http://www.metmuseum.org/blogs/ruminations/2015/bangladeshi-islamic-art |archive-date=12 August 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Zainul Abedin]] was the pioneer of modern [[Bangladeshi art]]. The country has a thriving and internationally acclaimed [[contemporary art]] scene.<ref name="nytimes">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/14/arts/international/in-bangladesh-a-vibrant-contemporary-scene.html |newspaper=The New York Times |title=In Bangladesh, a Vibrant Contemporary Scene |access-date=7 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821170739/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/14/arts/international/in-bangladesh-a-vibrant-contemporary-scene.html |archive-date=21 August 2017 |url-status=live |date=13 March 2014 |last1=Yee |first1=Amy}}</ref>

=== Architecture ===
{{Main|Architecture of Bengal}}

[[File:Momin Mosque after restoration.jpg|thumb|[[Bungalow]]s originated from [[Bengali architecture]].]]

Classical Bengali architecture features [[terracotta]] buildings. Ancient Bengali kingdoms laid the foundations of the region's architectural heritage through the construction of monasteries and temples (for example, the [[Somapura Mahavihara]]). During the [[Bengal Sultanate|sultanate period]], a distinct and glorious Islamic style of architecture developed the region.<ref name="akdn">{{cite web |url=http://www.akdn.org/architecture/project/bait-ur-rouf-mosque |website=akdn.org |title=Bait Ur Rouf Mosque {{pipe}} Aga Khan Development Network |access-date=7 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119103806/http://www.akdn.org/architecture/project/bait-ur-rouf-mosque |archive-date=19 November 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Most Islamic buildings were small and highly artistic terracotta mosques with multiple domes and no minarets. Bengal was also home to the largest mosque in South Asia at [[Adina Mosque|
Adina]]. Bengali vernacular architecture is credited for inspiring the popularity of the [[bungalow]].<ref>''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'', "bungalow"; [http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=bungalow&searchmode=none Online Etymology Dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406071037/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=bungalow&searchmode=none |date=6 April 2016 }}</ref>

The Bengal region also has a rich heritage of [[Indo-Saracenic architecture]], including numerous [[zamindar]] palaces and mansions. The most prominent example of this style is the [[Victoria Memorial, Kolkata]].

In the 1950s, [[Muzharul Islam]] pioneered the modernist terracotta style of architecture in South Asia. This was followed by the design of the [[Jatiyo Sangshad Bhaban]] by the renowned American architect [[Louis Kahn]] in the 1960s, which was based on the aesthetic heritage of Bengali architecture and geography.<ref name="worldviewcities">{{cite web |url=http://www.worldviewcities.org/dhaka/islam.html |website=worldviewcities.org |title=Worldview |access-date=7 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230094254/http://www.worldviewcities.org/dhaka/islam.html |archive-date=30 December 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="worldviewcities2">{{cite web |url=http://www.worldviewcities.org/dhaka/philadelphia.html |website=worldviewcities.org |title=Worldview |access-date=7 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102231001/http://www.worldviewcities.org/dhaka/philadelphia.html |archive-date=2 January 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Sciences ===
{{main|Science and technology in Bangladesh}}

[[File:FR khan sculputure at Sears tower.jpg|thumb|A sculpture of the Bengali-American engineer [[Fazlur Rahman Khan]] at [[Sears Tower]] in the United States]]

The [[Gupta dynasty]], which is believed to have originated in North Bengal, pioneered the invention of [[chess]], the concept of [[zero]], the [[heliocentrism|theory of Earth orbiting the Sun]], the study of [[Sun|solar]] and [[Moon|lunar]] eclipses and the flourishing of [[Sanskrit literature]] and [[Sanskrit drama|drama]].<ref name="Murray 1913" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Koshy |first1=Thomas |title=Elementary Number Theory with Applications |year=2002 |publisher=Harcourt / Academic press |isbn=0-12-421171-2 |page=567}}</ref>

The educational reforms during the [[British Raj]] gave birth to many distinguished scientists in Bengal. Sir [[Jagadish Chandra Bose]] pioneered the investigation of radio and [[microwave]] [[optics]], made significant contributions to [[plant science]], and laid the foundations of experimental science in the Indian subcontinent.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Santimay |last2=Chatterjee |first2=Enakshi |title=Satyendra Nath Bose |year=1976 |location=New Delhi |publisher=National Book Trust |oclc=3017431 |pages=5–6}}</ref> [[IEEE]] named him one of the [[People known as the father or mother of something|fathers]] of radio science.<ref>{{cite conference |title=Sir J. C. Bose and radio science |last1=Sen |first1=A. K. |year=1997 |publisher=IEEE |book-title=Microwave Symposium Digest |pages=557–560 |location=Denver, CO |conference=IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium |isbn=0-7803-3814-6 |doi=10.1109/MWSYM.1997.602854}}</ref> He was the first person from the Indian subcontinent to receive a [[United States patent law|US patent]], in 1904. In 1924–25, while researching at the University of Dhaka, [[Satyendra Nath Bose]] well known for his works in [[quantum mechanics]], provided the foundation for [[Bose–Einstein statistics]] and the theory of the [[Bose–Einstein condensate]].<ref name=SMahanti>{{cite web |last=Mahanti |first=Subodh |title=Satyendra Nath Bose, The Creator of Quantum Statistics |url=http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/scientists/snbose/bosenew.htm |publisher=Vigyan Prasar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160712081636/http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/scientists/snbose/bosenew.htm |archive-date=12 July 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Wali |first=Kameshwar C |author-link=Kameshwar C. Wali |year=2009 |title=Satyendra Nath Bose: his life and times |location=Singapore |publisher=World Scientific |pages=xvii, xviii, xx (Foreword) |isbn=978-981-279-070-5}}</ref><ref name="OConnorRobertson">{{cite web |last1=O'Connor |first1=J J |last2=Robertson |first2=E F |date=October 2003 |title=Satyendranath Bose |url=http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Bose.html |publisher=The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116083306/http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Bose.html |archive-date=16 January 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Meghnad Saha]] was the first scientist to relate a star's spectrum to its temperature, developing thermal ionization equations (notably the [[Saha ionization equation]]) that have been foundational in the fields of astrophysics and astrochemistry.<ref name="Distillations">{{cite journal |last1=Kean |first1=Sam |title=A forgotten star |journal=Distillations |year=2017 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=4–5 |url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/a-forgotten-star |access-date=22 March 2018}}</ref> [[Amal Kumar Raychaudhuri]] was a physicist, known for his research in general relativity and cosmology. His most significant contribution is the eponymous [[Raychaudhuri equation]], which demonstrates that singularities arise inevitably in general relativity and is a key ingredient in the proofs of the Penrose–Hawking singularity theorems.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/no-big-bang-the-universe-was-there-all-along-studies/article6959499.ece |title=No Big Bang, the universe was there all along: studies |first=Shubashree |last=Desikan |date=5 March 2015 |access-date=2 January 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621211441/http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/no-big-bang-the-universe-was-there-all-along-studies/article6959499.ece |archive-date=21 June 2017}}</ref>

In the United States, the Bangladeshi-American engineer [[Fazlur Rahman Khan]] emerged as the "father of tubular designs" in skyscraper construction. [[Ashoke Sen]] is an Indian theoretical physicist whose main area of work is string theory. He was among the first recipients of the [[Fundamental Physics Prize]] "for opening the path to the realisation that all string theories are different limits of the same underlying theory".<ref name="Pulakkat">{{cite news |last=Pulakkat |first=Hari |date=19 December 2013 |title=How many of us know about Breakthrough Prize winner, Ashoke Sen? |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-12-19/news/45377589_1_ashoke-sen-yuri-milner-scientists |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131222155950/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-12-19/news/45377589_1_ashoke-sen-yuri-milner-scientists |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 December 2013 |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref>

=== Music ===
{{Main|Music of Bengal|Music of Bangladesh}}

[[File:Tharundas baul.jpg|thumb|A [[Baul]] musician. The Baul ballads of Bangladesh are classified by UNESCO as [[intangible cultural heritage]].]]

The [[Baul]] tradition is a unique heritage of Bengali folk music.<ref name=baulbengalonline>{{cite web |url=http://bengalonline.sitemarvel.com/bengali-folklore.asp?art=baul |title=The Bauls of Bengal |access-date=26 October 2006 |website=BengalOnline |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030119135124/http://bengalonline.sitemarvel.com/bengali-folklore.asp?art=baul |archive-date=19 January 2003 |url-status=live}}</ref> The 19th century mystic poet [[Lalon Shah]] is the most celebrated practitioner of the tradition.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Anirvan |title=Anirvan |access-date=5 August 2015 |last=Banik |first=Nandadulal |website=[[Banglapedia]] |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bangladesh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203161749/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Anirvan |archive-date=3 February 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Other folk music forms include [[Gombhira]], [[Bhatiali]] and [[Bhawaiya]]. [[Hason Raja]] is a renowned folk poet of the Sylhet region. Folk music in Bengal is often accompanied by the [[ektara]], a one-stringed instrument. Other instruments include the [[dotara]], [[dhol]], flute, and [[tabla]]. The region also has a rich heritage in [[Hindustani classical music|North Indian classical music]].

=== Cuisine ===
{{Main|Bengali cuisine|Bangladeshi cuisine}}

[[Bengali cuisine]] is the only traditionally developed multi-course tradition from the Indian subcontinent. Rice and fish are traditional favourite foods, leading to a saying that "fish and rice make a Bengali".<ref name=machhe>{{cite web |url=http://govdocs.aquake.org/cgi/reprint/2003/1201/12010300.pdf |title=Development of freshwater fish farming and poverty alleviation: A case study from Bangladesh |access-date=22 October 2006 |author=Gertjan de Graaf, Abdul Latif |publisher=Aqua KE Government |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061101103614/http://govdocs.aquake.org/cgi/reprint/2003/1201/12010300.pdf |archive-date=1 November 2006 }}</ref> Bengal's vast repertoire of fish-based dishes includes [[Hilsa]] preparations, a favourite among Bengalis. Bengalis make distinctive [[confectionery|sweetmeats]] from milk products, including ''[[Rasgulla|Rôshogolla]]'', ''Chômchôm'', and several kinds of ''[[Pithe]]''. The old city of Dhaka is noted for its distinct Indo-Islamic cuisine, including [[biryani]], [[bakarkhani]] and [[kebab]] dishes.

=== Boats ===
{{See also|Country boats in Bangladesh}}
[[File:Frans Balthasar Solvyns - Budgerow.jpg|thumb|left|18th-century painting of a [[budgerow]]]]

There are 150 types of Bengali country boats plying the [[List of rivers in Bangladesh|700 rivers of the Bengal delta]], the vast [[floodplain]] and many [[oxbow lake]]s. They vary in design and size. The boats include the [[dinghy]] and [[sampan]] among others. Country boats are a central element of [[Bengali culture]] and have inspired generations of artists and poets, including the ivory artisans of the Mughal era. The country has a long shipbuilding tradition, dating back many centuries. Wooden boats are made of timber such as ''Jarul'' ([[dipterocarpus]] turbinatus),'' sal'' ([[shorea robusta]]), ''sundari'' ([[heritiera fomes]]), and ''[[Teak|Burma teak]]'' (tectons grandis). Medieval Bengal was shipbuilding hub for the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] and [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] navies.<ref name="bpedia">{{cite book |last=Hossain |first=Khandakar Akhter |year=2012 |chapter=Shipbuilding Industry |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Shipbuilding_Industry |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref><ref name="newagezakaria">{{cite news |title=Prospects of shipbuilding industry in Bangladesh |url=http://newagebd.com/newspaper1/archive_details.php?date=2011-12-17&nid=43675 |url-status=dead |newspaper=New Age |access-date=30 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217222253/http://newagebd.com/newspaper1/archive_details.php?date=2011-12-17&nid=43675 |archive-date=17 December 2013}}</ref> The British [[Royal Navy]] later utilised Bengali shipyards in the 19th century, including for the [[Battle of Trafalgar]].

=== Attire ===
[[File:Bridal Photo.jpg|thumb|Traditional bride of Bangladesh]]

Bengali women commonly wear the ''[[sari|shaŗi]]'', often distinctly designed according to local cultural customs. In urban areas, many women and men wear Western-style attire. Among men, European dressing has greater acceptance. Men also wear traditional costumes such as the ''panjabi''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarkar |first=Puja |date=5 May 2020 |title=Panjabi with a twist |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/lifestyle/ls-pick/news/panjabi-twist-1899448?amp |access-date=24 October 2024 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> with ''[[dhoti]]'' or ''[[pyjama]]'', often on religious occasions. The [[lungi]], a kind of long skirt, is widely worn by Bangladeshi men.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}

=== Festivals ===
{{Main|List of festivals in Bangladesh|List of festivals in West Bengal}}

[[File:Mongol Shobhajatra, Pohela Boishakh (18).jpg|thumb|[[Mangal Shobhajatra]] parade during the [[Bengali New Year]] in Bangladesh]]

For [[Bengali Muslims]], the major religious festivals are [[Eid al-Fitr]], [[Eid al-Adha]], [[Mawlid]], [[Muharram]], and [[Barat Night|Shab-e-Barat]]. For [[Bengali Hindus]], the major religious festivals include [[Durga Puja]], [[Kali Puja]], [[Janmashtami]] and [[Rath Yatra]]. In honour of [[Bengali Buddhists]] and [[Bengali Christians]], both [[Buddha's Birthday]] and [[Christmas]] are public holidays in the region. The [[Bengali New Year]] is the main secular festival of Bengali culture celebrated by people regardless of religious and social backgrounds. The biggest congregation in Bengal is the [[Bishwa ijtema]], which is also the world's second largest Islamic congregation. Other Bengali festivals include the [[Pohela Falgun|first day of spring]] and the [[Nabanna]] harvest festival in autumn.

=== Media ===
{{See also|Mass media in Bangladesh}}
Bangladesh has a diverse, outspoken and privately owned [[News media|press]]. English-language titles are popular in the urban readership.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bangladesh profile – Media |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-12650946 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=21 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731160445/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-12650946 |archive-date=31 July 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> West Bengal had 559 published newspapers in 2005,<ref name=rniindia>{{cite web |url=https://rni.nic.in/pii.htm |title=General Review |access-date=1 September 2006 |publisher=Registrar of Newspapers for India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927070139/https://rni.nic.in/pii.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007}}</ref> of which 430 were in Bengali, with the largest circulated [[Bengali-language newspapers|Bengali language newspapers]] and magazines in the world.<ref name=rniindia /> [[Cinema of Bangladesh|Bengali cinema]] is divided between the media hubs of Dhaka and Kolkata.

=== Sports ===
{{See also|Bangladesh Games|Bengali traditional games}}
[[Cricket]] and [[association football|football]] are popular sports in the Bengal region. Local games include sports such as [[Kho Kho]] and [[Kabaddi]], the latter being the national sport of Bangladesh. An Indo-Bangladesh ''Bengali Games'' has been organised among the athletes of the Bengali speaking areas of the two countries.<ref name=indobangla>{{cite news |date=26 February 2008 |title=Bangladesh dominate Indo-Bangla Games, clinch 45 gold medals |url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/uncategorized/bangladesh-dominate-indo-bangla-games-clinch-45-gold-medals_10021599.html |newspaper=Thaindian News |agency=Indian-Asian News Service |access-date=27 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210232012/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/uncategorized/bangladesh-dominate-indo-bangla-games-clinch-45-gold-medals_10021599.html |archive-date=10 February 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Bangladeshi diaspora]]
* [[List of Bengalis]]
* [[Zerat]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="google5">{{cite book |title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760 |author=Eaton, R. M. |date=1996 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-20507-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC |access-date=7 January 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="hp">Lawrence B. Lesser. "Historical Perspective". [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/bdtoc.html ''A Country Study: Bangladesh''] (James Heitzman and Robert Worden, editors). [[Library of Congress]] [[Federal Research Division]] (September 1988). ''This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.''[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/about.html About the Country Studies / Area Handbooks Program: Country Studies – Federal Research Division, Library of Congress]</ref>
</references>

== External links ==
{{Sister project links}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Bengal| ]]
[[Category:Regions of Asia]]
[[Category:Geography of South Asia]]
[[Category:Geography of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:History of Bengal|B]]
[[Category:Regions of India]]
[[Category:Historical regions in India]]
[[Category:Subdivisions of British India]]

P. K. Basheer

2026-03-17T13:48:13Z

BootTPP: adjust details per standard format and improved wording

{{short description|Indian politician}}

{{BLP sources|date=August 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = P. K. Basheer
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1959|9|25}}
| birth_place = Edavanna
| residence =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| term_start1 = 2011
| term_end1 =
| constituency1 = [[Eranad (tehsil)|Eranad]]
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 = Incumbent
| office1 =Member of the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| constituency2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| party = [[Indian Union Muslim League]]
| spouse = Raziya Basheer
| father = [[P Seethi Haji]]
| children =
| nationality = Indian
| footnotes =
| date=
| year =
| source =
}}
'''P. K. Basheer''' is the member of 14th [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]. He is a member of [[Indian Union Muslim League]] and represents [[Eranad (tehsil)|Eranad]] constituency.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/13kla/mem/p_k_basheer.htm |title=Members - Kerala Legislature |website=www.niyamasabha.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216215005/http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/13kla/mem/p_k_basheer.htm |archive-date=2012-02-16}}</ref>

==Election results==
'''Voting Results'''
* Electorate: 141,833
* Votes Polled: 114,435
* Shri. P.K. Basheer (ML): 58,698
* Shri. Anver P.V. (IND): 47,452
* Shri. K.P. Baburaj Master (BJP): 3,448

==Positions held==
* President, Edavanna Service Co-operative Bank (13 Years)
* Muslim Youth League, Edavanna Panchayat (1985)
* Muslim League, Wandoor Constituency (1990)
* Vice-President, District Committee Muslim Youth League (1991)
* Member, Muslim Youth League State Working Committee (1996)
* Director (1991–98); Malappuram District Service Co-operative Bank (1991–98)
* Member, District Panchayat (Since 2001), State Working Committee, Muslim League (since 2004)

==Personal life==
He was born at [[Edavanna]] on 25 September 1959. His parents are [[Seethi Haji|P Seethi Haji]] and Fathima. He is married to Raziya Basheer and has three children.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Basheer, P. K.}}
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:Indian Union Muslim League politicians]]
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:People from Malappuram district]]

{{Kerala-politician-stub}}

Pulwama Assembly constituency

2026-03-17T11:11:14Z

BootTPP: minor corrected formatting per standard format also and added references

{{Short description|Constituency of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = [[Pulwama]]
| mla = [[Waheed Ur Rehman Para]]
| party = [[Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| district = [[Pulwama district|Pulwama]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Srinagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Srinagar]]
| established = 1962
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 34
}}

'''Pulwama Assembly constituency''' is one of the 90 constituencies in the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] a north state of [[India]]. Pulwama is also part of [[Srinagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Srinagar Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12211-delimitation-of-constituencies-in-jammu-kashmir-assamarunachal-pradesh-manipur-and-nagaland-notification-dated-06032020/ |title=Delimitation of Constituencies in Jammu-Kashmir, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur and Nagaland - Notification dated 06.03.2020 - Delimitation - Election Commission of India |newspaper=eci.gov.in |accessdate=2021-06-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13193-delimitation-of-constituencies-in-jammu-kashmir-notification-dated-03032021/ |title=Delimitation of Constituencies in Jammu-Kashmir - Notification dated 03.03.2021 - Presidential Orders/ Delimitation Commission Orders |website=Election Commission of India |date= 3 March 2021 |accessdate= 2021-06-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Pulwama Assembly Constituency|url=https://www.elections.in/jammu-and-kashmir/assembly-constituencies/pulwama.html|access-date=2021-06-27|website=Elections.in}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Election
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1962 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Sanaullah Sheikh
| {{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}
|-
| [[1967 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan=2|Sonaullah Dar
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan=2|Mohammad Ibrahim Dar
| {{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
|-
| [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
| rowspan=2|Bashir Ahmed Nengroo
|-
| [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
| [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|[[Mohammad Khalil Band]]
| {{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| Mohammad Khalil Band
|-
| [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| Mohammad Khalil Band
|-
| [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Waheed Ur Rehman Para]]
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Pulwama<ref>{{cite news|last1=Election Commission of India|title=J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Pulwama|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0834.htm|access-date=9 July 2025|date=8 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250709154255/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0834.htm|archive-date=9 July 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Waheed Ur Rehman Para]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=24,716 |percentage=48.94% |change={{increase}}10.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mohammad Khalil Band]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Conference |votes=16,568 |percentage=32.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Talat Majid Alie |party=Independent politician |votes=1,833 |percentage=3.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Fayaz Ahmad Sofi |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=1,224 |percentage=2.42% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sofi Mohammad Akbar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,117 |percentage=2.21% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Ayoub Mir |party=Independent politician |votes=1,052 |percentage=2.08% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Iqbal Sofi |party=Independent politician |votes=871 |percentage=1.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=1,095 |percentage=2.17% |change={{increase}}1.21 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,148 |percentage=16.13% |change= {{increase}}12.71 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=50,499 |percentage=50.72% |change= {{increase}}12.62 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 99,555 |ref = |change= {{increase}}25.74 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |loser=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |swing= {{increase}}10.39 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Pulwama<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Jammu & Kashmir 2014 - Jammu & Kashmir - Election Commission of India |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613150235/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-date=2019-06-13 |access-date= |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mohammad Khalil Bandh]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=11,631 |percentage=38.55% |change={{increase}}2.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ghulam Nabi Ratanpuri]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=10,599 |percentage=35.13% |change={{increase}}24.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Qayoom Mir |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Front (Secular) |votes=1,850 |percentage=6.13% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sana Ullah Dar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,760 |percentage=5.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bashir Ahmad Magrey |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,558 |percentage=5.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Riyaz Ahmad Mir |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=672 |percentage=2.23% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bashir Ahmad Malik |party=Independent politician |votes=669 |percentage=2.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=289 |percentage=0.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,032 |percentage=3.42% |change= {{decrease}}19.31 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=30,168 |percentage=38.10% |change= {{decrease}}2.74 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 79,175 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.79 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |loser=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |swing= {{increase}}2.10 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Pulwama<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225073739/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-date=25 December 2024|access-date=25 December 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mohammad Khalil Bandh]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=10,639 |percentage=36.45% |change={{decrease}}16.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sonaullah Dar |party=Independent politician |votes=4,003 |percentage=13.71% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ghulam Nabi Ratanpuri]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=3,246 |percentage=11.12% |change={{decrease}}17.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammad Maqbool Baht |party=Independent politician |votes=3,202 |percentage=10.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bashir Ahmad Nengroo |party=Independent politician |votes=2,318 |percentage=7.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Qayoom Mir |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Front |votes=1,643 |percentage=5.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Javaid Abdullah Mir |party=Jammu & Kashmir Democratic Party Nationalist |votes=849 |percentage=2.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,636 |percentage=22.74% |change= {{decrease}}2.00 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=29,188 |percentage=40.84% |change= {{increase}}22.71 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 71,466 |ref = |change= {{increase}}32.08 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |loser=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |swing= {{decrease}}16.64 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Pulwama<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127192246/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mohammad Khalil Bandh]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=5,209 |percentage=53.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bashir Ahmad Nengroo |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=2,782 |percentage=28.36% |change={{decrease}}24.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohamad Maqbool Bhat |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,143 |percentage=11.65% |change={{increase}}0.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Gani Bhat |party=Independent politician |votes=409 |percentage=4.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nazir Ahmad Lone |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party |votes=135 |percentage=1.38% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manzoor Ahmad Thoker |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=133 |percentage=1.36% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,427 |percentage=24.74% |change= {{increase}}4.54 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,811 |percentage=18.13% |change= {{decrease}}28.52 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 54,107 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.06 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{increase}}0.64 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Pulwama<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1996 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117084805/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Bashir Ahmad Nengroo |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=12,030 |percentage=52.46% |change={{decrease}}7.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Syed Bashir Ahmad |party=Janata Dal |votes=7,398 |percentage=32.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Gani Bhat |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,483 |percentage=10.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Yousuf Wani |party=Jammu and Kashmir Awami League |votes=1,022 |percentage=4.46% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,632 |percentage=20.20% |change= {{decrease}}1.25 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=22,933 |percentage=51.31% |change= {{decrease}}32.82 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 49,162 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}0.10 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}7.11 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1987 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Pulwama<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1987 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReport_jk_87.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114084427/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReport_jk_87.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Bashir Ahmed Nengroo |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=23,297 |percentage=59.57% |change={{increase}}8.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mushtaq Ahmed |party=Independent politician |votes=14,910 |percentage=38.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bashir Ahmed |party=Communist Party of India |votes=902 |percentage=2.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,387 |percentage=21.45% |change= {{decrease}}12.81 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=39,109 |percentage=80.99% |change= {{increase}}2.10 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 49,212 |ref = |change= {{increase}}24.02 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Pulwama<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport_JK_1983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117082124/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport_JK_1983.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sana Ullah Dar |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=15,707 |percentage=51.16% |change={{decrease}}21.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Ayub |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,189 |percentage=16.90% |change={{increase}}12.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Ibrahim Dar |party=Independent politician |votes=4,353 |percentage=14.18% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Assadullah |party=Jamaat-e-Islami |votes=2,651 |percentage=8.63% |change={{decrease}}1.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Qadir Mir |party=Independent politician |votes=1,705 |percentage=5.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Rasool |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=568 |percentage=1.85% |change={{decrease}}70.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mir Abdul Rahim |party=Independent politician |votes=529 |percentage=1.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,518 |percentage=34.26% |change= {{decrease}}28.48 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=30,702 |percentage=80.46% |change= {{increase}}7.42 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 39,682 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.68 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}21.42 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Pulwama<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport_JK_77.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117081946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport_JK_77.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammad Ibrahim Dar |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=18,712 |percentage=72.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Kashid Wani |party=Jamaat-e-Islami |votes=2,537 |percentage=9.84% |change={{decrease}}9.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammad Shafi Simnani |party=Janata Party |votes=1,853 |percentage=7.19% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Mohammad Mir (Muran) |party=Independent politician |votes=1,489 |percentage=5.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Mohammad Mir (Rajpuri) |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,189 |percentage=4.61% |change={{decrease}}46.48 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=16,175 |percentage=62.74% |change= {{increase}}37.08 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=25,780 |percentage=73.27% |change= {{increase}}2.30 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 36,853 |ref = |change= {{increase}}27.36 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}21.49 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Pulwama<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_JK_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083027/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_JK_72.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sona Ullah Dar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,002 |percentage=51.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Hassan Mir |party=Independent politician |votes=4,978 |percentage=25.43% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Qhulam Ahmad |party=Jamaat-e-Islami |votes=3,692 |percentage=18.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Aziz |party=Independent politician |votes=490 |percentage=2.50% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Omkar Nath |party=Independent politician |votes=414 |percentage=2.11% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,024 |percentage=25.66% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=19,576 |percentage=72.55% |change= {{increase}}67.65 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 28,937 |ref = |change= {{increase}}4.44 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Pulwama<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report_Jk_1967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006052138/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report_Jk_1967.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=Sanaullah Sheikh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=27,706 |percentage= |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 27,706 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.33 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Pulwama<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_JK_1962.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006183842/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_JK_1962.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=Sanaullah Sheikh |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=25,815 |percentage= |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,815 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[Pampore]]
* [[List of constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|33.87|74.90|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Pulwama district]]
[[Category:Politics of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]

Pappammal

2026-03-15T03:19:27Z

BootTPP: small enhance structure based on references per sources

{{Short description|Indian organic farmer (1914–2024)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pappammal
| image = Pappammal (cropped).jpg
| caption = Pappammal in 2021
| birth_date = {{Birth year|1914}}
| birth_place = [[Devalapuram]], [[Coimbatore]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and given age|2024|9|27|109|df=y}}
| death_place = Thekkampatti, [[Coimbatore district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| other_names = Rangammal
| occupation = Farmer
| known_for = [[Organic farming]]
| awards = [[Padma Shri]]
}}

'''Pappammal''' (or '''Papammal'''; 1914 – 27 September 2024) was an Indian [[organic farming|organic farmer]] from [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="HinduSep122018">{{Cite news|last=Arivanantham|first=R.|date=2018-09-12|title=At 103, hard work is what keeps her going|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/at-103-hard-work-is-what-keeps-her-going/article24930146.ece|access-date=2021-01-27|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> At the age of 105, she was argued to be the oldest farmer still active in the field.<ref name="TN Padma">{{Cite web|date=2021-01-26|title=Rs 2 doc, 105-year-old woman farmer among TN Padma winners|url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/TamilNadu/2021/01/26031655/1272964/Rs-2-doc-105yearold-woman-farmer-among-TN-Padma-winners.vpf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206103847/https://www.dtnext.in/News/TamilNadu/2021/01/26031655/1272964/Rs-2-doc-105yearold-woman-farmer-among-TN-Padma-winners.vpf|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 February 2021|access-date=2021-01-27|website=dtNext.in|language=en}}</ref> She was regarded as an agricultural pioneer and worked with [[Tamil Nadu Agricultural University]]'s department of education. She worked every day on her {{convert|2.5|acre|ha|0|abbr=off}} of land.<ref name="TN Padma" /><ref name="Quint">{{Cite web|last=Derhgawen|first=Shubhangi|date=2021-01-27|title=Twitter Celebrates 105-Year-Old Farmer Honoured With Padma Shri|url=https://www.thequint.com/neon/social-buzz/105-year-old-organic-farmer-awarded-padma-shri|access-date=2021-01-27|website=TheQuint|language=en}}</ref> Due to her contributions to organic farming, the [[government of India]] honoured her in 2021 with the [[Padma Shri]], the fourth highest civilian award in [[India]].<ref name="Padma Awards 2021">{{Cite web|date=2021-01-27|title=Padma Awards 2021: The heroes of Indian agriculture|url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com//food/discover/padma-awards-2021-the-heroes-of-indian-agriculture-111611720881041.html|access-date=2021-01-27|website=Mintlounge|language=en}}</ref><ref name="India Today1">{{Cite web|title=Organic farming pioneer: 105-year-old woman farmer from Coimbatore awarded Padma Shri|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/organic-farming-pioneer-105-year-old-woman-farmer-from-coimbatore-awarded-padma-shri-1762961-2021-01-26|website=India Today|date=26 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="The Hindu1">{{Cite news|author=Staff Reporter|date=2021-01-26|title=Ten from T.N. chosen for Padma Shri|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/ten-from-tn-chosen-for-padma-shri/article33663179.ece|access-date=2021-01-27|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
M. Pappammal alias Rangammal was born to Velammal and Maruthachala Mudaliar in the village of Devalapuram in 1914.<ref name="The Hindu Obit" /> She lost her parents at a young age, and she and her two sisters were raised in Thekkampatti, [[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]] by their paternal grandmother. She inherited her grandmother's shop and opened an eatery.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Ankita|date=2021-01-27|title=Tamil Nadu: 105-Year-Old Woman Farmer From Coimbatore Awarded Padma Shri|url=https://thelogicalindian.com/uplifting/105-year-old-woman-farmer-from-coimbatore-awarded-padma-shri-26428|access-date=2021-01-27|website=The Logical Indian|language=en|archive-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127123135/https://thelogicalindian.com/uplifting/105-year-old-woman-farmer-from-coimbatore-awarded-padma-shri-26428|url-status=dead}}</ref> From the profits she made from these businesses, she bought nearly {{convert|10|acre|ha|0|abbr=off}} of land in the village. She also brought up her sister's children.<ref name="HinduSep122018" />

She started her day at 5:30 am and went to her farm at 6 am, where she worked until the afternoon. Her family members claimed that it was her food habits and active lifestyle that kept her healthy. She did not consume tea or coffee and drank hot water.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-26|title=105-year-old organic farmer from Coimbatore is celebrating her Padma Shri award|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/105yearold-organic-farmer-from-coimbatore-is-celebrating-her-padma-shri-award-101611667462021.html|access-date=2021-01-27|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> When she was 105, she was said to be the oldest active farmer and worked every day on the 2.5 [[acre]]s (1 [[hectare]]) of land that she owned at that time.<ref name="TN Padma" /><ref name="Quint" />

She worked with [[Tamil Nadu Agricultural University]]'s department of education and organised discussion forums to apprise farmers about the university’s farming technologies and practices.<ref name="TN Padma" /><ref name="Quint" /><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-09-29 |title=TNAU condoles death of Padma Shri awardee Pappammal |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/tnau-condoles-death-of-padma-shri-awardee-pappammal/article68694944.ece |access-date=2024-12-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In 2021, Pappammal was awarded the [[Padma Shri]], [[India]]'s fourth highest civilian award, for her contributions to [[organic farming]].<ref name="Padma Awards 2021" /><ref name="India Today1" /><ref name="The Hindu1" />

Pappammal died on 27 September 2024, at the age of 109.<ref name="The Hindu Obit">{{cite news |title=Organic farmer Pappammal dies at the age of 109 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/organic-farmer-pappammal-dies-at-the-age-of-109/article68691930.ece |access-date=27 September 2024 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=27 September 2024}}</ref>

== Political life ==
Pappammal was politically active in her younger years. In 1959, she was elected as a ward member of the Thekkampatti [[Panchayat]]. She was also elected as a councillor in [[Karamadai]] [[Panchayat samiti|panchayat union]].<ref name="HinduSep122018" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Meet Padma Shri Rangama, 105-year-old who donned many hats|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/good-news/2021/jan/27/meet-padma-shri-rangama-105-year-old-who-donned-many-hats-2255477.html|access-date=2021-01-27|website=The New Indian Express|date=27 January 2021 }}</ref> She was a member of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] and a fan of [[M. Karunanidhi]].<ref name="HinduSep122018" /> She participated in farmer-related events and protests.<ref name="Padma Awards 2021" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in "Others" Category}}

[[Category:1914 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian farmers]]
[[Category:20th-century women farmers]]
[[Category:Indian women centenarians]]
[[Category:Indian women farmers]]
[[Category:People from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian farmers]]
[[Category:21st-century women farmers]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in other fields]]

Gupta script

2026-03-15T00:23:39Z

BootTPP:

{{short description|Script system used to write Sanskrit}}
{{Redirect|Late Brahmi script|the Brahmi script|Brahmi script}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox Writing system
| name = Gupta script (Late Brahmi script)
| type = [[Abugida]]
| sample = Barabar Caves Gopika Cave Inscription of Anantavarman 5th- or 6th-century CE Sanskrit in Gupta script.jpg
| caption = The [[Gopika Cave Inscription]] of Anantavarman, in the [[Sanskrit]] language and using the Gupta script. [[Barabar Caves]] in [[Jehanabad]] Bihar, 5th or 6th century CE.
| languages = [[Sanskrit]]
| time = {{Circa|4th}}–6th century CE<ref>{{cite book |last1=Salomon |first1=Richard |title=Indian Epigraphy |date=1998 |page=32}}</ref>
| fam1 = [[Egyptian hieroglyphs|Egyptian]]
| fam2 = [[Proto-Sinaitic]]
| fam3 = [[Phoenician alphabet|Phoenician]]
| fam4 = [[Aramaic alphabet|Aramaic]]
| fam5 = [[Brahmi script|Brahmi]]
| fam6 = Northern Brahmi
| sisters = [[Pallava script]], [[Kadamba script]], [[Tocharian script|Tocharian]]
| children = *[[Sharada script|Sharada]]
*[[Siddham script|Siddham]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/epigraphyindianepigraphyrichardsalmonoup_908_D|title=Epigraphy, Indian Epigraphy Richard Salmon OUP|via=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref>Handbook of Literacy in Akshara Orthography, R. Malatesha Joshi, Catherine McBride(2019), p.27</ref>
*[[Meitei script|Meitei]]
*[[Tibetan script|Tibetan]]<ref name=daniels>{{citation |last1=Daniels |first1=P. T. |title=Writing systems of major and minor languages |date=January 2008}}</ref><ref name="masica">{{cite book |last1=Masica |first1=Colin |title=The Indo-Aryan languages |date=1993 |page=143}}</ref>
*[[Kalinga script|Kalinga]]
*[[Bhaiksuki script|Bhaiksuki]]
}}
{{brahmic}}
The '''Gupta script''' (sometimes referred to as '''Gupta Brahmi script''' or '''Late Brahmi script''')<ref name=sharma>Sharma, Ram. '' 'Brahmi Script' ''. Delhi: BR Publishing Corp, 2002</ref> was used for writing [[Sanskrit]] and is associated with the [[Gupta Empire]] of the [[Indian subcontinent]], which was a period of material prosperity and great [[Religion|religious]] and [[Science|scientific]] developments. The Gupta script was descended from [[Brahmi script|Brāhmī]] and gave rise to the [[Sharada script|Śāradā]] and [[Siddhaṃ script|Siddhaṃ]] scripts. These scripts in turn gave rise to many of the most important Indic scripts, including [[Devanagari|Devanāgarī]] (the most common script used for writing [[Sanskrit]] since the 19th century), the [[Gurmukhi|Gurmukhī script]] for [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], the [[Odia script]], the [[Bengali-Assamese script]] and the [[Tibetan script]].

==Origins and classification==
The Gupta script was descended from the Ashokan [[Brahmi script|Brāhmī script]], and is a crucial link between Brahmi and most other [[Brahmic scripts]], a family of alphasyllabaries or [[abugida]]s. This means that while only consonantal phonemes have distinct symbols, vowels are marked by diacritics, with {{IPA|/a/}} being the implied pronunciation when the diacritic is not present. In fact, the Gupta script works in exactly the same manner as its predecessor and successors, and only the shapes and forms of the graphemes and diacritics are different.

Through the 4th century, letters began to take more cursive and symmetric forms, as a result of the desire to write more quickly and aesthetically. This also meant that the script became more differentiated throughout the Empire, with regional variations which have been broadly classified into three, four or five categories;<ref name=anupama>Srivastava, Anupama. ''The Development of Imperial Gupta Brahmi Script''. New Delhi: Ramanand, 1998</ref><ref>[[Steven Roger Fischer|Fischer, Steven Roger]]. ''A History of Writing''. UK: Reaktion, 2004</ref> however, a definitive classification is lacking, because even in a single inscription, there may be variation in how a particular symbol is written. In this sense, the term Gupta script should be taken to mean any form of writing derived from the Gupta period, even though there may be a lack of uniformity in the scripts.

{{Brahmi evolution|devanagari=y|girnar=n|gujarat=n}}

==Inscriptions==
The surviving inscriptions of the Gupta script are mostly found on iron or stone pillars, and on gold coins from the Gupta Dynasty. One of the most important was the ''Prayagraj (Allahabad) [[Prashasti|Prasasti]]''. Composed by [[Harisena]], the court poet and minister of [[Samudragupta]], it describes Samudragupta's reign, beginning from his accession to the throne as the second king of the Gupta Dynasty and including his conquest of other kings. It is inscribed on the [[Allahabad pillar]] of [[Ashoka]].

==Alphabet==
The Gupta alphabet is composed of 37 letters: 32 consonants with the inherent ending "a" and 5 independent vowels. In addition diacritics are attached to the consonants in order to change the sound of the final vowel (from the inherent "a" to other sounds such as i, u, e, o, au ...). Consonants can also be combined into compounds, also called [[conjunct consonant]]s (for example sa+ya are combined vertically to give "sya").<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fischer |first1=Steven Roger |title=History of Writing |date=2004 |publisher=Reaktion Books |isbn=9781861895882 |page=123 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iYMXnSko5QwC&pg=PT123 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Publishing |first1=Britannica Educational |title=The Culture of India |date=2010 |publisher=Britannica Educational Publishing |isbn=9781615302031 |page=82 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6cabAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA82 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="GU"/>

=== Independent vowels ===
{{multiple image
| align = right
| caption_align = center
| direction =horizontal
| header=Late Brahmi vowel diacritics
| total_width=500
| image_gap =10
| image1 = Gupta script diacritics.jpg
| caption1 = Gupta script vowel diacritics ([[Allahabad pillar|Allahabad]] standard).<ref>{{cite book |title=Das Buch der Schrift: Enthaltend die Schriftzeichen und Alphabete aller ... |date=1880 |publisher=K.K. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei |page=[https://archive.org/details/dasbuchderschri01faulgoog/page/n142 126] |url=https://archive.org/details/dasbuchderschri01faulgoog |language=German}}</ref><ref name="GU">{{cite web |title=Gupta Unicode |url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2003/03249r-brahmi-proposal.pdf}}</ref>
| image2 = Gupta diacritics and compounds.jpg
| caption2 = Usage examples<ref name="GU"/>
}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Letter
!IAST and Sanskrit IPA
!Letter
!IAST and Sanskrit IPA
|-
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Gupta allahabad a.svg|24px]]
|{{IAST|a}} {{IPA|/ə/}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Gupta allahabad aa.svg|24px]]
|{{IAST|ā}} {{IPA|/aː/}}
|-
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Gupta allahabad i.svg|24px]]
|{{IAST|i}} {{IPA|/i/}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |
|{{IAST|ī}} {{IPA|/iː/}}
|-
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Gupta allahabad u.svg|24px]]
|{{IAST|u}} {{IPA|/u/}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |
|{{IAST|ū}} {{IPA|/uː/}}
|-
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Gupta allahabad e.svg|24px]]
|{{IAST|e}} {{IPA|/eː/}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Gupta allahabad o.svg|24px]]
|{{IAST|o}} {{IPA|/oː/}}
|-
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |
|{{IAST|ai}} {{IPA|/əi/}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Gupta allahabad au.svg|24px]]
|{{IAST|au}} {{IPA|/əu/}}
|-
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |{{script|Brah|𑀋}}
|{{IAST|ṛ}} {{IPA|/r̩/}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |{{script|Brah|𑀌}}
|{{IAST|ṝ}} {{IPA|/r̩ː/}}
|-
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |{{script|Brah|𑀍}}
|{{IAST|l̩}} {{IPA|/l̩/}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |{{script|Brah|𑀎}}
|{{IAST|ḹ}} {{IPA|/l̩ː/}}
|}

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:95%"
!
! colspan="8" |[[Stop consonant|Stop]]
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
! colspan="4" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
|-
![[Voice (phonetics)|Voicing]] →
| colspan="4" |Voiceless
| colspan="8" style="background:beige;" |Voiced
| colspan="2" |Voiceless
| colspan="2" style="background:beige;" |Voiced
|-
![[Aspiration (phonetics)|Aspiration]] →
| colspan="2" |No
| colspan="2" style="background:beige;" |Yes
| colspan="2" |No
| colspan="2" style="background:beige;" |Yes
| colspan="4" |No
| colspan="4" style="background:beige;" |Yes
|-
![[Velar consonants|Velar]]
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Gupta allahabad k.svg|24px]]
|{{IAST|ka}} {{nowrap|{{IPA|/k/}}}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Gupta allahabad kh.svg|24px]]
|{{IAST|kha}} {{nowrap|{{IPA|/kʰ/}}}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Gupta allahabad g.svg|24px]]
|{{IAST|ga}} {{nowrap|{{IPA|/g/}}}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Gupta allahabad gh.svg|24px]]
|{{IAST|gha}} {{nowrap|{{IPA|/ɡʱ/}}}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Gupta allahabad ng.svg|24px]]
|{{IAST|ṅa}} {{nowrap|{{IPA|/ŋ/}}}}
| colspan="4" |
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Gupta allahabad h.svg|24px]]
|{{IAST|ha}} {{nowrap|{{IPA|/ɦ/}}}}
|-
![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Gupta allahabad c.svg|24px]]
|{{IAST|ca}} {{nowrap|{{IPA|/c/}}}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Gupta allahabad ch.svg|24px]]
|{{IAST|cha}} {{nowrap|{{IPA|/cʰ/}}}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Gupta allahabad j.svg|24px]]
|{{IAST|ja}} {{nowrap|{{IPA|/ɟ/}}}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Gupta ashoka jh.svg|24px]]
|{{IAST|jha}} {{nowrap|{{IPA|/ɟʱ/}}}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Gupta allahabad ny.svg|24px]]
|{{IAST|ña}} {{nowrap|{{IPA|/ɲ/}}}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Gupta allahabad y.svg|24px]]
|{{IAST|ya}} {{nowrap|{{IPA|/j/}}}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Gupta allahabad sh.svg|24px]]
|{{IAST|śa}} {{nowrap|{{IPA|/ɕ/}}}}
| colspan="2" rowspan="4" |
|-
![[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Gupta allahabad tt.svg|24px]]
|{{IAST|ṭa}} {{nowrap|{{IPA|/ʈ/}}}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Gupta allahabad tth.svg|24px]]
|{{IAST|ṭha}} {{nowrap|{{IPA|/ʈʰ/}}}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Gupta allahabad dd.svg|24px]]
|{{IAST|ḍa}} {{nowrap|{{IPA|/ɖ/}}}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Gupta allahabad ddh.svg|24px]]
|{{IAST|ḍha}} {{nowrap|{{IPA|/ɖʱ/}}}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Gupta allahabad nn.svg|24px]]
|{{IAST|ṇa}} {{nowrap|{{IPA|/ɳ/}}}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Gupta allahabad r.svg|24px]]
|{{IAST|ra}} {{nowrap|{{IPA|/r/}}}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Gupta allahabad ss.svg|24px]]
|{{IAST|ṣa}} {{nowrap|{{IPA|/ʂ/}}}}
|-
![[Dental consonant|Dental]]
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Gupta allahabad t.svg|24px]]
|{{IAST|ta}} {{nowrap|{{IPA|/t̪/}}}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Gupta allahabad th.svg|24px]]
|{{IAST|tha}} {{nowrap|{{IPA|/t̪ʰ/}}}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Gupta allahabad d.svg|24px]]
|{{IAST|da}} {{nowrap|{{IPA|/d̪/}}}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Gupta allahabad dh.svg|24px]]
|{{IAST|dha}} {{nowrap|{{IPA|/d̪ʱ/}}}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Gupta allahabad n.svg|24px]]
|{{IAST|na}} {{nowrap|{{IPA|/n/}}}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Gupta allahabad l.svg|24px]]
|{{IAST|la}} {{nowrap|{{IPA|/l/}}}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Gupta allahabad s.svg|24px]]
|{{IAST|sa}} {{nowrap|{{IPA|/s/}}}}
|-
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Gupta allahabad p.svg|24px]]
|{{IAST|pa}} {{nowrap|{{IPA|/p/}}}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Gupta allahabad ph.svg|24px]]
|{{IAST|pha}} {{nowrap|{{IPA|/pʰ/}}}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Gupta allahabad b.svg|24px]]
|{{IAST|ba}} {{nowrap|{{IPA|/b/}}}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Gupta allahabad bh.svg|24px]]
|{{IAST|bha}} {{nowrap|{{IPA|/bʱ/}}}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Gupta allahabad m.svg|24px]]
|{{IAST|ma}} {{nowrap|{{IPA|/m/}}}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Gupta allahabad v.svg|24px]]
|{{IAST|va}} {{nowrap|{{IPA|/w, ʋ/}}}}
| colspan="2" |
|}

=== In Unicode ===

The Unicode Standard does not explicitly state that the Gupta script is considered a stylistic variation of Brahmi,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Unicode Consortium |year=2022 |title=The Unicode® Standard Version 15.0 – Core Specification |url=https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode15.0.0/ch14.pdf |website=Unicode Consortium website}}</ref> though use of the Brahmi encoding is one approach.

{{Unicode chart Brahmi}}

==Gupta numismatics==
[[File:Kushan signet in Gupta Brahmi script 3rd century CE.jpg|thumb|[[Kushan Empire]] signet in Gupta Brahmi script, showing [[Septimius Severus]] and [[Julia Domna]]. The seal reads ''Damputrasya Dhanguptasya'' ("[Seal of] Dhangupta son of Dama). 3rd century CE.]]
[[File:Coin of Vikramaditya Chandragupta II with the name of the king in Brahmi script 380 415 CE.jpg|thumb|right|Coin of Vikramaditya ([[Chandragupta II]]) with the name of the king in Gupta Brahmi script 380–415 CE.]]
[[File:Mihirakula of the Alchon Huns.jpg|thumb|Coin of [[Alchon Huns]] ruler [[Mihirakula]]. Obv: Bust of king, with legend in Gupta script ([[File:Gupta_allahabad_j.svg|12px]])[[File:Gupta_allahabad_y.svg|12px]][[File:Gupta_allahabad_tu.jpg|12px]][[File:Gupta_allahabad_mi.jpg|12px]][[File:Gupta ashoka hi.jpg|14px]][[File:Gupta_allahabad_r.svg|12px]][[File:Gupta_allahabad_ku.jpg|12px]][[File:Gupta_allahabad_l.svg|12px]]<ref>The "h" ([[File:Gupta ashoka h.svg|12px]]) is an early variant of the Gupta script.</ref> ''(Ja)yatu Mihirakula'' ("Let there be victory to Mihirakula"). Rev: Dotted border around Fire altar flanked by attendants.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Verma |first1=Thakur Prasad |title=The Imperial Maukharis: History of Imperial Maukharis of Kanauj and Harshavardhana |date=2018 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=9781643248813 |page=264 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=09FqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT264 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sircar |first1=D. C. |title=Studies in Indian Coins |date=2008 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=9788120829732 |page=376 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m1JYwP5tVQUC&pg=PA376 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Tandon |first1=Pankaj | pages=24–34|title=Notes on the Evolution of Alchon Coins Journal of the Oriental Numismatic Society, No. 216, Summer |date=2013 |publisher= Oriental Numismatic Society |url=http://coinindia.com/galleries-alchon-early.html}} also [http://coinindia.com/galleries-toramana.html Coinindia Alchon Coins (for an exact description of this coin type)]</ref>]]
The study of Gupta coins began with the discovery of a hoard of [[gold coin]]s in 1783. Many other such hoards have since been discovered, the most important being the [[Bayana]] (situated in [[Bharatpur, Rajasthan|Bharatpur]] district of [[Rajasthan]]) hoard, discovered in 1946, which contained more than 2000 gold coins issued by the Gupta Kings.<ref>Bajpai, KD. '' 'Indian Numismatic Studies. ' '' New Delhi: Abhinav Publications 2004</ref> Many of the Gupta Empire's coins bear inscriptions of legends or mark historic events. In fact, it was one of the first Indian Empires to do so, probably as a result of its unprecedented prosperity.<ref name=anupama/> Almost every Gupta king issued coins, beginning with its first king, [[Chandragupta I]].

The scripts on the coin are also of a different nature compared to scripts on pillars, due to conservatism regarding the coins that were to be accepted as currency, which would have prevented regional variations in the script from manifesting on the coinage.<ref name=anupama/> Moreover, space was more limited especially on their silver coins, and thus many of the symbols are truncated or stunted. An example is the symbol for /ta/ and /na/, which were often simplified to vertical strokes.

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="4">
File:Allahabad stone pillar inscription of Samudragupta.jpg|The [[Allahabad pillar]] inscription of [[Samudragupta]], with its standardised Gupta characters.
Image:brahmi.png|Brahmi and its descendent scripts.
File:5th or 6th century Gopika cave inscription, Sanskrit, Shaktism, Anantavarman, Gupta script 2.jpg|The 5th- or 6th-century Gupta script [[Gopika Cave Inscription]] in Sanskrit about goddess [[Durga]]
File:Das Buch der Schrift (Faulmann) 141.jpg|Gupta script decipherment table
File:A palm leaf Sanskrit manuscript in Brahmi script from Miran China.jpg|A palm leaf Sanskrit manuscript in early Gupta Brahmi script, discovered in [[Miran (Xinjiang)|Miran]], northwest China.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Puri |first1=Baij Nath |title=Buddhism in Central Asia |date=1987 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=9788120803725 |page=187 Note 32 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sluKZfTrr3oC&pg=PA187 |language=en}}</ref>
File:Sri Yashodharman.jpg|The name [[File:Gupta allahabad shrii.jpg|14px]][[File:Gupta allahabad y.svg|14px]][[File:Gupta allahabad sho.jpg|16px]][[File:Gupta allahabad dh.svg|10px]][[File:Gupta allahabad rmm.jpg|14px]] ''Śrī Yaśodharmma'' ("Lord [[Yashodharman]]") in Gupta script in Line 4 of the [[Mandsaur stone inscription of Yashodharman-Vishnuvardhana]].<ref name="EG">{{cite book |last1=Fleet |first1=John Faithfull |title=Inscriptions Of The Early Gupta Kings And Their Successors |date=1960 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.463254/page/n151 150]-158 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.463254}}</ref>
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Bengali–Assamese script]]
* [[Bhattiprolu script]]
* [[Brahmic scripts]]
* [[Kadamba script]]
* [[Lipi (script)|Lipi scripts]]
* [[Pallava script]]
* [[Telugu-Kannada alphabet]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Carl Faulmann (1835–1894), Das Buch der Schrift, Druck und Verlag der Kaiserlichen Hof-und Staatsdruckerei, 1880

==External links==
* {{in lang|es}} [http://www.proel.org/index.php?pagina=alfabetos/gupta The Gupta Alphabet]
* [http://www.ancientscripts.com/gupta.html AncientScripts.com] entry on the Gupta Script
* Ye, Shao-Yong. (2009). ''[http://www.fanfoyan.com/resour/pale/buddhapalita.pdf An eastern variety of the post-Gupta script: Akṣara List of the Manuscripts of the Mūlamadhyamakakārikā and Buddhapālita's Commentary (ca. 550–650 CE)]''. Research Institute of Sanskrit Manuscripts & Buddhist Literature, Peking University.

{{list of writing systems}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gupta Script}}
[[Category:Brahmic scripts]]
[[Category:Gupta scripts| ]]
[[Category:Gupta Empire]]

Parvati Melton

2026-03-14T15:32:28Z

BootTPP: brief add references to improve readability and added references

{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Short description|American actress}}
{{distinguish|text=[[Parvathy Thiruvothu]], South Indian actress}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Parvati Melton
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[California]], United States
| other_names =
| occupation = {{Hlist|Actress|[[Model (person)|model]]}}
| spouse = {{marriage|Shamsu Lalani|2012}}
| years_active = 2004–2013
}}
'''Parvati Melton''' is an American model and actress known for her works in Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Malayalam]]-language films. She was a 2004 Miss Teen India Bay Area winner and is a trained [[ballet]] and [[Indian classical dance|classical Indian dancer]].

She debuted in the film industry with the Telugu film ''[[Vennela]]'' (2005) starring [[Raja Abel|Raja]], which turned out to be a success. She acted in the blockbuster Malayalam film ''[[Hallo (film)|Hallo]]'' (2007) with Mohanlal.<ref>{{Cite web

|url=https://www.nriinternet.com/ENTERTAINMENT/Actresses/Parvati_Melton/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200506055310/https://www.nriinternet.com/ENTERTAINMENT/Actresses/Parvati_Melton/ |archive-date=May 6, 2020 |title=Parvati Melton- NRI California beauty, Parvati got offer in Bollywood}}</ref> She again shot to fame with the [[Item number|item song]] "Poovai Poovai" in Telugu film ''[[Dookudu]]'' (2011) opposite [[Mahesh Babu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/parvathi-melton-in-dookudu-news-news-ljiknvdjhdjsi.html|title=Parvathi Melton in Dookudu|website=[[Sify]]|date=8 September 2011|access-date=26 December 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226132726/http://www.sify.com/movies/parvathi-melton-in-dookudu-news-news-ljiknvdjhdjsi.html|archive-date=26 December 2014}}</ref>

==Early life and career==
Parvati was born in [[San Francisco]], [[California]] to a [[German Americans|German]]/[[Scottish Americans|Scottish]] father Sam Melton and an [[Indian Americans|Indian]] [[Punjabi Americans|Punjabi]] mother Preity Singh.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121117192936/http://www.chitramala.in/interviews/parvathi-melton-6141.html Chitchat with Heroine Parvati Melton – Interview]. Chitramala.in. Retrieved August 23, 2012.</ref> She has one younger sister Ariana Sitara Melton.<ref>[http://www.lazydesis.com/profiles-filmography/44073-parvathi-melton.html Parvathi Melton]. Lazydesis (December 30, 2008). Retrieved August 23, 2012.</ref> She is a trained [[Bharatanatyam]] dancer and was a professional figure skater. She graduated from [[Emery Secondary School|Emeryville High School]] and attended [[Berkeley City College|Vista Community College]] in [[Berkeley, California]]. She won several [[beauty pageant]]s like the Miss Teen India Bay Area pageant in 2004 and the Miss India Le Visage USA pageant in 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/ready-for-challenges/article2642195.ece |title=Ready for challenges |first=Y. Sunita |last=Chowdhary |date=November 19, 2011 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> She participated in Hindi and Punjabi pop albums.<ref>https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/pressmeet-vennela.html</ref> While still studying in Vista College, she was offered the lead role in the Telugu film ''[[Vennela]]''. Although she intended to go back to school after the project, the film's success kept her away.{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}

She married Shamsu Lalani, a real estate businessman, in 2012 and subsequently retired from films.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parvati Melton to marry Mumbai based businessman |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/parvati-melton-to-marry-mumbai-based-businessman-525350.html |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
|2005 || ''[[Vennela]]'' || Pavani || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||Telugu Debut<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/10/22/stories/2010102261590600.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101115101143/http://www.hindu.com/2010/10/22/stories/2010102261590600.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2010-11-15|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2010-10-22|title=Archive News}}</ref>
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Game (2006 film)|Game]]'' || Swetha || Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2007 || |''[[Madhumasam]]'' || Maya || Telugu ||
|-
|''[[Hallo (Malayalam film)|Hallo]]'' || Parvathi || [[Malayalam]] ||Malayalam Debut<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/hallo-review-malayalam-pclwrBidceggh.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182959/https://www.sify.com/movies/hallo-review-malayalam-pclwrBidceggh.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 July 2021|title=Hallo|website=[[Sify]] }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Allare Allari]]'' || Swathi || Telugu ||
|-
|| ''[[Flash (2007 film)|Flash]]'' || Midhun's wife|| Malayalam || Cameo appearance
|-
|rowspan="3"|2008 || ''[[Gautama Buddha (film)|Gautama Buddha]]'' || rowspan="2"|Prerana ||Telugu ||
|-
| ''Tathagatha Buddha'' || [[Hindi]] || Hindi debut <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/buddha-on-big-screen/article2285175.ece|title=Buddha on big screen|newspaper=The Hindu |date=28 December 2007|publisher=|accessdate=24 June 2020|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

|-
|''[[Jalsa]]'' || Jyotsna || Telugu || {{Nom}} – [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Telugu]]<ref>{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=Jul 22, 2009|title=56th Filmfare Awards 2008 - South {{!}} Hyderabad News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/56th-filmfare-awards-2008-south/articleshow/4804867.cms|access-date=2021-11-01|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2011 || ''[[Dookudu]]'' || Dancer || Telugu ||Item number in "Poovai Poovai" song<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/parvathi-melton-in-dookudu-news-news-ljiknvdjhdjsi.html|title=Parvathi Melton in Dookudu|website=[[Sify]]|date=8 September 2011|access-date=26 December 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226132726/http://www.sify.com/movies/parvathi-melton-in-dookudu-news-news-ljiknvdjhdjsi.html|archive-date=26 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2012 || ''[[Srimannarayana]]'' || Swapnika || Telugu ||
|-
|| ''[[Yamaho Yama]]'' || Swapna || Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2026|| ''[[Raktha Kashmira]]'' || || Kannada ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Melton, Parvathi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Actresses from New Jersey]]
[[Category:Actresses from San Francisco]]
[[Category:American film actresses]]
[[Category:American people of German descent]]
[[Category:American people of Punjabi descent]]
[[Category:American actresses of Indian descent]]
[[Category:American expatriate actresses in India]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century American actresses]]

2013 Men's Hockey Junior World Cup

2026-03-07T03:09:35Z

BootTPP: put up basic details and citations

{{Short description|10th edition of the Men's Hockey Junior World Cup}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox field hockey
| tournament = 2013 Men's Hockey Junior World Cup
| other_titles =
| image = 2013 Men's Hockey Junior World Cup Logo.png
| size = 200px
| caption =
| country = India
| city = [[New Delhi]]
| venues = [[Dhyan Chand National Stadium]]
| teams = 16
| confederations = 5
| champions = {{fhu|21|Germany}}
| second = {{fhu|21|France}}
| third = {{fhu|21|Netherlands}}
| count = 6
| matches = 44
| goals = 223
| top_scorer = {{fhuicon|21|Germany}} [[Christopher Rühr]]
| top_scorer_goals = 9
| best_player = {{fhuicon|21|Germany}} [[Christopher Rühr]]
| goalkeeper = {{fhuicon|21|France}} [[Edgar Reynaud]]
| previous_year = 2009
| previous_tournament = 2009 Men's Hockey Junior World Cup
| next_year = 2016
| next_tournament = 2016 Men's Hockey Junior World Cup
}}
The '''2013 Men's Hockey Junior World Cup''' was the 10th edition of the [[Hockey Junior World Cup]] for men, an international [[field hockey]] tournament. It was held between 6 and 15 December 2013 in [[New Delhi]], India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4255-new-delhi-named-host-of-two-major-fih-events|title=New Delhi named host of two major FIH events|date=2013-03-06|work=FIH|accessdate=2013-04-07}}</ref>

[[Germany men's national field hockey team|Germany]] won the tournament for the sixth time after defeating [[France men's national field hockey team|France]] 5–2 in the final, who participated in their first ever final in a top international event. The [[Netherlands men's national field hockey team|Netherlands]] won the third place match by defeating [[Malaysia men's national field hockey team|Malaysia]] 7–2.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4895-germany-keeps-junior-world-cup-after-exciting|title=Germany keeps Junior World Cup after exciting final|date=2013-12-15|work=FIH|accessdate=2013-12-15}}</ref>

==Qualification==
Each continental federation got a number of quotas depending on the [[FIH World Rankings]] for teams qualified through their junior continental championships. Alongside the host nation, 16 teams will compete in the tournament.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fih.ch/files/Sport/Event%20Management/Qualification%20System%20for%20Junior%20World%20Cup%202013.pdf|title=Qualification Criteria for FIH Junior World Cup 2013|date=2012-04-08|work=FIH|accessdate=2012-10-28}}</ref>

{| class=wikitable
!Dates
!Event
!Location
!Quotas
!Qualifier(s)
|-
|{{n/a}}
|Host nation
|{{n/a}}
|align=center|1
|{{fhu|21|India}}
|-
|3–13 May 2012
|[[2012 Men's Hockey Junior Asia Cup|2012 Junior Asia Cup]]
|[[Malacca]], Malaysia
|align=center|3
|{{fhu|21|Malaysia}} {{fhu|21|Pakistan}} {{fhu|21|South Korea}}
|-
|26 August – 1 September 2012
|[[2012 Men's EuroHockey Junior Championship|2012 EuroHockey Junior Championship]]
|[['s-Hertogenbosch]], Netherlands
|align=center|6
|{{fhu|21|Belgium}} {{fhu|21|Netherlands}} {{fhu|21|Germany}} {{fhu|21|France}} {{fhu|21|England}} {{fhu|21|Spain}}
|-
|10–23 September 2012
|[[2012 Men's Pan-Am Junior Championship|2012 Pan American Junior Championship]]
|[[Guadalajara]], Mexico
|align=center|2
|{{fhu|21|Argentina}} {{fhu|21|Canada}}
|-
|13–21 October 2012
|[[2012 Men's Junior Africa Cup for Nations|2012 Junior Africa Cup for Nations]]
|[[Randburg]], South Africa
|align=center|2
|{{fhu|21|South Africa}} {{fhu|21|Egypt}}
|-
|25 February – 3 March 2013
|[[2013 Junior Oceania Cup]]
|[[Gold Coast, Queensland|Gold Coast]], Australia
|align=center|2
|{{fhu|21|Australia}} {{fhu|21|New Zealand}}
|-
!colspan=3|Total
!16
!
|}

==First round==
''All times are [[Indian Standard Time]] ([[UTC+05:30]])''<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4769-fih-reveals-schedule-for-hero-hockey-junior|title=FIH reveals schedule for Hero Hockey Junior World Cup 2013|newspaper=FIH|accessdate=2013-10-14|date=2013-10-09}}</ref>
===Pool A===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|update=complete
|source=[https://tms.fih.ch/fih/competitions/259 FIH]

|team1=BEL |team2=GER |team3=PAK |team4=EGY

|win_BEL=2 |draw_BEL=1 |loss_BEL=0 |gf_BEL=10|ga_BEL=3
|win_EGY=0 |draw_EGY=0 |loss_EGY=3 |gf_EGY=2 |ga_EGY=14
|win_GER=2 |draw_GER=0 |loss_GER=1 |gf_GER=13|ga_GER=4
|win_PAK=1 |draw_PAK=1 |loss_PAK=1 |gf_PAK=6 |ga_PAK=10

|name_BEL={{fhu|21|BEL}}
|name_EGY={{fhu|21|EGY}}
|name_GER={{fhu|21|GER}}
|name_PAK={{fhu|21|PAK}}

|class_rules = 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) goals scored; 4) head-to-head result.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.juniorworldcup.hockey/men|title=FIH|website=www.juniorworldcup.hockey}}</ref>

|result1=Q |result2=Q

|res_col_header=Q
|col_Q=green1 |text_Q=[[#Medal round|Quarter-finals]]
}}

{{fieldhockeybox|date=6 December 2013 |time=14:30 |team1={{fhu-rt|21|Germany}} |score=1–3 |report=[http://events.fih.ch/new/match/5146 Report] |team2={{fhu|21|Belgium}} |goals1=[[Christopher Rühr|Rühr]] {{fhgoal|PC|62}} |goals2=[[Maxime Capelle|Capelle]] {{fhgoal|FG|30|FG|45}} [[Alexandre van Linthoudt|Van Linthoudt]] {{fhgoal|FG|70}} |umpires=Eric Koh Kim Lai (MAS) Grant Hundley (USA)}}

{{fieldhockeybox|date=6 December 2013 |time=18:00 |team1={{fhu-rt|21|Pakistan}} |score=3–2 |team2={{fhu|21|Egypt}} |report=[http://events.fih.ch/new/match/5149 Report] |goals1=[[Mohammad Irfan (field hockey)|Irfan]] {{fhgoal|PC|4}} [[Ammad Shakeel Butt|Butt]] {{fhgoal|FG|30}} [[Muhammad Tousiq|Tousiq]] {{fhgoal|PC|66}} |goals2=Mohsen {{fhgoal|PC|60}} [[Mohamed Ragab|Ragab]] {{fhgoal|PC|63}} |umpires=David Tomlinson (NZL) Benjamin Mauss (FRA)}}
----
{{fieldhockeybox|date=7 December 2013 |time=14:00 |team1={{fhu-rt|21|Belgium}} |score=5–0 |team2={{fhu|21|Egypt}} |report=[http://events.fih.ch/new/match/5152 Report] |goals1=[[Alexander Hendrickx|Hendrickx]] {{fhgoal|PC|38|PC|51|PS|66}} [[Mathew Cobbaert|Cobbaert]] {{fhgoal|FG|48|FG|54}} |goals2= |umpires=Paul Walker (ENG) Fernando Gomez (ARG)}}

{{fieldhockeybox|date=7 December 2013 |time=16:00 |team1={{fhu-rt|21|Pakistan}} |score=1–6 |team2={{fhu|21|Germany}} |report=[http://events.fih.ch/new/match/5153 Report] |goals1=[[Ammad Shakeel Butt|Butt]] {{fhgoal|PC|70}} |goals2=[[Christopher Rühr|Rühr]] {{fhgoal|FG|2|FG|18|PC|26}} [[Lukas Windfeder|Windfeder]] {{fhgoal|PC|10}} [[Alexander Schöllkopf|Schöllkopf]] {{fhgoal|PC|59}} [[Niklas Bruns|Bruns]] {{fhgoal|FG|69}} |umpires=Jonas van't Hek (NED) Tim Pullman (AUS)}}
----
{{fieldhockeybox|date=10 December 2013 |time=14:00 |team1={{fhu-rt|21|Germany}} |score=6–0 |team2={{fhu|21|Egypt}} |report=[http://events.fih.ch/new/match/5164 Report] |goals1={{fhgoal|OG|4}} [[Niklas Bruns|Bruns]] {{fhgoal|FG|19|FG|68}} [[Christopher Rühr|Rühr]] {{fhgoal|FG|42|PS|56}} [[Mathias Müller|Müller]] {{fhgoal|PC|52}} |goals2= |umpires=Fernando Gomez (ARG) Javed Shaikh (IND)}}

{{fieldhockeybox|date=10 December 2013 |time=16:00 |team1={{fhu-rt|21|Belgium}} |score=2–2 |team2={{fhu|21|Pakistan}} |report=[http://events.fih.ch/new/match/5165 Report] |goals1=[[Maxime Plennevaux|Plennevaux]] {{fhgoal|FG|60|FG|65}} |goals2=[[Muhammad Dilber|Dilber]] {{fhgoal|FG|41|FG|54}} |umpires=Janas van't Hek (NED) Eric Koh Kim Lai (MAS)}}

===Pool B===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|update=complete
|source=[https://tms.fih.ch/fih/competitions/259 FIH]

|team1=AUS |team2=FRA |team3=ARG |team4=ESP

|win_ARG=1 |draw_ARG=0 |loss_ARG=2 |gf_ARG=5 |ga_ARG=8
|win_AUS=3 |draw_AUS=0 |loss_AUS=0 |gf_AUS=9 |ga_AUS=2
|win_FRA=2 |draw_FRA=0 |loss_FRA=1 |gf_FRA=7 |ga_FRA=7
|win_ESP=0 |draw_ESP=0 |loss_ESP=3 |gf_ESP=3 |ga_ESP=7

|name_ARG={{fhu|21|ARG}}
|name_AUS={{fhu|21|AUS}}
|name_FRA={{fhu|21|FRA}}
|name_ESP={{fhu|21|ESP}}

|class_rules = 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) goals scored; 4) head-to-head result.<ref name="auto"/>

|result1=Q |result2=Q

|res_col_header=Q
|col_Q=green1 |text_Q=[[#Medal round|Quarter-finals]]
}}

{{fieldhockeybox|date=6 December 2013 |time=14:00 |team1={{fhu-rt|21|Australia}} |score=5–2 |team2={{fhu|21|Argentina}} |report=[http://events.fih.ch/new/match/5145 Report] |goals1=[[Justin Douglas (field hockey)|Douglas]] {{fhgoal|FG|14}} [[Frank Main (field hockey)|Main]] {{fhgoal|FG|16}} [[Daniel Beale (field hockey)|Beale]] {{fhgoal|FG|17}} [[Jeremy Hayward|Hayward]] {{fhgoal|PC|42}} [[Casey Hammond|Hammond]] {{fhgoal|FG|49}} |goals2=[[Joaquín Leonel Coelho|Coelho]] {{fhgoal|FG|31}} [[Gonzalo Peillat|Peillat]] {{fhgoal|PC|64}} |umpires=Gareth Greenfield (NZL) Mike Gerwig (GER)}}

{{fieldhockeybox|date=6 December 2013 |time=17:00 |team1={{fhu-rt|21|Spain}} |score=3–4 |team2={{fhu|21|France}} |report=[http://events.fih.ch/new/match/5148 Report] |goals1=[[Álvaro Iglesias (field hockey)|Iglesias]] {{fhgoal|PC|19}} [[Albert Beltrán|Beltrán]] {{fhgoal|FG|23}} [[Ricardo Sánchez (field hockey)|Sánchez]] {{fhgoal|PC|63}} |goals2=[[Hugo Genestet|Genestet]] {{fhgoal|FG|23}} [[Simon Martin-Brisac|Martin-Brisac]] {{fhgoal|FG|24|FG|28}} [[Pieter van Straaten|P. van Straaten]] {{fhgoal|FG|38}} |umpires=Javed Shaikh (IND) Daniel Lopez Ramos (URU)}}
----
{{fieldhockeybox|date=8 December 2013 |time=14:00 |team1={{fhu-rt|21|Australia}} |score=2–0 |team2={{fhu|21|Spain}} |report=[http://events.fih.ch/new/match/5156 Report] |goals1=[[Daniel Beale (field hockey)|Beale]] {{fhgoal|FG|38}} [[Dylan Wotherspoon|Wotherspoon]] {{fhgoal|FG|63}} |goals2= |umpires=Peter Wright (RSA) Daniel Lopez Ramos (URU)}}

{{fieldhockeybox|date=8 December 2013 |time=16:00 |team1={{fhu-rt|21|Argentina}} |score=2–3 |team2={{fhu|21|France}} |report=[http://events.fih.ch/new/match/5157 Report] |goals1=[[Estanislao Emilio Pérez Pesado|Pérez Pesado]] {{fhgoal|FG|20}} [[Gonzalo Peillat|Peillat]] {{fhgoal|PS|35}} |goals2=[[Pieter van Straaten|P. van Straaten]] {{fhgoal|FG|25}} [[Théophile Ponthieu|Ponthieu]] {{fhgoal|PC|31}} [[Jean-Laurent Kieffer|Kieffer]] {{fhgoal|FG|48}} |umpires=Paul Walker (ENG) Eric Koh Kim Lai (MAS)}}
----
{{fieldhockeybox|date=9 December 2013 |time=14:00 |team1={{fhu-rt|21|Argentina}} |score=1–0 |team2={{fhu|21|Spain}} |report=[http://events.fih.ch/new/match/5160 Report] |goals1=[[Nicolás Sacchetti|Sacchetti]] {{fhgoal|FG|46}} |goals2= |umpires=Gareth Greenfield (NZL) Ahmed Elsayed Ahmed (EGY)}}

{{fieldhockeybox|date=9 December 2013 |time=16:00 |team1={{fhu-rt|21|Australia}} |score=2–0 |team2={{fhu|21|France}} |report=[http://events.fih.ch/new/match/5161 Report] |goals1=[[Frank Main (field hockey)|Main]] {{fhgoal|FG|37}} [[Cameron Joyce (field hockey)|Joyce]] {{fhgoal|PC|52}} |goals2= |umpires=Raghu Prasad (IND) Lim Zhen Hong (SIN)}}

===Pool C===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|update=complete
|source=[https://tms.fih.ch/fih/competitions/259 FIH]

|team1=NED |team2=KOR |team3=IND |team4=CAN

|win_CAN=0 |draw_CAN=0 |loss_CAN=3 |gf_CAN=6 |ga_CAN=17
|win_IND=1 |draw_IND=1 |loss_IND=1 |gf_IND=8 |ga_IND=8 |status_IND=H
|win_NED=3 |draw_NED=0 |loss_NED=0 |gf_NED=13|ga_NED=4
|win_KOR=1 |draw_KOR=1 |loss_KOR=1 |gf_KOR=12|ga_KOR=10

|name_CAN={{fhu|21|CAN}}
|name_IND={{fhu|21|IND}}
|name_NED={{fhu|21|NED}}
|name_KOR={{fhu|21|KOR}}

|class_rules = 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) goals scored; 4) head-to-head result.<ref name="auto"/>

|result1=Q |result2=Q

|res_col_header=Q
|col_Q=green1 |text_Q=[[#Medal round|Quarter-finals]]
}}

{{fieldhockeybox|date=6 December 2013 |time=12:00 |team1={{fhu-rt|21|South Korea}} |score=7 – 4 |team2={{fhu|21|Canada}} |report=[http://events.fih.ch/new/match/5144 Report] |goals1=[[Seo In-woo]] {{fhgoal|FG|2|FG|16|FG|37}} [[You Seung-ju]] {{fhgoal|PC|7|PC|31|PC|42}} [[You Min-young]] {{fhgoal|FG|49}} |goals2=[[Vikramjeet Sandhu|Sandhu]] {{fhgoal|FG|22}} [[Gordon Johnston (field hockey)|Johnston]] {{fhgoal|PC|52}} [[Jannu Mahal|Mahal]] {{fhgoal|FG|58}} [[Oliver Scholfield|Scholfield]] {{fhgoal|PC|59}} |umpires=Fernando Gomez (ARG) Ahmed Elsayed Ahmed (EGY)}}

{{fieldhockeybox|date=6 December 2013 |time=20:00 |team1={{fhu-rt|21|Netherlands}} |score=3 – 2 |team2={{fhu|21|India}} |report=[http://events.fih.ch/new/match/5151 Report] |goals1=[[Milan van Baal|Van Baal]] {{fhgoal|FG|3|FG|28}} [[Mark Rijkers|Rijkers]] {{fhgoal|FG|25}} |goals2=[[Gurjinder Singh (field hockey)|Gurjinder]] {{fhgoal|PC|13}} [[Akashdeep Singh|Akashdeep]] {{fhgoal|FG|42}} |umpires=Tim Pullman (AUS) Peter Wright (RSA)}}
----
{{fieldhockeybox|date=7 December 2013 |time=18:00 |team1={{fhu-rt|21|South Korea}} |score=2 – 3 |team2={{fhu|21|Netherlands}} |report=[http://events.fih.ch/new/match/5154 Report] |goals1=[[Seo In-woo]] {{fhgoal|PC|17}} [[You Seung-ju]] {{fhgoal|PC|27}} |goals2=[[Thierry Brinkman|Brinkman]] {{fhgoal|FG|4}} [[Tristan Algera|Algera]] {{fhgoal|PC|25}} [[Milan van Baal|Van Baal]] {{fhgoal|FG|39}} |umpires=Mike Gerwig (GER) Marcelo Servetto (ARG)}}

{{fieldhockeybox|date=7 December 2013 |time=20:00 |team1={{fhu-rt|21|India}} |score=3 – 2 |team2={{fhu|21|Canada}} |report=[http://events.fih.ch/new/match/5155 Report] |goals1=[[Mandeep Singh (field hockey)|Mandeep]] {{fhgoal|PC|30}} [[Akashdeep Singh|Akashdeep]] {{fhgoal|FG|57}} [[Gurjinder Singh (field hockey)|Gurjinder]] {{fhgoal|PC|69}} |goals2=[[Sukhi Panesar|Panesar]] {{fhgoal|FG|3}} [[Gordon Johnston (field hockey)|Johnston]] {{fhgoal|PC|51}} |umpires=Haider Rasool (PAK) David Tomlinson (NZL)}}
----
{{fieldhockeybox|date=10 December 2013 |time=18:00 |team1={{fhu-rt|21|Netherlands}} |score=7 – 0 |team2={{fhu|21|Canada}} |report=[http://events.fih.ch/new/match/5166 Report] |goals1=[[Tom Hiebendaal|Hiebendaal]] {{fhgoal|PS|20}} [[Rik van Kan|Van Kan]] {{fhgoal|FG|21}} [[Milan van Baal|Van Baal]] {{fhgoal|FG|23|FG|47}} [[Roel Bovendeert|Bovendeert]] {{fhgoal|FG|34|FG|64}} [[Tristan Algera|Algera]] {{fhgoal|PC|57}} |goals2= |umpires=Paul Walker (ENG) David Tomlinson (NZL)}}

{{fieldhockeybox|date=10 December 2013 |time=20:00 |team1={{fhu-rt|21|India}} |score=3 – 3 |team2={{fhu|21|South Korea}} |report=[http://events.fih.ch/new/match/5167 Report] |goals1=[[Gurjinder Singh (field hockey)|Gurjinder]] {{fhgoal|PC|32|PC|35}} [[Mandeep Singh (field hockey)|Mandeep]] {{fhgoal|FG|45}} |goals2=[[You Seung-ju]] {{fhgoal|PC|16|PC|58|PC|60}} |umpires=Marcelo Servetto (ARG) Peter Wright (RSA)}}

===Pool D===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|update=complete
|source=[https://tms.fih.ch/fih/competitions/259 FIH]

|team1=MAS |team2=NZL |team3=RSA |team4=ENG

|win_ENG=0 |draw_ENG=1 |loss_ENG=2 |gf_ENG=5 |ga_ENG=8
|win_MAS=3 |draw_MAS=0 |loss_MAS=0 |gf_MAS=9 |ga_MAS=5
|win_NZL=1 |draw_NZL=1 |loss_NZL=1 |gf_NZL=5 |ga_NZL=5
|win_RSA=1 |draw_RSA=0 |loss_RSA=2 |gf_RSA=3 |ga_RSA=4

|name_ENG={{fhu|21|ENG}}
|name_MAS={{fhu|21|MAS}}
|name_NZL={{fhu|21|NZL}}
|name_RSA={{fhu|21|RSA}}

|class_rules = 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) goals scored; 4) head-to-head result.<ref name="auto"/>

|result1=Q |result2=Q

|res_col_header=Q
|col_Q=green1 |text_Q=[[#Medal round|Quarter-finals]]
}}

{{fieldhockeybox|date=6 December 2013 |time=16:00 |team1={{fhu-rt|21|New Zealand}} |score=2 – 3 |team2={{fhu|21|Malaysia}} |report=[http://events.fih.ch/new/match/5147 Report] |goals1=[[Kane Russell|Russell]] {{fhgoal|PC|11|PC|47}} |goals2=[[Muhammad Bin Saabah|Saabah]] {{fhgoal|PC|6}} [[Muhammad Bin Baharom|Baharom]] {{fhgoal|FG|37}} [[Firhan Ashaari|Ashaari]] {{fhgoal|PC|63}} |umpires=Diego Estebanez (ESP) Raghu Prasad (IND)}}

{{fieldhockeybox|date=6 December 2013 |time=19:30 |team1={{fhu-rt|21|England}} |score=1 – 2 |team2={{fhu|21|South Africa}} |report=[http://events.fih.ch/new/match/5150 Report] |goals1=[[David Goodfield|Goodfield]] {{fhgoal|FG|14}} |goals2=[[Andrew Manson (field hockey)|Manson]] {{fhgoal|FG|34}} [[Dylan Swanpoel|Swanpoel]] {{fhgoal|PC|59}} |umpires=Lim Hong Zhen (SIN) Jonas van't Hek (NED)}}
----
{{fieldhockeybox|date=8 December 2013 |time=18:00 |team1={{fhu-rt|21|South Africa}} |score=1 – 2 |team2={{fhu|21|Malaysia}} |report=[http://events.fih.ch/new/match/5158 Report] |goals1=[[Matthew Brown (field hockey)|Brown]] {{fhgoal|PC|13}} |goals2={{fhgoal|OG|27}} [[Firhan Ashaari|Ashaari]] {{fhgoal|FG|43}} |umpires=Marcelo Servetto (ARG) Diego Estebanez (ESP)}}

{{fieldhockeybox|date=8 December 2013 |time=20:00 |team1={{fhu-rt|21|New Zealand}} |score=2 – 2 |team2={{fhu|21|England}} |report=[http://events.fih.ch/new/match/5159 Report] |goals1=[[Kane Russell|Russell]] {{fhgoal|PC|69}} [[Matt Rees-Gibbs|Rees-Gibbs]] {{fhgoal|FG|68}} |goals2=[[James Gall (field hockey)|Ja. Gall]] {{fhgoal|FG|14}} [[Luke Taylor (field hockey)|Taylor]] {{fhgoal|PC|27}} |umpires=Javed Shaikh (IND) Grant Hundley (USA)}}
----
{{fieldhockeybox|date=9 December 2013 |time=18:00 |team1={{fhu-rt|21|England}} |score=2 – 4 |team2={{fhu|21|Malaysia}} |report=[http://events.fih.ch/new/match/5162 Report] |goals1=[[Luke Taylor (field hockey)|Taylor]] {{fhgoal|PC|31}} [[Phil Roper|Roper]] {{fhgoal|PC|65}} |goals2=[[Mohd Bin Hashim|Hashim]] {{fhgoal|PC|15}} [[Firhan Ashaari|Ashaari]] {{fhgoal|FG|26}} [[Muhammad Bin Baharom|Baharom]] {{fhgoal|FG|44}} [[Fitri Saari|Saari]] {{fhgoal|FG|57}} |umpires=Tim Pullman (AUS) Benjamin Mauss (FRA)}}

{{fieldhockeybox|date=9 December 2013 |time=20:00 |team1={{fhu-rt|21|South Africa}} |score=0 – 1 |team2={{fhu|21|New Zealand}} |report=[http://events.fih.ch/new/match/5163 Report] |goals1= |goals2=[[Kane Russell|Russell]] {{fhgoal|PC|44}} |umpires=Haider Rasool (PAK) Mike Gerwig (GER)}}

==Classification round==
=== Thirteenth to sixteenth place classification ===
{{Round4-with third
|RD1=Cross-overs
|RD2=Thirteenth place
|Consol=Fifteenth place
|bold_winner=high |widescore=yes


|12 December|{{fhu|21|ENG}}|6|{{fhu|21|EGY}}|1
|12 December|{{fhu|21|ESP}}|3|{{fhu|21|CAN}}|2

|14 December|{{fhu|21|ENG}}|2|{{fhu|21|ESP}}|3

|14 December|{{fhu|21|EGY}}|3|{{fhu|21|CAN}}|0
}}

=== Crossover ===
{{fieldhockeybox|date=12 December 2013 |time=11:30 |team1={{fhu-rt|21|Egypt}} |score=1 – 6 |team2={{fhu|21|England}} |report=[http://events.fih.ch/new/match/5168 Report] |goals1=[[Ramy Mohamed|Mohamed]] {{fhgoal|FG|10}} |goals2=[[James Gall (field hockey)|Gall]] {{fhgoal|FG|41}} [[Luke Taylor (field hockey)|Taylor]] {{fhgoal|PC|44}} [[Nicholas Bandurak|Bandurak]] {{fhgoal|FG|48|PC|60}} [[David Goodfield|Goodfield]] {{fhgoal|FG|51}} [[Andrew Bull|Bull]] {{fhgoal|FG|66}} |umpires=Benjamin Mauss (FRA) David Tomlinson (NZL)}}
----
{{fieldhockeybox|date=12 December 2013 |time=14:00 |team1={{fhu-rt|21|Spain}} |score=3 – 2 |team2={{fhu|21|Canada}} |report=[http://events.fih.ch/new/match/5170 Report] |goals1={{fhgoal|OG|30}} [[Borja Llorens|Llorens]] {{fhgoal|PC|35}} [[Lluis Mercade|Mercade]] {{fhgoal|FG|61}} |goals2=[[Gabriel Ho-Garcia|Ho-Garcia]] {{fhgoal|FG|24}} [[Brenden Bissett|Bissettt]] {{fhgoal|FG|64}} |umpires=Haider Rasool (PAK) Ahmed Elsayed Ahmed (EGY)}}

=== Fifteenth and sixteenth place ===
{{fieldhockeybox|date=14 December 2013 |time=13:15 |team1={{fhu-rt|21|Egypt}} |score=3 – 0 |team2={{fhu|21|Canada}} |report=[http://events.fih.ch/new/match/5180 Report] |goals1=[[Ahmed Karem|Karem]] {{fhgoal|FG|32}} [[Ashraf Said|Said]] {{fhgoal|FG|67}} [[Reda Ahmed (field hockey)|Ahmed]] {{fhgoal|FG|70}} |goals2= |umpires=Daniel Lopez Ramos (URU) Benjamin Mauss (FRA)}}

=== Thirteenth and fourteenth place ===
{{fieldhockeybox|date=14 December 2013 |time=15:30 |team1={{fhu-rt|21|England}} |score=2 – 3 |team2={{fhu|21|Spain}} |report=[http://events.fih.ch/new/match/5181 Report] |goals1=[[Christopher Proctor|Proctor]] {{fhgoal|FG|27}} [[Andrew Bull|Bull]] {{fhgoal|PS|45}} |goals2=[[Albert Beltrán|Beltrán]] {{fhgoal|FG|5}} [[Lluis Mercade|Mercade]] {{fhgoal|PC|19}} [[Alejandro de Frutos|De Frutos]] {{fhgoal|PC|68}} |umpires=David Tomlinson (NZL) Mike Gerwig (GER)}}

===Ninth to twelfth place classification===
{{Round4-with third
|RD1=Cross-overs
|RD2=Ninth place
|Consol=Eleventh place
|bold_winner=high |widescore=yes


|12 December|{{fhu|21|PAK}}|4|{{fhu|21|RSA}}|0
|12 December|{{fhu|21|ARG}}|2|{{fhu|21|IND}}|4

|14 December|{{fhu|21|PAK}} ([[Penalty shoot-out (field hockey)|s.o.]])|1 (4)|{{fhu|21|IND}}|1 (2)

|14 December|{{fhu|21|RSA}}|1|{{fhu|21|ARG}}|4
}}

====Cross-overs====
{{fieldhockeybox|date=12 December 2013 |time=16:30 |team1={{fhu-rt|21|Pakistan}} |score=4 – 0 |team2={{fhu|21|South Africa}} |report=[http://events.fih.ch/new/match/5172 Report] |goals1=[[Muhammad Dilber|Dilber]] {{fhgoal|FG|8}} [[Ammad Shakeel Butt|Butt]] {{fhgoal|FG|42|PC|44}} [[Muhammad Irfan (field hockey)|Irfan]] {{fhgoal|FG|61}} |goals2= |umpires=Daniel Lopez Ramos (URU) Raghu Prasad (IND)}}
----
{{fieldhockeybox|date=12 December 2013 |time=19:00 |team1={{fhu-rt|21|Argentina}} |score=2 – 4 |team2={{fhu|21|India}} |report=[http://events.fih.ch/new/match/5174 Report] |goals1=[[Lucas Martínez (field hockey)|Martinez]] {{fhgoal|FG|38}} [[Lautaro Diaz|Diaz]] {{fhgoal|FG|69}} |goals2=[[Ramandeep Singh (field hockey, born 1993)|Ramandeep]] {{fhgoal|FG|4|FG|31}} [[Amit Rohidas|Rohidas]] {{fhgoal|PC|7}} [[Gurjinder Singh (field hockey)|Gurjinder]] {{fhgoal|PC|40}} |umpires=Lim Hong Zhen (SIN) Grant Hundley (USA)}}

====Eleventh and twelfth place====
{{fieldhockeybox|date=14 December 2013 |time=17:45 |team1={{fhu-rt|21|South Africa}} |score=1 – 4 |team2={{fhu|21|Argentina}} |report=[http://events.fih.ch/new/match/5182 Report] |goals1=[[Matthew Brown (field hockey)|Brown]] {{fhgoal|PC|3}} |goals2=[[Gonzalo Peillat|Peillat]] {{fhgoal|PC|13|PC|42}} [[Lautaro Diaz|Diaz]] {{fhgoal|FG|21}} [[Joaquin Leonel Coelho|Coelho]] {{fhgoal|FG|24}} |umpires=Ahmed Elsayed Ahmed (EGY) Diego Estebanez (ESP)}}

====Ninth and tenth place====
{{fieldhockeybox|date=14 December 2013 |time=20:00 |team1={{fhu-rt|21|Pakistan}} |score=1 – 1 |team2={{fhu|21|India}} |report=[http://events.fih.ch/new/match/5183 Report] |goals1=[[Rizwan Ali|Ali]] {{fhgoal|FG|7}} |goals2=[[Gurjinder Singh (field hockey)|Gurjinder]] {{fhgoal|PC|66}} |umpires=Jonas van't Hek (NED) Paul Walker (ENG) |penalties1=[[Mohammad Irfan (field hockey)|Irfan]] {{fhps|g}} [[Muhammad Tousiq|Tousiq]] {{fhps|g}} [[Muhammad Rizwan Jr.|Rizwan]] {{fhps|m}} [[Muhammad Umar Bhutta|Bhutta]] {{fhps|g}} [[Muhammad Dilber|Dilber]] {{fhps|g}} |penaltyscore=4 – 2 |penalties2={{fhps|g}} [[Gurjinder Singh (field hockey)|Gurjinder]] {{fhps|g}} [[Talwinder Singh|Talwinder]] {{fhps|m}} [[Imran Khan (field hockey)|Khan]] {{fhps|m}} [[Satbir Singh (field hockey)|Satbir]]}}

==Medal round==
===Bracket===
{{Round8
|bold_winner=high |widescore=yes |3rdplace=yes

|12 December|{{fhu|21|BEL}}|4|{{fhu|21|FRA}}|5
|12 December|{{fhu|21|MAS}}|2|{{fhu|21|KOR}}|1
|12 December|{{fhu|21|AUS}}|3|{{fhu|21|GER}}|4
|12 December|{{fhu|21|NED}}|3|{{fhu|21|NZL}}|2

|13 December|{{fhu|21|FRA}} ([[Penalty shoot-out (field hockey)|s.o.]])|1 (3)|{{fhu|21|MAS}}|1 (1)
|13 December|{{fhu|21|GER}}|5|{{fhu|21|NED}}|3

|15 December|{{fhu|21|FRA}}|2|{{fhu|21|GER}}|5

|15 December|{{fhu|21|MAS}}|2|{{fhu|21|NED}}|7
}}

===Quarter-finals===
{{fieldhockeybox|date=12 December 2013 |time=11:00 |team1={{fhu-rt|21|Netherlands}} |score=3 – 2 |team2={{fhu|21|New Zealand}} |report=[http://events.fih.ch/new/match/5175 Report] |goals1=[[Thierry Brinkman|Brinkman]] {{fhgoal|FG|28|FG|39}} [[Tom Hiebendaal|Hiebendaal]] {{fhgoal|PS|42}} |goals2=[[Nic Woods|Woods]] {{fhgoal|PC|38}} [[Benedict van Woerkom|van Woerkom]] {{fhgoal|FG|60}} |umpires=Javed Shaikh (IND) Diego Estebanez (ESP)}}
----
{{fieldhockeybox|date=12 December 2013 |time=13:15 |team1={{fhu-rt|21|Belgium}} |score=4 – 5 |team2={{fhu|21|France}} |report=[http://events.fih.ch/new/match/5169 Report] |goals1={{fhgoal|OG|29}} [[Maxime Plennevaux|Plennevaux]] {{fhgoal|FG|37|FG|47}} [[Dorian Thiery|Thiery]] {{fhgoal|FG|42}} |goals2=[[Victor Charlet|Charlet]] {{fhgoal|PC|15}} [[Hugo Genestet|Genestet]] {{fhgoal|PC|40}} [[Jean-Laurent Kieffer|Kieffer]] {{fhgoal|FG|48|PC|65}} [[Théophile Ponthieu|Ponthieu]] {{fhgoal|PC|58}} |umpires=Mike Gerwig (GER) Paul Walker (ENG)}}
----
{{fieldhockeybox|date=12 December 2013 |time=15:30 |team1={{fhu-rt|21|Malaysia}} |score=2 – 1 |team2={{fhu|21|South Korea}}| |report=[http://events.fih.ch/new/match/5171 Report] |goals1=[[Shahril Saabah|Shahril]] {{fhgoal|FG|18|PC|62}} |goals2=[[You Seung-ju]] {{fhgoal|PC|29}} |umpires=Gareth Greenfield (NZL) Tim Pullman (AUS)}}
----
{{fieldhockeybox|date=12 December 2013 |time=17:45 |team1={{fhu-rt|21|Australia}} |score=3 – 4 |team2={{fhu|21|Germany}} |report=[http://events.fih.ch/new/match/5173 Report] |goals1=[[Will Gilmour|Gilmour]] {{fhgoal|FG|8}} [[Dylan Wotherspoon|Wotherspoon]] {{fhgoal|FG|57|FG|69}} |goals2=[[Christopher Rühr|Rühr]] {{fhgoal|PC|21}} [[Dieter-Enrique Linnekogel|Linnekogel]] {{fhgoal|FG|55}} [[Mats Grambusch|Grambusch]] {{fhgoal|FG|58}} [[Niklas Wellen|Wellen]] {{fhgoal|FG|65}} |umpires=Marcelo Servetto (ARG) Jonas van't Hek (NED)}}

===Fifth to eighth place classification===
{{Round4-with third
|bold_winner=high |widescore=yes
|RD1=Cross-overs |RD2=Fifth place |Consol=Seventh place


|13 December|{{fhu|21|BEL}}|6|{{fhu|21|KOR}}|1
|13 December|{{fhu|21|AUS}}|2|{{fhu|21|NZL}}|1

|15 December|{{fhu|21|BEL}}|2 (2)|{{fhu|21|AUS}} ([[Penalty shoot-out (field hockey)|s.o.]])|2 (3)

|15 December|{{fhu|21|KOR}}|2|{{fhu|21|NZL}}|4
}}

====Cross-overs====
{{fieldhockeybox|date=13 December 2013 |time=13:15 |team1={{fhu-rt|21|Belgium}} |score=6 – 1 |team2={{fhu|21|South Korea}} |report=[http://events.fih.ch/new/match/5176 Report] |goals1=[[Alexander Hendrickx|Hendrickx]] {{fhgoal|PC|27}} [[Maxime Plennevaux|Plennevaux]] {{fhgoal|FG|39}} [[Mathew Cobbaert|Cobbaert]] {{fhgoal|FG|40}} [[Gaetan Perez|Perez]] {{fhgoal|FG|45}} [[Maxime Capelle|Capelle]] {{fhgoal|FG|46}} [[Dorian Thiery|Thiery]] {{fhgoal|FG|68}} |goals2=[[Nam Yun-seon]] {{fhgoal|PC|64}} |umpires=Haider Rasool (PAK) Lim Zhen Hong (SIN)}}
----
{{fieldhockeybox|date=13 December 2013 |time=17:45 |team1={{fhu-rt|21|Australia}} |score=2 – 1 |team2={{fhu|21|New Zealand}} |report=[http://events.fih.ch/new/match/5178 Report] |goals1=[[Cameron Joyce (field hockey)|Joyce]] {{fhgoal|PC|23}} [[Dylan Wotherspoon|Wotherspoon]] {{fhgoal|FG|44}} |goals2=[[Jared Panchia|Panchia]] {{fhgoal|PC|20}} |umpires=Fernando Gomez (ARG) Eric Koh Kim Lai (MAS)}}

====Seventh and eighth place====
{{fieldhockeybox|date=15 December 2013 |time=13:15 |team1={{fhu-rt|21|South Korea}} |score=2 – 4 |team2={{fhu|21|New Zealand}} |report=[http://events.fih.ch/new/match/5184 Report] |goals1=[[You Min-young]] {{fhgoal|FG|13}} {{fhgoal|OG|26}} |goals2=[[Jeremy Morris (field hockey)|Morris]] {{fhgoal|FG|11}} [[Kane Russell|Russell]] {{fhgoal|PC|17|PC|32|PC|70}} |umpires=Raghu Prasad (IND) Grant Hundley (USA)}}

====Fifth and sixth place====
{{fieldhockeybox|date=15 December 2013 |time=15:30 |team1={{fhu-rt|21|Belgium}} |score=2 – 2 |team2={{fhu|21|Australia}} |report=[http://events.fih.ch/new/match/5185 Report] |goals1=[[Maxime Plennevaux|Plennevaux]] {{fhgoal|FG|25}} [[Alexandre van Linthoudt|Van Linthoudt]] {{fhgoal|FG|41}} |goals2=[[Daniel Beale (field hockey)|Beale]] {{fhgoal|FG|39}} [[Jeremy Hayward|Hayward]] {{fhgoal|PC|46}} |umpires=Eric Koh Kim Lai (MAS) Fernando Gomez (ARG) |penalties1=[[Maxime Plennevaux|Plennevaux]] {{fhps|g}} [[Maxime Capelle|Capelle]] {{fhps|m}} [[Arthur Van Doren|Van Doren]] {{fhps|m}} [[Mathew Cobbaert|Cobbaert]] {{fhps|g}} [[Dimitri Cuvelier|Cuvelier]] {{fhps|m}} |penaltyscore=2 – 3 |penalties2={{fhps|g}} [[Daniel Beale (field hockey)|Beale]] {{fhps|m}} [[Cameron Joyce (field hockey)|Joyce]] {{fhps|g}} [[Dylan Wotherspoon|Wotherspoon]] {{fhps|g}} [[Matt Dawson (field hockey)|Dawson]] {{fhps|m}} [[Jeremy Hayward|Hayward]]}}

===First to fourth place classification===
====Semi-finals====
{{fieldhockeybox|date=13 December 2013 |time=15:30 |team1={{fhu-rt|21|France}} |score=1–1 |team2={{fhu|21|Malaysia}} |report=[http://events.fih.ch/new/match/5177 Report] |goals1=[[Jean-Laurent Kieffer|Kieffer]] {{fhgoal|FG|63}} |goals2=[[Azri Hassan|Hassan]] {{fhgoal|FG|4}} |umpires=Marcelo Servetto (ARG) Gareth Greenfield (NZL) |penalties1=[[Pieter van Straaten|P. van Straaten]] {{fhps|m}} [[Simon Martin-Brisac|Martin-Brisac]] {{fhps|g}} [[Gaspard Baumgarten|Baumgarten]] {{fhps|g}} [[Viktor Lockwood|Lockwood]] {{fhps|m}} [[Hugo Genestet|Genestet]] {{fhps|g}} |penaltyscore=3 – 1 |penalties2={{fhps|g}} [[Helmi Jali|Jali]] {{fhps|m}} [[Syamim Mohd Yusof|Mohd Yusof]] {{fhps|m}} [[Firhan Ashaari|Ashaari]] {{fhps|m}} [[Shahril Saabah|Saabah]]}}
----
{{fieldhockeybox|date=13 December 2013 |time=20:00 |team1={{fhu-rt|21|Germany}} |score=5–3 |team2={{fhu|21|Netherlands}} |report=[http://events.fih.ch/new/match/5179 Report] |goals1=[[Lukas Windfeder|Windfeder]] {{fhgoal|PC|4|PC|14}} [[Christopher Rühr|Rühr]] {{fhgoal|FG|47}} [[Max Kapaun|Kapaun]] {{fhgoal|FG|66}} [[Niklas Wellen|Wellen]] {{fhgoal|FG|68}} |goals2=[[Tom Hiebendaal|Hiebendaal]] {{fhgoal|PS|49|PS|60}} [[Thierry Brinkman|Brinkman]] {{fhgoal|FG|50}} |umpires=Tim Pullman (AUS) Peter Wright (RSA)}}

====Third and fourth place====
{{fieldhockeybox|date=15 December 2013 |time=17:45 |team1={{fhu-rt|21|Malaysia}} |score=2 – 7 |team2={{fhu|21|Netherlands}} |report=[http://events.fih.ch/new/match/5186 Report] |goals1=[[Zulhairi Hashim|Hashim]] {{fhgoal|PC|7|PC|60}} |goals2=[[Roel Bovendeert|Bovendeert]] {{fhgoal|FG|3}} [[Thierry Brinkman|Brinkman]] {{fhgoal|FG|6|FG|28}} [[Tom Hiebendaal|Hiebendaal]] {{fhgoal|PC|18|FG|37}} [[Milan van Baal|Van Baal]] {{fhgoal|FG|23}} [[Jelle Galema|Galema]] {{fhgoal|FG|52}} |umpires=Javed Shaikh (IND) Gareth Greenfield (NZL)}}

====Final====
{{fieldhockeybox|date=15 December 2013 |time=20:00 |team1={{fhu-rt|21|France}} |score=2 – 5 |team2={{fhu|21|Germany}} |report=[http://events.fih.ch/new/match/5187 Report] |goals1=[[Gaspard Baumgarten|Baumgarten]] {{fhgoal|FG|16|PC|40}} |goals2=[[Niklas Wellen|Wellen]] {{fhgoal|FG|2|FG|44|FG|46}} [[Jonas Gomoll|Gomoll]] {{fhgoal|FG|60}} [[Christopher Rühr|Rühr]] {{fhgoal|FG|68}} |umpires=Tim Pullman (AUS) Peter Wright (RSA)}}

==Awards==
{| class=wikitable style="margin:auto; text-align:center"
!style="width: 220px;"|Top Goalscorer
!style="width: 220px;"|Player of the Tournament
!style="width: 220px;"|Goalkeeper of the Tournament
|-
|{{fhuicon|21|GER}} [[Christopher Rühr]]
|{{fhuicon|21|GER}} [[Christopher Rühr]]
|{{fhuicon|21|FRA}} [[Edgar Reynaud]]
|}

==Statistics==
===Final standings===
{{small|As per statistical convention in field hockey, matches decided in [[overtime (sports)|extra time]] are counted as wins and losses, while matches decided by [[penalty shoot-out (field hockey)|penalty shoot-outs]] are counted as draws.}}

{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL

|source=[https://tms.fih.ch/competitions/259 FIH]
|update=complete

|name_ARG={{fhu|21|ARG}} |win_ARG=2 |draw_ARG=0 |loss_ARG=3 |gf_ARG=11 |ga_ARG=13
|name_AUS={{fhu|21|AUS}} |win_AUS=4 |draw_AUS=1 |loss_AUS=1 |gf_AUS=16 |ga_AUS=9
|name_BEL={{fhu|21|BEL}} |win_BEL=3 |draw_BEL=2 |loss_BEL=1 |gf_BEL=22 |ga_BEL=11
|name_CAN={{fhu|21|CAN}} |win_CAN=0 |draw_CAN=0 |loss_CAN=5 |gf_CAN=8 |ga_CAN=23
|name_EGY={{fhu|21|EGY}} |win_EGY=1 |draw_EGY=0 |loss_EGY=4 |gf_EGY=6 |ga_EGY=20
|name_ENG={{fhu|21|ENG}} |win_ENG=1 |draw_ENG=1 |loss_ENG=3 |gf_ENG=13 |ga_ENG=12
|name_FRA={{fhu|21|FRA}} |win_FRA=3 |draw_FRA=1 |loss_FRA=2 |gf_FRA=15 |ga_FRA=17
|name_GER={{fhu|21|GER}} |win_GER=5 |draw_GER=0 |loss_GER=1 |gf_GER=27 |ga_GER=12
|name_IND={{fhu|21|IND}} |win_IND=2 |draw_IND=2 |loss_IND=1 |gf_IND=13 |ga_IND=11
|name_MAS={{fhu|21|MAS}} |win_MAS=4 |draw_MAS=1 |loss_MAS=1 |gf_MAS=14 |ga_MAS=14
|name_NED={{fhu|21|NED}} |win_NED=5 |draw_NED=0 |loss_NED=1 |gf_NED=26 |ga_NED=13
|name_NZL={{fhu|21|NZL}} |win_NZL=2 |draw_NZL=1 |loss_NZL=3 |gf_NZL=12 |ga_NZL=12
|name_PAK={{fhu|21|PAK}} |win_PAK=2 |draw_PAK=2 |loss_PAK=1 |gf_PAK=11 |ga_PAK=11
|name_RSA={{fhu|21|RSA}} |win_RSA=1 |draw_RSA=0 |loss_RSA=4 |gf_RSA=4 |ga_RSA=12
|name_KOR={{fhu|21|KOR}} |win_KOR=1 |draw_KOR=1 |loss_KOR=4 |gf_KOR=16 |ga_KOR=22
|name_ESP={{fhu|21|ESP}} |win_ESP=2 |draw_ESP=0 |loss_ESP=3 |gf_ESP=9 |ga_ESP=11

|team1=GER |team2=FRA |team3=NED |team4=MAS |team5=AUS |team6=BEL |team7=NZL |team8=KOR |team9=PAK |team10=IND |team11=ARG |team12=RSA |team13=ESP |team14=ENG |team15=EGY |team16=CAN
|pos_GER={{gold1}} |pos_FRA={{silver2}} |pos_NED={{bronze3}} |split4=yes |split8=yes |split12=yes

|res_col_header=Final Standings
|result1=1st |result2=2nd |result3=3rd |result4=4th |result5=QF |result6=QF |result7=QF |result8=QF |result9=PS |result10=PS |result11=PS |result12=PS |result13=GS |result14=GS |result15=GS |result16=GS
|col_1st=gold |text_1st=Gold Medal
|col_2nd=silver |text_2nd=Silver Medal
|col_3rd=#c96 |text_3rd=Bronze Medal
|text_4th=Fourth place
|text_QF=Eliminated in Quarter-finals
|text_PS=Eliminated in Pool stage
|text_GS=Eliminated in Pool stage
}}

===Goalscorers===
{{Goalscorers
|goals=223 |matches=44
|source=[https://tms.fih.ch/competitions/259/reports/scorers FIH]

|9 goals=
*{{fhuicon|21|GER}} [[Christopher Rühr]]

|8 goals=
*{{fhuicon|21|KOR}} [[You Seung-ju|You Seung-Ju]]

|7 goals=
*{{fhuicon|21|NZL}} [[Kane Russell]]

|6 goals=
*{{fhuicon|21|BEL}} [[Maxime Plennevaux]]
*{{fhuicon|21|IND}} [[Gurjinder Singh (field hockey)|Gurjinder Singh]]
*{{fhuicon|21|FRA}} [[Jean-Laurent Kieffer]]
*{{fhuicon|21|NED}} [[Thierry Brinkman]]
*{{fhuicon|21|NED}} [[Tom Hiebendaal]]
*{{fhuicon|21|NED}} [[Milan van Baal]]

|5 goals=
*{{fhuicon|21|GER}} [[Niklas Wellen]]

|4 goals=
*{{fhuicon|21|ARG}} [[Gonzalo Peillat]]
*{{fhuicon|21|AUS}} [[Dylan Wotherspoon]]
*{{fhuicon|21|BEL}} [[Alexander Hendrickx]]
*{{fhuicon|21|PAK}} [[Ammad Shakeel Butt]]
*{{fhuicon|21|KOR}} [[Seo In-woo|Seo In-Woo]]

|3 goals=
*{{fhuicon|21|AUS}} [[Daniel Beale (field hockey)|Daniel Beale]]
*{{fhuicon|21|BEL}} [[Maxime Capelle]]
*{{fhuicon|21|BEL}} [[Mathew Cobbaert]]
*{{fhuicon|21|ENG}} [[Luke Taylor (field hockey)|Luke Taylor]]
*{{fhuicon|21|GER}} [[Niklas Bruns]]
*{{fhuicon|21|GER}} [[Lukas Windfeder]]
*{{fhuicon|21|MAS}} [[Firhan Ashaari]]
*{{fhuicon|21|NED}} [[Roel Bovandeert]]
*{{fhuicon|21|PAK}} [[Muhammed Dilber]]

|2 goals=
*{{fhuicon|21|ARG}} [[Joaquin Coelho]]
*{{fhuicon|21|ARG}} [[Lautaro Díaz]]
*{{fhuicon|21|AUS}} [[Jeremy Hayward]]
*{{fhuicon|21|AUS}} [[Cameron Joyce (field hockey)|Cameron Joyce]]
*{{fhuicon|21|AUS}} [[Frank Main (field hockey)|Frank Main]]
*{{fhuicon|21|BEL}} [[Dorian Thiery]]
*{{fhuicon|21|BEL}} [[Alexandre van Linthoudt]]
*{{fhuicon|21|CAN}} [[Gordon Johnston (field hockey)|Gordon Johnston]]
*{{fhuicon|21|ENG}} [[Nicholas Bandurak]]
*{{fhuicon|21|ENG}} [[Andrew Bull]]
*{{fhuicon|21|ENG}} [[James Gall (field hockey)|James Gall]]
*{{fhuicon|21|ENG}} [[David Goodfield]]
*{{fhuicon|21|FRA}} [[Gaspard Baumgarten]]
*{{fhuicon|21|FRA}} [[Hugo Genestet]]
*{{fhuicon|21|FRA}} [[Simon Martin-Brisac]]
*{{fhuicon|21|FRA}} [[Théophile Ponthieu]]
*{{fhuicon|21|FRA}} [[Pieter van Straaten]]
*{{fhuicon|21|IND}} [[Akashdeep Singh]]
*{{fhuicon|21|IND}} [[Mandeep Singh (field hockey)|Mandeep Singh]]
*{{fhuicon|21|IND}} [[Ramandeep Singh (field hockey, born 1993)|Ramandeep Singh]]
*{{fhuicon|21|MAS}} [[Muhammed Bin Baharom]]
*{{fhuicon|21|MAS}} [[Zulhairi Hashim]]
*{{fhuicon|21|MAS}} [[Shahril Saabah]]
*{{fhuicon|21|NED}} [[Tristan Algera]]
*{{fhuicon|21|PAK}} [[Mohammad Irfan (field hockey)|Mohammad Irfan]]
*{{fhuicon|21|RSA}} [[Matthew Brown (field hockey)|Matthew Brown]]
*{{fhuicon|21|KOR}} [[You Min-young|You Min-Young]]
*{{fhuicon|21|ESP}} [[Albert Beltrán]]
*{{fhuicon|21|ESP}} [[Lluis Mercade]]

|1 goal=
*{{fhuicon|21|ARG}} [[Lucas Martínez (field hockey)|Lucas Martínez]]
*{{fhuicon|21|ARG}} [[Estanislao Pérez Pesado]]
*{{fhuicon|21|ARG}} [[Manuel Sacchetti]]
*{{fhuicon|21|AUS}} [[Justin Douglas (field hockey)|Justin Douglas]]
*{{fhuicon|21|AUS}} [[Will Gilmour]]
*{{fhuicon|21|AUS}} [[Casey Hammond]]
*{{fhuicon|21|BEL}} [[Gaetan Pérez]]
*{{fhuicon|21|CAN}} [[Brenden Bissett]]
*{{fhuicon|21|CAN}} [[Gabriel Ho-Garcia]]
*{{fhuicon|21|CAN}} [[Jannu Mahal]]
*{{fhuicon|21|CAN}} [[Sukhi Panesar]]
*{{fhuicon|21|CAN}} [[Vikramjeet Sandhu]]
*{{fhuicon|21|CAN}} [[Oliver Scholfield]]
*{{fhuicon|21|EGY}} [[Reda Ahmed (field hockey)|Reda Ahmed]]
*{{fhuicon|21|EGY}} [[Ahmed Karem]]
*{{fhuicon|21|EGY}} [[Ramy Mohamed]]
*{{fhuicon|21|EGY}} Ahmed Mohsen
*{{fhuicon|21|EGY}} [[Mohamed Ragab (field hockey)|Mohamed Ragab]]
*{{fhuicon|21|EGY}} [[Ashraf Said]]
*{{fhuicon|21|ENG}} [[Christopher Proctor]]
*{{fhuicon|21|ENG}} [[Phil Roper]]
*{{fhuicon|21|FRA}} [[Victor Charlet]]
*{{fhuicon|21|GER}} [[Jonas Gomoll]]
*{{fhuicon|21|GER}} [[Mats Grambusch]]
*{{fhuicon|21|GER}} [[Max Kapaun]]
*{{fhuicon|21|GER}} [[Dieter Linnekogel]]
*{{fhuicon|21|GER}} [[Mathias Müller]]
*{{fhuicon|21|GER}} [[Alexander Schöllkopf]]
*{{fhuicon|21|IND}} [[Amit Rohidas]]
*{{fhuicon|21|MAS}} [[Mohd Bin Hashim]]
*{{fhuicon|21|MAS}} [[Azri Hassan]]
*{{fhuicon|21|MAS}} [[Muhammed Bin Saabah]]
*{{fhuicon|21|MAS}} [[Fitri Saari]]
*{{fhuicon|21|NED}} [[Jelle Galema]]
*{{fhuicon|21|NED}} [[Mark Rijkers]]
*{{fhuicon|21|NED}} [[Rik van Kan]]
*{{fhuicon|21|NZL}} [[Jeremy Morris (field hockey)|Jeremy Morris]]
*{{fhuicon|21|NZL}} [[Jared Panchia]]
*{{fhuicon|21|NZL}} [[Matt Rees-Gibbs]]
*{{fhuicon|21|NZL}} [[Benedict van Woerkom]]
*{{fhuicon|21|NZL}} [[Nic Woods]]
*{{fhuicon|21|PAK}} [[Rizwan Ali]]
*{{fhuicon|21|PAK}} [[Muhammad Tousiq]]
*{{fhuicon|21|RSA}} [[Andrew Manson (field hockey)|Andrew Manson]]
*{{fhuicon|21|RSA}} [[Dylan Swanpoel]]
*{{fhuicon|21|KOR}} [[Nam Yun-seon|Nam Yun-Seon]]
*{{fhuicon|21|ESP}} [[Alejandro de Frutos]]
*{{fhuicon|21|ESP}} [[Álvaro Iglesias (field hockey)|Álvaro Iglesias]]
*{{fhuicon|21|ESP}} [[Borja Llorens]]
*{{fhuicon|21|ESP}} [[Ricardo Sánchez (field hockey)|Ricardo Sánchez]]

|1 own goal=
*{{fhu|21|CAN}} (against [[Spain men's national under-21 field hockey team|Spain]])
*{{fhu|21|EGY}} (against [[Germany men's national under-21 field hockey team|Germany]])
*{{fhu|21|FRA}} (against [[Belgium men's national under-21 field hockey team|Belgium]])
*{{fhu|21|NZL}} (against [[South Korea men's national under-21 field hockey team|South Korea]])
*{{fhu|21|RSA}} (against [[Malaysia men's national under-21 field hockey team|Malaysia]])
}}

==See also==
* [[2013 Women's Hockey Junior World Cup]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.fih.ch/en/competitions-259-hero-hockey-junior-world-cup-men-2013-junior Official website]

{{Hockey Junior World Cup}}

[[Category:2013 Men's Hockey Junior World Cup| ]]
[[Category:2013 in field hockey|Junior World Cup]]
[[Category:International field hockey competitions hosted by India]]
[[Category:2013 in Indian sport|Hockey Junior World Cup]]
[[Category:Hockey Junior World Cup]]
[[Category:2013 in youth sport|Hockey World Cup]]
[[Category:Sports competitions in New Delhi]]
[[Category:December 2013 sports events in Asia|Hockey Junior World Cup]]
[[Category:Hero Group]]

Udayanan Vasavadatta

2026-03-06T03:44:07Z

BootTPP: Started a info!

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Udayanan Vasavadatta
| image = Udayanan Vasavadatta.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Poster
| director = [[T. R. Raghunath]]<ref name=anandan>{{cite book|url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1947-cinedetails2.asp|title=Sadhanaigal Padaitha Thamizh Thiraipada Varalaru|trans-title=History of Landmark Tamil Films|publisher=Sivakami Publishers|author=Film News Anandan|authorlink=Film News Anandan|date=23 October 2004|location=Chennai|language=Tamil|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20170608093942/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1947-cinedetails2.asp|archivedate=8 June 2017|url-status=usurped|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
| producer = R. M. Ramanathan<ref name=anandan/>
| writer = Udayakumar [[A. S. A. Sami]] (dialogues)<ref name=anandan/>
| screenplay =
| story = Raja Chandrasekhar
| based_on =
| starring = [[Vasundhara Devi]] [[G. N. Balasubramaniam]] M. S. Saroja [[D. Balasubramaniam]] [[K. Sarangapani]] [[Kali N. Rathnam]]
| narrator =
| music = [[C. R. Subburaman]]<ref name=anandan/>
| cinematography = [[Marcus Bartley]]<ref name=BFTPhindu>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/Udayanan-Vasavadatta-1946/article15718572.ece|title=Udayanan Vasavadatta 1946|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=28 November 2010|accessdate=8 June 2017|last=Guy|first=Randor|authorlink=Randor Guy|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20170608093956/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/Udayanan-Vasavadatta-1946/article15718572.ece|archivedate=8 June 2017|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
| editing = A. Kasilingam S. A. Murugesan<ref name=anandan/>
| studio = Uma Pictures
| distributor = Uma Pictures<ref name=anandan/>
| released = {{film date|df=yes|1947|06|21|India}}<ref name=anandan/>
| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Udayanan Vasavadatta''''' is a 1947 [[Tamil language]] film directed and produced by [[T. R. Raghunath]]. The film stars [[Vasundhara Devi]], [[G. N. Balasubramaniam]] and M. S. Saroja with [[D. Balasubramaniam]], [[K. Sarangapani]] and [[Kali N. Rathnam]] playing supporting roles.<ref name=BFTPhindu/>

==Plot==
[[Udayana (king)|Udayanan]] (Balasubramaniam), the king of [[Vatsa]], meets Vasavadatta (Vasundhara Devi) and the two fall in love. Udayanan is presented a divine Elephant by [[Indra]], which leaves him due to a sin he commits. He goes on a quest in search of it, leaving behind Vasavadatta in another kingdom where she teaches music and dance. During his search, a rival king imprisons him by luring him into his kingdom with an Elephant made of precious stones. While Udayanan is imprisoned, another rival king attacks his kingdom. Udayanan, after facing many hurdles and crises, succeeds in defeating both his rivals and happily reunites with Vasavadatta.<ref name=BFTPhindu/>

==Cast==
Adapted from [[Film News Anandan]] and ''[[The Hindu]]''<ref name=anandan/><ref name=BFTPhindu/>
{{div col}}
*[[Vasundhara Devi]] as Vasavadatta
*[[G. N. Balasubramaniam]] as [[Udayana (king)|Udayanan]]
*M. S. Saroja
*[[D. Balasubramaniam]]
*[[K. Sarangapani]]
*[[Kali N. Rathnam]]
*C. T. Rajakantham
*N. Krishnamurthy
*[[P. S. Veerappa]]
*T. K. Sampangi
*[[M. V. Mani]]
*Kolathu Mani
*T. T. Arasu
*V. Nataraja Iyer
*K. N. Kamalam
*K. N. Rajam
*N. Nagasubramaniam
{{div col end}}

==Production==
R. M. Ramanathan produced ''Udayanan Vasavadatta'' under his own banner, Uma Pictures. Initially, [[M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar]] was to do the role of Udayanan. Bhagavathar even had sung some songs and some scenes were shot for the film featuring him, but due to his conviction in the [[Lakshmikanthan murder case]], all of the scenes he had shot and the songs he had recorded were abandoned. Bhagavathar was subsequently replaced with [[G. N. Balasubramaniam]].<ref name=BFTPhindu />

The film's cinematography was by [[Marcus Bartley]] while F. Nagoor and M. Natesan, who later became a producer himself, were in charge of the set and costume designing respectively. The songs were co-choreographed by V. B. Ramaiah Pillai and Kamini Kumar Sinha.<ref name=BFTPhindu />

==Soundtrack==
The film's music and score composed by [[C. R. Subburaman]] while [[Papanasam Sivan]] and [[Kambadasan]] wrote the lyrics for the songs. Both Balasubramaniam and Vasundhara Devi sang a few songs for the film.<ref name=BFTPhindu />

==Reception==
Wiring for ''[[The Hindu]]'', film critic and historian [[Randor Guy]] noted that the film was remembered for "GNB's captivating songs, Vasundhara's dances and excellent cinematography."<ref name=BFTPhindu /> ''Udayanan Vasavadatta'' did not perform well at the box office.<ref name=BFTPhindu />

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0259068|Udayanan Vasavadattha}}

[[Category:1947 films]]
[[Category:1947 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1947 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian epic films]]
[[Category:Indian historical drama films]]
[[Category:1940s historical drama films]]
[[Category:1947 drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by T. R. Raghunath]]
[[Category:Films scored by C. R. Subbaraman]]
[[Category:Hindu mythological films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Baselios Poulose II Catholicos College, Piravom

2026-03-04T22:24:17Z

BootTPP: Redirect article

#REDIRECT [[List of colleges affiliated to the Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala#Art and Sciences]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to related topic}}
}}

Manassinte Theerthayathra

2026-03-03T21:04:41Z

BootTPP: Expanded content with additional details

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Manssinte Theerdha Yathra
| image =
| caption =
| director = Thamban
| producer =
| writer = [[P. R. Shyamala]] Kallikkadu Ramachandran (dialogues)
| screenplay = Kallikkadu Ramachandran
| starring = [[Shubha (actress)|Shubha]] [[Sukumaran]] [[M. G. Soman]] [[Jagathy Sreekumar]]
| music = [[M. B. Sreenivasan]]
| cinematography = Vipin Das
| editing =
| studio = Christ King Creations
| distributor = Christ King Creations
| released = {{Film date|1981|10|2|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam Language|Malayalam]]
}}

'''''Manssinte Theerdha Yathra''''' is a 1981 [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] film, directed by Thamban. The film stars [[Shubha (actress)|Shubha]], [[Sukumaran]], [[M. G. Soman]] and [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] in the lead roles. The film has musical score by [[M. B. Sreenivasan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=1192|title=Manassinte Theerthayaathra|accessdate=2014-10-17|publisher=malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?576|title=Manassinte Theerthayaathra|accessdate=2014-10-17|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/manssinte-theerdha-yathra-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011212224/http://spicyonion.com/title/manssinte-theerdha-yathra-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=11 October 2014|title=Manssinte Theerdha Yathra|accessdate=2014-10-17|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Shubha (actress)|Shubha]] as Arundathi
*[[Sukumaran]] as Kamal
*[[M. G. Soman]] as Aravindan
*[[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as Arjunan
*[[Aranmula Ponnamma]] as Muthassi
*[[Bhagyalakshmi]] as Seetha ( Maid Servant)
*Renu Chandra as Renjitha
*[[G. K. Pillai (actor)|G. K. Pillai]] as Raghunathan
*[[Nanditha Bose]] as Dakshyayani
*[[T. P. Madhavan]] as Thomas Mathew
*[[Sreenivasan]] as Ravi

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[M. B. Sreenivasan]] and the lyrics were written by [[O. N. V. Kurup]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Iru Kalithozharaay" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || [[O. N. V. Kurup]] ||
|-
| 2 || "Nadannum Nadannere" (Manthram Pole) || K. J. Yesudas || O. N. V. Kurup ||
|-
| 3 || "Neeyetho Mounasangeetham" || [[S. Janaki]] || O. N. V. Kurup ||
|-
| 4 || "Nishaakudeeram" || S. Janaki || O. N. V. Kurup ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0333870|Manssinte Theerdha Yathra}}

[[Category:1981 films]]
[[Category:1981 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1981 Indian films]]

{{1980s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Psych Siddhartha

2026-03-03T09:26:13Z

BootTPP: New!

{{Short description|2026 Indian Telugu film by Varun Reddy}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Psych Siddhartha
| image = Psych Siddhartha.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Varun Reddy
| story =
| producer = {{plain list|
* [[Nandu (Telugu actor)|Nandu]]
* Shyam Sunder Reddy Thudi
}}
| writer = Varun Reddy
| screenplay =
| starring = {{plain list|
* Nandu
* Yamini Bhaskar
}}
| music = Smaran Sai
| cinematography = K Prakash Reddy
| editing = Prateek Nuti
| studio = {{plain list|
* Spirit Media
* Nanduness
* Keep Rolling Pictures
}}
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2026|1|1}}
| runtime = 120 minutes
| language = Telugu
| country = India
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Psych Siddhartha''''' is a 2026 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[comedy drama]] film written and directed by Varun Reddy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fb |last2=Tw |last3=Linkdin |last4=Whatsapp |last5=Us |first5=GNFollow |title=Psych Siddhartha REVIEW: Is Shree Nandu's Movie Score HIT with THIS Gen Z movie? Read On |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/gallery/entertainment/psych-siddhartha-movie-review-nandu-delivers-a-bold-performance-be0f6k8 |access-date=2026-01-21 |website=Asianet Newsable |language=en}}</ref> The film stars [[Nandu (Telugu actor)|Nandu]] and Yamini Bhaskar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2025-11-08 |title='Psych Siddhartha' teaser bills as a youthful entertainer |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/psych-siddhartha-teaser-bills-as-a-youthful-entertainer-1021728 |access-date=2026-01-21 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

The film was theatrically released on 1 January 2026.

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=January 2026}}

== Cast ==
* [[Nandu (Telugu actor)|Nandu]] as Siddhartha Reddy
* Yamini Bhaskar as Shravya
* Narasimha S
* Priyanka Rebekah Srinivas as Trisha
* Sukesh Reddy as Mansoor
* Wadekar Narsing
* Bobby Ratakonda as Shravya's husband
* Sakshi Atree Chaturvedi
* Mounika
* Pradyumna Billuri

== Music ==
The background score and songs were composed by Smaran Sai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-28 |title='Mohamaatam' from Psych Siddhartha is a moody, bluesy composition |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Dec/28/mohamaatam-from-psych-siddhartha-is-a-moody-bluesy-composition |access-date=2026-01-21 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Blue Yellow
| extra1 = [[Jassie Gift]]
| length1 = 1:56
| lyrics1 = Varun Reddy, Rohith M
| title2 = Dhum Thakum
| extra2 = Jassie Gift
| length2 = 5:34
| lyrics2 = [[Kasarla Shyam]]
| title3 = Mohamaatam
| length3 = 4:30
| lyrics3 = Niklesh Sunkoji, Varun Reddy
| extra3 = Sravya Kothalanka
| title4 = Painting Song
| length4 = 3:47
| lyrics4 = Manoj Kumar Juloori
| extra4 = Smaran Sai, Baby Manasvini, Baby Sankeertana
| title5 = Friendship Song
| length5 = 2:51
| lyrics5 = Manoj Kumar Juloori
| extra5 = Wilson Herald, Sarathy
| title6 = Yedha Okka Prayamu
| length6 = 2:18
| lyrics6 = Ashok Anand
| extra6 = Krishna Tejasvi
}}

==Release and reception==
''Psych Siddhartha'' was initially scheduled to release on 12 December 2025,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2025-12-02 |title='Psych Siddhartha' locks Dec 12 release; trailer unveiled |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/psych-siddhartha-locks-dec-12-release-trailer-unveiled-1027987 |access-date=2026-01-21 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2025-12-10 |title=Balakrishna's Akhanda 2 Locks New Release Date, Forces Two Films To Shift Dates |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/entertainment/balakrishna-akhanda-2-locks-new-release-date-forces-two-films-to-shift-dates-enn25121003075 |access-date=2026-01-21 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref> but later released on 1 January 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-10 |title=Psych Siddhartha release postponed to this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Dec/10/psych-siddhartha-release-postponed-to-this-date |access-date=2026-01-21 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''[[The Hindu]]'' noted the performances of Nandu and Yamini Bhaskar while stating, "''Psych Siddhartha'' demands some patient viewing initially but it shows how a simple relationship drama can be presented for a new-age audience".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2026-01-01 |title='Psych Siddhartha' movie review: Shree Nandu and Yamini Bhaskar impress in an edgy relationship drama |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/psych-siddhartha-movie-review-the-shree-nandu-and-yamini-bhaskar-starrer-is-directed-by-varun-reddy/article70459732.ece |access-date=2026-01-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Sanjana Pulugurtha of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 3.5 out of 5 and appreciated the urban setting, background score and dialogues.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Psych Siddhartha Movie Review: A quirky dramedy of chaos, grit and second chances |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/psych-siddhartha/movie-review/126322229.cms |access-date=2026-01-21 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> In contrast, Suresh Kavirayani of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' rated it 2 out of 5 and wrote that, "the predictable, formulaic plot lacks emotional depth, and the film becomes tedious".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=2026-01-02 |title=Psych Siddhartha Movie Review: A chaotic narrative lacking emotion |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2026/Jan/02/telugureview2026jan01psych-siddhartha-movie-review-a-chaotic-narrative-lacking-emotion |access-date=2026-01-21 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|39100948|Psych Siddhartha}}

[[Category:2026 films]]
[[Category:2026 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2026 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:2026 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Telugu-language comedy-drama films]]

National symbols of Lebanon

2026-02-13T01:55:05Z

BootTPP: fix lead for accuracy and updated info for clarity

{{short description|none}}
{{Culture of Lebanon|expanded=Symbols}}

The '''national symbols of Lebanon''' reflect the country’s history, geography, and cultural identity. While some symbols are formally established in law, others have developed through long-standing tradition and public usage.

== Symbol ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Title
!Name of Symbol
!
|-
|National Tree
|[[Cedrus libani|The Cedar Tree]]
|The most prominent national symbol of Lebanon is the '''Cedrus libani''' (Lebanese cedar). The cedar has been associated with Mount Lebanon since antiquity and appears in numerous historical and religious texts. It represents longevity, resilience, and continuity.
|-
|National flag
|[[Flag of Lebanon]]
|The national flag of Lebanon consists of two horizontal red stripes at the top and bottom, with a white band in the middle containing a green cedar tree. The red stripes are commonly interpreted as symbolizing the blood shed for independence, while the white represents peace and the snow of Lebanon’s mountains. The Lebanese flag (with cedar) was adopted by Parliament in 1943 during independence from the French Mandate.
|-
|Coat of Arms
|[[Coat of arms of Lebanon|Coat of Arms of Lebanon]]
|Lebanon’s coat of arms features a cedar tree centered on a shield with red and white fields mirroring the national flag. It is used in official government documents, state institutions, and diplomatic contexts.
|-
|The National Anthem
|[[National Anthem of Lebanon]]
|The national anthem of Lebanon is '''Kulluna lil-Watan''' (“All of Us, for the Nation”). The lyrics were written by Rashid Nakhle and adopted in 1927 during the French Mandate period. The anthem emphasizes unity, sacrifice, and devotion to the homeland.
|-
|National flower
|Lebanon Cyclamen ([[Cyclamen libanoticum]])<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2020-12-28 |title=National flower of Lebanon - Cyclamen {{!}} Symbol Hunt |url=https://symbolhunt.com/lebanon/national-flower/ |access-date=2023-01-14 |website=symbolhunt.com |language=en-us}}</ref>
|Lebanon does not have a formally designated national flower established in law. However, the '''Cyclamen libanoticum''', commonly known as the Lebanon cyclamen, is often regarded informally as the country’s national flower.

''Cyclamen libanoticum'' is endemic to Lebanon and grows primarily in mountainous regions. Its association with the country is based on its botanical specificity and symbolic connection to Lebanon’s natural landscape rather than formal legislative recognition.
|-
|National dish
|[[Kibbeh]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Paradise |first=Author Nomad |date=2020-08-31 |title=Lebanese Food: 17 Popular and Traditional Dishes - Nomad Paradise |url=https://nomadparadise.com/lebanese-food/ |access-date=2023-01-14 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|Lebanon does not have a single officially designated national dish established in law.. However, '''Kibbeh''' (كبة) is widely regarded as the country’s national dish. Other dishes frequently associated with Lebanese culinary identity include '''Tabbouleh''', '''Hummus''', and '''Manakish''', though none are legally designated as national dishes.
|-
|National bird
|
|Lebanon does not have a formally designated national bird established in law.
|-
|National animal
|
|Lebanon does not have an formally designated national animal established in law.
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:National symbols of Lebanon]]
[[Category:Lists of national symbols|Lebanon]]
[[Category:Lebanon-related lists|National symbols]]

Vinod Kumar Gaur

2026-02-12T06:15:23Z

BootTPP: correct intro per sources and corrected details

{{short description|Indian seismologist (born 1936)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Vinod Kumar Gaur
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1936|7|11}}
| birth_place = [[Azamgarh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Seismology]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)|National Physical Laboratory]] [[Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee]] | [[National Geophysical Research Institute]] | [[Indian Institute of Astrophysics]] | [[CSIR Centre for Mathematical Modelling and Computer Simulation|CSIR Fourth Paradigm Institute]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[Banaras Hindu University Varanasi]] | [[Imperial College, London]] | [[London University]] | [[Paris-Sorbonne University]] }}
| doctoral_advisor = {{ublist| }}
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies on the [[tectonics]] of the [[Himalayas]]
| awards = {{ublist | 1971 [[Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee|IITR]] Khosla Research Award | 1979 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] | 1979 [[Indian Geophysical Union|IGU]] Krishnan Medal | 1996 [[Ministry of Mines (India)|MoM]] Award of Excellence | 2000 [[American Geophysical Union|AGU]] Edward A. Flinn III Award | 2006 [[Indian Science Congress|ISC]] Meghnad Saha Birth Centenary Medal | 2007 [[Indian National Science Academy|INSA]] D. N. Wadia Medal }}
}}
'''Vinod Kumar Gaur''' (born 1936) is an Indian [[seismologist]],a former director of the [[National Geophysical Research Institute]] and an honorary emeritus scientist at [[CSIR Centre for Mathematical Modelling and Computer Simulation|CSIR Fourth Paradigm Institute]],<ref name="CMMACS directory">{{Cite web |url=http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/aboutcsir/lab_phone/2006%23%23%23%23/dir-2008/2006/cmmacs.pdf |title=CMMACS directory |date=2016 |publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research}}</ref> known for his prediction of the [[April 2015 Nepal earthquake]].<ref name="GoldsteinTaylor2015">{{cite book|author1=Jack Goldstein|author2=Frankie Taylor|title=101 Amazing Facts about Natural Disasters|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ruk_CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT33|date=21 July 2015|publisher=Andrews UK Limited|isbn=978-1-78538-210-9|pages=33–}}</ref> He is reported to have conducted extensive studies on the [[tectonics]] of the [[Himalayas]]<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/content/Detail.aspx?AID=458 |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |date=2016 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref> and is an elected fellow of the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]],<ref name="NASI fellows">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/Year%20Book%202015.pdf |title=NASI fellows |date=2016 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |access-date=14 December 2016 |archive-date=6 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806211716/http://www.nasi.org.in/Year%20Book%202015.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[The World Academy of Sciences]],<ref name="TWAS fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://twas.org/member/gaur-vinod-k |title=TWAS fellow |date=2016 |publisher=The World Academy of Sciences}}</ref> [[Indian Academy of Sciences]]<ref name="Fellow profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Gaur,_Prof._Vinod_Kumar |title=Fellow profile |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences |access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref> and the [[Indian National Science Academy]].<ref name="Indian fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=N80-0256 |title=Indian fellow |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy}}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards for his contributions to Earth, Atmosphere, Ocean and Planetary Sciences in 1979.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref>

== Biography ==
[[File:BHU Main Gate, Banaras Hindu University.jpg|thumb|left|235px|Banaras Hindu University]]
V. K. Gaur, born on 11 July 1936 in [[Varanasi]], a temple town in the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]], completed his master's degree at [[Banaras Hindu University]] with gold medal in 1955 and proceeded to the UK for his doctoral studies at [[Imperial College, London]].<ref name="Gaur on CSIR Forth Paradigm">{{Cite web |url=http://www.cmmacs.ernet.in/~gaur/ |title=Gaur on CSIR Forth Paradigm |date=2016 |publisher=CSIR Forth Paradigm}}</ref> After securing a PhD from the [[University of London]] in 1959, he did his post-doctoral work at [[Paris-Sorbonne University]] and started his career by joining [[National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)]] as a scientific officer in 1960. A year later, he returned to India and joined University of Roorkee (present-day [[Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee]]) as a reader where he spent 21 years, serving as a professor and the dean of research from 1978 till he moved to [[National Geophysical Research Institute]] as the director in 1983.<ref name="Indian fellow" /> After a service of 6 years, the Government of India appointed him as the secretary to the Department of Ocean Development of the [[Ministry of Earth Sciences]], a post he held till 1992 when he joined CSIR Forth Paradigm (then known as [[CSIR Centre for Mathematical Modelling and Computer Simulation]]-CMMACS) as a Distinguished Professor. He served CMMACS till his superannuation in 1996, but continues to be associated with the institute as a [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research|CSIR]] Honorary Scientist.<ref name="Scientists downplay earthquake risks">{{Cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/interview/scientists-downplay-earthquake-risks/article4670854.ece |title=Scientists downplay earthquake risks |last=Divya Gandhi |date=2016 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> He also holds the position of a Distinguished Professor at the [[Indian Institute of Astrophysics]]. In between, he held the directorship of Deccan Gold Mines from 2006 to 2011.<ref name="Executive Profile">{{Cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=30464466&capId=13621236&previousCapId=13621236&previousTitle=DECCAN%20GOLD%20MINES%20LTD |title=Executive Profile |date=2016 |publisher=Bloomberg}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
[[File:Hanle observatory.jpg|thumb|235px|Indian Astronomical Observatory]]
One of the first contributions of Gaur to the science of geology came during his doctoral studies at Imperial College when he discovered the host rock effect in geo-electromagnetics, which had been unsuspected till then and this discovery assisted him in earning his PhD.<ref name="Indian fellow" /> His later studies covered the fields of [[geodesy]], [[seismology]] and [[electromagnetics]] and his studies on the tectonics of Himalayas assisted in estimating the plate under-thrusts and understanding the micro-earthquakes in the region.<ref name="Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners">{{cite web | url=http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | date=1999 | access-date=14 December 2016 | archive-date=4 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043957/http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref> He is credited with the discovery of the thick Deccan [[lithosphere]] which he accomplished using the seismic tomography experiments for the first time in India.<ref name="Indian fellow" /> He is reported to be the first scientist to use [[Global Positioning System]] Geodesy to measure the Indian plate velocity quantitatively in comparison to the Eurasian plate velocity and as well as the first to conduct an experiment to constrain global carbon fluxes in India and Central Asia through inversion of ultra-high precision atmospheric concentration data. His studies have been documented as several peer-reviewed articles,{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Selected bibliography'' section}} the article repository of the Indian Academy of Sciences has listed 61 of them.<ref name="Browse by Fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/view/fellows/Gaur=3AVinod_Kumar=3A=3A.html |title=Browse by Fellow |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref> On the infrastructure development front, his contributions are reported in the implementation of Marine Satellite and Ocean Information Services and in the establishment of a {{CO2}} laboratory at [[Indian Astronomical Observatory]], Hanle.<ref name="Indian fellow" /> It was during his tenure as the professor, academic programs on signal analysis, inverse theory and computational geophysics were introduced at the University of Roorkee and the [[University Grants Commission of India]] subsequently extended the courses designed by him to other universities. His involvement is also known in the preparation of science texts for higher secondary studies of the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]]. He was one of the propagators of the ''Science to People'' programs and also sat in the councils of the Indian National Science Academy (1985–87 and 1994–96) and the Indian Academy of (Sciences 1992–97).<ref name="Fellow profile" />

== Awards and honors ==
Gaur, a recipient of doctorates ([[honoris causa]]) from [[Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad]], [[Andhra University]] and Banaras Hindu University,<ref name="APAS Fellows">{{Cite web |url=http://apas.org.in/images/pdf/elected-fellows-of-apas.pdf |title=APAS Fellows |date=2016 |publisher=Andhra Pradesh Academy of Sciences |access-date=14 December 2016 |archive-date=6 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806015556/http://apas.org.in/images/pdf/elected-fellows-of-apas.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> received the Khosla Research Award of the Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee in 1971.<ref name="Gaur on CSIR Forth Paradigm" /> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards, in 1979.<ref name="Earth Sciences">{{Cite web |url=http://www.csir.res.in/External/Heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Earth_SCIENCES.htm |title=Earth Sciences |date=2016 |publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research |access-date=5 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200915/http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Earth_SCIENCES.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The Krishnan Medal of the Indian Geophysical Union reached him in 1996,<ref name="Krishnan Medal">{{Cite web |url=http://www.igu.in/awards.htm |title=Krishnan Medal |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Geophysical Union}}</ref> followed by the Award of Excellence of the [[Ministry of Mines (India)|Ministry of Mines]] in 1996 and the Edward A. Flinn III Award of the [[American Geophysical Union]] in 2000.<ref name="Edward A. Flinn III Award">{{Cite web |url=http://www.cmmacs.ernet.in/cmmacs/News_clips/profgaur.html |title=Edward A. Flinn III Award |date=2016 |publisher=CSIR Fourth Paradigm}}</ref> He is also a recipient of the Saha Birth Centenary Award of the [[Indian Science Congress Association]] and the D. N. Wadia Medal and the award orations he has delivered include the Guru Prasad Chatterjee Memorial Lecture of the Indian National Science Academy.<ref name="Guru Prasad Chatterjee Memorial Lecture">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/recipients.php#guru |title=Guru Prasad Chatterjee Memorial Lecture |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=14 December 2016 |archive-date=16 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916233840/http://insaindia.res.in/recipients.php#guru |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Indian National Science Academy also elected him as a fellow in 1980<ref name="Indian fellow" /> and the Indian Academy of Sciences followed suit five years later.<ref name="Fellow profile" /> He became an elected fellow of the National Academy of Sciences, India in 1988<ref name="NASI fellows" /> and The World Academy of Sciences in 2000.<ref name="TWAS fellow" /> He is also a fellow of the Indian Geophysical Union and Andhra Pradesh Academy of Sciences.<ref name="APAS Fellows" />

== Selected bibliography ==
* {{Cite journal |author1=Gaur, Vinod K. |author2=Priestley, Keith F. |title=Shear wave velocity structure beneath the Archaean granites around Hyderabad, inferred from receiver function analysis |journal=Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences - Earth and Planetary Sciences |publication-date=1997 |volume=106 |issue=1–2 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1007/BF02841745|s2cid=128835891 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Gaur, V. K. |title=Inverse modelling for parameter estimation and experiment design |journal=Sādhanā |publication-date=1999 |volume=24 |issue=1–2 |pages=73–96 |doi=10.1007/BF02747553|s2cid=120826773 }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Bilham, Roger |author2=Gaur, Vinod K. |author3=Molnar, Peter |title=a |journal=Science |publication-date=2001 |volume=293 |issue=5534 |pages=1442–1444 |doi=10.1126/science.1062584|pmid=11520972 |s2cid=129481998 }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Jade, Sridevi |author2=Bhatt, B. C. |author3=Yang, Z. |author4=Bendick, R. |author5=Gaur, V. K. |author6=Molnar, P. |author7=Anand, M. B. |author8=Kumar, Dilip |title=GPS measurements from the ladakh himalaya, India: preliminary tests of plate-like or continuous deformation in tibet |journal=Geological Society of America Bulletin |publication-date=2004 |volume=116 |issue=11–12 |pages=1385–1391 |doi=10.1130/B25357.1|bibcode=2004GSAB..116.1385J }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Niwas, Sri |author2=Gupta, P. K. |author3=Gaur, V. K. |title=Normalized impedance function and the straightforward inversion scheme for magnetotelluric data |journal=Journal of Earth System Science |publication-date=2005 |volume=114 |issue=5 |pages=523–531 |doi=10.1007/BF02702028|bibcode=2005JESS..114..523N |doi-access=free }}

== See also ==
* [[April 2015 Nepal earthquake]]
{{Portal|India|Geology}}

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/interview/scientists-downplay-earthquake-risks/article4670854.ece |title=Scientists downplay earthquake risks |last=Divya Gandhi |date=2016 |newspaper=The Hindu}} (Interview with Vinod Kumar Gaur)

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/chat/trans/0131guj1.htm |title=A few earthquakes in the Himalayan belt is possible |date=31 January 2001 |publisher=Rediff.com |location=Bangalore|work=Q and A session with Vinod Kumar Gaur}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Earth, Atmosphere, Ocean & Planetary Sciences}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gaur, Vinod Kumar}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Earth, Atmosphere, Ocean & Planetary Sciences]]
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Fellows of The World Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Banaras Hindu University alumni]]
[[Category:Paris-Sorbonne University alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of Imperial College London]]
[[Category:Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]]
[[Category:Scientists from Varanasi]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Astrophysics]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian seismologists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian earth scientists]]
[[Category:Academic staff of IIT Roorkee]]

Tushar Gandhi

2026-02-12T03:16:24Z

BootTPP: typo fix

{{Short description|Indian author}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Tushar Gandhi
| image = Tushar Arun Gandhi - Kolkata 2014-02-04 8453.JPG
| caption = Gandhi in 2014
| birth_name = Tushar Arun Gandhi
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1960|01|17}}
| birth_place = [[Shegaon]], [[Bombay State]], [[India]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| monuments =
| education = [[Mithibai College]]
| term =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| movement =
| opponents =
| boards = Managing Trustee, [[Mahatma Gandhi Foundation]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Sonal Desai|1985}}
| partner = 
| children = 2<ref name=MerePix>{{cite web|title=A Rare Glimpse Into Four Generations Of Mahatma Gandhi Family|url=http://www.merepix.com/2013/03/mohandas-karamchand-mahatma-gandhi-family.html|publisher=Mere Pix|date=March 2013}}</ref>
| parents = [[Arun Manilal Gandhi]] Sunanda Gandhi
| relatives = [[Manilal Gandhi]] (grandfather) [[Mahatma Gandhi]] (great-grandfather)<ref>{{cite news|title=Bring Bapu's belongings home|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-19/special-report/33272347_1_gandhi-memorabilia-tushar-gandhi-gandhiji|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116124412/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-19/special-report/33272347_1_gandhi-memorabilia-tushar-gandhi-gandhiji|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 January 2014|date=19 August 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Kasturba Gandhi]] (great-grandmother)
| callsign =
| awards =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| signature_size =
| website = {{official website|http://www.tushargandhi.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Tushar Arun Gandhi''' (born 17 January 1960) is an Indian author and son of [[Arun Manilal Gandhi]], thus great-grandson of [[Mahatma Gandhi]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Tushar Gandhi to bid for Bapu's belongings|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-02-18/ahmedabad/28036314_1_auction-house-tushar-gandhi-belongings|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629121930/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-02-18/ahmedabad/28036314_1_auction-house-tushar-gandhi-belongings|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 June 2013|date=18 February 2009|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In March 2005, he led the 75th anniversary re-enactment of the [[Dandi March]].<ref name=htbusybranding />

==Early life==
Tushar Arun Gandhi was born on 17 January 1960, in [[Shegaon]], [[Maharashtra]], to [[Arun Manilal Gandhi|Arun]] and {{ill|Sunanda Gandhi|ml|സുനന്ദ_ഗാന്ധി}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/mahatma-gandhis-great-grandson-tushar-gandhi-joins-rahul-gandhis-bharat-jodo-yatra-3531675|title=Mahatma Gandhi's Great Grandson Joins Rahul Gandhi's Bharat Jodo Yatra}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mahatma-gandhi-s-great-grandson-joins-rahul-at-bharat-jodo-yatra-history-is-101668755454013.html|title=Mahatma Gandhi's great-grandson joins Rahul at Bharat Jodo Yatra: 'history is…'}}</ref> His father was an author and his mother was a researcher. Tushar was raised in the Mumbai suburb of [[Santacruz, Mumbai|Santacruz]].<ref name=htbusybranding /> He studied at Adarsh Vinay Mandir, a local Gujarati-medium school. He holds a diploma in printing from the Government Institute of Printing Technology, Mumbai.

== Personal life ==
Gandhi resides in [[Mumbai]]. In 1985, he married Sonal Desai.<ref name="MerePix" /> Together, they have 2 children, son Vivan Gandhi and daughter Kasturi Gandhi. Kasturi was so named after [[Kasturba Gandhi]].

== Career ==
Tushar Gandhi is best known for having established in 1998 in [[Vadodara]], Gujarat, the [[Mahatma Gandhi Foundation]]. It is now located in Mumbai (and he is still its President).

Since 1996, he has served as the President of the Lok Seva Trust, an NGO established by Dr. Kanti Gandhi, grandson of Mahatma Gandhi in central Bombay in the mid-1950s for the welfare of textile-mill labourers.

In 2000, Tushar portrayed himself in a fictional Tamil - Hindi movie directed by Kamal Hassan, "[[Hey Ram]]".

In 2001, Tushar Gandhi negotiated with American marketing firm CMG Worldwide the use of the Mahatma’s image in an advertisement (aimed at university students) for a credit card company.<ref name=htbusybranding>{{cite news|title=Busy branding Bapu|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/NewsMartImportedStories/Busy-branding-Bapu/Article1-203594.aspx|newspaper=[[The Hindustan Times]]|date=3 February 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418150403/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/NewsMartImportedStories/Busy-branding-Bapu/Article1-203594.aspx|archive-date=18 April 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> This perceived betrayal of [[Gandhism|Gandhian]] ideals was followed by a public outcry causing him to cancel the deal.<ref>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20020316020809/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1905/19050970.htm Marketing the Mahatma]}}, ''Frontline Magazine''</ref>

On January 30, 2003, as the 55th anniversary of his great-grandfather's assassination approaches. He and 150 other politicians have led a hunger strike in [[New Delhi]] because of [[Clone High]]'s depiction of [[List of Clone High characters#Gandhi|Gandhi]] caused a massive backlash.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Ashok |date=2003-01-31 |title=MTV's Gandhi 'insult' outrages Indian MPs |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2003/jan/31/pressandpublishing.india |access-date=2024-08-25 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

In 2009, he did likewise in a semi-fictional movie, "[[Road to Sangam]]," based on an episode in his own life.

A non-fiction book by him, ''Let's Kill Gandhi'', was published in 2007 and became for a few weeks a best seller in India. Tushar in his book ''Let’s Kill Gandhi'', blamed [[Brahmin]]s in general for [[Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi|assassinating Mahatma Gandhi]]. Some critics claimed that the book defamed all Brahmins. Tushar has said he was misquoted and his claims relate only to "a certain group of Brahmins from [[Pune]] [who] were continuously attempting on the life of my great grandfather", rather than to Brahmins in general.<ref>[https://www.dailypioneer.com/2013/columnists/understanding-the-mahatma.html Understanding the Mahatma]</ref>

In 2008 he was appointed Chairman of the Australian Indian Rural Development Foundation (AIRDF).

He is trustee at [http://www.mgsnidhi.org/ Maharashtra Gandhi Smarak Nidhi] since 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Board – Maharashtra Gandhi Smarak Nidhi |url=http://www.mgsnidhi.org/board/ |access-date=2022-07-26 |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2018 he played a significant role in petitioning successfully the [[Supreme Court of India]] to direct the states and Union Territories to comply with its orders to curb cow-vigilante lynch mobs.

In 2019 he became a Director of the Gandhi Research Foundation in [[Jalgaon]], Maharashtra. He joined the [[Bharat Jodo Yatra]] with [[Rahul Gandhi]].

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Refbegin}}
* [http://in.rediff.com/news/1998/jan/16tush.htm Tushar Gandhi takes the plunge into politics]
* [http://in.news.yahoo.com/050419/43/2ku4a.html Tushar Gandhi prays at Mahatma Gandhi's birthplace]
* [http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=219990 Being Mahatma’s descendants brings bouquets and brickbats]{{dead link|date=January 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
* [https://twitter.com/TusharG Tushar Gandhi on Twitter]
{{Refend}}

{{Gandhi}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gandhi, Tushar}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Family of Mahatma Gandhi|Tushar]]
[[Category:Gandhians]]
[[Category:Mithibai College alumni]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians]]

Aaron George

2026-02-10T01:05:43Z

BootTPP: put up some data basic info

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 2006)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Aaron George
| birth_date = {{birth date and age |2006|10|1|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kottayam]], [[Kerala]], India
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm [[fast bowling|medium]]
| role = [[Batting order (cricket)#Top order|Top-order batter]]
| source = https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/aaron-george-1511530 ESPNcricinfo
| date = 7 February
| year = 2026
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Men's [[cricket]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Under-19 Men's Cricket World Cup|ICC U19 World Cup]]}}
{{Medal|W|[[2026 Under-19 Men's Cricket World Cup|2026 Zimbabwe & Namibia]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Under-19 Men's Asia Cup|ACC U19 Asia Cup]]}}
{{Medal|RU|[[2025 ACC Under-19 Asia Cup|2025 UAE]]}}
|full_name=Aaron George Varghese}}
'''Aaron George Varghese''' (born 1 October 2006) is an Indian [[Cricket|cricketer]] who plays as a [[Batting order (cricket)#Top order|top-order batsman]].<ref name=":0">{{cite news |date=14 December 2025 |title=U-19 Asia Cup: Aaron George shines with mature batting display |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/aaron-george-shines-85-runs-u19-asia-cup-pakistan-maturity-consistency-2835744-2025-12-14/ |access-date= |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref>
== Early life ==
George was born on 1 October 2006 in [[Kottayam]], Kerala and grew up in [[Hyderabad]]. His father, Easo, a former [[sub-inspector]] in the [[Hyderabad City Police|Hyderabad Police]], was an aspiring cricketer who played as a left-arm [[Spin bowling|spinner]], while his mother, Preethi, is a mathematics teacher.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2026 |title=Meet Aaron George, the Malayali face of India’s U-19 World Cup glory |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/sports/cricket/meet-aaron-george-the-malayali-face-of-indias-u-19-world-cup-glory-m66b7b11 |access-date= |website=[[Mathrubhumi News]] |language=}}</ref> He has one sister, Ananya, who is a lawyer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=G |first=Sandip |date=5 February 2026 |title=Meet Aaron George, India’s semifinal hero at U19 World Cup: God-loving, level-headed, driven by family’s support |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/aaron-george-india-semifinal-u19-world-cup-family-god-loving-10513902/ |access-date= |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=}}</ref>

== Youth career ==
George played age-group cricket for [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]] and featured in national junior tournaments, including the [[Vinoo Mankad Trophy]].<ref>{{cite news |date=14 December 2025 |title=U-19 Asia Cup: Who is Aaron George? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/aaron-george-shines-85-runs-u19-asia-cup-pakistan-maturity-consistency-2835744-2025-12-14/ |access-date= |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

He was part of the [[India national under-19 cricket team|Indian squad]] that were runners-up at the [[2025 ACC Under-19 Asia Cup|2025 U19 Asia Cup]].<ref>{{cite news |date=10 December 2025 |title=Hyderabad’s Aaron George earns India Under-19 call-up for Asia Cup |url=https://telanganatoday.com/hyderabads-aaron-george-earns-india-under-19-call-up-for-acc-asia-cup-in-dubai |access-date= |work=[[Telangana Today]]}}</ref> In the opening group match of the tournament, he scored a half-century as India posted a high total and secured a large-margin victory.<ref>{{cite news |date=11 December 2025 |title=India U-19 begin Asia Cup campaign with massive win over UAE |url=https://www.latestly.com/socially/sports/cricket/india-u19-beat-united-arab-emirates-u19-by-234-runs-in-ind-u19-vs-uae-u19-under-19-asia-cup-2025-7236574.html |access-date= |work=Latestly}}</ref> In a subsequent group-stage match against [[Pakistan national under-19 cricket team|Pakistan]], he scored 85 runs, anchoring the innings after early wickets fell. His performance was noted for composure and shot selection under pressure.<ref>{{cite news |date=14 December 2025 |title=India U-19 vs Pakistan U-19: Aaron George anchors innings with composed knock |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/cricket/2025/12/14/india-pakistan-u-19-asia-cup-hyderabad-malayali-aaron-innings.html |access-date= |work=[[Onmanorama]]}}</ref>

George was part of the Indian squad that won the [[2026 ICC Under-19 Cricket World Cup|2026 U19 World Cup]]. He finished the tournament with a total of 231 runs across 6 matches, which included a crucial century in the semi-final against [[Afghanistan national under-19 cricket team|Afghanistan]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Menon |first=Vishal |date=7 February 2026 |title=Vaibhav Sooryavanshi's 175 powers India to record sixth U-19 World Cup title |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/icc-u-19-world-cup/vaibhav-sooryavanshis-175-powers-india-to-record-sixth-u-19-world-cup-title/articleshow/128020093.cms |access-date= |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cricinfo|id=1511530}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:George, Aaron}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2006 births]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

Dhiraj Vinod Kapoor

2026-02-07T22:28:04Z

BootTPP: stub

{{short description|Indian film actor}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dhiraj Vinod Kapoor
| image = MG 4184 copy1.jpg
| caption = Kapoor's Fashion Photoshoot
| native_name = 
| birth_date = 25 October 1978
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India
| parents = Viney Rani Kapoor & Vinod Kumar Kapoor
| citizenship = India
| yearsactive = 2000–present
| website = {{URL|dhirajkapoor.com}}
| occupation = Actor, Model, Director, Board Advisor, Consultant, Producer, Brand Marketing, Entrepreneur, Founder of Limelight Biz, Founder & Managing Director of Dhiraj Walks of Art Private Limited, Founder of The 8888 Consultaancy
}}

'''Dhiraj Vinod Kapoor''' (earlier known as Dheeraj Kapoor Alias '''Dheiraj Kapoor, Dhirajj Vinodd Kapoor''') is an Indian actor,<ref>FirstPost News Magazine [http://www.firstpost.com/topic/bollywood/geeta-basra-dheiraj-kapoor-photoshoot-by-luv-israni-video-Yji3NaKl3YQ-122267-1.html " Dheiraj Kapoor photoshoot by Luv Israni"]</ref> model, director, board advisor, consultant, producer and entrepreneur. Kapoor is known for his modeling assignments with Honda Activa TVC, Byford T-shirts Campaign, Gurukul Campaign, BPL net.com Campaign, and<ref>Ethnofiction Bollywood News [http://ethnofiction.com/ibm-computers-ad-featuring-dheiraj-kapoor/ "IBM Computers Ad Featuring Dheiraj Kapoor"]</ref> [[IBM]] computers Campaigns.

== Early life ==
Dhiraj Vinod Kapoor was born in [[Bangalore]], India, on 25 October 1978; His mother Viney Rani Kapoor was a housewife and his father, Vinod Kumar Kapoor was a businessman, based out of Bangalore.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150413125329/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=pastissues2&BaseHref=TOIM/2007/08/25&PageLabel=41&EntityId=Ar04102&ViewMode=GIF " Who is Dheiraj Kapoor?"], The Times of India. 25 August 2007.</ref><ref>Satyamurty K [https://archive.today/20150413072046/http://www.thehindu.com/lf/2003/06/01/stories/2003060100100200.htm " The Hindu News- The Brains Behind it"]</ref>

== Career ==

Dhiraj Vinod Kapoor<ref>Free Press Journal [http://epaper.freepressjournal.in/1568205/Free-Press-Mumbai-Edition/06-Mar-2018#page/4/1 "Dhiraj Vinod Kapoor Name Change"]</ref> started his career with modeling assignments with Honda Activa TVC, Byford T-shirts Campaign, Gurukul Campaign, BPL net.com Campaign, and [[IBM]] computers Campaigns. Kapoor has acted in four English plays with [[Mahesh Dattani]] and also acted in a Hindi play while doing his summer course in [[National School of Drama]].<ref>TOI Bangalore News [https://www.flickr.com/photos/131725729@N05/16947113377/ " The Murder that never was"]</ref>

In his early 20s Dhiraj moved away from his family retail business and started<ref>Abhishek Sharma. [http://www.businesswireindia.com/news/news-details/limelight-completes-10-years-exciting-journey/24279 " 360 degree service ranging from hardcore Event Management, Celebrity Management, Shoot Management & Talent Management"], ''BusinessWireIndia'', Limelight Completes 10 Years of An Exciting Journey.</ref> Limelight in the millennium year with his close friend. In 2005, to expand further, he moved to Mumbai, establishing himself nationally and<ref>NIKKEI Asian Review [https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Bollywood-and-Indian-tourists-come-knocking" Bollywood -- and Indian tourists -- come knocking "]</ref> internationally as a producer.<ref>The Hindu News [https://archive.today/20150413072046/http://www.thehindu.com/lf/2003/06/01/stories/2003060100100200.htm " The duo Leadership of Dheiraj Kapoor and Mahesh Kishan"]</ref> Moving back into India from Los Angeles with the conviction to do differentiated assignments for varied ventures in different industries such as Cinema, Arts, Culture, Entertainment & Information Technology, he has taken his entrepreneurial skills with the launch of his new company Dhiraj Walks of Art Pvt Ltd.<ref>Indian Company Registration {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20180901003714/https://www.indiancompany.info/company/dhirajj-walks-of-art-private-limited/ " Managing Director of Dhiraj Walks of Art Private Limited"]}}</ref>

== Philanthropy ==

Currently, he serves as a Board Advisor for the "HOPE B~Lit Foundation" for their "A Voices Unheard Films" social awareness shorts and features.<ref>[https://dhirajkapoor.com/ Dhiraj Vinod Kapoor Official Website]</ref>

== Filmography ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Actor !! Producer !! Notes
|-
| 2000 || ''The Murder That Never Was''<ref>TOI Bangalore News [https://www.flickr.com/photos/131725729@N05/16947113377/ " The Murder that never was"]</ref> || Lead || {{Yes}} |||| Theatrical play
|-
| 2003 || ''Murder He Wrote'' || Main Lead/ Prithvi || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}|| Short film
|-
| 2004 || ''Who Stole the Cookie Jar'' || Lead|| {{Yes}} |||| Theatrical play
|-
| 2015 || ''Diary of The Actor''|| Main Lead || {{Yes}} |||| Short film (shooting completed)
|-
| 2017 || ''Zindagi Chalte Rahe''|| Main Lead/ Vedant || {{Yes}} |||| Short film
|-
| 2017 || ''Look out into the world with a clean slate.''|| Main Lead || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}|| Short film
|-
| 2019 || ''The Last Koan''|| Associate Producer || || {{Yes}}|| Feature film<ref>The Last Koan [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt7869478/ " The Last koan (2019) IMDB"]</ref>
|-
| 2019 || ''Got Cancer''<ref>Got Cancer! [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt9587088/fullcredits/?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm" Got Cancer (2019) IMDB"]</ref> || Associate Producer || || {{Yes}}|| A docu-fiction film
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Barot House]]''|| Producer || || {{Yes}}|| [[ZEE5|Zee5]] film<ref>Bollywood couch News [https://www.bollywoodcouch.com/zee5-unveils-the-poster-and-teaser-of-barot-house/ "ZEE5 Unveils The Poster And Teaser Of ‘Barot House’"], Produced by Dhiraj Walks of Art Pvt Ltd</ref>
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Posham Pa]]''<ref>IMDB- Posham Pa [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt10645878/ "Posham Pa (2019)"]</ref>|| Producer || || {{Yes}}|| Zee5 film<ref>Zeetv [https://zeetv.zee5.com/posham-pa-teaser-sayani-gupta-mahie-gill-ragini-khannas-film-is-not-for-faint-hearted/ "Posham Pa Teaser: Sayani Gupta, Mahie Gill, Ragini Khanna’s Film Is Not For Faint-Hearted "] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805074912/https://zeetv.zee5.com/posham-pa-teaser-sayani-gupta-mahie-gill-ragini-khannas-film-is-not-for-faint-hearted/ |date=5 August 2019 }}, Produced by Dhiraj Walks of Art Pvt Ltd</ref>
|-
| 2020 || ''Got Cancer Survivor's Journey''<ref>IMDB [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt13012394/ " Got Cancer Survivor's Journey"], Got Cancer Survivor's Journey IMDB</ref>|| Associate Producer|| || {{Yes}}||Documentary film-Completed <ref>Voyagela Interview [http://voyagela.com/interview/meet-dhirajj-vinodd-kapoor-dhirajj-walks-art-pvt-ltd-grace-ave/ "Meet Dhirajj Vinodd Kapoor of Dhirajj Walks of Art Pvt Ltd in Grace Ave"]</ref>
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Nail Polish (film)|Nail Polish]]''<ref>IMDB [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt13143988/fullcredits/?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm " Nail Polish"], Nail Polish Cast & Crews</ref>|| Producer|| || {{Yes}}||[[List of ZEE5 original films|Zee5 originals film]]<ref>Film Companion [https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/bollywood-review/nail-polish-zee5-review-a-fascinating-mishmash-of-courtroom-drama-and-psychological-trauma-starring-arjun-rampal-manav-kaul/ " Nail Polish On Zee5 Review: A Fascinating Mishmash Of Courtroom Drama And Psychological Trauma Starring Arjun Rampal And Manav Kaul"]</ref>
|-
| 2022 || ''Anona''<ref>IIFA Magazine News [http://iifa.net/2015/03/ " Anona-The Movie"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411064150/http://iifa.net/2015/03/ |date=11 April 2015 }}, Anona Movie Poster Launched.</ref>|| Main Lead/ Producer|| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}||Feature film - post production <ref>IIFA Magazine News [http://iifa.net/save-good-cinema-save-indian-cinema/ " Save Good Cinema- Save Indian Cinema"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304114652/http://iifa.net/save-good-cinema-save-indian-cinema/ |date=4 March 2016 }}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://dhiraj.co/ Official website]
*[https://www.dhirajkapoor.com/ Personal website]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kapoor, Dheiraj}}
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male models]]
[[Category:Punjabi people]]
[[Category:Film producers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Hindi film producers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]

2018 Kolkata bridge collapse

2026-02-05T18:04:42Z

BootTPP: put up the article and citations

{{short description|Indian bridge failure}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox event
|title = 2018 Kolkata bridge collapse
|image =
|caption =
|date = {{start date and age|2018|09|04|df=yes}}
|location = [[Alipore, Kolkata]], India
|coordinates = {{Coord|22.518|N|88.323|E|display=inline, title}}
|reported deaths = 3<ref name="2018-09-04-TOI" />
|reported injuries = 25<ref name="2018-09-04-TOI" />
}}

The '''2018 Kolkata bridge collapse''' refers to the collapse of the Majerhat Bridge, in the city of [[Kolkata, India]], on 4 September 2018.<ref name="2018-09-04-uk-express" /><ref name="2018-09-04-ie" /> The bridge collapsed at around 4:45 PM ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]]), resulting in the death of three people and injuries to at least 25 others.<ref name="2018-09-04-HT" /><ref name="2018-09-04-TOI" /><ref name="2018-09-04-ie-live" /><ref name="2018-09-06-hindu" />

==Majerhat Bridge==
[[File:Newly constructed cabled-stayed Majerhat Road Over Bridge reopened after two years DSCN9685.jpg|thumb|Newly constructed cabled-stayed Majerhat Road Over Bridge reopened after two years]]
Majerhat Bridge is located at Majerhat, [[Alipore]], a neighbourhood of South [[Kolkata]].<ref name="2018-09-05-TOI-search" /> It was a major arterial road (Diamond Harbour Road) in the area connecting the [[South 24 Parganas district|southern suburbs]] to other parts of the city via [[Behala]].<ref name="2018-09-05-TOI-search" /><ref name="2018-09-04-TOI" /><ref name="2018-09-04-HT" /> It is also part of [[National Highway 12 (India)|National Highway 12]].<ref name="2018-09-05-TOI-search" />

[[Majerhat railway station]] is located beside the bridge. There is an adjacent [[Majerhat metro station]] for [[Purple Line (Kolkata Metro)|Purple Line]]. The bridge crosses the [[Indian Railways]] [[Sealdah South Lines|Sealdah South]] local rail network from [[Sealdah]] to [[Budge Budge]] as well as the [[Kolkata Circular Railway]] lines.

==Background==
There had been concern around the time of the accident that in Kolkata, and in wider India, proper road maintenance was not being undertaken.<ref name="2018-09-05-TOI-whats-wrong" /> This incident was the third bridge collapse in Kolkata in six years.<ref name="2018-09-05-TOI-search" /> On 4 March 2013, part of a flyover in [[Ultadanga]] had also collapsed.<ref name="2018-09-05-TOI-search" /> On 31 March 2016, part of an under-construction flyover [[Kolkata flyover collapse|had collapsed]] in central Kolkata's busy [[Girish Park]] area.<ref name="2018-09-04-NDTV" /><ref name="2018-09-05-TOI-search" /> 27 people had died in the tragedy, leaving 80 people gravely injured.<ref name="2016-04-02-CNNIBN" />

There had been reported concerns about Majerhat Bridge itself. At the time of the collapse the bridge was apparently over 50 years old.<ref name="2018-09-05-TOI-search" /> In 2010, the Majerhat Bridge had undergone repairs for subsidence.<ref name="2010-06-28-TOI" /> An audit in 2016 flagged the bridge as unsafe.<ref name="2018-09-05-TOI-TNN-red-flags" /> Concerns had been raised in 2018 by police, commuters and nearby residents stemming from visible cracks appearing in the structure.<ref name="2018-09-05-TOI-TNN-red-flags" />

==Incident==
The bridge caved in around 4:45 PM. Videos from the locality showed a portion of the bridge resting on the street below including at least nine vehicles, including a minibus, stuck on it.<ref name="2018-09-04-NDTV" />

===Deaths===
* Prabir Kumar Dey, a resident of Murshidabad, and a worker on the [[Purple Line (Kolkata Metro)|Purple Line]] project.<ref name="2018-09-05-telegraph-metro-worker" /><ref name="2018-09-06-hindu" />
* Soumen Bag, a resident of [[Behala]]'s Silpara.<ref name="2018-09-06-hindu" />
* Gautam Mondal, a cook employed in the nearby Purple Line project.<ref name="2018-09-06-telegraph-cook" /><ref name="2018-09-06-hindu" />

==Rescue efforts==
The rescue effort was started by the [[Kolkata Police]], an [[Indian Army]] unit from [[Fort William, India|Fort William]] and five special disaster management teams of the [[National Disaster Response Force|NDRF]]<ref name="2018-09-05-hindustan-times" /> after the mishap.<ref name="2018-09-04-NDTV-2" /> Injured people were sent to nearby SSKM, CMRI and Vidyasagar hospitals for treatment.<ref name="2018-09-05-TOI-tales" />

==Aftermath==
After the collapse, [[Eastern Railways]] suspended train services via [[Majerhat railway station]] on the [[Kolkata Circular Railway]] and [[Sealdah South lines|Sealdah-Budge Budge lines]].<ref name="2018-09-04-TOI-railways" /> Widespread road traffic disruption ensued as the bridge was a major route for vehicles moving between north and south Kolkata.<ref name="2018-09-04-TOI-railways" /><ref name="2018-09-07-toi-road-diversion" />

The Chief Minister, Mamata Banerjee asked [[Chief secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]] Moloy Kumar De to hold an investigation committee into the collapse.<ref name="2018-09-06-hindu" /> She had noted that 20 bridges in the city were at risk of collapse.<ref name="2018-09-06-hindu" /><ref name="2018-09-07-toi-repair" /> A Times of India article on 7 September 2018 noted that the Public Works Department has admitted that urgent repairs had not been carried out properly, it was noted that patchwork repairs were carried out on the bridge, adding layers of bitumen, and therefore weight, rather than a thorough repair.<ref name="2018-09-07-toi-repair" /> The collapse led to a rising distrust among the public regarding the safety of bridges in India.<ref name="2018-09-05-TOI-whats-wrong" />

The safety of bridges in [[West Bengal]] has further come under scrutiny, as there have been 3 bridge collapses in September 2018 alone.<ref name="2018-09-24-toi" />

Preliminary results of investigations suggest that pollution and poor maintenance contributed to the bridge collapse.<ref name="2018-09-11-toi" /><ref name="2018-09-16-telegraph" /> Accusations that Metro construction had led to bridge collapse were felt to be unfounded.<ref name="2018-09-11-toi" /><ref name="2018-09-16-telegraph" /> There have been reports that repairs were hastily completed with claims that "a month's work was done in one night".<ref name="2018-09-04-quint" />
[[File:Majerhat metro station, majerhat railway station and Majerhat bridge tour 38.jpg|thumb|Old Majerhat bridge replacement called Jai Hind Setu]]
The state public works department (PWD) has undertaken a complete tear down of the old bridge and reconstruction of a new bridge at the same location and is aiming to commission the new bridge in November 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Ajanta Chakraborty |date=1 March 2020|title=Kolkata: Majerhat bridge looks at November completion |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/majerhat-bridge-looks-at-july-completion/articleshow/74421424.cms|access-date=2020-06-19|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> The new bridge was opened on 4 December 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-04|title=2 yrs after Majerhat tragedy, CM opens new-look 'Jai Hind' bridge|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/kolkata/2-yrs-majerhat-tragedy-cm-opens-new-look-jai-hind-bridge-1502938944.html|access-date=2020-12-04|website=The Statesman|language=en-US}}</ref> It was named the Jai Hind Bridge after the [[Jai Hind]] slogan used by [[Subhas Chandra Bose]], commemorating his 125th birthday anniversary.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2020-12-02|title=To mark Subhas Chandra Bose's 125th birth anniversary, new Majerhat bridge named 'Jai Hind'|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/to-mark-subhas-chandra-boses-125th-birth-anniversary-new-majerhat-bridge-named-jai-hind-7617461.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204092953/https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/to-mark-subhas-chandra-boses-125th-birth-anniversary-new-majerhat-bridge-named-jai-hind-7617461.htm|archive-date=2020-12-04|access-date=2020-12-04|website=CNBC-TV18}}</ref>

Later [[Majerhat metro station]] was also completed and opened on 6 March 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bangla News, Latest Bengali News, News in Bangla, বাংলা নিউজ – HT Bangla|url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191127171914/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 November 2019|access-date=2021-11-21|website=Hindustantimes Bangla|language=bn}}</ref>

==Reactions==
* [[Mamata Banerjee]], [[Chief Minister of West Bengal]] – said after the accident that the priorities are relief and rescue with the investigation commencing later. She also announced a compensation of {{INRConvert|5|l|year=2018}} to the family of each deceased, and {{₹|50000|2018}} each to the injured.<ref name="2018-09-04-yahoo-compensation" /><ref name="2018-09-04-fp" />
* [[Narendra Modi]], [[Prime Minister of India]] – tweeted that the loss of lives in the collapse is deeply unfortunate.<ref name="2018-09-05-hindustan-times" />
* [[Rajnath Singh]], [[Union Home Minister]] – stated that the bridge collapse incident in Kolkata is extremely tragic.<ref name="2018-09-04-hindu" />
* The [[Rail Vikas Nigam Limited]] project manager for the nearby [[Purple Line (Kolkata Metro)|Purple Line]] construction works, has denied the metro construction led to the bridge collapse.<ref name="2018-09-05-TOI-TNN-red-flags" />

==See also==
* [[Kolkata flyover collapse]]
* [[Concerns and controversies over the 2010 Commonwealth Games#Infrastructural fallures|2010 Commonwealth Games footbridge collapse in Delhi]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em
|refs=
<ref name="2018-09-04-TOI">{{cite news |first1=PTI|last1=PTI|title=Bridge in busy Kolkata locality collapses, one killed – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/portion-of-bridge-collapses-in-kolkatas-majerjhat-several-feared-trapped/articleshow/65671674.cms |accessdate=4 September 2018 |work=The Times of India |agency=PTI |date=4 September 2018}}</ref>
<ref name="2018-09-04-HT">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Many feared trapped in Majerhat Kolkata bridge collapse |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/videos/india-news/many-feared-trapped-in-majerhat-kolkata-bridge-collapse/video-bTcv8td63Zho9TmoGOWyvN.html |accessdate=4 September 2018|work=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en |date=4 September 2018}}</ref>
<ref name="2018-09-04-NDTV">{{cite news |last1=Sanyal |first1=Anindita |title=Second Bridge Collapse in 3 Years in Kolkata, One Dead: 10 Points |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/second-bridge-collapse-in-3-years-in-kolkata-one-dead-10-points-1911308 |accessdate=4 September 2018 |work=NDTV.com |date=4 September 2018}}</ref>
<ref name="2016-04-02-CNNIBN">{{cite news |last1=News18 |first1=News18 |title=Kolkata bridge collapse: Toll reaches 27 after rescue workers pull out 3 more bodies |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/kolkata-bridge-collapse-toll-reaches-27-after-rescue-workers-pull-out-3-more-bodies-1224481.html |accessdate=4 September 2018 |work=News18}}</ref>
<ref name="2010-06-28-TOI">{{cite news |title=After Taratala crack, subsidence in Majerhat bridge |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/After-Taratala-crack-subsidence-in-Majerhat-bridge/articleshow/6225197.cms |accessdate=5 September 2018 |work=Times of India|date=28 June 2010}}</ref>
<ref name="2018-09-05-TOI-whats-wrong">{{cite news |title=Kolkata Majerhat Bridge collapse: What's wrong with India's bridges? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/kolkata-majerhat-bridge-collapse-whats-wrong-with-indias-bridges/articleshow/65682858.cms |accessdate=5 September 2018 |work=Times of India|date=5 September 2018}}</ref>
<ref name="2018-09-05-TOI-tales">{{cite news |title=Kolkata: Tales of tragedy and miracle from crash site |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/ultadanga-posta-majerhat-tales-of-tragedy-and-miracle-from-crash-site/articleshow/65679247.cms |accessdate=5 September 2018 |work=Times of India|date=5 September 2018}}</ref>
<ref name="2018-09-05-TOI-search">{{cite news |title=Kolkata bridge collapse: Search operations continue for survivors |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkata-bridge-collapse-search-operations-continue-for-survivors/articleshow/65683104.cms |accessdate=5 September 2018 |publisher=TOI |date=5 September 2018}}</ref>
<ref name="2018-09-05-TOI-TNN-red-flags">{{cite news |last1=Ghosh |first1=Dwaipayan |last2=Konar |first2=Debasis |title=Kolkata bridge collapse: PWD ignored multiple red flags |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkata-bridge-collapse-pwd-ignored-multiple-red-flags/articleshow/65679150.cms |accessdate=5 September 2018 |agency=TNN |work=Times of India|date=5 September 2018}}</ref>
<ref name="2018-09-04-TOI-railways">{{cite news |title=Majherhat bridge collapse sends road traffic haywire, train services hit |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/bridge-collapse-sends-road-traffic-haywire-train-services-hit/articleshow/65673447.cms |accessdate=5 September 2018 |agency=PTI |work=Times of India|date=4 September 2018}}</ref>
<ref name="2018-09-04-ie">[https://indianexpress.com/photos/india-news/pictures-of-majerhat-bridge-collapse-in-kolkata-5339589/ "Kolkata's Majerhat bridge collapses, rescue operation underway"], Indian Express. Retrieved 4 September 2018</ref>
<ref name="2018-09-04-uk-express">[https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/1012832/india-bridge-collapse-kolkata-bridge-collapse-majerhat-calcutta/amp "India bridge collapse: Many feared dead as major Kolkata bridge collapses during rush hour"]. Retrieved 4 September 2018</ref>
<ref name="2018-09-04-ie-live">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/majerhat-bridge-collapses-live-updates-in-south-kolkata-several-injured/|title=Kolkata Majerhat Bridge Collapse Live Updates|website=indianexpress.com|date=4 September 2018 |access-date=4 September 2018}}</ref>
<ref name="2018-09-04-yahoo-compensation">[https://in.news.yahoo.com/video/portion-kolkatas-prominent-majerhat-bridge-132400706.html "Portion of Kolkata's prominent Majerhat Bridge collapses, many feared trapped"]. Retrieved 4 September 2018</ref>
<ref name="2018-09-04-fp">{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/majerhat-bridge-collapse-blame-game-begins-over-kolkata-mishap-as-opposition-alleges-callousness-towards-maintenance-5114981.html|title=Majerhat bridge collapse: Blame game begins over Kolkata mishap as Opposition alleges 'callousness' towards maintenance|date=4 September 2018 |access-date=4 September 2018}}</ref>
<ref name="2018-09-04-NDTV-2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bridge-collapses-in-south-kolkata-many-feared-trapped-1911189|title=1 Dead in South Kolkata Bridge Collapse|website=ndtv.com|access-date=4 September 2018}}</ref>
<ref name="2018-09-05-telegraph-metro-worker">{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/crushing-timing-bridge-cash-flowstoll-up-metro-worker-found-dead-257305|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906010411/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/crushing-timing-bridge-cash-flowstoll-up-metro-worker-found-dead-257305|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 September 2018|title=Crushing timing: bridge cash flows|work=The Telegraph|access-date=5 September 2018|language=en}}</ref>
<ref name="2018-09-06-telegraph-cook">{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/no-room-for-repairs-complains-mamata-257548|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907070214/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/no-room-for-repairs-complains-mamata-257548|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 September 2018|title=No room for repairs, complains Mamata|work=The Telegraph|access-date=6 September 2018|language=en}}</ref>
<ref name="2018-09-05-hindustan-times">{{cite news |title=Kolkata's Majerhat bridge collapse Higlights: Five NDRF team rush to spot |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kolkata-s-majerhat-bridge-collapse-live-mangled-cars-buried-under-debris-rescue-work-on/story-0DcrlC6B2wYwoeXYh7IDCK.html |accessdate=5 September 2018 |agency=Hindustan Times |work=Hindustan Times|date=5 September 2018}}</ref>
<ref name="2018-09-04-hindu">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/kolkatas-majerhat-bridge-collapse-live-updates/article24864440.ece|title=Kolkata's Majerhat bridge collapse {{!}} Updates: One killed, at least six trapped under debris|website=The Hindu|date=4 September 2018 |access-date=4 September 2018}}</ref>
<ref name="2018-09-06-hindu">{{cite news |title=Kolkata bridge collapse death toll rises to three |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/kolkata-bridge-collapse-death-toll-rises-to-three/article24884744.ece |accessdate=7 September 2018 |work=The Hindu|date=6 September 2018}}</ref>
<ref name="2018-09-07-toi-repair">{{cite news |title=Majerhat bridge: PWD owns up, says should have avoided repair shortcuts |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/pwd-owns-up-says-should-have-avoided-repair-shortcuts/articleshow/65713171.cms |accessdate=7 September 2018 |work=The Times of India|date=7 September 2018}}</ref>
<ref name="2018-09-07-toi-road-diversion">{{cite news |title=Collapse effect: Rattle of a ride on alternative routes – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/collapse-effect-rattle-of-a-ride-on-alternative-routes/articleshow/65713383.cms |accessdate=7 September 2018 |work=The Times of India|date=7 September 2018}}</ref>
<ref name="2018-09-24-toi">{{cite news |last1=Konar |first1=Debasis |title=Under-construction bridge collapses in West Bengal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/under-construction-bridge-collapses-in-west-bengal/articleshow/65930905.cms |accessdate=26 September 2018 |work=The Times of India|date=24 September 2018}}</ref>
<ref name="2018-09-16-telegraph">{{cite news |last1=Mandal |first1=Sanjay |title=Crash blame on pollution, flab |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/crash-blame-on-pollution-flab/cid/1668848 |accessdate=26 September 2018 |work=telegraphindia.com |publisher=Telegraph India |date=16 September 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
<ref name="2018-09-11-toi">{{cite news |last1=Ghosh |first1=Dwaipayan |title=Majerhat bridge: Forensics blame it on maintenance but cops pursue Metro piling angle – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/majerhat-bridge-forensics-blame-it-on-maintenance-but-cops-pursue-metro-piling-angle/articleshow/65761853.cms |accessdate=26 September 2018 |work=The Times of India|date=11 September 2018}}</ref>
<ref name="2018-09-04-quint">{{cite news |last1=Saran |first1=Mekhala |title=Majerhat Bridge Was Hastily Repaired: Month's Work Done in a Night |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/majerhat-bridge-collapse-maintenance-repair-details |accessdate=26 September 2018 |work=The Quint |publisher=The Quint |date=4 September 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
}}

{{Disasters in India in 2018}}

[[Category:2018 disasters in India]]
[[Category:2018 road incidents in Asia|Kolkata bridge collapse]]
[[Category:Bridge disasters in India]]
[[Category:Bridge disasters caused by construction error]]
[[Category:Disasters in West Bengal]]
[[Category:2010s in Kolkata]]
[[Category:September 2018 in India]]
[[Category:Building and structure collapses in 2018]]
[[Category:Road incidents in India]]
[[Category:Building and structure collapses in India]]
[[Category:Bridge collapses]]

Jhoome Jo Pathaan

2026-02-05T04:28:57Z

BootTPP: creating stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Jhoome Jo Pathaan
| type = single
| cover = Jhoome Jo Pathaan song cover.jpg
| caption = Official song cover
| artist = [[Arijit Singh]] and [[Sukriti Kakar]]
| album = [[Pathaan (soundtrack)|Pathaan]]
| language = Hindi
| released = 22 December 2022
| recorded = 2020–2022
| studio = YRF Studios, [[Mumbai]]
| genre = {{hlist|[[Dance music|Dance]]|[[Pop music|pop]]|[[Classical music|Western classical]]}}
| length = 3:28
| label = [[YRF Music]]
| singer =
| writer =
| composer = [[Vishal–Shekhar]]
| lyricist = [[Kumaar]]
| producer = [[Meghdeep Bose]]
| tracks = # "[[Besharam Rang]]"
# "'''Jhoome Jo Pathaan'''"
# "Pathaan's Theme"
# "Jim's Theme"
| misc = {{External music video|type=single|{{YouTube|id=YxWlaYCA8MU|title="Jhoome Jo Pathaan"}}
}}
}}

"'''Jhoome Jo Pathaan'''" is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language song, composed by the duo of [[Vishal–Shekhar]] ([[Vishal Dadlani]] and [[Shekhar Ravjiani]]), with lyrics written by [[Kumaar]] and sung by [[Arijit Singh]] and [[Sukriti Kakar]] for the [[Pathaan (soundtrack)|soundtrack album]] of the 2023 Indian film ''[[Pathaan (film)|Pathaan]]''. It was released on 22 December 2022 as the second single from the album, through [[YRF Music]]. "Jhoome Jo Pathaan" was composed with an [[Urban adult contemporary|old-school]] approach in a modern musical arrangement.

The song was also released in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as "Zoom Boom Doom Pathaan" and in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as "Kummese Pathaan". Later, the song was dubbed and released in Arabic version. Upon release, the song received positive reviews by audience and critics. The hook step, performed by [[Shah Rukh Khan]] and [[Deepika Padukone]], went viral on social media.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/buzz/srk-impressed-by-du-professors-dancing-in-sarees-to-jhoome-jo-pathaan-with-students-7131883.html|title=SRK Impressed by DU Professors Dancing in Sarees to 'Jhoome Jo Pathaan' With Students|date=21 February 2023|website=News18}}</ref> Arijit Singh's vocal performance was praised by critics and audiences and she won the [[Zee Cine Award for Best Playback Singer – Male]].

== Composition ==

{{Quote box
| quote = "The song is a modern fusion of Qawaali and is a celebration of Pathaan's style and panache. It has been a while since we have seen [[Shah Rukh Khan|SRK]] groove to the music and we are hoping that people will love seeing their favourite superstar shake a leg with an attitude to kill for."

- In an interview with ''[[Gulf News]]'', director [[Siddharth Anand]] on the track.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/bollywood-after-controversial-besharam-rang-new-song-jhoome-jo-pathaan-set-to-be-released-from-shah-rukh-khans-film-1.1671545523777|title=After controversial 'Besharam Rang' new song 'Jhoome Jo Pathaan' set to be released from Shah Rukh Khan's film|date=2022-12-22|accessdate=2023-02-03|first=Nilanjana|last=Javed|archive-date=2023-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203050338/https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/bollywood-after-controversial-besharam-rang-new-song-jhoome-jo-pathaan-set-to-be-released-from-shah-rukh-khans-film-1.1671545523777|url-status=live}}</ref>
| align = right
| width = 40%
}}

"Jhoome Jo Pathaan was conceptualized in the atrium of a building over coffees and casual chats, later being directly recorded in the studio.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Urmin |first=RJ |date=9 February 2023 |title='Besharam Rang' secret REVEALED by Vishal & Sheykhar |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/videos/celeb-interviews/besharam-rang-secret-revealed-by-vishal-sheykhar-pathaan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228104110/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/videos/celeb-interviews/besharam-rang-secret-revealed-by-vishal-sheykhar-pathaan/ |archive-date=2023-02-28 |access-date=2023-02-28 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref> The song recorded during first two phases of the [[COVID-19 lockdown in India]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Urmin |first=RJ |date=2023-02-09 |title=Vishal & Sheykhar on creating music for Om Shanti Om, Pathaan, Sultan |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/videos/celeb-interviews/vishal-sheykhar-on-creating-music-for-om-shanti-om-pathaan-sultan/ |access-date=2023-02-28 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en |archive-date=2023-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228104106/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/videos/celeb-interviews/vishal-sheykhar-on-creating-music-for-om-shanti-om-pathaan-sultan/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The song was attributed to the '[[Urban adult contemporary|old school]]' way of compositions.<ref name=":0" /> [[Siddharth Anand]] said that the song is a tribute to Pathaan character. "Jhoome Jo Pathaan is an ode to the spirit of Pathaan, played by the inimitable Shah Rukh Khan. The song embodies the personality traits of this super spy Pathaan who has irresistible swagger that is infectious. His energy, his vibe, his confidence can make anyone dance to tunes," he added.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/pathaan-song-jhoome-jo-pathaan-shah-rukh-khan-deepika-padukone-video-8338046/|title=Pathaan song Jhoome Jo Pathaan: Shah Rukh Khan dances his heart out in this catchy ode to the titular character, watch|date=22 December 2022|access-date=4 August 2024|archive-date=17 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717051501/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/pathaan-song-jhoome-jo-pathaan-shah-rukh-khan-deepika-padukone-video-8338046/|url-status=live}}</ref>

For the creative process of "Jhoome Jo Pathaan", Vishal-Shekhar roped in their "[[Swag Se Swagat (song)|Swag Se Swagat]]" music producer [[Meghdeep Bose]] to produce the track.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Kohli |first=Heena |date=2024-02-21 |title=Jhoome Jo Pathan to Pyar Hota Kayi Baar: The man behind the music decodes his success |url=https://www.bizzbuzz.news/bizz-talk/jhoome-jo-pathan-to-pyar-hota-kayi-baar-the-man-behind-the-music-decodes-his-success-1292748 |access-date=2025-08-31 |website=www.bizzbuzz.news |language=en}}</ref> In the process Ravjiani sang a line, "Hum Jaise Jigar Waale Kahaan? Aha!" (Translates to "Where are the hearty ones like us?") a [[qawwali]] hook-line, requested by Anand prior composing the track.<ref name=":1" /> Emphasizing more on the expression "Aha!" that stood as a repetition. Dadlani and Ravjiani continued jamming with these, fitting the verses by [[Kumaar]].<ref name=":1" /> Hence, one can hear the lyrics "Baat Karte Hai Hazaaron, Hazaaron" (sung by [[Sukriti Kakar]]) the last word of the line, rhyming or repeating.<ref name=":1" /> Anand was present during the musical arrangement of the song. Ravjiani was quoted saying, "it is like a modern qawwali kind of zone where there are repeat of lines".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-10 |title=Vishal – Shekhar Reveal The Inspiration Behind Pathaan Song 'Jhoome Jo Pathaan' |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/vishal-shekhar-reveal-the-inspiration-behind-pathaan-song-jhoome-jo-pathaan--news-261065 |access-date=2023-02-28 |website=www.outlookindia.com/ |language=en |archive-date=2023-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228101107/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/vishal-shekhar-reveal-the-inspiration-behind-pathaan-song-jhoome-jo-pathaan--news-261065 |url-status=live }}</ref> To avoid generic vocal tone, Dadlani did not record the track rather chose [[Arijit Singh]].<ref name=":1" /> Anand also had plans to sing this track by Singh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/arijit-singh-weaved-magic-charismatic-voice-shah-rukh-khan-deepika-padukone-let-hair-says-siddharth-anand-jhoome-jo-pathaan-song/|title="Arijit Singh has weaved magic with his charismatic voice; Shah Rukh Khan and Deepika Padukone let their hair down" – says Siddharth Anand on 'Jhoome Jo Pathaan' song : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=21 December 2022|access-date=4 August 2024|archive-date=28 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228171305/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/arijit-singh-weaved-magic-charismatic-voice-shah-rukh-khan-deepika-padukone-let-hair-says-siddharth-anand-jhoome-jo-pathaan-song/|url-status=live}}</ref> The song marks first collaboration of Sukriti Kakar with both Vishal–Shekhar and Arijit Singh.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/sukriti-kakar-singing-besharam-rang-for-deepika-padukone-in-pathaan-was-an-absolute-joy/cid/1918360 |title=Sukriti Kakar: 'Singing Jhoome Jo Pathaan for Deepika Padukone in Pathaan was an absolute joy' |access-date=2024-08-05 |archive-date=2023-04-03 |website=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403175501/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/sukriti-kakar-singing-besharam-rang-for-deepika-padukone-in-pathaan-was-an-absolute-joy/cid/1918360 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/sukriti-kakar-says-watching-deepika-padukone-dance-to-my-voice-on-jhoome-jo-pathaan-is-dream-come-true-exclusive-7034191.html|title=Sukriti Kakar Says Watching Deepika Padukone 'Dance to My Voice' on Jhoome Jo Pathaan Is 'Dream Come True'|date=9 February 2023|website=News18|access-date=5 August 2024|archive-date=18 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218014328/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/sukriti-kakar-says-watching-deepika-padukone-dance-to-my-voice-on-jhoome-jo-pathaan-is-dream-come-true-exclusive-7034191.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The track's musical drop was hardly melody, the [[Groove (music)|groove]] was composed as the drop with [[Bassline (music genre)|bassline]] and [[dholak]] pattern by [[Meghdeep Bose|Bose]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> The bounce of the groove was recorded as a dance number. Meghdeep Bose played the Arabic, acoustic and electric guitars on the track.<ref name=":1" />

About singing the song, Sukriti Kakar said "To be a part of this amazing song Jhoome Jo Pathaan is nothing short of a dream come true. I really couldn't contain my happiness when I first came to know that I will be getting the opportunity to be a part of something so big! It is truly an amazing way to end the year. The song is an extremely lively and power-packed track and I really hope that the audience will love it."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2022/Dec/22/sukriti-kakar-shares-why-singing-for-jhoome-jo-pathaan-is-a-highlight-for-her-46220.html|title=Sukriti Kakar shares why singing for Jhoome Jo Pathaan is a highlight for her|first=Dharitri|last=Ganguly|date=22 December 2022|website=Indulgexpress|access-date=5 August 2024|archive-date=22 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222101217/https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2022/dec/22/sukriti-kakar-shares-why-singing-for-jhoome-jo-pathaan-is-a-highlight-for-her-46220.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Release ==
After the controversial success of the first single "[[Besharam Rang]]", the fans were highly anticipated for the second single.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/shah-rukh-khan-deepika-padukones-jhoome-jo-pathan-song-gets-1-mn-views-in-30-minutes-6678097.html|title=Shah Rukh Khan, Deepika Padukone's Jhoome Jo Pathan Song Gets 1 Mn Views in 30 Minutes|date=23 December 2022|website=News18|access-date=5 August 2024|archive-date=2 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302072317/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/shah-rukh-khan-deepika-padukones-jhoome-jo-pathan-song-gets-1-mn-views-in-30-minutes-6678097.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-abs-jhoome-jo-pathaan-bts-photos-8338352/|title=Shah Rukh Khan was 'shy to show' his abs, says Jhoome Jo Pathaan choreographer. Check out SRK's behind-the-scenes photos|date=22 December 2022|access-date=5 August 2024|archive-date=5 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105032829/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-abs-jhoome-jo-pathaan-bts-photos-8338352/|url-status=live}}</ref> A still of the featuring Khan and Padukone was released by the makers on 20 December 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/countdown-begins-shah-rukh-khan-reveals-jhoome-jo-pathaan-hook-line-ahead-of-its-release-2311802-2022-12-21|title=Countdown begins! Shah Rukh Khan reveals Jhoome Jo Pathaan hook line ahead of its release|date=21 December 2022|website=India Today|access-date=2024-08-04|archive-date=2022-12-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221082631/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/countdown-begins-shah-rukh-khan-reveals-jhoome-jo-pathaan-hook-line-ahead-of-its-release-2311802-2022-12-21|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/trending/entertainment/story/yrf-to-release-new-song-jhoome-jo-pathaan-with-amid-besharam-rang-row-heres-the-first-look-357143-2022-12-20|title=YRF to release new song 'Jhoome Jo Pathaan' with amid 'Besharam Rang' row; here's the first look|date=20 December 2022|website=Business Today}}</ref> The second single titled "Jhoome Jo Pathaan" was released on 22 December 2022, through [[YRF Music]].<ref>https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/try-this/listen/shah-rukh-khan-deepika-padukone-starrer-pathaans-latest-song-jhoome-jo-is-out-now/cid/1905274</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/entertainment/movie/jhoome-jo-pathaan-second-track-out-from-pathaan/na20221222111949520520791|title='Jhoome Jo Pathaan', second track out from Pathaan|first=E. T. V.|last=Bharat|date=22 December 2022|website=ETV Bharat News|access-date=5 August 2024|archive-date=5 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240805021340/https://www.etvbharat.com/english/entertainment/movie/jhoome-jo-pathaan-second-track-out-from-pathaan/na20221222111949520520791|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Music video ==
The music video features [[Shah Rukh Khan]] and [[Deepika Padukone]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/music/deepika-padukone-shah-rukh-khan-look-stunning-in-jhoome-jo-pathaan-from-pathaan|title=Deepika Padukone & Shah Rukh Khan Groove to 'Jhoome Jo Pathaan' From Pathaan|first=Quint|last=Entertainment|date=22 December 2022|website=TheQuint|access-date=4 August 2024|archive-date=4 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240804104630/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/music/deepika-padukone-shah-rukh-khan-look-stunning-in-jhoome-jo-pathaan-from-pathaan|url-status=live}}</ref> It was choreographed by the duo [[Bosco–Caesar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-hid-painful-knee-injury-during-jhoome-jo-pathaan-never-let-us-change-any-step-bosco-martis-9456422/|title=Shah Rukh Khan hid painful knee injury during 'Jhoome Jo Pathaan', never let us change any step: Bosco Martis|date=16 July 2024|access-date=4 August 2024|archive-date=5 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240805021405/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-hid-painful-knee-injury-during-jhoome-jo-pathaan-never-let-us-change-any-step-bosco-martis-9456422/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/hindi/choreographer-bosco-martis-reveals-shah-rukh-khan-was-shy-to-show-his-abs-in-jhoome-jo-pathaan/videoshow/96481606.cms|title=Choreographer Bosco Martis reveals 'Shah Rukh Khan was shy to show his abs in 'Jhoome Jo Pathaan' | Hindi Movie News - Bollywood - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=2024-08-04|archive-date=2023-01-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101104038/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/hindi/choreographer-bosco-martis-reveals-shah-rukh-khan-was-shy-to-show-his-abs-in-jhoome-jo-pathaan/videoshow/96481606.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The music video was shot at [[Andalucian]] in [[Spain]] for 4 days,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.awaradiaries.com/pathaan-filming-locations/|title=Pathaan Filming Locations | Where was Pathaan Shot?|first=Parampara Patil|last=Hashmi|date=7 January 2023|website=Awara Diaries|access-date=4 August 2024|archive-date=5 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205085124/https://www.awaradiaries.com/pathaan-filming-locations/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.mashable.com/entertainment/70601/jhoome-jo-pathaan-choreographer-talks-about-shah-rukh-khans-grit-hes-got-a-busted-knee-his-back-is-g|title=Jhoome Jo Pathaan Choreographer Talks About Shah Rukh Khan's Grit; 'He's Got A Busted Knee, His Back Is Gone But...'|first=Princia|last=Hendriques|date=1 March 2024|website=Mashable India|access-date=4 August 2024|archive-date=16 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416204721/https://in.mashable.com/entertainment/70601/jhoome-jo-pathaan-choreographer-talks-about-shah-rukh-khans-grit-hes-got-a-busted-knee-his-back-is-g|url-status=live}}</ref> in late-August 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/music/2021/08/28/srk-deeepika-padukone-to-shoot-song-in-spain-for-pathan.html|title=SRK, Deepika Padukone to shoot song in Spain for 'Pathan'|website=Onmanorama|access-date=2024-08-04|archive-date=2023-02-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205080922/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/music/2021/08/28/srk-deeepika-padukone-to-shoot-song-in-spain-for-pathan.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Before the song shoot, Khan and Padukone done the rehearsals for the song at midnight everyday, after the pack-up of film shoot.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/revealed-how-jhoome-jo-pathaan-was-shot/20230427.htm|title='Khansaab, Deepika would rehearse after midnight'|first=Roshmila|last=Bhattacharya|website=Rediff}}</ref> Bosco said that Khan had knee pain while filming the song, but Khan never complained or refused to do any of the choreographed steps.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-was-injured-during-jhoome-jo-pathaan-but-did-not-say-no-to-any-step-reveals-bosco-martis-article-111782221|title=Shah Rukh Khan Was Injured During Jhoome Jo Pathaan But Did Not Say No To Any Step, Reveals Bosco Martis|date=16 July 2024|accessdate=2 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-had-a-busted-knee-bad-back-but-pushed-through-the-pain-during-jhoome-jo-pathaan-9189431/|title=Shah Rukh Khan had 'a busted knee, bad back', but pushed through the pain during 'Jhoome Jo Pathaan'|date=1 March 2024|access-date=4 August 2024|archive-date=4 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240804103325/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-had-a-busted-knee-bad-back-but-pushed-through-the-pain-during-jhoome-jo-pathaan-9189431/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/shah-rukh-khan-pain-jhoome-jo-pathaan-shoot-did-not-tell-anyone-bosco-2567441-2024-07-16|title=SRK was in pain during 'Jhoome Jo Pathaan' shoot but didn't tell anyone: Bosco|date=16 July 2024|website=India Today|access-date=2024-08-04|archive-date=2024-08-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240804104754/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/shah-rukh-khan-pain-jhoome-jo-pathaan-shoot-did-not-tell-anyone-bosco-2567441-2024-07-16|url-status=live}}</ref> Khan said that it was very embarrassing for him to show his abs in the music video.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/its-very-embarassing-says-shah-rukh-khan-about-going-bare-chested-in-jhoome-jo-pathaan-in-the-making-video-watch/articleshow/97949204.cms|title="It's very embarassing," says Shah Rukh Khan about going bare-chested in 'Jhoome Jo Pathaan' in the making video: WATCH|newspaper=The Times of India |date=15 February 2023|access-date=4 August 2024|archive-date=23 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323201739/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/its-very-embarassing-says-shah-rukh-khan-about-going-bare-chested-in-jhoome-jo-pathaan-in-the-making-video-watch/articleshow/97949204.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Making of music video was released by the makers on 15 February 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/jhoome-jo-pathaan-bts-video-out-here-s-how-shah-rukh-khan-was-coaxed-into-showing-his-abs-101676459635696.html |title=Jhoome Jo Pathaan BTS video out: Here's how Shah Rukh Khan was 'coaxed' into showing his abs after being fed pizza |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=15 February 2023 |archive-date=2023-05-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510221403/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/jhoome-jo-pathaan-bts-video-out-here-s-how-shah-rukh-khan-was-coaxed-into-showing-his-abs-101676459635696.html |url-status=live }}</ref> About creating the hook-step for the song, Bosco said, "My team came up with a lot of hook steps and I think eventually we cracked something that’s universally achievable and that was the best part of it."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bosco-martis-talks-on-how-he-nailed-the-viral-hook-step-of-jhoome-jo-pathaan-featuring-shah-rukh-khan-deepika-padukone-12031442.html|title=Bosco Martis talks on how he nailed the viral hook-step of Jhoome Jo Pathaan featuring Shah Rukh Khan & Deepika Padukone|date=23 January 2023|website=Firstpost|access-date=5 August 2024|archive-date=5 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240805021238/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bosco-martis-talks-on-how-he-nailed-the-viral-hook-step-of-jhoome-jo-pathaan-featuring-shah-rukh-khan-deepika-padukone-12031442.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Critical reception ==
Critics based out of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' wrote the song "was already a rage and comes into the film at an important juncture".<ref name=":4">{{Cite web | title=Pathaan Movie Review: PATHAAN is a complete entertainer, replete with action, emotions, patriotism, humour, thrill and of course, star power. |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=25 January 2023 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/pathaan/critic-review/pathaan-movie-review/pathaan-is-a-complete-entertainer-replete-with-action-emotions-patriotism-humour-thrill-and-of-course-star-power/ |access-date=2023-03-02 |language=en |archive-date=2023-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402092134/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/pathaan/critic-review/pathaan-movie-review/pathaan-is-a-complete-entertainer-replete-with-action-emotions-patriotism-humour-thrill-and-of-course-star-power/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Farzana Patowri of [[MW (Indian magazine)|''Man's World Magazine'']] summed up: "While Jhoome Jo Pathaan is an upbeat track, not many are happy with the moves of Padukone and SRK. As soon as the song was released, people started commenting on how they felt about the song. And well, the reactions have been far from good."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Patowari |first=Farzana |date=2022-12-23 |title='Embarrassingly Outdated': Users Troll SRK's Look In 'Jhoome Jo Pathaan' And It's Really Savage! |url=https://www.mansworldindia.com/entertainment/fans-not-happy-with-srk-deepika-padukone-jhoome-jo-pathaan/ |access-date=2023-03-02 |website=Man's World India |language=en-GB |archive-date=2023-03-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302072315/https://www.mansworldindia.com/entertainment/fans-not-happy-with-srk-deepika-padukone-jhoome-jo-pathaan/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Nandini Ramnath of ''[[Scroll.in|Scroll Magazine]]'' said "Jhoome Jo Pathaan" that comes towards the end was worth the wait.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |title='Pathaan' review: Shah Rukh Khan lights up an entertaining spy thriller |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1042466/pathaan-review-shah-rukh-khan-lights-up-an-entertaining-spy-thriller |access-date=2023-03-02 |website=Scroll.in |date=25 January 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125062938/https://scroll.in/reel/1042466/pathaan-review-shah-rukh-khan-lights-up-an-entertaining-spy-thriller |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Jagran Prakashan|''English Jagran'']] called the song "Jhoome Jo Pathaan" a mixed bag: a few praises and criticized it as a "stereotypical movie-making culture".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-22 |title='Pathan's New Song 'Jhoome Jo Pathaan' Receives Mixed Reactions On Social Media |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/pathans-new-song-jhoome-jo-pathaan-receives-mixed-reactions-on-social-media-10058393 |access-date=2023-03-02 |website=English Jagran |language=en |archive-date=2023-03-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302072259/https://english.jagran.com/entertainment/pathans-new-song-jhoome-jo-pathaan-receives-mixed-reactions-on-social-media-10058393 |url-status=live }}</ref>

A ''[[Firstpost]]'' critic wrote "In the mesmerising voice of Arjit Singh and the smart composition of Vishal-Sheykhar, Jhoome Jo Pathaan exhibits the impeccable chemistry between SRK and Deepika. Decked in their stylish best, SRK and Deepika can be seen bringing street-style fashion back on the radar."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/jhoome-jo-pathaan-song-shah-rukh-khan-deepika-padukones-new-track-surpasses-the-previous-makes-you-groove-instantly-11853401.html|title=Jhoome Jo Pathaan song: Shah Rukh Khan-Deepika Padukone's new track surpasses the previous, makes you groove instantly|date=22 December 2022|website=Firstpost|access-date=4 August 2024|archive-date=4 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240804111303/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/jhoome-jo-pathaan-song-shah-rukh-khan-deepika-padukones-new-track-surpasses-the-previous-makes-you-groove-instantly-11853401.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Stating "this one will make you dance like there's no tomorrow", Zinia Bandyopadhyay of ''[[India Today]]'' wrote "The song has major Swag Se Swagat vibes and it is almost impossible to not remember the song from ''[[Tiger Zinda Hai]]'' when you watch it."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/jhoome-jo-pathaan-song-out-shah-rukh-khan-deepika-padukones-will-make-you-get-up-and-dance-2312140-2022-12-22|title=Jhoome Jo Pathaan song out! Shah Rukh Khan-Deepika Padukone's moves will burn the dance floor|date=22 December 2022|website=India Today|access-date=2024-08-04|archive-date=2022-12-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222054553/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/jhoome-jo-pathaan-song-out-shah-rukh-khan-deepika-padukones-will-make-you-get-up-and-dance-2312140-2022-12-22|url-status=live}}</ref>

A critic of ''[[India TV]]'' wrote "Shah Rukh Khan is seen flaunting his long hair, chiseled physique and perfect abs. SRK, who plays a gun-toting spy with a licence to kill in 'Pathaan', is presented as the king of cool in the song. He looks no less than a treat for sore eyes. Deepika too matched his energy and charisma. In the video, the two Bollywood stars can be seen dancing atop a bus at an exotic foreign location. Dancing behind them are hundreds of dancers. The peppy beats soon catch up and you won't mind listening or rather watching the song on a loop."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/music/jhoome-jo-pathaan-song-out-shah-rukh-khan-deepika-padukone-dance-number-will-get-you-grooving-latest-celeb-news-2022-12-22-833161|title=Jhoome Jo Pathaan Song OUT: Shah Rukh Khan, Deepika Padukone's dance number will get you grooving|first1=Vaishali|last1=Jain|date=22 December 2022|website=[[India TV]]}}</ref> ''[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]'' wrote "Sung by Arijit Singh, Sukriti Kakar and Vishal and Sheykhar, Jhoome Jo Pathaan, which starts with a Spanish guitar riff, shows a ripped Shah Rukh Khan tapping his foot to music. With his abs on full display, Shah Rukh also does his iconic pose throughout the song."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/shah-rukh-khans-abs-are-on-full-display-in-jhoome-jo-pathaan/cid/1905232 |title=Jhoome Jo Pathaan BTS video out: Here's how Shah Rukh Khan was 'coaxed' into showing his abs after being fed pizza |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |archive-date=2024-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417122004/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/shah-rukh-khans-abs-are-on-full-display-in-jhoome-jo-pathaan/cid/1905232 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Live performances ==
[[Arijit Singh]] performed the song at a concert at [[Pune]] in January 2023.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/arijit-singh-mesmerises-audience-at-his-pune-concert-with-his-version-of-jhoome-jo-pathaan/articleshow/97501207.cms|title=Arijit Singh mesmerises audience at his Pune concert with his version of "Jhoome Jo Pathaan"|newspaper=The Economic Times |date=31 January 2023|access-date=4 August 2024|archive-date=2 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202162132/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/arijit-singh-mesmerises-audience-at-his-pune-concert-with-his-version-of-jhoome-jo-pathaan/articleshow/97501207.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Vishal Dadlani]] performed the song at [[India's Best Dancer season 3]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telanganatoday.com/vishal-dadlani-ignites-ibd-3-stage-with-srks-jhoome-jo-pathaan|title=Vishal Dadlani ignites 'IBD 3' stage with SRK's 'Jhoome Jo Pathaan'|first=Telangana|last=Today|date=17 September 2023|website=Telangana Today|access-date=4 August 2024|archive-date=4 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240804110357/https://telanganatoday.com/vishal-dadlani-ignites-ibd-3-stage-with-srks-jhoome-jo-pathaan|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Charts ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|+ Chart performances for "Jhoome Jo Pathaan"
! scope="col"| Chart (2023)
! scope="col"| Peak position
|-
! scope="row"| India (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')<ref name=indiasongs>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/india-songs-hotw/2023-02-11/|title=India Songs: Week of February 11, 2023|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|access-date=5 April 2023|archive-date=5 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405055049/https://www.billboard.com/charts/india-songs-hotw/2023-02-11/|url-status=live}}</ref> {{small|''Jhoome Jo Pathaan''}}
| 5
|}

== Impact ==
The song received positive reception from audiences, praising the music.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/netizens-declare-shah-rukh-khan-deepika-padukones-jhoome-jo-pathaan-as-mind-blowing-song-of-the-year-6671059.html|title=Netizens Declare SRK, Deepika Padukone's Jhoome Jo Pathaan as 'Mind-Blowing, Song of the Year'|date=22 December 2022|website=News18|access-date=4 August 2024|archive-date=29 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229083052/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/netizens-declare-shah-rukh-khan-deepika-padukones-jhoome-jo-pathaan-as-mind-blowing-song-of-the-year-6671059.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The song started trending within hours of its release.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/entertainment/second-pathaan-song-jhoome-jo-pathaan-released-shah-rukh-khan-15482711.htm|title=2nd Pathaan song 'Jhoome Jo Pathaan' gets 1 million views in 30 minutes of release; Shah Rukh Khan says 'Let's Jhoomo' - CNBC TV18|date=22 December 2022|website=CNBCTV18|access-date=4 August 2024|archive-date=22 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222093816/https://www.cnbctv18.com/entertainment/second-pathaan-song-jhoome-jo-pathaan-released-shah-rukh-khan-15482711.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The song became an instant chartbuster.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/shah-rukh-khan-did-all-steps-of-jhoome-jo-pathaan-despite-always-being-in-pain-due-to-injury-reveals-bosco-martis-1328632|title=Shah Rukh Khan did all steps of Jhoome Jo Pathaan despite 'always' being in pain due to injury, reveals Bosco Martis|date=16 July 2024|website=PINKVILLA|access-date=4 August 2024|archive-date=18 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718061535/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/shah-rukh-khan-did-all-steps-of-jhoome-jo-pathaan-despite-always-being-in-pain-due-to-injury-reveals-bosco-martis-1328632|url-status=live}}</ref> As per [[Box Office India|''Box Office India - Worldwide'']] report of December 2022, within weeks of release, the track trended number one on [[YouTube]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhirani |first=Garvit |date=2022-12-26 |title=Pathaan Songs Become No 1 And No 2 On Youtube Weeks After Release. Details Inside! |url=https://boxofficeworldwide.com/movies-latest-news/pathaan-songs-become-no-1-and-no-2-on-youtube-weeks-after-release-details-inside/ |access-date=2023-02-28 |website=Box Office Worldwide |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228101109/https://boxofficeworldwide.com/movies-latest-news/pathaan-songs-become-no-1-and-no-2-on-youtube-weeks-after-release-details-inside/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Upon its release, "Jhoome Jo Pathaan" video on YouTube crossed 5.1 million views and 738K in four hours of release.<ref>{{Cite web |last=vrinda.mundara |title=Jhoome Jo: SRK, Deepika-starrer Pathaan's song creates new record, crosses 5.1 million views in 4 hours |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/jhoome-jo-srk-deepika-starrer-pathaan-s-song-creates-new-record-crosses-5-1-million-views-in-4-hours-vma-rnaf3n |access-date=2023-02-28 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=en |archive-date=2023-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228101106/https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/jhoome-jo-srk-deepika-starrer-pathaan-s-song-creates-new-record-crosses-5-1-million-views-in-4-hours-vma-rnaf3n |url-status=live }}</ref> Also, the song received 1 million views in less than 30 minutes after it was released.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2022-12-23 |title=Shah Rukh Khan, Deepika Padukone's Jhoome Jo Pathan Song Gets 1 Mn Views in 30 Minutes |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/shah-rukh-khan-deepika-padukones-jhoome-jo-pathan-song-gets-1-mn-views-in-30-minutes-6678097.html |access-date=2023-03-02 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=2023-03-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302072317/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/shah-rukh-khan-deepika-padukones-jhoome-jo-pathan-song-gets-1-mn-views-in-30-minutes-6678097.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The song has received more than 18 million views in the 20 hours after its release.<ref name=":6" />

The hook step, performed by [[Shah Rukh Khan]] and [[Deepika Padukone]], went viral on social media.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/offbeat/watch-elderly-woman-delights-internet-with-her-dance-on-shah-rukh-khans-jhoome-jo-pathaan-3648398|title=Watch: Elderly Woman Delights Internet With Her Dance On Shah Rukh Khan's 'Jhoome Jo Pathaan'|website=NDTV.com|access-date=2024-08-05|archive-date=2023-01-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125034352/https://www.ndtv.com/offbeat/watch-elderly-woman-delights-internet-with-her-dance-on-shah-rukh-khans-jhoome-jo-pathaan-3648398|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/hooked-to-the-hook-step/articleshow/109952577.cms|title=Hooked to the hook step!|newspaper=The Times of India |date=9 May 2024|access-date=5 August 2024|archive-date=4 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240804120709/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/hooked-to-the-hook-step/articleshow/109952577.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/buzz/pakistan-man-recreates-srks-jhoome-jo-pathaan-we-cant-take-eyes-off-him-7218295.html|title=Pakistan Man Recreates SRK's Jhoome Jo Pathaan, We Can't Take Eyes Off Him|date=4 March 2023|website=News18|access-date=5 August 2024|archive-date=29 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329155104/https://www.news18.com/buzz/pakistan-man-recreates-srks-jhoome-jo-pathaan-we-cant-take-eyes-off-him-7218295.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Many recreated the hook-step and posted at social media platforms.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-reacts-to-viral-video-of-du-professors-dancing-to-jhoome-jo-pathaan-wearing-sarees-watch-101676967590779.html |title=Shah Rukh Khan reacts to viral video of DU professors dancing to Jhoome Jo Pathaan wearing sarees. Watch |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |archive-date=2024-03-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326135122/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-reacts-to-viral-video-of-du-professors-dancing-to-jhoome-jo-pathaan-wearing-sarees-watch-101676967590779.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/theprint-profile/suraj-hua-maddham-to-jhoome-jo-pathaan-youtuber-vina-fan-now-has-srks-attention/1321646/|title=Jhoome Jo Pathaan with an Indonesian twist. YouTuber Vina Fan now has SRK in her DM|first=Tina|last=Das|date=19 January 2023|website=ThePrint|access-date=5 August 2024|archive-date=4 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240804115201/https://theprint.in/theprint-profile/suraj-hua-maddham-to-jhoome-jo-pathaan-youtuber-vina-fan-now-has-srks-attention/1321646/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/trending-news/story/korean-dance-group-nails-srks-hooksteps-from-jhoome-jo-pathaan-internet-is-impressed-2333540-2023-02-11|title=Korean dance group nails SRK's hooksteps from Jhoome Jo Pathaan. Internet is impressed|date=11 February 2023|website=India Today|access-date=2024-08-05|archive-date=2023-03-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316030845/https://www.indiatoday.in/trending-news/story/korean-dance-group-nails-srks-hooksteps-from-jhoome-jo-pathaan-internet-is-impressed-2333540-2023-02-11|url-status=live}}</ref> Multiple Indian newspapers reported audience to be dancing to the tunes of "Jhoome Jo Pathaan" in front of the theatre screens.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/buzz/viral-german-fan-dancing-like-no-ones-watching-to-jhoome-jo-pathaan-in-theatre-6938041.html|title=Viral: German Fan Dancing Like No One's Watching To Jhoome Jo Pathaan In Theatre|date=28 January 2023|website=News18|access-date=4 August 2024|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130104817/https://www.news18.com/buzz/viral-german-fan-dancing-like-no-ones-watching-to-jhoome-jo-pathaan-in-theatre-6938041.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/trending/entertainment/story/jhoome-jo-pathaan-watch-fun-dance-parties-in-cinema-halls-367916-2023-01-28|title='Jhoome Jo Pathaan': Watch fun dance parties in cinema halls!|date=28 January 2023|website=Business Today|access-date=2024-08-05|archive-date=2023-03-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301113158/https://www.businesstoday.in/trending/entertainment/story/jhoome-jo-pathaan-watch-fun-dance-parties-in-cinema-halls-367916-2023-01-28|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-31 |title=Men dance to Jhoome Jo Pathaan in a theatre, audience cheers for them |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/trending/men-dance-to-jhoome-jo-pathaan-in-the-middle-of-a-theatre-audience-cheers-for-them-101675164021397.html |access-date=2023-03-01 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=2023-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301113158/https://www.hindustantimes.com/trending/men-dance-to-jhoome-jo-pathaan-in-the-middle-of-a-theatre-audience-cheers-for-them-101675164021397.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[News18]]'' wrote "This trend is not limited only to Indian cities and is catching up on with the global audience as well."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/buzz/shah-rukh-khan-fever-in-paris-fans-dance-to-jhoome-jo-pathaan-inside-a-theatre-6975073.html|title=Shah Rukh Khan Fever Takes Over Paris, Fans Dance To Jhoome Jo Pathaan Inside Theatre|date=2 February 2023|website=News18|access-date=5 August 2024|archive-date=3 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203064539/https://www.news18.com/buzz/shah-rukh-khan-fever-in-paris-fans-dance-to-jhoome-jo-pathaan-inside-a-theatre-6975073.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Khan performed the hook step at several events post its success.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/shah-rukh-khan-performs-on-jhoome-jo-pathaan-talks-about-naari-shakti-at-wpl-2024-opening-ceremony-watch-video/articleshow/107948649.cms|title=Shah Rukh Khan performs on 'Jhoome Jo Pathaan', talks about 'naari shakti' at WPL 2024 opening ceremony - WATCH video|newspaper=The Times of India |date=23 February 2024|access-date=4 August 2024|archive-date=24 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224104321/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/shah-rukh-khan-performs-on-jhoome-jo-pathaan-talks-about-naari-shakti-at-wpl-2024-opening-ceremony-watch-video/articleshow/107948649.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-dances-to-not-ramaiya-vastavaiya-jhoome-jo-pathaan-at-umang-101703398476395.html |title=Shah Rukh Khan dances to Not Ramaiya Vastavaiya, Jhoome Jo Pathaan at Umang 2023; treats fans to Jawan line. Watch |access-date=2024-08-04 |archive-date=2024-01-21 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=24 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121094906/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-dances-to-not-ramaiya-vastavaiya-jhoome-jo-pathaan-at-umang-101703398476395.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Amul]] released a doodle inspired by the song to celebrate its success.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/shah-rukh-khan-deepika-padukones-amul-doodle-from-jhoome-jo-pathaan-wins-over-internet-6967669.html|title=Shah Rukh Khan, Deepika Padukone's Amul Doodle from 'Jhoome Jo Pathaan' Wins Over Internet|date=1 February 2023|website=News18|access-date=5 August 2024|archive-date=9 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609023139/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/shah-rukh-khan-deepika-padukones-amul-doodle-from-jhoome-jo-pathaan-wins-over-internet-6967669.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Musician [[Yashraj Mukhate]] recreated the song fusing the word "Zinda Hai", a dialogue delivered by Khan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yashraj Mukhate's Version Of 'Jhoome Jo Pathaan' Compels Vishal Dadlani To Offer Collab |url=https://www.ndtv.com/offbeat/yashraj-mukhates-version-of-jhoome-jo-pathaan-compels-vishal-dadlani-to-offer-collab-3755673 |access-date=2023-02-28 |website=NDTV.com |archive-date=2023-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228101104/https://www.ndtv.com/offbeat/yashraj-mukhates-version-of-jhoome-jo-pathaan-compels-vishal-dadlani-to-offer-collab-3755673 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/trending-news/story/yashraj-mukhate-adds-shah-rukh-khan-dialogues-to-jhoome-jo-pathaan-song-vishal-dadlani-wants-a-collab-2329219-2023-02-01|title=Yashraj Mukhate adds SRK dialogues to Jhoome Jo Pathaan song. Vishal Dadlani wants a collab|date=1 February 2023|website=India Today|access-date=2024-08-04|archive-date=2023-02-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204231315/https://www.indiatoday.in/trending-news/story/yashraj-mukhate-adds-shah-rukh-khan-dialogues-to-jhoome-jo-pathaan-song-vishal-dadlani-wants-a-collab-2329219-2023-02-01|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Ranveer Singh]], [[Varun Dhawan]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-shah-rukhs-stunning-performance-on-jhoome-jo-pathaan-with-ranveer-singh-varun-dhawan-goes-viral--video-578181|title=Shah Rukh's stunning performance on Jhoome Jo Pathaan with Ranveer Singh, Varun Dhawan goes viral | Video|date=2 April 2023|website=WION|access-date=5 August 2024|archive-date=10 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510120243/https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-shah-rukhs-stunning-performance-on-jhoome-jo-pathaan-with-ranveer-singh-varun-dhawan-goes-viral--video-578181|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Virat Kohli]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/india-vs-australia-2023/shah-rukh-khan-fever-catches-virat-kohli-batter-enacts-jhoome-jo-pathaan-dance-steps-watch-3775275|title=Shah Rukh Khan Fever Catches Virat Kohli, Batter Enacts 'Jhoome Jo Pathaan' Dance Steps. Watch | Cricket News|website=NDTVSports.com|access-date=2024-08-05|archive-date=2023-03-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321223258/https://sports.ndtv.com/india-vs-australia-2023/shah-rukh-khan-fever-catches-virat-kohli-batter-enacts-jhoome-jo-pathaan-dance-steps-watch-3775275|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Ravindra Jadeja]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mirchi.in/stories/music/virat-kohli-and-ravindra-jadeja-attempt-srks-hook-step-from-jhoome-jo-pathaan/97839359|title=Virat Kohli and Ravindra Jadeja attempt SRKs hook step from "Jhoome Jo Pathaan"|website=mirchi.in|access-date=2024-08-05|archive-date=2024-04-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240413054226/https://mirchi.in/stories/music/virat-kohli-and-ravindra-jadeja-attempt-srks-hook-step-from-jhoome-jo-pathaan/97839359|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Shreyas Iyer]] too recreated the hook-step.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cricket.one/entertainment/watch-shreyas-iyers-stunning-dance-on-shah-rukh-khans-jhoome-jo-pathaan-song/6601ecd824ec3d2722484263|title=[Watch] Shreyas Iyer's 'Stunning' Dance On Shah Rukh Khan's 'Jhoome Jo Pathaan' Song|date=26 March 2024|website=OneCricket|access-date=4 August 2024|archive-date=4 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240804105919/https://cricket.one/entertainment/watch-shreyas-iyers-stunning-dance-on-shah-rukh-khans-jhoome-jo-pathaan-song/6601ecd824ec3d2722484263|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col"| Award{{efn|Awards, festivals and organizations are in Alphabetical order.}}
! scope="col"| Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
! scope="col"| Category
! scope="col"| Recipient(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! scope="row"| [[Filmfare Awards]]
| [[69th Filmfare Awards|27 January 2024]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]]
| [[Bosco–Caesar]]
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Nominations for 69th Filmfare Awards 2024 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2024/nominations |access-date=17 January 2024 |website=filmfare.com |language=en |archive-date=15 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115192540/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2024/nominations |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| [[Zee Cine Awards]]
| 10 March 2024
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Playback Singer – Male|Best Playback Singer – Male]]
| [[Arijit Singh]]
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/zee-cine-awards-2024-full-winners-list-shah-rukh-khan-sunny-deol-rani-mukerji-kiara-advani-ananya-pandey-jawan-101710139333339-amp.html|title=Zee Cine Awards 2024 full winners list: Shah Rukh Khan's Jawan wins big; Kiara Advani, Rani Mukerji, Sunny Deol honoured|website=Hindustan Times|date=11 March 2024 |access-date=2024-08-05|archive-date=2024-03-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326135112/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/zee-cine-awards-2024-full-winners-list-shah-rukh-khan-sunny-deol-rani-mukerji-kiara-advani-ananya-pandey-jawan-101710139333339-amp.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| [[Bollywood Hungama OTT India Fest]]
| 18 October 2023
| Most Vivacious Musical Duo
| [[Sukriti Kakar]] ({{small|shared with [[Prakriti Kakar]]}}
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Winners of the 2023 Awards |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/ott-india-fest/winners.php |access-date=22 January 2024 |archive-date=20 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020153248/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/ott-india-fest/winners.php |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

== References ==

=== Notes ===
{{notelist}}

=== Citations ===
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{YouTube|id=YxWlaYCA8MU|title="Jhoome Jo Pathaan"}}

{{YRF Spy Universe}}
{{Arijit Singh}}
{{Vishal–Shekhar}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2022 songs]]
[[Category:Songs written for Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Songs in Hindi]]
[[Category:Songs with music by Vishal–Shekhar]]
[[Category:Arijit Singh songs]]
[[Category:Songs with lyrics by Kumaar]]
[[Category:Songs from Pathaan (film)]]
[[Category:Music videos shot in Spain]]

List of international cricket five-wicket hauls by Imran Khan

2026-01-14T16:40:22Z

BootTPP: add intro additionally and fixed typos

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Imran Khan sidebar|expanded=Cricket career}}

[[Imran Khan]], a retired [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistani]] [[cricket]]er and former [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]], took 24 [[five-wicket haul]]s during his career in international cricket. In cricket, a five-wicket haul (also known as a "five–for" or "fifer")<ref>{{cite web | url = http://sport.scotsman.com/sport/Swinging-it-for-the-Auld.4398695.jp | work = [[The Scotsman]] | access-date = 30 October 2009|date = 17 August 2008|title = Swinging it for the Auld Enemy – An interview with Ryan Sidebottom| quote=... I'd rather take fifers (five wickets) for England ...}}</ref> refers to a [[Bowling (cricket)|bowler]] taking five or more [[wicket]]s in a single [[innings]]. This is regarded as a notable achievement,<ref>{{cite book|last=Pervez|first=M. A.|title=A Dictionary of Cricket|publisher=[[Orient Blackswan]] |year=2001|page=31|isbn=978-81-7370-184-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VwYsHe-F-IUC&pg=PA31}}</ref> and {{As of|2024|10|lc=yes}}, only 54 bowlers have taken 15 or more five-wicket hauls at international level in their cricketing careers.<ref name=most5wickets>{{cite news | url = http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283825.html | title = Records – Combined Test, ODI and T20I records – Bowling records – Most five-wickets-in-an-innings in a career | access-date=30 May 2012|work =[[ESPNcricinfo]] }}</ref><ref name=overall1>{{cite news | url = http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283354.html |title =Records – Test matches – Bowling records – Most five-wickets-in-an-innings in a career |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=5 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283826.html | title = One-Day Internationals: Bowling Records – Most five-wickets-in-an-innings in a career| access-date=30 September 2011|work =[[ESPNcricinfo]] }}</ref> A [[Glossary of cricket terms#R|right-arm]] [[Fast bowling|fast bowler]] who represented his country between 1971 and 1992, Khan was described by the [[BBC]] as "one of the finest fast bowlers cricket has ever seen",<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/events/millennium/jul/default.stm |title=BBC NEWS – Millennium – Imran Khan |publisher=BBC|access-date=25 April 2012}}</ref> while [[ESPNcricinfo]] declared him as "the greatest cricketer to emerge from Pakistan, and arguably the world's second-best allrounder after [[Garry Sobers]]".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/40560.html|title =Imran Khan | access-date=26 April 2012|work =[[ESPNcricinfo]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/459047.html |title=Fast bowlers – Strike fear with three – Imran Khan |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=25 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/07/18/stories/2002071800950400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060213204030/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/07/18/stories/2002071800950400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 February 2006 |title=Fast bowlers – Who's the fastest? |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |author=Abhijit Sen Gupta |date= 18 July 2002 |access-date=25 April 2012}}</ref> In 1983 he was named as one of the five [[Wisden Cricketers of the Year|Cricketers of the Year]] by the ''[[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/154467.html |title=Wisden – Cricketer of the Year – 1983 – Imran Khan |department=[[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack|Wisden]]| work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 February 2022}}</ref> and was inducted into the [[ICC Cricket Hall of Fame]] in January 2009.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci-icc/content/page/391062.html |title=ICC Cricket Hall of Fame | work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://archives.dawn.com/archives/20839 |title=Hanif and Javed inducted into ICC Cricket Hall of Fame | work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|location=Pakistan|date=10 January 2009 |access-date=10 August 2012}}</ref>

Khan made his [[Test cricket|Test]] debut in 1971 against [[England national cricket team|England]] at [[Edgbaston Cricket Ground]].<ref name="Imran_in_england">{{cite news | url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63073.html | title=Pakistan in England Test Series – 1st Test | work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] | access-date=5 April 2012}}</ref> His first Test five-wicket haul came in 1977 against [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] in a match at [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]] which Pakistan lost.<ref name=Australia>{{cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63180.html |title=Pakistan in Australia Test Series – 2nd Test|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=5 April 2012}}</ref> In the same year, he took his first pair of five-wicket hauls in a single match against Australia at the [[Sydney Cricket Ground]].<ref name=Sydney>{{cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63181.html |title=Pakistan in Australia Test Series – 3rd Test|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=5 April 2012}}</ref> By the end of his career, he had claimed five-wickets hauls in both innings of a match on three occasions.<ref name=Sydney/><ref name=SriLanka/><ref name="espncricinfo_c" /> His career-best figures for an innings were 8 wickets for 58 runs against [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]] at [[Gaddafi Stadium]], in March 1982.<ref name=SriLanka>{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63313.html |title=Sri Lanka in Pakistan Test Series – 3rd Test |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=5 April 2012 }}</ref> He took ten or more wickets in a match on six occasions.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283370.html|title=Test Matches: Bowling Records – Most ten-wickets-in-a-match in a career|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=25 October 2009}}</ref>

Having made his [[One Day International]] (ODI) debut in August 1974<ref name=Imran>{{cite news | url = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64953.html | title = Imran Khan | work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date =5 April 2012}}</ref> against England at [[Trent Bridge, Nottingham]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64953.html | title=Prudential Trophy – 1st ODI |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=5 April 2012}}</ref> Khan's solitary ODI five-wicket haul came in 1985 against [[Indian Cricket Team|India]] in a match at the [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium|Sharjah Cricket Association Stadium]] which Pakistan lost.<ref name=overall2/> He took 6 wickets for 14 runs in the match, which was his career-best bowling in ODI cricket.<ref name=overall2/> By the time he retired from international cricket in 1992 after nearly 21 years,<ref name=Imran/> Khan had taken 23 five-wicket hauls in Test cricket<ref name=overall1/> and one in ODIs.<ref name=overall2>{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65732.html | title = India v Pakistan: Rothmans Four-Nations Cup – 1st match |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=5 April 2012 }}</ref> {{As of|2017}}, he is fifteenth overall among all-time combined five-wicket haul takers, a position which he shares with [[Sydney Barnes]], [[Kapil Dev]] and [[Dennis Lillee]].{{#tag:ref|He is third in the equivalent list for Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_5wi_career.html?class=11;id=7;type=team | title = Cricket Records – Records – Pakistan – Combined Test, ODI and T20I – Most five-wickets-in-an-innings | access-date = 21 October 2012 | work = ESPNcricinfo | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140812010727/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_5wi_career.html?class=11%3Bid%3D7%3Btype%3Dteam | archive-date = 12 August 2014 }}</ref>|group=note}}<ref name=most5wickets/>

==Key==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Symbol
! Meaning
|-
|Date
|Date the match was held, or starting date of the match for Test matches
|-
|Overs
|Number of [[Over (cricket)|overs]] bowled in that innings
|-
|Runs
|[[Run (cricket)|Runs]] conceded
|-
|Wkts
|Number of [[Wicket (dismissal)|wickets]] taken
|-
|Batsmen
|The [[Batting (cricket)|batsmen]] whose wickets were taken in the five-wicket haul
|-
|Econ
|[[Cricket statistics#Bowling statistics|Bowling economy rate]] (average runs per over)
|-
|Inn
|The [[Innings (cricket)|innings]] of the match in which the five-wicket haul was taken
|-
|Result
|The result for the Pakistan team in that match
|-
|{{dagger}}
|Khan selected as "[[Man of the match]]"
|-
|{{double-dagger}}
|10 wickets or more taken in the match
|-
|*
|One of two five-wicket hauls by Khan in a match
|}

==Tests==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width: 100%;"
|+ Five-wicket hauls in Test cricket
|-
! style="width:5%;"|No.
! style="width:13%;"|Date
! style="width:27%;"|Ground
! style="width:10%;"|Against
! style="width:5%;"|Inn
! style="width:5%;"|Overs
! style="width:5%;"|Runs
! style="width:5%;"|Wkts
! style="width:5%;"|Econ
! style="width:15%;" class="unsortable"|Batsmen
! style="width:5%;"|Result
|-
|| 1 || {{dts|format=dmy|1977|1|1}} || [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]] || {{cr|AUS}} || {{nts|3}} || {{nts|25.5}}{{#tag:ref|Eight-ball overs were bowled in this match.<ref name=Australia/><ref name=Sydney/><ref name=Napier>{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63233.html |title=Pakistan in New Zealand Test Series – 2nd Test |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=5 April 2012 }}</ref>
|group=note|name="ebo"}} || {{nts|122}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|50000|5}}
|| {{nts|3.57}} ||
*[[Alan Turner (cricketer)|Alan Turner]]
*[[Greg Chappell]]
*[[Doug Walters]]
*[[Gary Cosier]]
*[[Dennis Lillee]]
||Lost<ref name=Australia/>
|-
|| 2 || {{dts|format=dmy|1977|1|14}}*{{double-dagger}} || [[Sydney Cricket Ground]] || {{cr|AUS}} || {{nts|1}} || {{nts|26}}<ref group="note" name="ebo"/> || {{nts|102}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|63000|6}}
|| {{nts|2.94}} ||
*[[Rick McCosker]]
*[[Greg Chappell]]
*[[Doug Walters]]
*[[Gary Cosier]]
*[[Rod Marsh]]
*[[Gary Gilmour]]
||Won<ref name=Sydney/>
|-
|| 3 || {{dts|format=dmy|1977|1|14}}*{{double-dagger}} || [[Sydney Cricket Ground]] || {{cr|AUS}} || {{nts|3}} || {{nts|19.7}}<ref group="note" name="ebo"/> || {{nts|63}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|66000|6}}
|| {{nts|2.37}} ||
*[[Ian Davis (cricketer)|Ian Davis]]
*[[Rick McCosker]]
*[[Doug Walters]]
*[[Gary Gilmour]]
*[[Kerry O'Keeffe]]
*[[Dennis Lillee]]
||Won<ref name=Sydney/>
|-
|| 4 || {{dts|format=dmy|1977|4|15}} || [[Sabina Park]], [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]] || {{cr|WIN}} || {{nts|1}} || {{nts|18}} || {{nts|90}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|65000|6}}
|| {{nts|5.00}} ||
*[[Roy Fredericks]]
*[[Viv Richards]]
*[[Clive Lloyd]]
*[[Alvin Kallicharran]]
*[[Deryck Murray]]
*[[David Holford]]
||Lost<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63188.html |title=Pakistan in West Indies Test Series – 5th Test |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=5 April 2012 }}</ref>
|-
|| 5 || {{dts|format=dmy|1979|2|16}} || [[McLean Park]], [[Napier, New Zealand|Napier]] || {{cr|NZL}} || {{nts|2}} || {{nts|33}}<ref group="note" name="ebo"/> || {{nts|106}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|53000|5}}
|| {{nts|2.40}} ||
*[[Bruce Edgar]]
*[[Mark Burgess (cricketer)|Mark Burgess]]
*[[Stephen Boock]]
*[[Warren Lees]]
*[[Richard Hadlee]]
||Drawn<ref name=Napier/>
|-
|| 6 || {{dts|format=dmy|1980|1|15}} || [[Madras Cricket Club Ground]], [[Chennai]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{nts|2}} || {{nts|38.2}} || {{nts|114}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|52000|5}}
|| {{nts|2.97}} ||
*[[Sunil Gavaskar]]
*[[Dilip Vengsarkar]]
*[[Syed Kirmani]]
*[[Kapil Dev]]
*[[Dilip Doshi]]
||Lost<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63251.html |title=Pakistan in India Test Series – 5th Test |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=5 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027022442/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63251.html |archive-date=27 October 2015 }}</ref>
|-
|| 7 || {{dts|format=dmy|1980|1|29}} || [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{nts|3}} || {{nts|23.5}} || {{nts|63}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|55000|5}}
|| {{nts|2.64}} ||
*[[Roger Binny]]
*[[Syed Kirmani]]
*[[Gundappa Viswanath]]
*[[Sunil Gavaskar]]
*[[Dilip Doshi]]
||Drawn<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63252.html |title=Pakistan in India Test Series – 6th Test |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=5 April 2012 }}</ref>
|-
|| 8
|| {{dts|format=dmy|1980|12|30}} || [[Ibn-e-Qasim Bagh Stadium]], [[Multan]] || {{cr|WIN}} || {{nts|1}} || {{nts|22}} || {{nts|62}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|56000|5}}
|| {{nts|2.81}} ||
*[[Desmond Haynes]]
*[[Faoud Bacchus]]
*[[Alvin Kallicharran]]
*[[David Murray (cricketer)|David Murray]]
*[[Joel Garner]]
||Drawn<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63275.html |title=West Indies in Pakistan Test Series – 4th Test |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=5 April 2012 }}</ref>
|-
|| 9 || {{dts|format=dmy|1982|3|22}}*{{double-dagger}} || [[Gaddafi Stadium]], [[Lahore]] || {{cr|SRI}} || {{nts|1}} || {{nts|29.3}} || {{nts|58}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|89000|8}}
|| {{nts|1.96}} ||
*[[Bandula Warnapura]]
*[[Sidath Wettimuny]]
*[[Rohan Jayasekera (cricketer)|Rohan Jayasekera]]
*[[Roy Dias]]
*[[Ranjan Madugalle]]
*[[Somachandra de Silva]]
*[[Mahes Goonatilleke]]
*[[Roger Wijesuriya]]
||Won<ref name=SriLanka/>
|-
|| 10 || {{dts|format=dmy|1982|3|22}}*{{double-dagger}} || [[Gaddafi Stadium]], [[Lahore]] || {{cr|SRI}} || {{nts|3}} || {{nts|22.5}} || {{nts|58}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|67000|6}}
|| {{nts|2.54}} ||
*[[Sidath Wettimuny]]
*[[Rohan Jayasekera (cricketer)|Rohan Jayasekera]]
*[[Ashantha de Mel]]
*[[Mahes Goonatilleke]]
*[[Ravi Ratnayeke]]
*[[Roger Wijesuriya]]
||Won<ref name=SriLanka/>
|-
|| 11 || {{dts|format=dmy|1982|7|29}} {{dagger}} || [[Edgbaston Cricket Ground]], [[Birmingham]] || {{cr|ENG}} || {{nts|1}} || {{nts|25.3}} || {{nts|52}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|78000|7}}
|| {{nts|2.03}} ||
*[[Derek Randall]]
*[[David Gower]]
*[[Ian Botham]]
*[[Geoff Miller]]
*[[Ian Greig]]
*[[Eddie Hemmings (cricketer)|Eddie Hemmings]]
*[[Bob Taylor (cricketer)|Bob Taylor]]
||Lost<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63317.html |title=Pakistan in England Test Series – 1st Test |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=5 April 2012 }}</ref>
|-
|| 12 || {{dts|format=dmy|1982|8|26}} {{dagger}} || [[Headingley Cricket Ground|Headingley]], [[Leeds]] || {{cr|ENG}} || {{nts|2}} || {{nts|25.2}} || {{nts|49}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|58000|5}}
|| {{nts|1.93}} ||
*[[Chris Tavaré]]
*[[Mike Gatting]]
*[[Allan Lamb]]
*[[Bob Taylor (cricketer)|Bob Taylor]]
*[[Robin Jackman]]
||Lost<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63319.html |title=Pakistan in England Test Series – 3rd Test |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=5 April 2012 }}</ref>
|-
|| 13 || {{dts|format=dmy|1982|12|23}} {{double-dagger}}{{dagger}} || [[National Stadium, Karachi]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{nts|4}} || {{nts|20.1}} || {{nts|60}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|88000|8}}
|| {{nts|2.97}} ||
*[[Sunil Gavaskar]]
*[[Dilip Vengsarkar]]
*[[Gundappa Viswanath]]
*[[Mohinder Amarnath]]
*[[Sandeep Patil]]
*[[Kapil Dev]]
*[[Maninder Singh (cricketer)|Maninder Singh]]
*[[Dilip Doshi]]
||Won<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63330.html|title=India in Pakistan Test Series – 2nd Test |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=5 April 2012 }}</ref>
|-
|| 14 || {{dts|format=dmy|1983|1|3}}*{{double-dagger}}{{dagger}} || [[Iqbal Stadium]], [[Faisalabad]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{nts|1}} || {{nts|25}} || {{nts|98}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|64000|6}}
|| {{nts|3.92}} ||
*[[Sunil Gavaskar]]
*[[Dilip Vengsarkar]]
*[[Sandeep Patil]]
*[[Syed Kirmani]]
*[[Kapil Dev]]
*[[Madan Lal]]
||Won<ref name="espncricinfo_c">{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63331.html |title=India in Pakistan Test Series – 3rd Test |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=5 April 2012 }}</ref>
|-
|| 15 || {{dts|format=dmy|1983|1|3}}*{{double-dagger}}{{dagger}} || [[Iqbal Stadium]], [[Faisalabad]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{nts|3}} || {{nts|30.5}} || {{nts|82}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|54000|5}}
|| {{nts|2.65}} ||
*[[Dilip Vengsarkar]]
*[[Mohinder Amarnath]]
*[[Sandeep Patil]]
*[[Maninder Singh (cricketer)|Maninder Singh]]
*[[Dilip Doshi]]
||Won<ref name="espncricinfo_c" />
|-
|| 16 || {{dts|format=dmy|1983|1|14}} || [[Niaz Stadium]], [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{nts|2}} || {{nts|17.2}} || {{nts|35}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|69000|6}}
|| {{nts|2.01}} ||
*[[Sunil Gavaskar]]
*[[Gundappa Viswanath]]
*[[Dilip Vengsarkar]]
*[[Kapil Dev]]
*[[Syed Kirmani]]
*[[Dilip Doshi]]
||Won<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63332.html |title=India in Pakistan Test Series – 4th Test |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=5 April 2012 }}</ref>
|-
|| 17 || {{dts|format=dmy|1985|10|27}} || [[Jinnah Stadium Sialkot|Jinnah Stadium]], [[Sialkot]] || {{cr|SRI}} || {{nts|3}} || {{nts|18.3}} || {{nts|40}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|59000|5}}
|| {{nts|2.16}} ||
*[[Sidath Wettimuny]]
*[[Arjuna Ranatunga]]
*[[Ashantha de Mel]]
*[[Rumesh Ratnayake]]
*[[Roger Wijesuriya]]
||Won<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63413.html |title=Sri Lanka in Pakistan Test Series – 2nd Test |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=5 April 2012 }}</ref>
|-
|| 18 || {{dts|format=dmy|1986|11|20}} || [[Gaddafi Stadium]], [[Lahore]] || {{cr|WIN}} || {{nts|2}} || {{nts|30.5}} || {{nts|59}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|57000|5}}
|| {{nts|1.91}} ||
*[[Larry Gomes]]
*[[Jeff Dujon]]
*[[Clyde Butts]]
*[[Tony Gray (cricketer)|Tony Gray]]
*[[Courtney Walsh]]
||Lost<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63442.html |title=West Indies in Pakistan Test Series – 2nd Test |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=5 April 2012 }}</ref>
|-
|| 19 || {{dts|format=dmy|1986|11|7}} || [[National Stadium, Karachi]] || {{cr|WIN}} || {{nts|3}} || {{nts|22.3}} || {{nts|46}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|68000|6}}
|| {{nts|2.04}} ||
*[[Viv Richards]]
*[[Roger Harper]]
*[[Malcolm Marshall]]
*[[Clyde Butts]]
*[[Tony Gray (cricketer)|Tony Gray]]
*[[Courtney Walsh]]
||Drawn<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63443.html |title=West Indies in Pakistan Test Series – 3rd Test |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=5 April 2012 }}</ref>
|-
|| 20 || {{dts|format=dmy|1987|7|4}} {{double-dagger}}{{dagger}} || [[Headingley Cricket Ground|Headingley]], [[Leeds]] || {{cr|ENG}} || {{nts|3}} || {{nts|19.1}} || {{nts|40}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|79000|7}}
|| {{nts|2.08}} ||
*[[Chris Broad (cricketer)|Chris Broad]]
*[[Tim Robinson (English cricketer)|Tim Robinson]]
*[[Bill Athey]]
*[[David Gower]]
*[[David Capel]]
*[[Jack Richards (cricketer, born 1958)|Jack Richards]]
*[[Graham Dilley]]
||Won<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63463.html |title=Pakistan in England Test Series – 3rd Test |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=5 April 2012 }}</ref>
|-
|| 21 || {{dts|format=dmy|1987|7|23}} || [[Edgbaston Cricket Ground]], [[Birmingham]] || {{cr|ENG}} || {{nts|2}} || {{nts|41.5}} || {{nts|129}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|62000|6}}
|| {{nts|3.08}} ||
*[[Chris Broad (cricketer)|Chris Broad]]
*[[Bill Athey]]
*[[David Gower]]
*[[Mike Gatting]]
*[[Bruce French (cricketer)|Bruce French]]
*[[Graham Dilley]]
||Drawn<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63464.html |title=West Indies in Pakistan Test Series – 4th Test |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=5 April 2012 }}</ref>
|-
|| 22 || {{dts|format=dmy|1988|4|2}} {{double-dagger}}{{dagger}} || [[Bourda]], [[Georgetown, Guyana|Georgetown]] || {{cr|WIN}} || {{nts|1}} || {{nts|22.4}} || {{nts|80}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|77000|7}}
|| {{nts|3.52}} ||
*[[Desmond Haynes]]
*[[Richie Richardson]]
*[[Carl Hooper]]
*[[Jeff Dujon]]
*[[Winston Benjamin]]
*[[Courtney Walsh]]
*[[Patrick Patterson (cricketer)|Patrick Patterson]]
||Won<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63481.html |title=Pakistan in West Indies Test Series – 1st Test |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=5 April 2012 }}</ref>
|-
|| 23 || {{dts|format=dmy|1988|4|17}} || [[Queen's Park Oval]], [[Port of Spain]] || {{cr|WIN}} || {{nts|3}} || {{nts|45}} || {{nts|115}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|51000|5}}
|| {{nts|2.55}} ||
*[[Gordon Greenidge]]
*[[Desmond Haynes]]
*[[Richie Richardson]]
*[[Gus Logie]]
*[[Carl Hooper]]
||Drawn<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63482.html |title=Pakistan in West Indies Test Series – 2nd Test |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=5 April 2012 }}</ref>
|}

==One Day Internationals==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width: 100%;"
|+ Five-wicket haul in ODI cricket
|-
! style="width:5%;"|No.
! style="width:13%;"|Date
! style="width:27%;"|Ground
! style="width:10%;"|Against
! style="width:5%;"|Inn
! style="width:5%;"|Overs
! style="width:5%;"|Runs
! style="width:5%;"|Wkts
! style="width:5%;"|Econ
! style="width:15%;" class="unsortable"|Batsmen
! style="width:5%;"|Result
|-
|| 1
|| {{dts|format=dmy|1985|3|22}} {{dagger}} || [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium|Sharjah Cricket Association Stadium]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{nts|1}} || {{nts|10}} || {{nts|14}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|05144|6}}
|| {{nts|1.40}} ||
*[[Ravi Shastri]]
*[[Kris Srikkanth]]
*[[Dilip Vengsarkar]]
*[[Sunil Gavaskar]]
*[[Mohinder Amarnath]]
*[[Madan Lal]]
||Lost<ref name=overall2/>
|}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite news| url = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/40560.html?class=1;filter=advanced;template=results;type=bowling;view=innings;wicketsmin1=5;wicketsval1=wickets| title = Statistics – Statsguru – Imran Khan – Test matches| work = [[ESPNcricinfo]]}}

{{Imran Khan}}
{{International cricket five-wicket hauls}}

{{featured list}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List of International Cricket Five-Wicket Hauls By Imran Khan}}
[[Category:Imran Khan-related lists]]
[[Category:Lists of Pakistani cricket records and statistics|Khan]]
[[Category:Lists of international cricket five-wicket hauls by player|Imran Khan]]

India men's national rugby sevens team

2026-01-06T01:41:13Z

BootTPP: creating new article

{{short description|none}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2013}}
{{This|the men's team|the women's team|India women's national rugby sevens team}}
{{Infobox rugby team
| country = India Men's Sevens
| image =
| imagesize =
| union = Rugby India
| ground =
| captain = [[Mohit Khatri]]
| emblem =
| nickname =
| caps =
| top scorer =
| most tries =
| coach = [[Ben Gollings]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Senior Men’s Rugby Sevens Team Set for Asia Rugby Emirates Sevens Trophy 2025 in Muscat|url=https://rugbyindia.in/indian-senior-mens-rugby-sevens-team-set-for-asia-rugby-emirates-sevens-trophy-2025-in-muscat/|website=Rugby India|date=22 October 2025}}</ref>
| from =
| pattern_la1 =
| pattern_b1 =
| pattern_ra1 =
| socks1 =
| shorts1 =
| pattern_la2 =
| pattern_b2 =
| pattern_ra2 =
| shorts2 =
| socks2 =
| first =
| bigwin =
| bigloss =
| sevens = y
| World cup apps =
| year =
| founded =
| best =
}}
{{MedalTableTop}}
{{Medal|Comp|[[Asia Rugby Sevens Series#Asia Rugby Sevens Trophy|Asia Rugby Sevens Trophy]]}}
{{MedalSilver|2025 Oman|}}
{{MedalBottom}}

The '''India men's national rugby sevens team''' is a minor national sevens side. Sevens was first played in India in 1886 at the Khajjiar Gymkhana.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scottishsevens.sport.blog/2022/06/02/scotland-to-india-the-spread-of-sevens/|title=Scotland to India: the spread of Sevens|date=June 2, 2022}}</ref> India qualified for the 2010 Commonwealth Games as hosts.<ref name=CWG2010>{{cite web |url=http://www.cwgdelhi2010.org/ |title=XIX Commonwealth Games 2010 Delhi | |website=Cwgdelhi2010.org |date=2010-03-23 |access-date=2016-08-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424053236/http://www.cwgdelhi2010.org/ |archive-date=2012-04-24 |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

==Tournament history==
===[[Sri Lanka Sevens]]===

{{flagicon|SRI}} [[1999 Singer Sri Lankan Airlines Rugby 7s|1999]] – {{gold01}} (Bowl)

{{flagicon|SRI}} [[2007 Singer Sri Lankan Airlines Rugby 7s|2007]] – {{gold01}} (Bowl)

===[[Rugby sevens at the Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]]===
As the host nation, India received automatic qualification into the Sevens tournament. They were placed in [[Rugby sevens at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Group B]] along with giants of the game South Africa, Wales and Tonga and lost all three matches.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/07/01/2942581.htm?site=sport&section=rugbyunion |title=Aussies to face England in sevens |website=Abc.net.au |date=2010-07-01 |access-date=2016-08-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111083631/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/07/01/2942581.htm?site=sport&section=rugbyunion |archive-date=2012-11-11 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=Rubai1>{{cite web |url=http://www.rubaisport.com/cwg/?competition=477 |title=RubaiSport |access-date=2011-06-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715212301/http://www.rubaisport.com/cwg/?competition=477 |archive-date=2011-07-15 }}</ref>
===[[Asia Rugby Sevens Series#Asia Rugby Sevens Trophy|Asia Rugby Sevens Trophy]]===
{| class="wikitable"
| bgcolor="#ccffcc" |'''Won'''
| bgcolor="FFE4E1" |'''Lost'''
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|- align="left"
|+ [[2017 Asia Rugby Sevens Series|2017 Asia Rugby Sevens Trophy]]
! Date
! Location
! Opposition
! Score
! Result
|-bgcolor="FFE4E1"
| 3 March || [[Doha]] || {{Ru7|UAE}} || 12–19 || Loss
|-bgcolor="FFE4E1"
| 3 March ||[[Doha]]|| {{Ru7|UAE}} || 0–45 || Loss
|-bgcolor="FFE4E1"
| 4 March || [[Doha]] || {{Ru7|SIN}} || 7–19 || Loss
|-bgcolor="FFE4E1"
| 4 March ||[[Doha]] || {{Ru7|IRN}} || 5–17 || Loss
|-bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 4 March<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/india-beat-pakistan-in-asia-mens-rugby-sevens-trophy-2017/articleshow/57478769.cms|title=India beat Pakistan in Asian Rugby Seven's Trophy 2017}}</ref> || [[Doha]] || {{Ru7|PAK}} || 14–12 || Win
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|- align="left"
|+ [[2019 Asia Rugby Sevens Series|2019 Asia Rugby Sevens Trophy]]
! Date
! Location
! Opposition
! Score
! Result
|-bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 10 August || [[Jakarta]] || {{Ru7|Brunei}} || 33–7 || Win
|-bgcolor="FFE4E1"
| 10 August ||[[Jakarta]]|| {{Ru7|SIN}} || 12–27 || Loss
|-bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 11 August || [[Jakarta]] || {{Ru7|AFG|variant=2013}} || 17–12 || Win
|-bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 11 August<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.macoocoo.com/index.php?r=group/default/tournament&section=knockout&tid=1656&headless=0&n=0|title=Asia Rugby Men's Sevens Trophy 2019 10th - 11th Aug 2019}}</ref> ||[[Jakarta]] || {{Ru7|IDN}} || 24–14 || Win
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|- align="left"
|+[[2022 Asia Rugby Sevens Series|2022 Asia Rugby Sevens Trophy]]
! Date
! Location
! Opposition
! Score
! Result
|-bgcolor="FFE4E1"
| 6 August || [[Jakarta]] || {{flagicon|Jordan}} Jordan || 12–14|| Loss
|-bgcolor="FFE4E1"
| 6 August ||[[Jakarta]]|| {{Ru7|AFG|variant=2013}} || 7–27 || Loss
|-bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 7 August || [[Jakarta]] || {{flagicon|Iraq}} Iraq || 20–0 || Win
|-bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 7 August || [[Jakarta]] || {{Ru7|Brunei}} || 24–0 || Win
|-bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 7 August<ref>{{cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810110504/https://www.macoocoo.com/index.php?r=rest/tournament/match&tournament=1960&size=r&_=html|title=Asian Rugby Men's Sevens Trophy 2022}}</ref> || [[Jakarta]] || {{Ru7|PAK}} || 12–5 || Win
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|- align="left"
|+2023 Asia Rugby Sevens Trophy
! Date
! Location
! Opposition
! Score
! Result
|-bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 3 November || [[Doha]] || {{flagicon|IRQ}} Iraq || 47–0|| Win
|-bgcolor="FFE4E1"
| 3 November ||[[Doha]]|| {{Ru7|AFG|variant=2013}} || 5–7 || Loss
|-bgcolor="FFE4E1"
| 4 November || [[Doha]] || {{Ru7|BHR}} || 10–19 || Loss
|-bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 4 November || [[Doha]] || {{Ru7|UZB}} || 24–7 || Win
|-bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 4 November<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.asiarugby.com/results/asia-rugby-sevens-trophy/mens-sevens-trophy-2023/|title=2023 Asia Rugby Sevens Trophy}}</ref> || [[Doha]] || {{Ru7|Qatar}} || 19–14 || Win
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|- align="left"
|+2024 Asia Rugby Sevens Trophy
! Date
! Location
! Opposition
! Score
! Result
|-bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 4 October || [[Nepal]] || {{Ru7|BAN}} || 31–5|| Win
|-bgcolor="FFE4E1"
| 4 October ||[[Nepal]]|| {{Ru7|TPE}} || 7–33 || Loss
|-bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 5 October || [[Nepal]] || {{Ru7|BHR}} || 35–7 || Win
|-bgcolor="FFE4E1"
| 5 October || [[Nepal]] || {{Ru7|SRI}} || 0–22 || Loss
|-bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 5 October<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.asiarugby.com/results/asia-rugby-sevens-trophy/asia-rugby-emirates-men-sevens-trophy-2024-arest/|title=2024 Asia Rugby Sevens Trophy}}</ref> || [[Nepal]] || {{Ru7|Qatar}} || 14–7 || Win
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|- align="left"
|+2025 Asia Rugby Sevens Trophy
! Date
! Location
! Opposition
! Score
! Result
|-bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 25 October || [[Muscat]] || {{flagicon|Lebanon}} Lebanon || 14–10|| Win
|-bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 25 October ||[[Muscat]]|| {{Ru7|AFG|variant=2013}} || 26–5 || Win
|-bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 26 October<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rugbyindia.in/india-finish-runners-up-at-the-asia-rugby-emirates-sevens-trophy-2025-in-muscat/|title=India Finish Runners-Up at the Asia Rugby Emirates Sevens Trophy 2025 in Muscat}}</ref> || [[Muscat]] || {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} Saudi Arabia || 17–0 || Win
|-bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 26 October<ref>{{cite web|url=https://english.hindusthansamachar.in/Encyc/2025/10/27/India-Claims-Historic-Silver-at-Asia-Rugby-Sevens-.php|title=India Claims Historic Silver at Asia Rugby Sevens, Earns Promotion}}</ref> || [[Muscat]] || {{Ru7|IRN}} || 21–7 || Win
|-bgcolor="FFE4E1"
| 26 October<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.asiarugby.com/results/asia-rugby-sevens-trophy/asia-rugby-emirates-mens-sevens-trophy-2025-oman/|title=2025 Asia Rugby Sevens Trophy}}</ref> || [[Muscat]] || {{Ru7|KAZ}} || 0–27 || Loss
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{National sports teams of India}}
{{Rugby union in India}}
{{National rugby union teams (sevens)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:India National Rugby Union Team (Sevens)}}
[[Category:National rugby sevens teams]]
[[Category:Rugby sevens in Asia]]
[[Category:Rugby sevens teams in India]]

Rakhee Sandilya

2025-12-31T07:44:48Z

BootTPP: New

{{Short description|Indian writer and documentary filmmaker}}
{{Notability|Biographies|date=June 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
'''Rakhee Sandilya''' is an Indian writer, and documentary filmmaker, who made her debut as a feature director with the film [[Ribbon (film)]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/entertainment/ribbon-trailer-sumeet-vyas-kalki-koechlin-in-knotty-turn-and-loose-ends-watch/881068/|title=Ribbon trailer: Sumeet Vyas, Kalki Koechlin in knotty turn and loose ends; watch|date=2017-10-03|work=The Financial Express|access-date=2017-10-27|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sumeet-vyas-mikesh-chaudhary-permanent-roommates-i-tapped-into-the-goofiness-of-everyman/|title=I tapped into the goofiness of everyman: Sumeet Vyas|date=2017-10-28|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-03-19|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Career ==
She previously worked as an Assistant Director for the movie [[Main Aur Mr. Riight]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ourtitbits.com/trending/up-and-close-with-rakhee-sandilya-exclusive-interview-with-ribbon-director-as-she-opens-up-about-her-obsession/|title='Kalki Koechlin Would Be A Great Mother,' Says RIBBON Director Rakhee Sandilya In Exclusive Interview [See Behind-The-Scene Pics] {{!}} Home|date=2017-10-14|work=Home|access-date=2017-10-31|language=en-US|archive-date=7 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107021148/https://www.ourtitbits.com/trending/up-and-close-with-rakhee-sandilya-exclusive-interview-with-ribbon-director-as-she-opens-up-about-her-obsession/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Sandilya studied in London and worked on various award-winning documentaries including ‘MY BABY NOT MINE’, ‘Heritage India’ and ‘Desi Folk’ for Epic Channel. Apart from movies, she has worked on many Television Commercials and corporate films.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://filmsdivision.org/shop/my-baby-not-mine-meri-bebi-meri-nahi|title=MY BABY NOT MINE (MERI BEBI MERI NAHI) {{!}} Films Division|website=filmsdivision.org|language=en|access-date=2017-10-31|archive-date=15 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215004459/http://filmsdivision.org/shop/my-baby-not-mine-meri-bebi-meri-nahi|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://redcartfilms.in/team.html|title=Red Cart Films|website=redcartfilms.in|language=en|access-date=2017-10-31|archive-date=7 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107214039/http://redcartfilms.in/team.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mumbai |first=PIB |date=May 27, 2021 |title='The Eclipse and After' - a unique film festival marks women-centric online series by Films Division |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1722190 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>

In 2017, she co-wrote and directed [[Ribbon (film)]] that starred [[Kalki Koechlin]] and [[Sumeet Vyas]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.asianage.com/entertainment/bollywood/141017/kalki-koechlin-hopes-to-have-children-some-day.html|title=Kalki Koechlin hopes to have children some day|date=2017-10-14|work=www.asianage.com/|access-date=2018-03-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vervemagazine.in/people/how-rakhee-sandilyas-film-ribbon-put-her-on-the-directorial-map|title=How Rakhee Sandilya's Film 'Ribbon' Put Her On The Map|date=2017-11-10|website=Verve Magazine|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-19}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Year
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Film
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Notes
|-
|2017
|[[Ribbon (film)]]
|As a Debut Director<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-03 |title=Ribbon movie review: Fine performances by Kalki Koechlin, Sumeet Vyas elevate this film |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/entertainment-ribbon-movie-review-fine-performances-by-kalki-koechlin-sumeet-vyas-elevate-this-film-918695/ |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2013
|My Baby Not Mine
|Documentary about Surrogate Mothers
|-
|
|Heritage India
|for [[Epic (TV channel)]]
|-
|
|Desi Folk
|Documentary
|-
|
|Deadline
|For EROS NOW<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajesh |first=Author: Srividya |title=Rushad Rana joins Mona Singh in Eros Now series Deadline |url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/digital/news-digital/rushad-rana-joins-mona-singh-eros-now-series-deadline/2021/03/13 |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=IWMBuzz |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-08 |title=Chandan K. Anand On His Netflix Show 'Class': It's Ahead Of Time But A Clear Reflection Of Our Youth |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/chandan-k-anand-on-his-netflix-show-class-it-s-ahead-of-time-but-a-clear-reflection-of-our-youth-news-260516 |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=nm5777473|name=Rakhee Sandilya}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sandilya, Rakhee}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women film directors]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Indian women screenwriters]]
[[Category:Hindi-language screenwriters]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]

Saagar Gupta

2025-12-31T07:43:12Z

BootTPP: Done

{{Short description|Indian screenwriter, lyricist and film producer}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=January 2020}}
{{like resume|date=January 2020}}
}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Saagar Gupta
| image = Saagar_Gupta.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|4 March 1969|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Meerut]], UP, India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Screenwriter, lyricist, film producer
| spouse =
| parents = Budhprakash Gupta, Shail Gupta
| children =
}}

'''Saagar Gupta''' (born 4 March 1969) is an Indian screenwriter, lyricist and film producer.<ref>{{cite web|title=Shubha Mudgal's song for film Evening Shadows|url=https://m.dailyhunt.in/news/india/english/news+patrolling-epaper-newspatr/shubha+mudgal+s+song+for+film+evening+shadows-newsid-105888157|publisher=Dailyhunt|accessdate=9 Jan 2019|date=9 Jan 2019}}</ref>

He has written screenplay and dialogues for independent films like ''[[The Pink Mirror]]'' and ''[[Evening Shadows]]'' as well as dialogues for several TV episodes of ''Rishtey'', ''Gubbare'', ''Kagaar'' and TV shows like ''[[Jassi Jaissi Koi Nahin]]'', ''[[Left Right Left (TV series)|Left Right Left]]'', ''Radha Ki Betiyaan'' among others.{{citation needed|date=January 2020}}

He has written lyrics for the song "Surmaee Shaam" in the film ''[[Evening Shadows]]'', composed and sung by [[Shubha Mudgal]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Shubha Mudgal: I Don't Specialise In Playback Singing|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/shubha-mudgal-i-dont-specialise-in-playback-singing/19122150|publisher=MidDay|accessdate=27 Feb 2018|date=27 Feb 2018}}</ref>
He has also written lyrics for a song in the film ''[[68 Pages]]'', with music by [[A Band of Boys]].{{citation needed|date=January 2020}}

He is a partner in the company [[Solaris Pictures]] along with [[Sridhar Rangayan]], and has produced several films like ''[[The Pink Mirror]]'', ''[[Yours Emotionally]]'', ''[[Breaking Free – Sec 377|Breaking Free]]'', ''[[Evening Shadows]]''.

He is the founder team member of [[Kashish Mumbai Queer Film Festival]] and has been the Director of Programming since its inception in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|title=International Queer Film Festival returns to Mumbai in May 2020|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/international-queer-film-festival-returns-to-mumbai-in-may-2020/articleshow/72121390.cms|publisher=TimesOfIndia|accessdate=19 Nov 2019|date=19 Nov 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=With 31 in tow, India leads list of films to be screened at KASHISH 2019|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-with-31-in-tow-india-leads-list-of-films-to-be-screened-at-kashish-2019-2753972|publisher=DNA|accessdate=27 May 2019|date=27 May 2019}}</ref>

Saagar Gupta has worked with the [[Children's Film Society]] as Junior Festival Officer for two editions of the Golden Elephant International Children Film Festival of India.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lesbian, Bisexual & Trans Narratives in Indian Cinema – A Microview|url=https://www.swaindia.org/article_dyn.php?q=TmpZPQ==Lesbian|publisher=SWAindia.org|accessdate=3 September 2019|date=3 September 2019}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

=== Writer ===
* 1999 ''Rishtey'' (TV series)
* 1999 ''Gubbarey'' (TV series)
* 1999 ''Krishna Arjun'' (TV series)
* 1999 ''Kagaar'' (TV series)
* 2004 ''Pyaar Ki Kashti Mein'' (TV series)
* 2006 ''[[The Pink Mirror]]'' (short film)
* 2007 ''[[Yours Emotionally]]'' (feature)
* 2007 ''[[68 Pages]]'' (feature)
* 2014 ''[[Purple Skies]]'' (documentary feature)
* 2014 ''Aa Muskuraa'' (educational film)
* 2015 ''[[Breaking Free]]'' (documentary feature)
* 2018 ''[[Evening Shadows]]'' (feature)

== Awards ==

Saagar Gupta's films as producer have won several awards, both Indian and international. They are as follows:
* Barbara Gittings Human Rights Award at qFLIX Philadelphia 2016, USA (for film 'Breaking Free') <ref>{{cite web|title=Breaking Free wins big|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/mumbai-diary-wednesday-dossier/17449192|publisher=MidDay|accessdate=20 July 2016|date=20 July 2016}}</ref>
* Jury Award for Best Film at Fire Island Film Festival 2004, New York City (for "[[Gulabi Aaina]]"){{citation needed|date=January 2020}}
* Best Film of the Festival award at ''Question de Genre'' film festival 2003, Lille, France (for film "[[Gulabi Aaina]]"){{citation needed|date=January 2020}}
* RAPA award for Best Comedy Episode, 1999 (for "Piya Ka Ghar" – Gubbare, Zee TV){{citation needed|date=January 2020}}
* RAPA award for Best Telefilm, 2000 (for "Khamoshiyaan" – Rishtey, [[Zee TV|Zee]] TV){{citation needed|date=January 2020}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|1481242/}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gupta, Saagar}}
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Hindi-language screenwriters]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:People from Meerut]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ screenwriters]]
[[Category:Indian television writers]]
[[Category:Indian lyricists]]
[[Category:Indian male television writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]

Thuthse

2025-12-21T23:16:50Z

BootTPP: Started new stub!

{{Italic title|reason=[[Category:Naga words and phrases]]}}
{{Short description|Alcoholic beverage of Naga origin}}
{{Infobox beverage
| name = ''Thuthse''
| image =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| type = [[Rice wine]]
| abv =
| proof =
| manufacturer =
| distributor =
| origin = {{Flag|India}}
| region = [[Nagaland]]
| introduced = [[Naga people]]
| discontinued =
| color = White
| flavour =
| ingredients = [[Glutinous rice]]
| variants =
|related = ''[[Judima]]'', [[zutho]], ''[[choujiu]]''
| website =
}}
{{IPA|}}

'''''Thuthse''''' (or '''Thutshe''') is a [[fermented drink|fermented alcoholic beverage]] made from [[Glutinous rice|sticky rice]] in the Indian state of [[Nagaland]].

== History ==
It is the traditional drink of the [[Angami Naga|Angami]] and [[Chakhesang Naga|Chakhesang]] [[Naga people|Naga]]s, but now it is commonly consumed by all [[Naga people|Naga]]s in Nagaland.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=7 December 2022 |title=Thutshe – the popular rice beer at Hornbill Festival |url=https://morungexpress.com/thutshe-the-popular-rice-beer-at-hornbill-festival |access-date=19 June 2022 |website=[[The Morung Express]]}}</ref>

== Brewing ==
Thuthse is prepared from [[glutinous rice]], locally called ''kemenya''. Sprouted rice or starter cakes, known as ''akhri'' is used for the fermentation process. The rice is soaked in cold water for an hour and then drained. Thereafter, it is left to dry for two to three hours. This rice is then pounded into fine powder with ''pikhe,'' a large wooden pestle. This powdered rice is transferred to ''litho,'' earthen pots, and mixed with water to form a thicken solution. To this, akhri is added to start the fermentation process, and left for four to five days. In winters, this process takes more time, i.e. six to seven days. The liquid is then, filtered.<ref name=":0" />

Thuthse is similar to ''[[Zutho]]'' but is thicker, stronger, and sweeter.<ref>{{cite web |date=10 June 2018 |title=Nagaland's dying tradition of rice beer making |url=https://morungexpress.com/nagalands-dying-tradition-rice-beer-making |access-date=21 June 2023 |website=[[The Morung Express]]}}</ref>

== Cultural beliefs ==
Thuthse and Zutho are considered an antidote for gaining stamina, regulating low blood pressure and ailing high fever and body weakness, according to elders.<ref name=":0" />

== Serving ==
Thutse is traditionally served in bamboo mugs and buffalo horns.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sengupta |first=Anuradha |date=2014-12-04 |title=5 Must-see Festivals From the Northeast |url=https://nesfas.in/1402/ |access-date=2025-06-01 |website=North East Society for Agroecology Support |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mullick |first=Sudipto |date=17 January 2020 |title=Encounters on a Naga Dinning Table |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/lifestyle/encounters-on-a-naga-dinning-table-504435.html |access-date=2025-06-01 |website=Indiatimes |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{portal|Drink}}
* ''[[Zutho]]''
* [[Bitchi]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dias |first=Raul |date=2024-11-14 |title=Something’s brewing in the Northeast {{!}} Entrepreneurs are taking mead and canned bitchi commercial |url=https://www.thehindu.com/food/features/brewing-india-northeast-ts%C3%BCipu-mead-7-united-bitchi-cherrapunji-eastern-craft-gin-castle-hill-corn-whisky/article68858780.ece |access-date=2025-06-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* [[List of rice beverages]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Wiktionary|thuthse}}

{{Nagaland}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thuthse}}
[[Category:Rice wine]]
[[Category:Indian wine]]
[[Category:Naga cuisine]]
[[Category:Alcoholic beverages]]

Azamgarh Lok Sabha constituency

2025-12-20T23:00:56Z

BootTPP: Bio

{{Short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Azamgarh {{Small|UP-69}}
|state= [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|latest_election_year= [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|mp= [[Dharmendra Yadav]]
|party= [[Samajwadi Party]]
|map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Uttar Pradesh/Azamgarh.map}}
|map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Azamgarh Lok Sabha constituency
|assembly_cons=[[Gopalpur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Gopalpur]] [[Sagri Assembly constituency|Sagri]] [[Mubarakpur Assembly constituency|Mubarakpur]] [[Azamgarh Assembly constituency|Azamgarh]] [[Mehnagar Assembly constituency|Mehnagar]]
|reservation=None
|established=1952
}}
'''[[Azamgarh]]''' Lok Sabha constituency is one of the 80 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Uttar Pradesh]] state in northern [[India]].

==Vidhan Sabha segments==
Presently, Azamgarh Lok Sabha constituency comprises five [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments. These are:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/069_PC_Statistics_English.aspx|title=Information and Statistics-Parliamentary Constituencies-69-Azamgarh|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh website}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No
!Name
!District
!Member
!colspan="2"| Party
!colspan="2"| 2024 Lead
|-
|344
|[[Gopalpur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Gopalpur]]
|rowspan="5"| [[Azamgarh district|Azamgarh]]
|[[Nafees Ahmad]]
|{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=5}}
|{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
|345
|[[Sagri Assembly constituency|Sagri]]
|[[Hriday Narayan Singh Patel]]
|-
|346
|[[Mubarakpur Assembly constituency|Mubarakpur]]
|Akhilesh Yadav
|-
|347
|[[Azamgarh Assembly constituency|Azamgarh]]
|[[Durga Prasad Yadav]]
|-
|352
|[[Mehnagar Assembly constituency|Mehnagar]] (SC)
|Pooja Saroj
|-
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Name<ref name="Election Results 2014: Top 10 High-Profile Contests and Victory Margins">{{cite news |last1=NDTV |date=16 May 2014 |title=Election Results 2014: Top 10 High-Profile Contests and Victory Margins |work= |url=https://www.ndtv.com/cheat-sheet/election-results-2014-top-10-high-profile-contests-and-victory-margins-562324 |access-date=9 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109195341/https://www.ndtv.com/cheat-sheet/election-results-2014-top-10-high-profile-contests-and-victory-margins-562324 |archive-date=9 November 2022}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1951–52 Indian general election|1952]]
|[[Algu Rai Shastri]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|[[Kalika Singh]]
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|[[Ram Harakh Yadav]]
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Chandrajit Yadav]]
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|[[Ram Naresh Yadav]]
| rowspan="1" style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|1978^
|[[Mohsina Kidwai]]
| rowspan="1" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|[[Chandrajit Yadav]]
| rowspan="1" style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party (Secular)}}" |
|[[Janata Party (Secular)]]
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|Santosh Singh
| rowspan="1" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|[[Ram Krishna Yadav (Indian politician)|Ram Krishna Yadav]]
| rowspan="1" style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|[[Chandrajit Yadav]]
| rowspan="1" style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[Ramakant Yadav (politician)|Ramakant Yadav]]
| rowspan="1" style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|[[Akbar Ahmad]]
| rowspan="1" style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Ramakant Yadav (politician)|Ramakant Yadav]]
| rowspan="1" style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|2008^
|[[Akbar Ahmad]]
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[Ramakant Yadav (politician)|Ramakant Yadav]]
| rowspan="1" style="background-color: {{party color|BJP}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[Mulayam Singh Yadav]]
| {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[Akhilesh Yadav]]
|-
|[[2022 elections in India#Lok Sabha by-elections|2022]]^
|[[Dinesh Lal Yadav]]
| rowspan="1" style="background-color: {{party color|BJP}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Dharmendra Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|}

^ by-poll

==Results ==
=== 2024 General Election ===

<section begin="General Election 2024"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Azamgarh]]<ref name="Lok Sabha Election Results" /><ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Azamgarh">{{cite news |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Azamgarh |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2469.htm |accessdate=4 July 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=4 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250704162453/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2469.htm |archivedate=4 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Azamgarh Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 - 2024">{{cite news |title=Azamgarh Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 - 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/uttar-pradesh/azamgarh |accessdate=4 July 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=4 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250704162446/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/uttar-pradesh/azamgarh |archivedate=4 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Samajwadi Party|candidate=[[Dharmendra Yadav]]|votes=5,08,239|percentage=48.20|change= {{increase}}14.76}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Dinesh Lal Yadav|Dinesh Lal Yadav 'Nirahua']]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=3,47,204|percentage=32.93|change= {{decrease}}1.51}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Mashhod Sabeeha Ansari|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=1,79,839|percentage=17.05|change={{decrease}}11.77}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=6,234|percentage=0.59|change={{no change}}}}
{{Election box majority||votes=1,61,035|percentage=15.27|change={{increase}}14.32}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=10,54,520|percentage=56.45|change={{increase}}7.09}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="General Election 2024"/>

===2022 by election===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 elections in India#Lok Sabha by-elections|Bye-Elections, 2022]]: [[Azamgarh]]<ref name="Lok Sabha Election Results">{{cite web |title=Election Results - Full Statistical Reports STATISTICAL REPORTS OF GENERAL ELECTION TO LOKSABHA |url=https://eci.gov.in/statistical-report/statistical-reports/ |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=10 October 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Dinesh Lal Yadav]] "[[Dinesh Lal Yadav|Nirahua]]"|votes=3,,12,768|percentage=34.39|change={{decrease}}0.71}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Dharmendra Yadav]]|party=Samajwadi Party|votes=3,04,089|percentage=33.44|change={{decrease}}26.60}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=[[Shah Alam (Indian politician)|Shah Alam Urf Guddu Jamali]]|votes=2,66,210|percentage=29.27|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above|None of the Above]]|votes=5,369|percentage=0.59|change={{decrease}}0.11}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent politician|candidate=Rajiv Talwar|Rajiv Talwar|votes=2549|percentage=0.28|change={{increase}}0.07}}
{{Election box majority||votes=8,679|percentage=0.95|change={{decrease}}24.29}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=9,09,654|percentage=49.36|change={{decrease}}8.20}}

{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}

{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 General Election ===
 <section begin="General Election 2019"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Azamgarh]]<ref name="Lok Sabha Election Results" />}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Samajwadi Party|candidate= [[Akhilesh Yadav]]|votes=6,21,578|percentage=60.04|change={{increase}}24.61}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Dinesh Lal Yadav|Dinesh Lal Yadav 'Nirahua']]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=3,61,704|percentage=35.1|change={{increase}}6.25}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party|candidate=Abhimanyu Singh Sunny|votes=10,078|percentage=1.0|change=''N/A''}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Rashtriya Ulama Council|candidate=Anil Singh|votes=6,763|percentage=0.70|change={{decrease}}0.68}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above|None of the Above]]|votes=7,255|percentage=0.70|change={{increase}}0.11}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent politician|candidate=Rajiv Talwar|votes=2,204|percentage=0.21|change=New}}

{{Election box majority||votes=2,59,874|percentage=25.24|change={{increase}}18.66}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=10,29,796|percentage=57.56|change={{increase}}1.16}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 General Election ===
 <section begin="General Election 2014"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Azamgarh]]<ref name="Lok Sabha Election Results" /> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]]
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 3,40,306
|percentage = 35.43
|change = {{increase}}17.86
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Ramakant Yadav (politician)|Ramakant Yadav]]
|votes = 2,77,102
|percentage = 28.85
|change = {{decrease}}6.28
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Shah Alam (Guddu Jamali)|Shah Alam Urf Guddu Jamali]]
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 2,66,528
|percentage = 27.75
|change = {{decrease}}0.43
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Arvind Kumar Jaiswal
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 17,950
|percentage = 1.87
|change ={{decrease}}2.55
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Aamir Rashadi Madni
|party = Rashtriya Ulama Council
|votes = 13,271
|percentage = 1.38
|change ={{decrease}}7.03
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|votes = 5,660
|percentage = 0.59
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 63,204
|percentage = 6.58
|change = {{decrease}}0.37
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 9,60,600
|percentage = 56.40
|change ={{increase}}11.76
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="General Election 2014"/>

=== 2009 General Election ===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Azamgarh]]<ref name="Lok Sabha Election Results" /> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Ramakant Yadav (politician)|Ramakant Yadav]]
|votes = 2,47,648
|percentage = 35.13
|change = {{increase}}30.23
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = [[Akbar Ahmad|Akbar Ahmad Dumpy]]
|votes = 1,98,609
|percentage = 28.18
|change = {{decrease}}8.12
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Durga Prasad Yadav]]
|votes = 1,23,844
|percentage = 17.57
|change = {{decrease}}17.73
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Rashtriya Ulama Council
|candidate = Dr. Javed Akhtar
|votes = 59,270
|percentage = 8.41
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Santosh Kumar Singh
|votes = 31,159
|percentage = 4.42
|change = {{decrease}}9.28
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 49,039
|percentage = 6.95
|change = {{increase}}5.95
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 7,04,863
|percentage = 44.64
|change = {{decrease}}5.26
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Bahujan Samaj Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Azamgarh district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/uttar_pradesh/azamgarh/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Azamgarh lok sabha constituency election 2019 result details]
* [https://resultuniversity.com/election/azamgarh-lok-sabha Azamgarh Lok Sabha] Results from 1971 to 2014

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Azamgarh division topics}}

{{Coord|26.06|83.19|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Azamgarh district]]

Fidai Khan Koka

2025-12-18T23:29:25Z

BootTPP:

{{Short description|Subahdar of Bengal from 1676 to 1677}}
{{Infobox monarch
| name = Fidai Khan Koka
| birth_name = Muzaffar Hussain
| full name = Muzaffar Hussain
| title = [[Nawab]] [[Sipahsalar]]
| succession = 25th [[Subahdar]] of [[Bengal Subah|Bengal]]
| reign = 1676–1677
| predecessor = [[Shaista Khan]]
| successor = [[Muhammad Azam Shah|Azam Shah]]
| reg-type = [[Mughal emperors|Badshah]]
| regent = [[Aurangzeb]]
| religion = [[Islam]]
}}

'''Fidai Khan Koka''',{{efn|''Koka'' is suffix for foster brother}} born '''Muzaffar Hussain''', was a [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] noble who was the governor of [[Awadh]] and [[Lahore]],<ref name=meri1>[*Medieval Islamic Civilization, Josef W. Meri. Taylor & Francis, {{ISBN|0415966914}}</ref> the Mughal [[Master-General of the Ordnance|master of ordnance]] and a [[Foster-brother|foster brother]] to the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal Emperor]] [[Aurangzeb]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=(#205) Khan Jahan Bahadur Zafar Jang Kukaltash and his father Mir Abu'l-Ma'ali, by Hunhar, Mughal, circa 1675-80 |url=https://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/2014/art-imperial-india-l14502/lot.205.html |access-date=2024-05-07 |website=Sothebys.com |language=en}}</ref> Aurangzeb had two [[Foster-brother|foster-brothers]], Fidai and [[Bahadur Khan (Moghul General)|Bahadur Khan]], who was Aurangzeb's favourite.<ref>{{Cite web |title=(#205) Khan Jahan Bahadur Zafar Jang Kukaltash and his father Mir Abu'l-Ma'ali, by Hunhar, Mughal, circa 1675-80 |url=https://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/2014/art-imperial-india-l14502/lot.205.html |access-date=2024-05-07 |website=Sothebys.com |language=en}}</ref> Fidai Khan was credited with leading construction on the [[Mughal gardens]] known as the [[Pinjore Gardens]] near [[Chandigarh]], the [[Teele Wali Masjid]] (1658–1660) in [[Lucknow]], and the [[Badshahi Mosque]] (1671–1673) in [[Lahore]].<ref name=ord1>[https://books.google.com/books?id=yoI8AAAAIAAJ&dq=fidai+khan+architect&pg=PA567 The Cambridge History of India: Turks and Afghans. Volume 3. Sir Wolseley Haig, pp.567]</ref>
==Biography==
At first he was darogha of the imperial court, and afterwards he was sent as ambassador to Bijapur to convey some presents to the Bijapuri Sultan. In 1649 he was an officer the ''Tüzük'' department. in the 23rd year of Shah Jahan (1650) he was made bakhshi of the Ahadis, and in 1651 he had the rank of 1000 with 400 horse and was made bakhshi of the mansabdars of Kabul, and darogha of the artillery there. In 1653 he came to court and was promoted to the chief of the Tuzuk department. After that be was made superintendent of the special elephants. in the 29th year he was made superintendent of the mace-bearers, and the post of ''Mir Tuzuk'' was again added to his duties. He had an increase of 500 with 200 horse, and in the beginning of 1657 he had the title of Fidai Khan conferred upon him.

Soon after Aurangzeb's ascension, the emperor despatched Fidai Khan along with Shaista Khan amir-ul-umara (the future governor of Bengal) to capture his nephew, Sulaiman Shikoh. Khan went ahead of the Amir-ul-umara to Buriya and learnt that Sulaiman Shikoh wished to go with the assistance of Prithi Singh, the ruler of Srinagar, by the crossing at Haridwar to Lahore. Fidai travelled eighty kos in twenty-four hours and arrived at Haridwar. On account of his arrival, Sulaiman Shikoh was unable to cross and had to go to the hill-country, to Srinagar. Fidai then returned to court and obtained leave to go with Khalil Ullah Khan, who had been appointed to pursue Sulaiman's father, prince Dara Shikoh. At the time when Aurangzeb came to Qasur with the intention of proceeding to Multan, he was summoned to the presence, and on the death of Iradat Khan, the şubahdar of Oudh, he was made faujdar thereof and of Gorakhpur. After the battle with Shuja and his flight, he was appointed to assist Muazzam Khan [[Mir Jumla II]] and attached to prince Sultan Muhammad, son of Aurangzeb and directed to pursue Shuja. When Sultan Muhammad decided to join his uncle's rebellion against his father, Mir Jumla, in accordance with orders, sent Fidai Khan with a body of troops to take charge of the prince and to conduct him to court. In 1662 he became Mir Atish (superintendent of artillery), and received a robe of honour.

In 1674 the emperor appointed Fidai Khan the governor of Kabul, where he put down rebellions of the local tribes. Near Jalalabad he gathered his forces, attacked the rebels and put them to flight despite being almost overwhelmed by their numbers, after which he attacked and destroyed the rebel tribes' villages. The emperor lauded his endeavors and gave him the title of Azim Khan Koka. In 1676 he was recalled to the court and was made the Governor of Bengal. The next year prince Muhammad Azam was made governor of Bengal, and Fidai was transferred to Bihar. However, before he could start his journey, he died in Dhaka on 21 May, 1678.<ref>Shahnavaz Khan Aurangabadi; Beveridge, H. & Baini Prashad (translators) (1941/1952). *Maʾāṣir al-Umara of Shahnavaz Khan Aurangabadi*, Vol. 1. Asiatic Society, Calcutta. p. 311.</ref>
==Family==
He had left two known sons. His elder son, Muhammad Salih Khan was given the title of Fidai Khan after his father's death. He was the faujdar of Berilly and, following Shaista Khan amir-ul-umara's death, the governor of Agra. In 1702 he was made the faujdar of Darbhanga and Trihut, and was made a commander of 3000 with 2000 horse. His younger son, Safdar Khan Koka, was married to the daughter of his uncle and Fidai Khan Koka's younger brother, Khan Jahan Bahadur Kokaltash. Safdar served as the faujdar of Gwalior during the latter part of Aurangzeb's reign and died of a gunshot wound while attacking a fort in 1691.<ref>Shahnavaz Khan Aurangabadi; Beveridge, H. & Baini Prashad (translators) (1941/1952). *Maʾāṣir al-Umara of Shahnavaz Khan Aurangabadi*, Vol. 1. Asiatic Society, Calcutta. p. 563-564.</ref>

==Legacy==
Pinjore Garden was built during the early days of Aurangzeb's rule, however the exact dates of completion are not known. Since the time of [[Shah Jahan]], the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] reserved the pavilions with [[Baluster|Balustered]] columns supporting the [[Trefoil arch|cusped arches]] only for the use of the [[Shahanshah]] and his immediate family, hence, it was likely built for Aurangzeb's personal use as a summer retreat.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=3ctLNvx68hIC&dq=fidai+khan+koka&pg=PA272 Architecture of Mughal India, Part 1, Volume 4, By Catherine Blanshard Asher, Catherine Ella Blanshard Asher, pp.272]</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>

File:Pinjore Garden India.JPG|[[Pinjore]] '''''sarovar''''' within the [[Mughal Gardens]]

File:Mugal garnden pinjour.jpg|Main '''''hayat''''' in [[Pinjore]].

File:Pinjore Gardens.JPG|[[Pinjore Gardens]] '''''chaharbagh''''', one of the [[Mughal Gardens]], in [[Haryana]]

File:Yadavindra Garden Pinjore.JPG| [[Paradise Garden (film)|Paradise Garden]] in [[Pinjore]]

File:Pinjore Garden Chandigarh India (3).JPG| The garden's [[Mughlai]] [[Pavilion]]

File:Badshahi Mosque in the evening.jpg|[[Badshahi Mosque]] of [[Lahore]] built by Fidai Khan Koka

File:Night View of Badshahi Mosque (King’s Mosque).jpg|A night view of the [[Badshahi Mosque]] of [[Lahore]]
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Badshahi Mosque]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|20em}}

==External links==
*[http://www.asia.si.edu/explore/babur-gardens/memoir-02.php Summary description of the garden, history, architecture] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007035847/http://www.asia.si.edu/explore/babur-gardens/memoir-02.php |date=2017-10-07 }}

[[Category:Mujaddid]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:1707 deaths]]
[[Category:Nobility from the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:People from Dahod district]]
[[Category:17th-century Mughal Empire people]]

Gursahaiganj

2025-12-05T16:00:08Z

BootTPP: further corrected intro after review as per guidelines

{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{pp-move|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gursahaiganj
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{Coord|27.12|N|79.72|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{Flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kannauj district|Kannauj]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = local government
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 3
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 146
| population_total = 46060
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =209722
| registration_plate = UP-74
| website =
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
}}

'''Gursahaiganj''' is a town and a [[municipal board]] in [[Kannauj district]] in the [[states and territories of India|states and territories]] of [[India]].

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=169445?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=169445/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=169445?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2011: Data from the 2011 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Gursahaiganj had a population of 46,060. Males constitute 24,282 of the population and females 21,778. Gursahaiganj has an average literacy rate of 57%, progressive results in comparison to the 2001 census: male literacy is 57%, and female literacy is 43%. In Gursahaiganj, 15% of the population is under 0-6 years of age.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=169445 |title=Census of India: Search Details |publisher=Censusindia.gov.in |date= |accessdate=2019-04-10}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Kannauj district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Kannauj district]]

James Waterhouse

2025-12-04T11:28:57Z

BootTPP:

{{Short description|British photographer}}
[[File:James Waterhouse - Stonehenge, Trilithon (On the left of altar stone) - B2018.7.51 - Yale Center for British Art.jpg|thumb|James Waterhouse - Stonehenge, Trilithon (On the left of altar stone), Yale Center for British Art]]

'''James Waterhouse''' (1842–1922) was a British photographer and Indian Army officer who headed the Photographic Department of the [[Survey of India]] and pioneered the development of [[photomechanical printing]].

==Early life==
James Waterhouse was born in London on 24 July 1842, the son of William Waterhouse, solicitor and his wife Mary. He was educated at King's College and University College schools, London, before applying at the age of 17 years for a cadetship in the Bengal Artillery of the army of the [[East India Company]].<ref>British Library, India Office Records, Cadet Papers, IOR/L/MIL/9/242 ff.65-74.</ref> From 1857-1859 he attended the Company's military seminary at [[Addiscombe Military Seminary|Addiscombe]], near Croydon, before sailing for India, where he arrived in October 1859.

==Photography in India==
Waterhouse may well have first learnt photography during his time at Addiscombe, where the subject had formed part of the curriculum since the mid-1850s and while stationed in Meerut in 1859 he acquired his first camera, 'a half-plate set made of the good old French walnut wood ... [which] ... stood the hot dry climate wonderfully well'.<ref>James Waterhouse, ''Thirty-seven years of photographic work in India'', in ''Camera obscura: revue internationale pour la photographie paraissant touse les mois en 4 langues'', Amsterdam, 1899-1901, vol. 1, no. 8 (1900), pp.594-95. For a complete transcript of Waterhouse's series of articles in this journal, see John Falconer ''et al'', ''The Waterhouse Albums'' (Mapin Publishing, Ahmadabad, 2009).</ref> His first serious photographic expedition appears to have been made in 1861 in the company of a fellow officer, [[Boyce Edward Gowan]], with whom he made the first recorded photographs of the ruined Buddhist stupa and monastery at [[Sanchi]], near the holy Hindu city of [[Vidisha]]. In June 1861, an official circular issued under the authority of the Governor-General [[Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning|Lord Canning]], was sent out encouraging military officers and others to collect photographs of ethnic and tribal types and in December 1861 Waterhouse was officially seconded to undertake a photographic tour of Central India (present-day [[Madhya Pradesh]]) for this purpose. This work occupied him for the whole of 1862 and involved a series of strenuous trips in Central India in search of suitable subjects: the best-known of this work is the series of portraits made of [[Nawab of Bhopal|Sikandar Begum of Bhopal]], her family and courtiers, taken in November of that year.<ref>For Waterhouse's own account of his photographic work in Central India, see ''Narrative of my tour in Malwa whilst engaged in photographing the tribes of Central India'', British Library, India Office Records, Government of India Foreign Department Consultations (General Proceedings), no. 22 (July 1863), pp.34-37, IOR/P/205/14.</ref> A selection of these portraits was later included in [[John Forbes Watson]] and [[John William Kaye]], ''The People of India'' (8 vols., [[India Museum]], London, 1868–75), while views taken at Sanchi during the trip were used by the architectural historian [[James Fergusson (architect)|James Fergusson]] in his ''Tree and Serpent Worship'' (India Museum, London, 1868).

==The Survey of India==
In May 1866 Waterhouse was appointed Assistant Surveyor in charge of the photozincographic operations of the Survey of India and after undergoing training at [[Dehradun]] in the use of [[photozincography]] for the reproduction of maps and plans, he arrived in Calcutta in December 1866 to take up his new post. The remaining thirty years of his career were to be spent in supervising the photographic operations of the Calcutta headquarters, overseeing a dramatic growth in the department's output and activities, from a minor and ill-housed offshoot of the Survey of India to one of its most important departments, housed in the impressive quarters which survive to the present day in Wood Street. As well as printing maps and plans, the Photolithographic Department of the Survey undertook a wide range of additional photographic activities under Waterhouse's direction, including the copying of the sketches made by Edward Law Durand in the course of his work with the [[Afghan Boundary Commission]] of 1884-87, the producing of presentation albums for the Viceroy relating to the Gilgit Mission of 1888 and the reproduction of photographs made by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]].

==Later career and death==
He retired from the Photography Section of the Surveyor-General's Office in Calcutta in 1897 after 31 years, at the age of 55, moving to Hurstmead, Eltham. Kent.<ref>The late Major-General James Waterhouse I.A. Hon.FRPS, in ''The Photographic Journal'', November 1922, pp. 487-488.</ref> In his later career, Waterhouse was Honorary President of the Calcutta Zoological Gardens from 1894-1897, president of the [[Asiatic Society of Bengal]] from 1888-1890, and trustees and twice chairman of the [[Indian Museum]] in Calcutta. He was president of the Photographic Society of India and the [[Royal Photographic Society]] between 1905-1907.<ref>[http://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whowaswho/U204372/WATERHOUSE_Maj.-Gen._James "WATERHOUSE, Maj.-Gen. James"], ''Who Was Who'' (online edition, 2007)</ref> He was made an Honorary Fellow of the RPS in 1905 and was awarded its Progress Medal in 1891 for his researches and work in orthochromatic photography and photographic etching.<ref>Progress Medal. ''The Photographic Journal'', June 1894, pp. 280-282.</ref> and the Voigtländer Medal of the Vienna Photographic Society.
He died on 28 September 1922, aged 80 years.

==References==
<references/>

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Waterhouse, James}}
[[Category:British Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:1842 births]]
[[Category:1922 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian photographers]]
[[Category:19th-century English photographers]]
[[Category:Presidents of The Asiatic Society]]
[[Category:Photographers from London]]

Jijoy Rajagopal

2025-11-28T18:23:30Z

BootTPP:

{{short description|Indian film and theatre actor (born 1976)}}
{{BLP sources|date=December 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jijoy Rajagopalan
| image = Jijoy Rajagopal.jpg
| caption = Jijoy Rajagopal at Kollam sreenarayana guru literature fest 2024
| birth_place = [[Irinjalakuda]], [[Trichur]], [[Kerala]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1976|09|01}}
| alma_mater = [[Christ College, Irinjalakuda]], [[Pondicherry University]]
| occupation = Actor
| yearsactive = 1999–present
| notable_works = ''[[Prabhuvinte Makkal]]'', ''[[Memories (2013 film)|Best Actor]]'', ''[[Mosayile Kuthira Meenukal]]''
| parents =
| spouse = Riya Mary Philip
| children = 1
| relatives =
}}

'''Jijoy P R''' is an Indian film and theatre actor currently the director of K R Narayanan National Institute of Visual Science and Arts (KRNNIVSA), Kerala on deputation. He is an associate professor at the [[Film and Television Institute of India]] (FTII), Pune and served as the dean of the Films Wing too.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/110519/rich-in-content.html | title=Rich in content | date=11 May 2019 }}</ref> He is an international theatre artist who performed 380 shows in Japan, the United Kingdom, Italy, the United States, Dubai, Bahrain, Canada, and Australia.{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}

==Early life and education==

Jijoy P. R did his schooling at [[Sree Narayana Higher Secondary School, Irinjalakuda|Sree Narayana Higher Secondary School]], [[Irinjalakuda]], where he developed his artistic interest through music and theatre{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}. He had completed his pre-degree and Bachelor of Arts in economics from [[Christ College, Irinjalakuda]] where he was very active in campus theatre and performed a number of plays{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}. He pursued a Bachelor of Theater Arts specialised in acting in School of Drama and Fine Arts [[Thrissur]]{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}. After doing some films and serials, he decided to pursue his studies in M.A. and M.Phil. in drama and theatre arts from [[Pondicherry University]]{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}.

==Filmography==

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Year
! Name
! Role
! Notes
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1999
| ''[[Niram]]''
| Bhavesh
|
|-
| ''[[Garshom]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Veendum Chila Veettukaryangal]]''
| Theater artist
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2000
| ''[[Swayamvara Panthal]]''
| Photographer
|
|-
| ''[[Devadoothan]]''
| Varghese Kuruvila
|
|-
| 2001
| ''[[Meghamalhar]]''
| Prasad
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2002
| ''[[Shivam (2002 film)|Shivam]]''
| Francis
|
|-
| ''[[Gramophone (film)|Gramophone]]''
| Documentary director
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2003
| ''[[Kalavarky]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Melvilasam Sariyanu]]''
| Prasad
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2004
| ''[[Shambu (2004 film)|Shambu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Vismayathumbathu]]''
| Zacharia
|
|-
| ''December''
| Bony Tharakan
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2005
| ''The Campus''
| Vishnu
|
|-
| ''[[Nerariyan CBI]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2006
| ''[[Pakal (film)|Pakal]]''
| Village man
|
|-
| ''[[Drishtantham]]''
| Village man
|
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Drishtaantham]]''
| Unni
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2009
| ''[[Nammal Thammil]]''
| Roy Paul
|
|-
| ''[[Janthu]]''
| Tribe Man
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2010
| ''[[Best Actor (film)|Best Actor]]''
|Part of the junkie film group
|
|-
| ''[[Kadaksham]]''
| Driver
|
|-
| ''[[Pranchiyettan & the Saint]]''
| Ad film director
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2011
| ''[[The Filmstaar|The Filmstar]]''
| Stephen
|
|-
| ''[[Nadakame Ulakam]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Sankaranum Mohananum]]''
| Artist
|
|-
| ''[[Veeraputhran]]''
| Research Scholar
|
|-
| ''[[Bhakthajanangalude Sradhakku]]''
| Saint
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2012
| ''[[Prabhuvinte Makkal]]''
| Mani
|
|-
| ''[[Thiruvambadi Thamban]]''
| Asst Director
|
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Memories (2013 film)|Memories]]''
| Dr Shami
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2014
|''[[Chaayilyam]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Mosayile Kuthira Meenukal]]''
| Sulaiman
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
|''[[Suvarna Purushan]]''
|Keerikadan
|
|-
|''[[Certain Lives in Twilight]]''
|A student
|
|-
|2019
|''[[Rakthasakshyam]]''
|Hari
|
|-
|2021
|''[[Jai Bhim (film)|Jai Bhim]]''
|Munnar Rajesh
|Tamil film<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/celebrity-news/jai-bhim-actor-jijoy-pulikal-rajagopalan-exclusive-interview/articleshow/87962107.cms|title='ജയ് ഭീമി'ൽ ഇരുളരെ അഭിനയം പഠിപ്പിച്ചതിൻ്റെ മുഴുവൻ ക്രെഡിറ്റും എനിക്കല്ല, ഇതൊരു കൂട്ടായ ശ്രമത്തിൻ്റെ ഫലമാണ്'; ജയ് ഭീമിലെ കഥാഗതിയെ തന്നെ മാറ്റി മറിച്ച ആ ചായക്കടക്കാരൻ, ഇരിങ്ങാലക്കുടക്കാരൻ ജിജോയ് പറയുന്നു! [Jijoy Rajagopal interview]|language=ml|last=Vishnu|first=Anandha|work=[[Samayam Malayalam]]}}</ref>
|}

==As dubbing artist==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Dubbed for !! Role
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2010 || ''[[Shikkar]]''|| Jain Syriac Babu || Abdulla's Son
|-
| ''[[Puthumukhangal]]'' || Anoop George || Chitrabhanu
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2012 || [[Grandmaster (2012 film)|''Grandmaster'']] || [[Arjun Nandhakumar]] || Roshan Mathew
|-
|[[Asuravithu (2012 film)|''Asuravithu'']]
|[[Rony David Raj]]
|Danny
|-
| 2013 || [[Dolls (2013 film)|''Dolls'']] || [[Rahul Ravi]] || Dr.Anoop
|}

==Theatre==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=December 2022}}

=== Plays acted in ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Play !! Character !! Year
|-
| Yadhartha Velakkaran || Velakkaran || 1987
|-
| Redham Nashtappetta Therali ||King ||1991
|-
| Kalyansougandhikam || Chores || 1992
|-
| Chunari || King || 1992
|-
| An English Play || Slave || 1992
|-
| Eechara Raman || Eechara Raman || 1993
|-
| Janmana Jayathe || Sharody || 1993
|-
| Swakaryam || Sentry ||1994
|-
| One for the Road || Nicholas ||1995
|-
| Higueta || Higueta, Fr.GeVarghese ||1996
|-
|Ubu Maharaja || Ladislas, Dog
| 1998
|-
| Davyavayi, Sorry || Dayavayi|| 1997
|-
| Mookanarthakan (Dum Dancer) || Madhu (A blind) || 1998
|-
| Lanka Lakshmi || Vibheeshanan || 1997
|-
| Mother Courage || Narrator
| 1997
|-
| Randu Anthya Rengangal (Sankskrit, Malayalam) || Duryodhan, Sree Raman
| 1998
|-
| Uyirthezhunelpu || || 1998
|-
| Sketham ||Vashisthan
|2001
|-
| Gandhi || Gandhi
| 1999
|-
|Macbeth || Macbeth
| 1999
|-
| Swarnakokkukal || Sathako
| 2001
|-
| Kadassikkali (The End Game) ||
| 2000
|-
| Bharathavakyam ||Avan
| 2001
|-
| Attrai Kadathai (Tamil) || Chores || 2003
|-
| Bailyadukal (Tamil) || Chores|| 2004
|-
| Nachathravasi (Star Dweller) Tamil || Naahan || 2004
|-
| Tsunami || Chores || 2005
|-
| A Mid Summer Night's Dream || Oberon, Thesius || 2006–2008
|-
| Randu Anthya Rangangal || Bali, Sree Krishnan || 2009
|-
| Lila's Stories (Spanish, Malayalam & English) || King || 2009
|-
|Troy (English) ||Ademmnen || 2009
|-
| The Death of a Government Clerk || Clerk || 2013
|-
| Tawazun || Usman || 2015
|-
| Higueta || Fr.Gevarghese || 2018
|-
| Higueta || Fr.Gevarghese || 2018
|}

==Television==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Program
! Director
! Character
|-
| ''Innocent Kadhakal''
| David Kachapilly
| Sathyan
|-
| ''Shamathaalam''
| [[Shyamaprasad]]
| Roy
|-
| ''Nilamazha''
| M.G Sasi
| Sethu
|-
| ''Janmajaladhi''
| Murali Menon
| Musician
|-
| ''Venalmazha''
| [[K. K. Rajeev|K.K Rajeev]]
| Sibi
|-
| ''Swapnam''
| [[K. K. Rajeev|K.K Rajeev]]
| Surya
|-
| ''Mazhayariyaathe''
| [[K. K. Rajeev|K.K Rajeev]]
| Mukundan
|-
| ''Randaamathoral''
| Prasad Nooranad
| A Killer
|-
| ''Sree Krishnan''
| Vayalar Madhavankutty
| Aghoran
|-
| ''Kadhayile Rajakumari''
| [[K. K. Rajeev|K.K Rajeev]]
|
|-
|''Kerala Crime Files - Season 2''
|[[Ahammed Khabeer]]
|K9 Squad In-charge
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|id=6410449}}
*http://bufvc.ac.uk/shakespeare/index.php/title/av74546
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajagopal, Jijoy}}
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]

Shrirampur railway station

2025-11-27T05:58:00Z

BootTPP: small refine section based on references additionally and updated info for consistency

{{Short description|Railway station in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Shrirampur
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]] station
| style = Kolkata Suburban Railway
| image = Serampore railway station 04.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = Shrirampur station
| address = Roy M.C Lahiri Bahadur Street, Station Rd, Station Bazaar, [[Serampore]], [[Hooghly district]] – 712201, [[West Bengal]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|22.754120|88.338588|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|17|m|ft}}
| line = [[Howrah–Bardhaman main line]]
| other =
| structure = [[Intersection_(road)#At_grade_railways|At grade]]
| platform = 4
| tracks = 4
| entrances =
| parking = Yes
| bicycle = Yes
| opened = 1854
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = 1958
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = SRP<ref name="Indian railway codes">{{cite web |title=Indian railway codes |url=http://www.icf.indianrailways.gov.in/PB/pass/stations.html |publisher=Indian Railways |access-date=26 August 2018}}</ref>
| zone = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Howrah}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| status = Functioning
| former = [[East Indian Railway Company]]
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_type = India West Bengal#India
| map_dot_label = Shrirampur
| map_size = 300
| map_caption = Location in West Bengal##Location in India
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Kolkata Suburban Railway|line=Eastern|left=Rishra|right=Seoraphuli Junction|to-left=Howrah Junction|to-right=Bandel Junction|type=[[Howrah–Bardhaman main line|Main line]]}}
| route_map = {{Howrah–Bardhaman main line}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}
'''Shrirampur railway station''' <ref>{{cite web|title=SRP/Shrirampur (4 PFs) – 264 Train Departures ER/Eastern Zone – Railway Enquiry|url=http://indiarailinfo.com/departures/shrirampur-srp-indianrail-indian-railway-irctc-enquiry/577|website=India Rail Info|access-date=5 October 2016}}</ref> (also known as '''Serampore railway station''') is one of the busiest [[railway stations]] on the [[Howrah–Bardhaman main line]] located in the [[Hooghly district]], of the Indian state of [[West Bengal]]. {{cn | date= July 2025}} An at-grade station, it serves [[Serampore]] city.

== History ==
The first train of the Eastern Railway started its journey from Howrah to Hooghly on 15 August 1854. The train's first halt was [[Bally, Howrah|Bally]] and its second was [[Serampore]].

== Electrification ==
Electrification of Howrah–Burdwan main line was completed with a 25 kV AC overhead system in 1958.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history4.html|title=IR History Part IV 1947–1970|publisher=IRFCA|access-date=13 April 2013}}</ref>

== Trains ==
The following Express/Superfast trains halt at Serampore railway station (SRP) in both directions:
* 13009/10 [[Doon Express]] (YNRK - HWH)
* 13019/20 [[Bagh Express]] (KGM - HWH)
* 13021/22 [[Mithila Express]] (RXL - HWH)

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="120px">
File:Embankment for the Calcutta Railway, Behind the Town of Serampore.jpg|Embankment for the Calcutta Railway, behind the town of Serampore
File:Shrirampur.jpg|Shrirampur railway station board
</gallery>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{commons category|Shrirampur railway station}}

{{Kolkata Suburban Railway, Eastern}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1854]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Hooghly district]]
[[Category:Serampore]]
[[Category:Howrah railway division]]
[[Category:Kolkata Suburban Railway stations]]

{{WestBengal-railstation-stub}}