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Raiganj Lok Sabha constituency

2026-05-08T06:01:20Z

BonnieKoontz: Made First Page Added Tags

{{short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
|name = Raiganj {{Small|WB-5}}
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/West Bengal/Raiganj.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Raiganj Lok Sabha Constituency
|established = 1962-present
|reservation = None
|mp = [[Kartick Chandra Paul]]
|party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
|latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|state = [[West Bengal]]
|assembly_cons = [[Islampur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Islampur]] [[Goalpokhar Assembly constituency|Goalpokhar]] [[Chakulia Assembly constituency|Chakulia]] [[Karandighi Assembly constituency|Karandighi]] [[Hemtabad Assembly constituency|Hemtabad]] [[Kaliaganj Assembly constituency|Kaliaganj]] [[Raiganj Assembly constituency|Raiganj]]
|electors = 1,387,526<ref name=turnout>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm |title = Parliamentary Constituency Wise Turnout for General Elections 2014 |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 17 June 2014 }}</ref>
}}

'''Raiganj Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 543 [[Lok Sabha|parliamentary]] constituencies in [[India]]. The constituency centres on [[Raiganj]] in [[West Bengal]]. All the seven assembly segments of No. 5 Raiganj Lok Sabha constituency are in [[North Dinajpur district|Uttar Dinajpur district]].
{{Pie chart|value1=58.82|value2=23.53|value3=11.76|value4=5.89|label1=[[Indian National Congress|'''Indian National Congress''' (10 times)]]|label2=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''Communist Party of India (Marxist)''' (4 times)]]|label3=[[Bharatiya Janata Party|'''Bharatiya Janata Party''' (2 times)]]|label4=[[Bharatiya Lok Dal|'''Bharatiya Lok Dal''' (1 time)]]|color1={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|color2={{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|color3={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|color4={{party color|Janata Party}}|caption=Most Successful parties from Raiganj Lok Sabha }}

==Assembly segments==
[[File:Westbengalen Wahlkreise Lok Sabha.svg|thumb|250px|right|'''Parliamentary constituencies in West Bengal''' - 1. Cooch Behar, 2. Alipurduars, 3. Jalpaiguri, 4. Darjeeling, 5. '''Raiganj''', 6. Balurghat, 7. Maldaha Uttar, 8. Maldaha Dakshin, 9. Jangipur, 10. Baharampur, 11. Murshidabad, 12. Krishnanagar, 13. Ranaghat, 14. Bangaon, 15. Barrackpore, 16. Dum Dum, 17. Barasat, 18. Basirhat, 19. Jaynagar, 20. Mathurapur, 21. Diamond Harbour, 22. Jadavpur, 23. Kolkata Dakshin, 24. Kolkata Uttar, 25. Howrah, 26. Uluberia, 27. Serampore, 28. Hooghly, 29. Arambagh, 30. Tamluk, 31, Kanthi, 32. Ghatal, 33. Jhargram, 34. Medinipur, 35. Purulia, 36. Bankura, 37. Bishnupur, 38. Bardhaman Purba, 39. Bardhaman Durgapur, 40. Asansol, 41. Bolpur, 42. Birbhum]]

As per order of the [[Delimitation Commission]] in respect of the [[delimitation of constituencies]] in West Bengal, parliamentary constituency no. 5 Raiganj is composed of the following segments from 2009:<ref name =delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 | access-date = 27 May 2009 | work = Table B – Extent of Parliamentary Constituencies | publisher =Government of West Bengal}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! #
! Name
! District
! Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|29
|[[Islampur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Islampur]]
| rowspan="7" |[[Uttar Dinajpur]]
|[[Kanaia Lal Agarwal]]
|{{party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=3}}
|{{party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|30
|[[Goalpokhar Assembly constituency|Goalpokhar]]
|[[Md. Ghulam Rabbani]]
|-
|31
|[[Chakulia Assembly constituency|Chakulia]]
|[[Minhajul Arfin Azad]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|32
|[[Karandighi Assembly constituency|Karandighi]]
|[[Biraj Biswas]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|33
|[[Hemtabad Assembly constituency|Hemtabad]] (SC)
|[[Haripada Barman]]
|-
|34
|[[Kaliaganj Assembly constituency|Kaliaganj]] (SC)
|[[Utpal Brahmacharo]]
|-
|35
|[[Raiganj Assembly constituency|Raiganj]]
|[[Koushik Chowdhury]]
|}

==Members of Parliament==
{|class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raiganj Parliamentary Constituency, Winning MP and Party Name |url=https://www.elections.in/west-bengal/parliamentary-constituencies/raiganj.html |access-date= |website=elections.in}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]|| rowspan="2" |Chapala Kanta Bhattacharjee
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress| rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]||[[Siddharta Shankar Ray]]
|-
|1972^||[[Maya Ray]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]||Md. Hayat Ali
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Lok Dal}}
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]|| rowspan="3" |[[Golam Yazdani]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress| rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]|| rowspan="3" |[[Subrata Mukherjee (CPM politician)|Subrata Mukherjee]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes| rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]|| rowspan="2" |[[Priya Ranjan Dasmunsi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress| rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]||[[Deepa Dasmunsi]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]||[[Mohammed Salim (politician)|Mohammed Salim]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[Debasree Chaudhuri]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Kartick Paul|Kartick Chandra Paul]]
|-
|}
^ denotes by-elections

==Election results==
===General election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: Raiganj<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Raiganj">{{cite news |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Raiganj |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S255.htm |access-date=5 July 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=4 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250705075256/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S255.htm |archivedate=5 July 2025}}</ref><ref name="Raiganj Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 - 2024">{{cite news |title=Raiganj Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 - 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/west-bengal/raiganj |access-date=5 July 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=4 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250705075224/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/west-bengal/raiganj |archivedate=5 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Kartick Paul|Kartick Chandra Paul]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes= 5,60,897|percentage=40.99|change={{increase}}0.91}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Krishna Kalyani]]|party=All India Trinamool Congress|votes=4,92,700|percentage=36.00|change={{increase}}0.68}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Ali Imran Ramz|Ali Imran Ramz (Victor)]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=2,63,273|percentage=19.24|change={{increase}}12.69}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=1,940|percentage=0.14|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=68,197|percentage=4.99|change={{increase}}0.25}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=13,68,471|percentage=76.18|change={{decrease}}3.64}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general election]]: [[Raiganj]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://results.eci.gov.in/pc/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS255.htm?ac=5|title=General Election 2019 - Election Commission of India|website=results.eci.gov.in|access-date=27 May 2019}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Debasree Chaudhuri]]|votes=5,11,652|percentage=40.08|change={{increase}}21.76}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Kanaia Lal Agarwal]]|party=All India Trinamool Congress|votes=4,51,078|percentage=35.32|change={{increase}}17.93}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Mohammed Salim (politician)|Mohammed Salim]]|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes=1,83,039|percentage=14.25|change={{decrease}}14.75}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Deepa Dasmunshi]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=83,662|percentage=6.55|change={{decrease}}21.95}}
{{Election box majority|votes=60,574|percentage=4.74|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=12,78,076|percentage=79.82|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = {{increase}}18.26
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Raiganj]]<ref name="loksabha2014">{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/33%20-%20Constituency%20wise%20detailed%20result.pdf |title = General Elections 2014 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 21 June 2016 }}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Mohammed Salim (politician)|Mohammed Salim]]
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = 3,17,515
|percentage = 29.00
|change = -9.93
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Deepa Dasmunshi]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 3,15,881
|percentage = 28.50
|change = -21.79
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Nimu Bhowmik
|votes = 2,03,131
|percentage = 18.32
|change = +14.14
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Satya Ranjan Dasmunshi
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|votes = 1,92,634
|percentage = 17.39
|change = +17.39
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Sudip Ranjan Sen
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 32,303
|percentage = 2.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Dulal Rajbanshi
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|votes = 8,592
|percentage = 0.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Swapan Kumar Das
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 5,629
|percentage = 0.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Subrata Adhikary
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 5,548
|percentage = 0.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Bablu Soren
|party = Jharkhand Disom Party
|votes = 5,544
|percentage = 0.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Pasarul Alam
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = 3,614
|percentage = 0.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Zameerul Hasan
|party = All India United Democratic Front
|votes = 3,471
|percentage = 0.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Nandakishor Singha
|party = Amra Bangalee
|votes = 3,338
|percentage = 0.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = None of the above
|party = None of the above
|votes = 10,929
|percentage = 0.99
|change = ---
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 1,634
|percentage = 0.15
|change = -11.56
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 11,08,193
|percentage = 79.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = -20.82
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections|General Election, 2009]]: [[Raiganj]]<ref name="loksabha2009">{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |title = General Elections, 2009 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 22 May 2014 }}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Deepa Dasmunsi]]
|votes = 451,776
|percentage = 50.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Bireswar Lahiri
|votes = 346,573
|percentage = 38.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Gopesh Chandra Sarkar
|votes = 37,645
|percentage = 4.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Abdul Karim Chowdhary
|votes = 18,427
|percentage = 2.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Manas Jana
|votes = 10,426
|percentage = 1.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Akhil Ranjan Mondal
|votes = 7,592
|percentage = 0.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = RDMP
|candidate = Faiz Rahaman
|votes = 7,834
|percentage = 0.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Suleman Hafiji
|votes = 4,316
|percentage = 0.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Upendra Nath Das
|votes = 4,157
|percentage = 0.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Anil Biswas
|votes = 3,844
|percentage = 0.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Nachhir Ali Pramanik
|votes = 3,212
|percentage = 0.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Matiur Rahman
|votes = 2,597
|percentage = 0.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 1,05,203
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 8,98,399
|percentage = 81.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

Abdul Karim Chowdhary, contesting as an [[Independent politician|Independent]] candidate, was a rebel [[Trinamool Congress]] Leader.

===General election 2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections|General Election, 2004]]: [[Raiganj]]<ref name="loksabha2004">{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf |title = General Elections, 2004 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 22 May 2014 }}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Priya Ranjan Dasmunsi]]
|votes = 421,904
|percentage = 46.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[Minati Ghosh]]|votes=382,757|percentage=41.90|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=Dr. Zainal Abedin|votes=57,931|percentage=6.30|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Anil Biswas|votes=11,205|percentage=1.20|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|candidate=Ajit Das|votes=11,154|percentage=1.20|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|Independent|candidate=Subrata Adhikary|votes=9,914|percentage=1.10|change=}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Sukamal Biswas
|votes = 9,624
|percentage = 1.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Nationalist Congress Party|candidate=Achintya Tarafdar|votes=7,037|percentage=0.80|change=}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Ashis Saha
|votes = 6,056
|percentage = 0.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=9,13,637|percentage=79.6|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

====By-election 1972====
A by-election was held in this constituency in 1972 which was necessitated by the resignation of sitting MP [[Siddhartha Shankar Ray]] and his subsequent election to the State Assembly from the [[Maldaha Assembly constituency]]. In the by-election, [[Maya Ray]] of Congress defeated his nearest rival S.K. Niyogi, a United Front-supported Independent Candidate, by 143,624 votes, thus breaking the record of [[Siddhartha Shankar Ray]] who had won the seat in 1971 by 64,007 votes.
{{Election box begin | title=Indian Parliamentary bye election, 1972: Raiganj constituency}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Maya Ray]]
|votes = 149,375
|percentage = 93.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = S.K.Niyogi
|votes = 5,751
|percentage = 3.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Md. Salimuddin
|votes = 4,979
|percentage = 3.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 143,624
|percentage = 89.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,60,105
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1971===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1971 Indian general election|General Election, 1971]]: [[Raiganj]]<ref name="loksabha1971">{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 23 May 2014 }}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Siddhartha Shankar Ray]]
|votes = 147,360
|percentage = 47.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Subodh Sen]]
|votes = 83,353
|percentage = 41.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Forward Bloc
|candidate = Nirmal Kumar Basu
|votes = 34,956
|percentage = 11.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = NC(O)
|candidate = Muzaffar Hussain
|votes = 18,962
|percentage = 6.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = PSP
|candidate = Md. Salimuddin
|votes = 12,786
|percentage = 4.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 9,13,637
|percentage = 79.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 64,007
|percentage = (20.5%)
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Raiganj]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}
{{Uttar Dinajpur topics}}

{{Coord|25.62|N|88.12|E|display=title|format=dms|}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raiganj Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Dinajpur district]]

Sundarbans district

2026-04-28T01:25:42Z

BonnieKoontz:

{{Short description|Proposed district in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sundarbans
| native_name =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of West Bengal|Proposed District]]
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
| photo1a =
| photo2a =
| photo2b =
| photo3a =
| photo3b =
| photo4a =
| size = 300
| foot_montage =
}}
| image_map = 
| mapsize = 300
| map_caption = Location of Sundarbans district in West Bengal
| coordinates = {{coord|22.1751965|N|88.4200762|E|display=title,inline|type:adm2nd_region:IN-WB}}
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Emblem of West Bengal (Banglarmukh) before 2018.png}} [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of West Bengal|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Presidency division|Presidency]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Canning Town|Canning]]<ref name="headquarters"/>
| leader_title = [[List of subdivisions of West Bengal|Subdivisions]]
| leader_name = Canning Town Sadar or Jaynagar Sadar,<ref name="headquarters"/> [[Kakdwip subdivision|Kakdwip]]
| leader_title1 = [[Community Development Block|CD Blocks]]
| leader_name1 = [[Jaynagar I]], [[Jaynagar II]], [[Mathurapur I]], [[Mathurapur II]], [[Kultali (community development block)|Kultali]], [[Canning I]], [[Canning II]], [[Basanti (community development block)|Basanti]], [[Gosaba (community development block)|Gosaba]], [[Kakdwip (community development block)|Kakdwip]], [[Namkhana (community development block)|Namkhana]], [[Patharpratima (community development block)|Patharpratima]], [[Sagar (community development block)|Sagar]]
| leader_title2 = [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name2 = [[Jaynagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jaynagar]], [[Mathurapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mathurapur]]
| leader_title3 = [[List of constituencies of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name3 = [[Gosaba (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gosaba]], [[Basanti (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Basanti]], [[Kultali (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kultali]], [[Patharpratima (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Patharpratima]], [[Kakdwip (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kakdwip]], [[Sagar (West Bengal Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sagar]], [[Raidighi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Raidighi]], [[Jaynagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jaynagar]], [[Canning Paschim (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Canning Paschim]], [[Canning Purba (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Canning Purba]]
| total_type = Total
| area_total_km2 = 3,497.7
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 3,335,448
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban = 251,498
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 76.20 per cent
| demographics1_title2 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| demographics1_info2 = 949 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| demographics_type2 = Languages
| demographics2_title1 = Official
| demographics2_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref name="wblangoff">{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=Wb.gov.in|access-date=5 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=Nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=5 July 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics2_title2 = Additional official
| demographics2_info2 = [[English language|English]]<ref name="wblangoff"/>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| website = {{URL|https://sundarbanpolice.wb.gov.in/}}
}}

'''Sundarbans district''' is a proposed district to be created in the [[India]]n [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. The district would be carved out from the existing [[South 24 Parganas|South 24 Parganas district]].<ref>{{cite web |title=নতুন জেলা সুন্দরবন, হিঙ্গলগঞ্জে অবশেষে ঘোষণা মুখ্যমন্ত্রীর |url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/kolkata/sundarban-is-announced-as-new-district-of-west-bengal-sta-937639.html |access-date=2022-11-29 |website=News18 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=নতুন জেলা সুন্দরবন, হিঙ্গলগঞ্জের সভা থেকে জানিয়ে দিলেন মুখ্যমন্ত্রী |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/bengal/districts/mamata-banerjee-announces-from-hingalganj-meeting-of-new-district-sandarban-31669716674261.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129002645/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/bengal/districts/mamata-banerjee-announces-from-hingalganj-meeting-of-new-district-sandarban-31669716674261.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 January 2023 |access-date=2022-11-29 |website=Hindustan Times |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=নতুন জেলা হচ্ছে সুন্দরবন, ঘোষণা মুখ্যমন্ত্রীর |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bengali/west-bengal/state/uttar-24-parganas/mamata-banerjee-announces-sundarbans-as-new-district-in-west-bengal/wb20221129135645873873697 |access-date=2022-11-29 |website=ETV Bharat |language=bn}}</ref> The district headquarters would be [[Canning Town|Canning]] or [[Jaynagar Majilpur|Jaynagar]].<ref name="headquarters">{{cite web |title=সুন্দরবন জেলা তৈরির সিদ্ধান্তে বিপাকে নবান্ন |url=https://eisamay.com/west-bengal-news/kolkata-news/nabanna-in-trouble-about-sundarban-zila-project-/articleshow/52616356.cms |access-date=2016-06-06 |website=EiSamay |language=bn}}</ref>

==History==
In November 2015, the [[Government of West Bengal]] announced its intention to create the district in the near future.<ref>{{cite web |title=নতুন জেলা হচ্ছে সুন্দরবন |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/world/india/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8 |access-date=2015-11-27 |website=Prothom Alo |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=বিজেপি ক্ষমতায় গেলে ‘সুন্দরবন’ নামে জেলা |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/world/india/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE |access-date=2021-03-23 |website=Prothom Alo |language=bn}}</ref> Under this proposal, Sundarbans district will be created from thirteen [[Community Development Block|community development blocks]] namely [[Jaynagar I]], [[Jaynagar II]], [[Mathurapur I]], [[Mathurapur II]], [[Kultali (community development block)|Kultali]], [[Canning I]], [[Canning II]], [[Basanti (community development block)|Basanti]], [[Gosaba (community development block)|Gosaba]], [[Kakdwip (community development block)|Kakdwip]], [[Namkhana (community development block)|Namkhana]], [[Patharpratima (community development block)|Patharpratima]] and [[Sagar (community development block)|Sagar]] in [[South 24 Parganas|South 24 Parganas district]].<ref>{{cite web |title=সুন্দরবনকে পৃথক জেলা ঘোষণা করার কাজ এগিয়ে নিয়ে যাওয়া হোক, নির্দেশ মমতার |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/bengal/districts/chief-minister-asks-chief-secretary-to-take-necessary-action-for-making-different-district-in-name-of-sundarban-31637234899868.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203102604/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/bengal/districts/chief-minister-asks-chief-secretary-to-take-necessary-action-for-making-different-district-in-name-of-sundarban-31637234899868.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 December 2021 |access-date=2021-11-18 |website=Hindustan Times |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=কোন এলাকা নিয়ে হবে সুন্দরবন জেলা, শুরু চর্চা |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/24-parganas/which-areas-will-be-included-in-sundarbans-district-speculation-arose/cid/1360473 |access-date=2022-08-03 |website=Anandabazar Patrika |language=bn}}</ref> In August 2022, the cabinet of West Bengal gave "in-principle approval" to the district's formation.<ref>{{cite web |title=সুন্দরবন এবার নতুন জেলা! এতে কী সুবিধা হবে সেখানকার মানুষের? জানুন |url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/south-bengal/sundarbans-new-districts-in-west-bengal-is-sundarban-a-district-pb-860120.html |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=News18 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=নতুন জেলা হিসেবে নাম ঘোষণা হওয়ায় খুশির হাওয়া সুন্দরবনে |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bengali/west-bengal/state/dakshin-24-parganas/local-people-are-happy-as-sundarbans-to-be-formed-as-new-district/wb20220802224650168168976 |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=ETV Bharat |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=রাজ্যে ২৩ জেলা বেড়ে হবে ৩০! নতুন সাত জেলা ছ’মাসের মধ্যে, ঘোষণা মুখ্যমন্ত্রীর |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/mamata-banerjee-announces-seven-new-districts-will-be-formed-in-west-bengal-dgtl-photogallery/cid/1360091 |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=Anandabazar Patrika |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=রাজ্যে নতুন ৭ জেলা, এক নজরে কোন কোন জেলা ভাগ হল |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/kolkata/story/mamata-banerjee-announced-7-new-districts-west-bengal-know-name-these-districts-sbm-430955-2022-08-01 |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=AajTak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=রাজ্যে ৭ নতুন জেলার ঘোষণা মুখ্যমন্ত্রীর |url=https://eisamay.com/west-bengal-news/kolkata-news/mamata-banerjee-chief-minister-announces-7-new-district-names-in-west-bengal/articleshow/93268507.cms |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=EiSamay |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=২৩ থেকে বেড়ে পশ্চিমবঙ্গে জেলার সংখ্যা হল ৩০! কোন জেলা ভেঙে কোন জেলা তৈরি হল? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/pictures/news-districts-in-west-bengal-check-full-list-as-mamata-banerjee-announces-7-new-districts-to-take-it-to-30-31659350249500.html |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=Hindustan Times |language=bn}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=West Bengal To Get 7 New Districts, Announces Mamata Banerjee |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/west-bengal-to-get-7-new-districts-announces-mamata-banerjee-3213052 |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=West Bengal to have 7 new districts in six months for better administration |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/west-bengal-to-have-7-new-districts-in-six-months-for-better-administration/articleshow/93286162.cms |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Explained: 7 new districts in West Bengal — how and why are districts created or abolished in India? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-7-new-districts-west-bengal-districts-created-abolished-8064221/ |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=West Bengal to get 7 new districts, announces CM Mamata Banerjee |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/west-bengal-to-get-7-new-districts-announces-cm-mamata-banerjee-11659346022057.html |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=Mint |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Districts of West Bengal}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sundarbans District}}
[[Category:Proposed districts of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{WestBengal-geo-stub}}

Sandakkari

2026-04-24T23:00:47Z

BonnieKoontz: New

{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Sandakkari.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[R. Madhesh]]
| screenplay = R. Madhesh
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[My Boss]]''|[[Jeethu Joseph]]}}
| producer = Jeyabalan Jeyakumar [[Sharmiela Mandre]]
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Vimal (actor)|Vimal]]
*[[Shriya Saran]]
}}
| cinematography = R. B. Gurudev
| editing = Dinesh Ponraj
| music = [[Amresh Ganesh]]
| studio = Boss Production Corporation
| released = 
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Sandakkari''''' ({{translation|Fighter woman}}) is an Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 August 2019 |title=Vemal to act in a romantic comedy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vemal-to-act-in-a-romantic-comedy/articleshow/70587421.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213052704/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vemal-to-act-in-a-romantic-comedy/articleshow/70587421.cms |archive-date=13 February 2020 |access-date=3 February 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> written and directed by [[R. Madhesh]]. It is a remake of the 2012 film [[Malayalam]] film ''[[My Boss]]'', which itself is based on the American film ''[[The Proposal (2009 film)|The Proposal]]'' (2009).<ref name="Hollywood">{{Cite web |last=Prabhu |first=Mani |date=14 July 2019 |title=Sandakari My Boss, starring Vimal and Shriya Saran, in its final leg of shoot |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/Jul/14/sandakari-my-boss-starring-vimal-and-shriya-saran-in-its-final-leg-of-shoot-12946.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260203052505/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/Jul/14/sandakari-my-boss-starring-vimal-and-shriya-saran-in-its-final-leg-of-shoot-12946.html |archive-date=3 February 2026 |access-date=3 February 2026 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The film stars [[Vimal (actor)|Vimal]] and [[Shriya Saran]]. It was shot in 2019 but has yet to receive a theatrical release as of 2026. Despite that, it won three [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]], including [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film|Best Film (Third Prize)]].

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=February 2026}}

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Vimal (actor)|Vimal]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 May 2019 |title=Shriya teams up with Vemal for a film based on My Boss |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/shriya-teams-up-with-vemal-for-a-film-based-on-my-boss/articleshow/69408736.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522164543/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/shriya-teams-up-with-vemal-for-a-film-based-on-my-boss/articleshow/69408736.cms |archive-date=22 May 2019 |access-date=3 February 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Shriya Saran]] as Maya Azhagan<ref name="Trailer">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ttdUuu14p7c |title=Sandakari – Official Trailer {{!}} R.MADHESH {{!}} VEMAL {{!}} SHRIYA SARAN |date=14 January 2020 |language=en |publisher=Behindwoods TV |access-date=3 February 2026 |archive-url=https://preservetube.com/watch?v=ttdUuu14p7c |archive-date=6 April 2026 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>{{rp|1:38}}
*[[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]]<ref name="TOI">{{Cite web |date=13 July 2019 |title=Shooting of Sandakkari now happening in Kerala |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/shooting-of-sandakkari-now-happening-in-kerala/articleshow/70203636.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716124614/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/shooting-of-sandakkari-now-happening-in-kerala/articleshow/70203636.cms |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=2 February 2025 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Punnagai Poo Gheetha]]<ref name="Trailer" />
*[[Sathyan (Tamil actor)|Sathyan]]<ref name="TOI" />
*[[K. R. Vijaya]]<ref name="DC">{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=14 July 2019 |title=It is Shriya for Vemal in Sandakkari |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/140719/it-is-shriya-for-vemal-in-sandakkari.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818190155/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/140719/it-is-shriya-for-vemal-in-sandakkari.html |archive-date=18 August 2019 |access-date=3 February 2026 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Rekha Harris|Rekha]]<ref name="DC" />
*[[Dev Gill]]<ref name="Trailer" />
*[[Uma Padmanabhan]]<ref name="DC" />
*[[Crane Manohar]]<ref name="Trailer" />
*[[Mahanadi Shankar]]<ref name="TOI" />
*[[Vadivel Balaji]] as an auto driver<ref name="Trailer" />{{rp|1:24–1:29}}
}}

== Production ==
The film was initially titled ''Sandakkari, My Boss''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prabhu |first=Mani |date=15 July 2019 |title=Vimal's film with Shriya titled Sandakari My Boss |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/tamil/2019/Jul/14/vimals-film-with-shriya-titled-sandakari-my-boss-2003921.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260107202444/https://www.newindianexpress.com/tamil/2019/Jul/14/vimals-film-with-shriya-titled-sandakari-my-boss-2003921.html |archive-date=7 January 2026 |access-date=3 February 2026 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The first schedule of the film was shot in New York, Venice, and London.<ref name="TOI" /> The second schedule took place in Goa.<ref name="Hollywood" /> The film was being shot in Kerala as of 13 July 2019.<ref name="TOI" /> The last schedule took place in an erected house set 20 kilometers away from Kochi for around fifteen days from the end of July 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 August 2019 |title=Sandakari set washed away in Kerala rain |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sandakari-set-washed-away-in-kerala-rain/articleshow/70842191.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920075403/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sandakari-set-washed-away-in-kerala-rain/articleshow/70842191.cms |archive-date=20 September 2023 |access-date=3 February 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Amresh Ganesh]], and the lyrics were written by [[Kabilan (lyricist)|Kabilan]] and [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]].<ref name="TOI" /> The soundtrack features three songs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sandakkari |date=2020-01-22 |website=[[JioSaavn]] |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/sandakkari/HnVPAx3N2pw_ |access-date=2026-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117163601/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/sandakkari/HnVPAx3N2pw_ |archive-date=17 January 2023 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
In early 2026, the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] announced the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]] for films released between 2016 and 2022. ''Sandakkari'' won in three categories in the 2020 batch: [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film|Best Film (Third Prize)]], [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]] (Amresh Ganesh), and [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Art Director|Best Art Director]] (Ayyappan).<ref name="HT">{{Cite web |last=Nyayapati |first=Neeshita |date=31 January 2026 |title=Tamil Nadu State Film Awards 2016 to 2022 full list: Suriya, Dhanush, Sai Pallavi, win big in various categories |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/tamil-nadu-state-film-awards-2016-to-2022-full-list-suriya-dhanush-sai-pallavi-win-big-in-various-categories-101769835483875.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260203054731/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/tamil-nadu-state-film-awards-2016-to-2022-full-list-suriya-dhanush-sai-pallavi-win-big-in-various-categories-101769835483875.html |archive-date=3 February 2026 |access-date=3 February 2026 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref> This led to netizens questioning under what criteria it qualified since it had yet to receive a theatrical release.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 February 2026 |title=Unreleased Tamil film Sandakari wins 3 State awards, fans question selection |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/unreleased-tamil-film-sandakari-wins-three-state-awards-fans-question-selection-2861678-2026-02-02 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260222150232/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/unreleased-tamil-film-sandakari-wins-three-state-awards-fans-question-selection-2861678-2026-02-02 |archive-date=22 February 2026 |access-date=3 February 2026 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{R. Madhesh}}
{{Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film}}

[[Category:Films directed by R. Madhesh]]
[[Category:Films scored by Amresh Ganesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Goa]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kerala]]
[[Category:Films shot in London]]
[[Category:Films shot in New York (state)]]
[[Category:Films shot in Venice]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Malayalam films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Unreleased Tamil-language films]]

Baggu Ramanamurthy

2026-04-24T19:57:03Z

BonnieKoontz: added some data basic info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Baggu Ramanamurthy
| office1 = Member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 2024
| predecessor1 = [[Dharmana Krishna Das]]
| constituency1 = [[Narasannapeta Assembly constituency|Narasannapeta]]
| office2 = Member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency2 = [[Narasannapeta Assembly constituency|Narasannapeta]]
| predecessor2 = [[Dharmana Krishna Das]]
| successor2 = [[Dharmana Krishna Das]]
| term_start2 = 2014
| term_end2 = 2019
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| birth_date =
}}
'''Baggu Ramanamurthy''' is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Patnaik |first=K. M. P. |date=2024-05-11 |title=YSRC's Krishnadas has edge in Narasannapeta Assembly contest |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/andhra-pradesh/ysrcs-krishnadas-has-edge-in-narasannapeta-assembly-contest-893438 |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref> He is a member of [[Telugu Desam Party]]. He has been elected as the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] representing the [[Narasannapeta Assembly constituency]] in [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Narasannapeta, Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: TDP's Baggu Ramanamurthy wins Narasannapeta with 99951 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/narasannapeta-andhra-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-2548190-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Narasannapeta Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/narasannapeta-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916852.html |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramanamurthy, Baggu}}
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]

{{TDP-politician-stub}}

Patsamatla Dharmaraju

2026-04-24T13:12:39Z

BonnieKoontz: Made New Page First Draft

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Patsamatla Dharmaraju
| office = Member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2024
| predecessor = [[Puppala Srinivasa Rao]]
| constituency = [[Unguturu Assembly constituency|Unguturu]]
| party = [[Jana Sena Party]]
| birth_date =
}}
'''Patsamatla Dharmaraju''' is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He is a member of [[Jana Sena Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Ungutur, Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: JSP's Dharmaraju Patsamatla defeats YSRCP's Puppala Srinivasa Rao (Vasu Babu) with 44945 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/ungutur-andhra-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-2548254-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Dharmaraju was elected as the Member of the Legislative Assembly representing the [[Unguturu Assembly constituency]] in the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]s. He won the elections by a margin of 44945 votes defeating Puppala Srinivasa Rao Vasubabu of [[YSR Congress Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Unguturu Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/unguturu-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916799.html |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source= Unguturu Assembly constituency}}
{{#section-h:Unguturu Assembly constituency|2024}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patsamatla, Dharmaraju}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Jana Sena Party politicians]]

North East Delhi Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-24T02:45:49Z

BonnieKoontz: Made New Details With Sources

{{short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Delhi}}
{{Distinguish|North East Delhi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = North East Delhi {{Small|DL-2}}
| type = LS
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Manoj Tiwari.jpg
| mp = [[Manoj Tiwari (Delhi politician)|Manoj Tiwari]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Delhi/North East Delhi.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining North East Delhi Lok Sabha constituency
| assembly_cons = [[Burari (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Burari]] [[Timarpur (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Timarpur]] [[Seemapuri (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Seemapuri]] [[Rohtas Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Rohtas Nagar]] [[Seelampur (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Seelampur]] [[Ghonda (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Ghonda]] [[Babarpur (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Babarpur]] [[Gokalpur (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Gokalpur]] [[Mustafabad (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Mustafabad]] [[Karawal Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Karawal Nagar]]
| state =
| union_territory = [[Delhi]]
}}
[[File:Delhi Lok Sabha election result 2019.png|alt=|thumb|Political Map of Delhi (National Capital Territory of Delhi) showing Parliamentary constituencies as of 2024 elections.]]

'''North East Delhi Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 7 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[National Capital Territory]] of [[Delhi]]. This constituency came into existence in 2008 as a part of the implementation of the recommendations of the Delimitation Commission of India constituted in 2002. This LS constituency is dominated by migrants from UP and Bihar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsclick.in/Elections-2019-North-East-Delhi-BJP-AAP-Congress-Manoj-Tiwari-Sheila-Dikshit-Dilip-Pandey|title=Elections 2019: Tight Triangular Contest in Purvanchali-Dominated North East Delhi|date=2019-05-11|website=NewsClick|language=en|access-date=2019-05-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsclick.in/Elections-2019-North-East-Delhi-BJP-AAP-Congress-Manoj-Tiwari-Sheila-Dikshit-Dilip-Pandey|title=Elections 2019: Tight Triangular Contest in Purvanchali-Dominated North East Delhi|date=11 May 2019|website=NewsClick}}</ref>

==Assembly segments==
At present, North East Delhi Lok Sabha constituency comprises the following 10 [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Name
!District
!Member
!colspan=2| Party
! colspan="2" |Leading
{{small|(in 2024)}}
|-
|2
|[[Burari (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Burari]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Central Delhi]]
| [[Sanjeev Jha]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 3
|[[Timarpur (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Timarpur]]
|Surya Khatri
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|63
|[[Seemapuri (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Seemapuri]] (SC)
| rowspan="2" |[[Shahdara district|Shahdara]]
| [[Veer Singh Dhingan]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|64
|[[Rohtas Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Rohtas Nagar]]
|[[Jitender Mahajan]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|65
|[[Seelampur (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Seelampur]]
| rowspan="2" |[[North East Delhi]]
| [[Abdul Rehman (MLA Delhi)|Abdul Rehman]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|66
|[[Ghonda (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Ghonda]]
|[[Ajay Mahawar]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|67
|[[Babarpur (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Babarpur]]
|[[Shahdara district|Shahdara]]
| [[Gopal Rai]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party|rowspan=2}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|68
|[[Gokalpur (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Gokalpur]] (SC)
| rowspan="3" |[[North East Delhi]]
|Surendra Kumar
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|69
|[[Mustafabad (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Mustafabad]]
|[[Mohan Singh Bisht]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|70
|[[Karawal Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Karawal Nagar]]
|[[Kapil Mishra]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
The '''North-East Delhi''' Lok Sabha constituency was created in 2009. The list of Member of Parliament (MP) is as follows:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year!!Member
!colspan="2" |Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Center|''Till 2009 : Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
| [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
| [[Jai Prakash Agarwal]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Manoj Tiwari (Delhi politician)|Manoj Tiwari]]
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|-
|}

==Election results==

=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[North East Delhi]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Manoj Tiwari (Delhi politician)|Manoj Tiwari]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=824,451|percentage=53.10|change={{decrease}}0.80}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Kanhaiya Kumar]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=685,673|percentage=44.16|change={{increase}}15.31}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=5,873|percentage=0.38|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=1,38,778|percentage=8.94|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=15,53,679|percentage=63.04|change={{decrease}}0.82}}
{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Bharatiya Janata Party|swing={{formatnum: }}}}
{{Election box end}}
{{notelist}}

=== [[17th Lok Sabha]] ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[North East Delhi]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 11, 2019 |title=Constituency wise detailed result |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/10929-33constituency-wise-detailed-result/ |website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Manoj Tiwari (Delhi politician)|Manoj Tiwari]]
|votes = 7,87,799
|percentage = 53.90
|change = {{increase}}10.67
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Sheila Dikshit]]|votes=421,697|percentage=28.85|change={{increase}}12.55}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=[[Dilip Pandey]]|votes=1,90,856|percentage=13.06|change={{decrease}}21.24}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Rajveer Singh|votes=37,831|percentage=2.59|change={{decrease}}0.02}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=4,589|percentage=0.31|change=+0.02}}
{{Election box majority||votes=3,66,102|percentage=25.05|change=14.12}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=14,62,767|percentage=63.86|change=-3.43}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===[[16th Lok Sabha|16th Lok Sabha: 2014 General Elections]]===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[North East Delhi]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseU052.htm?ac=2|title=Constituencywise-All Candidates|publisher=ECI|accessdate=23 May 2014|archive-date=23 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523230253/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseU052.htm?ac=2|url-status=dead}}</ref> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Manoj Tiwari (Delhi politician)|Manoj Tiwari]]
|votes = 5,96,125
|percentage = 45.23
|change = +11.52
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=[[Anand Kumar (sociologist)|Prof. Anand Kumar]]|votes=452,041|percentage=34.30|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Jai Prakash Agarwal]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=2,14,792|percentage=16.30|change=-42.73}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Abdul Sami Salmani|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=28,135|percentage=2.13|change=-2.89}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the Above]]|party=None of the above|votes=3,824|percentage=0.29|change=''N/A''}}

{{Election box majority||votes=1,44,084|percentage=10.93|change=-14.39}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=13,17,338|percentage=67.29|change=+14.94}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = +11.54
}}
{{Election box end}}

===[[15th Lok Sabha|15th Lok Sabha: 2009 General Elections]]===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[North East Delhi]]<ref name=" Election Results 2009 ">{{cite news | title= Election Results 2009|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] | accessdate=6 May 2014 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Jai Prakash Agarwal]]
|votes = 518,191
|percentage = 59.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Baikunth Lal Sharma|B. L. Sharma (Prem)]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=295,948|percentage=33.71|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Haji Dilshad Ali|votes=44,111|percentage=5.02|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=2,22,243|percentage=25.32|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=8,77,904|percentage=52.35|change=}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Delhi Sadar (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
* [[List of former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of National Capital Territory}}

{{coord|28.7090|N|77.2750|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:North East Delhi (Lok Sabha Constituency)}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Delhi]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies established in 2008]]

Manoj Singh Kushwaha

2026-04-20T01:59:55Z

BonnieKoontz: stub!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Manoj Singh Kushwaha
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| constituency = [[Kurhani Assembly constituency|Kurhani]]
| office = Member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2022/11/12/cal14-bh-bypoll-grand-alliance-candidate.html|title=Grand Alliance to field JD U leader Manoj Kushwaha for Kurhani by-poll in Bihar|website=The Week|accessdate=3 December 2022|archive-date=3 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203173559/https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2022/11/12/cal14-bh-bypoll-grand-alliance-candidate.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| term_start = 2005
| term_end = 2015
| predecessor =
| successor =
| party = [[File:Janata Dal (United) Flag.svg|20px]] [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| alma_mater =
| father =
| mother =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
| other_party =
| spouse =
| children =
}}
'''Manoj Singh Kushwaha''' is a former minister of [[Bihar]]. Kushwaha was the Minor Water Resources minister in the [[Jitan Ram Manjhi]] cabinet in 2014–15. He contested from the [[Kurhani Assembly constituency]] in February 2005, November 2005 and 2010 legislative assembly elections, and was victorious.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/bihar-former-minister-manoj-kushwaha-named-jdu-candidate-for-kurhani-assembly-byelection/articleshow/95477295.cms|title=Bihar: Former minister Manoj Kushwaha named JD(U) candidate for Kurhani assembly byelection|editor=Madan Kumar|website=Times of India|date=12 November 2022 |accessdate=3 December 2022|archive-date=3 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203165427/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/bihar-former-minister-manoj-kushwaha-named-jdu-candidate-for-kurhani-assembly-byelection/articleshow/95477295.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=ABP>{{cite web|url=https://www.abplive.com/states/bihar/bihar-up-chunav-2022-jdu-candidate-manoj-kushwaha-will-fight-from-kurhani-vidhan-sabha-seat-by-election-by-polls-ann-2257741|title=बिहार की कुढ़नी विधानसभा सीट पर महागठबंधन से RJD नहीं जेडीयू ने उतारा प्रत्याशी, इस नाम पर लगी मुहर|website=ABP Live|date=12 November 2022 |accessdate=3 December 2022|archive-date=3 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203165808/https://www.abplive.com/states/bihar/bihar-up-chunav-2022-jdu-candidate-manoj-kushwaha-will-fight-from-kurhani-vidhan-sabha-seat-by-election-by-polls-ann-2257741|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/india/grand-alliance-to-field-jdu-leader-manoj-kushwaha-for-kurhani-by-poll-in-bihar/1213143/|title=Grand Alliance to field JD(U) leader Manoj Kushwaha for Kurhani by-poll in Bihar|website=The Print|date=12 November 2022 |accessdate=3 December 2022|archive-date=3 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203172536/https://theprint.in/india/grand-alliance-to-field-jdu-leader-manoj-kushwaha-for-kurhani-by-poll-in-bihar/1213143/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Political career==
Kushwaha is a senior leader of [[Janata Dal (United)]] and he was member of legislative assembly for 10 years continuously from 2005 to 2015 on the ticket of JDU. In 2015 legislative assembly elections to Bihar Assembly, the alliance of JDU and [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] made him their candidate from the Kurhani constituency, but he was defeated by his rival candidate from the [[Bhartiya Janata Party]], Kedar Prasad Gupta.<ref name=ABP/>

In 2020, when [[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]] once again changed its alliance and came together with [[Bhartiya Janata Party]] once again, against its former ally Rashtriya Janata Dal, Kushwaha was not the preferred choice for the candidature of the alliance from the Kurhani assembly. The Kurhani seat, from which he contested earlier in 2005 and 2010 was allotted to the Bhartiya Janata Party and JDU made him its candidate from the [[Minapur Assembly constituency]]. He refused to contest from Minapur Assembly Constituency. In December 2022, after the cancellation of Legislative Assembly membership of RJD MLA Anil Sahni on certain grounds, from the Kurhani Constituency, the bypolls were conducted and Kushwaha was made the candidate by the Mahagathbandan (the newly formed alliance of JDU under [[Nitish Kumar]] and RJD under [[Tejashwi Yadav]]).<ref name=ABP/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/bihar/jdu-leader-manoj-kushwaha-will-be-candidate-in-mahagathbandhan-by-election-to-be-held-on-kurhani-assembly-seat|title=Bihar Bypoll: कुरहनी उपचुनाव में जदयू के मनोज कुशवाहा होंगे महागठबंधन प्रत्याशी, भाजपा की घोषणा का इंतजार|website=Amar Ujala|accessdate=3 December 2022|archive-date=3 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203172223/https://www.amarujala.com/bihar/jdu-leader-manoj-kushwaha-will-be-candidate-in-mahagathbandhan-by-election-to-be-held-on-kurhani-assembly-seat|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/patna-news/kurhani-assembly-by-poll-ga-names-ex-jd-u-mla-as-joint-candidate-bjp-yet-to-decide-101668271963767.html|title=Kurhani assembly by-poll: GA names ex-JD(U) MLA as joint candidate, BJP yet to decide|website=Hindustan Times|accessdate=3 December 2022|archive-date=3 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203103644/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/patna-news/kurhani-assembly-by-poll-ga-names-ex-jd-u-mla-as-joint-candidate-bjp-yet-to-decide-101668271963767.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/both-nitish-tejashwi-will-campaign-for-jd-u-candidate-in-kurhani-by-poll-bihar-jd-u-chief-122111900256_1.html|title=Both Nitish & Tejashwi will campaign in Kurhani by-poll: Bihar JD(U) Chief|website=Business Standard|accessdate=3 December 2022|archive-date=3 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203173022/https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/both-nitish-tejashwi-will-campaign-for-jd-u-candidate-in-kurhani-by-poll-bihar-jd-u-chief-122111900256_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Ajit Kushwaha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Janata Dal (United) politicians]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2005–2010]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2010–2015]]
[[Category:People from Muzaffarpur district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Bihar]]

Masroor Abbas Ansari

2026-04-19T06:12:05Z

BonnieKoontz:

{{short description|Kashmiri religious leader(born 1975)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| religion = [[Islam]]
| era = [[Modern era]]
| honorific-prefix = Quaid-e-Itthad [[Maulana]] [[Allama]]
| name = Masroor Abbas Ansari
| native_name = مسرور عباس انصاری
| background = #ABE9CC
| honorific-suffix =
| image = 2024 Meeting of members, Srinagar.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| office1 = Chairman of [[Jammu and Kashmir Ittihadul Muslimeen]]
| term_start1 = 27 October 2022
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Mohammad Abbas Ansari]]
| successor1 =
| birth_name = Masroor Abbas Ansari
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1971|12|05|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| denomination = [[Usuli]]
| alma_mater = Ganghi College, Srinagar [[Kashmir University]] 
[[Houza Ilmia Qom]], Iran
| occupation = Religious Shia scholar and moderate separatist leader
| father = Mohammad Abbas Ansari
| children = 2 sons
| party = Jammu and Kashmir Ittihadul Muslimeen
| region = [[Kashmir]]
| post = [[Cleric]] [[Jurist]] Shia Muslim leader
| sect = [[Pan Islamic Unity]] in Jammu and Kashmir
| known_for =
| Maddhab = [[Ja'fari jurisprudence|Ja`fari]]
| school_tradition =
| school = [[Twelver Shia]]
| main_interests = [[Islamic]] philosophy, [[Quran]]ic [[Tafsir|exegesis]], [[mantiq]], logic, [[tawhid]], [[Kashf al-Asrar]], [[tahrir al-wasilah]], [[Islamic Government: Governance of the Jurist|Islamic government]], [[Principles of Islamic jurisprudence|uṣūl al-fiqh]], [[nahj al-balagha]]
| notable_ideas =
| profession = [[Khatib|Khateeb]] and [[Imam of Friday Prayer]] of Majid Sajjadia Chattabal, Srinagar
| alias =
| relatives = [[Mustafa Hussain Ansari]] (uncle) [[Sajjad Haider|Sajjad Haider Ansari]] (cousin)
| location = Srinagar
| title = [[Maulana]] [[Allama]] [[Hujjat al-Islam|Hujjat-ul-Islam Wal Muslimeen]]
| period = 2015 – present
| works =
| influences = [[Muhammad Iqbal]] [[Ruhollah Khomeini]] [[Ali Khamenei]] [[Ali al-Sistani]] [[Syed Jawad Naqvi]]
| website = {{url|ittihadul.tripod.com}}
}}

'''[[Maulana]] Masroor Abbas Ansari''' is Kashmiri [[Twelver]] [[Shia]] scholar. He is also a [[cleric]], preacher, activist, theologian, religious and political leader in Indian-administered [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Senior Pro-Independence Leader and President Itehadul Muslim J&K Moulana Masroor Abbas Ansari lead a rally at Chattabal Srinagar on Youm al Quds to express solidarity with the people of Palestine and other oppressed nations |url=https://wilayattimes.com/senior-pro-independence-leader-and-president-itehadul-muslim-jk-moulana-masroor-abbas-ansari-lead-a-rally-on-youm-al-quds-to-express-solidarity-with-the-people-of-palestine-and-other-oppressed-natio/ |website=wilayattimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Supporters of Masroor Abbas Ansari |url=https://www.shutterstock.com/editorial/image-editorial/7939710di |website=[[Shutterstock]]}}</ref> He is the Chairman of [[Jammu and Kashmir Ittihadul Muslimeen]] (JKIM), a [[Kashmiri nationalism|Kashmiri nationalist]] Shia political party that aims for [[Shia–Sunni relations|Shi'a–Sunni unity]] in Kashmir and is also a religious organization that conducts the [[Grand Ashura Procession In Kashmir|Grand Ashura Procession in Kashmir]].<ref>{{cite web |date=30 January 2023 |title=Masroor Abbas Ansari hailed for promoting Muslim unity in IIOJK |url=https://www.kmsnews.org/kms/2023/01/30/masroor-abbas-ansari-hailed-for-promoting-muslim-unity-in-iiojk.html |website=kmsnews.org |access-date=7 July 2023 |archive-date=8 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708183726/https://www.kmsnews.org/kms/2023/01/30/masroor-abbas-ansari-hailed-for-promoting-muslim-unity-in-iiojk.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kashmiri Famous Shia Personalities, Important Shia Personalities |url=http://www.imamhussainresearch.com/personalities.php |website=Imam Hussain Research Centre}}</ref> He is a senior leader of the separatist [[All Parties Hurriyat Conference]]. He is also one of the founder leaders of Majlis Ulema Immamia.<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 August 2015 |title=Hurriyat: Its History, Role, and Relevance |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/hurriyat-its-history-role-and-relevance/ |access-date=13 May 2017 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 September 2016 |title=Masroor Abbas condemns the killing spree |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/kashmir/masroor-abbas-condemns-killing-spree/ |website=[[Greater Kashmir]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2019 |title=Security of all 18 Hurriyat leaders, 155 politicians withdrawn |url=http://excelsiornews.com/security-of-all-18-hurriyat-leaders-155-politicians-withdrawn/ |website=[[Daily Excelsior]] |access-date=23 May 2023 |archive-date=25 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525082540/https://excelsiornews.com/security-of-all-18-hurriyat-leaders-155-politicians-withdrawn/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> He succeeded his father [[Mohammad Abbas Ansari]] after his death.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 November 2020 |title=Maulana Abbas Ansari Bereaved |url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2020/11/24/maulana-abbas-ansari-bereaved/ |website=[[Kashmir Observer]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Former Hurriyat chairman Maulana Abbas Ansari passes away |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/former-hurriyat-chairman-maulana-abbas-ansari-passes-away/cid/1894182 |website=[[Telegraph India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=25 October 2022 |title=Hurriyat 'dove' Maulana Abbas Ansari passes away |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/hurriyat-dove-maulana-abbas-ansari-passes-away-1156680.html |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=28 October 2022 |title=Thousands Attend the Fateha Ceremony of Maulana Abbas Ansari |url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2022/10/28/thousands-attend-fateha-ceremony-of-maulana-abbas-ansari/ |website=[[Kashmir Observer]]}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web |date=9 July 2023 |title=Shia leader, others arrested from Srinagar hotel; police say 'attempt to revive JKLF & Hurriyat' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2023/Jul/09/shia-leader-others-arrested-from-srinagar-hotel-police-sayattempt-to-revive-jklf--hurriyat-2593100.html |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=9 July 2023 |title=Moulana Masroor Ansari detained along with others, claims the party |url=https://thekashmiriyat.co.uk/moulana-masroor-ansari-detained-along-with-others-claims-party/ |website=thekashmiriyat.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=9 July 2023 |title=Indian police arrest APHC leader Maulana Masroor Abbas in Srinagar |url=https://www.kmsnews.org/kms/2023/07/09/indian-police-arrest-aphc-leader-maulana-masroor-abbas-in-srinagar.html |website=kmsnews.org |access-date=11 July 2023 |archive-date=13 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713041241/https://www.kmsnews.org/kms/2023/07/09/indian-police-arrest-aphc-leader-maulana-masroor-abbas-in-srinagar.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Ansari was born on 5 March 1971, in [[Downtown, Srinagar|Downtown Srinagar]].<ref name="Indian_Express">{{cite news |date=23 May 2002 |title=Hurriyat: A crowded house, a divided house |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/oldStory/3160/ |accessdate=2009-07-02 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> He graduated from [[Sri Pratap College]] in Srinagar and then went to [[University of Kashmir]]. Later, he traveled to Iran to study at the [[Qom Seminary]].<ref name=Indian_Express/>

== Career ==
After 14 years of study in Iran, Ansari returned to Kashmir in 2004 and started his religio-political activities. Soon he was elected the president of JKIM. He was the Sub Editor of the monthly [[Urdu]] magazine ''Safina'', which was published from [[Karan Nagar]], Srinagar. He is a senior leader of [[All Parties Hurriyat Conference]]. He has been detained many times over the [[Kashmir conflict]]. On 9 July 2023, he was detained again.<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{cite web |date=31 August 2020 |title=Masroor Abbas Released from House Detention |url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2020/08/31/masroor-abbas-released-from-house-detention/ |website=[[Kashmir Observer]]}}</ref>

Ansari, said that the police action against peaceful mourners on and before [[Ashura]] in 2022 is reprehensible and that the government's assertion of taking action during the pandemic is false, as participants were following all SOPs.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2016 |title=Molvi Masroor Abbas Ansari has condemned the excessive use of PAVA in Downtown localities in Srinagar |url=http://www.kashmirnewsobserver.com/jammu-and-kashmir/molvi-masroor-abbas-ansari-has-condemned-the-excessive-use-of-pava-in-downtown-localities-in-srinagar-kno-1324 |website=Kashmir News Observer}}</ref>

===Educational upliftment===
Masroor Abbas worked for the upliftment of the educational level of Shia community in the [[Kashmir Valley]]. In the initial stages when he returned to Kashmir, Masroor organized different classes to teach different subjects especially ethics in modest rooms at different places, the impact of his words was immense, as he imparted the teachings of the Islamic religion to these eager minds. Additionally, he selflessly collaborated with other Islamic organizations to further advance their shared goals in this noble endeavor. Maulana Masroor in his [[Friday prayer]] sermons mostly stressed on education and in his lectures, he shed light on how important education is for the successful society. Maulana Masroor organized and participated into number of educational conferences and seminars to propagate the values of education. He also participated in educational conferences of different colleges as representative of Shia community. Masroor has emphasised the teaching of [[kalam]].

He is also one of the founders of Majlis Ulema Immamia, an amalgam of all Shia clerics of Jammu and Kashmir.

==Politics==
{{See also|Kashmir conflict|Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir}}

=== 2016 ===
[[All Parties Hurriyat Conference]] leaders [[Mirwaiz Umar Farooq]], Ansari and [[Syed Ali Shah Geelani]] were arrested after they tried to lead a march towards [[Eidgah Assembly constituency|Eidgah]] in Srinagar. Thousands of people protested against their arrest.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raafi |first=Muhammad |date=2016-08-26 |title=#Day49: Mirwaiz Umar, Masroor Abbas Detained |url=https://kashmirlife.net/day49-mirwaiz-umar-masroor-abbas-detained-115922/ |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=[[Kashmir Life]]}}</ref>

===2018===
On 15 October 2018, a day after Ansari was again detained by the police during local elections, thousands of Shias from Mirgund, Rambail, Matipora and its adjoining areas staged a protest while blocking the [[Srinagar–Muzaffarabad Bus|Srinagar Muzaffarbad Highway]] at Mirgund Pattan on Sunday.

===2019===
{{Main|2019–2021 Jammu and Kashmir lockdown}}

Ansari, [[Abdul Gani Bhat]] and Bilal Lone were denied permission to meet Hurriyat chairman Mirwaiz Umar Farooq, after he had been detained under house arrest following the [[Revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir|abrogation of Article 370]] on 5 August 2019 at his [[Nigeen Lake|Nigeen]] residence.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wani |first=Fayaz |date=2021-07-29 |title=Hurriyat demands release of Mirwaiz, alleges no one allowed to meet him |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/Jul/29/hurriyat-demands-release-of-mirwaiz-alleges-no-one-allowed-to-meet-him-2337317.html |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

In September 2019, Molana Masroor Abbas was also put under house arrest on Ashura. Thousands of his followers protested against the detention. [[Jammu and Kashmir Police]] would later release Ansari in August 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-31 |title=Masroor Abbas Released From House Detention |url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2020/08/31/masroor-abbas-released-from-house-detention/ |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=[[Kashmir Observer]]}}</ref>

===2023===
Ansari hailed the decision of [[Lieutenant Governor of Jammu and Kashmir]] [[Manoj Sinha]]<ref>{{cite web |date=27 July 2023 |title=Historic 8th Muharram Procession Takes Place in Kashmir Valley After 34 Years |url=https://thechenabtimes.com/2023/07/27/historic-8th-muharram-procession-takes-place-in-kashmir-valley-after-34-years/ |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=The Chenab Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |date=27 July 2023 |title=Muharram Procession Held First Time After 34 Years in Srinagar: LG Manoj Sinha |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/muharram-procession-held-first-time-after-34-years-in-srinagar-lg-manoj-sinha/ |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[Daily Excelsior]]}}</ref> to lift the 34 year old ban on [[Muharram in Kashmir|Muharram 8th procession]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-27 |title=After 3 decades, J&K allows Muharram procession |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/srinagar/after-3-decades-jk-allows-muharram-procession-8862262/ |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-27 |title=Muharram 2023 {{!}} Shia Muslims Carry Out Muharram Procession in Srinagar, Permission After 3 Decades |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/videos/times-now/india/muharram-2023-shia-muslims-carry-out-muharram-procession-in-srinagar-permission-after-3-decades-video-102154498 |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=[[Times Now]]}}</ref>

On 9th Muharram, he urged the authorities to release all religious leaders, lift the ban on the traditional Ashura processions and allow Friday prayers at Srinagar's historic [[Jamia Masjid, Srinagar|Jamia Masjid]] without any hindrance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-28 |title=Masroor Credits Those Who Fought For 8th Muharram Route |url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2023/07/28/masroor-credits-those-who-fought-for-8th-muharram-route/ |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=[[Kashmir Observer]]}}</ref> In 2023, Ashura processions in Kashmir were held in Srinigar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hassan |first=Tahir |date=2024-07-15 |title=Molana Masroor Abbas Ansari exclusive speaking to JK News Today in Srinagar |url=https://jknewstoday.com/molana-masroor-abbas-ansari-exclusive-speaking-to-jk-news-today-in-srinagar/ |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=JK News Today |language=en-US}}</ref>

Several JKIM leaders were expelled from the party by Ansari after they joined the [[Jammu and Kashmir Apni Party]] led by [[Altaf Bukhari]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Peerzada |first=Ashiq |date=2023-09-12 |title=J&K Apni Party in talks with Hurriyat leaders to join party: sources |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/jk-apni-party-in-talks-with-hurriyat-leaders-to-join-party-sources/article67299453.ece/ |access-date=2024-09-11 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Apni Party appoints former separatist leader as vice president |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/jammu-and-kashmir/apni-party-appoints-former-separatist-leader-as-vice-president-2683414 |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=[[Deccan Herald]] |language=en}}</ref>

===2025===
In 2025, the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] under [[Amit Shah]] declared two Jammu and Kashmir-based separatist political parties -- [[Awami Action Committee]] headed by Hurriyat chairman Mirwaiz Umar Farooq and JKIM headed by Ansari -- as unlawful associations and banned them for promoting the [[insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref> [https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/j-k/centre-bans-mirwaizs-awami-action-committee-jk-ittihadul-muslimeen-for-five-years/amp Centre bans Mirwaiz's Awami Action Committee, JK Ittihadul Muslimeen for five years]. [[Tribune India|''Tribune India'']].</ref><ref>[https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/jammu-and-kashmir/srinagar/amit-shah-bans-mirwaiz-umar-farooq-aac-and-masroor-abbas-ansari-jkim-in-jk/articleshow/118913085.cms Amit Shah bans Mirwaiz Umar Farooq's AAC and Masroor Abbas Ansari's JKIM in JK]. [[Navbharat Times|''Navbharat Times'']].</ref><ref>[https://www.news18.com/india/centre-bans-awami-action-committee-j-k-ittihadul-muslimeen-for-5-years-9258199.html Centre bans Awami Action Committee, JK Ittihadul Muslimeen for 5 years]. [[News18.com]].</ref><ref>[https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2025/03/11/jk-centre-bans-mirwaizs-aac-masroor-abass-ansaris-jkim-under-uapa.html JK: Centre bans Mirwaiz's AAC, Masroor Abass Ansari's JKIM under UAPA]. [[The Week (Indian magazine)|''The Week'']]. 11 March 2025.</ref><ref>[https://www.asianage.com/nation/mha-bans-2-jk-organisations-for-5-years-1866332 MHA bans 2 JK organisations for 5 years]. [[The Asian Age|''The Asian Age'']].</ref>

==See also==
* [[Mohammad Abbas Ansari]]
* [[Mustafa Hussain Ansari]]
* [[Ghulam Rasool Noori]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://ittihadul.tripod.com/ Lectures and speeches of Maulana Masroor Abbas Ansari]

[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir Ittihadul Muslimeen politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Indian Shia clerics]]
[[Category:Kashmiri Muslims]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Politicians from Srinagar]]
[[Category:Kashmiri independence activists]]
[[Category:University of Kashmir alumni]]
[[Category:Qom Seminary alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:Activists from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Twelvers]]
[[Category:Kashmiri Islamists]]
[[Category:Indian imams]]
[[Category:Muslim scholars of Islamic jurisprudence]]
[[Category:Writers from Srinagar]]

Obra, Bihar Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:31:23Z

BonnieKoontz: Made New Post And Citations

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Obra
|type= SLA
| map_image = 220-Obra, Bihar constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|mla = [[Prakash Chandra]]
|party ={{Party index link|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}} 
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]] 
|region =
|state = [[Bihar]]
|district = [[Aurangabad district, Bihar|Aurangabad]]
|division = [[Magadh division]]
| loksabha_cons =
|constituency_no = 220
|established = 1951
| electors = 319,915
|abolished = 
}}
'''Obra Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Aurangabad District, Bihar|Aurangabad district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]]. It comes under [[Karakat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karakat]] Lok Sabha constituency. Obra Vidhan Sabha consists of two blocks of Aurangabad district viz. [[Daudnagar]] and [[Obra, Bihar|Obra]].

As per the estimates of the 2011 census, out of a total 432861 population, 84.49% is rural and 15.51% is urban population. The
Scheduled castes (SC) and Scheduled tribes (ST) ratio is 22.05 and 0.04, respectively out of total population. As per the voter list of 2019,
there are 305747 electorates and 336 polling stations in this constituency. Voter turnout was 48.8% in 2019 Lok Sabha elections and 55.06% in 2020 Bihar assembly election.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web |title=Obra Election and Results 2020, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/obra.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Padarath Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Socialist Party (India)}}
|-
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Dilkeshwar Ram
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Raghuvansh Kumar Singh
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Padarath Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Narain Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|[[Ram Vilas Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|[[Virendra Prasad Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|rowspan="2" |[[Ram Vilas Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Lokdal}}
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|rowspan="2" |[[Raja Ram Singh Kushwaha]]
|rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation}}" |
|rowspan="2" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation]]
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|rowspan="2" |[[Satyanarayan Singh Yadav|Satayanarayan Yadav]]
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|Somprakash Singh
|{{Party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|[[Birendra Kumar Sinha|Birendra Yadav]]
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|[[Rishi Kumar]]
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]<ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Obra">{{cite news |title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Obra|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04220.htm|accessdate=28 November 2025|work=|publisher=Election Commission of India|date=14 November 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251128165941/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04220.htm|archivedate=28 November 2025|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Obra Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025">{{cite news |title=Obra Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/obra|accessdate=28 November 2025|publisher=The Times of India|date=14 November 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251128165942/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/obra|archivedate=28 November 2025|language=en}}</ref>
|[[Prakash Chandra]]
|{{Full party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)|dab=yes}}
|}

== Assembly Elections 2020 ==
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2020]]: Obra<ref name="election2020"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Rashtriya Janata Dal|candidate=[[Rishi Singh Yadav|Rishi Yadav]]|votes=63,662|percentage=36.24|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Lok Janshakti Party|candidate=Prakash Chandra|votes=40,994|percentage=23.34|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Janata Dal (United)|candidate=Sunil Kumar|votes=25,234|percentage=14.36|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Rashtriya Lok Samta Party|candidate=Ajay Kumar|votes=19,879|percentage=11.32|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Pramod Singh Chandravanshi|votes=7,736|percentage=4.4|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)|candidate=Sujeet Kumar|votes=4,066|percentage=2.31|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=3,793|percentage=2.16|change=}}

{{Election box majority||votes=22,668|percentage=12.9|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=175,665|percentage=55.06|change=|Winner=Rishi Kumar}}
{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Rashtriya Janata Dal|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

== Results ==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Obra<ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Obra"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)
|candidate = [[Prakash Chandra]]
|votes = {{formatnum:91638}}
|percentage = 44.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Rashtriya Janata Dal|candidate=[[Rishi Kumar]]|votes={{formatnum:79625}}|percentage=38.95|change=+2.71}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Sanjay Kumar|votes={{formatnum:7896}}|percentage=3.86|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Md Taufique Alam|votes={{formatnum:4566}}|percentage=2.23|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Suheldev Bhartiya Samaj Party|candidate=Uday Narayan Rajbhar|votes={{formatnum:3968}}|percentage=1.94|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Jan Suraaj Party|candidate=Sudhir Kumar Sharma|votes={{formatnum:3779}}|percentage=1.85|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Ram Raj Yadav|votes={{formatnum:2820}}|percentage=1.38|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|votes={{formatnum:919}}|percentage=0.45|change=-1.71}}
{{Election box majority|votes={{formatnum:12013}}|percentage=5.88|change=-7.02}}
{{Election box turnout|votes={{formatnum:204422}}|percentage=63.9|change=+8.68}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)
|loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Obra<ref name="election2020"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Rishi Kumar]]
|votes = {{formatnum:63662}}
|percentage = 36.24
|change = +1.38
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Lok Janshakti Party|candidate=[[Prakash Chandra]]|votes={{formatnum:40994}}|percentage=23.34|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Janata Dal (United)|candidate=Sunil Kumar|votes={{formatnum:25234}}|percentage=14.36|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Rashtriya Lok Samta Party|candidate=Ajay Kumar|votes={{formatnum:19879}}|percentage=11.32|change=-16.45}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Pramod Singh Chandravanshi|votes={{formatnum:7736}}|percentage=4.4|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Swaraj Party (Loktantrik)|candidate=Som Prakash|votes={{formatnum:7035}}|percentage=4.0|change=-2.29}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)|candidate=Sujeet Kumar|votes={{formatnum:4066}}|percentage=2.31|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|votes={{formatnum:3793}}|percentage=2.16|change=+0.42}}
{{Election box majority|votes={{formatnum:22668}}|percentage=12.9|change=+5.81}}
{{Election box turnout|votes={{formatnum:175665}}|percentage=55.22|change=+0.1}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Obra<ref name="Obra Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = Birendra Kumar Sinha
|votes = {{formatnum:56042}}
|percentage = 34.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Samta Party
|candidate = Chandra Bhushan Verma
|votes = {{formatnum:44646}}
|percentage = 27.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Raja Ram Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:22801}}
|percentage = 14.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Swaraj Party (Loktantrik)
|candidate = Som Prakash
|votes = {{formatnum:10114}}
|percentage = 6.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ram Autar Chaudhari
|votes = {{formatnum:6561}}
|percentage = 4.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = Abhimanyu Sharma
|votes = {{formatnum:3720}}
|percentage = 2.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Richa Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:1868}}
|percentage = 1.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Brinda Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:1828}}
|percentage = 1.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Neelam Kumari
|votes = {{formatnum:1798}}
|percentage = 1.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Akhil Hind Forward Bloc (Krantikari)
|candidate = Shailesh Kumar Chandravanshi
|votes = {{formatnum:1691}}
|percentage = 1.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Akhilesh Sharma
|votes = {{formatnum:1487}}
|percentage = 0.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2795}}
|percentage = 1.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:11396}}
|percentage = 7.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:160747}}
|percentage = 55.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{coord|24.89|84.37|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Aurangabad district, Bihar]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bihar]]

Shelly Kishore

2026-04-09T19:44:43Z

BonnieKoontz: Starting

{{Short description|Indian actress (born 1983)}}
{{BLP sources|date=January 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shelly Kishore
| image = Indian Actress Shelly Kishore, at the 44th India International Film Festival of India (IFFI-2013), in Panaji, Goa on November 27, 2013. (sq cropped).jpg
| caption = Kishore in 2013
| birth_name = Shelly Nabu Kumar
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Dubai]], United Arab Emirates
| othername = 
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2006–present
| parents = 
| spouse = 
| children = 
}}

'''Shelly Kishore''' is an Indian actress who works in Malayalam and Tamil films and television. She is known for her roles in ''[[Kumkumapoovu]]'', ''[[Thanga Meenkal]]'' and ''[[Minnal Murali]]''. She received a [[Kerala state television award for best actress]] in 2006.

== Early life ==
Shelly's father, J. Nabu Kumar, works a civil engineer in [[Dubai]], United Arab Emirates. Her mother Sheela is a homemaker. She has an elder brother and a sister. Shelly's brother is married and lives in the US. Her sister, Shibily earns as a teacher.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ukmalayalee.com/latest-news/news.php?id=MjgxNQ== |title=Latest News – Shelly is shy on screen but bold in real life |website=www.ukmalayalee.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930083104/http://www.ukmalayalee.com/latest-news/news.php?id=MjgxNQ== |archive-date=30 September 2018}}</ref>

Shelly studied in [[Muscat]] and in [[New Indian Model School|New Indian Model School, Dubai]]. She has a diploma in mass media and communication from Singapore and another diploma in sociology. Shelly did her Post Graduation in E-Governance.

==Career==

Shelly Kishore received the [[Government of Kerala]]'s award for the best actress in 2006 for her role in the serial ''Thaniye'', telecasted in [[Amrita TV]]. Shelly's first [[Malayalam]] movie was ''[[Kerala Cafe]]'', directed by [[Shankar Ramakrishnan]]. Shelly's first Tamil movie was ''[[Thanga Meenkal]]'', directed by [[Ram (director)|Ram]]. Shelly appeared the Hindi movie [[The Waiting Room (2010 film)|''The Waiting Room'']], directed by [[Maneej Premnath]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/videos/108656/thriller-the-waiting-room-to-release-on-friday.html |title=Thriller The Waiting Room to release on Friday: IBNLive.com > Videos |date=16 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100116170440/http://ibnlive.in.com/videos/108656/thriller-the-waiting-room-to-release-on-friday.html |archive-date=16 January 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> She learned classic Indian dance forms, including [[Mohiniyattam]], [[Kuchipudi]], and [[Bharatanatyam]].{{citation needed|date= December 2022}}

Shelly was selected as the second runner up for the Miss Flower Show contest held at Kanakakunnu, Trivandrum.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/starry-dreams/article4576772.ece |title=Starry dreams |date=3 April 2013 |newspaper=The Hindu |first=Athira |last=M |access-date=7 September 2019}}</ref> Shelly acted in the Malayalam movie ''Kanalkannadi'' directed by Jayan Poduval, although it was never released.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tamilplex.com/article/eng/2013/11/11/29/thanga-meenkal-tamil-movie-review.html|title=Thanga Meenkal Tamil Review |date=11 November 2013 |website=TamilPlex.com |access-date=13 April 2014 |archive-date=30 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930083054/http://www.tamilplex.com/article/eng/2013/11/11/29/thanga-meenkal-tamil-movie-review.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> Kishore is famous in Malayali households for her portrayal of Shalini Rudran in ''Kumkumapoovu''. After finishing that production, she took a break from television. In 2017 she came back through the portrayal of Balasuda in ''Sthreepadam''.{{citation needed|date= December 2022}}

==Filmography==
* ''All films are in Malayalam, otherwise noted''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Shelly Kishore film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Kerala Cafe]]'' || School girl ||segment: Island Express
|-
| 2010 || ''[[The Waiting Room (2010 film)|The Waiting Room]]'' || Girl killed ||[[Hindi]] film
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Chattakkari (2012 film)|Chattakaari]]'' || Usha ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2013 || ''[[Akam (film)|Akam]]'' || Tara ||
|-
| ''[[Thanga Meenkal]]'' || Vadivu || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Sakhavu (2017 film)|Sakhavu]]'' || Maya ||
|-
| 2018|| ''[[Eeda]]'' ||Leela ||
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Minnal Murali]]'' || Usha ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2022 || ''[[Naane Varuvean]]'' || Janaki|| Tamil film
|-
| ''Padachonte Kadhakal'' || Devaki ||<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/fisherman-houswife-among-5-writers-padachonte-kadhakal-reflects-lives-of-ordinary-people-1.8124393 |title=Fisherman, houswife among 5 writers; 'Padachonte Kadhakal' reflects lives of ordinary people |date=11 December 2022 |newspaper=[[Mathrubhumi]]}}</ref>
|-
| 2023 || ''Kanal Kannadi'' || Anamika || Released via YouTube<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-07-03 |title=I would love to portray a naxalite on screen: Shelly Kishore |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/i-would-love-to-portray-a-naxalite-on-screen-shelly-kishore/articleshow/59410347.cms |access-date=2025-06-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2024 || ''[[Oru Sarkar Ulpannam]]'' || Shyama ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-03-02 |title=Censor Board has 'Bharatha' removed from Oru Bharatha Sarkar Ulpannam |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Mar/02/censor-board-has-bharatha-removed-fromaju-varghese-starrer-oru-bharatha-sarkar-ulpannam-52558.html |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Swakaryam Sambhava Bahulam'' || Ambili ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Santhosh |first=Vivek |date=2024-05-31 |title=Swakaryam Sambhava Bahulam Movie Review: A dismal experience trivialising women's woes |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/review/2024/May/31/swakaryam-sambhava-bahulam-movie-review-a-dismal-experience-trivialising-womens-woes |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2025 || ''[[Narayaneente Moonnaanmakkal]]'' || Nafeesa ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Narayaneente Moonnaanmakkal: A heartwarming tale that celebrates homecoming and brotherhood |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/review/narayaneente-moonnaanmakkal-a-heartwarming-tale-that-celebrates-homecoming-and-brotherhood-f9e3c832 |access-date=2025-06-11 |website=@mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Madras Matinee]]'' || Kamalam || Tamil film; credited as Shelly<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Ashwin |date=2025-06-02 |title=Kaali Venkat: Cinema is not an actor's medium |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2025/Jun/02/kaali-venkat-cinema-is-not-an-actors-medium |access-date=2025-06-11 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Television==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Shelly Kishore television credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Channel
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan="3" |2006||''Koottu Kudumbam ''|| – || [[Kairali TV]]||Debut serial
|-
|''Thaniye'' || Padma || rowspan="3" | [[Amrita TV]] || Telefilm
|-
|''Chitrasalabham'' || Nandana & Sitara ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2007||''Thingalum Tharangalum'' || Raziya ||
|-
|''Aa Amma'' || – || Kairali TV ||
|-
||2011–2014||''[[Kumkumapoovu]]'' || rowspan="2" | Shalini || rowspan="2" | [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-31 |title=11 years of 'Kumkumapoovu': From Shelly to Shanavas Shanu, here's what the actors are doing now |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/11-years-of-kumkumapoovu-from-shelly-to-shanavas-shanu-heres-what-the-actors-are-doing-now/photostory/89256371.cms |access-date=2023-01-07 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2013||''[[Parasparam (TV series)|Parasparam]]'' || Guest appearance
|-
|2016||''Chirakinte Maravil''||Susan||[[YouTube]]||short film<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XGD_GHMstZA |title="Chirakinte Maravil" Malayalam Christian Short Film |date=13 April 2016 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref>
|-
|2017–2020 || ''[[Sthreepadham]]'' ||Balasudha|| [[Mazhavil Manorama]] ||
|-
|2020–2021 || ''[[Ente Maathavu]]'' || Jeena || [[Surya TV]] ||
|-
|2023||''[[Shaitan (TV series)|Shaitan]]''||Savithri||[[Disney+ Hotstar]]||[[Telugu language|Telugu]] web series
|}

==Awards==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=January 2023}}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ List of Shelly Kishore awards and nominations
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Ceremony
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Serial/Movie
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Result
|-
|rowspan="1"|2006
|[[Kerala|Kerala State Television Awards]]
|Best Actress
|''Thaniye''
|Padma
|{{Won}}
|-
|rowspan="1"|2012
| [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet Television Awards]]
|Best New Face
| rowspan="3" |''[[Kumkumapoovu]]''
| rowspan="3" |Shalini
|{{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |2013
| [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet Television Awards]]
| rowspan="2" |Best Actress
|{{Won}}
|-
| [[Asiavision Awards|Asiavision Television Awards]]
|{{Won}}
|-
|rowspan="1"|2014
|[[3rd South Indian International Movie Awards| 3rd South Indian International Movie Awards
| Best Actress in a Supporting Role]]
|[[Thanga Meengal]]
| Vadivu
|{{Nom}}
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|5357202}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kishore, Shelly}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Kerala State Television Award winners]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]

Upacharapoorvam Gunda Jayan

2026-03-30T19:01:03Z

BonnieKoontz:

{{Short description| 2023 Malayalam language Film by Arun Vaiga}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| image = File:Upacharapoorvam Gunda Jayan.jpeg
| caption = Official film poster
| director = Arun Vaiga
| writer = Rajesh Varma
| producer = Sebab K S [[Dulquer Salmaan]]
| starring = [[Saiju Kurup]] [[Siju Willson]]
| cinematography = Eldo Isaac
| editing = Kiran Das
| music = [[Bijibal]]
| studio = Caplight Films [[Dulquer Salmaan|Wayfarer Films]]
| released = {{Film date|2022|02|25|df=yes}}
| runtime = 129 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Upacharapoorvam Gunda Jayan''''' ({{translation|Courtesy goon Jayan}}) is a 2022 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language comedy drama film directed by Arun Vaiga.<ref name=poster>{{Cite news|last=TNM Staff|date=13 March 2021|title=Dulquer reveals first-look poster of Saiju's 'Upacharapoorvam Gunda Jayan'|work=[[The News Minute]]|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/dulquer-reveals-first-look-poster-saijus-upacharapoorvam-gunda-jayan-145172|access-date=17 September 2021|archive-date=3 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903101726/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/dulquer-reveals-first-look-poster-saijus-upacharapoorvam-gunda-jayan-145172|url-status=live}}</ref> The film stars [[Saiju Kurup]] and [[Siju Wilson]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/younger-directors-encourage-you-improvise-actor-saiju-kurup-interview-161322|title=Younger directors encourage you to improvise: Actor Saiju Kurup interview|date=24 February 2022|website=The News Minute|access-date=10 May 2022|archive-date=27 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227214932/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/younger-directors-encourage-you-improvise-actor-saiju-kurup-interview-161322|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Gunda Jayan is different from Arakkal Abu: Saiju Kurup|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/mar/13/gunda-jayan-is-different-from-arakkal-abusaiju-kurup-2275851.html|access-date=21 December 2021|website=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=13 March 2021 |archive-date=21 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221090524/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/mar/13/gunda-jayan-is-different-from-arakkal-abusaiju-kurup-2275851.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/feb/05/dulquer-salmaan-to-produce-saiju-kurup-starrer-2259632.html|title=Dulquer Salmaan to produce Saiju Kurup-starrer|website=The New Indian Express|date=5 February 2021 |access-date=10 May 2022|archive-date=28 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628015341/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/feb/05/dulquer-salmaan-to-produce-saiju-kurup-starrer-2259632.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/dulquer-salmaan-extends-birthday-wishes-to-actor-saiju-kurup/articleshow/90167719.cms|title=Dulquer Salmaan extends birthday wishes to actor Saiju Kurup|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=10 May 2022|archive-date=15 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315185616/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/dulquer-salmaan-extends-birthday-wishes-to-actor-saiju-kurup/articleshow/90167719.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Sharaf U Dheen]] was earlier reported to have been chosen as one of the leads in the film but was replaced by [[Shabareesh Varma]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/siju-wilson-saiju-kurup-and-sharafudheen-in-upacharapoorvam-gunda/articleshow/70074110.cms|title=Siju Wilson, Saiju Kurup and Sharafudheen in Upacharapoorvam Gunda|website=The Times of India|access-date=10 May 2022|archive-date=4 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204004511/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/siju-wilson-saiju-kurup-and-sharafudheen-in-upacharapoorvam-gunda/articleshow/70074110.cms|url-status=live|last1=George |first1=Anjana }}</ref> The film was released after the delay of a few years.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/siju-wilson-starrer-upacharapoorvam-gundajayan-release-postponed/articleshow/89117632.cms|title=Siju Wilson-starrer 'Upacharapoorvam Gundajayan' release postponed|website=The Times of India|access-date=10 May 2022|archive-date=25 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125121923/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/siju-wilson-starrer-upacharapoorvam-gundajayan-release-postponed/articleshow/89117632.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> This was the first film to be distributed by Dulquer Salmaan's Wayfarer Films.<ref name=poster />

== Plot ==
The movie opens with Gunda Jayan's flashback where he roughens up a government official at his place of work. Cut to the present, Jayan is an ex-ruffian who has given up his old ways and living decently with his family running a grocery store. His sister gets a marriage alliance from an NRI and Jayan and family almost immediately fixes it, much to the disagreement of his sister's daughter, Anjana who is already in a relationship with someone. Jayan shuts down Anjana threatening her of doing anything against spoiling the family honor. The family gears up for the imminent marriage and starts making the arrangements. On the day before marriage all the guests and relatives start arriving and Anjana's best friend and her fiancé also arrive. Jayan and his neighbor friend Reji are initially suspicious of the friend's fiancé Kiran and suspects him to be the Anjana's boyfriend, but soon their doubts clear up after they learn that he is already engaged to Anjana's friend. Jayan's brother-in-law Sahadevan, his uncle Sugathan and eccentric army brother-in-law Shylappan create ruckus on the previous night in many ways and Kiran handles them all, supplying them with ample liquor and food. He even manages to pacify the half crack cook Pachadi Sura and makes things calm. Towards the night everyone starts crashing in for next days event. Jayan himself locks the bathroom situated outside to avoid any drunkards spoiling it and sleeps outside carrying the key. Come morning he is surprised and upset that the key is missing and there is a long que of all his relatives outside the bathroom.

It is revealed at this point that Kiran is Anjana's lover after all and he is trying to upset the marriage. He had mixed laxatives in the previous days booze and snacks of the drunkards, a generous portion of which Jayan also ate and drank. He then uses their common friend, the girl who pretends to be the Anjana's friend to damage the one bathroom inside the house main bedroom so that Jayan cannot use it. Amidst the confusion and resulting chaos, Jayan tries to use the bathroom of the neighbor, but Kiran manages to cut off the water supply. The groom and party arrive eventually, and Kiran had arranged an unsuspecting passerby played by Jaffer Idukki to mingle in the marriage crowd and spread false tales about the bride and grooms’ previous affairs among the crowd. The photographer Majeed arranged by Jayan is angry at the groom's party since their official photographer belittles him. Kiran manages to convince the pompous groom that they should shoot a dance video when the groom enters the mandapam and the uncle will be carrying the groom on his shoulders that time and all his friends dancing around him. Jayan refuses to do so and Sahadevan volunteers. Just as Sahadevan carries the groom at the mandapam and in a moment of silence, somebody lets out a loud fart and Kiran makes it look like it was done by the groom himself. An argument starts between both parties and soon escalates into a full-fledged fight, the wedding getting called off eventually. Jayan's family initially considering marrying Anjana to their Uncle Purushan's son but drops the idea since Jayan doesn't like them. Jayan's wife suggests the neighbor Reji's name since they had already tried to get in touch with the girl's former lover and he was no longer interested since she agreed for the marriage with another person. Jayan convinces Reji and he is married off to Anjana finally.

It's revealed in the climax that Reji was Anjana‘a lover all along and Kiran was Reji's friend who came to the marriage house with his real fiancé Tina to help his friend and lover. He falsely reveals himself as the lover to the wedding electrician since he did not want anyone find out Reji's true intentions even by mistake. He successfully creates chaos by upsetting everyone's stomach and escalating the confusion. Finally in a twist of events, the photographer Majeed purposefully has his assistant let out a fart and humiliate the groom and party which again works in Reji's favor. It's also revealed that the kid who watched his father getting beaten up by Jayan in the beginning of the movie is Reji himself and this is a sweet revenge from his part.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Saiju Kurup]] as Gunda Jayan<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/interviews/2022/feb/10/director-arun-vaiga-on-sketching-gunda-jayan-29670.html|title=Director Arun Vaiga on sketching Gunda Jayan|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=10 February 2022 |access-date=10 May 2022|archive-date=9 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309012725/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/interviews/2022/feb/10/director-arun-vaiga-on-sketching-gunda-jayan-29670.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Siju Wilson]] as Kiran<ref name="new">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/upacharapoorvam-gunda-jayan-movie-review-tale-of-a-messed-up-wedding-7792106/|title=Upacharapoorvam Gunda Jayan movie review: Tale of a messy wedding|date=27 February 2022|access-date=10 May 2022|archive-date=20 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320133607/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/upacharapoorvam-gunda-jayan-movie-review-tale-of-a-messed-up-wedding-7792106/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Shabareesh Varma]] as Reji
* [[Johny Antony]] as Purushan
* [[Sagar Surya]] as Sali
* [[Sabumon Abdusamad]] as Sahadevan
* [[Jaffar Idukki]] as Kochappan
* [[Hareesh Kanaran]] as Pachadi Sura
* [[Sudheer Karamana]] as Shylappan
* Shani Shaki as the Pompous Cameraman
* [[Biju Sopanam]] as Sugathan
* [[Vijilesh Karayad]] as Majeed
* [[Baiju Ezhupunna]] as Solomon
* [[Gokulan (actor)|Gokulan]] as Suni
* Vrinda Menon as Jayan's wife
* [[Nayana]] as Anjana
* Shailja as Jalaja
* Parvathy Madhusudan as Tina
* Radha Gomati as Pathmaja
* Uthara as Sajitha
* Abin Paul as Kalyana Chekkan
}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Track listing
| headline = Songs
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| extra_column = Playback
| title1 = Gunda Gunda Gundajayan
| length1 = 2:24
| extra1 = Jayadasan, Jayadasan
| title2 = Chillumani Kayalinte
| length2 = 3:32
| extra2 = Daya Bijibal
| title3 = Avale Avale
| length3 = 3:42
| extra3 = Rajesh Varma, Siju Wilson
}}

== Reception ==
''The Times of India'' wrote that "the movie miserably fails to elicit laughter taking advantage of such a plot. At many points in the film, more people are laughing on screen rather than among the audience".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/upacharapoorvam-gunda-jayan/movie-review/89852497.cms|title=Upacharapoorvam Gunda Jayan Movie Review: A messy wedding drama|work=The Times of India|access-date=10 May 2022|archive-date=27 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427131541/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/upacharapoorvam-gunda-jayan/movie-review/89852497.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Goutham VS of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' opined that "Though the movie is fun in parts, it has a limited premise with base humour. No character, including Gunda Jayan, is given enough screen space".<ref name="new" /> Ajith of ''On Manorama'' wrote that "The story covers the events that occur at a village wedding in two days. What makes it unique is its humour layered narrative".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2022/02/25/upacharapoorvam-gunda-jayan-review.html|title=Upacharapoorvam Gunda Jayan review: The wedding chaos|website=OnManorama|access-date=10 May 2022|archive-date=9 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309030218/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2022/02/25/upacharapoorvam-gunda-jayan-review.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/review/upacharapoorvam-gunda-jayan-malayalam-movie-review-rating-621651/|title=Upacharapoorvam Gunda Jayan Review: കല്യാണവീട്ടിലെ ചിരിസദ്യ; 'ഉപചാരപൂർവം ഗുണ്ട ജയൻ' റിവ്യൂ|access-date=10 May 2022|archive-date=26 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226205012/https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/review/upacharapoorvam-gunda-jayan-malayalam-movie-review-rating-621651/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|13229946}}

[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:2023 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2022 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Bijibal]]
[[Category:Films about Indian weddings]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kerala]]

Machhrehta

2026-03-26T08:32:40Z

BonnieKoontz: new!

{{Short description|Area of Misrikh in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Machhrehta
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_map = Machhrehta block map.png
| map_caption = Location of Machhrehta in Machhrehta block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.41632|N|80.64041|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="Geonames">{{Cite web|url=https://www.geonames.org/1264640/machhrehta.html|title=Geonames.org. ''Machhrehta''|accessdate=10 August 2020}}</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sitapur district|Sitapur]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Misrikh]]
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| governing_body = Bharatiya Janata Party
| leader_title = ExBlock Pramukh
| leader_name = Praveen Singh
| leader_title1 = Block Pramukh
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 0.938
| elevation_footnotes = <ref name="Geonames"/>
| elevation_m = 139
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_blank1_title = Village
| population_blank1 = 6,379 <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_blank2_title = Block
| population_blank2 = 1,88,213
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = PIN Code
| postal_code = 261405<ref name="Census 2011"/>
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Machhrehta''' is a corresponding [[community development block]] of [[Misrikh]] tehsil in [[Sitapur district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]] headed by '''Praveen Singh''' (Block Pramukh). The block is situated near [[Naimiṣāraṇya (forest)|Naimisharanya]], a significant spiritual and pilgrimage site in India. Naimisharanya, also known as Neemsar, holds immense religious importance in Hindu mythology and is mentioned in several ancient scriptures, including the [[Mahabharata]] and the Puranas. It is believed to be the place where sages gathered to perform a thousand-year sacrificial ritual (yagna) to purify the world. Naimisharanya is renowned for its temples, sacred ponds, and the Chakra Tirtha, a revered water body where devotees take holy dips. The proximity of Machhrehta to such a prominent spiritual center enhances its cultural and historical significance, attracting numerous pilgrims and tourists to the area.

As of 2011, the population of Machhrehta was 6,379, in 1,119 households.<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook – Sitapur, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/UPA.html |accessdate=1 April 2020 |website=Census 2011 India |pages=1–65, 166–190}}</ref> The block is headed by Praveen Singh of Anogi village.

== History ==
Machhrehta, founded during the reign of the Mughal emperor [[Akbar]], was named after a sadhu named Machhandar Nath who had lived in a place called "Tap-Bhumi" (ascetic place). During this period, it was demarcated as a pargana by [[Todar Mal]]. According to Kayastha oral tradition, the chief landowner at this time was an Abhan raja named Kesri Singh, who was deposed by [[Akbar]]. The lands were then granted to two [[Kayastha|Kayasthas]], Bal Chand and Bir Chand, whose father, Parasram, had served as dewan for Kesri Singh but was executed by him. After Bal Chand and Bir Chand died, their lands were not inherited by their descendants, leading to various zamindars holding the pargana's lands. C.S. [[Ferrar]] noted in 1877 that this story was "very similar to that told respecting [[Khairabad, Sitapur|Khairabad]]" and should be taken with a grain of salt.

In 1767, the grandfather of Ali Naqi Khan, who would later serve as dewan to the [[Oudh State|King of Oudh]], received the pargana of Machhrehta as a jagir, holding it for 42 years. By Ferrar's time, 99 of the pargana's villages were held by [[Rajput]] zamindars. Of the remaining 26 villages, 7½ were held by Mir Muhammad Husen Khan, the taluqdar of Rajpura, who was the pargana's sole taluqdar. Mir Muhammad Husen Khan had acquired Rajpura, along with Kuli in the neighboring pargana of Kurauna, via mortgage in 1262 fasli (1852 CE).

Ferrar described the town in his day as having 9 Hindu temples, including one next to a large tank called "Hardwar Tirath". This tank was considered holy, and every year during the month of Phagan, around two or three thousand devotees would bathe here to wash away their sins. There were also 4 mosques at that time, and a relatively recent imambara.

== Demographics ==
The [[sex ratio]] of Machhrehta block in 2011 was 875, which was lower than the rural average of Sitamau district. In the 0-6 age group, the sex ratio was higher at 921, which was above the district rural average. Members of [[scheduled castes]] made up 45.05% of block residents, while members of [[scheduled tribes]] made up 0.01%. The block [[literacy rate]] was 65.01% (75.92% among men and 52.44% among women); the gender literacy gap of 23.48% was the highest in Sitamau district.<ref name="Census 2011"/>

Most workers in Machhrehta block were employed in [[agriculture]] in 2011, with 41.87% being cultivators who owned or leased their own land and another 38.88% being agricultural labourers who worked someone else's land for wages. 4.93% of workers were household industry workers, and the remaining 14.32% were other workers. The workforce was overwhelmingly male (50,644 men and 9,959 women); a greater proportion of men were employed as cultivators than women (44.67% vs. 27.62%), and the same was true for agricultural labourers (40.11% vs. 32.64%). A greater proportion of women than men were employed as household industry workers (14.92% vs. 2.97%) and other workers (24.81% vs. 12.25%), although due to the raw numbers involved men outnumbered women in all four categories of workers.<ref name="Census 2011"/>

== Notable people ==

* [[Ashok Kumar Rawat]] (Sansad), Parliament MP
* [[Anju Bala]] (Poorv Sansad), Former Parliament MP
* [[Ram Krishna Bhargava|Ramkrishna Bhargava]] (Vidhayak), Assembly MLA
* [[Manish Rawat]] (Vidhayak), Assembly MLA
* Rakesh Singh (Poorv Vidhayak), Former Assembly MLC
* Praveen Singh (Block Pramukh), Former Block Head

* [[Hargovind Bhargava]]

== Photo Gallery ==
<gallery widths="200" heights="180">
File:Naimisharanya (Neemsar) 01.jpg|Naimisharanya (Neemsar)
File:Naimisharanya (Neemsar) 02.jpg|Naimisharanya (Neemsar)
File:Naimisharanya (Neemsar) 05.jpg|Naimisharanya (Neemsar)
File:Naimisharanya (Neemsar) 03.jpg|Naimisharanya (Neemsar)
File:Naimisharanya (Neemsar) 06.jpg|Naimisharanya (Neemsar)
File:PublicHealthCentreMachhrehta.jpg|Public Health Centre Machhrehta
File:MachhrehtaPoliceStation.jpg|Machhrehta Police Station
File:Praveen Farmhouse.jpg|Block Pramukh Residence
</gallery>

== Villages ==
Machhrehta block contains the following 126 villages:<ref name="Census 2011" />
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Village name
! Total land area (hectares)
! Population (in 2011)
|-
|'''Ahamad Nagar'''
|66.5
|219
|-
|'''Akilpur'''
|75.9
|770
|-
|'''[[Anogi]]'''
|435.5
|3,326
|-
|'''[[Bahoranpurawa]]'''
|154.3
|1,430
|-
|'''Banarawa'''
|641
|4,540
|-
|'''Baniya Mau'''
|530
|3,803
|-
|'''Bar Chandpur'''
|97
|932
|-
|'''Bare Para'''
|150.7
|729
|-
|'''Barsandhia'''
|68.2
|604
|-
|'''Behara Khalsa'''
|46.2
|724
|-
|'''Behara Mafi'''
|53.4
|0
|-
|'''Belandapur'''
|231.1
|1,963
|-
|'''Belawa'''
|369.8
|2,399
|-
|'''Bhade Bhar'''
|366.7
|1,957
|-
|'''Bhaisa Dagha'''
|30.5
|198
|-
|'''Bhakutta'''
|29.7
|480
|-
|'''Bhatpurwa'''
|42.5
|449
|-
|'''Bhaupur'''
|40.3
|508
|-
|'''Bhaupur'''
|227.3
|1,171
|-
|'''Bhidhaura'''
|328.9
|2,442
|-
|'''Bhitthepur'''
|37.1
|20
|-
|'''[[Bihat Biram]]'''
|388.1
|2,852
|-
|'''Bijuwa Mau'''
|498.5
|2,392
|-
|'''Bikarmpur'''
|100.4
|681
|-
|'''[[Brrha Deha]]'''
|67.7
|369
|-
|'''Chitehata'''
|195
|1,426
|-
|'''Dadeora'''
|281.6
|1,862
|-
|'''Dakhyia'''
|350.4
|2,159
|-
|'''Dalel Nagar'''
|72.8
|1,091
|-
|'''Damodarpur'''
|26.1
|124
|-
|'''Dengara'''
|264.9
|2,512
|-
|'''Deopara'''
|128.4
|1,036
|-
|'''Dhawarpara'''
|369.8
|2,330
|-
|'''Ditua'''
|121.2
|766
|-
|'''Dughra'''
|176.5
|867
|-
|'''[[Etova, Sitapur|Etova]]'''
|293.9
|1,264
|-
|'''Fattepur'''
|470.5
|4,481
|-
|'''Firojpur'''
|96.6
|428
|-
|'''Gandhariya'''
|315.9
|2,294
|-
|'''Gangapur'''
|110.7
|505
|-
|'''Garhi'''
|267.4
|2,377
|-
|'''Gauria'''
|760.1
|4,205
|-
|'''Ghaghpur'''
|35.8
|220
|-
|'''Gonda'''
|328.1
|2,584
|-
|'''Gopalpur'''
|130.8
|665
|-
|'''Gujarehata'''
|233.2
|1,355
|-
|'''Gumata'''
|96.1
|712
|-
|'''Halupur'''
|43.4
|325
|-
|'''Haradoyia'''
|116.9
|476
|-
|'''Hariharpur'''
|81.1
|683
|-
|'''Haripalpur'''
|365
|2,276
|-
|'''Harraiya'''
|68.7
|382
|-
|'''Has Khera'''
|99.6
|634
|-
|'''Herapur'''
|322.5
|2,498
|-
|'''Hisampur Chamra'''
|52.2
|295
|-
|'''Hisampur Jakariya'''
|112.4
|659
|-
|'''Jagadishpur'''
|96.4
|602
|-
|'''Jairampur'''
|40.4
|451
|-
|'''Jale Para'''
|235.6
|1,637
|-
|'''Jamalpur (N)'''
|84
|698
|-
|'''Jamlapur (S)'''
|82.5
|337
|-
|'''Jutpurwa'''
|355.2
|1,710
|-
|'''Kakori'''
|200.2
|1,052
|-
|'''Kandvapur'''
|159
|1,453
|-
|'''Katia'''
|231.8
|2,095
|-
|'''Katra'''
|79.9
|711
|-
|'''Kesra'''
|255.7
|1,977
|-
|'''Kinhoti'''
|340.2
|3,021
|-
|'''Kondri'''
|382.8
|2,534
|-
|'''[[Kunhera Laxmi Rampur]]'''
|200.3
|2,038
|-
|'''Lahungpur'''
|220.4
|1,870
|-
|'''Lalpur'''
|298.3
|1,613
|-
|'''Lauli'''
|209.7
|1,429
|-
|'''[[Machhrehta|Machhrehta (block headquarters)]]'''
|93.8
|6,379
|-
|'''Madar'''
|489
|3,013
|-
|'''Madhawapur'''
|689.6
|3,354
|-
|'''Mahmoodpur'''
|30.1
|251
|-
|'''Marhia Eyarail'''
|31
|208
|-
|'''Masuri'''
|179.1
|690
|-
|'''[[Matasiya Lakhnsepur]]'''
|55.4
|108
|-
|'''Milik'''
|32.6
|521
|-
|'''Mirachouri'''
|549.6
|4,338
|-
|'''Mirajapur Daxini'''
|180.1
|1,316
|-
|'''Mirjapur'''
|126.1
|1,289
|-
|'''Misrapur'''
|74.8
|313
|-
|'''Nathapur'''
|108.8
|663
|-
|'''Nevada Khourd'''
|97.4
|614
|-
|'''Nevadiya'''
|56.7
|640
|-
|'''Newada Kala'''
|176.4
|1,197
|-
|'''Nighua Mau'''
|244.8
|1,421
|-
|'''Padari'''
|55.4
|287
|-
|'''Paharpur'''
|550.2
|2,263
|-
|'''Paidapur'''
|177.8
|1,200
|-
|'''Pande Khera'''
|21.2
|607
|-
|'''Parsada'''
|298.8
|2,875
|-
|'''[[Pawlavar]]'''
|240.8
|1,761
|-
|'''[[Peyariya Kondar]]'''
|226.1
|1,632
|-
|'''Phateha Nagar'''
|691.4
|4,777
|-
|'''Purayni'''
|109
|820
|-
|'''Raja Gaon'''
|484.6
|3,308
|-
|'''Rajepara'''
|680.8
|4,731
|-
|'''Rajpur Kharg'''
|114.6
|705
|-
|'''Rajpur Pratap'''
|246.4
|788
|-
|'''Ralamau'''
|466.1
|3,694
|-
|'''Rampur'''
|181
|1,580
|-
|'''Ramuwapur'''
|354.6
|1,804
|-
|'''Rasulpur'''
|51.4
|314
|-
|'''[[Rathourpur, Sitapur|Rathourpur]]'''
|77.8
|1,137
|-
|'''Sadila'''
|340.4
|2,586
|-
|'''Sahapur'''
|95.4
|809
|-
|'''Sahsapur'''
|167.3
|1,308
|-
|'''Sakarara'''
|432.8
|2,768
|-
|'''Saraiya'''
|49.5
|517
|-
|'''Senpur'''
|557.5
|4,302
|-
|'''Sherpur'''
|37.5
|234
|-
|'''Sikandarpur'''
|92.2
|702
|-
|'''Sirdharpur'''
|42.2
|440
|-
|'''Sisendi'''
|636
|3,376
|-
|'''Surjanpur'''
|80.4
|697
|-
|'''Tajpur (N)'''
|64.8
|421
|-
|'''Tajpur Daxini'''
|38.3
|0
|-
|'''Umrapur'''
|327.9
|1,694
|-
|'''Uttarthor'''
|417.7
|3,565
|-
|'''Yarpur'''
|61.5
|519
|}
== Polling Stations/Booths Near Machhrehta ==

# Girls J.h.s Machhrehta
# J.h.s. Binoura R.no. 2
# P.s. Barmi
# P.s. Gohilari
# P.s. Karsenda

== References ==
{{Reflist}}2. https://sitapur.nic.in/historical-places/

[[Category:Sitapur district]]
[[Category:Community development blocks in India]]

Mathews Thimothios (Malankara bishop)

2026-03-25T08:57:37Z

BonnieKoontz: done!

{{Short description|Indian Indian orthodox bishop (born 1963)}}
{{distinguish|Thimothios Mathews}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = [[Metropolitan bishop|Metropolitan]]
| name = Mathews Thimothios
| image = Hgdrmathewsmarthimothios.webp
| caption =
| church = [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]]
| diocese = [[Chengannur Orthodox Diocese]]
| term = 2009 – Present
| predecessor = Thomas Makarios
| ordination = 19 February 2009
| ordained_by = [[Baselios Thoma Didymos I]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1963|5|03}}
| birth_place = Mavelikara, [[Kerala]]
}}
'''Mathews Thimothios''' is the [[Metropolitan bishop|Metropolitan]] of the [[Chengannur Orthodox Diocese]] of the [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]].

==Childhood and education==
Mathews Thimothios was born on 3 May 1963 as the eldest son of Mr P. J. Baby and his wife Thankamma Baby of Painuvilla Puthenveettil. He is a member of St. Mary's Cathedral Puthiakavu, Mavelikkara. He took his degree as a student of Bishop Moore College Mavelikkara, G. S. T. from Orthodox Theological Seminary and B. D and M.Th. from [[Serampore University]]. He also attained the [[Licentiate (degree)|Licentiate]] in sacred scripture from the Pontifical Institute in Rome and Diploma in Biblical Archeology from the Pontifical Bible Institute in Jerusalem. He was awarded a doctoral degree from the [[Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas]], Rome. He speaks Italian, French, German, Aramaic, Hebrew, English, and Malayalam.{{Citation needed|date=October 2022}}

==Priestly life==

Thimothios has served in many key positions including the Joint Secretary of St. Thomas Orthodox Vaidika Sanghum, Publisher of the Purohithan quarterly, Secretary of the Vattasseril Mar Dionysius Charitable Fund, Dean of Post Graduate Studies-FFRRC, Member of the Board of Studies for Old Testament, [[Serampore University]], Member of the Bible Translation Committee-Bible Society, Kerala, Registrar of Orthodox Theological Seminary, Kottayam.

His priestly ministry is spread over 18 years and has served as Assistance. Vicar and Vicar in 8 parishes under the jurisdiction of three dioceses, namely Kollam, Kottayam and Mavelikara. He has published several books including OVBS text books, Teacher's Guide etc. and an exegetical study of Psalm 24 which was published in Rome.

Parish Served

St. George Orthodox Syrian Church Kannanakuzhy - Mavelikara Diocese from Feb 2008- Oct 2008

==Metropolitan of UK, Europe and Africa Diocese==
The Malankara Syrian Christian Association met on 11 September 2008 at Pampakuda elected him as the bishop along with six others. On 4 December 2008 [[Baselios Thoma Didymos I|Baselios Mar Thoma Didymos I]] received his profession as Ramban. On 19 February 2009 he was ordained to the episcopate by Baselios Mar Thoma Didymos I at [[St. George Orthodox Church, Puthuppally]].

==Metropolitan of Chengannur Diocese==
As of 2022, he is serving as Metropolitan of [[Chengannur Orthodox Diocese]].<ref>[https://mosc.in/holysynod/h-g-dr-mathews-mar-thimothios-metropolitan Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church website, ''H. G. Dr. Mathews Mar Thimothios Metropolitan'', retrieved 2023-12-05]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
*[http://malankaraorthodoxchurch.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=248&Itemid=426/ Official website of Malankara Orthodox Church]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20141025005149/http://iocukeuropeafrica.org/index.html Official website of UK, Europe and Africa Diocese]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thimothios, Mathews Mar}}
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Psychology

2026-03-13T15:54:01Z

BonnieKoontz:

{{Short description|Study of mental functions and behaviors}}
{{Other uses}}
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'''Psychology''' is the scientific study of the [[mind]] and [[behavior]].<ref>[https://www.apa.org/support/about-apa Frequently asked questions about APA] Retrieved on November 28th, 2023.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=psychology |url=https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?scope=Entries&q=psychology&tl=true |website=Oxford English Dictionary |publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=23 June 2024}}</ref> Its subject matter includes the behavior of humans and nonhumans, both [[consciousness|conscious]] and [[Unconscious mind|unconscious]] phenomena, and mental processes such as [[thought]]s, [[feeling]]s, and [[motivation|motive]]s. Psychology is an academic discipline of broad scope, crossing the boundaries between the [[Natural science|natural]] and [[social science]]s. Biological psychologists seek an understanding of the [[Emergence|emergent]] properties of brains, linking the discipline to [[neuroscience]]. As social scientists, psychologists aim to understand the behavior of individuals and groups.<ref name="Fernald">{{Cite book |last=Fernald |first=Dodge |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q7p-J4-SWuQC |title=Psychology: Six Perspectives |date=2008 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-1-4129-3867-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Psychology">Hockenbury & Hockenbury. Psychology. Worth Publishers, 2010.</ref>

A professional practitioner or researcher involved in the discipline is called a [[psychologist]]. Some psychologists can also be classified as [[Behavioural sciences|behavioral]] or [[Cognitive science|cognitive scientists]]. Some psychologists attempt to understand the role of mental functions in individual and [[social behavior]]. Others explore the [[Physiology|physiological]] and [[Nervous system|neurobiological]] processes that underlie cognitive functions and behaviors.


As part of an [[interdisciplinary]] field, psychologists are involved in research on [[perception]], [[cognition]], [[attention]], [[emotion]], [[intelligence]], [[phenomenology (psychology)|subjective experiences]], [[motivation]], [[Human brain#Function|brain functioning]], and [[personality psychology|personality]]. Psychologists' interests extend to [[interpersonal relationship]]s, [[psychological resilience]], [[family resilience]], and other areas within [[social psychology]]. They also consider the unconscious mind.<ref name ="reference_name_A">[[Psychoanalysis]] and other forms of [[depth psychology]] are most typically associated with theories about the unconscious mind. By contrast, [[behaviorist]]s consider such phenomena as [[classical conditioning]] and [[operant conditioning]]. [[cognitivism (psychology)|Cognitivists]] explore [[implicit memory]], [[automaticity]], and [[subliminal message]]s, all of which are understood either to bypass or to occur outside of conscious effort or attention. Indeed, [[cognitive-behavioral therapist]]s counsel their clients to become aware of maladaptive thought patterns, the nature of which the clients previously had not been conscious.</ref> Research psychologists employ [[Empirical research|empirical methods]] to infer [[Causality|causal]] and [[correlation]]al relationships between psychosocial [[Dependent and independent variables|variables]]. Some, but not all, [[Clinical psychology|clinical]] and [[counseling psychology|counseling]] psychologists rely on [[Hermeneutics#Psychology and cognitive science|symbolic interpretation]].


While psychological knowledge is often applied to the assessment and treatment of mental health problems, it is also directed towards understanding and solving problems in several spheres of human activity. By many accounts, psychology ultimately aims to benefit society.<ref name="O'Neil">{{Cite book |last1=Coon |first1=Dennis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vw20LEaJe10C |title=Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior |last2=Mitterer |first2=John O. |date=2008-12-29 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-0-495-59911-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="APA_mission">{{Cite web |title=About APA |url=https://www.apa.org/about/index.aspx |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=www.apa.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Farberow NL, Eiduson B |title=To petition to join APA as a section of Division 12, the Division of Clinical Psychology |journal=Journal of Personality Assessment |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=205–206 |year=1971 |doi=10.1080/00223891.1971.10119654 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00223891.1971.10119654?journalCode=hjpa20 |access-date=2022-03-02 |publisher=Taylor & Francis Online |quote="Clinical psychology is the practice of psychology, especially as a means of furthering human welfare and knowledge." |archive-date=3 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303041138/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00223891.1971.10119654?journalCode=hjpa20 |url-status=live |issn=0022-3891|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Many psychologists are involved in some kind of therapeutic role, practicing [[psychotherapy]] in clinical, counseling, or [[School psychology|school]] settings. Other psychologists conduct scientific research on a wide range of topics related to mental processes and behavior. Typically the latter group of psychologists work in academic settings (e.g., universities, medical schools, or hospitals). Another group of psychologists is employed in [[Industrial and organizational psychology|industrial and organizational]] settings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Psychologists |url=http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos056.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104133612/http://www.bls.gov:80/oco/ocos056.htm |archive-date=2012-01-04 |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=www.bls.gov}}</ref> Yet others are involved in work on [[Developmental psychology|human development]], aging, [[Sports psychology|sports]], health, [[Forensic psychology|forensic science]], [[Educational psychology|education]], and the [[Media psychology|media]].

== Etymology and definitions ==
The word ''[[wikt:psychology|psychology]]'' derives from the Greek word [[Psyche (psychology)|''psyche'']], for spirit or [[soul (spirit)|soul]]. The latter part of the word ''psychology'' derives from -λογία [[wikt:-logia|''-logia'']], which means "study" or "research".<ref name="OED">{{Cite web |title=Etymology of "psychology" by etymonline |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/psychology |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=etymonline |language=en-US}}</ref> The word psychology was first used in the Renaissance.<ref name="foo-bar">{{ cite journal |author1=Raffaele d'Isa |author2=Charles I. Abramson |title=The origin of the phrase comparative psychology: an historical overview |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |volume=14 |date=2023 |article-number=1174115 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1174115
|pmid=37255515 |pmc=10225565 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In its [[Latin]] form ''psychiologia'', it was first employed by the [[Croatia]]n [[humanism|humanist]] and [[Croatian latinistic literature|Latinist]] [[Marko Marulić]] in his book ''[[Psichiologia de ratione animae humanae]]'' (''Psychology, on the Nature of the Human Soul'') in the decade 1510–1520<ref name="foo-bar" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Krstic/marulic.htm |title=Classics in the History of Psychology – Marko Marulic – The Author of the Term "Psychology" |publisher=Psychclassics.yorku.ca |access-date=10 December 2011 |archive-date=20 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120195046/http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Krstic/marulic.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The earliest known reference to the word ''psychology'' in English was by [[Steven Blankaart]] in 1694 in ''The Physical Dictionary''. The dictionary refers to "[[Anatomy]], which treats the Body, and Psychology, which treats of the Soul."<ref name="OED Psychology">{{Citation |last=Colman |first=Andrew M. |title=A Dictionary of Psychology |date=2009-01-01 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199534067.001.0001/acref-9780199534067 |access-date=2025-04-11 |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en-US |isbn=978-0-19-953406-7}}</ref>

[[Psi (Greek)|'''Ψ''' (''psi'')]], the first [[Greek alphabet|letter]] of the Greek word ''psyche'' from which the term psychology is derived, is commonly associated with the field of psychology.

In 1890, [[William James]] defined ''psychology'' as "the science of mental life, both of its phenomena and their conditions."{{r|James 1890|pp=|q=}} This definition enjoyed widespread currency for decades. However, this meaning was contested, notably by [[John B. Watson]], who in 1913 asserted the [[Behaviorism|methodological behaviorist]] view of psychology as a purely objective experimental branch of [[natural science]], the theoretical goal of which "is the prediction and control of behavior."<ref name="Watson1913">{{cite journal | last1 = Watson | first1 = John B. | author-link = John B. Watson | title = Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It | url = http://commonweb.unifr.ch/artsdean/pub/gestens/f/as/files/4660/33602_123928.pdf | journal = Psychological Review | volume = 20 | issue = 2 | year = 1913 | doi = 10.1037/h0074428 | pages = 158–177 | hdl = 21.11116/0000-0001-9182-7 | hdl-access = free | access-date = 24 April 2015 | archive-date = 8 January 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160108214211/http://commonweb.unifr.ch/artsdean/pub/gestens/f/as/files/4660/33602_123928.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref> Since James defined "psychology", the term more strongly implicates scientific experimentation.<ref>[[Derek Russell Davis]] (DRD), "psychology", in Richard L. Gregory (ed.), ''The Oxford Companion to the Mind'', second edition; Oxford University Press, 1987/2004; {{ISBN|978-0-19-866224-2}} (pp. 763–764).</ref><ref name="Watson1913" /> [[Folk psychology]] is the understanding of the mental states and behaviors of people held by [[Laity|ordinary people]], as contrasted with psychology professionals' understanding.<ref>The term "folk psychology" is itself contentious: see Daniel D. Hutto & Matthew Ratcliffe (eds.), ''Folk Psychology Re-Assessed''; Dorndrecht, the Netherlands: Springer, 2007; {{ISBN|978-1-4020-5557-7}}</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|History of psychology}}
{{For timeline}}
The ancient civilizations of Egypt, Greece, China, India, and Persia all engaged in the philosophical study of psychology. In Ancient Egypt the [[Ebers Papyrus]] mentioned [[clinical depression|depression]] and thought disorders.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Okasha |first1=Ahmed |date=2005 |title=Mental Health in Egypt |journal=The Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=116–25 |pmid=16342608 }}</ref> Historians note that Greek philosophers, including [[Thales]], [[Plato]], and [[Aristotle]] (especially in his {{lang|la|[[On the Soul|De Anima]]}} treatise),<ref>"[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-psychology/ Aristotle's Psychology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709122031/http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-psychology/ |date=9 July 2010 }}". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.</ref> addressed the workings of the mind.<ref>Green, C.D. & Groff, P.R. (2003). ''Early psychological thought: Ancient accounts of mind and soul.'' Westport, Connecticut: Praeger.</ref> As early as the 4th century BCE, the Greek physician [[Hippocrates]] theorized that [[mental disorder]]s had physical rather than supernatural causes.<ref>T.L. Brink. (2008) Psychology: A Student Friendly Approach. "Unit One: The Definition and History of Psychology." pp 9 [http://www.saylor.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/TLBrink_PSYCH01.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120724142236/http://www.saylor.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/TLBrink_PSYCH01.pdf|date=24 July 2012}}.</ref> In 387 BCE, Plato suggested that the brain is where mental processes take place, and in 335 BC Aristotle suggested that it was the heart.<ref>{{Cite web|date=1 February 2018|title=Psychology: Definitions, branches, history, and how to become one|url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/154874|access-date=20 September 2021|website=www.medicalnewstoday.com|language=en|archive-date=20 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320030424/https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/154874|url-status=live}}</ref>

In China, the foundations of psychological thought emerged from the philosophical works of ancient thinkers like [[Laozi]] and [[Confucius]], as well as the teachings of [[Buddhism]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Natural harmony in Taoism— a cornerstone of Chinese society |url=https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/views/views/natural-harmony-in-taoism-a-cornerstone-of-chinese-society-1516031957 |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref> This body of knowledge drew insights from introspection, observation, and techniques for focused thinking and behavior. It viewed the universe as comprising physical and mental realms, along with the interplay between the two.<ref>Shi, Y. (2019). The dawn of psychology in China. In W. G. Bringmann et al. (Eds.), A Pictorial History of Psychology (pp. 22-27). Quintessence Publishing Co. Ltd.</ref> Chinese philosophy also emphasized purifying the mind in order to increase virtue and power. An ancient text known as ''[[Huangdi Neijing|The Yellow Emperor's Classic of Internal Medicine]]'' identifies the brain as the nexus of wisdom and sensation, includes theories of personality based on [[Yin and yang|yin–yang]] balance, and analyzes mental disorder in terms of physiological and social disequilibria. Chinese scholarship that focused on the brain advanced during the [[Qing dynasty]] with the work of Western-educated Fang Yizhi (1611–1671), [[Liu Zhi (scholar)|Liu Zhi]] (1660–1730), and Wang Qingren (1768–1831). Wang Qingren emphasized the importance of the brain as the center of the nervous system, linked mental disorder with brain diseases, investigated the causes of dreams and [[insomnia]], and advanced a theory of [[Lateralization of brain function|hemispheric lateralization]] in brain function.<ref name=HsuehGuo>Yeh Hsueh and Benyu Guo, "China", in Baker (ed.), ''Oxford Handbook of the History of Psychology'' (2012).</ref>

Influenced by [[Hinduism]], [[Indian philosophy]] explored distinctions in types of awareness. A central idea of the ''[[Upanishads]]'' and other [[Vedic period|Vedic]] texts that formed the foundations of Hinduism was the distinction between a person's transient mundane self and their [[Ātman (Hinduism)|eternal, unchanging soul]]. Divergent Hindu doctrines and [[Buddhism]] have challenged this hierarchy of selves, but have all emphasized the importance of reaching higher awareness. [[Yoga]] encompasses a range of techniques used in pursuit of this goal. [[Theosophy]], a religion established by [[Russian Americans|Russian-American]] philosopher [[Helena Blavatsky]], drew inspiration from these doctrines during her time in [[British Raj|British India]].<ref name=Paranjpe>Anand C. Paranjpe, "From Tradition through Colonialism to Globalization: Reflections on the History of Psychology in India", in Brock (ed.), ''Internationalizing the History of Psychology'' (2006).</ref><ref name=ptraju>PT Raju (1985), Structural Depths of Indian Thought, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0887061394}}, pages 35–36</ref>

Psychology was of interest to [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment thinkers]] in Europe. In Germany, [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz]] (1646–1716) applied his principles of calculus to the mind, arguing that mental activity took place on an indivisible continuum. He suggested that the difference between conscious and unconscious awareness is only a matter of degree. [[Christian Wolff (philosopher)|Christian Wolff]] identified psychology as its own science, writing ''Psychologia Empirica'' in 1732 and ''Psychologia Rationalis'' in 1734. [[Immanuel Kant]] advanced the idea of [[anthropology]] as a discipline, with psychology an important subdivision. Kant, however, explicitly rejected the idea of an [[experimental psychology]], writing that "the empirical doctrine of the soul can also never approach chemistry even as a systematic art of analysis or experimental doctrine, for in it the manifold of inner observation can be separated only by mere division in thought, and cannot then be held separate and recombined at will (but still less does another thinking subject suffer himself to be experimented upon to suit our purpose), and even observation by itself already changes and displaces the state of the observed object."

In 1783, Ferdinand Ueberwasser (1752–1812) designated himself ''Professor of Empirical Psychology and Logic'' and gave lectures on scientific psychology, though these developments were soon overshadowed by the [[Napoleonic Wars]].<ref name="Schwarz 2016">{{cite journal |last1=Schwarz |first1=Katharina A. |author-link=Katharina A. Schwarz |last2=Pfister |first2=Roland |year=2016 |title=Scientific psychology in the 18th century: A historical rediscovery |journal=Perspectives on Psychological Science |publisher=SAGE Publications |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=399–407 |doi=10.1177/1745691616635601 |issn=1745-6916 |pmid=27217252 |s2cid=6784135}}</ref> At the end of the Napoleonic era, Prussian authorities discontinued the Old University of Münster.<ref name="Schwarz 2016" /> Having consulted philosophers [[Georg Friedrich Wilhelm Hegel|Hegel]] and [[Johann Friedrich Herbart|Herbart]], however, in 1825 [[Prussia|the Prussian state]] established psychology as a mandatory discipline in its rapidly expanding and highly influential [[Prussian education system|educational system]]. However, this discipline did not yet embrace experimentation.<ref name=Horst>Horst U.K. Gundlach, "Germany", in Baker (ed.), ''Oxford Handbook of the History of Psychology'' (2012).</ref> In England, early psychology involved [[phrenology]] and the response to social problems including alcoholism, violence, and the country's crowded "lunatic" asylums.<ref>Alan Collins, "England", in Baker (ed.), ''Oxford Handbook of the History of Psychology'' (2012).</ref>

=== Beginning of experimental psychology ===
[[File:James McKeen Cattell.jpg|thumb|upright=.7|[[James McKeen Cattell]], the first psychologist in the [[United States]]]]
[[File:Wundt-research-group.jpg|thumb|[[Wilhelm Wundt]] (seated), a German psychologist, with colleagues in his psychological laboratory, the first of its kind, {{Circa|1880}}]]
[[File:One of Pavlov's dogs.jpg|thumb|One of the dogs used in Russian psychologist [[Ivan Pavlov]]'s experiment with a surgically implanted [[cannula]] to measure [[saliva]], [[taxidermy|preserved]] in the Pavlov Museum in [[Ryazan]], Russia]]
Philosopher [[John Stuart Mill]] believed that the human mind was open to scientific investigation, even if the science is in some ways inexact.<ref name="Henley">{{cite book |author=Henley TB |year=2019 |title=Hergenhahn's ''An introduction to the history of psychology'' |edition=8th |location=Boston |publisher=Cengage |pages=143–145 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0g9EDwAAQBAJ |access-date=2022-03-04 |isbn=978-1-337-56415-1 |archive-date=30 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730080359/https://books.google.com/books?id=0g9EDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> Mill proposed a "mental [[chemistry]]" in which elementary thoughts could combine into ideas of greater complexity.<ref name="Henley"/> [[Gustav Fechner]] began conducting [[psychophysics]] research in [[Leipzig]] in the 1830s. He articulated the principle that human perception of a stimulus varies [[logarithmically]] according to its intensity.{{r|Leahey 2001|p=61|q=}} The principle became known as the [[Weber–Fechner law]]. Fechner's 1860 ''Elements of Psychophysics'' challenged Kant's negative view with regard to conducting quantitative research on the mind.<ref>Fechner, G. T. (1860). Elemente der Psychophysik. Breitkopf u. Härtel. (Elements of Psychophysics)</ref><ref name=Horst /> Fechner's achievement was to show that "mental processes could not only be given numerical magnitudes, but also that these could be measured by experimental methods."<ref name=Horst/> In Heidelberg, [[Hermann von Helmholtz]] conducted parallel research on sensory perception, and trained physiologist [[Wilhelm Wundt]]. Wundt, in turn, came to Leipzig University, where he established the psychological laboratory that brought experimental psychology to the world. Wundt focused on breaking down mental processes into the most basic components, motivated in part by an analogy to recent advances in chemistry, and its successful investigation of the elements and structure of materials.<ref name="WundtStanford">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. (2006). [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/wilhelm-wundt/ "Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808003159/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/wilhelm-wundt/ |date=8 August 2019 }}.</ref> [[Paul Flechsig]] and [[Emil Kraepelin]] soon created another influential laboratory at Leipzig, a psychology-related lab, that focused more on experimental psychiatry.<ref name=Horst />

[[James McKeen Cattell]], a professor of psychology at the [[University of Pennsylvania]] and [[Columbia University]] and the co-founder of ''[[Psychological Review]]'', was the first professor of psychology in the [[United States]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-22 |title=An Education in Psychology: James McKeen Cattell's Journal and Letters from Germany and England, 1880–1888 |url=https://www.archives.gov/nhprc/projects/catalog/james-mckeen-cattell#:~:text=Publishing%20Projects%20Catalog-,An%20Education%20in%20Psychology:%20James%20McKeen%20Cattell's%20Journal%20and%20Letters,Germany%20and%20England,%201880%E2%80%931888&text=James%20McKeen%20Cattell.,Courtesy%20Lafayette%20College%20Archives.&text=James%20McKeen%20Cattell%20(1860%20%E2%80%931944,of%20the%20late%2019th%20century. |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=National Archives |language=en}}</ref>

The German psychologist [[Hermann Ebbinghaus]], a researcher at the [[University of Berlin]], was a 19th-century contributor to the field. He pioneered the experimental study of memory and developed quantitative models of learning and forgetting.<ref>Wozniak, R.H. (1999). Introduction to memory: Hermann Ebbinghaus (1885/1913). [http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Ebbinghaus/wozniak.htm Classics in the history of psychology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606085744/http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Ebbinghaus/wozniak.htm |date=6 June 2019 }}</ref> In the early 20th century, [[Wolfgang Kohler]], [[Max Wertheimer]], and [[Kurt Koffka]] co-founded the school of [[Gestalt psychology]] of [[Fritz Perls]]. The approach of Gestalt psychology is based upon the idea that individuals experience things as unified wholes. Rather than [[Reductionism|reducing]] thoughts and behavior into smaller component elements, as in structuralism, the Gestaltists maintain that whole of experience is important, "and is something else than the sum of its parts, because summing is a meaningless procedure, whereas the whole-part relationship is meaningful."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Koffka |first=K. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.7888 |title=Principles of Gestalt Psychology |date=1935 |publisher=Harcourt, Brace |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.7888/page/n191 176] |access-date=13 October 2019}}</ref>

Psychologists in Germany, Denmark, Austria, England, and the United States soon followed Wundt in setting up laboratories.<ref name=BenjaminBaker /> [[G. Stanley Hall]], an American who studied with Wundt, founded a psychology lab that became internationally influential. The lab was located at [[Johns Hopkins University]]. Hall, in turn, trained [[Yūjirō Motora|Yujiro Motora]], who brought experimental psychology, emphasizing psychophysics, to the [[Imperial University of Tokyo]].<ref name=Takasuna>Miki Takasuna, "Japan", in Baker (ed.), ''Oxford Handbook of the History of Psychology'' (2012).</ref> Wundt's assistant, [[Hugo Münsterberg]], taught psychology at Harvard to students such as [[Narendra Nath Sen Gupta]]—who, in 1905, founded a psychology department and laboratory at the [[University of Calcutta]].<ref name=Paranjpe /> Wundt's students [[Walter Dill Scott]], [[Lightner Witmer]], and [[James McKeen Cattell]] worked on developing tests of mental ability. Cattell, who also studied with [[Eugenics|eugenicist]] [[Francis Galton]], went on to found the [[Psychological Corporation]]. Witmer focused on the mental testing of children; Scott, on employee selection.{{r|Leahey 2001|p=60|q=}}

Another student of Wundt, the Englishman [[Edward Titchener]], created the psychology program at [[Cornell University]] and advanced "[[Structuralism (psychology)|structuralist]]" psychology. The idea behind structuralism was to analyze and classify different aspects of the mind, primarily through the method of [[introspection]].<ref name=Goodwin /> William James, [[John Dewey]], and [[Harvey Carr]] advanced the idea of [[Functional psychology|functionalism]], an expansive approach to psychology that underlined the Darwinian idea of a behavior's usefulness to the individual. In 1890, James wrote an influential book, ''[[The Principles of Psychology]]'', which expanded on the structuralism. He memorably described "[[Stream of consciousness (psychology)|stream of consciousness]]." James's ideas interested many American students in the emerging discipline.{{r|n1=Goodwin|n2=James 1890|n3=Leahey 2001|pp3=178-82}} Dewey integrated psychology with societal concerns, most notably by promoting [[progressive education]], inculcating moral values in children, and assimilating immigrants.{{r|Leahey 2001|pp=196-200|q=}}

A different strain of experimentalism, with a greater connection to physiology, emerged in South America, under the leadership of Horacio G. Piñero at the [[University of Buenos Aires]].<ref>Cecilia Taiana, "Transatlantic Migration of the Disciplines of Mind: Examination of the Reception of Wundt's and Freud's Theories in Argentina", in Brock (ed.), ''Internationalizing the History of Psychology'' (2006).</ref> In Russia, too, researchers placed greater emphasis on the biological basis for psychology, beginning with [[Ivan Sechenov]]'s 1873 essay, "Who Is to Develop Psychology and How?" Sechenov advanced the idea of brain [[reflexes]] and aggressively promoted a [[determinism|deterministic]] view of human behavior.<ref name=SirotkinaSmith>Irina Sirotkina and Roger Smith, "Russian Federation", in Baker (ed.), ''Oxford Handbook of the History of Psychology'' (2012).</ref> The Russian-Soviet [[physiologist]] [[Ivan Pavlov]] discovered in dogs a learning process that was later termed "[[classical conditioning]]" and applied the process to human beings.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Windholz |first=G. |year=1997 |title=Ivan P. Pavlov: An overview of his life and psychological work |journal=American Psychologist |volume=52 |pages=941–946 |issue=9 |doi= 10.1037/0003-066X.52.9.941}}</ref>

=== Consolidation and funding ===
One of the earliest psychology societies was ''La Société de Psychologie Physiologique'' in France, which lasted from 1885 to 1893. The first meeting of the International Congress of Psychology sponsored by the [[International Union of Psychological Science]] took place in Paris, in August 1889, amidst [[Exposition Universelle (1889)|the World's Fair]] celebrating the centennial of the French Revolution. William James was one of three Americans among the 400 attendees. The [[American Psychological Association]] (APA) was founded soon after, in 1892. The International Congress continued to be held at different locations in Europe and with wide international participation. The Sixth Congress, held in Geneva in 1909, included presentations in Russian, Chinese, and Japanese, as well as [[Esperanto]]. After a hiatus for World War I, the Seventh Congress met in Oxford, with substantially greater participation from the war-victorious Anglo-Americans. In 1929, the Congress took place at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut, attended by hundreds of members of the APA.<ref name=BenjaminBaker>Ludy T. Benjamin, Jr., and David B. Baker, "The Internationalization of Psychology: A History", in Baker (ed.), ''Oxford Handbook of the History of Psychology'' (2012).</ref> Tokyo Imperial University led the way in bringing new psychology to the East. New ideas about psychology diffused from Japan into China.<ref name=HsuehGuo /><ref name=Takasuna />

American psychology gained status upon the U.S.'s entry into World War I. A standing committee headed by [[Robert Yerkes]] administered mental tests ("[[Army Alpha]]" and "[[Army Beta]]") to almost 1.8 million soldiers.<ref name=Tomes2008 /> Subsequently, the [[Rockefeller family]], via the [[Social Science Research Council]], began to provide funding for behavioral research.<ref>Franz Samuelson, "Organizing for the Kingdom of Behavior: Academic Battles and the Organizational Policies in the Twenties"; ''Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences'' 21, January 1985.</ref><ref>Hans Pols, "The World as Laboratory: Strategies of Field Research Developed by Mental Hygiene Psychologists in Toronto, 1920–1940" in Theresa Richardson & Donald Fisher (eds.), ''The Development of the Social Sciences in the United States and Canada: The Role of Philanthropy''; Stamford, CT: Ablex Publishing, 1999; {{ISBN|1-56750-405-1}}</ref> Rockefeller charities funded the National Committee on Mental Hygiene, which disseminated the concept of mental illness and lobbied for applying ideas from psychology to child rearing.<ref name=Tomes2008 /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cohen |first=Sol |date=1983 |title=The Mental Hygiene Movement, the Development of Personality and the School: The Medicalization of American Education |journal=History of Education Quarterly |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=123–149 |doi=10.2307/368156|jstor=368156 |pmid=11614585 }}</ref> Through the Bureau of Social Hygiene and later funding of [[Alfred Kinsey]], Rockefeller foundations helped establish research on sexuality in the U.S.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bullough |first=Vern L. |date=May 1985 |title=The Rockefellers and sex research |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00224498509551253 |journal=The Journal of Sex Research |language=en |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=113–125 |doi=10.1080/00224498509551253 |issn=0022-4499 |quote=Their importance is hard to overestimate. In fact, in the period between 1914 and 1954, the Rockefellers were almost the sole support of sex research in the United States. The decisions made by their scientific advisers about the nature of the research to be supported and how it was conducted, as well as the topics eligible for research support, shaped the whole field of sex research and, in many ways, still continue to support it.|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Under the influence of the Carnegie-funded [[Eugenics Record Office]], the Draper-funded [[Pioneer Fund]], and other institutions, the [[Eugenics in the United States|eugenics movement]] also influenced American psychology. In the 1910s and 1920s, eugenics became a standard topic in psychology classes.<ref name=GuthrieChapter4>Guthrie, ''Even the Rat was White'' (1998), Chapter 4: "Psychology and Race" (pp. 88–110). "Psychology courses often became the vehicles for eugenics propaganda. One graduate of the Record Office training program wrote, 'I hope to serve the cause by infiltrating eugenics into the minds of teachers. It may interest you to know that each student who takes psychology here works up his family history and plots his family tree.' Harvard, Columbia, Brown, Cornell, Wisconsin, and Northwestern were among the leading academic institutions teaching eugenics in psychology courses."</ref> In contrast to the US, in the UK psychology was met with antagonism by the scientific and medical establishments, and up until 1939, there were only six psychology chairs in universities in England.<ref>Michell, J, (1999) [https://books.google.com/books?id=oNIcvjpDQeQC&pg=PA143 ''Measurement in Psychology: A Critical History of a Methodological Concept''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209105919/https://books.google.it/books?id=oNIcvjpDQeQC&pg=PA143 |date=9 February 2021 }}, p.143</ref>

During World War II and the Cold War, the U.S. military and intelligence agencies established themselves as leading funders of psychology by way of the armed forces and in the new [[Office of Strategic Services]] intelligence agency. University of Michigan psychologist Dorwin Cartwright reported that university researchers began large-scale propaganda research in 1939–1941. He observed that "the last few months of the war saw a social psychologist become chiefly responsible for determining the week-by-week-propaganda policy for the United States Government." Cartwright also wrote that psychologists had significant roles in managing the domestic economy.<ref>Dorwin Cartwright, "Social Psychology in the United States During the Second World War", ''Human Relations'' 1.3, June 1948, p. 340; quoted in Cina, "Social Science For Whom?" (1981), p. 269.</ref> The Army rolled out its new [[Army General Classification Test|General Classification Test]] to assess the ability of millions of soldiers. The Army also engaged in large-scale psychological research of [[Samuel A. Stouffer#Studies in Social Psychology in World War II: The American Soldier|troop morale and mental health]].<ref name = "Schonfeld">Schonfeld, I.S., & Chang, C.-H. (2017). ''Occupational health psychology: Work, stress, and health''. New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company.</ref> In the 1950s, the [[Rockefeller Foundation]] and [[Ford Foundation]] collaborated with the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) to fund research on [[psychological warfare]].<ref>Catherine Lutz, "[https://books.google.com/books?id=hwVWpV6jBzoC&pg=PA245 Epistemology of the Bunker: The Brainwashed and Other New Subjects of Permanent War] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919005126/https://books.google.com/books?id=hwVWpV6jBzoC&pg=PA245 |date=19 September 2015 }}", in Joel Pfister & Nancy Schnog (eds.), ''Inventing the Psychological: Toward a Cultural History of Emotional Life in America''; Yale University Press, 1997; {{ISBN|0-300-06809-3}}</ref> In 1965, public controversy called attention to the Army's [[Project Camelot]], the "Manhattan Project" of [[social science]], an effort which enlisted psychologists and anthropologists to analyze the plans and policies of foreign countries for strategic purposes.<ref>Cina, "Social Science For Whom?" (1981), pp. 315–325.</ref><ref>Herman, "Psychology as Politics" (1993), p. 288. "Had it come to fruition, CAMELOT would have been the largest, and certainly the most generously funded, behavioral research project in U.S. history. With a $4–6 million contract over a period of 3 years, it was considered, and often called, a veritable Manhattan Project for the behavioral sciences, at least by many of the intellectuals whose services were in heavy demand."</ref>

In Germany after World War I, psychology held institutional power through the military, which was subsequently expanded along with the rest of the military during [[Nazi Germany]].<ref name=Horst /> Under the direction of [[Hermann Göring]]'s cousin [[Matthias Göring]], the [[Berlin Psychoanalytic Institute]] was renamed the Göring Institute. [[Freudian psychoanalysis|Freudian psychoanalysts]] were expelled and persecuted under the anti-Jewish policies of the [[Nazi Party]], and all psychologists had to distance themselves from [[Sigmund Freud|Freud]] and [[Alfred Adler|Adler]], founders of [[psychoanalysis]] who were also Jewish.<ref>Cocks, ''Psychotherapy in the Third Reich'' (1997), pp. 75–77.</ref> The Göring Institute was well-financed throughout the war with a mandate to create a "New German Psychotherapy." This psychotherapy aimed to align suitable Germans with the overall goals of the Reich. As described by one physician, "Despite the importance of analysis, spiritual guidance and the active cooperation of the patient represent the best way to overcome individual mental problems and to subordinate them to the requirements of the ''[[Volk]]'' and the ''[[Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft|Gemeinschaft]]''." Psychologists were to provide ''Seelenführung'' [lit., soul guidance], the leadership of the mind, to integrate people into the new vision of a German community.<ref>Cocks, ''Psychotherapy in the Third Reich'' (1997), p. 93.</ref> [[Harald Schultz-Hencke]] melded psychology with the Nazi theory of biology and racial origins, criticizing psychoanalysis as a study of the weak and deformed.<ref>Cocks, ''Psychotherapy in the Third Reich'' (1997), pp. 86–87. "For Schultz-Hencke in this 1934 essay, life goals were determined by ideology, not by science. In the case of psychotherapy, he defined health in terms of blood, strong will, proficiency, discipline, (''Zucht und Ordnung''), community, heroic bearing, and physical fitness. Schultz-Hencke also took the opportunity in 1934 to criticize psychoanalysis for providing an unfortunate tendency toward the exculpation of the criminal."</ref> [[Johannes Heinrich Schultz]], a German psychologist recognized for developing the technique of [[autogenic training]], prominently advocated sterilization and euthanasia of men considered genetically undesirable, and devised techniques for facilitating this process.<ref>Jürgen Brunner, Matthias Schrempf, & Florian Steger, "[http://doctorsonly.co.il/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/2008_4_5.pdf Johannes Heinrich Schultz and National Socialism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912165633/http://www.doctorsonly.co.il/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/2008_4_5.pdf |date=12 September 2014 }}", ''Israel Journal of Psychiatry & Related Sciences'' 45.4, 2008. "Bringing these people to a right and deep understanding of every German's duty in the New Germany, such as preparatory mental aid and psychotherapy in general and in particular for persons to be sterilized, and for people having been sterilized, is a great, important and rewarding medical duty."</ref>

After the war, new institutions were created although some psychologists, because of their Nazi affiliation, were discredited. [[Alexander Mitscherlich (psychologist)|Alexander Mitscherlich]] founded a prominent applied psychoanalysis journal called ''Psyche''. With funding from the Rockefeller Foundation, Mitscherlich established the first clinical psychosomatic medicine division at Heidelberg University. In 1970, psychology was integrated into the required studies of medical students.<ref>Cocks, ''Psychotherapy in the Third Reich'' (1997), Chapter 14: "Reconstruction and Repression", pp. 351–375.</ref>

After the [[Russian Revolution]], the [[Bolsheviks]] promoted psychology as a way to engineer the "New Man" of socialism. Consequently, university psychology departments trained large numbers of students in psychology. At the completion of training, positions were made available for those students at schools, workplaces, cultural institutions, and in the military. The Russian state emphasized [[Pedology (children study)|pedology]] and the study of child development. [[Lev Vygotsky]] became prominent in the field of child development.<ref name=SirotkinaSmith /> The Bolsheviks also promoted [[free love]] and embraced the doctrine of psychoanalysis as an antidote to sexual repression.{{r|Kozulin 1984|pp=84-6|q=Against such a background it is not at all surprising that psychoanalysis, as a theory that ventured to approach the forbidden but topical theme of sexual relations, was embraced by the newborn Soviet psychology. Psychoanalysis also attracted the interest of Soviet psychology as a materialist trend that had challenged the credentials of classical introspective psychology. The reluctance of the pre-Revolutionary establishment to propagate psychoanalysis also played a positive role in the post-Revolutionary years; it was a field uncompromised by ties to old-regime science.}}<ref>cf. Hannah Proctor, "[http://thenewinquiry.com/essays/reason-displaces-all-love/ Reason Displaces All Love] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527205209/http://thenewinquiry.com/essays/reason-displaces-all-love/ |date=27 May 2015 }}", ''The New Inquiry'', 14 February 2014.</ref> Although pedology and intelligence testing fell out of favor in 1936, psychology maintained its privileged position as an instrument of the Soviet Union.<ref name=SirotkinaSmith /> [[Stalinist purges]] took a heavy toll and instilled a climate of fear in the profession, as elsewhere in Soviet society.{{r|Kozulin 1984|p=22|q=Stalin's purges of the 1930s did not spare Soviet psychologists. Leading Marxist philosophers earlier associated with psychology—including Yuri Frankfurt, Nikolai Karev, and Ivan Luppol—were executed in prison camps. The same fate awaited Alexei Gastev and Isaak Shipilrein. Those who survived lived in an atmosphere of total suspicion. ... People who dominated their fields yesterday might be denounced today as traitors and enemies of the people, and by tomorrow their names might disappear from all public records. Books and newspapers were constantly being recalled from libraries to rid them of 'obsolete' names and references.}} Following World War II, Jewish psychologists past and present, including [[Lev Vygotsky]], [[Alexander Luria|A.R. Luria]], and Aron Zalkind, were denounced; Ivan Pavlov (posthumously) and Stalin himself were celebrated as heroes of Soviet psychology.{{r|Kozulin 1984|pp=25-6, 48-9|q=}} Soviet academics experienced a degree of liberalization during the [[Khrushchev Thaw]]. The topics of cybernetics, linguistics, and genetics became acceptable again. The new field of [[engineering psychology]] emerged. The field involved the study of the mental aspects of complex jobs (such as pilot and cosmonaut). Interdisciplinary studies became popular and scholars such as [[Georgy Shchedrovitsky]] developed systems theory approaches to human behavior.{{r|Kozulin 1984|pp=27-33|q=Georgy Schedrovitsky, who is currently at the Moscow Institute of Psychology, can be singled out as the most prominent theorist working in the context of systems research. ... This is Schedrovitsky's second major thesis: Activity should not be regarded as an attribute of the individual but rather as an all-embracing system that 'captures' individuals and 'forces' them to behave a certain way. This approach may be traced back to the assertion of Wilhelm Humboldt that it is not man who has language as an attribute, but rather language that 'possesses' man. ... Schedrovitsky's activity approach has been applied successfully to the design of man-machine systems and to the evaluation of human factors in urban planning.}}

Twentieth-century Chinese psychology originally modeled itself on U.S. psychology, with translations from American authors like William James, the establishment of university psychology departments and journals, and the establishment of groups including the Chinese Association of Psychological Testing (1930) and the [[Chinese Psychological Society]] (1937). Chinese psychologists were encouraged to focus on education and language learning. Chinese psychologists were drawn to the idea that education would enable modernization. John Dewey, who lectured to Chinese audiences between 1919 and 1921, had a significant influence on psychology in China. Chancellor [[Cai Yuanpei|T'sai Yuan-p'ei]] introduced him at [[Peking University]] as a greater thinker than Confucius. [[Zing-Yang Kuo|Kuo Zing-yang]] who received a PhD at the University of California, Berkeley, became President of [[Zhejiang University]] and popularized [[behaviorism]].{{r|Chin 1969|pp=5-9|q=}} After the [[Chinese Communist Party]] gained control of the country, the Stalinist Soviet Union became the major influence, with [[Marxism–Leninism]] the leading social doctrine and Pavlovian conditioning the approved means of behavior change. Chinese psychologists elaborated on Lenin's model of a "reflective" consciousness, envisioning an "active consciousness" ({{Lang-zh|c=|s=|t=|p=tzu-chueh neng-tung-li}}) able to transcend material conditions through hard work and ideological struggle. They developed a concept of "recognition" ({{Lang-zh|c=|s=|t=|p=jen-shih}}) which referred to the interface between individual perceptions and the socially accepted worldview; failure to correspond with party doctrine was "incorrect recognition."{{r|Chin 1969|pp=9-17|q=The Soviet psychology that Peking modeled itself upon was Marxist-Leninist psychology with a philosophical base in dialectical materialism and a newly added label, Pavlovianism. This new Soviet psychology leaned heavily on Lenin's theory of reflection, which was unearthed in his two volumes posthumously published in 1924. Toward the late twenties, a group of Soviet research psychologists headed by Vygotskii, along with Luria and Leont'ev, laid the groundwork for a Marxist-Leninist approach to psychic development.}} Psychology education was centralized under the [[Chinese Academy of Sciences]], supervised by the [[State Council of the People's Republic of China|State Council]]. In 1951, the academy created a Psychology Research Office, which in 1956 became the Institute of Psychology. Because most leading psychologists were educated in the United States, the first concern of the academy was the re-education of these psychologists in the Soviet doctrines. Child psychology and pedagogy for the purpose of a nationally cohesive education remained a central goal of the discipline.{{r|Chin 1969|pp=18-24|q=}}

=== Women in psychology ===
{{Main|List of women psychologists|Female psychology}}

==== 1900–1949 ====
Women in the early 1900s started to make key findings within the world of psychology. In 1923, [[Anna Freud]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-24 |title=Anna Freud: Theory & Contributions To Psychology |url=https://www.simplypsychology.org/anna-freud.html |access-date=2024-03-04 |language=en-US}}</ref> the daughter of [[Sigmund Freud]], built on her father's work using different [[Defence mechanism|defense mechanisms]] (denial, repression, and suppression) to [[Psychoanalysis|psychoanalyze]] children. She believed that once a child reached the [[Latency stage|latency period]], [[Child psychoanalysis|child analysis]] could be used as a mode of [[therapy]]. She stated it is important focus on the child's environment, support their development, and prevent [[neurosis]]. She believed a child should be recognized as their own person with their own right and have each session catered to the child's specific needs. She encouraged drawing, moving freely, and expressing themselves in any way. This helped build a strong therapeutic alliance with child patients, which allows psychologists to observe their normal behavior. She continued her research on the impact of children after family separation, children with socio-economically disadvantaged backgrounds, and all stages of child development from infancy to adolescence.<ref>[[Erik Erikson|Erikson, Erik H.]] (1973) ''[[Childhood and Society]]''. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, p. 298</ref>

[[Functional periodicity]], the belief women are mentally and physically impaired during [[menstruation]], impacted [[women's rights]] because employers were less likely to hire them due to the belief they would be incapable of working for 1 week a month. [[Leta Stetter Hollingworth]] wanted to prove this hypothesis and [[Edward Thorndike|Edward L. Thorndike's]] theory, that women have lesser psychological and physical traits than men and were simply mediocre, incorrect. [[Leta Stetter Hollingworth|Hollingworth]] worked to prove differences were not from male genetic superiority, but from culture. She also included the concept of women's impairment during [[menstruation]] in her research. She recorded both women and men performances on tasks (cognitive, perceptual, and motor) for three months. No evidence was found of decreased performance due to a woman's [[Menstrual cycle|menstrual]] cycle.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Classics in the History of Psychology -- Hollingworth (1914) Index |url=https://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Hollingworth/Periodicity/ |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=psychclassics.yorku.ca}}</ref> She also challenged the belief intelligence is inherited and women here are intellectually inferior to men. She stated that women do not reach positions of power due to the [[Social norm|societal norms]] and roles they are assigned. As she states in her article, "Variability as related to sex differences in achievement: A Critique",<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hollingworth |first=Leta Stetter |date=1914 |title=Variability as Related to Sex Differences in Achievement: A Critique |journal=American Journal of Sociology |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=510–530 |doi=10.1086/212287 |jstor=2762962 |s2cid=144414476 |issn=0002-9602}}</ref> the largest problem women have is the social order that was built due to the assumption women have less interests and abilities than men. To further prove her point, she completed another experiment with infants who have not been influenced by the environment of social norms, like the adult male getting more opportunities than women. She found no difference between infants besides size. After this research proved the original hypothesis wrong, [[Leta Stetter Hollingworth|Hollingworth]] was able to show there is no difference between the physiological and psychological traits of men and women, and women are not impaired during [[menstruation]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Weinberger |first=Jessica |date=2020-03-02 |title=The Incredible Influence of Women in Psychology |url=https://www.talkspace.com/blog/important-women-in-history-psychology-therapy/ |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=Talkspace |language=en-US}}</ref>

The first half of the 1900s was filled with new theories and it was a turning point for women's recognition within the field of psychology. In addition to the contributions made by [[Leta Stetter Hollingworth]] and [[Anna Freud]], [[Mary Whiton Calkins]] invented the paired associates technique of studying memory and developed [[Self psychology|self-psychology]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.apa.org/about/governance/president/bio-mary-whiton-calkins |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=www.apa.org|title=Mary Whiton Calkins: 1905 APA President}}</ref> [[Karen Horney]] developed the concept of "[[womb envy]]" and neurotic needs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karen Horney {{!}} German Psychoanalyst & Feminist Psychologist {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Karen-Horney |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Psychoanalyst [[Melanie Klein]] impacted [[developmental psychology]] with her research of [[play therapy]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Melanie Klein {{!}} Institute of Psychoanalysis |url=https://psychoanalysis.org.uk/our-authors-and-theorists/melanie-klein |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20160102230813/https://psychoanalysis.org.uk/our-authors-and-theorists/melanie-klein |archive-date=2016-01-02 |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=psychoanalysis.org.uk}}</ref> These great discoveries and contributions were made during struggles of [[sexism]], [[discrimination]], and little recognition for their work.

==== 1950–1999 ====
Women in the second half of the 20th century continued to do research that had large-scale impacts on the field of psychology. [[Mary Ainsworth]]'s work centered around [[attachment theory]]. Building off fellow psychologist [[John Bowlby]], Ainsworth spent years doing [[Field research|fieldwork]] to understand the development of mother-infant relationships. In doing this field research, Ainsworth developed the Strange Situation Procedure, a laboratory procedure meant to study attachment style by separating and uniting a child with their mother several different times under different circumstances. These field studies are also where she developed her [[attachment theory]] and the order of [[attachment styles]], which was a landmark for [[developmental psychology]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-03-23 |title=Ainsworth, Mary D. Salter - Psychologists and Their Theories for Students {{!}} HighBeam Research |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3456300011.html |access-date=2024-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150323101023/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3456300011.html |archive-date=23 March 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ravo |first=Nick |date=1999-04-07 |title=Mary Ainsworth, 85, Theorist On Mother-Infant Attachment |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/04/07/us/mary-ainsworth-85-theorist-on-mother-infant-attachment.html |access-date=2024-03-06 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Because of her work, Ainsworth became one of the most cited psychologists of all time.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Haggbloom |first1=Steven J. |last2=Warnick |first2=Renee |last3=Warnick |first3=Jason E. |last4=Jones |first4=Vinessa K. |last5=Yarbrough |first5=Gary L. |last6=Russell |first6=Tenea M. |last7=Borecky |first7=Chris M. |last8=McGahhey |first8=Reagan |last9=Powell |first9=John L. |last10=Beavers |first10=Jamie |last11=Monte |first11=Emmanuelle |date=June 2002 |title=The 100 Most Eminent Psychologists of the 20th Century |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1037/1089-2680.6.2.139 |journal=Review of General Psychology |language=en |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=139–152 |doi=10.1037/1089-2680.6.2.139 |s2cid=145668721 |issn=1089-2680|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Mamie Phipps Clark]] was another woman in psychology that changed the field with her research. She was one of the first African-Americans to receive a doctoral degree in psychology from [[Columbia University]], along with her husband, [[Kenneth and Mamie Clark|Kenneth Clark]]. Her master's thesis, "The Development of Consciousness in Negro Pre-School Children," argued that black children's [[self-esteem]] was negatively impacted by [[racial discrimination]]. She and her husband conduced research building off her thesis throughout the 1940s. These tests, called the [[Doll Test|doll tests]], asked young children to choose between identical dolls whose only difference was race, and they found that the majority of the children preferred the white dolls and attributed positive traits to them. Repeated over and over again, these tests helped to determine the negative effects of [[racial discrimination]] and [[Racial segregation|segregation]] on black children's [[self-image]] and development. In 1954, this research would help decide the landmark [[Brown v. Board of Education]] decision, leading to the end of legal segregation across the nation. Clark went on to be an influential figure in psychology, her work continuing to focus on minority youth.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Featured Psychologists: Mamie Phipps Clark, PhD, and Kenneth Clark, PhD |url=https://www.apa.org/pi/oema/resources/ethnicity-health/psychologists/clark |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=www.apa.org}}</ref>

As the field of psychology developed throughout the latter half of the 20th century, women in the field advocated for their voices to be heard and their perspectives to be valued. [[Second-wave feminism]] did not miss psychology. An outspoken feminist in psychology was [[Naomi Weisstein]], who was an accomplished researcher in psychology and [[neuroscience]], and is perhaps best known for her paper, "Kirche, Kuche, Kinder as Scientific Law: Psychology Constructs the Female." Psychology Constructs the Female criticized the field of psychology for centering men and using biology too much to explain gender differences without taking into account social factors.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Weisstein |first=Naomi |date=June 1993 |title=Psychology Constructs the Female; or the Fantasy Life of the Male Psychologist (with Some Attention to the Fantasies of his Friends, the Male Biologist and the Male Anthropologist) |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0959353593032005 |journal=Feminism & Psychology |language=en |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=194–210 |doi=10.1177/0959353593032005 |s2cid=142246296 |issn=0959-3535|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Her work set the stage for further research to be done in [[social psychology]], especially in [[Gender Construction|gender construction]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ball |first1=Laura C. |last2=Rutherford |first2=Alexandra |date=2016 |title=Naomi Weisstein (1939–2015). |url=https://doi.apa.org/doi/10.1037/a0039886 |journal=American Psychologist |language=en |volume=71 |issue=1 |page=77 |doi=10.1037/a0039886 |pmid=26766770 |issn=1935-990X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Other women in the field also continued advocating for women in psychology, creating the [[Association for Women in Psychology]] to criticize how the field treated women. [[E. Kitch Childs|E. Kitsch Child]], [[Phyllis Chesler]], and [[Dorothy Riddle]] were some of the founding members of the organization in 1969.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Content |first=Contributed |date=1993-02-14 |title=E. KITCH CHILDS |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1993/02/14/e-kitch-childs/ |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=Chicago Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Times |first=Robert Reinhold Special to The New York |date=1970-09-06 |title=WOMEN CRITICIZE PSYCHOLOGY UNIT |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/09/06/archives/women-criticize-psychology-unit-1million-in-reparations-is-demanded.html |access-date=2024-03-06 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

The latter half of the 20th century further diversified the field of psychology, with women of color reaching new milestones. In 1962, [[Martha E. Bernal|Martha Bernal]] became the first Latina woman to get a Ph.D. in psychology. In 1969, [[Marigold Linton]], the first Native American woman to get a Ph.D. in psychology, founded the [[National Indian Education Association]]. She was also a founding member of the [[Society for Advancement of Chicanos and Native Americans in Science]]. In 1971, The Network of Indian Psychologists was established by [[Carolyn Attneave]]. Harriet McAdoo was appointed to the White House Conference on Families in 1979.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women in Psychology Timeline |url=https://www.apa.org/pi/women/iampsyched/timeline |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=www.apa.org}}</ref>

==== 21st century ====

In the 21st century, women have gained greater prominence in psychology, contributing significantly to a wide range of subfields. Many have taken on leadership roles, directed influential research labs, and guided the next generation of psychologists. However, gender disparities remain, especially when it comes to equal pay and representation in senior academic positions.<ref name=gruber>{{cite journal | last=Gruber | first=June | title=The Future of Women in Psychological Science | journal=Perspectives on Psychological Science | publisher=SAGE Publications | volume=16 | issue=3 | date=2020-09-09 | issn=1745-6916 | doi=10.1177/1745691620952789 | doi-access=free | pages=483–516 | pmid=32901575 | pmc=8114333 | hdl=1959.4/unsworks_77629 | hdl-access=free }}</ref> The number of women pursuing education and training in psychological science has reached a record high. In the United States, estimates suggest that women make up about 78% of undergraduate students and 71% of graduate students in psychology.<ref name=gruber/>

== Disciplinary organizations ==

=== Institutions ===
{{See also|List of psychology organizations}}
In 1920, [[Édouard Claparède]] and [[Pierre Bovet]] created a new applied psychology organization called the International Congress of Psychotechnics Applied to Vocational Guidance, later called the International Congress of Psychotechnics and then the [[International Association of Applied Psychology]].<ref name=BenjaminBaker /> The IAAP is considered the oldest international psychology association.<ref name=PickrenFowler>Wade Pickren & Raymond D. Fowler, "Professional Organizations", in Weiner (ed.), ''Handbook of Psychology'' (2003), Volume 1: ''History of Psychology''.</ref> Today, at least 65 international groups deal with specialized aspects of psychology.<ref name=PickrenFowler /> In response to male predominance in the field, female psychologists in the U.S. formed the National Council of Women Psychologists in 1941. This organization became the International Council of Women Psychologists after World War II and the International Council of Psychologists in 1959. Several associations including the [[Association of Black Psychologists]] and the Asian American Psychological Association have arisen to promote the inclusion of non-European racial groups in the profession.<ref name=PickrenFowler />

The [[International Union of Psychological Science]] (IUPsyS) is the world federation of national psychological societies. The IUPsyS was founded in 1951 under the auspices of the [[UNESCO|United Nations Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organization (UNESCO)]].<ref name=BenjaminBaker /><ref name=Staeuble>Irmingard Staeuble, "Psychology in the Eurocentric Order of the Social Sciences: Colonial Constitution, Cultural Imperialist Expansion, Postcolonial Critique" in Brock (ed.), ''Internationalizing the History of Psychology'' (2006).</ref> Psychology departments have since proliferated around the world, based primarily on the Euro-American model.<ref name=Paranjpe /><ref name=Staeuble /> Since 1966, the Union has published the ''International Journal of Psychology''.<ref name=BenjaminBaker /> IAAP and IUPsyS agreed in 1976 each to hold a congress every four years, on a staggered basis.<ref name=PickrenFowler />

IUPsyS recognizes 66 national psychology associations and at least 15 others exist.<ref name=PickrenFowler /> The American Psychological Association is the oldest and largest.<ref name=PickrenFowler /> Its membership has increased from 5,000 in 1945 to 100,000 in the present day.<ref name=Goodwin>C. James Goodwin, "United States", in Baker (ed.), ''Oxford Handbook of the History of Psychology'' (2012).</ref> The APA includes [[Divisions of the American Psychological Association|54 divisions]], which since 1960 have steadily proliferated to include more specialties. Some of these divisions, such as the [[Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues]] and the [[American Psychology–Law Society]], began as autonomous groups.<ref name=PickrenFowler />

The [[Interamerican Psychological Society]], founded in 1951, aspires to promote psychology across the Western Hemisphere. It holds the Interamerican Congress of Psychology and had 1,000 members in year 2000. The European Federation of Professional Psychology Associations, founded in 1981, represents 30 national associations with a total of 100,000 individual members. At least 30 other international organizations represent psychologists in different regions.<ref name=PickrenFowler />

In some places, governments legally regulate who can provide psychological services or represent themselves as a "psychologist."<ref>For example, see [https://archive.today/20150406055541/https://www.oregonlegislature.gov/bills_laws/lawsstatutes/2013ors675.html Oregon State Law, Chapter 675 (2013 edition)] at [http://www.oregon.gov/obpe/Pages/laws_rules.aspx Statutes & Rules Relating to the Practice of Psychology] {{Webarchive|url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160521020000/http://www.oregon.gov/obpe/Pages/laws_rules.aspx |date=21 May 2016 }}.</ref> The APA defines a psychologist as someone with a doctoral degree in psychology.<ref name=HallHurley>Judy E. Hall and George Hurley, "North American Perspectives on Education, Training, Licensing, and Credentialing", in Weiner (ed.), ''Handbook of Psychology'' (2003), Volume 8: ''Clinical Psychology''.</ref>

=== Boundaries ===

Early practitioners of experimental psychology distinguished themselves from [[parapsychology]], which in the late nineteenth century enjoyed popularity (including the interest of scholars such as William James). Some people considered parapsychology to be part of "psychology". Parapsychology, [[Hypnosis|hypnotism]], and [[Psychic|psychism]] were major topics at the early International Congresses. But students of these fields were eventually ostracized, and more or less banished from the Congress in 1900–1905.<ref name=BenjaminBaker /> Parapsychology persisted for a time at Imperial University in Japan, with publications such as ''Clairvoyance and Thoughtography'' by Tomokichi Fukurai, but it was mostly shunned by 1913.<ref name=Takasuna />

As a discipline, psychology has long sought to fend off accusations that it is a [[Soft science|"soft" science]]. Philosopher of science [[Thomas Kuhn]]'s 1962 critique implied psychology overall was in a pre-paradigm state, lacking agreement on the type of overarching theory found in mature hard sciences such as chemistry and physics.<ref>T.S. Kuhn, ''The Structure of Scientific Revolutions'', 1st. ed., Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Pr., 1962.</ref> Because some areas of psychology rely on research methods such as [[Self-report study|self-reports]] in surveys and questionnaires, critics asserted that psychology is not an [[Objectivity and subjectivity|objective]] science. Skeptics have suggested that personality, thinking, and emotion cannot be directly measured and are often inferred from subjective self-reports, which may be problematic. Experimental psychologists have devised a variety of ways to indirectly measure these elusive phenomenological entities.<ref name="Beveridge_subj">{{cite journal |doi=10.1192/pb.26.3.101 |title=Time to abandon the subjective–objective divide? |journal=Psychiatric Bulletin |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=101–103 |year=2002 |last1=Beveridge |first1=Allan |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Peterson_subj">Peterson, C. (23 May 2009). [http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-good-life/200905/subjective-and-objective-research-in-positive-psychology "Subjective and objective research in positive psychology: A biological characteristic is linked to well-being"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730080401/https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-good-life/200905/subjective-and-objective-research-in-positive-psychology |date=30 July 2022 }}. ''Psychology Today''. Retrieved 20 April 2010.</ref><ref name="Panksepp_AN">[[Jaak Panksepp|Panksepp, J.]] (1998). [https://books.google.com/books?id=n0W2QQuZ7IEC ''Affective neuroscience: The foundations of human and animal emotions''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918223340/https://books.google.com/books?id=n0W2QQuZ7IEC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_s |date=18 September 2015 }}. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 9.</ref>

Divisions still exist within the field, with some psychologists more oriented towards the unique experiences of individual humans, which cannot be understood only as data points within a larger population. Critics inside and outside the field have argued that mainstream psychology has become increasingly dominated by a "cult of empiricism", which limits the scope of research because investigators restrict themselves to methods derived from the physical sciences.{{r|Teo 2005|pp=36-7|q=Methodologism means that the method dominates the problem, problems are chosen in subordination to the respected method, and psychology has to adopt without question, the methods of the natural sciences. ... From an epistemological and ontological-critical as well as from a human-scientific perspective the experiment in psychology has limited value (for example, only for basic psychological processes), given the nature of the psychological subject matter, and the reality of persons and their capabilities.}} Feminist critiques have argued that claims to scientific objectivity obscure the values and agenda of (historically) mostly male researchers.<ref name=Tomes2008 /> Jean Grimshaw, for example, argues that mainstream psychological research has advanced a [[patriarchal]] agenda through its efforts to control behavior.{{r|Teo 2005|p=120|q=Pervasive in feminist critiques of science, with the exception of feminist empiricism, is the rejection of positivist assumptions, including the assumption of value-neutrality or that research can only be objective if subjectivity and emotional dimensions are excluded, when in fact culture, personality, and institutions play significant roles (see Longino, 1990; Longino & Doell, 1983). For psychology, Grimshaw (1986) discussed behaviorism's goals of modification, suggesting that behaviorist principles reinforced a hierarchical position between controller and controlled and that behaviorism was in principle an antidemocratic program.}}

== Major schools of thought ==
=== Biological ===
{{Main|Cognitive neuroscience}}
[[File:Simulated Connectivity Damage of Phineas Gage 4 vanHorn PathwaysDamaged.jpg|thumb|False-color representations of [[white matter|cerebral fiber]] pathways affected, per Van Horn et al.<ref>{{cite book
|last=Macmillan |first=Malcolm B. |year=2000 |title=An Odd Kind of Fame: Stories of Phineas Gage |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qx4fMsTqGFYC |id= (hbk, 2000) (pbk, 2002) |isbn=978-0-262-13363-0 |page=3}}</ref>]]
Psychologists generally consider biology the substrate of thought and feeling, and therefore an important area of study. Behaviorial neuroscience, also known as biological psychology, involves the application of biological principles to the study of physiological and genetic mechanisms underlying behavior in humans and other animals. The allied field of [[comparative psychology]] is the scientific study of the behavior and mental processes of non-human animals.<ref>Michela Gallagher & Randy J. Nelson, "Volume Preface", in Weiner (ed.), ''Handbook of Psychology'' (2003), Volume 3: ''Biological Psychology''.</ref> A leading question in behavioral neuroscience has been whether and how mental functions are [[Functional specialization (brain)|localized in the brain]]. From [[Phineas Gage]] to [[Henry Molaison|H.M.]] and [[Clive Wearing]], individual people with mental deficits traceable to physical brain damage have inspired new discoveries in this area.<ref name=ThompsonZola>Richard F. Thompson & Stuart M. Zola, "Biological Psychology", in Weiner (ed.), ''Handbook of Psychology'' (2003), Volume 1: ''History of Psychology''.</ref> Modern behavioral neuroscience could be said to originate in the 1870s, when in France [[Paul Broca]] traced production of speech to the left frontal gyrus, thereby also demonstrating hemispheric lateralization of brain function. Soon after, [[Carl Wernicke]] identified a related area necessary for the understanding of speech.{{r|Luria 1973|pp=20-2|q=}}

The contemporary field of [[behavioral neuroscience]] focuses on the physical basis of behavior. Behaviorial neuroscientists use animal models, often relying on rats, to study the neural, genetic, and cellular mechanisms that underlie behaviors involved in learning, memory, and fear responses.<ref>{{cite book |last=Pinel |first=John |title=Biopsychology |publisher=Prentice Hall |location=New York |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-205-83256-9}}</ref> [[Cognitive neuroscience|Cognitive neuroscientists]], by using neural imaging tools, investigate the neural correlates of psychological processes in humans. [[neuropsychology|Neuropsychologists]] conduct psychological assessments to determine how an individual's behavior and cognition are related to the brain. The [[biopsychosocial model]] is a cross-disciplinary, holistic model that concerns the ways in which interrelationships of biological, psychological, and socio-environmental factors affect health and behavior.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Richard Frankel |author2=Timothy Quill |author3=Susan McDaniel |title=The Biopsychosocial Approach: Past, Present, Future |publisher=Boydell & Brewer |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-58046-102-3}}</ref>

[[Evolutionary psychology]] approaches thought and behavior from a modern [[evolution]]ary perspective. This perspective suggests that psychological adaptations evolved to solve recurrent problems in human ancestral environments. Evolutionary psychologists attempt to find out how human psychological traits are evolved adaptations, the results of [[natural selection]] or [[sexual selection]] over the course of human evolution.<ref name="Behavior Genetics">{{Cite encyclopedia |vauthors= McGue M, Gottesman II | year= 2015| title= Behavior Genetics |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Clinical Psychology | doi= 10.1002/9781118625392.wbecp578 | pages=1–11| isbn= 978-1-118-62539-2}}</ref>

The history of the biological foundations of psychology includes evidence of racism. The idea of white supremacy and indeed the modern concept of race itself arose during the process of world conquest by Europeans.<ref>Guthrie, ''Even the Rat was White'' (1998), Chapter 1: {{"'}}The Noble Savage' and Science" (pp. 3–33)</ref> [[Carl von Linnaeus]]'s four-fold classification of humans classifies Europeans as intelligent and severe, Americans as contented and free, Asians as ritualistic, and Africans as lazy and capricious. Race was also used to justify the construction of socially specific mental disorders such as ''[[drapetomania]]'' and ''[[dysaesthesia aethiopica]]''—the behavior of uncooperative African slaves.<ref>Guthrie, ''Even the Rat was White'' (1998), Chapter 5: "The Psychology of Survival and Education" (pp. 113–134)</ref> After the creation of experimental psychology, "ethnical psychology" emerged as a subdiscipline, based on the assumption that studying primitive races would provide an important link between animal behavior and the psychology of more evolved humans.<ref>Guthrie, ''Even the Rat was White'' (1998), Chapter 2: "Brass Instruments and Dark Skins" (pp. 34–54)</ref>

=== Behaviorist ===
{{Main|Behaviorism|Psychological behaviorism|Radical behaviorism}}
[[File:Skinner teaching machine 01.jpg|thumb|Skinner's [[teaching machine]], a mechanical invention to automate the task of [[programmed instruction]]]]
[[File:Little Albert experiment (1920).webm|thumb|thumbtime=192|The film of the [[Little Albert experiment]]]]
A tenet of behavioral research is that a large part of both human and lower-animal behavior is learned. A principle associated with behavioral research is that the mechanisms involved in learning apply to humans and non-human animals. Behavioral researchers have developed a treatment known as [[behavior modification]], which is used to help individuals replace undesirable behaviors with desirable ones.

Early behavioral researchers studied stimulus–response pairings, now known as [[classical conditioning]]. They demonstrated that when a biologically potent stimulus (e.g., food that elicits salivation) is paired with a previously neutral stimulus (e.g., a bell) over several learning trials, the neutral stimulus by itself can come to elicit the response the biologically potent stimulus elicits. [[Ivan Pavlov]]—known best for inducing dogs to salivate in the presence of a stimulus previously linked with food—became a leading figure in the Soviet Union and inspired followers to use his methods on humans.<ref name=SirotkinaSmith /> In the United States, [[Edward Lee Thorndike]] initiated "[[connectionism|connectionist]]" studies by trapping animals in "puzzle boxes" and rewarding them for escaping. Thorndike wrote in 1911, "There can be no moral warrant for studying man's nature unless the study will enable us to control his acts."{{r|Leahey 2001|pp=212-5|q=}} From 1910 to 1913 the American Psychological Association went through a sea change of opinion, away from [[Mentalism (psychology)|mentalism]] and towards "behavioralism." In 1913, John B. Watson coined the term behaviorism for this school of thought.{{r|Leahey 2001|pp=218-27|q=}} Watson's famous [[Little Albert experiment]] in 1920 was at first thought to demonstrate that repeated use of upsetting loud noises could instill [[phobia]]s (aversions to other stimuli) in an infant human,<ref name=Watson1913 /><ref>J.B. Watson & R. Rayner, "Conditioned emotional responses", ''Journal of Experimental Psychology'' 3, 1920; in Hock, ''Forty Studies'' (2002), pp. 70–76.</ref> although such a conclusion was likely an exaggeration.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://htpprints.yorku.ca/archive/00000198/01/BHARRIS.HTM |last1=Harris |first1=B. |date=February 1979 |title=Whatever happened to Little Albert? |journal=American Psychologist |volume=34 |issue=2 |via=History & Theory of Psychology Eprint Archive |pages=151–160 |doi=10.1037/0003-066X.34.2.151 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120803155410/http://htpprints.yorku.ca/archive/00000198/01/BHARRIS.HTM#selection-15.0-15.35 |archive-date=3 August 2012 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Karl Lashley]], a close collaborator with Watson, examined biological manifestations of learning in the brain.<ref name=ThompsonZola />

[[Clark L. Hull]], [[Edwin Guthrie]], and others did much to help behaviorism become a widely used paradigm.<ref name=Goodwin /> A new method of "instrumental" or "[[operant conditioning|operant]]" conditioning added the concepts of [[reinforcement]] and [[punishment]] to the model of behavior change. [[Radical behaviorism|Radical behaviorists]] avoided discussing the inner workings of the mind, especially the unconscious mind, which they considered impossible to assess scientifically.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1037/0003-066X.62.6.590 |pmid=17874899 |title=Looking for Skinner and finding Freud |journal=American Psychologist |volume=62 |issue=6 |pages=590–595 |year=2007 |last1=Overskeid |first1=Geir |citeseerx=10.1.1.321.6288 }}</ref> Operant conditioning was first described by Miller and Kanorski and popularized in the U.S. by [[B.F. Skinner]], who emerged as a leading intellectual of the behaviorist movement.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Miller | first1 = S. | last2 = Konorski | first2 = J. | year = 1928 | title = Sur une forme particulière des reflexes conditionels |trans-title=On a particular form of conditional reflexes |language=fr | journal = Comptes Rendus des Séances de la Société de Biologie et de Ses Filiales | volume = 99 | pages = 1155–1157 }}</ref><ref>Skinner, B.F. (1932) ''The Behavior of Organisms''{{page needed|date=February 2019}}</ref>

[[Noam Chomsky]] published an influential critique of radical behaviorism on the grounds that behaviorist principles could not adequately explain the complex mental process of [[language acquisition]] and language use.<ref>Chomsky, N. (1959). Review of Skinner's Verbal Behavior. ''Language, 35'', 26–58. [http://www.chomsky.info/articles/1967----.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929070654/http://www.chomsky.info/articles/1967----.htm|date=29 September 2015}}</ref>{{r|Schlinger 2008|pp=|q=}} The review, which was scathing, did much to reduce the status of behaviorism within psychology.{{r|Leahey 2001|pp=282-5|q=}} [[Martin Seligman]] and his colleagues discovered that they could condition in dogs a state of "[[learned helplessness]]", which was not predicted by the behaviorist approach to psychology.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Seligman M.E.P. |author2=Maier S.F. |year= 1967 |title=Failure to escape traumatic shock |journal=Journal of Experimental Psychology |volume=74 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1037/h0024514 |pmid=6032570 |citeseerx=10.1.1.611.8411 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Overmier J.B. |author2=Seligman M.E.P. |year=1967 |title=Effects of inescapable shock upon subsequent escape and avoidance responding |journal=Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology |volume=63 |issue=1 |pages=28–33 |doi=10.1037/h0024166 |pmid=6029715 |s2cid=17310110 }}</ref> [[Edward C. Tolman]] advanced a hybrid "cognitive behavioral" model, most notably with his 1948 publication discussing the [[cognitive map]]s used by rats to guess at the location of food at the end of a maze.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1037/h0061626 |pmid=18870876 |title=Cognitive maps in rats and men |journal=Psychological Review |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=189–208 |year=1948 |last1=Tolman |first1=Edward C. |s2cid=42496633 }}</ref> Skinner's behaviorism did not die, in part because it generated successful practical applications.{{r|Schlinger 2008|pp=|q=}}

The [[Association for Behavior Analysis International]] was founded in 1974 and by 2003 had members from 42 countries. The field has gained a foothold in Latin America and Japan.<ref>Ruben Ardila, "Behavior Analysis in an International Context", in Brock (ed.), ''Internationalizing the History of Psychology'' (2006).</ref> [[Applied behavior analysis]] is the term used for the application of the principles of operant conditioning to change socially significant behavior (it supersedes the term, "behavior modification").<ref>{{cite book| last1=Pierce| first1=W. David| last2=Cheney| first2=Carl D.| date=16 June 2017| orig-date=1995| title=Behavior Analysis and Learning: A Biobehavioral Approach| url=https://www.routledge.com/Behavior-Analysis-and-Learning-A-Biobehavioral-Approach-Sixth-Edition/Pierce-Cheney/p/book/9781138898585| edition=6| location=New York| publisher=[[Routledge]]| pages=1–622| isbn=978-1-138-89858-5| access-date=3 June 2021| archive-date=3 June 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603031001/https://www.routledge.com/Behavior-Analysis-and-Learning-A-Biobehavioral-Approach-Sixth-Edition/Pierce-Cheney/p/book/9781138898585| url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Cognitive ===
{{main|Cognitive psychology}}
<div style="background:#CCC;border:1px solid #666;float:right;width:24%;padding:4px;margin:0 0 2px 2px; font-size:98%">
'''Green Red Blue Purple Blue Purple'''
----
'''Blue Purple Red Green Purple Green'''
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The Stroop effect is the fact that naming the color of the first set of words is easier and quicker than the second.
</div>
[[File:Working memory model.svg|thumb|[[Baddeley's model of working memory]]]]
[[File:Müller-Lyer illusion.svg|thumb|The [[Müller–Lyer illusion]]. Psychologists make inferences about mental processes from shared phenomena such as optical illusions.]]
Cognitive psychology involves the study of [[mental process]]es, including [[perception]], [[attention]], language comprehension and production, [[memory]], and problem solving.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.apa.org/research/action/glossary.aspx |title=American Psychological Association (2013). Glossary of psychological terms |publisher=Apa.org |access-date=13 August 2014 |archive-date=27 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190127022835/https://www.apa.org/research/action/glossary.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> Researchers in the field of cognitive psychology are sometimes called [[cognitivism (psychology)|cognitivists]]. They rely on an [[Information processing (psychology)|information processing]] model of mental functioning. Cognitivist research is informed by [[functionalism (philosophy of mind)|functionalism]] and experimental psychology.

Starting in the 1950s, the experimental techniques developed by Wundt, James, Ebbinghaus, and others re-emerged as experimental psychology became increasingly cognitivist and, eventually, constituted a part of the wider, interdisciplinary [[cognitive science]].<ref>Gardner, H. (1985). ''The mind's new science: A history of the cognitive revolution''. New York: Basic Books. {{ISBN|0-465-04635-5}}</ref><ref name=Mandler /> Some called this development the [[cognitive revolution]] because it rejected the anti-mentalist dogma of behaviorism as well as the strictures of psychoanalysis.<ref name=Mandler>Mandler, G. (2007). A history of modern experimental psychology: From James and Wundt to cognitive science. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.{{page needed|date=February 2019}}</ref>

[[Albert Bandura]] helped along the transition in psychology from behaviorism to cognitive psychology. Bandura and other [[Social learning theory|social learning theorists]] advanced the idea of vicarious learning. In other words, they advanced the view that a child can learn by observing the immediate social environment and not necessarily from having been reinforced for enacting a behavior, although they did not rule out the influence of reinforcement on learning a behavior.<ref>Bandura, A. (1973). Aggression: A social learning analysis. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.</ref>

Technological advances also renewed interest in mental states and mental representations. English neuroscientist [[Charles Sherrington]] and Canadian psychologist [[Donald O. Hebb]] used experimental methods to link psychological phenomena to the structure and function of the brain. The rise of computer science, [[cybernetics]], and [[artificial intelligence]] underlined the value of comparing information processing in humans and machines.

A popular and representative topic in this area is [[cognitive bias]], or irrational thought. Psychologists (and economists) have classified and described a [[List of cognitive biases|sizeable catalog of biases]] which recur frequently in human thought. The [[availability heuristic]], for example, is the tendency to overestimate the importance of something which happens to come readily to mind.<ref>{{Citation|last=Juslin|first=Peter|title=Availability Heuristic|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of the Mind|year=2013|publisher=SAGE Publications, Inc.|doi=10.4135/9781452257044.n39|isbn=978-1-4129-5057-2}}</ref>

Elements of behaviorism and cognitive psychology were synthesized to form [[cognitive behavioral therapy]], a form of psychotherapy modified from techniques developed by American psychologist [[Albert Ellis]] and American psychiatrist [[Aaron Beck|Aaron T. Beck]].

On a broader level, cognitive science is an interdisciplinary enterprise involving cognitive psychologists, cognitive neuroscientists, linguists, and researchers in artificial intelligence, human–computer interaction, and [[computational neuroscience]]. The discipline of cognitive science covers cognitive psychology as well as philosophy of mind, computer science, and neuroscience.<ref>{{Citation|last=Thagard|first=Paul|title=Cognitive Science|year=2020|url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2020/entries/cognitive-science/|encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|editor-last=Zalta|editor-first=Edward N.|edition=Winter 2020|publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University|access-date=22 January 2021|archive-date=1 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301035552/https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2020/entries/cognitive-science/|url-status=live}}</ref> Computer simulations are sometimes used to model phenomena of interest.

=== Social ===
{{Main|Social psychology}}
{{See also|Social psychology (sociology)}}

Social psychology is concerned with how [[behavior]]s, [[thought]]s, [[feeling]]s, and the social environment influence human interactions.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Allport|first=G. W|year=1985|title=The Historical Background of Social Psychology|editor1-last=G. Lindzey and E. Aronson|encyclopedia=The Handbook of Social Psychology|location=New York|publisher=[[McGraw Hill]]|page=5}}</ref> Social psychologists study such topics as the influence of others on an individual's behavior (e.g. [[conformity (psychology)|conformity]], [[persuasion]]) and the formation of beliefs, [[attitude (psychology)|attitudes]], and [[stereotype]]s about other people. [[Social cognition]] fuses elements of social and cognitive psychology for the purpose of understanding how people process, remember, or distort social information. The study of [[group dynamics]] involves research on the nature of leadership, organizational communication, and related phenomena. In recent years, social psychologists have become interested in [[Implicit Association Test|implicit]] measures, [[mediation (statistics)|mediational]] models, and the interaction of person and social factors in accounting for behavior. Some concepts that [[sociology|sociologists]] have applied to the study of psychiatric disorders, concepts such as the social role, sick role, social class, life events, culture, migration, and [[total institution]], have influenced social psychologists.<ref>Tausig, M., & Fenwick, R. (2011). ''Work and Mental Health in Social Context''. New York: Springer. {{doi|10.1007/978-1-4614-0625-9}}.</ref>

=== Psychoanalytic ===
{{Main|Psychodynamics|psychoanalysis}}
[[File:Hall Freud Jung in front of Clark.jpg|thumb|Front row: [[Sigmund Freud]], G. Stanley Hall, [[Carl Jung]]. Back row: [[Abraham A. Brill]], [[Ernest Jones]], [[Sándor Ferenczi]] at [[Clark University]] in 1909.]]

Psychoanalysis is a collection of theories and therapeutic techniques intended to analyze the unconscious mind and its impact on everyday life. These theories and techniques inform treatments for mental disorders.<ref>Thompson, C. & Mullahy, P. (1951). ''Psychoanalysis: Evolution and development (3rd ed.)''. New York: Hermitage House.</ref><ref>Brenner, C. (1974). An elementary textbook of psychoanalysis. Garden City, NY: Anchor.</ref><ref>Moore, B.E.; Fine, B.D. (1968), A Glossary of Psychoanalytic Terms and Concepts, Amer Psychoanalytic Assn, p. 78, {{ISBN|978-0-318-13125-2}}</ref> Psychoanalysis originated in the 1890s, most prominently with the work of [[Sigmund Freud]]. Freud's psychoanalytic theory was largely based on interpretive methods, [[introspection]], and clinical observation. It became very well known, largely because it tackled subjects such as [[Human sexuality|sexuality]], [[psychological repression|repression]], and the unconscious.{{r|Kozulin 1984|pp=84-6|q=}} Freud pioneered the methods of [[Free association (psychology)|free association]] and [[dream interpretation]].<ref>{{Cite book|author=Freud, S|year=1900|title=The Interpretation of Dreams|edition= 2nd|publisher=Hogarth Press, 1955|volume=IV and V}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |author=Freud, S |title=The Unconscious |year=1915 |edition= 2nd |volume=XIV |publisher=Hogarth Press, 1955}}</ref>

Psychoanalytic theory is not monolithic. Other well-known psychoanalytic thinkers who diverged from Freud include [[Alfred Adler]], [[Carl Jung]], [[Erik Erikson]], [[Melanie Klein]], [[Donald Winnicott|D. W. Winnicott]], [[Karen Horney]], [[Erich Fromm]], [[John Bowlby]], Freud's daughter [[Anna Freud]], and [[Harry Stack Sullivan]]. These individuals ensured that psychoanalysis would evolve into diverse schools of thought. Among these schools are [[ego psychology]], [[object relations]], and [[interpersonal psychoanalysis|interpersonal]], [[Jacques Lacan|Lacanian]], and [[relational psychoanalysis]].

Psychologists such as [[Hans Eysenck]] and philosophers including [[Karl Popper]] sharply criticized psychoanalysis. Popper argued that psychoanalysis was not [[Falsifiability|falsifiable]] (no claim it made could be proven wrong) and therefore inherently not a scientific discipline,<ref name="Popper">Karl Popper, Conjectures and Refutations, London: Routledge and Keagan Paul, 1963, pp. 33–39; from Theodore Schick, ed., Readings in the Philosophy of Science, Mountain View, CA: Mayfield Publishing Company, 2000, pp. 9–13. [http://faculty.washington.edu/lynnhank/Popper.doc Faculty.washington.edu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326181144/http://faculty.washington.edu/lynnhank/Popper.doc |date=26 March 2009 }}</ref> whereas Eysenck advanced the view that psychoanalytic tenets had been contradicted by experimental data. By the end of the 20th century, psychology departments in [[Higher education in the United States|American universities]] mostly had marginalized Freudian theory, dismissing it as a "desiccated and dead" historical artifact.<ref name=Cohen>{{cite news| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/25/weekinreview/25cohen.html?_r=3&ref=education&oref&oref=slogin| title = June 2008 study| website = [[The New York Times]]| date = 25 November 2007| last1 = Cohen| first1 = Patricia| access-date = 23 February 2017| archive-date = 26 May 2024| archive-url = https://archive.today/20240526001934/https://www.webcitation.org/683GStpl4?url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/25/weekinreview/25cohen.html%3F_r=4| url-status = live}}</ref> Researchers such as [[António Damásio]], [[Oliver Sacks]], and [[Joseph LeDoux]]; and individuals in the emerging field of [[neuro-psychoanalysis]] have defended some of Freud's ideas on scientific grounds.<ref>See:
* Damásio, A. (1994). ''[[Descartes' Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain]]''.
* Damásio, A. (1996). ''The somatic marker hypothesis and the possible functions of the prefrontal cortex''.
* Damásio, A. (1999). ''The feeling of what happens: Body and emotion in the making of consciousness''.
* Damásio, A. (2003). ''Looking for Spinoza: Joy, sorrow, and the feeling brain''.
* LeDoux, J.E. (1998). ''The emotional brain: The mysterious underpinnings of emotional life (Touchstone ed.)''. Simon & Schuster. {{ISBN|0-684-83659-9}}
* Panksepp, J. (1998). ''Affective neuroscience: The foundations of human and animal emotions''. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.
* Sacks, O. (1984). A leg to stand on. New York: Summit Books/Simon and Schuster.</ref>

=== Existential-humanistic ===
{{main|Existential psychology|Humanistic psychology}}
[[File:Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs.svg|thumb|Psychologist [[Abraham Maslow]] in 1943 posited that humans have a hierarchy of needs, and it makes sense to fulfill the basic needs first before higher-order needs can be met.<ref name=honolulu>{{cite web|url=http://honolulu.hawaii.edu/intranet/committees/FacDevCom/guidebk/teachtip/maslow.htm |title=Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs |publisher=Honolulu.hawaii.edu |access-date=10 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100211014419/http://honolulu.hawaii.edu/intranet/committees/FacDevCom/guidebk/teachtip/maslow.htm |archive-date=11 February 2010 }}</ref>]]
[[Humanistic psychology]], which has been influenced by existentialism and phenomenology,<ref>{{cite book|last=Benjafield|first=John G.|title=A History of Psychology: Third Edition|year=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Don Mills, ON|isbn=978-0-19-543021-9|pages=357–362}}</ref> stresses [[free will]] and [[self-actualization]].<ref name="Oxford University Press 2015">Oxford University Press. (2015). ''A Dictionary of Psychology, 4th ed.'' Edited by Andrew M. Colman. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford: Author. {{ISBN|9780199657681}}</ref> It emerged in the 1950s as a movement within academic psychology, in reaction to both behaviorism and psychoanalysis.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gazzaniga|first=Michael|title=Psychological Science|year=2010|publisher=W.W. Norton & Company|location=New York|isbn=978-0-393-93421-2|page=23}}</ref> The humanistic approach seeks to view the whole person, not just fragmented parts of the personality or isolated cognitions.<ref>Rowan, John. (2001). ''Ordinary Ecstasy: The Dialectics of Humanistic Psychology.'' London, UK: Brunner-Routledge. {{ISBN|0-415-23633-9}}</ref> Humanistic psychology also focuses on personal growth, [[self-concept|self-identity]], death, aloneness, and freedom. It emphasizes subjective meaning, the rejection of determinism, and concern for positive growth rather than pathology. Some founders of the humanistic school of thought were American psychologists [[Abraham Maslow]], who formulated a [[Maslow's hierarchy of needs|hierarchy of human needs]], and [[Carl Rogers]], who created and developed [[client-centered therapy]].<ref name=Kramer1995>{{cite journal |last1=Kramer |first1=Robert |title=The Birth of Client-Centered Therapy: Carl Rogers, Otto Rank, and 'The Beyond' |journal=Journal of Humanistic Psychology |date=October 1995 |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=54–110 |doi=10.1177/00221678950354005 |s2cid=145059656 }}</ref>

Later, [[positive psychology]] opened up humanistic themes to scientific study. Positive psychology is the study of factors which contribute to human happiness and well-being, focusing more on people who are currently healthy. In 2010, ''Clinical Psychological Review'' published a special issue devoted to positive psychological interventions, such as [[gratitude journal]]ing and the physical expression of gratitude. It is, however, far from clear that positive psychology is effective in making people happier.<ref name = "Ehrenreich">Ehrenreich, B. (2009). ''Bright-sided: How the relentless promotion of positive thinking has undermined America''. New York: Henry Holt. {{ISBN|978-0-8050-8749-9}}</ref><ref name = "Singal">Singal, J. (2021, June 7). Positive psychology goes to war: How the Army adopted an untested, evidence-free approach to fighting PTSD. ''Chronicle of Higher Education''.</ref> Positive psychological interventions have been limited in scope, but their effects are thought to be somewhat better than [[placebo]] effects.

The ''American Association for Humanistic Psychology'', formed in 1963, declared:

{{blockquote|text=Humanistic psychology is primarily an orientation toward the whole of psychology rather than a distinct area or school. It stands for respect for the worth of persons, respect for differences of approach, open-mindedness as to acceptable methods, and interest in exploration of new aspects of human behavior. As a "third force" in contemporary psychology, it is concerned with topics having little place in existing theories and systems: e.g., love, creativity, self, growth, organism, basic need-gratification, self-actualization, higher values, being, becoming, spontaneity, play, humor, affection, naturalness, warmth, ego-transcendence, objectivity, autonomy, responsibility, meaning, fair-play, transcendental experience, peak experience, courage, and related concepts.<ref>A.J. Sutich, ''American association for humanistic psychology, Articles of association''. Palo Alto, CA (mimeographed): August 28, 1963; in Severin (ed.), ''Humanistic Viewpoints in Psychology'' (1965), pp. xv–xvi.</ref>}}

Existential psychology emphasizes the need to understand a client's total orientation towards the world. Existential psychology is opposed to reductionism, behaviorism, and other methods that objectify the individual.<ref name="Oxford University Press 2015"/> In the 1950s and 1960s, influenced by philosophers [[Søren Kierkegaard]] and [[Martin Heidegger]], psychoanalytically trained American psychologist [[Rollo May]] helped to develop existential psychology. [[Existential therapy|Existential psychotherapy]], which follows from existential psychology, is a therapeutic approach that is based on the idea that a person's inner conflict arises from that individual's confrontation with the givens of existence. Swiss psychoanalyst [[Ludwig Binswanger]] and American psychologist [[George Kelly (psychologist)|George Kelly]] may also be said to belong to the existential school.<ref name="Hergenhahn3">{{cite book |author=Hergenhahn, B.R. |title=An introduction to the history of psychology |publisher=Thomson Wadsworth |location=Belmont, California |year=2005 |pages=528–536}}</ref> Existential psychologists tend to differ from more "humanistic" psychologists in the former's relatively neutral view of human nature and relatively positive assessment of anxiety.<ref name="Hergenhahn4">{{cite book |author=Hergenhahn, B.R. |title=An introduction to the history of psychology |publisher=Thomson Wadsworth |location=Belmont, California |year=2005 |pages=546–547}}</ref> Existential psychologists emphasized the humanistic themes of death, free will, and meaning, suggesting that meaning can be shaped by myths and narratives; meaning can be deepened by the acceptance of free will, which is requisite to living an [[authenticity (philosophy)|authentic]] life, albeit often with anxiety with regard to death.<ref name="Hergenhahn">{{cite book |author=Hergenhahn, B.R. |title=An introduction to the history of psychology |publisher=Thomson Wadsworth |location=Belmont, California |year=2005 |pages=523–532}}</ref>

Austrian existential psychiatrist and [[Holocaust]] survivor [[Viktor Frankl]] drew evidence of meaning's therapeutic power from reflections upon his own [[internment]].<ref name="Frankl">{{cite book |author=Frankl, V.E. |title=Man's search for meaning (rev. ed.) |url=https://archive.org/details/manssearchforme000fran |url-access=registration |publisher=Washington Square Press |location=New York |year=1984 |page=[https://archive.org/details/manssearchforme000fran/page/86 86]}}</ref> He created a variation of existential psychotherapy called [[logotherapy]], a type of [[existentialism|existentialist]] analysis that focuses on a ''will to meaning'' (in one's life), as opposed to Adler's [[Nietzsche]]an doctrine of ''[[will to power]]'' or Freud's ''[[Pleasure principle (psychology)|will to pleasure]]''.<ref>Seidner, Stanley S. (10 June 2009) [https://docs.google.com/gview?a=v&q=cache:FrKYAo88ckkJ:www.materdei.ie/media/conferences/a-secular-age-parallel-sessions-timetable.pdf+%22Stan+Seidner%22&hl=en&gl=us "A Trojan Horse: Logotherapeutic Transcendence and its Secular Implications for Theology"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501081407/http://docs.google.com/gview?a=v&q=cache%3AFrKYAo88ckkJ%3Awww.materdei.ie%2Fmedia%2Fconferences%2Fa-secular-age-parallel-sessions-timetable.pdf+%22Stan+Seidner%22&hl=en&gl=us |date=1 May 2011 }}. ''Mater Dei Institute''. p 2.</ref>

== Themes ==

=== Personality ===
{{main|Personality psychology}}
Personality psychology is concerned with enduring patterns of behavior, thought, and emotion. Theories of personality vary across different psychological schools of thought. Each theory carries different assumptions about such features as the role of the unconscious and the importance of childhood experience. According to Freud, personality is based on the dynamic interactions of the [[id, ego, and super-ego]].<ref>Carver, C., & Scheier, M. (2004). Perspectives on Personality (5th ed.). Boston: Pearson.</ref> By contrast, [[trait theorist]]s have developed taxonomies of personality constructs in describing personality in terms of key traits. Trait theorists have often employed statistical data-reduction methods, such as [[factor analysis]]. Although the number of proposed traits has varied widely, [[Hans Eysenck]]'s early biologically based model suggests at least three major trait constructs are necessary to describe human personality, [[extraversion and introversion|extraversion–introversion]], [[neuroticism]]-stability, and [[psychoticism]]-normality. [[Raymond Cattell]] empirically derived a theory of [[16 personality factors]] at the primary-factor level and up to eight broader second-stratum factors.<ref>Cattell, R.B. (1995). "The fallacy of five factors in the personality sphere". ''The Psychologist'', May, 207–208.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1080/00224545.1972.9918617 |title=An Improved Definition, from 10 Researchers, of Second Order Personality Factors in Q Data (with Cross-Cultural Checks) |journal=The Journal of Social Psychology |volume=86 |issue=2 |pages=187–203 |year=1972 |last1=Cattell |first1=Raymond B. |last2=Nichols |first2=K. Ernest }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1037/0033-2909.117.2.187 |pmid=7724687 |title=A contrarian view of the five-factor approach to personality description |journal=Psychological Bulletin |volume=117 |issue=2 |pages=187–215 |year=1995 |last1=Block |first1=Jack }}</ref><ref>Boyle, G.J. (2008). Critique of Five-Factor Model (FFM). In G.J. Boyle, G. Matthews, & D.H. Saklofske. (Eds.), ''ThBy coe SAGE handbook of personality theory and assessment: Vol. 1 – Personality theories and models''. Los Angeles, CA: SAGE. {{ISBN|978-1-4129-4651-3}}</ref> Since the 1980s, the [[Big Five personality traits|Big Five]] ([[openness to experience]], [[conscientiousness]], [[Extraversion and introversion|extraversion]], [[agreeableness]], and [[neuroticism]]) emerged as an important trait theory of personality.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lucas |first1=Richard E. |last2=Baird |first2=Brendan M. |title=Extraversion and Emotional Reactivity. |journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology |year=2004 |volume=86 |issue=3 |pages=473–485 |doi=10.1037/0022-3514.86.3.473 |pmid=15008650 }}</ref> [[Dimensional models of personality disorders]] are receiving increasing support, and a version of dimensional assessment, namely the ''[[Alternative DSM-5 model for personality disorders|Alternative DSM-5 Model for Personality Disorders]]'', has been included in the [[DSM-5]]. However, despite a plethora of research into the various versions of the "Big Five" personality dimensions, it appears necessary to move on from static conceptualizations of personality structure to a more dynamic orientation, acknowledging that personality constructs are subject to learning and change over the lifespan.<ref>Boyle, G.J. (2011). Changes in personality traits in adulthood. In D. Westen, L. Burton, & R. Kowalski (Eds.), Psychology: Australian and New Zealand 3rd edition (pp. 448–449). Milton, Queensland: Wiley. {{ISBN|978-1-74216-644-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1037/0033-295X.109.1.202 |pmid=11863038 |title=Enriched behavioral prediction equation and its impact on structured learning and the dynamic calculus |journal=Psychological Review |volume=109 |issue=1 |pages=202–205 |year=2002 |last1=Cattell |first1=Raymond B. |last2=Boyle |first2=Gregory J. |last3=Chant |first3=David }}</ref>

An early example of personality assessment was the [[Woodworth Personal Data Sheet]], constructed during World War I. The popular, although psychometrically inadequate, [[Myers–Briggs Type Indicator]]<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1742-9544.1995.tb01750.x |title=Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI): Some Psychometric Limitations |journal=Australian Psychologist |volume=30 |pages=71–74 |year=1995 |last1=Boyle |first1=Gregory J. |issue=1 }}</ref> was developed to assess individuals' "personality types" according to the [[Psychological Types|personality theories of Carl Jung]]. The [[Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory]] (MMPI), despite its name, is more a dimensional measure of psychopathology than a personality measure.<ref>Leslie C. Morey, "Measuring Personality and Psychopathology" in Weiner (ed.), ''Handbook of Psychology'' (2003), Volume 2: ''Research Methods in Psychology''.</ref> [[California Psychological Inventory]] contains 20 personality scales (e.g., independence, tolerance).<ref>Gough, H.G. (1987) California Psychological Inventory Administrator's Guide. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press, Inc.</ref> The [[International Personality Item Pool]], which is in the public domain, has become a source of scales that can be used personality assessment.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Goldberg |first1=Lewis R. |last2=Johnson |first2=John A. |last3=Eber |first3=Herbert W. |last4=Hogan |first4=Robert |last5=Ashton |first5=Michael C. |last6=Cloninger |first6=C. Robert |last7=Gough |first7=Harrison G. |date=February 2006 |title=The international personality item pool and the future of public-domain personality measures |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0092656605000553 |journal=Journal of Research in Personality |language=en |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=84–96 |doi=10.1016/j.jrp.2005.08.007|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

=== Unconscious mind ===
{{see also|Unconscious mind#Psychology}}
Study of the unconscious mind, a part of the psyche outside the individual's awareness but that is believed to influence conscious thought and behavior, was a hallmark of early psychology. In one of the first psychology experiments conducted in the United States, [[C.S. Peirce]] and [[Joseph Jastrow]] found in 1884 that research subjects could choose the minutely heavier of two weights even if consciously uncertain of the difference.<ref>Charles Sanders Peirce & Joseph Jastrow, "[http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Peirce/small-diffs.htm On Small Differences in Sensation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609111346/http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Peirce/small-diffs.htm |date=9 June 2019 }}", ''Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences'' 3, 17 October 1884; cited in William P. Banks & Ilya Farber, "Consciousness", in Weiner (ed.), ''Handbook of Psychology'' (2003), Volume 4: ''Experimental Psychology''; and in {{cite journal | last1 = Deber | first1 = James A | last2 = Jacoby | first2 = Larry L. | year = 1994 | title = Unconscious Perception: Attention, Awareness, and Control | journal = Journal of Experimental Psychology | volume = 20 | issue = 2| pages = 304–317| doi=10.1037/0278-7393.20.2.304| pmid = 8151275 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.412.4083 }}</ref> Freud popularized the concept of the unconscious mind, particularly when he referred to an uncensored intrusion of unconscious thought into one's speech (a [[Freudian slip]]) or to his efforts [[The Interpretation of Dreams|to interpret dreams]].<ref>{{Wikisource-inline|The Interpretation of Dreams|''The Interpretation of Dreams''|single=true}}, a faithful copy of the third edition translated in English by [[Abraham Arden Brill]] and published in 1913 by [[Macmillan Publishers|The Macmillan Company]]</ref> His 1901 book ''[[The Psychopathology of Everyday Life]]'' catalogs hundreds of everyday events that Freud explains in terms of unconscious influence. [[Pierre Janet]] advanced the idea of a subconscious mind, which could contain autonomous mental elements unavailable to the direct scrutiny of the subject.<ref name=Kihlstrom1999>John F. Kihlstrom, "[https://books.google.com/books?id=iXMQq7wg-qkC&pg=PA424 The Psychological Unconscious] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919002810/https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=iXMQq7wg-qkC&oi=fnd&pg=PA424 |date=19 September 2015 }}", in Lawrence Pervin & Oliver John (eds.), ''Handbook of Personality''; New York: Guilford Press, 1999. Also see [http://ist-socrates.berkeley.edu/~kihlstrm/Pervin3.htm web version] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009084438/http://ist-socrates.berkeley.edu/~kihlstrm/Pervin3.htm |date=9 October 2016 }}.</ref>

The concept of unconscious processes has remained important in psychology. Cognitive psychologists have used a "filter" model of attention. According to the model, much information processing takes place below the threshold of consciousness, and only certain stimuli, limited by their nature and number, make their way through the filter. Much research has shown that subconscious ''[[priming (psychology)|priming]]'' of certain ideas can covertly influence thoughts and behavior.<ref name=Kihlstrom1999 /> Because of the unreliability of self-reporting, a major hurdle in this type of research involves demonstrating that a subject's conscious mind has not perceived a target stimulus. For this reason, some psychologists prefer to distinguish between ''[[implicit memory|implicit]]'' and ''[[explicit memory|explicit]]'' memory. In another approach, one can also describe a [[subliminal stimulus]] as meeting an ''objective'' but not a ''subjective'' threshold.<ref name=BanksFarber>William P. Banks & Ilya Farber, "Consciousness", in Weiner (ed.), ''Handbook of Psychology'' (2003), Volume 4: ''Experimental Psychology''.{{page needed|date=February 2019}}</ref>

The [[automaticity]] model of [[John Bargh]] and others involves the ideas of automaticity and unconscious processing in our understanding of [[social behavior]],<ref name=Barghs>{{cite journal |doi=10.1037/0003-066X.54.7.462 |title=The unbearable automaticity of being |journal=American Psychologist |volume=54 |issue=7 |pages=462–479 |year=1999 |last1=Bargh |first1=John A. |last2=Chartrand |first2=Tanya L. |bibcode=1999AmPsy..54..462B |s2cid=5726030 }} Also see: John A. Bargh, "The Automaticity of Everyday Life", in Robert S. Wyer Jr. (ed.), ''The Automaticity of Everyday Life'', Advances in Social Cognition, Volume X; Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1997; {{ISBN|978-0-8058-1699-0}}{{page needed|date=February 2019}}</ref><ref name=KihlstromJuggernaut>John F. Kihlstrom, "[http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~kihlstrm/AutomaticityJuggernaut.htm The Automaticity Juggernaut—or, Are We Automatons After All?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150310133623/http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~kihlstrm/AutomaticityJuggernaut.htm |date=10 March 2015 }}", in John Baer, James C. Kaufmna, & Roy F. Baumeister (eds.), ''Are We Free? Psychology and Free Will''; Oxford University Press, 2008. {{ISBN|978-0-19-518963-6}}</ref> although there has been dispute with regard to replication.<ref name="Doyen2012">{{Cite journal |last1=Doyen |first1=Stéphane |last2=Klein |first2=Olivier |last3=Pichon |first3=Cora-Lise |last4=Cleeremans |first4=Axel |date=2012-01-18 |editor-last=Lauwereyns |editor-first=Jan |title=Behavioral Priming: It's All in the Mind, but Whose Mind? |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=7 |issue=1 |article-number=e29081 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0029081 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=3261136 |pmid=22279526|bibcode=2012PLoSO...729081D }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://psychfiledrawer.org/replication.php?attempt=MTU%3D|title=Elderly-Related Words Prime Slow Walking|last1=Pashler|first1=H|last2=Harris|first2=C|date=15 September 2011|website=psychfiledrawer.org|access-date=17 October 2016|last3=Coburn|first3=N|archive-date=21 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021134108/http://psychfiledrawer.org/replication.php?attempt=MTU=|url-status=live}}</ref>
Some experimental data suggest that the [[Neuroscience of free will|brain begins to consider taking actions]] before the mind becomes aware of them.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/nn.2112 |pmid=18408715 |title=Unconscious determinants of free decisions in the human brain |journal=Nature Neuroscience |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=543–545 |year=2008 |last1=Soon |first1=Chun Siong |last2=Brass |first2=Marcel |last3=Heinze |first3=Hans-Jochen |last4=Haynes |first4=John-Dylan |citeseerx=10.1.1.520.2204 |s2cid=2652613 }}</ref> The influence of unconscious forces on people's choices bears on the philosophical question of free will. John Bargh, [[Daniel Wegner]], and [[Ellen Langer]] [[Illusion of control|describe free will as an illusion]].<ref name=Barghs /><ref name=KihlstromJuggernaut /><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Baumeister | first1 = Roy F. | title = Free Will in Scientific Psychology | journal = Perspectives on Psychological Science | volume = 3 | issue = 1| year = 2008 | doi=10.1111/j.1745-6916.2008.00057.x | pmid = 26158665 | pages=14–19| citeseerx = 10.1.1.476.102 | s2cid = 9630921 }}</ref>

=== Motivation ===
{{Main|Motivation}}
Some psychologists study motivation or the subject of why people or lower animals initiate a behavior at a particular time. It also involves the study of why humans and lower animals continue or terminate a behavior. Psychologists such as William James initially used the term ''motivation'' to refer to intention, in a sense similar to the concept of ''[[Will (philosophy)|will]]'' in European philosophy. With the steady rise of Darwinian and Freudian thinking, instinct also came to be seen as a primary source of motivation.<ref name=ForgasEtAl>Forgas, Williams, & Laham, "Social Motivation: Introduction and Overview", in Forgas, Williams, & Laham, ''Social Motivation'' (2005).</ref> According to [[drive theory]], the forces of instinct combine into a single source of energy which exerts a constant influence. Psychoanalysis, like biology, regarded these forces as demands originating in the nervous system. Psychoanalysts believed that these forces, especially the sexual instincts, could become entangled and transmuted within the psyche. Classical psychoanalysis conceives of a struggle between the pleasure principle and the [[reality principle]], roughly corresponding to id and ego. Later, in ''[[Beyond the Pleasure Principle]]'', Freud introduced the concept of the ''[[death drive]]'', a compulsion towards aggression, destruction, and [[Repetition compulsion|psychic repetition of traumatic events]].<ref>Weiner, ''Human Motivation'' (2013), Chapter 2, "The Psychoanalytic Theory of Motivation" (pp. 9–84).</ref> Meanwhile, behaviorist researchers used simple dichotomous models (pleasure/pain, reward/punishment) and well-established principles such as the idea that a thirsty creature will take pleasure in drinking.<ref name=ForgasEtAl /><ref name=GodsilEtAl>Bill P. Godsil, Matthew R. Tinsley, & Michael S. Fanselow, "Motivation", in Weiner (ed.), ''Handbook of Psychology'' (2003), Volume 4: ''Experimental Psychology''.</ref> [[Clark Hull]] formalized the latter idea with his [[Drive reduction theory (learning theory)|drive reduction]] model.<ref>Weiner, ''Human Motivation'' (2013), Chapter 3, "Drive Theory" (pp. 85–138).</ref>

Hunger, thirst, fear, sexual desire, and thermoregulation constitute fundamental motivations in animals.<ref name=GodsilEtAl /> Humans seem to exhibit a more complex set of motivations—though theoretically these could be explained as resulting from desires for belonging, positive self-image, self-consistency, truth, love, and control.<ref>[[E. Tory Higgins]], ''Beyond Pleasure and Pain: How Motivation Works''; Oxford University Press, 2012; {{ISBN|978-0-19-976582-9}}{{page needed|date=February 2019}}</ref><ref>Shah & Gardner, ''Handbook of Motivation Science'' (2008), entire volume.{{page needed|date=February 2019}}</ref>

Motivation can be modulated or manipulated in many different ways. Researchers have found that [[eating]], for example, depends not only on the organism's fundamental need for [[homeostasis]]—an important factor causing the experience of hunger—but also on circadian rhythms, food availability, food palatability, and cost.<ref name=GodsilEtAl /> Abstract motivations are also malleable, as evidenced by such phenomena as ''goal contagion'': the adoption of goals, sometimes unconsciously, based on inferences about the goals of others.<ref>Hank Aarts, Ap Dijksterhuis, & Giel Dik, "Goal Contagion: Inferring goals from others' actions—and what it leads to", in Shah & Gardner, ''Handbook of Motivation Science'' (2008). "In short, then, the studies presented above indicate that humans are keen to act on the goals of other social beings that are implied in behavioral scenarios or scripts." Also see: {{cite journal | last1 = Aarts | last2 = Hassin | last3 = Gollwitzer | title = Goal Contagion: Perceiving is for Pursuing | journal = Journal of Personality and Social Psychology | volume = 87 | issue = 1| year = 2004 | doi=10.1037/0022-3514.87.1.23 | pages=23–37 | pmid=15250790| citeseerx = 10.1.1.312.5507 }}</ref> Vohs and [[Roy Baumeister|Baumeister]] suggest that contrary to the need-desire-fulfillment cycle of animal instincts, human motivations sometimes obey a "getting begets wanting" rule: the more you get a reward such as self-esteem, love, drugs, or money, the more you want it. They suggest that this principle can even apply to food, drink, sex, and sleep.<ref>Kathleen D. Vohs & [[Roy F. Baumeister]], "Can Satisfaction Reinforce Wanting? A new theory about long-term changes in strength of motivation", in Shah & Gardner, ''Handbook of Motivation Science'' (2008).</ref>

=== Development psychology ===
{{Main|Developmental psychology}}[[File:Baby with book.jpg|thumb|Developmental psychologists engage a child with a book and then make observations based on how the child interacts with the object.]]
Developmental psychology is the scientific study of how and why the thought processes, emotions, and behaviors of humans change over the course of their lives.<ref name = "Crain"/> Some credit Charles Darwin with conducting the first systematic study within the rubric of developmental psychology, having published in 1877 a short paper detailing the development of innate forms of communication based on his observations of his infant son.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Developmental Psychology {{!}} Simply Psychology|url=https://www.simplypsychology.org/developmental-psychology.html|access-date=15 October 2021|website=www.simplypsychology.org|archive-date=29 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029174447/https://www.simplypsychology.org/developmental-psychology.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The main origins of the discipline, however, are found in the work of [[Jean Piaget]]. Like Piaget, developmental psychologists originally focused primarily on the development of cognition from infancy to adolescence. Later, developmental psychology extended itself to the study cognition over the life span. In addition to studying cognition, developmental psychologists have also come to focus on affective, behavioral, moral, social, and neural development.

Developmental psychologists who study children use a number of research methods. For example, they make observations of children in natural settings such as preschools<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2019 |title=Supplemental Material for Observer-Rated Environmental Sensitivity Moderates Children's Response to Parenting Quality in Early Childhood |url=https://supp.apa.org/psycarticles/supplemental/dev0000795/dev0000795_supp.html |journal=Developmental Psychology |language=en |doi=10.1037/dev0000795.supp |issn=0012-1649|url-access=subscription }}</ref> and engage them in experimental tasks.<ref>Schonfeld, I. S. (1986). The Genevan and Cattell-Horn conceptions of intelligence compared: The early implementation of numerical solution aids. ''Developmental Psychology, 22'', 204–212. {{doi|10.1037/0012-1649.22.2.204}} [https://academicworks.cuny.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1278&context=gc_pubs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414161914/https://academicworks.cuny.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1278&context=gc_pubs|date=14 April 2021}}</ref> Such tasks often resemble specially designed games and activities that are both enjoyable for the child and scientifically useful. Developmental researchers have even devised clever methods to study the mental processes of infants.<ref>Hunnius, S., & Bekkering, H. (2010). The early development of object knowledge: A study of infants' visual anticipations during action observation. ''Developmental Psychology, 46'', 446–454. {{doi|10.1037/a0016543}}</ref> In addition to studying children, developmental psychologists also study aging and processes throughout the life span, including old age.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Finkel |first1=Deborah |last2=Reynolds |first2=Chandra A. |last3=McArdle |first3=John J. |last4=Gatz |first4=Margaret |last5=Pedersen |first5=Nancy L. |date=2003 |title=Latent growth curve analyses of accelerating decline in cognitive abilities in late adulthood. |url=https://doi.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0012-1649.39.3.535 |journal=Developmental Psychology |language=en |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=535–550 |doi=10.1037/0012-1649.39.3.535 |pmid=12760521 |issn=1939-0599|url-access=subscription }}</ref> These psychologists draw on the full range of psychological theories to inform their research.<ref name = "Crain">Crain, W. (2014). ''Theories of development: Concepts and applications. 6th ed.'' Edinburgh: Pearson. {{ISBN|978-0205810468}}</ref>

=== Genes and environment ===
{{Main|Behavioural genetics}}

All researched psychological traits are influenced by both [[genes]] and [[social environment|environment]], to varying degrees.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/ng.3285 |pmid=25985137 |title=Meta-analysis of the heritability of human traits based on fifty years of twin studies |journal=Nature Genetics |volume=47 |issue=7 |pages=702–709 |year=2015 |last1=Polderman |first1=Tinca J C. |last2=Benyamin |first2=Beben |last3=De Leeuw |first3=Christiaan A. |last4=Sullivan |first4=Patrick F. |last5=Van Bochoven |first5=Arjen |last6=Visscher |first6=Peter M. |last7=Posthuma |first7=Danielle |bibcode=2015NaGen..47..702P |s2cid=205349969 |url=https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:364460/UQ364460_OA.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/1467-8721.00084 |title=Three Laws of Behavior Genetics and What They Mean |journal=Current Directions in Psychological Science |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=160–164 |year=2000 |last1=Turkheimer |first1=Eric |s2cid=2861437 }}</ref> These two sources of influence are often confounded in observational research of individuals and families. An example of this confounding can be shown in the transmission of [[Depression (mood)|depression]] from a depressed mother to her offspring. A theory based on environmental transmission would hold that an offspring, by virtue of their having a problematic rearing environment managed by a depressed mother, is at risk for developing depression. On the other hand, a hereditarian theory would hold that depression risk in an offspring is influenced to some extent by genes passed to the child from the mother. Genes and environment in these simple transmission models are completely confounded. A depressed mother may both carry genes that contribute to depression in her offspring and also create a rearing environment that increases the risk of depression in her child.<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.8783 | title=Risk of Depression in the Adolescent and Adult Offspring of Mothers with Perinatal Depression | date=2020 | last1=Tirumalaraju | first1=Vaishali | last2=Suchting | first2=Robert | last3=Evans | first3=Jonathan | last4=Goetzl | first4=Laura | last5=Refuerzo | first5=Jerrie | last6=Neumann | first6=Alexander | last7=Anand | first7=Deepa | last8=Ravikumar | first8=Rekha | last9=Green | first9=Charles E. | last10=Cowen | first10=Philip J. | last11=Selvaraj | first11=Sudhakar | journal=JAMA Network Open | volume=3 | issue=6 | pages=e208783 | pmid=32602910 | pmc=7327545 }}</ref>

Behavioral genetics researchers have employed methodologies that help to disentangle this confound and understand the nature and origins of individual differences in behavior.<ref name="Behavior Genetics" /> Traditionally the research has involved [[twin studies]] and [[adoption study|adoption studies]], two designs where genetic and environmental influences can be partially un-confounded. More recently, gene-focused research has contributed to understanding genetic contributions to the development of psychological traits.

The availability of [[microarray]] [[molecular genetics|molecular genetic]] or [[genome sequencing]] technologies allows researchers to measure participant DNA variation directly, and test whether individual genetic variants within genes are associated with psychological traits and [[psychopathology]] through methods including [[genome-wide association studies]]. One goal of such research is similar to that in [[positional cloning]] and its success in [[Huntington's]]: once a causal gene is discovered biological research can be conducted to understand how that gene influences the phenotype. One major result of genetic association studies is the general finding that psychological traits and psychopathology, as well as complex medical diseases, are highly [[polygenic]],<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.11.029 |pmid=22243964 |pmc=3257326 |title=Five Years of GWAS Discovery |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=90 |issue=1 |pages=7–24 |year=2012 |last1=Visscher |first1=Peter M. |last2=Brown |first2=Matthew A. |last3=McCarthy |first3=Mark I. |last4=Yang |first4=Jian |bibcode=2012AmJHG..90....7V }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/nature13595 |pmid=25056061 |pmc=4112379 |title=Biological insights from 108 schizophrenia-associated genetic loci |journal=Nature |volume=511 |issue=7510 |pages=421–427 |year=2014 |bibcode=2014Natur.511..421S |last1=Ripke |first1=Stephan |last2=Neale |first2=Benjamin M. |last3=Corvin |first3=Aiden |last4=Walters |first4=James T. R. |last5=Farh |first5=Kai-How |last6=Holmans |first6=Peter A. |last7=Lee |first7=Phil |last8=Bulik-Sullivan |first8=Brendan |last9=Collier |first9=David A. |last10=Huang |first10=Hailiang |last11=Pers |first11=Tune H. |last12=Agartz |first12=Ingrid |last13=Agerbo |first13=Esben |last14=Albus |first14=Margot |last15=Alexander |first15=Madeline |last16=Amin |first16=Farooq |last17=Bacanu |first17=Silviu A. |last18=Begemann |first18=Martin |last19=Belliveau |first19=Richard A. |last20=Bene |first20=Judit |last21=Bergen |first21=Sarah E. |last22=Bevilacqua |first22=Elizabeth |last23=Bigdeli |first23=Tim B. |last24=Black |first24=Donald W. |last25=Bruggeman |first25=Richard |last26=Buccola |first26=Nancy G. |last27=Buckner |first27=Randy L. |last28=Byerley |first28=William |last29=Cahn |first29=Wiepke |last30=Cai |first30=Guiqing |display-authors=29 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/ng.1108 |pmid=22344220 |pmc=3327879 |title=Estimating the proportion of variation in susceptibility to schizophrenia captured by common SNPs |journal=Nature Genetics |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=247–250 |year=2012 |last1=Lee |first1=S Hong |last2=Decandia |first2=Teresa R. |last3=Ripke |first3=Stephan |last4=Yang |first4=Jian |last5=Sullivan |first5=Patrick F. |last6=Goddard |first6=Michael E. |last7=Keller |first7=Matthew C. |last8=Visscher |first8=Peter M. |last9=Wray |first9=Naomi R. }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/nrg3240 |pmid=22777127 |pmc=4110909 |title=Genetic architectures of psychiatric disorders: The emerging picture and its implications |journal=Nature Reviews Genetics |volume=13 |issue=8 |pages=537–551 |year=2012 |last1=Sullivan |first1=Patrick F. |last2=Daly |first2=Mark J. |last3=O'Donovan |first3=Michael }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.0554 |pmid=25993607 |pmc=4667957 |title=Meta-analysis of Genome-wide Association Studies for Neuroticism, and the Polygenic Association with Major Depressive Disorder |journal=JAMA Psychiatry |volume=72 |issue=7 |pages=642–50 |year=2015 |last1=De Moor |first1=Marleen H. M. |last2=Van Den Berg |first2=Stéphanie M. |last3=Verweij |first3=Karin J. H. |last4=Krueger |first4=Robert F. |last5=Luciano |first5=Michelle |last6=Arias Vasquez |first6=Alejandro |last7=Matteson |first7=Lindsay K. |last8=Derringer |first8=Jaime |last9=Esko |first9=Tõnu |last10=Amin |first10=Najaf |last11=Gordon |first11=Scott D. |last12=Hansell |first12=Narelle K. |last13=Hart |first13=Amy B. |last14=Seppälä |first14=Ilkka |last15=Huffman |first15=Jennifer E. |last16=Konte |first16=Bettina |last17=Lahti |first17=Jari |last18=Lee |first18=Minyoung |last19=Miller |first19=Mike |last20=Nutile |first20=Teresa |last21=Tanaka |first21=Toshiko |last22=Teumer |first22=Alexander |last23=Viktorin |first23=Alexander |last24=Wedenoja |first24=Juho |last25=Abecasis |first25=Goncalo R. |last26=Adkins |first26=Daniel E. |last27=Agrawal |first27=Arpana |last28=Allik |first28=Jüri |last29=Appel |first29=Katja |last30=Bigdeli |first30=Timothy B. |display-authors=29 }}</ref> where a large number (on the order of hundreds to thousands) of genetic variants, each of small effect, contribute to individual differences in the behavioral trait or propensity to the disorder. Active research continues to work toward understanding the genetic and environmental bases of behavior and their interaction.

== Applications ==
{{further|Outline of psychology|List of psychology disciplines|Applied psychology|Subfields of psychology}}
Psychology encompasses many subfields and includes different approaches to the study of mental processes and behavior.

=== Psychological testing ===
{{see also|Psychometrics|social statistics}}
[[File:Francis Galton 1850s.jpg|thumb|[[Francis Galton]], a pioneer of the experimental psychology field]]
Psychological testing has ancient origins, dating as far back as 2200 BCE, in the [[imperial examination|examinations for the Chinese civil service]]. Written exams began during the [[Han dynasty]] (202 BCE – 220 CE). By 1370, the Chinese system required a stratified series of tests, involving essay writing and knowledge of diverse topics. The system was ended in 1906.{{r|Gregory 2011|pp=41-2}} In Europe, mental assessment took a different approach, with theories of [[physiognomy]]—judgment of character based on the face—described by Aristotle in 4th century BCE Greece. Physiognomy remained current through the Enlightenment, and added the doctrine of phrenology: a study of mind and intelligence based on simple assessment of neuroanatomy.{{r|Gregory 2011|pp=42-3}}

When experimental psychology came to Britain, Francis Galton was a leading practitioner. By virtue of his procedures for measuring reaction time and sensation, he is considered an inventor of modern mental testing (also known as ''[[psychometrics]]'').{{r|Gregory 2011|pp=44-5}} James McKeen Cattell, a student of Wundt and Galton, brought the idea of psychological testing to the United States, and in fact coined the term "mental test".{{r|Gregory 2011|pp=45-6}} In 1901, Cattell's student [[Clark Wissler]] published discouraging results, suggesting that mental testing of Columbia and Barnard students failed to predict academic performance.{{r|Gregory 2011|pp=45-6}} In response to 1904 orders from the [[Ministry of National Education (France)|Minister of Public Instruction]], One example of an observational study was run by Arthur Bandura. This observational study focused on children who were exposed to an adult exhibiting aggressive behaviors and their reaction to toys versus other children who were not exposed to these stimuli. The result shows that children who had seen the adult acting aggressively towards a toy, in turn, were aggressive towards their own toy when put in a situation that frustrated them.<ref name=":0">Myers, D. G., & DeWall, C. N. (2023). *Psychology in everyday life* (6th ed.). Worth.</ref> psychologists [[Alfred Binet]] and [[Théodore Simon]] developed and elaborated a new test of intelligence in 1905–1911. They used a range of questions diverse in their nature and difficulty. Binet and Simon introduced the concept of [[mental age]] and referred to the lowest scorers on their test as ''[[idiot]]s''. [[Henry H. Goddard]] put the Binet-Simon scale to work and introduced classifications of mental level such as ''imbecile'' and ''feebleminded''. In 1916, (after Binet's death), Stanford professor [[Lewis M. Terman]] modified the Binet-Simon scale (renamed the [[Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scales|Stanford–Binet scale]]) and introduced the [[intelligence quotient]] as a score report.{{r|Gregory 2011|pp=50-56}} Based on his test findings, and reflecting the racism common to that era, Terman concluded that intellectual disability "represents the level of intelligence which is very, very common among Spanish-Indians and Mexican families of the Southwest and also among negroes. Their dullness seems to be racial."<ref name="Guthrie1998Chapter3">Guthrie, ''Even the Rat was White'' (1998), Chapter 3: "Psychometric Scientism" (pp. 55–87)</ref>

Following the Army Alpha and Army Beta tests, which was developed by psychologist [[Robert Yerkes]] in 1917 and then used in World War 1 by industrial and organizational psychologists for large-scale employee testing and selection of military personnel.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Army Alpha and Beta tests|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095424949|access-date=2022-01-18|website=Oxford Reference|language=en|archive-date=19 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119011118/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095424949|url-status=live}}</ref> Mental testing also became popular in the U.S., where it was applied to schoolchildren. The federally created National Intelligence Test was administered to 7 million children in the 1920s. In 1926, the [[College Entrance Examination Board]] created the [[Scholastic Aptitude Test]] to standardize college admissions.{{r|Gregory 2011|p=61}} The results of intelligence tests were used to argue for segregated schools and economic functions, including the preferential training of Black Americans for manual labor. These practices were criticized by Black intellectuals such a [[Horace Mann Bond]] and [[Allison Davis (anthropologist)|Allison Davis]].<ref name=Guthrie1998Chapter3 /> Eugenicists used mental testing to justify and organize compulsory sterilization of individuals classified as mentally retarded (now referred to as ''[[intellectual disability]]'').<ref name=GuthrieChapter4 /> In the United States, tens of thousands of men and women were sterilized. Setting a precedent that has never been overturned, the U.S. Supreme Court affirmed the constitutionality of this practice in the 1927 case ''[[Buck v. Bell]]''.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Berry | first1 = Robert M. | title = From Involuntary Sterilization to Genetic Enhancement: The Unsettled Legacy of Buck v. Bell | url = http://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndjlepp/vol12/iss2/3/ | journal = Notre Dame Journal of Law, Ethics & Public Policy | volume = 12 | year = 2012 | access-date = 24 April 2015 | archive-date = 4 March 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043102/http://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndjlepp/vol12/iss2/3/ | url-status = live }}</ref>

Today mental testing is a routine phenomenon for people of all ages in Western societies.{{r|Gregory 2011|p=2|q=From birth to old age, we encounter tests at almost every turning point in life. ... Tests are used in almost every nation on earth for counseling, selection, and placement. Testing occurs in settings as diverse as schools, civil service, industry, medical clinics, and counseling centers. Most persons have taken dozens of tests and thought nothing of it. Yet, by the time the typical individual reaches retirement age, it is likely that psychological test results will have helped to shape his or her destiny.}} Modern testing aspires to criteria including standardization of procedure, [[reliability (psychometrics)|consistency of results]], output of an interpretable score, statistical norms describing population outcomes, and, ideally, [[test validity|effective prediction]] of behavior and life outcomes outside of testing situations.{{r|Gregory 2011|pp=4-6}} Psychological testing is regularly used in forensic contexts to aid legal judgments and decisions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Neal |first=Tess M.S. |date=2018 |title=Forensic psychology and correctional psychology: Distinct but related subfields of psychological science and practice. |url=http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/amp0000227 |journal=American Psychologist |language=en |volume=73 |issue=5 |pages=651–662 |doi=10.1037/amp0000227 |pmid=29431456 |s2cid=46817929 |issn=1935-990X|hdl=2286/R.I.50913 |hdl-access=free |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Developments in psychometrics include work on test and scale [[Reliability (statistics)|reliability]] and [[test validity|validity]].<ref>Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). ''Psychometric theory, 3rd ed.'', New York: McGraw-Hill.</ref> Developments in [[item-response theory]],<ref>Embretson, S.E., & Reise, S.P. (2000). ''Item Response Theory for Psychologists''. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.</ref> [[structural equation modeling]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kline |first=Rex B. |title=Principles and practice of structural equation modeling |date=2016 |publisher=The Guilford Press |isbn=978-1-4625-2335-1 |edition=4 |series=Methodology in the social sciences |location=New York}}</ref> and bifactor analysis<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rodriguez |first1=Anthony |last2=Reise |first2=Steven P. |last3=Haviland |first3=Mark G. |date=June 2016 |title=Evaluating bifactor models: Calculating and interpreting statistical indices. |url=https://doi.apa.org/doi/10.1037/met0000045 |journal=Psychological Methods |language=en |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=137–150 |doi=10.1037/met0000045 |pmid=26523435 |issn=1939-1463|url-access=subscription }}</ref> have helped in strengthening test and scale construction.

=== Mental health care ===
{{see also|Clinical psychology}}
The provision of psychological health services is generally called clinical psychology in the U.S. Sometimes, however, members of the school psychology and counseling psychology professions engage in practices that resemble that of clinical psychologists. Clinical psychologists typically include people who have graduated from doctoral programs in clinical psychology. In Canada, some of the members of the abovementioned groups usually fall within the larger category of [[professional psychology]]. In Canada and the U.S., practitioners get bachelor's degrees and doctorates; doctoral students in clinical psychology usually spend one year in a predoctoral internship and one year in postdoctoral internship. In Mexico and most other Latin American and European countries, psychologists do not get bachelor's and doctoral degrees; instead, they take a three-year professional course following high school.<ref name=HallHurley /> Clinical psychology is at present the largest specialization within psychology.<ref name=StrickerWidiger /> It includes the study and application of psychology for the purpose of understanding, preventing, and relieving psychological distress, dysfunction, and/or [[mental illness]]. Clinical psychologists also try to promote subjective well-being and personal growth. Central to the practice of clinical psychology are psychological assessment and psychotherapy although clinical psychologists may also engage in research, teaching, consultation, forensic testimony, and program development and administration.<ref name="brain">Brain, Christine. (2002). ''Advanced psychology: applications, issues and perspectives.'' Cheltenham: Nelson Thornes. {{ISBN|0-17-490058-9}}</ref>

Credit for the first psychology clinic in the United States typically goes to [[Lightner Witmer]], who established his practice in Philadelphia in 1896. Another modern psychotherapist was [[Morton Prince]], an early advocate for the establishment of psychology as a clinical and academic discipline.<ref name=StrickerWidiger>George Stricker & Thomas A. Widiger, "Volume Preface", in Weiner (ed.), ''Handbook of Psychology'' (2003), Volume 8: ''Clinical Psychology''.</ref> In the first part of the twentieth century, most mental health care in the United States was performed by psychiatrists, who are medical doctors. Psychology entered the field with its refinements of mental testing, which promised to improve the diagnosis of mental problems. For their part, some psychiatrists became interested in using [[psychoanalysis]] and other forms of [[psychodynamic psychotherapy]] to understand and treat the mentally ill.<ref name=Tomes2008 /><ref>[[Nancy McWilliams]] and Joel Weinberger, "Psychodynamic Psychotherapy", in Weiner (ed.), ''Handbook of Psychology'' (2003), Volume 8: ''Clinical Psychology''.</ref>

Psychotherapy as conducted by psychiatrists blurred the distinction between psychiatry and psychology, and this trend continued with the rise of [[Community mental health service|community mental health facilities]]. Some in the clinical psychology community adopted [[behavioral therapy]], a thoroughly non-psychodynamic model that used behaviorist learning theory to change the actions of patients. A key aspect of behavior therapy is empirical evaluation of the treatment's effectiveness. In the 1970s, [[cognitive-behavior therapy]] emerged with the work of [[Albert Ellis]] and [[Aaron Beck]]. Although there are similarities between behavior therapy and cognitive-behavior therapy, cognitive-behavior therapy required the application of cognitive constructs. Since the 1970s, the popularity of cognitive-behavior therapy among clinical psychologists increased. A key practice in behavioral ''and'' cognitive-behavioral therapy is exposing patients to things they fear, based on the premise that their responses (fear, panic, anxiety) can be deconditioned.<ref>W. Edward Craighead & Linda Wilcoxon Craighead, "Behavioral and Cognitive-Behavioral Psychotherapy" in Weiner (ed.), ''Handbook of Psychology'' (2003), Volume 8: ''Clinical Psychology''.</ref>

Mental health care today involves psychologists and social workers in increasing numbers. In 1977, National Institute of Mental Health director [[Bertram S. Brown|Bertram Brown]] described this shift as a source of "intense competition and role confusion."<ref name=Tomes2008>Nancy Tomes, "The Development of Clinical Psychology, Social Work, and Psychiatric Nursing: 1900–1980s", in Wallace & Gach (eds.), ''History of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology'' (2008).</ref> Graduate programs issuing doctorates in clinical psychology emerged in the 1950s and underwent rapid increase through the 1980s. The PhD degree is intended to train practitioners who could also conduct scientific research. The PsyD degree is more exclusively designed to train practitioners.<ref name=HallHurley />

Some clinical psychologists focus on the clinical management of patients with brain injury. This subspecialty is known as [[clinical neuropsychology]]. In many countries, clinical psychology is a regulated mental health profession. The emerging field of ''disaster psychology'' (see [[crisis intervention]]) involves professionals who respond to large-scale traumatic events.<ref>Teri L. Elliott, "Disaster Psychology: Keep Clients out of Your Office—Get into the Field!" in Morgan et al. (ed.), ''Life After Graduate School in Psychology'' (2005). "...it is the disaster psychologist's role to utilize crisis intervention processes with the goal of preventing natural distress due to the critical event from developing into a more harmful, long-term psychological condition."</ref>

The work performed by clinical psychologists tends to be influenced by various therapeutic approaches, all of which involve a formal relationship between professional and client (usually an individual, couple, family, or small group). Typically, these approaches encourage new ways of thinking, feeling, or behaving. Four major theoretical perspectives are psychodynamic, cognitive behavioral, existential–humanistic, and systems or family therapy. There has been a growing movement to integrate the various therapeutic approaches, especially with an increased understanding of issues regarding culture, gender, spirituality, and sexual orientation. With the advent of more robust research findings regarding psychotherapy, there is evidence that most of the major therapies have equal effectiveness, with the key common element being a strong [[therapeutic relationship|therapeutic alliance]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Leichsenring, Falk |author2=Leibing, Eric |year=2003 |title=The effectiveness of psychodynamic therapy and cognitive behavior therapy in the treatment of personality disorders: A meta-analysis |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=160 |issue=7 |pages=1223–1233 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.160.7.1223 |pmid=12832233}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Reisner, Andrew |year=2005 |title=The common factors, empirically validated treatments, and recovery models of therapeutic change |journal=The Psychological Record |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=377–400 |doi=10.1007/BF03395517 |s2cid=142840311 |url=https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1192&context=tpr |access-date=21 July 2019 |archive-date=6 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806165820/https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1192&context=tpr |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Because of this, more training programs and psychologists are now adopting an [[Integrative Psychotherapy|eclectic therapeutic orientation]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Jensen, J.P. |author2=Bergin, A.E. |author3=Greaves, D.W. |year=1990 |title=The meaning of eclecticism: New survey and analysis of components |journal=Professional Psychology: Research and Practice |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=124–130 |doi=10.1037/0735-7028.21.2.124}}</ref><ref>Palmer, S.; Woolfe, R. (eds.) (1999). ''Integrative and eclectic counselling and psychotherapy.'' London: Sage.</ref><ref>Clarkson, P. (1996). The eclectic and integrative paradigm: Between the Scylla of confluence and the Charybdis of confusion. In ''Handbook of Counselling Psychology'' (R. Woolfe & W.L. Dryden, eds.). London: Sage, pp. 258–283. {{ISBN|0-8039-8991-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Goldfried, M.R. |author2=Wolfe, B.E. |year=1998 |title=Toward a more clinically valid approach to therapy research |journal=Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=143–150 |doi=10.1037/0022-006X.66.1.143 |pmid=9489268 |url=http://www.personal.kent.edu/~dfresco/CRM_Readings/Goldfried_1998.pdf |citeseerx=10.1.1.475.7156 |access-date=25 October 2017 |archive-date=9 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809053356/http://www.personal.kent.edu/~dfresco/CRM_Readings/Goldfried_1998.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Seligman, M.E.P. |year=1995 |title=The effectiveness of psychotherapy: The ''Consumer Reports'' study |journal=American Psychologist |volume=50 |issue=12 |pages=965–974 |doi=10.1037/0003-066X.50.12.965 |pmid=8561380 |url=http://www.dearshrink.com/psychotherapy_consumer_report1995_seligman.pdf |access-date=25 October 2017 |archive-date=21 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721231945/http://www.dearshrink.com/psychotherapy_consumer_report1995_seligman.pdf }}</ref>

Diagnosis in clinical psychology usually follows the ''Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders'' (DSM).<ref>Peter E. Nathan & James Langenbucher, "Diagnosis and Classification", in Weiner (ed.), ''Handbook of Psychology'' (2003), Volume 8: ''Clinical Psychology''.</ref> The study of mental illnesses is called [[abnormal psychology]].

=== Education ===
{{Main|Educational psychology|School psychology}}
[[File:Figural Relationships.svg|right|thumb|An item from a cognitive abilities test used in [[educational psychology]]]]
Educational psychology is the study of how humans learn in educational settings, the effectiveness of educational interventions, the psychology of teaching, and the social psychology of schools as organizations. Educational psychologists can be found in preschools, schools of all levels including post secondary institutions, community organizations and learning centers, Government or private research firms, and independent or private consultant.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What Does An Educational Psychologist Do {{!}} Touro University {{!}} Psychology|url=https://www.tuw.edu/program-resources/educational-psychologist/|access-date=30 September 2021|website=Touro University WorldWide|date=29 July 2014 |language=en-US|archive-date=30 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930210235/https://www.tuw.edu/program-resources/educational-psychologist/|url-status=live}}</ref> The work of developmental psychologists such as Lev Vygotsky, [[Jean Piaget]], and [[Jerome Bruner]] has been influential in creating teaching methods and educational practices. Educational psychology is often included in teacher education programs in places such as North America, Australia, and New Zealand.

School psychology combines principles from educational psychology and clinical psychology to understand and treat students with learning disabilities; to foster the intellectual growth of [[intellectual giftedness|gifted]] students; to facilitate [[prosocial behavior]]s in adolescents; and otherwise to promote safe, supportive, and effective learning environments. School psychologists are trained in educational and behavioral assessment, intervention, prevention, and consultation, and many have extensive training in research.<ref>{{cite web|author=National Association of School Psychologists |title=Who are school psychologists? |url=http://nasponline.org/about_sp/whatis.aspx |access-date=1 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517055058/http://nasponline.org/about_sp/whatis.aspx |archive-date=17 May 2008 }}</ref>

=== Work ===
{{see also|Industrial and organizational psychology|Organizational behavior}}
Industrial and organizational (I/O) psychology involves research and practices that apply psychological theories and principles to organizations and individuals' work-lives.<ref>Truxillo, D. M., Bauer, T. N., & Erdogan, B. (2016). ''Psychology and work: Perspectives on industrial and organizational psychology''. New York: Psychology Press. {{ISBN|1134705697}}</ref> In the field's beginnings, industrialists brought the nascent field of psychology to bear on the study of [[scientific management]] techniques for improving workplace efficiency. The field was at first called ''economic psychology'' or ''business psychology''; later, ''industrial psychology'', ''employment psychology'', or ''psychotechnology''.<ref name=Koppes>Laura L. Koppes, "Industrial-Organizational Psychology", in Weiner (ed.), ''Handbook of Psychology'' (2003), Volume 1: ''History of Psychology''.</ref> An influential early study examined workers at Western Electric's Hawthorne plant in Cicero, Illinois from 1924 to 1932. Western Electric experimented on factory workers to assess their responses to changes in illumination, breaks, food, and wages. The researchers came to focus on workers' responses to observation itself, and the term [[Hawthorne effect]] is now used to describe the fact that people's behavior can change when they think they are being observed.<ref>Yeh Hsueh, "The Hawthorne experiments and the introduction of Jean Piaget in American industrial psychology, 1929–1932"; ''History of Psychology'' 5.2, May 2002.</ref> Although the Hawthorne research can be found in psychology textbooks, the research and its findings were weak at best.<ref>{{cite journal |first=H. M. |last=Parsons |year=1974 |title=What happened at Hawthorne?: New evidence suggests the Hawthorne effect resulted from operant reinforcement contingencies |journal=Science |volume=183 |issue=4128 |pages=922–932 |doi=10.1126/science.183.4128.922 |pmid=17756742 |s2cid=38816592 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Levitt |first1=Steven D. |last2=List |first2=John A. |year=2011 |title=Was There Really a Hawthorne Effect at the Hawthorne Plant? An Analysis of the Original Illumination Experiments |journal=American Economic Journal: Applied Economics |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=224–238 |doi=10.1257/app.3.1.224 |s2cid=16678444 |url=http://www.nber.org/papers/w15016.pdf |access-date=9 June 2021 |archive-date=2 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180602152530/http://www.nber.org/papers/w15016.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

The name industrial and organizational psychology emerged in the 1960s. In 1973, it became enshrined in the name of the [[Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology]], Division 14 of the American Psychological Association.<ref name=Koppes /> One goal of the discipline is to optimize human potential in the workplace. Personnel psychology is a subfield of I/O psychology. Personnel psychologists apply the methods and principles of psychology in selecting and evaluating workers. Another subfield, [[organizational psychology]], examines the effects of work environments and management styles on worker motivation, job satisfaction, and productivity.<ref>Myers (2004). Motivation and work. ''Psychology''. New York, NY: Worth Publishers</ref> Most I/O psychologists work outside of academia, for private and public organizations and as consultants.<ref name=Koppes /> A psychology consultant working in business today might expect to provide executives with information and ideas about their industry, their target markets, and the organization of their company.<ref>Steven Williams, "Executive Management: Helping Executives Manage Their Organizations through Organizational and Market Research" in Morgan et al. (ed.), ''Life After Graduate School in Psychology'' (2005).</ref><ref>See also for example Baden Eunson: ''Behaving – Managing Yourself and Others.'' [[S&P Global|McGraw-Hill]], Sidney/New York City 1987, {{ISBN|978-0-0745-2022-2}}.</ref>

Organizational behavior (OB) is an allied field involved in the study of human behavior within organizations.<ref>Moorhead, G., & Griffin, R. W. (2017). ''Organizational behavior: Managing people and organizations, 12th ed.''. Boston: Cengage. {{ISBN|978-1-305-50139-3}}</ref> One way to differentiate I/O psychology from OB is that I/O psychologists train in university psychology departments and OB specialists, in business schools.

=== Military and intelligence ===
One role for [[military psychology|psychologists in the military]] has been to evaluate and counsel soldiers and other personnel. In the U.S., this function began during World War I, when Robert Yerkes established the School of Military Psychology at [[Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia|Fort Oglethorpe]] in Georgia. The school provided psychological training for military staff.<ref name=Tomes2008 /><ref>[[Robert M. Yerkes]], "[http://www.pnas.org/content/4/10/295.full.pdf Measuring the Mental Strength of an Army] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120194554/http://www.pnas.org/content/4/10/295.full.pdf |date=20 January 2017 }}"; ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' 4.10, 15 October 1918.</ref> Today, U.S. Army psychologists perform psychological screening, clinical psychotherapy, [[suicide prevention]], and treatment for post-traumatic stress, as well as provide prevention-related services, for example, smoking cessation.<ref>Joshua N. Friedlander, "Military Psychology: An Army Clinical Psychologist" in Morgan et al. (ed.), ''Life After Graduate School in Psychology'' (2005).</ref> The United States Army's Mental Health Advisory Teams implement psychological interventions to help combat troops experiencing mental problems.<ref>Thomas, J.L. (2008). OHP Research and Practice in the US Army: Mental Health Advisory Teams. ''Newsletter of the Society for Occupational Health Psychology, 4'', 4–5. [https://sohp-online.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/sohpnewsletterv04-october2008.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104142222/https://sohp-online.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/sohpnewsletterv04-october2008.pdf|date=4 November 2021}}</ref><ref>Genderson, M.R., Schonfeld, I.S., Kaplan, M.S., & Lyons, M.J. (2009).Suicide associated with military service. ''Newsletter of the Society for Occupational Health Psychology, 6'', 5–7. [https://sohp-online.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/sohpnewsletterv06-may2009.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922004626/http://www.sohp-online.org/NewsletterDownloads/SOHPNewsletterV6May2009.pdf|date=22 September 2017}}</ref>

Psychologists may also work on a diverse set of campaigns known broadly as psychological warfare. Psychological warfare chiefly involves the use of propaganda to influence enemy soldiers and civilians. This so-called black propaganda is designed to seem as if it originates from a source other than the Army.<ref>[[Cordwainer Smith|Paul M.A. Linebarger]], ''Psychological Warfare''; Washington: Combat Forces Press, 1954.</ref> The [[CIA]]'s [[MKULTRA]] program involved more individualized efforts at [[Brainwashing|mind control]], involving techniques such as hypnosis, torture, and covert involuntary administration of [[LSD]].<ref>See "[https://www.nytimes.com/packages/pdf/national/13inmate_ProjectMKULTRA.pdf Project MKULTRA, the CIA's Program of Research in Behavioral Modification] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429194235/http://www.nytimes.com/packages/pdf/national/13inmate_ProjectMKULTRA.pdf |date=29 April 2011 }}"; Joint Hearing before the Senate Committee on Intelligence and the Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research of the Committee on Human Resources, United States Senate, Ninety Fifth Congress, First Session, 3 August 1997; and [[John D. Marks]], ''The Search for the Manchurian Candidate'', New York: Times Books, 1979.</ref> The U.S. military used the name [[Psychological Operations (United States)|Psychological Operations]] (PSYOP) until 2010, when these activities were reclassified as Military Information Support Operations (MISO), part of [[Information Operations (United States)|Information Operations]] (IO).<ref>Alfred Paddock, Jr., "[http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA523696 PSYOP: On a Complete Change in Organization, Practice, and Doctrine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712195716/http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA523696 |date=12 July 2015 }}", ''Small Wars Journal'' 2010.</ref> Psychologists have sometimes been involved in assisting the interrogation and torture of suspects, staining the records of the psychologists involved.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/jul/11/cia-torture-doctors-psychologists-apa-prosecution US torture report: psychologists should no longer aid military, group says] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161214080507/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/jul/11/cia-torture-doctors-psychologists-apa-prosecution |date=14 December 2016 }} ''The Guardian'', 11 July 2015</ref>

=== Health, well-being, and social change ===
{{see also|Health psychology|Social issues|Occupational health psychology}}

====Social change====
An example of the contribution of psychologists to social change involves the research of [[Kenneth B. Clark|Kenneth]] and [[Mamie Phipps Clark]]. These two African American psychologists studied segregation's adverse psychological impact on Black children. Their research findings played a role in the desegregation case ''[[Brown v. Board of Education]]'' (1954).<ref>Guthrie, ''Even the Rat was White'' (1998), Chapter 7: "Production of Black Psychologists in America" (pp. 155–213).</ref>

The impact of psychology on social change includes the discipline's broad influence on teaching and learning. Research has shown that compared to the "whole word" or "whole language" approach, the phonics approach to reading instruction is more efficacious.<ref>Chall, J. S. (1995). ''Learning to read: The great debate'', 3rd ed. Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace.</ref>

====Medical applications====
Medical facilities increasingly employ psychologists to perform various roles. One aspect of health psychology is the [[psychoeducation]] of patients: instructing them in how to follow a medical regimen. Health psychologists can also educate doctors and conduct research on patient compliance.<ref>Marilu Price Berry, "Interdisciplinary Medical Setting: The Multiple Roles of a Health Psychologist" in Morgan et al. (ed.), ''Life After Graduate School in Psychology'' (2005).</ref><ref>Robiner, W. N., & Seime, R. J. (2008). Psychologists in academic health centers: Traditions and innovations in education, science, and practice. ''Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 15'', 3–6. {{doi|10.1007/s10880-008-9091-1}}</ref> Psychologists in the field of public health use a wide variety of interventions to influence human behavior. These range from public relations campaigns and outreach to governmental laws and policies. Psychologists study the composite influence of all these different tools in an effort to influence whole populations of people.<ref>Monica L. Baskin, "Public Health: Career Opportunities for Psychologists in Public Health", in Morgan et al. (ed.), ''Life After Graduate School in Psychology'' (2005). "Prevention strategies of late have largely concentrated on community-based interventions, which have been shown to be effective in changing the health of large populations. Behavioral and social scientists, such as psychologists, are helpful in this arena as we are trained to view individuals as belonging to complex and dynamic social systems, including immediate and extended family systems, acquaintance and friendship networks, neighborhood and community systems, and cultural groups (Schneiderman & Spee4, 2001)."</ref>

====Worker health, safety and wellbeing====
Psychologists work with organizations to apply findings from psychological research to improve the health and well-being of employees. Some work as external consultants hired by organizations to solve specific problems, whereas others are full-time employees of the organization. Applications include conducting surveys to identify issues and designing interventions to make work healthier. Some of the specific health areas include:
* Accidents and injuries: A major contribution is the concept of [[safety climate]], which is employee shared perceptions of the behaviors that are encouraged (e.g., wearing safety gear) and discouraged (not following safety rules) at work.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zohar |first=Dov |date=2010 |title=Thirty years of safety climate research: Reflections and future directions |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0001457509003339 |journal=Accident Analysis & Prevention |language=en |volume=42 |issue=5 |pages=1517–1522 |doi=10.1016/j.aap.2009.12.019|pmid=20538108 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Organizations with strong safety climates have fewer [[work accidents]] and injuries.<ref>Beus, J. M., McCord, M. A., & Zohar, D. (2016). "Workplace safety: A review and research synthesis". ''[[Organizational Psychology Review]]'', 6, 352-381. {{doi|10.1177/2041386615626243}}.</ref>
* [[Cardiovascular disease]]: Cardiovascular disease has been related to lack of [[Job control (workplace)|job control]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Clays |first1=Els |last2=De Bacquer |first2=Dirk |last3=Delanghe |first3=Joris |last4=Kittel |first4=France |last5=Van Renterghem |first5=Lieve |last6=De Backer |first6=Guy |date=September 2005 |title=Associations between dimensions of job stress and biomarkers of inflammation and infection |journal=Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine |volume=47 |issue=9 |pages=878–883 |doi=10.1097/01.jom.0000171056.22917.ad |issn=1076-2752 |pmid=16155472|hdl=1854/LU-321816 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
* Mental health: Exposure to [[occupational stress]] is associated with mental health disorder.<ref>Brown, A. D., Schultebraucks, K., Qian, M., Li, M., Horesh, D., Siegel, C., Brody, Y., Amer, A. M., Lev-Ari, R. K., Mas, F., Marmar, C. R., & Farmer, J. (2020). "[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/global-mental-health/article/mental-health-disorders-and-utilization-of-mental-healthcare-services-in-united-nations-personnel/45E0B57C295A276E108B22F3E95694FD Mental health disorders and utilization of mental healthcare services in United Nations personnel]". ''Global Mental Health'', 7. {{doi|10.1017/gmh.2019.29}}.</ref>
* [[Musculoskeletal disorder]]: These are injuries in bones, nerves and tendons due to overexertion and repetitive strain. They have been linked to job satisfaction and workplace stress.<ref>Amiri, S., & Behnezhad, S. (2020). "Is job strain a risk factor for musculoskeletal pain? A systematic review and meta-analysis of 21 longitudinal studies". ''Public Health'', 181, 158-167. {{doi|10.1016/j.puhe.2019.11.023}}.</ref>
* Physical health symptoms: Occupational stress has been linked to physical symptoms such as digestive distress and headache.<ref>Nixon, A. E., Mazzola, J. J., Bauer, J., Krueger, J. R., & Spector, P. E. (2011). "Can work make you sick? A meta-analysis of the relationships between job stressors and physical symptoms". ''Work & Stress'', 25, 1-22. {{doi|10.1080/02678373.2011.569175}}.</ref>
* [[Workplace violence]]: Violence prevention climate is related to being physically assaulted and psychologically mistreated at work.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Yang |first1=Liu-Qin |last2=Caughlin |first2=David E. |last3=Gazica |first3=Michele W. |last4=Truxillo |first4=Donald M. |last5=Spector |first5=Paul E. |date=July 2014 |title=Workplace mistreatment climate and potential employee and organizational outcomes: A meta-analytic review from the target's perspective. |url=https://doi.apa.org/doi/10.1037/a0036905 |journal=Journal of Occupational Health Psychology |language=en |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=315–335 |doi=10.1037/a0036905 |pmid=24885687 |issn=1939-1307|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
Interventions that improve climates are a way to address accidents and violence. Interventions that reduce stress at work or provide employees with tools to better manage it can help in areas where stress is an important component.

Industrial psychology became interested in worker fatigue during World War I, when government ministers in Britain were concerned about the impact of fatigue on workers in munitions factories but not other types of factories.<ref>Hochschild, A. (2011). ''To End All Wars: A Story of Loyalty and Rebellion, 1914–1918''. {{ISBN|978-0-547-75031-6}}.</ref><ref name="Kreis">Kreis, S. (1995). Early experiments in British scientific management: the Health of Munitions Workers' Committee, 1915-1920. ''Journal of Management History (archive), 1'', 65-78. {{doi|10.1108/13552529510088330}}.</ref> In the U. K. some interest in worker [[well-being]] emerged with the efforts of [[Charles Samuel Myers]] and his National Institute of Industrial Psychology (NIIP) during the inter-War years.<ref>Kwiatkowski, R., Duncan, D. C., & Shimmin, S. (2006). "What have we forgotten - and why?" ''Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology'', 79(2), 183-201. {{doi|10.1348/096317905X70832}}.</ref> In the U. S. during the mid-twentieth century industrial psychologist [[Arthur Kornhauser]] pioneered the study of occupational mental health, linking industrial working conditions to mental health as well as the spillover of an unsatisfying job into a worker's personal life.<ref name="Zickar">Zickar, M. J. (2003). Remembering Arthur Kornhauser: Industrial psychology's advocate for worker well-being. ''Journal of Applied Psychology, 88'', 363–369. {{doi|10.1037/0021-9010.88.2.363}}</ref><ref>Kornhauser, A. (1965). ''Mental health of the industrial worker''. New York: Wiley.</ref> Zickar accumulated evidence to show that "no other industrial psychologist of his era was as devoted to advocating management and labor practices that would improve the lives of working people."<ref name="Zickar"/>

====Occupational health psychology====
As interest in the worker health expanded toward the end of the twentieth century, the field of [[occupational health psychology]] (OHP) emerged. OHP is a branch of psychology that is interdisciplinary.<ref name="Schonfeld"/><ref name="CDC">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. ''Occupational Health Psychology (OHP)''. [https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/ohp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190910090414/https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/ohp/|date=10 September 2019}}</ref> OHP is concerned with the health and safety of workers.<ref name = "Schonfeld"/><ref name = "CDC"/> OHP addresses topic areas such as the impact of occupational stressors on physical and mental health, mistreatment of workers (e.g., bullying and violence), work-family balance, the impact of [[involuntary unemployment]] on physical and mental health, the influence of psychosocial factors on safety and accidents, and interventions designed to improve/protect worker health.<ref name = "Schonfeld"/><ref>Houdmont, J., & Leka, S. (2010). An introduction to occupational health psychology. In S. Leka & J. Houdmont (Eds.). ''Occupational health psychology'' (pp. 1–30). John Wiley: Hoboken, NJ.</ref> OHP grew out of [[health psychology]], [[industrial and organizational psychology]], and [[occupational medicine]].<ref name = "Everly">Everly, G.S., Jr. (1986). An introduction to occupational health psychology. In P.A. Keller & L.G. Ritt (Eds.), ''Innovations in clinical practice: A source book'' (Vol. 5, pp. 331–338). Sarasota, FL: Professional Resource Exchange.</ref> OHP has also been informed by disciplines outside psychology, including [[industrial engineering]], sociology, and economics.<ref>Society for Occupational Health Psychology. ''Field of OHP. What is occupational health psychology'' [http://www.sohp-online.org/field.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304192927/http://www.sohp-online.org/field.htm|date=4 March 2016}}</ref><ref>Tetrick, L.E., & Quick, J.C. (2011). Overview of occupational health psychology: Public health in occupational settings. In J.C. Quick & L.E. Tetrick (Eds.), ''Handbook of occupational health psychology'' (2nd ed., pp. 3–20). Washington DC: American Psychological Association.</ref>

== Research methods ==
{{Main|Psychological research|List of psychological research methods}}

[[Quantitative psychological research]] lends itself to the statistical testing of hypotheses. Although the field makes abundant use of [[Randomized controlled experiments|randomized and controlled experiments]] in laboratory settings, such research can only assess a limited range of short-term phenomena. Some psychologists rely on less rigorously controlled, but more [[Ecological validity|ecologically valid]], [[field experiments]] as well. Other research psychologists rely on statistical methods to glean knowledge from population data.<ref>John A. Schinka & Wayne F. Velicer, "Volume Preface" in Weiner (ed.), ''Handbook of Psychology'' (2003), Volume 2: ''Research Methods in Psychology''.</ref> The statistical methods research psychologists employ include the [[Pearson product–moment correlation coefficient]], the [[analysis of variance]], [[multiple linear regression]], [[logistic regression]], [[structural equation modeling]], and [[hierarchical linear modeling]]. The [[Psychometrics|measurement]] and [[operational definition|operationalization]] of important [[Construct (psychology)|constructs]] is an essential part of these research designs.

Although this type of psychological research is much less abundant than quantitative research, some psychologists conduct [[qualitative research]]. This type of research can involve interviews, questionnaires, and first-hand observation.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Alasuutari|first1=Pertti|year=2010|title=The rise and relevance of qualitative research|journal=International Journal of Social Research Methodology|volume=13|issue=2|pages=139–55|doi=10.1080/13645570902966056|s2cid=143736805}}</ref> While hypothesis testing is rare, virtually impossible, in qualitative research, qualitative studies can be helpful in theory and hypothesis generation, interpreting seemingly contradictory quantitative findings, and understanding why some interventions fail and others succeed.<ref>Schonfeld, I.S., & Mazzola, J.J. (2013). Strengths and limitations of qualitative approaches to research in occupational health psychology. In R. Sinclair, M. Wang, & L. Tetrick (Eds.), ''Research methods in occupational health psychology: State of the art in measurement, design, and data analysis'' (pp. 268-289). New York: Routledge.</ref>

=== Controlled experiments ===
{{Main|Experiment}}
[[File:Flowchart of Phases of Parallel Randomized Trial - Modified from CONSORT 2010.png|thumb|Flowchart of the four phases, enrollment, intervention allocation, follow-up, and data analysis, of a parallel randomized trial of two groups modified from the [[Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials|CONSORT 2010 Statement]]<ref name="Schulz-2010">{{Cite journal |author1=Schulz, K.F. |author2=Altman, D.G. |author3=Moher, D. |author4=for the CONSORT Group |title=CONSORT 2010 Statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials |journal=BMJ |volume=340 |pages=c332 |year=2010 |issue=mar23 1 |doi=10.1136/bmj.c332 |pmid=20332509 |pmc=2844940 }}</ref>]]
[[File:Milgram experiment v2.svg|right|thumb|The experimenter (E) orders the teacher (T), the subject of the experiment, to give what the latter believes are painful electric shocks to a learner (L), who is actually an actor and [[wikt:confederate|confederate]]. The subject believes that for each wrong answer, the learner was receiving actual electric shocks, though in reality there were no such punishments. Being separated from the subject, the confederate set up a tape recorder integrated with the electro-shock generator, which played pre-recorded sounds for each shock level etc.<ref name=ObedStudy>{{cite journal |last=Milgram |first=Stanley |year=1963 |title=Behavioral Study of Obedience |journal=Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology |volume=67 |pages=371–378 |pmid=14049516 |url=http://content.apa.org/journals/abn/67/4/371 |doi=10.1037/h0040525 |issue=4 |citeseerx=10.1.1.599.92 |s2cid=18309531 |access-date=24 May 2010 |archive-date=17 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120717013242/http://content.apa.org/journals/abn/67/4/371 |url-status=live }} [http://www.garfield.library.upenn.edu/classics1981/A1981LC33300001.pdf Full-text PDF.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611105753/http://www.garfield.library.upenn.edu/classics1981/A1981LC33300001.pdf |date=11 June 2011 }}</ref>]]

A [[true experiment]] with random assignment of research participants (sometimes called subjects) to rival conditions allows researchers to make strong inferences about causal relationships. When there are large numbers of research participants, the random assignment (also called random allocation) of those participants to rival conditions ensures that the individuals in those conditions will, on average, be similar on most characteristics, including characteristics that went unmeasured. In an experiment, the researcher alters one or more variables of influence, called [[independent variable]]s, and measures resulting changes in the factors of interest, called [[dependent variable]]s. Prototypical experimental research is conducted in a laboratory with a carefully controlled environment.

A [[Quasi-experimental design|quasi-experiment]] is a situation in which different conditions are being studied, but random assignment to the different conditions is not possible. Investigators must work with preexisting groups of people. Researchers can use common sense to consider how much the nonrandom assignment threatens the study's [[Validity (logic)|validity]].<ref>Melvin M. Mark, "Program Evaluation" in Weiner (ed.), ''Handbook of Psychology'' (2003), Volume 2: ''Research Methods in Psychology''.</ref> For example, in research on the best way to affect reading achievement in the first three grades of school, school administrators may not permit educational psychologists to randomly assign children to phonics and whole language classrooms, in which case the psychologists must work with preexisting classroom assignments. Psychologists will compare the achievement of children attending phonics and whole language classes and, perhaps, statistically adjust for any initial differences in reading level.

Experimental researchers typically use a [[statistical hypothesis testing]] model which involves making predictions before conducting the experiment, then assessing how well the data collected are consistent with the predictions. These predictions are likely to originate from one or more abstract scientific [[hypotheses]] about how the phenomenon under study actually works.<ref>[[Roger E. Kirk]], "Experimental Design" in Weiner (ed.), ''Handbook of Psychology'' (2003), Volume 2: ''Research Methods in Psychology''.</ref>

=== Other types of studies ===
{{Further|Video recall}}
[[Survey methodology|Surveys]] are used in psychology for the purpose of measuring [[Attitude (psychology)|attitudes]] and [[trait theory|traits]], monitoring changes in [[mood (psychology)|mood]], and checking the validity of experimental manipulations (checking research participants' perception of the condition they were assigned to). Psychologists have commonly used paper-and-pencil surveys. However, surveys are also conducted over the phone or through e-mail. Web-based surveys are increasingly used to conveniently reach many subjects.

[[Observational studies]] are commonly conducted in psychology. In [[Cross-sectional studies|cross-sectional]] observational studies, psychologists collect data at a single point in time. The goal of many cross-sectional studies is the assess the extent factors are correlated with each other. By contrast, in [[longitudinal studies]] psychologists collect data on the same sample at two or more points in time. Sometimes the purpose of longitudinal research is to study trends across time such as the stability of traits or age-related changes in behavior. Because some studies involve endpoints that psychologists cannot ethically study from an experimental standpoint, such as identifying the causes of depression, they conduct longitudinal studies a large group of depression-free people, periodically assessing what is happening in the individuals' lives. In this way psychologists have an opportunity to test causal hypotheses regarding conditions that commonly arise in people's lives that put them at risk for depression. Problems that affect longitudinal studies include [[Selection bias#Attrition|selective attrition]], the type of problem in which bias is introduced when a certain type of research participant disproportionately leaves a study.

One example of an observational study was run by Arthur Bandura. This observational study focused on children who were exposed to an adult exhibiting aggressive behaviors and their reaction to toys versus other children who were not exposed to these stimuli. The result shows that children who had seen the adult acting aggressively towards a toy, in turn, were aggressive towards their own toy when put in a situation that frustrated them.<ref name=":0"/>

[[Exploratory data analysis]] includes a variety of practices that researchers use to reduce a great many variables to a small number overarching factors. In [[Charles Sanders Peirce#Modes of inference|Peirce's three modes of inference]], exploratory data analysis corresponds to [[abduction (logic)|abduction]].<ref>John T. Behrens and Chong-Ho Yu, "Exploratory Data Analysis" in Weiner (ed.), ''Handbook of Psychology'' (2003), Volume 2: ''Research Methods in Psychology''.</ref> [[Meta-analysis]] is the technique research psychologists use to integrate results from many studies of the same variables and arriving at a grand average of the findings.<ref>Frank L. Schmidt and John E. Hunter, "Meta-Analysis", ''Handbook of Psychology'' (2003), Volume 2: ''Research Methods in Psychology''.</ref>

=== Direct brain observation/manipulation ===
[[File:EEG cap.jpg|alt=|thumb|An [[Electroencephalogram|EEG]] recording setup]]
[[File:Multi-Layer Neural Network-Vector.svg|thumb|[[Artificial neural network]] with two layers, an interconnected group of nodes, akin to the vast network of neurons in the human brain]]
A classic and popular tool used to relate mental and neural activity is the [[electroencephalogram]] (EEG), a technique using amplified electrodes on a person's scalp to measure voltage changes in different parts of the brain. [[Hans Berger]], the first researcher to use EEG on an unopened skull, quickly found that brains exhibit signature "brain waves": electric oscillations which correspond to different states of consciousness. Researchers subsequently refined statistical methods for synthesizing the electrode data, and identified unique brain wave patterns such as the [[delta wave]] observed during non-REM sleep.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Rösler | first1 = Frank | title = From Single-Channel Recordings to Brain-Mapping Devices: The Impact of Electroencephalography on Experimental Psychology | url = http://cognitrn.psych.indiana.edu/busey/eegseminar/pdfs/EEGHistoryImpact.pdf | journal = History of Psychology | volume = 8 | issue = 1 | year = 2005 | doi = 10.1037/1093-4510.8.1.95 | pmid = 16021767 | pages = 95–117 | access-date = 24 April 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150907211752/http://cognitrn.psych.indiana.edu/busey/eegseminar/pdfs/EEGHistoryImpact.pdf | archive-date = 7 September 2015 }}</ref>

Newer [[functional neuroimaging]] techniques include [[functional magnetic resonance imaging]] and [[positron emission tomography]], both of which track the flow of blood through the brain. These technologies provide more localized information about activity in the brain and create representations of the brain with widespread appeal. They also provide insight which avoids the classic problems of subjective self-reporting. It remains challenging to draw hard conclusions about where in the brain specific thoughts originate—or even how usefully such localization corresponds with reality. However, neuroimaging has delivered unmistakable results showing the existence of correlations between mind and brain. Some of these draw on a systemic [[neural network (biology)|neural network]] model rather than a localized function model.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Moran | first1 = Joseph M. | last2 = Zaki | first2 = Jamil | title = Functional Neuroimaging and Psychology: What Have You Done for Me Lately? | url = http://ssnl.stanford.edu/download/file/fid/518 | journal = Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience | volume = 25 | issue = 6 | year = 2013 | doi = 10.1162/jocn_a_00380 | pages = 834–842 | pmid = 23469884 | s2cid = 12546790 | access-date = 24 April 2015 | archive-date = 2 February 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160202031631/http://ssnl.stanford.edu/download/file/fid/518 | url-access = subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Cacioppo | first1 = John T. | last2 = Berntson | first2 = Gary G. | last3 = Nusbaum | first3 = Howard C. | title = Neuroimaging as a New Tool in the Toolbox of Psychological Science | url = http://psychology.uchicago.edu/people/faculty/cacioppo/jtcreprints/cbn08.pdf | journal = Current Directions in Psychological Science | volume = 17 | issue = 2 | year = 2008 | doi = 10.1111/j.1467-8721.2008.00550.x | pages = 62–67 | s2cid = 14565940 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141031185051/http://psychology.uchicago.edu/people/faculty/cacioppo/jtcreprints/cbn08.pdf | archive-date = 31 October 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Aue | first1 = Tatjana | last2 = Lavelle | first2 = Leah A. | last3 = Cacioppo | first3 = John T. | title = Great expectations: What can fMRI research tell us about psychological phenomena? | url = http://psychology.uchicago.edu/people/faculty/cacioppo/jtcreprints/alc09.pdf | journal = International Journal of Psychophysiology | volume = 73 | issue = 1 | year = 2009 | doi = 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.12.017 | pages = 10–16 | pmid = 19232374 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160109084331/http://psychology.uchicago.edu/people/faculty/cacioppo/jtcreprints/alc09.pdf | archive-date = 9 January 2016 }}</ref>

Interventions such as [[transcranial magnetic stimulation]] and drugs also provide information about brain–mind interactions. [[Psychopharmacology]] is the study of drug-induced mental effects.

=== Computer simulation ===
{{See also|Computational cognition|Graph theory|Network theory}}
Computational modeling is a tool used in [[mathematical psychology]] and cognitive psychology to simulate behavior.<ref>Ron Sun, (2008). The Cambridge Handbook of Computational Psychology. Cambridge University Press, New York. 2008.</ref> This method has several advantages. Since modern computers process information quickly, simulations can be run in a short time, allowing for high statistical power. Modeling also allows psychologists to visualize hypotheses about the functional organization of mental events that could not be directly observed in a human. Computational neuroscience uses mathematical models to simulate the brain. Another method is symbolic modeling, which represents many mental objects using variables and rules. Other types of modeling include [[dynamic systems]] and [[stochastic process|stochastic]] modeling.

=== Animal studies ===
[[File:MorrisWaterMaze.jpg|right|thumb|A rat undergoing a [[Morris water navigation test]] used in [[behavioral neuroscience]] to study the role of the [[hippocampus]] in [[spatial learning]] and memory]]
Animal experiments aid in investigating many aspects of human psychology, including perception, emotion, learning, memory, and thought, to name a few. In the 1890s, Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov famously used dogs to demonstrate classical conditioning. Non-human primates, cats, dogs, pigeons, and rats and other rodents are often used in psychological experiments. Ideally, controlled experiments introduce only one independent variable at a time, in order to ascertain its unique effects upon dependent variables. These conditions are approximated best in laboratory settings. In contrast, human environments and genetic backgrounds vary so widely, and depend upon so many factors, that it is difficult to control important [[variable (research)|variable]]s for human subjects. There are pitfalls, however, in generalizing findings from animal studies to humans through animal models.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.ncabr.org/biomed/FAQ_animal/faq_animal_8.html |title= Ncabr.Org: About Biomedical Research: Faq |access-date= 1 July 2008 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080708190108/http://www.ncabr.org/biomed/FAQ_animal/faq_animal_8.html |archive-date= 8 July 2008 }}</ref>

Comparative psychology is the scientific study of the behavior and mental processes of non-human animals, especially as these relate to the phylogenetic history, adaptive significance, and development of behavior. Research in this area explores the behavior of many species, from insects to primates. It is closely related to other disciplines that study animal behavior such as [[ethology]].<ref>Shettleworth, S.J. (2010) Cognition, Evolution and Behavior (2nd Ed), New York: Oxford.</ref> Research in comparative psychology sometimes appears to shed light on human behavior, but some attempts to connect the two have been quite controversial, for example the [[Sociobiology]] of [[E.O. Wilson]].<ref>Wilson, E.O. (1978) ''On Human Nature'' p. x, Cambridge, Ma: Harvard</ref> Animal models are often used to study neural processes related to human behavior, e.g. in cognitive neuroscience.

=== Qualitative research ===
[[File:Phineas gage - 1868 skull diagram.jpg|thumb|[[Phineas P. Gage]] survived an accident in which a large iron rod was driven completely through his head, destroying much of his brain's left frontal lobe, but the injury altered his personality and behavior.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Harlow |first=John Martyn |year=1868 |title=Recovery from the Passage of an Iron Bar through the Head |journal=Publications of the Massachusetts Medical Society |volume=2 |number=3 |pages=327–347 |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Recovery_from_the_passage_of_an_iron_bar_through_the_head}} Fig. 2, p. 347.</ref>]]
Qualitative research is often designed to answer questions about the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of individuals. Qualitative research involving first-hand observation can help describe events as they occur, with the goal of capturing the richness of everyday behavior and with the hope of discovering and understanding phenomena that might have been missed if only more cursory examinations are made.

[[Qualitative psychological research]] methods include interviews, first-hand observation, and participant observation. Creswell (2003) identified five main possibilities for qualitative research, including narrative, phenomenology, [[ethnography]], [[case study]], and [[grounded theory]]. Qualitative researchers<ref>Glaser, B. & Strauss, A. (1967). ''The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research''. Chicago: Aldine.</ref> sometimes aim to enrich our understanding of symbols, subjective experiences, or social structures. Sometimes [[hermeneutic]] and critical aims can give rise to quantitative research, as in [[Erich Fromm]]'s application of psychological and sociological theories, in his book ''[[Escape from Freedom]]'', to understanding why many ordinary Germans supported Hitler.<ref>Fromm, E. (1941). ''Escape from freedom.'' New York: Farrar & Rinehart. {{ISBN|0-7448-0014-5}}</ref>

Just as [[Jane Goodall]] studied chimpanzee social and family life by careful observation of chimpanzee behavior in the field, psychologists conduct [[naturalistic observation]] of ongoing human social, professional, and family life. Sometimes the participants are aware they are being observed, and other times the participants do not know they are being observed. Strict ethical guidelines must be followed when covert observation is being carried out.

===Program evaluation===
[[Program evaluation]] involves the systematic collection, analysis, and application of information to answer questions about projects, policies and programs, particularly about their effectiveness.<ref>Fitzpatrick, J.L., Sanders, J.R., & Worthen, B.R. (2011). ''Program evaluation: Alternative approaches and practical guidelines''. New York: Pearson Higher Education. {{ISBN|978-0-205-57935-8}}.</ref><ref>Administration for Children and Families (2010) ''[http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/opre/other_resrch/pm_guide_eval/index.html The Program Manager's Guide to Evaluation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825195829/http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/opre/other_resrch/pm_guide_eval/index.html |date=25 August 2012 }}. Chapter 2: What is program evaluation?''.</ref> In both the public and private sectors, stakeholders often want to know the extent which the programs they are funding, implementing, voting for, receiving, or objecting to are producing the intended effects. While program evaluation first focuses on effectiveness, important considerations often include how much the program costs per participant, how the program could be improved, whether the program is worthwhile, whether there are better alternatives, if there are unintended outcomes, and whether the program goals are appropriate and useful.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Shackman | first=Gene | author2=The Global Social Change Research Project | title=What is Program Evaluation? A Beginners Guide (Presentation Slides) | journal=SSRN Electronic Journal | publisher=Elsevier BV | year=2017 | ssrn=3060080 | issn=1556-5068 | doi=10.2139/ssrn.3060080 | page=| doi-access=free }}</ref>

== Contemporary issues ==
=== Metascience ===
Metascience involves the application of scientific methodology to study science itself. The field of [[metascience]] has revealed problems in psychological research. Some psychological research has suffered from [[bias]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Franco |first1=Annie |last2=Malhotra |first2=Neil |author-link2=Neil Malhotra |last3=Simonovits |first3=Gabor |title=Underreporting in Psychology Experiments: Evidence From a Study Registry |journal=Social Psychological and Personality Science |date=1 January 2016 |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=8–12 |doi=10.1177/1948550615598377 |s2cid=143182733 |language=en |issn=1948-5506}}</ref> problematic [[reproducibility]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Munafò |first1=Marcus |title=Metascience: Reproducibility blues |journal=Nature |date=29 March 2017 |volume=543 |issue=7647 |pages=619–620 |doi=10.1038/543619a |language=en |issn=1476-4687|bibcode=2017Natur.543..619M |doi-access=free }}</ref> and [[misuse of statistics]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Stokstad |first1=Erik |title=This research group seeks to expose weaknesses in science—and they'll step on some toes if they have to |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/research-group-seeks-expose-weaknesses-science-and-they-ll-step-some-toes-if-they-have |website=Science {{!}} AAAS |access-date=24 May 2019 |language=en |date=19 September 2018 |archive-date=18 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318020926/https://www.science.org/content/article/research-group-seeks-expose-weaknesses-science-and-they-ll-step-some-toes-if-they-have |url-status=live }}</ref> These findings have led to calls for reform from within and from outside the scientific community.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stevens |first1=Jeffrey R. |title=Replicability and Reproducibility in Comparative Psychology |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |year=2017 |volume=8 |article-number=862 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00862 |pmid=28603511 |language=en |issn=1664-1078|pmc=5445189 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

==== Confirmation bias ====
In 1959, statistician Theodore Sterling examined the results of psychological studies and discovered that 97% of them supported their initial hypotheses, implying possible [[publication bias]].<ref name="Theodore">{{cite book |author1=Arjo Klamer |author2=Robert M. Solow |author3=Donald N. McCloskey |title=The Consequences of economic rhetoric |year=1989 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-34286-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/consequencesofec0000unse/page/173 173–174] |url=https://archive.org/details/consequencesofec0000unse/page/173 }}</ref><ref name=Lehrer>{{cite news |last=Lehrer |first=Jonah |title=The Truth Wears Off |url=http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2010/12/13/101213fa_fact_lehrer?currentPage=all |access-date=10 April 2011 |newspaper=The New Yorker |date=13 December 2010 |archive-date=12 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712030948/http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2010/12/13/101213fa_fact_lehrer?currentPage=all |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Sterling |first=Theodore D. |title=Publication decisions and their possible effects on inferences drawn from tests of significance—or vice versa |journal=Journal of the American Statistical Association |date=March 1959 |volume=54 |pages=30–34 |doi=10.2307/2282137 |issue=285|jstor=2282137 }}</ref> Similarly, Fanelli (2010)<ref name=Fanelli>{{cite journal |last=Fanelli |first=Daniele |title={{'}}Positive' Results Increase Down the Hierarchy of the Sciences |journal=PLOS ONE |year=2010 |volume=5 |issue=4 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0010068 |editor=Enrico Scalas |article-number=e10068 |pmid=20383332 |pmc=2850928 |bibcode=2010PLoSO...510068F |doi-access=free }}</ref> found that 91.5% of psychiatry/psychology studies confirmed the effects they were looking for, and concluded that the odds of this happening (a positive result) was around five times higher than in fields such as [[space science]] or [[geoscience]]s. Fanelli argued that this is because researchers in "softer" sciences have fewer constraints to their conscious and unconscious biases.

==== Replication ====
{{Further|Replication crisis#In psychology}}
A [[replication crisis]] in psychology has emerged. Many notable findings in the field have not been replicated. Some researchers were even accused of publishing fraudulent results.<ref>{{cite news|last=Marcus|first=Gary|title=The Crisis in Social Psychology That Isn't|magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|url=https://www.newyorker.com/tech/annals-of-technology/the-crisis-in-social-psychology-that-isnt|date=1 May 2013|access-date=19 December 2018|archive-date=7 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707005800/https://www.newyorker.com/tech/elements/the-crisis-in-social-psychology-that-isnt|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Meyer|first1=Michelle N.|last2=Chabris|first2=Christopher|title=Why Psychologists' Food Fight Matters|website=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|url=https://slate.com/technology/2014/07/replication-controversy-in-psychology-bullying-file-drawer-effect-blog-posts-repligate.html|date=31 July 2014|access-date=19 December 2018|archive-date=10 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110124115/http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/science/2014/07/replication_controversy_in_psychology_bullying_file_drawer_effect_blog_posts.single.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Aschwanden|first=Christie|author-link=Christie Aschwanden |title=Psychology Is Starting To Deal With Its Replication Problem |website=[[FiveThirtyEight]] |url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/psychology-is-starting-to-deal-with-its-replication-problem/ |date=27 August 2015 |access-date=19 December 2018 |archive-date=19 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819103903/https://fivethirtyeight.com/datalab/psychology-is-starting-to-deal-with-its-replication-problem/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Systematic efforts, including efforts by the [[Reproducibility Project]] of the [[Center for Open Science]], to assess the extent of the problem found that as many as two-thirds of highly publicized findings in psychology failed to be replicated.<ref name="auto">{{cite journal |doi=10.1126/science.aac4716 |pmid=26315443 |title=Estimating the reproducibility of psychological science |journal=Science |volume=349 |issue=6251 |article-number=aac4716 |year=2015 |url=http://eprints.keele.ac.uk/877/1/Open%20Science%20%28Science%20Pre-Print%29.pdf |author1=Open Science Collaboration |hdl=10722/230596 |s2cid=218065162 |hdl-access=free |access-date=9 February 2019 |archive-date=29 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029123916/http://eprints.keele.ac.uk/877/1/Open%20Science%20(Science%20Pre-Print).pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Reproducibility has generally been stronger in cognitive psychology (in studies and journals) than social psychology<ref name="auto"/> and subfields of [[differential psychology]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hunt|first1=Earl B.|author-link1=Earl B. Hunt|title=Human Intelligence|year=2011|place=New York|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|page=94|isbn=978-0-521-70781-7}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Baumeister|first=Roy|author-link=Roy Baumeister|title=Charting the future of social psychology on stormy seas: Winners, losers, and recommendations|journal=[[Journal of Experimental Social Psychology]]|volume=66|pages=153–158|date=September 2016 |doi=10.1016/j.jesp.2016.02.003|quote=...shifting the dominant conceptual paradigm from Freudian psychoanalytic theory to Big Five research has reduced the chances of being wrong but palpably increased the fact of being boring. In making that transition, personality psychology became more accurate but less broadly interesting.}}</ref> Other subfields of psychology have also been implicated in the replication crisis, including clinical psychology,<ref name="DuncanKeller2011">{{cite journal|last1=Duncan|first1=Laramie E.|last2=Keller|first2=Matthew C.|title=A critical review of the first 10 years of candidate gene-by-environment interaction research in psychiatry|journal=[[The American Journal of Psychiatry]]|volume=168|issue=10|pages=1041–1049|date=October 2011|pmid=21890791|pmc=3222234|doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.11020191}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1017/S003329171600324X |pmid=27955715 |title=Biases in research: Risk factors for non-replicability in psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy research |journal=Psychological Medicine |volume=47 |issue=6 |pages=1000–1011 |year=2017 |last1=Leichsenring |first1=F. |last2=Abbass |first2=A. |last3=Hilsenroth |first3=M. J. |last4=Leweke |first4=F. |last5=Luyten |first5=P. |last6=Keefe |first6=J. R. |last7=Midgley |first7=N. |last8=Rabung |first8=S. |last9=Salzer |first9=S. |last10=Steinert |first10=C. |s2cid=1872762 |url=http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1532689/ |access-date=28 December 2018 |archive-date=6 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190706130520/http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1532689/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00256 |pmid=29541051 |pmc=5835722 |title=Raising Awareness for the Replication Crisis in Clinical Psychology by Focusing on Inconsistencies in Psychotherapy Research: How Much Can We Rely on Published Findings from Efficacy Trials? |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |volume=9 |article-number=256 |year=2018 |last1=Hengartner |first1=Michael P. |doi-access=free }}</ref> developmental psychology,<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/infa.12182 |pmid=31772509 |pmc=6879177 |title=A Collaborative Approach to Infant Research: Promoting Reproducibility, Best Practices, and Theory-Building |journal=Infancy |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=421–435 |year=2017 |last1=Frank |first1=Michael C. |last2=Bergelson |first2=Elika |last3=Bergmann |first3=Christina |last4=Cristia |first4=Alejandrina |last5=Floccia |first5=Caroline |last6=Gervain |first6=Judit |author-link6=Judit Gervain|last7=Hamlin |first7=J. Kiley |last8=Hannon |first8=Erin E. |last9=Kline |first9=Melissa |last10=Levelt |first10=Claartje |last11=Lew-Williams |first11=Casey |last12=Nazzi |first12=Thierry |last13=Panneton |first13=Robin |last14=Rabagliati |first14=Hugh |last15=Soderstrom |first15=Melanie |last16=Sullivan |first16=Jessica |last17=Waxman |first17=Sandra |last18=Yurovsky |first18=Daniel |url=http://psyarxiv.com/27b43/ |access-date=21 July 2019 |archive-date=27 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227194737/https://psyarxiv.com/27b43/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Harris|first=Judith Rich|author-link=Judith Rich Harris|title=The Nurture Assumption: Why Children Turn Out the Way They Do|title-link=The Nurture Assumption|year=2009|orig-date=1998|place=New York|publisher=[[Free Press (publisher)|Free Press]]|edition=2nd|isbn=978-1-4391-0165-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Harris|first=Judith Rich|author-link=Judith Rich Harris|title=No Two Alike: Human Nature and Human Individuality|title-link=No Two Alike|year=2006|place=New York|publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]]|isbn=978-0-393-32971-1}}</ref> and a field closely related to psychology, [[educational research]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Tyson|first=Charlie|title=Failure to Replicate|journal=[[Inside Higher Ed]]|date=14 August 2014|url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2014/08/14/almost-no-education-research-replicated-new-article-shows|access-date=19 December 2018|archive-date=23 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223122645/https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2014/08/14/almost-no-education-research-replicated-new-article-shows|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.3102/0013189X14545513 |title=Facts Are More Important Than Novelty |journal=Educational Researcher |volume=43 |issue=6 |pages=304–316 |year=2014 |last1=Makel |first1=Matthew C. |last2=Plucker |first2=Jonathan A. |s2cid=145571836 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kirschner|first1=Paul A.|last2=Sweller|first2=John|author-link2=John Sweller|last3=Clark|first3=Richard E.|title=Why Minimal Guidance During Instruction Does Not Work: An Analysis of the Failure of Constructivist, Discovery, Problem-Based, Experiential, and Inquiry-Based Teaching|journal=[[Educational Psychologist (journal)|Educational Psychologist]]|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2006|volume=41|issue=2|pages=75–86|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/27699659|doi=10.1207/s15326985ep4102_1|s2cid=17067829|hdl=1959.4/50516|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|title=Foundations for Success: The Final Report of the National Mathematics Advisory Panel|year=2008|publisher=[[United States Department of Education]]|pages=45–46|url=https://www2.ed.gov/about/bdscomm/list/mathpanel/report/final-report.pdf|access-date=3 November 2020|archive-date=18 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118012046/https://www2.ed.gov/about/bdscomm/list/mathpanel/report/final-report.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Pashler|first1=Harold|author-link1=Hal Pashler|last2=McDaniel|first2=Mark|author-link2=Mark A. McDaniel|last3=Rohrer|first3=Doug|last4=Bjork|first4=Robert|author-link4=Robert A. Bjork|year=2008|title=Learning Styles: Concepts and Evidence|journal=[[Psychological Science in the Public Interest]]|volume=9|issue=3|pages=105–119|publisher=[[SAGE Publishing|SAGE Publications]]|doi=10.1111/j.1539-6053.2009.01038.x|pmid=26162104 |s2cid=2112166 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Focus on the replication crisis has led to other renewed efforts in the discipline to re-test important findings.<ref name="Simmons et al. (2011)">{{cite journal |doi=10.1177/0956797611417632 |pmid=22006061 |title=False-Positive Psychology |journal=Psychological Science |volume=22 |issue=11 |pages=1359–1366 |year=2011 |last1=Simmons |first1=Joseph P. |last2=Nelson |first2=Leif D. |last3=Simonsohn |first3=Uri |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1177/1745691613514450 |pmid=26173241 |title=The Alleged Crisis and the Illusion of Exact Replication |journal=Perspectives on Psychological Science |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=59–71 |year=2014 |last1=Stroebe |first1=Wolfgang |last2=Strack |first2=Fritz |s2cid=31938129 |url=https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/12588700/postprint_Stroebe_Strack_2014.pdf |access-date=21 July 2019 |archive-date=15 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615102850/https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/12588700/postprint_Stroebe_Strack_2014.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> In response to concerns about publication bias and [[data dredging]] (conducting a large number of statistical tests on a great many variables but restricting reporting to the results that were statistically significant), 295 psychology and medical journals have adopted [[Scholarly peer review#Result-blind peer review|result-blind peer review]] where studies are accepted not on the basis of their findings and after the studies are completed, but before the studies are conducted and upon the basis of the methodological rigor of their experimental designs and the theoretical justifications for their proposed statistical analysis before data collection or analysis is conducted.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Aschwanden|first=Christie|title=Psychology's Replication Crisis Has Made The Field Better|website=[[FiveThirtyEight]]|date=6 December 2018|access-date=19 December 2018|url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/psychologys-replication-crisis-has-made-the-field-better/|archive-date=20 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181220164524/https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/psychologys-replication-crisis-has-made-the-field-better/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Registered Reports|publisher=[[Center for Open Science]]|url=https://www.cos.io/initiatives/registered-reports|access-date=20 May 2021|archive-date=21 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521015044/https://www.cos.io/initiatives/registered-reports|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition, large-scale collaborations among researchers working in multiple labs in different countries have taken place. The collaborators regularly make their data openly available for different researchers to assess.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Chartier|first1=Chris|last2=Kline|first2=Melissa|last3=McCarthy|first3=Randy|last4=Nuijten|first4=Michele|last5=Dunleavy|first5=Daniel J.|last6=Ledgerwood|first6=Alison|title=The Cooperative Revolution Is Making Psychological Science Better|journal=[[Association for Psychological Science#Publications|Observer]]|url=https://www.psychologicalscience.org/observer/the-cooperative-revolution-is-making-psychological-science-better|volume=31|issue=10|date=December 2018|access-date=19 December 2018|archive-date=20 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181220232024/https://www.psychologicalscience.org/observer/the-cooperative-revolution-is-making-psychological-science-better|url-status=live}}</ref> Allen and Mehler<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Allen | first1=Christopher | last2=Mehler | first2=David M. A. | title=Open science challenges, benefits and tips in early career and beyond | journal=PLOS Biology | publisher=Public Library of Science (PLoS) | volume=17 | issue=5 | date=2019-05-01 | issn=1545-7885 | doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.3000246 | doi-access=free | s2cid=240061030 | article-number=e3000246| pmid=31042704 | pmc=6513108 }}{{Erratum|1=https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.3000587|checked=yes|doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.3000587|doi-access=free}}</ref> estimated that 61 per cent of result-blind studies have yielded [[null result]]s, in contrast to an estimated 5 to 20 per cent in traditional research.

==== Misuse of statistics ====
{{Further|Misuse of statistics|Misuse of p-values}}
Some critics view [[statistical hypothesis testing#Criticism|statistical hypothesis testing]] as misplaced. Psychologist and statistician [[Jacob Cohen (statistician)|Jacob Cohen]] wrote in 1994 that psychologists routinely confuse statistical significance with practical importance, enthusiastically reporting great certainty in unimportant facts.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1037/0003-066X.49.12.997 |title=The earth is round (p < .05) |journal=American Psychologist |volume=49 |issue=12 |pages=997–1003 |year=1994 |last1=Cohen |first1=Jacob |s2cid=380942 }}</ref> Some psychologists have responded with an increased use of [[effect size]] statistics, rather than sole reliance on ''p''-values.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.simplypsychology.org/effect-size.html| title = McLeod, S. (2019). What does effect size tell you?| year = 2019| last1 = McLeod| first1 = S. A.| access-date = 10 June 2021| archive-date = 10 June 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210610201001/https://www.simplypsychology.org/effect-size.html| url-status = live}}</ref>

=== WEIRD bias ===
{{Redirect|WEIRD||Weird (disambiguation)}}
{{see also|The WEIRDest People in the World |Cultural psychology |Indigenous psychology |Transnational psychology |Cross-cultural psychology}}
In 2008, Arnett pointed out that most articles in American Psychological Association journals were about U.S. populations when U.S. citizens are only 5% of the world's population. He complained that psychologists had no basis for assuming psychological processes to be universal and generalizing research findings to the rest of the global population.<ref name="Arnett2008">{{cite journal |last=Arnett |first=J. J. |title = The neglected 95%: Why American psychology needs to become less American |journal = American Psychologist |volume= 63 |issue= 7|pages= 602–614 |year=2008 |doi=10.1037/0003-066X.63.7.602 |pmid=18855491 |s2cid=21072349 }}</ref> In 2010, Henrich, Heine, and Norenzayan reported a bias in conducting psychology studies with participants from "''WEIRD''" ("Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic") societies.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1017/S0140525X0999152X |pmid=20550733 |title=The weirdest people in the world? |journal=Behavioral and Brain Sciences |volume=33 |issue=2–3 |pages=61–83 |year=2010 |last1=Henrich |first1=Joseph |last2=Heine |first2=Steven J. |last3=Norenzayan |first3=Ara |s2cid=220918842 |hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-0013-26A1-6 |url=https://www2.psych.ubc.ca/~henrich/pdfs/WeirdPeople.pdf |hdl-access=free |access-date=6 January 2022 |archive-date=4 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404201308/https://www2.psych.ubc.ca/~henrich/pdfs/WeirdPeople.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Transnational Psychology">{{cite book | last1 = Collins | first1 = L. H. | last2 = Machizawa | first2 = S. | last3 = Rice | first3 = J. K. | title = Transnational Psychology of Women: Expanding International and Intersectional Approaches | publisher = American Psychological Association | location = Washington, D. C. | year = 2019 | isbn = 978-1-4338-3069-3 }}</ref> Henrich et al. found that "96% of psychological samples come from countries with only 12% of the world's population" (p. 63). The article gave examples of results that differ significantly between people from WEIRD and tribal cultures, including the [[Müller-Lyer illusion]]. Arnett (2008), [[Elizabeth Altmaier|Altmaier]] and Hall (2008) and Morgan-Consoli et al. (2018) view the Western bias in research and theory as a serious problem considering psychologists are increasingly applying psychological principles developed in WEIRD regions in their research, clinical work, and consultation with populations around the world.<ref name="Arnett2008" /><ref name="AltmaierHall2008">{{cite book | last1 = Altmaier | first1 = E. M. | author-link1 = Elizabeth Altmaier | last2= Hall |first2 = J. E. |title = Global promise: Quality assurance and accountability in professional psychology | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = New York | year = 2008| isbn = 978-0-19-530608-8 }}</ref><ref name="MorganC2018">{{cite journal |last1=Morgan-Consoli |first1=M. L. |last2= Inman |first2= A. G. |last3=Bullock |first3= M. |last4= Nolan |first4= S. A. |title = Framework for competencies for U.S. psychologists engaging internationally |journal = International Perspectives in Psychology: Research, Practice, Consultation |volume= 7 |issue= 3|pages= 174–188 |year=2018 |doi=10.1037/ipp0000090|s2cid=159028411 }}</ref> In 2018, Rad, Martingano, and Ginges showed that nearly a decade after Henrich et al.'s paper, over 80% of the samples used in studies published in the journal ''[[Psychological Science]]'' employed WEIRD samples. Moreover, their analysis showed that several studies did not fully disclose the origin of their samples; the authors offered a set of recommendations to editors and reviewers to reduce WEIRD bias.<ref name="RadMartingano2018">{{cite journal|last1=Rad|first1=Mostafa Salari|last2=Martingano|first2=Alison Jane|last3=Ginges|first3=Jeremy|year=2018|title=Toward a psychology of Homo sapiens: Making psychological science more representative of the human population|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=115|issue=45|pages=11401–11405|doi=10.1073/pnas.1721165115|pmid=30397114|pmc=6233089|bibcode=2018PNAS..11511401R |issn=0027-8424|doi-access=free}}</ref>

=== STRANGE bias ===
Similar to the [[#WEIRD|WEIRD]] bias, starting in 2020, researchers of non-human behavior have started to emphasize the need to document the possibility of the STRANGE (Social background, Trappability and self-selection, Rearing history, Acclimation and habituation, Natural changes in responsiveness, Genetic makeup, and Experience) bias in study conclusions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Preston |first=Elizabeth |date=2023-03-19 |title=A Cognitive Revolution in Animal Research |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2023/03/animal-behavioral-science-personalities/673432/ |access-date=2023-03-22 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref>

=== Unscientific mental health training ===
Some observers perceive a gap between scientific theory and its application—in particular, the application of unsupported or unsound clinical practices.<ref name=Cards>{{cite book |last=Dawes |first=Robyn |title=House of Cards – Psychology and Psychotherapy Built on Myth |year=1994 |publisher=Free Press |isbn=978-0-02-907205-9 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/houseofcardspsyc00dawerich }}</ref> Critics say there has been an increase in the number of mental health training programs that do not instill scientific competence.<ref name="Beyerstein2001">{{cite journal |citeseerx=10.1.1.462.3147 |title=Fringe Psychotherapies: The Public at Risk |first1=Barry L. |last1=Beyerstein |journal=The Scientific Review of Alternative Medicine |volume=5 |issue=2 |date=Spring 2001 |pages=70–9 }}</ref> Practices such as "[[facilitated communication]] for infantile autism"; memory-recovery techniques including [[Bodywork (alternative medicine)|body work]]; and other therapies, such as [[Rebirthing (breathwork)|rebirthing]] and [[reparenting]], may be dubious or even dangerous, despite their popularity.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.srmhp.org/0101/raison-detre.html |title=SRMHP: Our Raison d'Être |access-date=1 July 2008 |archive-date=11 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070711012403/http://www.srmhp.org/0101/raison-detre.html |url-status=live }}</ref> These practices, however, are outside the mainstream practices taught in clinical psychology doctoral programs.

== Ethics ==
Ethical standards in the discipline have changed over time. Some famous past studies are today considered unethical and in violation of [[Guidelines for human subject research#APA Ethics Code|established codes]] (e.g., the Canadian Code of Conduct for Research Involving Humans, and the [[Belmont Report]]). The American Psychological Association has advanced a set of ethical principles and a [[APA Ethics Code|code]] of conduct for the profession.<ref name=":1">American Psychological Association. (2016). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct.[https://www.apa.org/ethics/code]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206013229/http://www.apa.org/ethics/code2002.html|date=6 February 2018}}</ref>

The most important contemporary standards include informed and voluntary consent. After World War II, the [[Nuremberg Code]] was established because of Nazi abuses of experimental subjects. Later, most countries (and scientific journals) adopted the [[Declaration of Helsinki]]. In the U.S., the [[National Institutes of Health]] established the [[Institutional Review Board]] in 1966, and in 1974 adopted the [[National Research Act]] (HR 7724). All of these measures encouraged researchers to obtain informed consent from human participants in experimental studies. A number of influential but ethically dubious studies led to the establishment of this rule; such studies included the [[Walter E. Fernald Developmental Center#Nuclear medicine research in children|MIT-Harvard Fernald School radioisotope studies]], the [[Thalidomide scandal|Thalidomide tragedy]], the [[Hepatitis#Willowbrook State School experiments|Willowbrook hepatitis study]], [[Milgram experiment|Stanley Milgram's studies of obedience to authority]], and the [[Stanford prison experiment|Stanford Prison Experiment]].

=== Ethics with Humans ===

The [[APA Ethics Code|ethics code of the American Psychological Association]] originated in 1951 as "Ethical Standards of Psychologists." This code has guided the formation of licensing laws in most American states. It has changed multiple times over the decades since its adoption, and contains both aspirational principles and binding ethical standards.

The APA's Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct consists of five General Principles, which are meant to guide psychologists to higher ethical practice where a particular standard does not apply. Those principles are:

'''A. Beneficence and Nonmaleficence''' - meaning the psychologists must work to benefit those they work with and "do no harm." This includes awareness of indirect benefits and harms their work might have on others due to personal, social, political, or other factors.

'''B. Fidelity and Responsibility''' - an awareness of public trust in the profession and adherence to ethical standards and clarification of roles to preserve that trust. This includes managing conflicts of interest, as well as committing some portion of a psychologist's professional time to low-cost or pro bono work.

'''C. Integrity''' - upholding honesty and accuracy in all psychological practices, including avoiding misrepresentations and fraud. In situations where psychologists would use deception (i.e., certain research), psychologists must consider the necessity, benefits, and harms, and mitigate any harms where possible.

'''D. Justice -''' an understanding that psychology must be for everyone's benefit, and that psychologists take special care to avoid unjust practices as a result of biases or limitations of expertise.

'''E. Respect for People's Rights and Dignity''' - the preservation of people's rights when working with psychologists, including confidentially, privacy, and autonomy. Psychologists should consider a multitude of factors, including a need for special safeguards for protected populations (e.g., minors, incarcerated individuals) and awareness of differences based on numerous factors, including culture, race, age, gender, and socioeconomic status.

In 1989, the APA revised its policies on advertising and referral fees to negotiate the end of an investigation by the Federal Trade Commission. The 1992 incarnation was the first to distinguish between "aspirational" ethical standards and "enforceable" ones. The APA code was further revised in 2010 to prevent the use of the code to justify violating human rights, which was in response to the participation of APA members in interrogations under the administration of United States President George W. Bush.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 24, 2010 |title=American Psychological Association amends ethics code to address potential conflicts among professional ethics, legal authority and organizational demands |url=https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2010/02/ethics-code |access-date=November 9, 2024 |publisher=APA.org}}</ref> Members of the public have a five-year window to file ethics complaints about APA members with the APA ethics committee; members of the APA have a three-year window.<ref name="HandbookJones2">Stanley E. Jones, "Ethical Issues in Clinical Psychology", in Weiner (ed.), ''Handbook of Psychology'' (2003), Volume 8: ''Clinical Psychology''.</ref>

The Canadian Psychological Association used the APA code until 1986, when it developed its own code drawing from four similar principles: 1) Respect for the Dignity of Persons and Peoples, 2) Responsible Caring, 3) Integrity in Relationships, 4) Responsibility to Society.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 2017 |title=Canadian Code of Ethics for Psychologists, Fourth Edition |url=https://cpa.ca/docs/File/Ethics/CPA_Code_2017_4thEd.pdf |access-date=November 9, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pope |first=Kenneth S. |chapter=Ethical Issues in Clinical Psychology |title=The Oxford handbook of clinical psychology |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2011 |pages=184–210 |editor-last=Barlow |editor-first=D. H. |edition=1st |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199328710.013.018|isbn=978-0-19-932871-0 }}</ref> The European Federation of Psychologist's Associations, have adopted a model code using the principles of the Canadian Code, while also drawing from the APA code.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2015 |title=Model Code of Ethics |url=https://www.efpa.eu/sites/default/files/2023-03/model-code-of-ethics.pdf |access-date=November 9, 2024 |website=European Federation of Psychologists' Associations}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lindsay |first=G |date=1998 |title=The first decade of the Canadian Code of Ethics for Psychologists |journal=Canadian Psychology / Psychologie Canadienne |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=242–243 |doi=10.1037/h0092313}}</ref>

Universities have ethics committees dedicated to protecting the rights (e.g., voluntary nature of participation in the research, privacy) and well-being (e.g., minimizing distress) of research participants. University ethics committees evaluate proposed research to ensure that researchers protect the rights and well-being of participants; an investigator's research project cannot be conducted unless approved by such an ethics committee.<ref>The American Psychological Society: [http://www.apa.org/research/responsible/index.aspx Responsible Conduct of Research]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124162156/http://www.apa.org/research/responsible/index.aspx |date=24 November 2018 }}</ref>

The field of psychology also identifies certain categories of people that require additional or special protection due to particular vulnerabilities, unequal power dynamics, or diminished capacity for informed consent. This list often includes, but is not limited to, children, incarcerated individuals, pregnant women, human fetuses and neonates, institutionalized persons, those with physical or mental disabilities, and the educationally or economically disadvantaged.<ref>45 CFR §46.107</ref>

Some of the ethical issues considered most important are the requirement to practice only within the area of competence, to maintain confidentiality with the patients, and to avoid sexual relations with them. Another important principle is [[informed consent]], the idea that a patient or research subject must understand and freely choose a procedure they are undergoing.<ref name="HandbookJones2"/> Some of the most common complaints against clinical psychologists include sexual misconduct<ref name="HandbookJones2"/> and breaches in confidentiality or privacy.<ref name="HandbookJones2"/>

Psychology ethics apply to all types of human contact in a psychologist's professional capacity, including therapy, assessment, teaching, training, work with research subjects, testimony in courts and before government bodies, consulting, and statements to the public or media pertaining to matters of psychology.<ref name=":1" />

=== Ethics with other animals ===
Research on other animals is governed by university ethics committees. Research on nonhuman animals cannot proceed without permission of the ethics committee, of the researcher's home institution. Ethical guidelines state that using non-human animals for scientific purposes is only acceptable when the harm (physical or psychological) done to animals is outweighed by the benefits of the research.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Sherwin | first1 = C.M. | last2 = Christionsen | first2 = S.B. | last3 = Duncan | first3 = I.J. | last4 = Erhard | first4 = H.W. | last5 = Lay Jr. | first5 = D.C. | last6 = Mench | first6 = J.A. | last7 = O'Connor | first7 = C.E. | last8 = Petherick | first8 = J.C. | year = 2003 | title = Guidelines for the Ethical use of animals in the applied ethology studies | journal = Applied Animal Behaviour Science | volume = 81 | issue = 3| pages = 291–305 | doi=10.1016/s0168-1591(02)00288-5}}</ref> Psychologists can use certain research techniques on animals that could not be used on humans.

Comparative psychologist [[Harry Harlow]] drew moral condemnation for [[pit of despair|isolation experiments]] on rhesus macaque monkeys at the [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]] in the 1970s.<ref>Blum 1994, p. 95, Blum 2002, pp. 218–219. Blum 1994, p. 95: "... the most controversial experiment to come out of the Wisconsin laboratory, a device that Harlow insisted on calling the 'pit of despair.{{'"}}</ref> The aim of the research was to produce an animal model of [[clinical depression]]. Harlow also devised what he called a "rape rack", to which the female isolates were tied in normal monkey mating posture.{{r|Blum 2002|pp=|q=}} In 1974, American literary critic [[Wayne C. Booth]] wrote that, "Harry Harlow and his colleagues go on torturing their nonhuman primates decade after decade, invariably proving what we all knew in advance—that social creatures can be destroyed by destroying their social ties." He writes that Harlow made no mention of the criticism of the morality of his work.<ref>Booth, Wayne C. ''Modern Dogma and the Rhetoric of Assent'', Volume 5, of University of Notre Dame, Ward-Phillips lectures in English language and literature, University of Chicago Press, 1974, p. 114. Booth is explicitly discussing this experiment. His next sentence is, "His most recent outrage consists of placing monkeys in 'solitary' for twenty days—what he calls a 'vertical chamber apparatus .... designed on an intuitive basis' to produce 'a state of helplessness and hopelessness, sunken in a well of despair.{{'"}}</ref>

Animal research is influential in psychology, while still being debated among academics. The testing of animals for research has led to medical breakthroughs in human medicine. Many psychologists argue animal experimentation is essential for human advancement, but must be regulated by the government to ensure ethicality.

== References ==
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{{r|Chin 1969|r={{cite book | last1=Chin | first1=Robert | last2=Chin | first2=Ai-li S. | title=Psychological research in Communist China, 1949-1966 | publisher=M.I.T. Press | publication-place=Cambridge, Mass | year=1969 | isbn=978-0-262-03032-8 | oclc=192767}}}}
{{r|Gregory 2011|r={{cite book | last=Gregory | first=Robert | title=Psychological testing: history, principles, and applications |edition=Sixth | publisher=Allyn & Bacon | publication-place=Boston | year=2011 | isbn=978-0-205-78214-7 | oclc=620302854}}}}
{{r|James 1890|r={{cite book | last=James | first=William | author-link=William James | title=[[The principles of psychology]] | publisher=Harvard University Press | publication-place=Cambridge, Mass |date=1983 |orig-date=1890 | isbn=0-674-70625-0 | oclc=9557883}}}}
{{r|Kozulin 1984|r={{cite book | last=Kozulin | first=Alex | title=Psychology in Utopia: toward a social history of Soviet psychology | publisher=MIT Press | publication-place=Cambridge, Mass | year=1984 | isbn=0-262-11087-3 | oclc=10122631}}}}
{{r|Leahey 2001|r={{cite book | last=Leahey | first=Thomas | title=A history of modern psychology | edition=Third | publisher=Prentice Hall | publication-place=Upper Saddle River, NJ | year=2001 | isbn=978-0-13-017573-1 | oclc=43657139}}}}
{{r|Luria 1973|r={{cite book | last=Luria | first=A. R. | author-link=A. R. Luria | title=The working brain: an introduction to neuropsychology | publisher=Basic Books | publication-place=New York | year=1973 | isbn=0-465-09208-X | oclc=832187 | translator-last=Haigh | translator-first=Basil}}}}
{{r|Schlinger 2008|r={{Cite journal |author=Schlinger, H.D. |year=2008 |title=The long good-bye: why B.F. Skinner's Verbal Behavior is alive and well on the 50th anniversary of its publication |journal=The Psychological Record |volume=58 |issue=3 |pages=329–337 |doi=10.1007/BF03395622 |s2cid=18114690 |url=https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/tpr/vol58/iss3/1 |access-date=21 July 2019 |archive-date=17 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200117074401/https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/tpr/vol58/iss3/1/ |url-access=subscription }}}}
{{r|Teo 2005|r={{cite book | last=Teo | first=Thomas | title=The critique of psychology: from Kant to postcolonial theory | publisher=Springer | publication-place=New York | year=2005 | isbn=978-0-387-25355-8 | oclc=209833302}}}}
}}

=== Sources ===
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* Baker, David B. (ed.). ''The Oxford Handbook of the History of Psychology''. Oxford University Press (''Oxford Library of Psychology''), 2012. {{ISBN|978-0-19-536655-6}}
* Brock, Adrian C. (ed.). ''Internationalizing the History of Psychology''. New York University Press, 2006. {{ISBN|978-0-8147-9944-4}}
* Cina, Carol. "Social Science for Whom? A Structural History of Social Psychology." Doctoral dissertation, accepted by the State University of New York at Stony Brook, 1981.
* Cocks, Geoffrey. ''Psychotherapy in the Third Reich: The Göring Institute'', second edition. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1997. {{ISBN|1-56000-904-7}}
* Forgas, Joseph P., Kipling D. Williams, & Simon M. Laham. ''Social Motivation: Conscious and Unconscious Processes''. Cambridge University Press, 2005. {{ISBN|0-521-83254-3}}
* Guthrie, Robert. ''Even the Rat was White: A Historical View of Psychology''. Second edition. Boston, Allyn and Bacon (Viacon), 1998. {{ISBN|0-205-14993-6}}
* Herman, Ellen. "Psychology as Politics: How Psychological Experts Transformed Public Life in the United States 1940–1970." Doctoral dissertation accepted by Brandeis University, 1993.
* Hock, Roger R. ''[[Forty Studies That Changed Psychology]]: Explorations Into the History of Psychological Research''. Fourth edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2002. {{ISBN|978-0-13-032263-0}}
* Morgan, Robert D., Tara L. Kuther, & Corey J. Habben. ''Life After Graduate School in Psychology: Insider's Advice from New Psychologists''. New York: Psychology Press (Taylor & Francis Group), 2005. {{ISBN|1-84169-410-X}}
* Severin, Frank T. (ed.). ''Humanistic Viewpoints in Psychology'': A Book of Readings. New York: McGraw Hill, 1965. ISBN
* Shah, James Y., and Wendi L. Gardner. ''Handbook of Motivation Science''. New York: The Guilford Press, 2008. {{ISBN|978-1-59385-568-0}}
* Wallace, Edwin R., IV, & John Gach (eds.), ''History of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology''; New York: Springer, 2008; {{ISBN|978-0-387-34708-0}}
* [[Bernard Weiner|Weiner, Bernard]]. ''Human Motivation''. Hoboken, NJ: Taylor and Francis, 2013. {{ISBN|978-0-8058-0711-0}}
* [[Irving B. Weiner|Weiner, Irving B.]] ''Handbook of Psychology''. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2003. {{ISBN|0-471-17669-9}}
** Volume 1: ''History of Psychology''. Donald K. Freedheim, ed. {{ISBN|0-471-38320-1}}
** Volume 2: ''Research Methods in Psychology''. John A. Schinka & Wayne F. Velicer, eds. {{ISBN|0-471-38513-1}}
** Volume 3: ''Biological Psychology''. Michela Gallagher & Randy J. Nelson, eds. {{ISBN|0-471-38403-8}}
** Volume 4: ''Experimental Psychology''. Alice F. Healy & Robert W. Proctor, eds. {{ISBN|0-471-39262-6}}
** Volume 8: ''Clinical Psychology''. George Stricker, Thomas A. Widiger, eds. {{ISBN|0-471-39263-4}}
{{Refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{Library resources box|onlinebooks=yes}}
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Badcock |first1=Christopher R. |year=2015 |chapter=Nature-Nurture Controversy, History of |title=International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences |publisher=Elsevier |pages=340–344 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.03136-6 |isbn=978-0-08-097087-5}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Cascio |first1=Wayne F. |year=2015 |chapter=Industrial–Organizational Psychology: Science and Practice |title=International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences |publisher=Elsevier |pages=879–884 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.22007-2 |isbn=978-0-08-097087-5}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Chryssochoou |first1=Xenia |year=2015 |chapter=Social Psychology |title=International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences |publisher=Elsevier |pages=532–537 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.24095-6 |isbn=978-0-08-097087-5}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Deakin |first1=Nicholas |year=2015 |chapter=Philosophy, Psychiatry, and Psychology |title=International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences |publisher=Elsevier |pages=31–36 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.27049-9 |isbn=978-0-08-097087-5}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Demetriou |first1=Andreas |year=2015 |chapter=Intelligence in Cultural, Social and Educational Context |title=International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences |publisher=Elsevier |pages=313–322 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.92147-0 |isbn=978-0-08-097087-5}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Gelso |first1=Charles J. |year=2015 |chapter=Counseling Psychology |title=International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences |publisher=Elsevier |pages=69–72 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.21073-8 |isbn=978-0-08-097087-5}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Henley |first1=Tracy B. |year=2015 |chapter=Psychology, History of (Early Period) |title=International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences |publisher=Elsevier |pages=406–411 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.03235-9 |isbn=978-0-08-097087-5}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Knowland |first1=Victoria C.P. |last2=Purser |first2=Harry |last3=Thomas |first3=Michael S.C. |year=2015 |chapter=Cross-Sectional Methodologies in Developmental Psychology |title=International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences |pages=354–360 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.23235-2 |isbn=978-0-08-097087-5 }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Louw |first1=Dap |year=2015 |chapter=Forensic Psychology |title=International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences |publisher=Elsevier |pages=351–356 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.21074-X |isbn=978-0-08-097087-5}}
* {{Cite book |last1=McWilliams |first1=Spencer A. |year=2015 |chapter=Psychology, History of (Twentieth Century) |title=International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences |publisher=Elsevier |pages=412–417 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.03046-4 |isbn=978-0-08-097087-5}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Pe-Pua |first1=Rogelia |year=2015 |chapter=Indigenous Psychology |title=International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences |publisher=Elsevier |pages=788–794 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.24067-1 |isbn=978-0-08-097087-5}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Peterson |first1=Roger L. |last2=Peterson |first2=Donald R. |last3=Abrams |first3=Jules C. |last4=Stricker |first4=George |last5=Ducheny |first5=Kelly |year=2015 |chapter=Training in Clinical Psychology in the United States: Practitioner Model |title=International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences |pages=517–523 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.21086-6 |isbn=978-0-08-097087-5}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Poortinga |first1=Ype H. |year=2015 |chapter=Cross-Cultural Psychology |title=International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences |publisher=Elsevier |pages=311–317 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.24011-7 |isbn=978-0-08-097087-5 |s2cid=220686434}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Edward E. |year=2015 |chapter=Cognitive Psychology: History |title=International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences |publisher=Elsevier |pages=103–109 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.03028-2 |isbn=978-0-08-097087-5}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Spinath |first1=Frank M. |last2=Spinath |first2=Birgit |last3=Borkenau |first3=Peter |year=2015 |chapter=Developmental Behavioral Genetics and Education |title=International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences |pages=320–325 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.92009-9 |isbn=978-0-08-097087-5}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Staerklé |first1=Christian |year=2015 |chapter=Political Psychology |title=International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences |publisher=Elsevier |pages=427–433 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.24079-8 |isbn=978-0-08-097087-5}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==

* [http://www.apa.org/ American Psychological Association]
* [http://www.psychologicalscience.org/ Association for Psychological Science]

{{Psychology|state=uncollapsed}}
{{Social sciences}}
{{Subject bar|portal1=Psychology|portal2=Philosophy |commons=yes |commons-search=Category:Psychology |wikt=yes |n=yes |n-search=Category:Psychology and psychiatry |q=yes |s=yes |s-search=Portal:Psychology |b=yes |b-search=Subject:Psychology |v=yes |d=yes |d-search=Q9418}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Psychology| ]]
[[Category:Behavioural sciences]]
[[Category:Cognitive behavioral therapy]]
[[Category:Cognition]]

Shefeekkinte Santhosham

2026-03-12T14:46:23Z

BonnieKoontz: Data

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Shefeekkinte Santhosham
| image = Shefeekkinte Santhosham poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = 
| director = [[Anup Pandalam]]
| writer = [[Anup Pandalam]]
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = [[Unni Mukundan]]
| starring = {{plainlist|*Unni Mukundan
*[[Divya Pillai]]
*[[Bala (actor)|Bala]]
*[[Athmiya Rajan]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Eldho Isac
| editing = Noufal Abdullah
| music = [[Shaan Rahman]] (songs) [[Ranjin Raj]] (score)
| studio = Unni Mukundan Films Pvt Ltd.
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2022|11|25}}
| runtime = 128 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Shefeekkinte Santhosham''''' ({{Translation|Shafeek's happiness}}) is a 2022 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film written and directed by [[Anup Pandalam]]. The film stars [[Unni Mukundan]], [[Divya Pillai]], [[Bala (actor)|Bala]] and [[Athmiya Rajan]]. It is produced by Unni Mukundan and the music is composed by [[Shaan Rahman]]. It was theatrically released on 25 November 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/shefeekkinte-santhosham-teaser-unni-mukundan-all-set-to-put-a-smile-on-your-face/articleshow/95550929.cms|title='Shefeekkinte Santhosham' teaser: Unni Mukundan all set to put a smile on your face!|date=16 November 2022|work=The Times of India|access-date=24 October 2023|archive-date=27 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027191350/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/shefeekkinte-santhosham-teaser-unni-mukundan-all-set-to-put-a-smile-on-your-face/articleshow/95550929.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/unni-mukundan-starrer-shefeekkinte-santhosham-gets-an-ott-release-date/articleshow/96589757.cms|title=Unni Mukundan starrer 'Shefeekkinte Santhosham' gets an OTT release date|date=29 December 2022|work=The Times of India|access-date=24 October 2023|archive-date=27 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027181353/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/unni-mukundan-starrer-shefeekkinte-santhosham-gets-an-ott-release-date/articleshow/96589757.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Unni Mukundan]] as Shefeek
*[[Divya Pillai]] as Sainaba
*[[Bala (actor)|Bala]] as Ameer
*[[Athmiya Rajan]] as Merlin
*[[Manoj K. Jayan]] as Subair, Ayurveda Doctor
*[[Shaheen Siddique]]
*[[Krishna Kumar (actor)|Krishna Kumar]] as Hakkim, Shefeek's father
*[[Rahul Madhav]]
*[[Govind Padmasoorya]]
*[[Sminu Sijo]]
*[[Mithun Ramesh]]
*[[Aneesh Ravi]]
*[[Boban Samuel]]
*[[Krishna Prasad (actor)|Krishna Prasad]]
* Arun Sankaran Pavumba
*Geethi Sangeetha
*[[Azees Nedumangad]]
*Jordy Poonjar
* Unni Nair
}}

==Production==

On 19 August 2021, [[Unni Mukundan]] officially announced the second project of his production venture
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2021/aug/17/unni-mukundan-to-star-in-produce-shefeekkinte-santhosham-26114.html |title=Unni Mukundan to star in, produce Shefeekkinte Santhosham |date=17 August 2021|work=[[Cinema Express]]|language=en|access-date=25 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917161922/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2021/aug/17/unni-mukundan-to-star-in-produce-shefeekkinte-santhosham-26114.html |archive-date=17 September 2021}}</ref> and [[Mammootty]] sharing the title poster"Shefeekkinte Santhosham" through social media.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/unni-mukundans-next-titled-as-shefeekkinte-santhosham/articleshow/85427036.cms |title=Unni Mukundan's next titled as 'Shefeekkinte Santhosham' |date=18 August 2021|work=[[The Times of India]]|language=en|access-date=25 October 2023|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824080435/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/unni-mukundans-next-titled-as-shefeekkinte-santhosham/articleshow/85427036.cms |archive-date=24 August 2021}}</ref>

Muhurat shot and formal launch was done on 16 April 2022, in Erattupetta.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/movies-unni-mukundan-movie-shefeekkinte-santhosham-starts-rolling-in-erattupetta-mm-526896.html |title=Shefeekkinte Santhosham: ഉണ്ണി മുകുന്ദന്റെ 'ഷെഫീക്കിന്റെ സന്തോഷം' ഈരാറ്റുപേട്ടയിൽ ആരംഭിച്ചു |date=16 April 2022|work=[[News18 India]]|language=ml|access-date=25 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521185151/https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/movies-unni-mukundan-movie-shefeekkinte-santhosham-starts-rolling-in-erattupetta-mm-526896.html |archive-date=21 May 2022}}</ref> The shoot was completed on 10 July 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2022/jul/10/unni-mukundans-shefeekkinte-santhosham-first-look-out-32648.html |title=Unni Mukundan's Shefeekkinte Santhosham first look out |date=10 July 2022|work=[[Cinema Express]]|language=en|access-date=25 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315071422/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2022/jul/10/unni-mukundans-shefeekkinte-santhosham-first-look-out-32648.html |archive-date=15 March 2023}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Shefeekkinte Santhosham
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Shaan Rahman]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2022
| recorded = 2022
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = Malayalam
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year = 2022
| year = 2022
| next_title =
| next_year = 2023
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube|ieNNx7fxQjI| Shefeekkinte Santhosham - Full Album}}
}}
}}

The songs were composed by [[Shaan Rahman]]. The song "Ponpularikal Porunney" was sung by [[Unni Mukundan]] with lyrics by [[Manu Manjith]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/ponpularikal-porunney-song-from-shefeekkinte-santhosham-sung-by-unni-mukundan-is-a-double-treat/articleshow/95605384.cms|title='Ponpularikal Porunney' song from 'Shefeekkinte Santhosham' sung by Unni Mukundan is a double treat!|date=18 November 2022|work=The Times of India|access-date=24 October 2023|archive-date=27 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027181352/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/ponpularikal-porunney-song-from-shefeekkinte-santhosham-sung-by-unni-mukundan-is-a-double-treat/articleshow/95605384.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Track listing
|extra_column = Artist(s)
|total_length = 21:55
|all_lyrics=
| title1= Khalbile Hoori
| extra1 = [[Unni Mukundan]]
| length1 = 4:19
| title2 = Ponpularikal Porunney
| extra2 = Unni Mukundan
| length2 = 4:33
| title3 = Vanambaadi
| extra3 = [[Najim Arshad]]
| length3 = 4:20
| title4 = Piriyaam
| extra4 = [[Shaan Rahman]]
| length4 = 4:50
| title5 = Shefeekkinte Santhosham Theme-1
| extra5 = Shaan Rahman
| length5 = 4:33
}}

==Reception==
===Critical response===
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that "The film is all about Shefeek trying to create happiness in others’ lives and ultimately realising that it is important to take care of his happiness. Happiness is a perspective. Also, it's a paradox. ''Shefeekinte Santhosham'' can be added to the latter".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/shefeekkinte-santhosham/movie-review/95771910.cms|title=Shefeekkinte Santhosham Movie Review : Irony of happiness|date=25 November 2022|work=[[The Times of India]]|last=George|first=Anjana|access-date=24 October 2023|archive-date=8 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308054343/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/shefeekkinte-santhosham/movie-review/95771910.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[onManorama]]'' wrote that "At a time when Mollywood is churning out different narratives and stories, ''Shafeekkinte Santhosham'' featuring Unni Mukundan and directed by Arun Pandalam does not make any attempt to be loud or different. Instead, the filmmaker sticks to the all too familiar terrain. Despite these, the casting, humour and twists do the trick and make the romantic comedy an entertaining watch".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2022/11/25/shafeekkinte-santhosham-movie-review-unni-mukundan.html|title=Shafeekkinte Santhosham: Small twists, humour infuse life to a familiar tale {{!}} Movie Review|first=Princy|last=Alexander|work=[[OnManorama]]|date=25 November 2022|access-date=24 October 2023|archive-date=24 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024062838/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2022/11/25/shafeekkinte-santhosham-movie-review-unni-mukundan.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Indian Express]]'' rated the film {{Fraction|2.5|5}}.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/review/shefeekkinte-santhosham-movie-review-rating-unni-mukundan-723736/|title=Shefeekkinte Santhosham Movie Review & Rating|first=Dhanya K. |last=Vilayil|work=[[The Indian Express]]|language=ml|access-date=2024-02-11|archive-date=2023-10-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024062839/https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/review/shefeekkinte-santhosham-movie-review-rating-unni-mukundan-723736/|url-status=live|date=25 November 2022}}</ref> A reviewer of [[Zee News]] Says "Shefiq only wants to make everyone happy. But many people can connect with Shafiq's life in life when it is only prepared with setbacks and failures. There are many Shafiqs in our society. Shafiqs who will do anything to see a smile on someone else's face. Shafiq's happiness is their story".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/movies/family-entertainer-movie-shefeekinte-santhosham-movie-first-review-unni-mukundan-and-bala-gives-an-amazing-entertaining-experience-115652 |title=Shefeekinte Santhosham Review : ഉണ്ണി മുകുന്ദന്റെ മറ്റൊരു ഹിറ്റ്; തമാശയ്ക്ക് തമാശ, വിഷമത്തിന് വിഷമം; ഷഫീക്കിന്റെ സന്തോഷം കുടുംബചിത്രം |date=25 November 2022|work=[[Zee News]]|language=ml|access-date=25 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128215449/https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/movies/family-entertainer-movie-shefeekinte-santhosham-movie-first-review-unni-mukundan-and-bala-gives-an-amazing-entertaining-experience-115652 |archive-date=28 November 2022}}</ref> Sanjith Sidhardhan from [[HT Media|OTT Play]] wrote "While Anup doesn't resort to any experiments with the storytelling format, the movie's scripts runs out of idea too fast and becomes a stretch, even with a duration of just two hours".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/shefeekkinte-santosham-movie-review-unni-mukundan-gives-it-his-all-but-the-script-runs-out-of-ideas-fast/15bbe05c6b587 |title=Shefeekkinte Santosham movie review: Unni Mukundan gives it his all but the script runs out of ideas fast|date=25 November 2022|work=[[HT Media|OTT Play]]|language=en|access-date=25 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128012249/https://www.ottplay.com/review/shefeekkinte-santosham-movie-review-unni-mukundan-gives-it-his-all-but-the-script-runs-out-of-ideas-fast/15bbe05c6b587 |archive-date=28 November 2022}}</ref>

==Controversy==
[[Bala (actor)|Bala]] alleged that he was not paid for the film, which was dismissed by the director,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/shefeekkinte-santhosham-director-anup-pandalam-reacts-to-balas-allegations/articleshow/96109028.cms|title='Shefeekkinte Santhosham' director Anup Pandalam reacts to Bala's allegations|date=9 December 2022|work=The Times of India|access-date=24 October 2023|archive-date=27 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027191352/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/shefeekkinte-santhosham-director-anup-pandalam-reacts-to-balas-allegations/articleshow/96109028.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Unni Mukundan]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/unni-mukundan-dismisses-the-allegations-made-by-bala-shares-transaction-statements/articleshow/96130341.cms|title=Unni Mukundan dismisses the allegations made by Bala; shares transaction statements|date=11 December 2022|work=The Times of India|access-date=24 October 2023|archive-date=27 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027191350/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/unni-mukundan-dismisses-the-allegations-made-by-bala-shares-transaction-statements/articleshow/96130341.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> and the music director.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/shaan-rahman-unni-mukundan-himself-made-sure-that-i-got-my-full-remuneration/articleshow/96131694.cms|title=Shaan Rahman: Unni Mukundan himself made sure that I got my full remuneration|date=10 December 2022|work=The Times of India|access-date=24 October 2023|archive-date=29 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029082322/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/shaan-rahman-unni-mukundan-himself-made-sure-that-i-got-my-full-remuneration/articleshow/96131694.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|15263194}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|m/shefeekkinte_santhosham}}

[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Idukki]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kottayam]]
[[Category:2022 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:2022 drama films]]

Urban agglomerations in Tamil Nadu

2026-03-11T09:51:24Z

BonnieKoontz: Done

{{short description|None}}

An [[urban agglomeration]] is defined as "a continuous urban spread constituting a town and its adjoining outgrowths, or two or more physically contiguous towns together with or without outgrowths of such towns". An urban agglomeration must consist of at least a statutory town and its total population (i.e. all the constituents put together) should not be less than 20,000.

Cities in '''bold''' are administered as [[Municipal corporations of Tamil Nadu|Municipal corporations]].

{{location map+|Tamil Nadu|width=300|right|caption=Ten largest urban agglomerations in Tamil Nadu|places=
{{location map~|Tamil Nadu|label=[[Chennai]]|position=bottom|mark=Red pog.svg|lat=13.08|long=80.29}}
{{location map~|Tamil Nadu|label=[[Coimbatore]]|position=bottom|mark=Red pog.svg|lat=11.00|long=76.94}}
{{location map~|Tamil Nadu|label=[[Madurai]]|position=bottom|mark=Red pog.svg|lat=9.92|long=78.11}}
{{location map~|Tamil Nadu|label=[[Tiruchirappalli]]|position=bottom|mark=Red pog.svg|lat=10.80|long=78.69}}
{{location map~|Tamil Nadu|label=[[Tiruppur]]|position=top|mark=Red pog.svg|lat=11.1085|long=77.3411}}
{{location map~|Tamil Nadu|label=[[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]]|position=right|mark=Red pog.svg|lat=11.6643|long=78.1460}}
{{location map~|Tamil Nadu|label=[[Erode]]|position=top|mark=Red pog.svg|lat=11.3410|long=77.7172}}
{{location map~|Tamil Nadu|label=[[Tirunelveli]]|position=bottom|mark=Red pog.svg|lat=8.7139|long=77.7567}}
{{location map~|Tamil Nadu|label=[[Vellore]]|position=bottom|mark=Red pog.svg|lat=12.9165|long=79.1325}}
{{location map~|Tamil Nadu|label=[[Thoothukudi]]|position=right|mark=Red pog.svg|lat=8.7642|long=78.1348}}
}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Urban agglomerations in Tamil Nadu<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf | title=Urban Agglomerations and Cities having population 1 lakh and above|work= Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011| publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200310224309/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|access-date=10 August 2014|archive-date=10 March 2020}}</ref>
!Rank
!City
![[Districts of Tamil Nadu|District]]
!Population
([[2011 Census of India|2011]])
|-
|1
|'''[[Chennai]]'''
|[[Chennai district|Chennai]]
|8,696,010
|-
|2
|'''[[Coimbatore]]'''
|[[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]]
|2,151,466
|-
|3
|'''[[Madurai]]'''
|[[Madurai district|Madurai]]
|1,462,420
|-
|4
|'''[[Tiruchirappalli]]'''
|[[Tiruchirappalli district|Tiruchirappalli]]
|1,021,717
|-
|5
|'''[[Tiruppur]]'''
|[[Tiruppur district|Tiruppur]]
|962,982
|-
|6
|[[Salem, Tamil Nadu|'''Salem''']]
|[[Salem district|Salem]]
|919,950
|-
|7
|'''[[Erode]]'''
|[[Erode district|Erode]]
|521,776
|-
|8
|'''[[Tirunelveli]]'''
|[[Tirunelveli district|Tirunelveli]]
|498,924
|-
|9
|'''[[Vellore]]'''
|[[Vellore district|Vellore]]
|481,966
|-
|10
|'''[[Thoothukudi]]'''
|[[Thoothukudi district|Thoothukudi]]
|410,760
|-
|11
|'''[[Dindigul]]'''
|[[Dindigul district|Dindigul]]
|292,132
|-
|12
|'''[[Thanjavur]]'''
|[[Thanjavur district|Thanjavur]]
|290,724
|-
|13
|[[Ranipet]]
|[[Ranipet district|Ranipet]]
|262,346
|-
|14
|'''[[Sivakasi]]'''
|[[Virudhunagar district|Virudhunagar]]
|234,688
|-
|15
|'''[[Karur]]'''
|[[Karur]]
|233,763
|-
|16
|[[Ooty|Udhagamandalam]]
|[[Nilgiris district|Nilgiris]]
|233,374
|-
|17
|'''[[Hosur]]'''
|[[Krishnagiri]]
|229,507
|-
|18
|'''[[Nagercoil]]'''
|[[Kanyakumari district|Kanyakumari]]
|224,849
|-
|19
|'''[[Kancheepuram]]'''
|[[Kancheepuram]]
|221,749
|-
|20
|[[Komarapalayam]]
|[[Namakkal]]
|194,992
|-
|21
|'''[[Karaikudi]]'''
|[[Sivaganga district|Sivaganga]]
|181,347
|-
|22
|[[Neyveli]]
|[[Cuddalore district|Cuddalore]]
|178,925
|-
|23
|'''[[Cuddalore]]'''
|[[Cuddalore district|Cuddalore]]
|173,361
|-
|24
|'''[[Kumbakonam]]'''
|[[Thanjavur district|Thanjavur]]
|167,098
|-
|25
|'''[[Tiruvannamalai]]'''
|[[Tiruvannamalai district|Tiruvannamalai]]
|144,683
|-
|26
|[[Pollachi]]
|[[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]]
|135,235
|-
|27
|[[Rajapalayam]]
|[[Virudhunagar district|Virudhunagar]]
|130,119
|-
|28
|[[Gudiyatham]]
|[[Vellore district|Vellore]]
|124,274
|-
|29
|'''[[Pudukkottai|Pudukottai]]'''
|[[Pudukkottai district|Pudukottai]]
|117,215
|-
|30
|[[Vaniyambadi]]
|[[Tirupathur district|Tirupattur]]
|116,712
|-
|31
|[[Ambur]]
|[[Tirupathur district|Tirupattur]]
|113,856
|-
|32
|[[Nagapattinam]]
|[[Nagapattinam district|Nagapattinam]]
|102,838
|}

==See also==
*[[List of most populous metropolitan areas in India]]
*[[List of cities in Tamil Nadu by population]]
*[[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Urban agglomerations of India by states}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Urban agglomerations in Tamil Nadu, List of}}
[[Category:Tamil Nadu-related lists]]

Double Di Trouble

2026-03-08T02:50:01Z

BonnieKoontz: expanded intro to improve readability to improve readability

{{Short description|2014 Indian Punjabi-language comedy film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Double Di Trouble
| image = Double Di Trouble - Poster.jpg
| director = [[Smeep Kang]]
| producer = Ashok Ghai [[Subhash Ghai]]
| screenplay = Smeep Kang Vaibhav Suman Shreya Shrivastava Sanjay Chandwara
| story = Smeep Kang
| starring = [[Dharmendra]] [[Gippy Grewal]] [[Minissha Lamba]] [[Gurpreet Ghuggi]] [[Kulraj Randhawa]]
| music = [[Jatinder Shah]]
| cinematography = Kabir Lal
| editing = Manish More
| studio = [[Mukta Arts]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2014|08|29}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Punjabi
| distributor = [[White Hill Studios]]
| budget = 
| gross =
}}

'''''Double Di Trouble''''' is a 2014 [[India]]n Punjabi-language film directed by [[Smeep Kang]], and starring [[Dharmendra]], [[Gippy Grewal]], [[Minissha Lamba]], and [[Kulraj Randhawa]], along with [[Gurpreet Ghuggi]], and [[Poonam Dhillon]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Kulraj in Double di Trouble |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news-interviews/Double-Di-Trouble-locked-for-May-30-release/articleshow/30450132.cms |access-date=3 July 2014 |archive-date=5 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405113518/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news-interviews/Double-Di-Trouble-locked-for-May-30-release/articleshow/30450132.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was first Punjabi film produced by [[Subhash Ghai]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Singh |first=Nonika |date=29 August 2014 |title=Naturally Punjabi |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20140829/ttlife1.htm#1 |work=[[Tribune India]] |location=Chandigarh |access-date=22 December 2025}}</ref> The music of the film is by [[Jatinder Shah]]. The film is loosely based on the 1982 comedy film ''[[Angoor (1982 film)|Angoor]]'' which itself is based on Shakespeare's play ''[[The Comedy of Errors]]''. It involves a father-son pair who discover their mirror images in a different city.<ref>{{cite news |last=Singh |first=Manpriya |date=17 August 2014 |title=Errors not regretted! |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20140817/ttlife1.htm#1 |work=Tribune India |location=Chandigarh |access-date=22 December 2025}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film is based on ''[[The Comedy of Errors]]'', where Shakespeare's well-known play takes a Desi avatar when a father-son pair discovers their mirror images in a different city.

==Cast==
*[[Dharmendra]] as Ajit and Manjit (Double role)
*[[Gippy Grewal]] as Fateh and Ekam (Double role)
*[[Minissha Lamba]] as Harleen
*[[Kulraj Randhawa]] as Ekam's wife
*[[Gurpreet Ghuggi]] as Gunni Mama
*[[Poonam Dhillon]] as Pammi
*[[B.N. Sharma]] as jeweller
*[[Karamjit Anmol]] as Jain saab
*[[Neha Dhupia]] as Special appearance in song Lak Tunu Tunu
*[[Jazzy B]] as Himself (Special appearance)
*[[Avtar Gill]] as Inspector Saab

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Double Di Trouble
| type = soundtrack
| artist = Jatinder Shah, Popsy & Rahat Fateh Ali Khan
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2014|08|05}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/double-di-trouble-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1130293204 |title=Double Di Trouble (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |publisher=[[iTunes]] |access-date=30 November 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201065417/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/double-di-trouble-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1130293204 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[Venus Records & Tapes]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = {{Duration|m=|s=}}
| title1 = Double Di Trouble – Part 1
| extra1 = [[Ranjit Bawa]]
| lyrics1 = Kumaar
| music1 = Jatinder Shah
| length1 = 02:57
| title2 = 26 Bann Gayi
| extra2 = Gippy Grewal & [[Jazzy B]]
| lyrics2 = Jagdev Maan
| music2 = Popsy
| title3 = Aisi Mulaqaat
| extra3 = [[Rahat Fateh Ali Khan]]
| lyrics3 = SM Sadiq
| music3 = Rahat Fateh Ali Khan
| length3 = 05:01
| title4 = Dil Nachda Phire
| extra4 = Gippy Grewal
| lyrics4 = Happy Raikoti
| music4 = Popsy
| length4 = 03:27
| title5 = Lak Tunu Tunu
| extra5 = Gippy Grewal & [[Khushboo Grewal]]
| lyrics5 = Kumaar
| music5 = Meet Brothers
| length5 = 04:11
| title6 = Football – Part 1
| extra6 = Gippy Grewal
| lyrics6 = Veet Baljit
| music6 = [[Pav Dharia]]
| length6 = 04:24
| title7 = 26 Bann Gayi – Part 2
| extra7 = Gippy Grewal
| lyrics7 = Jagdev Maan
| music7 = Popsy
| length7 = 05:06
| title8 = Double Di Trouble – Part 2
| extra8 = Kenny C
| lyrics8 = Kumaar
| music8 = Jatinder Shah
| length8 = 02:57
| title9 = Football – Part 2
| extra9 = Gippy Grewal
| lyrics9 = Veet Baljit
| music9 = Pav Dharia
| length9 = 04:25
}}

==Reception==
Rohit Vats of [[Hindustan Times]] gave the film three out of five, writing, "The Comedy of Errors is not known for its in-depth conflict and it solely relies on quick witted reaction dialogues and hilarious situations. DDT does exactly this, and surprisingly it doesn't get dirty in the process like usual Punjabi movies. The presence of a veteran like Dharmendra at the helm of affairs helps the film immensely, and Gippy Grewal plays a second foil to him. Their comic timing is good and Dharamendra doesn't overshadow Gippy. Yes, the double role scenes look amateurish but overall DDT manages to tickle the funny bone."<ref>{{cite news |last=Vats |first=Rohit |date=30 August 2014 |title=Movie review: Dharmendra-starrer Double Di Trouble is a laugh riot |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/movie-review-dharmendra-starrer-double-di-trouble-is-a-laugh-riot/story-mOtTaOQNqbxFRdRs4dWPmJ.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |location=New Delhi |access-date=22 December 2025}}</ref>

== See also ==

* {{Section link|The Comedy of Errors|Adaptations}}
* ''Bhranti Bilas'', 1869 play by Indian writer [[Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar]], based on Shakespeare's ''The Comedy of Errors''
** ''[[Bhranti Bilas]]'', 1963 Indian Bengali-language comedy film by Manu Sen, based on Vidyasagar's play
** [[Do Dooni Chaar (1968 film)|''Do Dooni Chaar'' (1968 film)]], 1968 Indian Hindi-language comedy film by Debu Sen, remake of the 1963 film; itself remade into the 1982 film ''Angoor''
** [[Angoor (1982 film)|''Angoor'' (1982 film)]], 1982 Indian Hindi-language comedy film by Gulzar, remake of the 1968 film ''Do Dooni Chaar''
** [[Cirkus (film)|''Cirkus'' (film)]], 2022 Indian Hindi-language comedy film by Rohit Shetty, remake of the 1982 film ''Angoor''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt3948208}}

{{Subhash Ghai}}
{{The Comedy of Errors}}

[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:2014 comedy films]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2014 Punjabi-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Jatinder Shah]]
[[Category:Films based on The Comedy of Errors]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on plays]]
[[Category:Modern adaptations of works by William Shakespeare]]
[[Category:Twins in Indian films]]
[[Category:Films about twin brothers]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Films based on adaptations]]
[[Category:Mukta Arts films]]

Saudamini

2026-03-04T05:03:30Z

BonnieKoontz: Starting

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Saudamini
| image = Saudamini 1951.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Poster
| director = [[K. B. Nagabhushanam]]
| producer = [[K. B. Nagabhushanam]]
| writer =
| screenplay = (Dialogues) Udhayakumar
| story = [[Samudrala Sr.]]
| based_on =
| starring = [[P. Kannamba]] [[M. K. Radha]] [[A. Nageswara Rao]] [[S. Varalakshmi]] [[T. R. Ramachandran]]
| narrator =
| music = [[S. V. Venkatraman]]
| cinematography = P. Ellappa
| editing = N. K. Gopal
| studio = Sri Raja Rajeswari Film Company
| distributor = [[Gemini Studios]]
| released = {{film date|df=yes|1951|4|14}}
| runtime = 197 minutes (17798 ft.)
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Saudamini''''' is a 1951 Indian [[Tamil language]] film directed by [[K. B. Nagabhushanam]]. The film stars [[M. K. Radha]], [[P. Kannamba]] and [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]].<ref name="hindu">{{Cite web |last=Narasimham |first=M.L. |date=31 March 2013 |title=SOUDAMINI (1951) |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/soudamini-1951/article4565739.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170619004727/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/soudamini-1951/article4565739.ece |archive-date=19 June 2017 |access-date=19 June 2017 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> It was released on 14 April 1951.<ref name="lakshmansruthi">{{Cite web |title=1951 – சௌதாமினி – ராஜராஜேஸ்வரி பிலிம் கம்பெனி சௌகாமினி(தெ) |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1951-cinedetails11.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170619004037/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1951-cinedetails11.asp |archive-date=19 June 2017 |access-date=19 June 2017 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref>

== Plot ==
A [[Maharishi]] blesses King Vikramasenan and Queen Saudamini to beget a child. The queen becomes pregnant. But the king is lured by the court dancer and he neglects the queen. The minister advises the queen to drive away the court dancer from the country. But the court dancer sows seeds of doubt in the king's mind that the queen is having an affair with the minister. So, the king orders the minister to be executed and sends the queen to the forest. The queen delivers a son, Udhayasenan, in the forest and he is growing up. In the meantime, the court dancer and her paramour, the commander blinds the king and take over the administration. Hearing this, the queen sends her son to get his father freed and regain the Kingdom. On his way, the prince meets princess Hemavathi and they fall in love with each other. The son defeats the commander and recaptures the Kingdom. The king's eyesight is restored with the help of an angel. The family is united.<ref name="hindu" />

== Cast ==
List adapted from the database of [[Film News Anandan]]<ref name="lakshmansruthi" /> and from [[The Hindu]] review article.<ref name="hindu" />
{{Col-begin|width=55%}}
{{Col-2}}
;Male cast
*[[M. K. Radha]]
*[[A. Nageswara Rao]]
*[[T. R. Ramachandran]]
*M. R. Swaminathan
*C. V. V. Panthulu
*''Appa'' K. Duraiswamy
*T. E. Krishnamachari
*''Jayakodi'' K. Natarajan
{{Col-2}}
;Female cast
*[[P. Kannamba]]
*[[S. Varalakshmi]]
*T. R . Rajani
*K. S. Angamuthu
*Kumari Vanaja
*Lakshmikantham
{{Col-end}}

== Production ==
The film was produced and directed by [[K. B. Nagabhushanam]] under the banner ''Sri Raja Rajeswari Film Company'' owned by him and [[P. Kannamba]]. (Sri Raja Rajeswari is the family deity of Kannamba.) [[Samudrala Sr.]] wrote the story and the dialogues were penned by Udhayakumar. Cinematography was handled by P. Ellappa while the editing was done by N. K. Gopal. K. R. Sharma was in charge of art direction. Choreography was done by Anil Kumar, Chopra and Vembatti Satyam. L. K. Rao handled the still photography. The film was shot and processed at ''[[Gemini Studios]]''.<ref name="lakshmansruthi" /><ref name="hindu" />

The film was also made in Telugu as [[Soudamini]] directed by K. B. Nagabhushanam.<ref name="encyclopedia">{{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |author-link1=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |author-link2=Paul Willemen |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |pages=157, 640 |orig-date=1994}}</ref> The cast was slightly different. [[M. K. Radha]] was replaced by [[C. S. R. Anjaneyulu|C. S. R.]]

== Soundtrack ==
Music was composed by [[S. V. Venkatraman]] while the lyrics were penned by Udhayakumar and Lakshmanadas. [[Playback singer]]s are [[S. V. Venkatraman]] and [[M. L. Vasanthakumari]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Neelamegam |first=G. |title=Thiraikalanjiyam — Part 1 |date=December 2014 |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers |edition=1st |location=Chennai |pages=20 |language=Tamil}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer/s
|-
| "Annavan Rani Maha Padhiviradhai" ||
|-
| "Anbe En Sivame Aandarulvaaye" || rowspan=2|M. L. Vasanthakumari
|-
| "Maara Sundara Maadhu Ivale"
|-
| "Onbadhu Maadhamum Niraindha Piragu" ||
|-
| "Koohoo Ena Maangkuyil Konjudhaasaiyaale" ||
|-
| "Vaa Vaa Vaa Vaanamudhe" ||
|-
| "Sollu Sollu Vivaramaayi" ||
|-
| "Nenjame Irulaanadhe" ||
|-
| "O! Pal Johra Velum Poattu" ||
|-
| "Kaarum Karunaanidhiye" || rowspan=2|S. V. Venkatraman
|-
| "Vidhiyai Meira Vasama Vilagi Poga Vidumo"
|-
| "Kaalame Pagaiyaanadh" ||
|-
| "Ini Verae Maargamillaiyo" ||
|-
| "Anaiyaa Jyothi Polae Naane" ||
|-
| "Bale Joraayi Kelaayi Appane" ||
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1951 Indian films]]
[[Category:1951 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1951 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. B. Nagabhushanam]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. V. Venkatraman]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

{{Improve categories|date=September 2024}}

Sau Jhooth Ek Sach

2026-03-03T11:57:31Z

BonnieKoontz: Starting

{{Short description|2005 Indian thriller film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sau Jhooth Ek Sach
| image = Sau Jhooth Ek Sach.jpg
| caption = Official poster
| director = Bappaditya Roy
| producer = [[Amitabha Singh]]
| writer = [[Pankaj Kapur]]<ref name="boxoffice" />
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Mammootty]]
*[[Vikram Gokhale]]
}}
| music = Faizal Qureshi<ref name="boxoffice" />
| cinematography = [[Amitabha Singh]]
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2005|9|16|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR|50 lakh|link=yes}}<ref name="boxoffice">{{Cite web|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=1664|title=SAU JHOOTH EK SACH|website=[[Box Office India]]|access-date=17 April 2022|archive-date=28 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928164257/https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=1664|url-status=live}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR|1.8 lakh|link=yes}}<ref name="boxoffice" />
}}

'''''Sau Jhooth Ek Sach''''' ({{Translation|A hundred lies, one truth}}) is a 2005 Hindi-language [[Indie film|indie]] [[Thriller film|thriller]] film directed by Bappaditya Roy, the film marks Bappaditya Roy's directorial debut.<ref name="hindustan">{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/mammootty-rides-return-vehicle-to-bollywood/story-uocjTvWIkJZH7jcyQ8h9DL.html|title=Mammootty rides return vehicle to Bollywood|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=16 June 2005|accessdate=29 August 2022|archive-date=17 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417181328/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/mammootty-rides-return-vehicle-to-bollywood/story-uocjTvWIkJZH7jcyQ8h9DL.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Produced by Amitabha Singh through the production house Think 16.<ref name="hindustan" /><ref name="boxoffice" /> The film stars [[Mammootty]] and [[Vikram Gokhale]]. Gokhale plays an industrialist.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/a-large-percentage-of-our-audience-is-childlike-vikram-gokhale/articleshow/20271704.cms|title=A large percentage of our audience is childlike: Vikram Gokhale - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=14 April 2022|archive-date=14 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414091545/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/a-large-percentage-of-our-audience-is-childlike-vikram-gokhale/articleshow/20271704.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was screened at the 7th [[Mumbai International Film Festival]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/15-films-add-desi-flavourcompete-for-award/articleshow/985456.cms|title=15 films add desi flavour,compete for award | Mumbai News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=14 April 2022|archive-date=14 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414091748/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/15-films-add-desi-flavourcompete-for-award/articleshow/985456.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film follows Inspector Vivek as he inspects the case of a girl's suicide. He crosschecks members of industrialist Vikrant Pradhan's family. The next day, to Pradhan's family surprise, they realize that there is nobody named Vivek and that no girl died.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
*[[Mammootty]] as Inspector Vivek
*[[Vikram Gokhale]] as Vikrant Pradhan
*[[Lilette Dubey]] as Moushami Pradhan
*[[Joy Sengupta]] as Amabareesh Khanna
*[[Neha Dubey]] as Zoya Pradhan
*[[Kiran Janjani]] as Vikram Pradhan, Vikrant Pradhan's son

=== Supporting ===
*Rita Joshi as Chawl woman
*Richa Nayyar as Sandhya Sawant
*[[Meghna Kothari]] as Anjali
*[[Tisca Chopra]] as Anjali
*Sonia Filinto as Anjali
*[[Shweta Gautam]] as Lakshmi

== Music ==
The music for the film was composed by Faizal Qureshi.

==Production==
The film marks actor Mammootty's return to Hindi cinema.[[Mammootty]] said about his role that "Mine is a very difficult and challenging role; so very unlike a typical Hindi movie cop. In fact, it is completely non-action, and probably my best in the national language."<ref name="hindustan" /> Music Department was handled by Faizal Qureshi, Story written by Pankaj Kapoor and the dialogues by the Director Bappaditya Roy himself.

==Reception==

=== Critical response ===

[[Taran Adarsh]] of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' rated one out of five stars and wrote that "On the whole, SAU JHOOTH EK SACH - THE UNINVITED has something for the festival circuit, but nothing for the masses".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/sau-jhooth-ek-sach-the-uninvited/critic-review/sau-jhooth-ek-sach-the-uninvited-movie-review/|title=Sau Jhooth Ek Sach – The Uninvited Review 1/5 | Sau Jhooth Ek Sach – The Uninvited Movie Review | Sau Jhooth Ek Sach – The Uninvited 2005 Public Review | Film Review|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=14 April 2022|archive-date=14 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414091347/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/sau-jhooth-ek-sach-the-uninvited/critic-review/sau-jhooth-ek-sach-the-uninvited-movie-review/|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' wrote that "Sau Jhooth Ek Sach' is a film about all of us".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/sau-jhooth-ek-sach-review-bollywood-pclvKSfadehii.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414091347/https://www.sify.com/movies/sau-jhooth-ek-sach-review-bollywood-pclvKSfadehii.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 April 2022|title=Sau Jhooth Ek Sach|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Film critic Subhash K. Jha wrote that "Debutant director Bappaditya Roy's morality tale is an arresting ensemble piece" and gave the film two stars out of five.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bollywood/Sau-Jhooth-Ek-Sach/etarticleshow/1233271.cms?bot=1|title=Sau Jhooth Ek Sach - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=14 April 2022|archive-date=14 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414091347/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bollywood/Sau-Jhooth-Ek-Sach/etarticleshow/1233271.cms?bot=1|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/sau/20050916.htm|title=Sau Jhooth: A dark thriller|first=Subhash K.|last=Jha|website=Rediff|access-date=14 April 2022|archive-date=14 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414093509/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/sau/20050916.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Box office ===

According to ''[[Box Office India]]'', the film collected {{INR}}25,000 on its first day, {{INR}}75,000 on its first weekend, and {{INR}}1 lakh in one week. Final worldwide gross was {{INR}}1.8 lakh. It was made on a budget of {{INR}}50 lakh. ''Box Office India'' called it a "disaster".<ref name="boxoffice" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2005 films]]
[[Category:2005 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language thriller films]]

Kadamattathu Kathanar

2026-03-02T13:55:09Z

BonnieKoontz:

{{Short description|Indian karhanar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
[[File:Kadamattom St. George Church.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Kadamattom Church]] in [[Ernakulam district]], [[Kerala]]]]

'''Kadamattathu Kathanar''' was a ''[[kathanar]]'' (priest) who, according to legends, possessed [[Magician (fantasy)|magical]] powers. He was an ordained [[deacon]] of [[Kadamattom Church]] in the 9th century, in Kadamattam near [[Kolenchery]] in [[Ernakulam]] district, [[Kerala]]. According to legends, his real name was Poulose and he was the disciple of bishop [[Mar Sabor and Mar Proth|Mar Abo]]. The church's history is undocumented, surviving solely through local legends. The tales surrounding Kathanar encapsulate the experiences of the local populace, conveyed through elements of magic and sorcery. These tales portray him as a priest with supernatural powers, employed for the common good.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2005/02/18/stories/2005021802230300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050406100329/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2005/02/18/stories/2005021802230300.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-date=6 April 2005 |title=Kathanar's Kadamattam |work=The Hindu |date=2005-02-18 |accessdate=2011-05-11}}</ref>

==Historicity==
In medieval legends, history and fables were combined inextricably.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/lf/2004/08/01/stories/2004080100490200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109105759/http://www.hindu.com/lf/2004/08/01/stories/2004080100490200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-11-09 |title=A symbol of amity |date=2004-08-01 |work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=2011-05-17}}</ref> The story of Kadamattathu Kathanar might be a mixture of history and fables. Currently there is no certain proof that he really existed, but the fact that a real priest lived in that area in the ninth century cannot be denied.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kerala.cc/keralahistory/index20.htm |title=Chera times of the Kulasekharas |publisher=kerala.cc |date= |accessdate=2011-05-17 |archive-date=13 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813143323/http://www.kerala.cc/keralahistory/index20.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> History points out the existence of Christians in the area from around 2nd or 3rd century of the Christian Era.<ref>Kottoor_kulangattil Family Magazine 2012 (Kottoor Church History)</ref>{{sfnmp|1a1=Eusebius|1loc=Book V Chapter 10 ''"Pantaenus the Philosopher"''|Frykenberg|2008|2p=103|3a1=Baum|3a2=Winkler|3y=2003|3p=52|4a1=Medlycott|4y=1912|Whitehouse|1873|5pp=12–20}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indianchristianity.com/html/chap4/chapter4g.htm|title = Indian Christianity}}</ref>

==Legends==
{{More citations needed section|date=September 2023}}
Poulose, later known as Kathanar, was born to a poor family in Kadamattom, a small village in North [[Travancore]] (now part of [[Kerala]]). People fondly called him ''Kochu Poulose''. He had no siblings and his parents died when he was a child. He was taken care of by his mother for a short period before her death, after which he came under the patronage of the [[Persians|Persian]] priest [[Mar Sabor and Mar Proth|Mar Abo]] (also known as Mar Sabor).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/28/stories/2011012859820300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109105622/http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/28/stories/2011012859820300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-11-09 |title=St. Mar Abo festival |date=2011-01-28 |work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=2011-05-17}}</ref>

Poulose was given a good education under Abo. The priest taught him [[Syriac language|Syriac]] and [[Mass (liturgy)|Liturgy of the Mass]]. In due course he was ordained as a [[deacon]] and people began to call him deacon Poulose.

Mar Sabor the [[bishop]] who ordained him as a priest left from Kadamattom after the arrival of Paulose. The Bishop built many churches.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sor.cua.edu/ChMon/Ankamaly/AkaparambuMSaborAphroth.html|title=Mor Sabor-Mor Aphroth, Akaparambu|first=Thomas|last=Joseph|website=sor.cua.edu}}</ref> Sabor settled at Thevalakkara.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.marthamariamorthodoxsyrianchurch-thevalakara.in/ml/marabo.php |title=മര്‍ത്തമറിയം ഓര്‍ത്തോഡോക്സ് സിറിയന്‍ ചര്‍ച്ച്‌, തേവലക്കര - Mar Abo |access-date=23 October 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130218023800/http://www.marthamariamorthodoxsyrianchurch-thevalakara.in/ml/marabo.php |archive-date=18 February 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Some stories of Kathanar are presented in the collection of legends, ''[[Aithihyamala]]''.<ref>{{citation|title=Stories from Ithihyamala: fables of Kerala|author=A. K. Shrikumar|publisher=Children's Book Trust |year=2001|isbn= 9788170119036|pages=79–94}}</ref><ref>Kottarathil Sankunni. ''EithihyamaalaIythiha Maala'' (legends of [[Kerala]]). Chapter 72. pp 380-391.</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery mode="packed-hover">
Nasrani cross.jpg| Famous Persian Cross- front view
Persian Cross Kadamatam church.jpg|Persian Cross-side view
കടമറ്റം‍പള്ളി-അൾത്താര.jpg|Altar of the church
Kadamattomchurch.jpg|External view of the church
Tomb of Marthoma IX.jpg|Tomb of Marthoma IX
Malika.jpg|Bishops rest room built in the late 1940s or earlier
Writingonthewall.jpg|Unknown inscription on the wall of the church
</gallery>

==In popular culture==
* In the 1966 film ''Kadamattathachan'', [[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]] played the lead role.
* In the 1984 film ''Kadamattathachan'', [[Prem Nazir]] played the lead role.
* A TV series ''[[Kadamattathu Kathanar (TV series)|Kadamattathu Kathanar]]'' was telecast on [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] in which Prakash Paul played Kathanar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2004/04/30/stories/2004043001280801.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040917132746/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2004/04/30/stories/2004043001280801.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2004-09-17 |title=Kadamattathu Kathanar |date=2004-04-30 |work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=2011-05-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2004/04/30/stories/2004043001280801.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040917132746/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2004/04/30/stories/2004043001280801.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2004-09-17 |title=Bhavan's Adarsh Vidyalaya emerges winner |date=2004-10-03 |work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=2011-05-17}}</ref>
* A TV series was produced by [[JaiHind TV|Jai Hind]] and [[Surya TV]] titled ''Kadamattathachan''. Prakash Paul played the title role in both.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tvlistings.zap2it.com/tvlistings/ZCSGrid.do?sgridType=list&fromTimeInMillis=1250049600000&stnNum=35757 |title=TV Listings- Surya TV |publisher=tvlistings |date= |accessdate=2011-05-17 |archive-date=9 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121009011301/http://tvlistings.zap2it.com/tvlistings/ZCSGrid.do?sgridType=list&fromTimeInMillis=1250049600000&stnNum=35757 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/02/08/stories/2008020850170400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212073913/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/02/08/stories/2008020850170400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2008-02-12 |title=Jai Hind- Serials |date=2008-02-08 |work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=2011-05-17}}</ref>
* In the film ''[[Meghasandesam (2001 film)|Meghasandesam]]'', [[Napoleon (actor)|Napoleon]] plays the role of a descendant of Kadamattathu Kathanar.
* In the 2025 superhero film ''[[Lokah Chapter 1: Chandra]]'', [[Sunny Wayne]] portrays Kathanar.
* In the upcoming film ''[[Kathanar – The Wild Sorcerer]]'', [[Jayasurya]] portrays Kathanar.

==See also==
*[[Kottarathil Sankunni]]
*[[Yakshi]]
*[[Kalliyankattu Neeli]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*Kottarathil Sankunni, ''Aithihyamaala'' (legends of [[Kerala]] in Malayalam). Current Books. 1909. {{ISBN|81-240-0010-7}}.
*Mathew, N.M. ''Malankara Marthoma Sabha Charitram'', (History of the Marthoma Church), Volume 1. Tiruvalla. 2006.

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Kerala folklore]]
[[Category:Legendary Indian people]]
[[Category:Saint Thomas Christians]]

Nanda Devi National Park

2026-02-24T02:21:18Z

BonnieKoontz: small add layout for clarity also and added references for accuracy

{{Short description|National park in northern India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Nanda Devi National Park
| iucn_category = II
| image =
| image_caption =
| map = India Uttarakhand#India
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| mapframe-zoom = 9
| location = [[Chamoli district]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]]
| nearest_city =
| coordinates = {{coord|30|25|7|N|79|50|59|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| area = {{cvt|630.33|km2}}
| established = 1982
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| governing_body =
| module = {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| child = yes
| part_of = [[Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks]]
| criteria = {{UNESCO WHS type|(vii), (x)}}(vii), (x)
| ID = 335-001
| year = 1988
| extension =
| area = {{convert|62,460|ha|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| buffer_zone =
}}
| website = https://uttarakhandtourism.gov.in/destination/nanda-devi-national-park
}}
The '''Nanda Devi National Park''' or '''Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve''', established in 1982 is a [[List of national parks of India|national park]] situated around the peak of [[Nanda Devi]] (7816 m) in [[Chamoli district|Chamoli Garhwal]] district of [[Uttarakhand]], in northern [[India]]. The entire park lies at an elevation of more than {{Convert|3500|m|ft|-2|abbr=on}} above mean sea level.

The national park was inscribed a [[World Heritage Site]] by [[UNESCO]] in 1988.<ref name="unesco">{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/335/ |access-date= |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref> It was later expanded and renamed as [[Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks]] in 2005.

Within the park lies the ''Nanda Devi Sanctuary'', a glacial basin surrounded by a ring of peaks between {{Convert|6000|m|ft|-2}} and {{Convert|7500|m|ft|-2|abbr=on}} high, and drained by the [[Rishi Ganga]] through the Rishi Ganga Gorge, a steep, almost impassable, [[defile (geography)|defile]].

The national park is embedded in the {{convert|2236.74|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} [[World Network of Biosphere Reserves in Asia and the Pacific#India|''Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve'']], which, in turn, is encompassed in the {{convert|5148.57|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<ref name="wcmc">[http://www.wcmc.org.uk/protected_areas/data/wh/nandadev.html World Conservation Monitoring Centre] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/19970710090911/http://www.wcmc.org.uk/protected_areas/data/wh/nandadev.html |date=10 July 1997 }}</ref><ref>[[Chandra Prakash Kala|Kala, Chandra Prakash]] 2005. The Valley of Flowers: A Newly Declared World Heritage Site. Current Science, 89 (6): 919-920.</ref> buffer zone around the ''Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks'' UNESCO site.

The best time to visit Nanda Devi National Park is from May to October.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Nanda Devi National Park |url=https://www.hilltaxi.com/nanda-devi-national-park/ |access-date=2022-03-19 |website=Vaibhav Laxmi Tourism |language=en-US}}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|Shipton–Tilman Nanda Devi expeditions}}

===First recorded exploration===
The first recorded attempt to explore the sanctuary was in 1883 by W. W. Graham, who could proceed only up to Rishi Ganga.<ref name=unesco/> Other attempts by explorers in 1870, (T. G. Longstaff) 1926, 1927 and 1932 (Hugh Ruttledge) did not fetch fruitful results. Eric Shipton and H. W. Tilman [[Shipton–Tilman Nanda Devi expeditions|entered the inner sanctuary through Rishi Ganga in 1934]], thus opening the extensive exploration in the sanctuary. In 1939, the area was declared as a game sanctuary.<ref name=unesco/>

===Nuclear-powered spying device mission===
{{main|Nanda Devi Plutonium Mission}}

During the cold war era when Chinese carried out their first nuclear test in 1964 and followed it up with missile testing, the US and India actively collaborated to spy on China's nuclear capabilities. Before the advent of spy satellites much of the clandestine intelligence gathering relied on ground based sensors. The Chinese missile testing facility was north of the Himalayan range, which was a big hurdle in detecting missile telemetry signals. CIA was looking for a Himalayan peak high enough to secure a direct line of sight to the Chinese missile testing zone. Together with the Intelligence Bureau of India, they planned a secret mission to install a nuclear powered listening device on top of the peak of Nanda Devi. A joint team of CIA hired US mountaineers together with Indian contingent from the defense forces were detailed to carry out the secret mission.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/2013/04/cia-himalayan-spies/|title = Inside the CIA Mission to Haul Plutonium up the Himalayas|magazine = Wired|last1 = Beckhusen|first1 = Robert}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rockandice.com/snowball/the-secret-of-nanda-devi/|title=The Secrets of Nanda Devi|last=Takeda|first=Pete|date=January 2007|access-date=December 23, 2018|archive-date=24 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424011151/https://www.rockandice.com/snowball/the-secret-of-nanda-devi/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

By that time the mountaineering season was concluding and the mission met with adverse climatic conditions. They left behind the plutonium fueled device with the intention of renewing their attempt during the next year's climbing season. The follow-up Indian expedition during the next season found the device missing from where it was anchored. It probably fell down due to rock fall and slid towards the glaciers carrying its plutonium with it. All the follow-up secret expeditions launched to retrieve the device met with failure. In 2018 it was reported that the Tourism Minister of Uttarakhand State Mr. [[Satpal Maharaj]] met the Prime Minister of India to express his apprehensions that the atomic device that had gone missing over 50 years ago might be polluting waters of the [[Ganges]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/james-bond-in-the-himalayas-the-buried-secret-of-nanda-devi/articleshow/65350186.cms|title = James Bond in the Himalayas: The buried secret of Nanda Devi|newspaper = The Economic Times}}</ref>

=== 2021 Glacial Outburst Flood ===
{{Main|2021 Uttarakhand flood}}
At approximately 10:45 a.m. IST on 7 February 2021,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-08|title=Uttarakhand flood wreaks death, damage|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/uttarakhand-glacier-break-flash-flood-rishiganga-7178998/|access-date=2021-02-09|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> a flooding disaster occurred all along the Rishiganga river and its valley following a landslide, avalanche or [[glacial lake outburst flood]] of the [[Nanda Devi glacier]].

==Geography==
[[File:Nanda-sanctuary-annotated.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Contour map of the Nanda Devi Sanctuary.]]

The Nanda Devi Sanctuary within the National Park can be divided into two parts, Inner and Outer. Together, they are surrounded by the main sanctuary wall, which forms a roughly square outline, with high, continuous ridges on the north, east and south sides. On the west side, less high but still imposing ridges drop from the north and south toward the Rishi Ganga Gorge, which drains the sanctuary towards the west.<ref name="garhwal-himalaya-ost">''Garhwal-Himalaya-Ost'', 1:150,000 scale topographic map, prepared in 1992 by Ernst Huber for the [[Swiss Foundation for Alpine Research]], based on maps of the [[Survey of India]]. It is in the extreme northern part if India on the countries border with China. it takes up a great deal of mountain space in Uttarakhand.</ref>

===Inner Sanctuary ===

====Rishi Glaciers====

The Inner Sanctuary occupies roughly the eastern two-thirds of the total area, and contains Nanda Devi peak itself and the two major glaciers flanking the peak, the Uttari Rishi Glacier and the Dakshini Rishi Glacier. These are fed by the smaller Uttari Nanda Devi and [[Dakshini Nanda Devi Glaciers]] respectively.<ref name="garhwal-himalaya-ost"/> The [[Shipton–Tilman Nanda Devi expeditions|first recorded entry of the British into the Inner Sanctuary]] was by [[Eric Shipton]] and [[Bill Tilman|H. W. Tilman]] in 1934, via the Rishi Gorge.<ref name="tilman">H. W. Tilman, ''The Ascent of Nanda Devi'', Cambridge University Press, 1937. Reprinted in ''The Seven Mountain-Travel Books'', The Mountaineers, Seattle, 2003, {{ISBN|0-89886-960-9}}.</ref>

====Mountain peaks within the park====
[[File:Nanda devi.jpg|right|250px|thumb|[[Nanda Devi]] peak.]]

Apart from Nanda Devi, the following peaks lie on
* [[Nanda Devi]]: {{Convert|7816|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
* [[Devistan I]]: {{Convert|6678|m|ft|0}}
* [[Devistan II]]: {{Convert|6529|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
* [[Rishi Kot]]: {{Convert|6236|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}

===Outer Sanctuary ===

====Rishi Ganga Valley====

The Outer Sanctuary occupies the western third of the total sanctuary, and is separated from the Inner Sanctuary by high ridges, through which flows the Rishi Ganga. It is split in two by the Rishi Ganga; on the north side lies the Ramani Glacier, flowing down from the slopes of [[Dunagiri (mountain)|Dunagiri]] and [[Changabang]], and on the south lies the Trisul Glacier, flowing from the peak of the same name. This portion of the sanctuary is accessible to the outside (though requiring the crossing of a {{Convert|4000|m|ft|-3|abbr=on}} pass). The first serious climbing expedition to pass through the Outer Sanctuary was that of [[Tom George Longstaff|T. G. Longstaff]], who climbed [[Trisul|Trisul I]] in 1907 via the eponymous glacier.<ref name="tilman"/>

====Mountain peaks along the park boundary ====
[[File:Panorama of Garhwal Peaks as seen from Brahmatal trek.jpg|thumb|538x538px|Few peaks of Nanda Devi Sanctuary.]]
[[File:Trisul 1 and2.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Mt. Trisul I, II and III hidden behind clouds.]]

These peaks are listed in clockwise order, starting from just north of the Rishi Gorge. Some of them are relatively minor summits and have small [[topographic prominence]], while others are independent peaks.

* Hanuman: {{Convert|6075|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
* [[Dunagiri (mountain)|Dunagiri]]: {{Convert|7066|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
* [[Changabang]]: {{Convert|6864|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
* [[Kalanka]]: {{Convert|6931|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
* [[Rishi Pahar]]: {{Convert|6992|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
* [[Mangraon]]: {{Convert|6568|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
* [[Deo Damla]]: {{Convert|6620|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
* [[Bamchu]]: {{Convert|6303|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
* [[Sakram]]: {{Convert|6254|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
* [[Lhatu Dhura]]: {{Convert|6392|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
* [[Sunanda Devi]]: {{Convert|7434|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
* [[Nanda Khat]]: {{Convert|6611|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
* [[Panwali Dwar]]: {{Convert|6663|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
* [[Maiktoli]]: {{Convert|6803|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
* [[Devtoli]]: {{Convert|6788|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
* [[Mrigthuni]]: {{Convert|6855|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
* [[Trisul]] I, II, III: {{Convert|7120|m|ft|0}}, {{Convert|6690|m|ft|0}}, {{Convert|6008|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
* [[Nanda Ghunti]]: 6309 m (20,699 ft)
* [[Bethartoli]]: {{Convert|6352|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}

====Mountain peaks immediately beyond the park ====

The following are the most notable peaks which are adjacent to the wall; they are all connected to the wall by high passes. They lie just outside the boundaries of the park.

* [[Hardeol]]: {{Convert|7151|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} (northeast corner)
* [[Trishuli]]: {{Convert|7074|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} (just beyond Hardeol)
* [[Nanda Kot]]: {{Convert|6861|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} (southeast corner)
* [[Nanda Ghunti]]: {{Convert|6309|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} (southwest corner)

== Ecology ==

===Fauna ===

Common larger mammals are [[Himalayan musk deer]], [[mainland serow]] and [[Himalayan tahr]]. [[Himalayan goral]] are not found within, but in the vicinity of the park. Carnivores are represented by [[snow leopard]], [[Himalayan black bear]] and perhaps also [[Himalayan brown bear]]. [[common langur|Langurs]] are found within the park, whereas [[rhesus macaque]] are known to occur in the neighboring areas of the park. In a scientific expedition in 1993, a total of 114 bird species was recognized.<ref name=unesco/>

=== Flora ===

Nanda Devi National Park is home to a wide variety of flora. Some 312 floral species that include 17 rare species have been found here. [[Fir]], [[birch]], [[rhododendron]] and [[juniper]] are the main flora.

Vegetation is scarce In the inner sanctuary due to the dryness of the conditions. One will not find vegetation near Nanda Devi Glacier. Ramani, [[Moss|alpine prone mosses]] and [[Lichen|lichens]] are other notable floral species found in Nanda Devi National Park.

==See also==

* Uttarakhand
** [[Geography of Uttarakhand]]
** [[Tourism in Uttarakhand]]
** [[Yatra]], pilgrimages in Uttarakhand
*** [[Char Dham]]
*** [[Roopkund]]

* Tourism
** [[List of national parks of India]]
** [[List of World Heritage Sites in India]]
** [[National Geological Monuments of India]]
** [[Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Nanda Devi National Park}}
* [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/search?searchTerm=nanda+devi#/sections Biodiversity Heritage Library]

{{National Parks of India}}
{{World Heritage Sites in India}}
{{Uttarakhand}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:National parks in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1982]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in India]]
[[Category:1982 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Abortion in India

2026-02-23T22:55:44Z

BonnieKoontz: improve lead as per guidelines and corrected details for consistency

{{short description|none}} 
{{Very long|date=September 2022}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=March 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Politics of India}}

Abortion has been legal in India under various circumstances with the introduction of the Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) Act, 1971.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=MTP ACT, 1971 |url=https://main.mohfw.gov.in/acts-rules-and-standards-health-sector/acts/mtp-act-1971|access-date=2021-07-23|website= Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India | date=10 August 1971| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806043201/https://main.mohfw.gov.in/acts-rules-and-standards-health-sector/acts/mtp-act-1971 | archive-date= 6 August 2022 | url-status = live}}</ref> The Medical Termination of Pregnancy Regulations, 2003 were issued under the Act to enable women to access safe and legal abortion services.<ref>{{cite web |title=MTP Regulations (Department of Family Welfare) Notification |url=https://main.mohfw.gov.in/acts-rules-and-standards-health-sector/acts/mtp-regulations |website=Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India | access-date=30 September 2022 |location=New Delhi |date=13 June 2003 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220930020413/https://main.mohfw.gov.in/acts-rules-and-standards-health-sector/acts/mtp-regulations| archive-date= 30 September 2022 | url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2021, MTP Amendment Act 2021<ref name="Gazette MTP Amendment">{{cite web |title=CG-DL-E-26032021-226130 -- Extraordinary Part II, Section 1, The Medical Termination of Pregnancy (Amendment) Act, 2021, No. 8 of 2021 |url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2021/226130.pdf |website=The Gazette of India |publisher=Government of India |access-date=30 September 2022 |pages=1–3 |date=25 March 2021 |archive-date=17 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717134533/https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2021/226130.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> was passed with certain amendments to the MTP Act 1971, such as women being allowed to seek safe abortion services on grounds of contraceptive failure, an increase in gestation limit to 24 weeks for special categories of women, and opinion of one abortion service provider required up to 20 weeks of gestation. Abortion can now be performed until 24 weeks of pregnancy as the MTP Amendment Act 2021 has come into force by notification in Gazette from 24 September 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-06 |title=Medical Termination of Pregnancy (Amendment) Act, 2021 |url=https://compass.rauias.com/current-affairs/medical-termination-pregnancy-amendment-act-2021/ |access-date=2024-01-08 |website= |language=en-US |archive-date=8 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108172435/https://compass.rauias.com/current-affairs/medical-termination-pregnancy-amendment-act-2021/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The cost of the abortion service is covered fully by the government's public national health insurance funds, [[Ayushman Bharat]] and [[Employees' State Insurance]] with the package rate for surgical abortion being set at {{INRConvert|15500|}} which includes consultation, therapy, hospitalization, medication, ultrasound, and follow-up treatments. For medical abortion, the package rate is set at {{INRConvert|1500|}} which includes consultation and USG.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ayushman Packages |url=http://www.vmmc-sjh.nic.in/writereaddata/AYUSHMAN%20PACKAGES-PROCEDURES.pdf |website=Vardhaman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital |publisher=Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India |access-date=30 September 2022 |location=New Delhi |date=2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220930024245/http://www.vmmc-sjh.nic.in/writereaddata/AYUSHMAN%20PACKAGES-PROCEDURES.pdf | archive-date= 30 September 2022 | url-status=live}}</ref>

== Types of Abortion ==
When a woman gets a pregnancy terminated voluntarily from a service provider, it is called [[induced abortion]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pratigyacampaign.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/8-Media-Kit_Glossary.pdf|title=Pratigya Campaign — Media Kit Glossary|date=20 June 2018|website=Pratigya — Campaign for Gender Equality and Safe Abortion|access-date=20 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620180646/http://www.pratigyacampaign.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/8-Media-Kit_Glossary.pdf|archive-date=20 June 2018}}</ref> [[Spontaneous abortion]],<ref name=":0" /> also known as [[miscarriage]], is the loss of a woman's pregnancy before the 20th week. This type of abortion can be physically and emotionally painful.

Until 2017, there was a [[dichotomy|dichotomous]] classification of abortion as safe and unsafe.

Unsafe abortion<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Ganatra|first1=Bela|last2=Gerdts|first2=Caitlin|last3=Rossier|first3=Clémentine|last4=Johnson|first4=Brooke Ronald|last5=Tunçalp|first5=Özge|last6=Assifi|first6=Anisa|last7=Sedgh|first7=Gilda|last8=Singh|first8=Susheela|last9=Bankole|first9=Akinrinola|date=November 2017|title=Global, regional, and subregional classification of abortions by safety, 2010–14: estimates from a Bayesian hierarchical model|url= |journal=The Lancet|language=English|volume=390|issue=10110|pages=2372–2381|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31794-4|pmid=28964589|pmc=5711001|issn=0140-6736}}</ref> was defined by the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) as "a procedure for termination of a pregnancy done by an individual who does not have the necessary training or in an environment not conforming to minimal medical standards." However, with abortion technology now becoming safer, this has been replaced by a three-tier classification of safe, less safe, and least safe permitting a more nuanced description of the spectrum of varying situations that constitute unsafe abortion and the increasingly widespread substitution of dangerous, invasive methods with the use of [[misoprostol]] outside the formal health system.
* Safe abortion:<ref name=":1" /> provided by healthcare workers and with methods recommended by the WHO.
* Less-safe abortion:<ref name=":1" /> done by trained providers using non-recommended methods or using a safe method (e.g. misoprostol) but without adequate information or support from a trained individual.
* Least-safe abortion:<ref name=":1" /> done by a trained provider using dangerous, invasive methods.

== Abortion law in India ==

=== Before 1971 (Indian Penal Code, 1860) ===
Before 1971, abortion was criminalized under Section 312 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/abortion-law-in-24-week-pregnancy-case-supreme-court-failed-to-address-womans-right-to-her-body-2916174.html|title=Abortion law: In 24-week pregnancy case, Supreme Court failed to address women's right to their bodies|website=[[Firstpost]]|date=26 July 2016|access-date=20 June 2018|archive-date=20 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620185541/https://www.firstpost.com/india/abortion-law-in-24-week-pregnancy-case-supreme-court-failed-to-address-womans-right-to-her-body-2916174.html|url-status=live}}</ref> describing it as intentionally "causing miscarriage".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bean|first=Christopher B.|date=March 2014|title=Antebellum Jefferson, Texas: Everyday Life in an East Texas Town. By Jacques D. Bagur. (Denton, TX: University of North Texas Press, 2012. Pp. 612. $55.00.)|journal=Historian|volume=76|issue=1|pages=106–107|doi=10.1111/hisn.12030_8|s2cid=143926493|issn=0018-2370}}</ref> Except in cases where abortion was carried out to save the life of the woman, it was a punishable offense and criminalized women/providers, with whoever voluntarily caused a woman with child to miscarry<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://ncw.nic.in/acts/THEINDIANPENALCODE1860.pdf|title=The Indian Penal Code 1860|access-date=20 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024202554/http://ncw.nic.in/acts/THEINDIANPENALCODE1860.pdf|archive-date=24 October 2018}}</ref> facing three years in prison and/or a fine, and the woman availing of the service facing seven years in prison and/or a fine.

It was in the 1960s, when abortion was legal in 15 countries, that deliberation on a legal framework for induced abortion in India was initiated. The alarmingly increased number of abortions taking place put the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]] (MoHFW) on alert.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|url=http://dspace.cusat.ac.in/jspui/handle/123456789/11161|title=Abortion and the Law in India|last=Gaur|first=K.D.|year=1991|website=dspace.cusat.ac.in|access-date=20 June 2018|archive-date=26 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626095032/http://dspace.cusat.ac.in/jspui/handle/123456789/11161}}</ref> To address this, the government of India instated a committee in 1964 led by [[Shantilal Shah]]<ref name=":2" /> to come up with suggestions to draft the abortion law for India. The recommendations of this committee were accepted in 1970 and introduced<ref name=":2" /> in the Parliament as the Medical Termination of Pregnancy Bill. This bill was passed in August 1971 as the Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, which was authored by [[Sripati Chandrasekhar]].<ref>{{Cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=h8QnAAAAYAAJ&q=india%27s%20abortion%20experience|isbn = 978-0-929398-80-8|title = India's Abortion Experience|year = 1994|publisher = University of North Texas Press|access-date = 18 March 2023|archive-date = 12 April 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230412055847/https://books.google.com/books?id=h8QnAAAAYAAJ&q=india%27s%20abortion%20experience|url-status = live}}</ref>

==== Shah committee key highlights ====
* The Shah Committee was appointed by the Government of India in 1964.
* The Committee carried out a comprehensive review of the socio-cultural, legal and medical aspects of abortion.
* The Committee in 1966 recommended legalizing abortion in its report to prevent wastage of women's health and lives on both compassionate and medical grounds.
* According to the report, in a population of 500 million, the number of abortions per year will be 6.5 million–2.6 million natural and 3.9 million induced.

==== Abortion incidence in India ====
A study in 2018 estimated that 15.6 million<ref name=Singh18>{{Cite journal|last1=Singh|first1=Susheela|last2=Shekhar|first2=Chander|last3=Acharya|first3=Rajib|last4=Moore|first4=Ann M|last5=Stillman|first5=Melissa|last6=Pradhan|first6=Manas R|last7=Frost|first7=Jennifer J|last8=Sahoo|first8=Harihar|last9=Alagarajan|first9=Manoj|date=January 2018|title=The incidence of abortion and unintended pregnancy in India, 2015|journal=The Lancet Global Health|volume=6|issue=1|pages=e111–e120|doi=10.1016/s2214-109x(17)30453-9|issn=2214-109X|pmc=5953198|pmid=29241602|quote=We estimate that 15·6 million abortions (14·1 million–17·3 million) occurred in India in 2015.}}</ref> abortions took place in India in 2015. A significant proportion of these are expected to be unsafe. Unsafe abortion is the third largest cause of maternal mortality leading to death of 10 women each day and thousands more facing morbidities. There is a need to strengthen women's access to CAC (Comprehensive Abortion Care) services and preventing deaths and disabilities faced by them.

The last large-scale study on induced abortion in India was conducted in 2002 as part of the Abortion Assessment Project. The studies as part of this project estimated 6.4 million abortions annually in India.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Duggal|first1=Ravi|last2=Ramachandran|first2=Vimala|date=November 2004|title=The abortion assessment project—India: key findings and recommendations|journal=Reproductive Health Matters|volume=12|issue=24 Suppl|pages=122–129|issn=0968-8080|pmid=15938165|doi=10.1016/S0968-8080(04)24009-5|s2cid=7911826|doi-access=free}}</ref>

=== The Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1971 ===
The Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) Act, 1971 provides the legal framework for making CAC services available in India. Termination of pregnancy is permitted for a broad range of conditions up to 20 weeks of gestation as detailed below:
{{blockquote|
* When continuation of pregnancy is a risk to the life of a pregnant woman or could cause grave injury to her physical or mental health;
* When there is substantial risk that the child would be dead, or if born, would be seriously handicapped due to physical or mental abnormalities;
* When pregnancy is caused due to rape (anguish caused by such pregnancy presumed to constitute grave injury to the mental health of the rape survivor);
* When pregnancy is caused due to failure of contraceptives used by a married woman or her husband (presumed to constitute grave injury to mental health of the woman).
}}
The MTP Act specifies — (i) who can terminate a pregnancy; (ii) till when a pregnancy can be terminated; and (iii) where can a pregnancy be terminated. The MTP Rules and Regulations, 2003 detail training and certification requirements for a provider and facility; and provide reporting and documentation requirements for safe and legal termination of pregnancy.

==== Who may terminate a pregnancy ====
As per the MTP Act, pregnancy can be terminated only by a registered medical practitioner (RMP) who meets the following requirements:

(i) has a recognized medical qualification under the Indian Medical Council Act

(ii) whose name is entered in the State Medical Register

(iii) who has such experience or training in gynaecology and obstetrics as per the MTP Rules <ref>{{Cite web |title=Legal Abortion in India - Laws, Policies & Legalities |url=https://drrupaliabortioncentre.com/international/legal-abortion-in-india-laws-policies-legalities/ |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=Best Abortion Centre in South Delhi {{!}} Abortion in India |language=en-US}}</ref>

==== Where a pregnancy may be terminated ====
All government hospitals are by default permitted to provide CAC services. Facilities in the private sector however require approval of the government. The approval is sought from a committee constituted at the district level called the District Level Committee (DLC) with three to five members. As per the MTP Rules, 2003 the following forms are prescribed for approval of a private place to provide MTP services:

# '''Form A''' '''[Sub-Rule (2) of Rule 5]: Application Form for Approval of a Private Place:''' This form is used by the owner of a private place to apply for approval for provision of MTP services. Form A has to be submitted to the Chief Medical Officer of the district.
# '''Form B''' '''[Sub-Rule (6) of Rule 5]: Certificate of Approval:''' The certificate of approval for private place deemed fit to provide MTP services is issued by the DLC on this format.

==== Consent required for termination of pregnancy ====
As per the provisions of the MTP Act, only the consent of woman whose pregnancy is being terminated is required. However, in case of a minor i.e. below the age of 18 years, or a woman with mental illness, consent of guardian (MTP Act defines guardian as someone who has the care of the minor. This does not imply that only parent/s are required to consent.) is required for termination. The MTP Rules, 2003 prescribe that consent needs to be documented on Form C as detailed below:

# '''Form C''' '''[Rule 9] Consent Form:''' This form is used to document consent of the woman seeking termination. Pregnancy of a woman who is above 18 years of age can be terminated with only her consent. If she is below 18 years of age or mentally ill, written consent of the guardian is required.

==== Opinions required for termination of pregnancy ====
The MTP Act details that for terminations up to 12 weeks, the opinion of a single Registered Medical Practitioner (RMP) is required and for terminations between 12 and 20 weeks the opinion of two RMP's is required. However, termination is conducted by one RMP. The MTP Regulations, 2003 prescribe opinion of RMP/s to be recorded on Form I as detailed below:

# '''Form I''' '''[Regulation 3] Opinion Form''': This form is used to record opinion of the RMPs' for termination of pregnancy. For termination up to 12 weeks of gestation, opinion of one RMP is required whereas for the length of pregnancy between 12 and 20 weeks, opinion of two RMPs is required.

===== The MTP Regulations, 2003 =====

# '''Form III''' '''[Regulation 5] Admission Register''': This template is used to document details of women whose pregnancies have been terminated at the facility. The register needs to be retained for a period of five years till the end of the calendar year it relates to.
# '''Form II''' '''[Regulation 4(5)] Monthly Statement''': This form is used to report MTP performed at a hospital or approved place during the month. The head of the hospital or owner of the approved place should send the monthly report of MTP cases to the Chief Medical Officer of the district.

=== MTP Act, Amendments, 2002 ===
The Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) Act 1971, was amended in 2002 to facilitate better implementation and increase access for women especially in the private health sector.

# The amendments to the MTP Act in 2002 decentralized the process of approval of a private place to offer abortion services to the district level. The District level committee is empowered to approve a private place to offer MTP services in order to increase the number of providers offering CAC services in the legal ambit.
# The word 'lunatic' was substituted with the words "mentally ill person". This change in language was instituted to lay emphasis that "mentally ill person" means a person who is in need for treatment by reason of any mental disorder other than intellectual disability.
# For ensuring compliance and safety of women, stricter penalties were introduced for MTPs being conducted in unapproved sites or by untrained medical providers by the Act.

=== MTP Rules, 2003 ===
The MTP Rules facilitate better implementation and increase access for women especially in the private health sector.
* '''Composition and tenure of District Level Committee:''' The MTP rules 2003, define composition of the committee stating that one member of the committee should be a gynecologist / surgeon/ anesthetist and other members should be from the local medical profession, non-government organizations, and Panchayati Raj Institution of the district and one member of the committee should be a woman.
* '''Approved place for providing medical termination of pregnancies:''' The MTP Rules 2003, provide specific guidelines pertaining to equipment, facilities, drugs, and referral linkages to higher facilities required by an approved place for providing quality CAC and post abortion services.
* '''Inspection of private place: ''' The MTP Rules 2003 state that an approved can be inspected by the Chief Medical Officer (CMO), as often as may be necessary with a view to verify whether termination of pregnancies are being done therein under safe and hygienic conditions.
* '''Cancellation or suspension of a certificate of approval for a private place:''' As per the MTP Rules 2003, if the CMO of the District is satisfied that the facilities specified in rule 5 are not being properly maintained therein and the termination of pregnancy at such place cannot be made under safe and hygienic conditions, she/he shall make a report of the fact to the Committee giving the detail of the deficiency or defects found at the place. The committee may, if satisfied, can suspend or, cancel the approval of the place provided that the committee gives the owner of the place a chance of representation before the certificate issued under rule 5 is cancelled.

=== Proposed Amendments to the MTP Act, 2014 ===

The Government took cognizance of the challenges faced by women in accessing safe abortion services and in 2006 constituted an expert group to review the existing provisions of the MTP Act to propose draft amendments. A series of expert group meetings were held from 2006 to 2010 to identify strategies for strengthening access to safe abortion services. In 2013 a national consultation was held which was attended by a range of stakeholders further emphasized the need for amendments to the MTP Act. In 2014, MoHFW shared the Medical Termination of Pregnancy Amendment Bill 2014 in the public domain. The proposed amendments to the MTP Act were primarily based on increasing the availability of safe and legal abortion services for women in the country.
* Expanding the provider base
* Increasing the upper gestation limit for legal MTPs
* Increasing access to legal abortion services for women
* Increasing clarity of the MTP law

'''Expanding provider base''': In order to increase the availability of safe and legal abortion services, it has been recommended to increase the base of legal MTP providers by including medical practitioners with bachelor's degree in Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani or Homeopathy. These categories of Indian System of Medicines (ISM) practitioners have Obstetrician and Gynecology (ObGyn) training and abortion services as part of their undergraduate curriculum. It has also been recommended to include nurses with a three and half-year's degree and registered with the Nursing Council of India, into the base of legal providers for abortion services. In addition, it has also been recommended that Auxiliary Nurse Midwives (ANM) posted at high case load service delivery points be included as legal providers of MMA only. These recommendations are supported by two Indian studies<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jejeebhoy|first1=Shireen J.|last2=Kalyanwala|first2=Shveta|last3=Mundle|first3=Shuchita|last4=Tank|first4=Jaydeep|last5=Zavier|first5=A. J. Francis|last6=Kumar|first6=Rajesh|last7=Acharya|first7=Rajib|last8=Jha|first8=Nita|date=September 2012|title=Feasibility of expanding the medication abortion provider base in India to include ayurvedic physicians and nurses|journal=International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health|volume=38|issue=3|pages=133–142|doi=10.1363/3813312|issn=1944-0405|pmid=23018135|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=1 December 2011|title=Can nurses perform manual vacuum aspiration (MVA) as safely and effectively as physicians? Evidence from India|journal=Contraception|language=en|volume=84|issue=6|pages=615–621|doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2011.08.010|pmid=22078191|issn=0010-7824|last1=Jejeebhoy|first1=Shireen J.|last2=Kalyanwala|first2=Shveta|last3=Zavier|first3=A.J. Francis|last4=Kumar|first4=Rajesh|last5=Mundle|first5=Shuchita|last6=Tank|first6=Jaydeep|last7=Acharya|first7=Rajib|last8=Jha|first8=Nita}}</ref> that conclude abortions can safely and effectively be provided by nurses and AYUSH practitioners.

'''Provisions to increase the gestation limit for abortions''': It is recommended to increase the gestational limit for seeking abortions on grounds of fetal abnormality beyond 20 weeks. This would result in making abortion available at any time during the pregnancy, if the fetus is diagnosed with severe fetal abnormalities. In addition, further to the above recommendations, it is also proposed to include increasing the gestation limit for safe abortion services for vulnerable categories of women expected to include survivors of rape and incest, single women (unmarried, divorced, or widowed) and other vulnerable women (women with disabilities) to 24 weeks. The amendments to the MTP Rules would define the details for the same.

'''Increasing access to legal abortion services for women:''' The Act in its current form imposes some operational barriers that limit women's access to safe and legal abortion services. The amendments propose to:
* Reducing the condition of requirement of the opinion of two health care providers for second trimester pregnancies to one health care provider only, as this is seen as a hindrance in access to safe abortion services by women in situations where two providers are not available: In 1971 when the MTP Act was passed about four decades ago dilatation and curettage (D&C) was the only available technology for termination of pregnancies. D&C now is an outdated invasive medical procedure that requires the use of a metal curette for removing products of conception. The provisions in the MTP Act for opinion of two medical providers or third party authorization for ensuring women's safety needs to be reduced in light of newer and safer technological advancements that make abortion a very safe out-patient medical procedure. The WHO 2012 guidance on Safe abortion: technical and policy guidance for health systems also recommends reducing third party authorization. The WHO 2012 guidance defines a woman seeking an abortion as an "autonomous adult", which means that "mentally competent adults do not require the authorization of any third party", stating that "health-care providers should not impose a requirement of third-party authorization unless required by law and related regulations".
* '''Extending the indication of contraception to include unmarried women''': As per the provisions of the MTP Act, contraceptive failure is the only condition that applies to married women. The proposal for amendment includes making contraceptive failure applicable for all women and their partners as with other reasons for termination of pregnancy under the MTP Act.

=== MTP Amendment Act, 2021 ===
On 29 January 2020, Government of India first introduced the MTP Amendment Bill 2020, which was passed in Lok Sabha on 17 March 2020. A year later, the Bill was placed in Rajya Sabha and was passed on 16 March 2021 as the MTP Amendment Act 2021. The Amendments are as below:
* '''Married clause dropped -''' The MTP Act earlier permitted termination of the pregnancy by only a married woman in the case of failure of contraceptive method or device. With the amendment, unmarried women can now seek safe abortion services on grounds of contraceptive failure.
* '''Increase in gestation limit -''' Under the MTP Act 1971, the time limit for terminating pregnancy was up to 12 weeks on the advice of one doctor and up to 20 weeks on the advice of two doctors. Moreover, post 20 weeks terminating pregnancy was not permitted. However, now all women can terminate pregnancy up to 20 weeks on the advice of one doctor and special categories of women (survivors of sexual abuse, minors, victims of rape, incest, disabled women) can seek termination up to 24 weeks. Moreover, women/couples can seek termination of pregnancy, anytime during the gestation period for foetal anomalies, as diagnosed by the Medical Boards.
* '''Medical Boards -''' The amendments mandate constitution of Medical Boards in all the states and union territories for diagnosing substantial fetal anomalies. The Board will decide if a pregnancy may be terminated after 24 weeks and each board will have a gynecologist, radiologist/sonologist, pediatrician and other members notified by the government.
* '''Confidentiality -''' A registered medical practitioner may only reveal the details of a woman whose pregnancy has been terminated to a person authorized by law.  Violation is punishable with imprisonment up to a year, a fine, or both.

=== MTP Rules, 2021 ===
The new rules as per the amendments were announced by the government on October 12. Following are the revised rules as per the amendment act:

# The gestation period upper limit for terminating a pregnancy with 1 doctor's opinion has been extended from 12 weeks to 20 weeks, with the rule being expanded to include unmarried women as well.
# The gestation period upper limit for termination of pregnancy with 2 doctors' opinion has been extended from 20 weeks to 24 weeks, for the following special categories:
## survivors of sexual assault or rape or incest
## minors
## change of marital status during the pregnancy (widowhood and divorce)
## women with physical disabilities
## mentally ill women
## the foetal anomalies that have substantial risk of being incompatible with life or if the child is born it may suffer from such physical or mental abnormalities to be seriously handicapped
## women with pregnancy in humanitarian settings or disaster or emergency
# A state-level Medical Board will determine the request for termination of a pregnancy longer than 24 weeks in the cases of foetal anomalies.

==== Role of the medical board ====

# To examine the woman and her reports
# To approve or deny the request for termination within 3 days of receiving it
# To ensure that the termination procedure, when advised by the Medical Board, is carried out with all safety precautions along with appropriate counselling within 5 days of the receipt of the request for medical termination of pregnancy

==== The Medical Board shall consist of the following ====

# a Gynaecologist;
# a Pediatrician;
# a Radiologist or Sonologist; and
# other members notified by the State Government or Union territory

== Policy and Programmatic Interventions of the Government ==
The MTP Act 1971 provides the legal framework for provision of induced abortion services in India. However, to ensure effective roll-out of services there is a need for standards, guidelines and standard operating procedures.

The Government of India has taken several measures to ensure the implementation of the MTP Act and make CAC services available to women. Some of them include:
* Comprehensive Abortion Care–Service Delivery and Training Guidelines 2010 were issued by MoHFW in 2010. These guidelines provide comprehensive information on all aspects of abortion, including counselling, legal issues, abortion provision, and post abortion contraception for programme managers and doctors. These guidelines are being used by all states and union territories to standardize CAC trainings and service delivery.
* In 2014, MoHFW took cognizance of technological updates and global best practice and constituted an expert group to update the Comprehensive Abortion Care–Service Delivery and Training Guidelines. The revised CAC guidelines were issued in 2014.
* CAC training package: To ensure consistency in CAC trainings across the country, MoHFW developed a standardized training package including trainer's manual, provider's manual, and operational guidelines on CAC and a CD of training games. This package was developed after consultation with experts and issued by the MoHFW in 2014. It is being used for training MBBS doctors as certified providers in all states and union territories.
* Trainer's manual: The manual is designed to provide trainers with detailed guidelines and aids for conducting CAC trainings. The manual aims to enhance skills of doctors for providing respectful, confidential and high quality CAC services to women.
* Provider's manual: The manual is designed to provide requisite clinical skills to the providers, increase the capacity of nursing staff to support the providers and provide detailed guidelines on how to conduct the CAC services.
* Operational guidelines on CAC services: The Operational Guidelines on CAC services were also included as part of the training package with the objective to guide programme managers on implementation of women centered CAC at all levels of public health facilities.
* State Program Implementation Plans '''(PIPs):''' All states and union territories are required to submit their annual Programme Implementation Plans as part of the [[National Health Mission]] for implementation of health interventions at public health facilities. These are reviewed by MoHFW and fund allocation is made on the Record of Proceedings (RoPs) after approval in the National Program Coordination Committee (NPCC). All states include budgets for CAC implementation including training, service delivery, procurement, orientation workshops etc. in the annual PIP.
* Ensuring Access to Safe Abortion and Addressing Gender Biased Sex Selection: The MTP Act and the PC&PNDT Acts are designed to regulate completely different areas. However, at the level of implementation, the need for clarity in keeping the implementation apart has been articulated often. [[United Nations Population Fund|UNFPA]] and Ipas had collaborated in 2012 to draft frequently asked questions on interlinkages of gender biased sex selection and access to safe abortions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ipasdevelopmentfoundation.org/publications/gender-biased-sex-selection-and-access-to-safe-abortion-frequently-asked-questions-on-interlinkages.html|title=Gender biased sex selection and access to safe abortion: Frequently asked questions on interlinkages|website=ipasdevelopmentfoundation.org|access-date=25 June 2018|archive-date=25 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625110550/https://www.ipasdevelopmentfoundation.org/publications/gender-biased-sex-selection-and-access-to-safe-abortion-frequently-asked-questions-on-interlinkages.html|url-status=live}}</ref> This document was designed to provide clarity on the provisions of the two laws to policy makers.
* A need for clarity in implementation of the two laws and keeping them apart continued to be articulated from the states and districts. This was re-emphasized at the Government of India (GoI) — Ipas Development Foundation (IDF) national consultation on Prioritizing CAC for Women within NHM<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ipasdevelopmentfoundation.org/publications/the-national-consultation-prioritizing-comprehensive-abortion-care-for-women-within-nhm.html|title=The National Consultation, 'Prioritizing Comprehensive Abortion Care for Women within NHM'|website=ipasdevelopmentfoundation.org|access-date=25 June 2018|archive-date=25 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625113625/https://www.ipasdevelopmentfoundation.org/publications/the-national-consultation-prioritizing-comprehensive-abortion-care-for-women-within-nhm.html|url-status=live}}</ref> held on 19–20 May 2014. GoI constituted an expert group to review the situation on ground and draft the required guidelines.
* For addressing conflation of the Medical Termination of the Pregnancy (MTP) Act 1971, and Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (PC&PNDT) Act 2012, and ensuring unimpeded access to CAC services MoHFW, GoI issued a Guidance Handbook and ready reckoner on Ensuring Access to Safe Abortion and Addressing Gender Biased Sex Selection. The experts reviewed the provisions of both the acts and the situation on the ground and drafted a guidance handbook on ensuring access to safe abortion and addressing gender biased sex selection. The handbook contains simplified guidelines on both laws and is designed to provide information to implementing authorities of the MTP Act and PC&PNDT Act; providers; compliance with the laws for providers of services under both the laws; and information on designing and implementing communication on both these issues. The ready reckoner provides a quick reference to the Guidance Handbook.
* Health Management Information System (HMIS) is an initiative by the MoHFW, GoI under the National Health Mission to provide comprehensive information on all indicators for health services being offered primarily in the public sector. HMIS has provisions for real-time facility based reporting. This portal is dynamic and is updated daily. It provides reports on health service delivery by indicator and state. Abortion service delivery is also recorded in the HMIS system. Recent reports show that reporting on abortion service delivery is highly under-reported. It captures abortion indicators such as abortion up to 12 weeks of pregnancy, abortion more than 12 weeks of pregnancy, number of women treated for post abortion complications, and number of women provided with post abortion contraception.
* National mass media campaign: The first ever national mass media campaign on making abortion safer was launched by the MoHFW, GoI in 2014. IDF worked in close collaboration with the MoHFW to develop this mass media campaign. The campaign focuses on normalizing abortion, with the key message safety in early abortion.

=== Medical Methods of Abortion (MMA) ===

MMA is a method of termination of pregnancy using a combination of drugs. These drugs have been approved for use in India by the [[Drug Controller General of India]]. MMA has been globally recognized as a method of choice for women seeking CAC services. World over, women prefer to adopt MMA while seeking safe abortion services given the confidentiality and safety it offers to them. However, the unavailability of drugs has hindered access to safe abortions across India. Foundation for Reproductive Health Services India (FRHS India) published a research report on the Availability of Medical Abortion Drugs in the Markets of Six Indian States, 2020. This report indicated that about 56% chemists reported regulatory barriers to stocking and sale of these drugs.<ref name="Auto0A-16">{{Cite web|title=Availability of Medical Abortion Drugs in the Markets of Six Indian States|url=https://pratigyacampaign.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/frhs-india-report-on-availability-of-medical-abortion-drugs-in-the-markets-of-six-indian-states-document.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817042945/https://pratigyacampaign.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/frhs-india-report-on-availability-of-medical-abortion-drugs-in-the-markets-of-six-indian-states-document.pdf |archive-date=17 August 2020 }}</ref>

Moreover, the conflation in the MTP Act and the DCGI approval for usage of MA drugs only exacerbates the problem further. The MTP Rules allow an approved provider to prescribe MA drugs at his/her clinic (explanation to section 5 of the MTP Rules 2003). Whereas, labelling guidelines issued by the Central Drugs Standards Control Organisation (CDSCO, DTAB-DCC Division) dated 9 August 2019 says "Warning: Product to be used only under the supervision of a service provider and in a medical facility as specified under the MTP Act 2002 and MTP Rules 2003". The MTP Rules 2003 does not state that the product should be used only in a medical facility. The Comprehensive Abortion Care: Training and Service Delivery Guidelines 2018, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India states that MA drugs can be used by a client at home at the discretion of the provider. However, this labelling guidance is being interpreted to say that MA drugs cannot be sold in retail. The CDSCO guidance contravenes the MTP Rules, which allows prescription of MA drugs.

==== Technical Material on MMA ====
* '''MMA Training Package:''' The MMA training package was issued by the MoHFW in 2016. The package was developed to make abortion services and care through MMA in the public sector accessible for women who need it. The training package includes a handbook on medical methods of abortion, a ready reckoner on MMA for the provider, MMA follow-up card and an e-module on MMA.
* '''Handbook on Medical Methods of Abortion:''' The Handbook was developed by the Maternal Health division of the MoHFW in 2016 to provide detailed technical information to CAC trained Gynecologists and Medical officers on providing MMA services to women at their facilities. The handbook provides detailed information on drugs; counselling; documentation formats; contraception; and treatment of side effects and potential complications.
* '''E-module on Medical Methods of Abortion:''' The e- module was developed by the MoHFW, GoI as an online MMA-specific refresher course for CAC- trained providers and gynecologists for improving their skills and knowledge to improve quality of CAC services for women.
* '''Medical Methods of Abortion (MMA) Ready Reckoner for the Provider''': The ready reckoner acts as a quick reference tool for drug dosage and schedule, the must do's for each day of visit and important instructions for the women on every visit.
* '''MMA follow-up card:''' The card is provided to women undergoing abortion to help them keep track of the MMA process and identify symptoms of post abortion complications (if any) during the 15 days of MMA process.

==== Community Mobilization for RMNCHA activities ====
Community health workers bridge the gap between community and the health system. ASHA's play a significant role in provision of information about health services, establishing linkage between and health facilities, providing community level health care and as an activist, building people's understanding of health rights and enables them to access their entitlements at the public health facilities to women on a range of issues including CAC. The National Health Systems Resource Centre (NHSRC) has worked closely with the MoHFW to develop training packages for Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA) to enable them to provide the required information to women at the community level and facilitate linkages with the facilities. ASHA training modules developed by MoHFW and NHSRC are a key component under the National Health Mission to provide ASHAs with information on relevant topics. Information on CAC and related topics is available in three of seven modules:
* ASHA training module II details on the legality of abortion in India under MTP Act 1971. It lays downs the roles and responsibilities of ASHAs for creating awareness and ensuring access to CAC services for women. The module also elaborates on surgical and medical abortion, post-abortion care and post-abortion contraception.
* ASHA training module III details on the relevance of [[family planning]] methods and the different methods of family planning. The module emphasizes the need to counsel women to adopt family planning methods to prevent unwanted pregnancies.
* ASHA training module VII details the need for safe abortion services and the critical role of ASHAs in assisting women access these services. The module aims to train AHSAs to counsel women on the different methods of abortion, risks associated with unsafe abortion, identifying symptoms of post abortion complications, advising on appropriate referrals and counselling women on post abortion contraception.

==== Communication on CAC ====
CAC service is an integral component of the maternal health programme under NHM. However, awareness among men and women about legality as well as availability of abortion services is very low. IDF too has conducted studies to understand the awareness about abortion legality among men and women and found that awareness and legality was low.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ipasdevelopmentfoundation.org/publications/an-exploration-of-the-socio-economic-profile-of-women-and-costs-of-receiving-abortion-services-at-public-health-facilities-of-madhya-pradesh-india.html|title=An exploration of the socio-economic profile of women and costs of receiving abortion services at public health facilities of Madhya Pradesh, India|website=ipasdevelopmentfoundation.org|access-date=25 June 2018|archive-date=25 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625114922/https://www.ipasdevelopmentfoundation.org/publications/an-exploration-of-the-socio-economic-profile-of-women-and-costs-of-receiving-abortion-services-at-public-health-facilities-of-madhya-pradesh-india.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ipasdevelopmentfoundation.org/publications/evaluating-the-relative-effectiveness-of-high-intensity-and-low-intensity-models-of-behaviour-change-communication-interventions-for-abortion-care-seeking-in-bihar-and-jharkhand-india-a-cross-sectiona.html|title=Evaluating the relative effectiveness of high-intensity and low-intensity models of behaviour change communication interventions for abortion care-seeking in Bihar and Jharkhand, India: a cross-sectional study|website=ipasdevelopmentfoundation.org|access-date=25 June 2018|archive-date=25 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625112040/https://www.ipasdevelopmentfoundation.org/publications/evaluating-the-relative-effectiveness-of-high-intensity-and-low-intensity-models-of-behaviour-change-communication-interventions-for-abortion-care-seeking-in-bihar-and-jharkhand-india-a-cross-sectiona.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Even though some of the people are aware of their legal rights regarding abortion, they are unaware of where they can access abortion services. This non-accessibility of abortion services is primarily on moral and political grounds. Also, women are not readily supplied with information about abortion services, nor about the option of abortion unless in emergency circumstances or cases where the baby is unhealthy.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=14 October 2018|title=Why Is Unsafe Abortion Still A Reality For Millions of Women in India? ||url=https://feminisminindia.com/2018/10/15/unsafe-abortion-india/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513015003/https://feminisminindia.com/2018/10/15/unsafe-abortion-india/ |archive-date=13 May 2019 |website=Feminism in India}}</ref>

== Statistics ==
Globally, 56 million abortions take place every year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs388/en/|title=Preventing unsafe abortion|website=World Health Organization|language=en-US|access-date=2 July 2018|archive-date=29 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171129043924/http://who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs388/en/|url-status=live}}</ref> In South and Central Asia, an estimated 16 million abortions took place between 2010 and 2014, and 13 million abortions occurred in Eastern Asia alone.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.guttmacher.org/fact-sheet/facts-abortion-asia|title=Abortion in Asia|date=10 May 2016|publisher=Guttmacher Institute|access-date=2 July 2018|language=en|archive-date=1 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301061636/https://www.guttmacher.org/fact-sheet/facts-abortion-asia|url-status=live}}</ref>

There is significant variance in the estimates for the number of abortions reported and the total number of estimated abortions taking place in India. According to HMIS reports, the total number of spontaneous/induced abortions that took place in India in 2016–17 was 970,436, in 2015–16 was 901,781, in 2014–15 was 901,839, and in 2013–14 was 790,587.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nrhm-mis.nic.in/hmisreports/frmstandard_reports.aspx|title=HMIS Report|website=National Health Mission|access-date=2 July 2018|archive-date=2 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702175725/https://nrhm-mis.nic.in/hmisreports/frmstandard_reports.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> It is reported that ten women die every day in India due to unsafe abortions.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/health-and-wellbeing/240117/unsafe-abortions-kill-10-women-daily-in-india-experts.html|title=Unsafe Abortions Kill 10 Women Daily in India|work=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=2 July 2018|archive-date=2 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702181107/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/health-and-wellbeing/240117/unsafe-abortions-kill-10-women-daily-in-india-experts.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Guttmacher Institute]], New York, [[International Institute for Population Sciences]] (IIPS), Mumbai and [[Population Council]], New Delhi conducted the first study in India to estimate the incidence of abortion. The results from this study were published in Lancet Global Health journal in December 2017 in the form of a paper titled "The incidence of abortion and unintended pregnancy in India, 2015".<ref name=Singh18/>> This study estimates that 15.6 million abortions took place in India in 2015.<ref name=Singh18 /> 3.4 million (22%) of these took place in health facilities, 11.5 million (73%) were done through medical methods outside facilities, and 5% are expected to have been done through other methods. The study further found the abortion rate at 47 abortions per 1000 women aged 15–49 years. The study highlights the need for strengthening public health system to provide abortion service delivery. This would include ensuring availability of trained providers, including non-allopathic providers by amending the MTP Act and expanding the provider base as well as streamlining availability of drugs and supplies. Another strategy is to streamline the process of approving private-sector facilities to provide CAC services and strengthening counseling and post-abortion contraception services in efforts to strengthen quality of care for women seeking CAC services.

Prior to this study, the last available estimate for incidence of abortion at 6.4 million abortions per year in India was from the 'Abortion Assessment Project — India'.<ref>{{Cite journal|first1=Ravi|last1=Duggal|first2=Vimala|last2=Ramachandran|title=The Abortion Assessment Project—India: Key Findings and Recommendations|journal=Reproductive Health Matters|volume=12|issue=24 Suppl|pages=122–129|doi=10.1016/S0968-8080(04)24009-5|pmid=15938165|year=2004|s2cid=7911826|doi-access=free}}</ref> This was a multicentre study of 380 abortion facilities (of which 285 were private) carried out across six States. The study found that "on average there were four formal abortion facilities (medically qualified though not necessarily certified to carry out abortions) per 100,000 population in India and an average of 1.2 providers per facility". Out of the total formal abortion providers, 55% were gynecologists and 64% of the facilities had at least one female provider. The study further found that only 31% of the reasons for seeking abortion by women were within grounds permitted under the MTP Act, the other reasons being unwanted pregnancy, economic reasons and unwanted sex of the foetus.

== Methods of abortion ==

=== Manual vacuum aspiration ===

Manual [[vacuum aspiration]] (MVA) is a "safe and effective method of abortion that involves evacuation of the uterine contents by the use of a hand-held plastic aspirator",<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ipas.org/en/What-We-Do/Comprehensive-Abortion-Care/Manual-Vacuum-Aspiration--MVA-.aspx|title=Ipas {{!}} Manual Vacuum Aspiration (MVA)|website=www.ipas.org|language=en|access-date=2 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702175732/http://www.ipas.org/en/What-We-Do/Comprehensive-Abortion-Care/Manual-Vacuum-Aspiration--MVA-.aspx|archive-date=2 July 2018}}</ref> which is "associated with less blood loss, shorter hospital stays and a reduced need for anesthetic drugs". This method of abortion is recommended by the WHO for early termination of pregnancy.

=== Electric vacuum aspiration ===

Electric vacuum aspiration (EVA) is similar to the MVA insofar as it involves a suction method, but the former uses an electric pump to create suction, instead of the hand-operated pump in MVA.

=== Medical abortion ===

[[Medical abortion]] is the termination of pregnancy by drugs. It is a "non-invasive method of ending an unwanted pregnancy that women can use in a range of settings, and often in their own homes". The two drugs approved for use in India are [[mifepristone]] and [[misoprostol]].
* Mifepristone (RU 486): Progesterone is a hormone required for the growth of the foetus. This drug has anti-progesterone action so it stops the growth of the fetus. The process of medical abortion is started with this drug.
* Misoprostol: This drug is used to induce softening of the cervix so that it is dilated easily. It also produces uterine contractions. Due to cervical softening and contraction of the uterine muscles, it helps to expel the contents from the uterus.

In India, use of these drugs (mifepristone and misoprostol) for termination of pregnancy is approved up to nine weeks. This method can increase access to safe abortion services for women since it allows providers to offer CAC services where MVA or other abortion methods are not feasible.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Banerjee|first1=Sushanta K.|last2=Kumar|first2=Rakesh|last3=Warvadekar|first3=Janardan|last4=Manning|first4=Vinoj|last5=Andersen|first5=Kathryn Louise|date=21 March 2017|title=An exploration of the socio-economic profile of women and costs of receiving abortion services at public health facilities of Madhya Pradesh, India|journal=BMC Health Services Research|language=En|volume=17|issue=1|page=223|doi=10.1186/s12913-017-2159-6|issn=1472-6963|pmc=5360007|pmid=28320385 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== Dilation and curettage ===

The only abortion technique available when abortion was decriminalized in India in 1971 was the [[dilation and curettage]] (D&C) method. This dated method is an invasive medical procedure which requires "the use of anesthesia for removing products of conception using a metal curette",<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/opinion/op-ed/160417/discourse-returning-women-their-body.html|title=Discourse: Returning Women Their Body|last=Manning|first=Vinoj|work=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=2 July 2018|archive-date=2 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702182019/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/opinion/op-ed/160417/discourse-returning-women-their-body.html|url-status=live}}</ref> often running the risk of hemorrhage or uterine infections. [[World Health Organization|WHO]] and FIGO issued a joint recommendation which stated that properly equipped hospitals should abandon curettage<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nhm.gov.in/images/pdf/programmes/maternal-health/guidelines/abortion_care_training.pdf|title=Comprehensive Abortion Care: Training & Service Delivery Guidelines|website=National Health Mission|access-date=2 July 2018|archive-date=4 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704153438/http://nhm.gov.in/images/pdf/programmes/maternal-health/guidelines/abortion_care_training.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> and adopt manual/electric aspiration methods.

== Miscarriage leave ==
India was the first country to legalize miscarriage leave.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Rob|last=Picheta|title=New Zealand approves paid leave after miscarriage|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/03/25/asia/new-zealand-bereavement-leave-miscarriage-scli-intl/index.html|access-date=2021-03-31|website=CNN|date=25 March 2021|archive-date=27 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210327160925/https://www.cnn.com/2021/03/25/asia/new-zealand-bereavement-leave-miscarriage-scli-intl/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=New Zealand becomes second country to give women bereavement leaves after miscarriage|url=https://www.wionews.com/world/new-zealand-becomes-second-country-to-give-women-bereavement-leaves-after-miscarriage-373854|access-date=2021-03-31|website=WION|date=28 March 2021 |language=en|archive-date=31 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331045400/https://www.wionews.com/world/new-zealand-becomes-second-country-to-give-women-bereavement-leaves-after-miscarriage-373854|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Maternity Benefit Act 1961 states that in case of miscarriage, a woman will be entitled to paid leave for six weeks immediately following the day of her miscarriage. Women are required to submit proof for miscarriage and willful termination of pregnancy (abortion) is excluded.

Additionally, women with illness arising out of miscarriage shall, on production are also entitled to paid leave of up to one month on submission of relevant medical proofs.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Borate|first=Neil|date=2019-05-12|title=The benefits women are entitled to and the rights they can claim under maternity|url=https://www.livemint.com/money/personal-finance/the-benefits-women-are-entitled-to-and-the-rights-they-can-claim-under-maternity-1557655754106.html|access-date=2021-03-31|website=mint|language=en|archive-date=26 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326200230/https://www.livemint.com/money/personal-finance/the-benefits-women-are-entitled-to-and-the-rights-they-can-claim-under-maternity-1557655754106.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Maternity Leave & Paternity Leave Benefits in India|url=https://www.helplinelaw.com/family-law/MPBI1/maternity-leave-and-paternity-leave-benefits-in-india.html|access-date=2021-03-31|website=www.helplinelaw.com|language=English|archive-date=27 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210327024038/https://www.helplinelaw.com/family-law/MPBI1/maternity-leave-and-paternity-leave-benefits-in-india.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Reasons for unsafe abortions ==
Almost 56% of abortions in India are under the category of unsafe.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/56-abortions-in-india-unsafe-despite-being-legal-kill-10-women-every-day-117112200168_1.html|title=56% abortions in India unsafe despite being legal; kill 10 women every day|first=Shaifali|last=Agrawal|date=22 November 2017|work=Business Standard|access-date=27 January 2020|archive-date=11 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811235709/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/56-abortions-in-india-unsafe-despite-being-legal-kill-10-women-every-day-117112200168_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Unsafe abortions is a common recourse for most women in the country, including in the rural pockets, due to various social, economic and logistical barriers. Stigma is another dimension that prevents women from seeking abortions from approved facilities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/perspectives/right-to-privacy-judgement-abortion|title=What the right-to-privacy judgment means for India's abortion law|last=Siddiqui|first=Zeba|date=1 January 2018|website=[[The Caravan]]|language=en|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|access-date=7 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104192140/http://www.caravanmagazine.in/perspectives/right-to-privacy-judgement-abortion |archive-date=4 January 2018 }}</ref>

Despite India's extensive efforts to improve maternal and reproductive health, wide geographical disparities exist between its urban and rural population. Interventions at various socio-ecologic and cultural levels, along with improved health literacy, access to improved health care and sanitation need attention when formulating and implementing policies and programs for equitable progress towards improved maternal and reproductive health.

Unsafe abortion, the third leading cause of maternal deaths in the country, contributes eight per cent of all such deaths annually with 13 women dying each day.<ref>{{Cite web|date=July 26, 2018|first=Aarzoo|last=Snigdha|title=13 women die in India every day due to unsafe abortions|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/13-women-die-in-india-every-day-due-to-unsafe-abortions-1296850-2018-07-26|access-date=2021-08-12|website=India Today|language=en|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812113849/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/13-women-die-in-india-every-day-due-to-unsafe-abortions-1296850-2018-07-26|url-status=live}}</ref> Several factors contribute to women opting for abortion outside the accredited abortion centers including:
* Woman denied services as she is unable fulfil the requirement as per the MTP act, thus resorting to unsafe means
* Shortage of providers/absence of competent health professionals and poor perceived quality of care in government facilities in rural areas, is another major reason, as many rural and poor areas lack registered medical providers, supplies and infrastructure
* High abortion cost at hospitals in the cities. Private sector charges are huge and unaffordable for the poor
* Reluctance to obtain services from known neighborhood clinics due to lack of confidentiality
* Lack of awareness about the need to seek abortion early in pregnancy
* Providers denying services because of biases or misinformation around how laws governing sex selection, child sexual abuse and abortion intersect

== Profile of women seeking abortion ==
A client profile study<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Banerjee|first1=Sushanta K.|last2=Kumar|first2=Rakesh|last3=Warvadekar|first3=Janardan|last4=Manning|first4=Vinoj|last5=Andersen|first5=Kathryn Louise|date=21 March 2017|title=An exploration of the socio-economic profile of women and costs of receiving abortion services at public health facilities of Madhya Pradesh, India|journal=BMC Health Services Research|language=En|volume=17|issue=1|page=223|doi=10.1186/s12913-017-2159-6|issn=1472-6963|pmc=5360007|pmid=28320385 |doi-access=free }}</ref> focusing on the socio-economic profiles of women seeking abortion services, and costs of receiving abortion services at public health facilities in Madhya Pradesh, India, revealed that "57% of women of who received abortions at public health facilities were poor, followed by 21% moderate and 22% rich. More poor women sought care at primary health level facilities (58%) than secondary level facilities, and among women presenting for post-abortion complications (67%) than induced abortion." Further, the study found that women admitted to spending no money to access abortion services as they are free at public facilities. Poor women, it was reported, "spend INR 64 (USD 1) while visiting primary level facilities and INR 256 (USD 4) while visiting urban hospitals, primarily for transportation and food". The study concluded that the "improved availability of safe abortion services at the primary level in Madhya Pradesh has helped meeting the need of safe abortion services among poor, which eventually will help reducing the maternal mortality and morbidity due to unsafe abortion".

== Safe abortion and POCSO Act ==
The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act defines a child as any person below eighteen years of age, and defines different forms of sexual abuse, including penetrative and non-penetrative assault, as well as sexual harassment and pornography. The said Act prescribes stringent punishment graded as per the gravity of the offence, with a maximum term of rigorous imprisonment for life, and fine.

Although the Act safeguards the life and rights of children, it fails to differentiate between 'consensual sex' and offence and also does not address the grey area of 'early marriage'. Any sexual activity with persons below the set age i.e. 18 years is deemed as statutory rape. As the act fails to differentiate between offense and consent, it poses a huge barrier to access to sexual and reproductive health services for adolescents.

Moreover, the Act has the requirement of mandatory reporting and failing to do so can lead to penalty with imprisonment or a fine. This requirement impacts adolescents' sexual and reproductive health (SRH), as it results in denial of variety of SRH services such as contraception, medical help for sexually transmitted infections, etc. Health professionals are playing safe not to get entangled in legal proceedings thereby impacting SRH services.

The mandatory reporting also hinders access to safe abortion services for adolescents. The conflation between POCSO and MTP Acts result in denial of services for consensual as well as sexual assault of minors. Earlier the MTP Act required the consent of a guardian for a minor and that still remains, but due to POCSO Act, the mandatory reporting complicates the issue, and providers are wary of delivering safe abortion services to minors, even in case of assault, ensuing many to seek unsafe abortions to avoid legal hassles; and to further complicate parents exploiting this to harass children or their partners with imprisonment of 7 to 10 years.

== Safe abortion and gender-biased sex selection ==
Gender-biased sex selection and safe abortion are mutually exclusive issues within the purview of Indian law. While the MTP Act provides a framework for provision of abortion services, the PC&PNDT Act regulates the misuse of diagnostic techniques for determination of sex of the foetus. Both the laws have a very clearly defined purpose, however, there is still conflation in the implementation of the two laws. Due to the stringent implementation of the PC&PNDT Act, many doctors are afraid or are reluctant to provide MTP services due to the possibility of undergoing inspection and facing legal issues, thus creating great hindrance for accessing safe abortion services.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What does Indian law say about abortion? In conversation with Anubha Rastogi — Hidden Pockets|date=3 July 2017|url=https://www.hidden-pockets.com/abortion-and-indian-law-anubha-rastogi/|access-date=2021-08-12|language=en-US|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812112335/https://www.hidden-pockets.com/abortion-and-indian-law-anubha-rastogi/|url-status=live}}</ref>

By conflating the two, confusion is being created in the minds of the public against a basic right of women. Even government posters for "awareness generation" of the public with respect to sex determination have been found to use the terminology of "bhroon hatya" or "foeticide" rather than "abortion" — a term that indicates a homicidal criminal activity of taking "a life". These incorrect messaging and unawareness has serious implications on access to safe abortion services for women.

For addressing this issue a group of organizations and individuals working on the issue came together to launch Pratigya Campaign for Gender Equality and Safe Abortion in 2013. The campaign provides a platform to address the issue of sex selection while protecting women's right to safe, legal abortion services in India. The campaign also created an information kit for the media on the subject.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Resources for the Media |url=https://pratigyacampaign.org/press-kits/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520035408/https://pratigyacampaign.org/press-kits/|archive-date=20 May 2020|access-date=2 July 2018|website=Pratigya Campaign for Gender Equality and Safe Abortion|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on access to safe abortion services ==
The nationwide lockdown imposed from 25 March onwards in an effort to combat the COVID-19 pandemic, adversely impacted contraceptive and safe abortion access. [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]], Government of India suspended essential contraception services a week before the lockdown and issued a guidance advising that sterilizations and intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUCD) services should not be resumed until further notice. As a fallout of lockdown due to COVID-19, over 20 million couples in the country were deprived from availing contraceptives and terminating unintended pregnancies.

According to a report by IDF,<ref>{{harvnb|IDF Covid|2020}}</ref> around 1.85 million abortions, i.e. 50 percent of the number of abortions that would have taken place in this period normally, may have been compromised as a result of restriction on travel due to the lockdown from March to June in 2020. This would have resulted in a large number of unwanted pregnancies being seen through, as well as unsafe abortions that can result in maternal deaths. A report by FRHS India<ref>{{harvnb|FRHS COVID|2020}}</ref> estimates that the pandemic situation could lead to an additional 834,042 unsafe abortions and 1,743 maternal deaths in India.

With limited mobility, increased reports of intimate partner violence, changes in living patterns of migrants, delays in accessing contraception and safe abortions, and potential changes to decisions about parenting, there is an increased need for safe abortion services in India due to the pandemic. Expanding telehealth to include information, support, and services around medical abortion can be a safe and revolutionary way to expand access to safe, legal abortion. Although according to WHO guidance, abortions in the first trimester can be safely self-managed as long as there is access to information and support, and to a facility in case of complications,40 in Indian law, abortions outside of health facilities without prescription from an RMP are currently illegal.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last1=Chandrasekaran|first1=Sruthi|last2=Chandrashekar|first2=V. S.|last3=Dalvie|first3=Suchitra|last4=Sinha|first4=Anand|date=2022-01-10|title=The case for the use of telehealth for abortion in India|journal=Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters|volume=29|issue=2|article-number=1920566|doi=10.1080/26410397.2021.1920566|pmc=8183532|pmid=34078249}}</ref>

Offering abortion through telehealth can provide clients a legal, safe, and supported experience: expanding the use of telemedicine for abortion can provide legal protection to those self-managing without a prescription, without having to meet physically with an RMP. Given the need for medical abortion in India and the already existing self-use in large numbers, the openness of clients and providers alike to use technology for health, and the established safety of abortion via telemedicine from global models, it is clear that there is appetite for abortion provision using telemedicine. Public sector provision of abortion has several challenges — lack of trained staff, equipment and supplies, and nonjudgmental care up to the legally permitted extent, to name a few.38 Telemedicine for abortion can not only help address gaps in the public sector provision of safe abortion but can also serve as a viable choice even when quality services are available since it would reduce the burden on the health infrastructure by reducing in-person visits and enhancing privacy and confidentiality needs of clients. By expanding telemedicine to include medical abortion, India can forge the way ahead for safe abortion access not just during the pandemic, but also creating an opportunity for long-lasting impact.

== Recent court cases for late-term termination of pregnancy ==
The MTP Act allows for termination of pregnancy up to 20 weeks of pregnancy. In case termination of pregnancy is immediately necessary to save the life of the woman, this limit does not apply (Section 5 of the MTP Act). There are however cases of diagnosed foetal abnormalities and cases of women who are survivors of sexual abuse who have reached out to the Court with requests for termination of pregnancy beyond 20 weeks. A report by the [[Center for Reproductive Rights]] analyzed some of these cases that have come to court in a comprehensive report.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Safe & Legal Abortion in India up to 24 Weeks |url=https://drrupaliabortioncentre.com/international/safe-legal-abortion-in-india-up-to-24-weeks/ |access-date=2025-06-04 |website=Best Abortion Centre in South Delhi {{!}} Abortion in India |language=en-US}}</ref>

Another report by Pratigya Campaign assesses the role of judiciary in access to safe abortion. The report<ref>{{Cite web|title=Assessing the Role of Judiciary in access to Safe Abortion II|url=https://pratigyacampaign.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/assessing-the-role-of-judiciary-in-access-to-safe-abortion-II.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021223225/https://pratigyacampaign.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/assessing-the-role-of-judiciary-in-access-to-safe-abortion-II.pdf |archive-date=21 October 2020 }}</ref> highlights the growing increase in the number of cases reaching courts for permission. While a number of orders permitting termination are based on the opinion of the medical board and the jurisprudence already laid down in previous cases, there have been some groundbreaking judgments in the past years also, which have been highlighted. This lays emphasis on the necessity for the law to keep up with the changing times. It is imperative that access to abortion becomes a legal right for pregnant women at least in the first trimester. It is necessary that the opinion of the doctor, that the woman is consulting should be considered as primary and the only one required. The setting up of medical boards which has been done by the Courts while dealing with cases of this nature has only created further obstacles for women in accessing safe and legal abortion.

Media has covered many of these cases actively. Listed below are some of the significant cases with requests for late term termination that have come to the court for permission.
* In December 2017, a 13-year-old rape survivor's father approached the Bombay High Court seeking permission for the termination of 26-week foetus. The girl was repeatedly raped by her cousin. Considering the report of the medical board which claimed that there was greater risk to the pregnant girl's life if continued, the Court held that the girl was physically incapable to deliver a child, and granted permission for termination.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/mumbai-news/high-court-allows-13-year-old-rape-victim-to-abort-26-week-old-foetus-1784118|title=High Court Allows 13-Year-Old Rape Victim To Abort 26-Week Old Foetus|work=NDTV.com|access-date=2 July 2018|archive-date=2 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702175731/https://www.ndtv.com/mumbai-news/high-court-allows-13-year-old-rape-victim-to-abort-26-week-old-foetus-1784118|url-status=live}}</ref>
* A 15-year-old girl who had eloped to marry, sought permission from the Delhi High Court to abort her 25-week pregnancy. The medical board assigned to examine her case, however, reported that termination would pose serious risks to the lives of both the foetus and the mother. Subsequently, the High Court denied the girl permission to undergo an abortion.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.asianage.com/india/all-india/221217/delhi-hc-refuses-abortion-nod-to-15-yr-old-rape-victim.html|title=Delhi HC refuses abortion nod to 15-yr-old rape victim|date=22 December 2017|work=The Asian Age|access-date=2 July 2018|archive-date=2 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702175701/http://www.asianage.com/india/all-india/221217/delhi-hc-refuses-abortion-nod-to-15-yr-old-rape-victim.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* A woman from Thane approached the Bombay High Court in December 2017, seeking permission to terminate her 22-week-old foetus that was diagnosed with various infirmities. The report of the medical committee ascertained that the child, if born, may have an intellectual disability, while admitting that terminating the pregnancy at this stage would be risky. After the petitioner expressed her willingness to take the risk, the Court permitted her to undergo abortion.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.asianage.com/metros/mumbai/201217/high-court-allows-thane-woman-to-abort-22-week-foetus.html|title=Bombay High Court allows Thane woman to abort 22-week foetus|date=20 December 2017|work=The Asian Age|access-date=2 July 2018|archive-date=2 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702150758/http://www.asianage.com/metros/mumbai/201217/high-court-allows-thane-woman-to-abort-22-week-foetus.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* After the foetus of a 24-year-old woman from Pune was diagnosed with a cardiac anomaly, she approached the Bombay High Court seeking permission to abort her 24-week foetus. The medical board asked to examine the woman advised abortion while reporting that the child, if born, may have to undergo multiple surgeries. The Court consequently, granted permission for the abortion.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/hc-lets-woman-abort-24-week-foetus-with-heart-condition/articleshow/62186619.cms|title=HC lets woman abort 24-week foetus with heart condition|work=The Times of India|access-date=2 July 2018|archive-date=25 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725100325/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/hc-lets-woman-abort-24-week-foetus-with-heart-condition/articleshow/62186619.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
* In November 2017, a woman approached the Bombay High Court for permission to terminate her pregnancy in 26th week of gestation on grounds of skeletal and neurological abnormalities. Further to the opinion of the medical board constituted by the court, she was granted permission to terminate her pregnancy due to fetal abnormalities incompatible with life.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.livelaw.in/bombay-hc-allows-termination-26-week-old-foetus-read-order/|title=Bombay HC Allows Termination of 26-Week-Old Foetus [Read Order] |date=7 November 2017|work=Live Law|access-date=2 July 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=2 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702150800/http://www.livelaw.in/bombay-hc-allows-termination-26-week-old-foetus-read-order/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Foetuses of two women, in their 29th and 30th week of pregnancy were both diagnosed with Arnold Chiari Type II syndrome. Based on the report of JJ Hospital in Mumbai, the Supreme Court in October 2017 held that both foetuses were identical and that the continuation of pregnancy would harm both, thereby permitting the termination of pregnancy for both women.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sc-allows-women-to-abort-foetus-with-arnold-chiari-syndrome/story-jtZW46Rl4jBc9V0gqMjVNL.html|title=SC allows women to abort foetus with Arnold Chiari syndrome|date=9 October 2017|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=2 July 2018|language=en|archive-date=2 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702204640/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sc-allows-women-to-abort-foetus-with-arnold-chiari-syndrome/story-jtZW46Rl4jBc9V0gqMjVNL.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* In October 2017, a 16-year-old rape survivor's father approached the Bombay High Court, seeking permission for the termination of his daughter's pregnancy in 27th week of gestation. The High Court denied the request. The decision was made following a report presented by a panel of doctors who examined her, which suggested that an abortion at this stage would pose potential risks to her health.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/mumbai-news/bombay-high-court-denies-permission-to-16-year-old-rape-survivor-to-undergo-abortion-1762674|title=Bombay High Court Denies Permission To 16-Year-Old Rape Survivor To Undergo Abortion|work=NDTV.com|access-date=2 July 2018|archive-date=2 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702175729/https://www.ndtv.com/mumbai-news/bombay-high-court-denies-permission-to-16-year-old-rape-survivor-to-undergo-abortion-1762674|url-status=live}}</ref>
* In another incident in October 2017, a minor rape victim in her 23rd week of pregnancy had approached the Jharkhand High Court for permission to abort her foetus. While the medical board set up to examine the matter observed that it would be dangerous to abort at this stage, the board took it up as a challenge. The Court permitted the termination of pregnancy, and directed the government to make arrangements for the stay of the victim's parents.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/jharkhand-hc-allows-abortion-in-23rd-week-for-minor-rape-victim-foetus-dna-to-be-used-as-evidence-4146403.html|title=Jharkhand HC allows abortion in 23rd week for minor rape victim; foetus' DNA to be used as evidence — Firstpost|website=firstpost.com|date=16 October 2017|access-date=2 July 2018|archive-date=2 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702180143/https://www.firstpost.com/india/jharkhand-hc-allows-abortion-in-23rd-week-for-minor-rape-victim-foetus-dna-to-be-used-as-evidence-4146403.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* In October 2017, a 16-year-old's father had approached the Punjab and Haryana High Court to seek permission for the termination of her 26-week pregnancy that resulted from rape. The Court, following the report of the medical board that stated the abortion can be undertaken with the understanding that it involves risks, allowed the abortion and directed the board to carry out the necessary procedures.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/punjab-haryana-high-court-allows-minor-rape-survivor-to-terminate-pregnancy-4896356/|title=Punjab & Haryana High Court allows minor rape survivor to terminate pregnancy at 26 weeks|date=18 October 2017|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2 July 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=2 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702204644/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/punjab-haryana-high-court-allows-minor-rape-survivor-to-terminate-pregnancy-4896356/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* The mother of a 19-year-old girl with mild to moderate intellectual disability had approached the High Court of Himachal Pradesh in October 2017 for permission to terminate the girl's 32-week pregnancy. The medical board constituted by the High Court observed that if the pregnancy were continued, the foetus would have severe cognitive and motor impairments even after surgery. The Court therefore granted permission for the termination of the pregnancy.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.livelaw.in/himachal-pradesh-hc-allows-abortion-32-week-old-foetus-19-yr-old-girl-read-judgment/|title=Himachal Pradesh HC Allows Abortion of 32-Week-Old Foetus of 19-Yr-Old Girl [Read Judgment] |date=20 October 2017|work=Live Law|access-date=2 July 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=2 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702150804/http://www.livelaw.in/himachal-pradesh-hc-allows-abortion-32-week-old-foetus-19-yr-old-girl-read-judgment/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* In September 2017, the mother of a 13-year-old rape survivor moved the apex court for permission to terminate her 32-week pregnancy. The Supreme Court permitted the abortion citing that it was a result of sexual abuse and the victim did not want to carry on with it, despite opposition from the Centre that argued that the pregnancy was too advanced.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.livelaw.in/sc-permits-13-yr-old-rape-victim-abort-32-week-old-foetus-oldest-far/|title=SC Permits 13-Yr-Old Rape Victim To Abort 32-Week-Old Foetus, The Oldest So Far [Read Order] |date=6 September 2017|work=Live Law|access-date=2 July 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=2 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702175643/http://www.livelaw.in/sc-permits-13-yr-old-rape-victim-abort-32-week-old-foetus-oldest-far/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* In September 2017, a woman in her 31st week of pregnancy sought permission to terminate her pregnancy as both kidneys of the foetus were found to be not functioning. Noting that the continuation of pregnancy will cause more mental anguish to her, the Supreme Court granted her permission.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/india/sc-allows-woman-to-abort-31-week-foetus-having-kidney-problems-2048475.html|title=SC allows woman to abort 31-week foetus having kidney problems|date=7 October 2017|work=Zee News|access-date=2 July 2018|language=en|archive-date=2 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702150818/http://zeenews.india.com/india/sc-allows-woman-to-abort-31-week-foetus-having-kidney-problems-2048475.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* A 17-year rape victim approached the Karnataka High Court in September 2017 seeking permission to terminate her pregnancy that had exceeded 20 weeks, arguing that she will suffer mentally if she had to deliver her baby at such a young age. The Court, however, rejected the plea following the report of the medical board that suggested that termination of the pregnancy would not be good for the girl and the foetus.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/010917/karnataka-high-court-rejects-teen-rape-victims-plea-to-undergo-abortion.html|title=Karnataka High Court rejects teen rape victim's plea to undergo abortion|date=1 September 2017|work=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=2 July 2018|language=en|archive-date=2 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702181516/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/010917/karnataka-high-court-rejects-teen-rape-victims-plea-to-undergo-abortion.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* In August 2017, a 20-year-old woman from Pune approached the Supreme Court, seeking permission to abort her 24-week foetus that was diagnosed as having no skull. After the medical board reported that there was no treatment possible for the condition, the Supreme Court granted permission for the termination of the pregnancy.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/sc-allows-pune-woman-to-abort-24-week-foetus-with-no-skull-4821892/|title=Supreme Court allows Pune woman to abort foetus with no skull|date=31 August 2017|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2 July 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=2 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702180232/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/sc-allows-pune-woman-to-abort-24-week-foetus-with-no-skull-4821892/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* A 10-year-old girl in Chandigarh was found to be 26-weeks pregnant by local doctors, after which the District Court was approached to allow her to undergo an abortion. The girl, who was raped several times by her maternal uncle, was denied permission by the court in July 2017 to undergo abortion,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/court-turns-down-10-year-old-rape-survivors-plea-to-abort/articleshow/59657971.cms|title=Court turns down 10-year-old rape survivor's plea to abort|work=The Times of India|access-date=2 July 2018|archive-date=21 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721175021/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/court-turns-down-10-year-old-rape-survivors-plea-to-abort/articleshow/59657971.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> after it was later revealed in another examination that the foetus was 32-weeks old.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.livelaw.in/sc-rejects-plea-10-yr-old-rape-victims-plea-abort-orders-panels-states-examine-cases/|title=Breaking:SC Rejects Plea of 10 Yr Old Rape Victim's Plea To Abort, Orders Panels in States To Examine Such Cases |date=28 July 2017|work=Live Law|access-date=2 July 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=2 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702150829/http://www.livelaw.in/sc-rejects-plea-10-yr-old-rape-victims-plea-abort-orders-panels-states-examine-cases/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* In July 2017, the 24-week foetus of a 21-year-old woman from Mumbai was diagnosed with mental abnormalities. Following this, renowned gynaecologist Dr. Nikhil Datar helped the husband of the woman file a petition in the Supreme Court, to allow her to undergo an abortion. The Supreme Court granted the permission.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/mumbai-woman-can-abort-24-week-foetus-with-brain-abnormalities-as-sc-gives-nod/story-SVLtOAKoqfaXA2shcCCiFO.html|title=Mumbai woman can abort 24-week foetus with brain abnormalities as SC gives nod|date=28 July 2017|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=2 July 2018|language=en|archive-date=2 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702204803/https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/mumbai-woman-can-abort-24-week-foetus-with-brain-abnormalities-as-sc-gives-nod/story-SVLtOAKoqfaXA2shcCCiFO.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* In July 2017, a 19-year-old rape survivor approached the Gujarat High Court seeking permission to terminate her 26-week pregnancy. While the girl pled that she was "totally innocent and will have to face punishment for her entire life for the crime committed by someone else", the plea was rejected by the High Court which argued that "the risk from abortion was higher than delivery at term".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/high-court-denies-rape-survivor-permission-to-abort/articleshow/59552027.cms|title=High court denies rape survivor permission to abort|work=The Times of India|access-date=2 July 2018|archive-date=29 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829104816/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/high-court-denies-rape-survivor-permission-to-abort/articleshow/59552027.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
* In June 2017, a Kolkata-based woman filed a petition in the Supreme Court, challenging Section 3 of the MTP Act which denies permission to abort the foetus beyond 20 weeks of pregnancy. The woman discovered that her foetus had congenital defect when she was 23 weeks pregnant, and had crossed the 20-week benchmark within which it is legal to terminate a pregnancy.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/pregnant-woman-knocks-supreme-courts-door-to-abort-23-week-foetus/63935|title=Woman knocks Supreme Court's door to abort 23-week foetus|access-date=2 July 2018|language=en-GB|archive-date=2 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702204421/https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/pregnant-woman-knocks-supreme-courts-door-to-abort-23-week-foetus/63935|url-status=live}}</ref> The Supreme Court in response, appointed a medical board of seven senior doctors in Kolkata, directed it to examine her. The apex court called for a need to amend the MTP Act, to make it more "meaningful".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/supreme-court-favours-relaxing-abortion-deadline/articleshow/59294048.cms|title=Supreme court favours relaxing abortion deadline|work=The Times of India|access-date=2 July 2018|archive-date=16 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716024933/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/supreme-court-favours-relaxing-abortion-deadline/articleshow/59294048.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
* In May 2017, a medical board of eight doctors referred the case of a 10-year-old pregnant girl who was raped by her stepfather, to the city court in Haryana. The board was unsure of the gestation, and concluded that it could be between 18 and 22 weeks. The city court advised the board to choose one of two ways — either to go ahead with the abortion by considering it to be below 18 weeks, or "wait for the pregnancy to complete its full term if they feel the unborn child has surpassed the age cap". Following this, the board decided to go ahead with the abortion.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/doctors-to-abort-baby-of-10-year-old-rohtak-pregnant-rape-survivor/story-gyXB9ovHVLkz86NHiqgIMJ.html|title=Rohtak: Doctors to abort baby of 10-year-old who was raped by stepfather|date=16 May 2017|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=2 July 2018|language=en|archive-date=2 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702204758/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/doctors-to-abort-baby-of-10-year-old-rohtak-pregnant-rape-survivor/story-gyXB9ovHVLkz86NHiqgIMJ.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* In May 2017, a 16-year-old rape survivor and her father approached the Gujarat High Court seeking permission to abort her foetus that had grown beyond 20 weeks. The Court allowed the teen to undergo abortion, citing that the abortion was not likely to endanger the life of the girl based on the medical opinion of a doctor.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/hc-permits-abortion-for-teen-rape-survivor/articleshow/58504009.cms|title=Gujarat high court permits abortion for teen rape survivor|work=The Times of India|access-date=2 July 2018|archive-date=29 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829103309/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/hc-permits-abortion-for-teen-rape-survivor/articleshow/58504009.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
* In May 2017, an HIV-positive destitute rape victim approached the Patna High Court with a plea to terminate her pregnancy. After the High Court turned down the plea, saying that "it was a compelling responsibility of the state to keep the child alive", the Supreme Court was approached. The apex court then granted permission to abort the now 26-week-old foetus, directing an AIIMS medical board to examine her. It stated that "a woman, who has already become a destitute, being sexually assaulted and suffering from a serious ailment, should not go through further suffering. The quintessential purpose of life is the dignity of life and all efforts are to be made to sustain it."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sc-considers-abortion-plea-of-hiv-victim/article18379958.ece|title=SC considers abortion plea of HIV victim|date=4 May 2017|work=The Hindu|access-date=2 July 2018|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112000422/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sc-considers-abortion-plea-of-hiv-victim/article18379958.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
* In April 2017, the mother of a 16-year-old rape victim in Madhya Pradesh approached the Indore bench of the High Court seeking permission for the termination of her daughter's 33-week pregnancy. The plea was rejected by the bench, arguing that the "foetus was grown and an abortion was unjustified".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/indore/hc-rejects-plea-to-abort-33-week-old-fetus/articleshow/58386571.cms|title=High court rejects plea to abort 33-week-old fetus|work=The Times of India|access-date=2 July 2018|archive-date=1 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180901193226/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/indore/hc-rejects-plea-to-abort-33-week-old-fetus/articleshow/58386571.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
* In March 2017, a 28-year-old woman from Mumbai approached the Supreme Court to seek permission to terminate her 27-week pregnancy after discovering that the foetus had Arnold Chiari Type II syndrome — a condition similar to the one she saw her brother grow up with. The Supreme Court denied her permission for an abortion, ruling that there are chances the baby may be born alive.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/pregnant-woman-abort-foetus-supreme-court-rejects-brain-defect-968278-2017-03-29|title=Supreme Court denies pregnant woman permission to abort foetus with brain defect|website=India Today|date=29 March 2017 |language=en|access-date=2 July 2018|archive-date=16 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716111915/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/pregnant-woman-abort-foetus-supreme-court-rejects-brain-defect/1/915312.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* In February 2017, a 37-year-old woman in her 27th week of pregnancy approached the Supreme Court for permission to abort her foetus that was found to have Down Syndrome. After the medical board appointed by the Court advised against an abortion, the apex court denied her permission to terminate the pregnancy, citing that the baby could be "born alive" if the pregnancy was allowed to continue, while admitting that it was "very sad for a mother to bring up a mentally retarded child". The foetus was detected with a rare abnormality called the Arnold-Chiari malformation, where the brain and spinal cord connect.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/supreme-court-denies-woman-permission-to-abort-23-week-old-foetus/story-2vDIoA5dD9OlW9uUcAjgAI.html|title=SC denies permission to abort 26-week-old foetus suffering from Down's Syndrome|date=28 February 2017|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=2 July 2018|language=en|archive-date=2 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702210129/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/supreme-court-denies-woman-permission-to-abort-23-week-old-foetus/story-2vDIoA5dD9OlW9uUcAjgAI.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* In January 2017, a 22-year-old woman sought permission from the Supreme Court to abort her 24-week foetus on medical grounds. Further to the medical board's report which revealed that the foetus was without scalp with bleak chances of survival, posing a threat to the life of the woman, the apex court granted her permission to undergo abortion.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.livelaw.in/sc-allows-termination-24-week-pregnancy-medical-ground/|title=SC Allows Termination of 24-Week Pregnancy on Medical Ground [Read Order] |date=16 January 2017|work=Live Law|access-date=2 July 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=2 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702150826/http://www.livelaw.in/sc-allows-termination-24-week-pregnancy-medical-ground/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* In July 2016, a 26-year-old rape victim approached the Supreme Court seeking permission to terminate her 24-week pregnancy, as the foetus had Anencephaly, a condition whereby most part of the brain, scull and scalp is missing. The medical board, after having examined her on the directions of the Supreme Court, declared that the woman's life was in danger. The apex court then granted her permission to abort the foetus.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.livelaw.in/sc-allows-rape-victim-abort-24-week-old-foetus-mothers-life-danger/|title=SC allows rape victim to abort 24-week-old foetus as mother's life in danger [Read Order] |date=25 July 2016|work=Live Law|access-date=2 July 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=2 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702175716/http://www.livelaw.in/sc-allows-rape-victim-abort-24-week-old-foetus-mothers-life-danger/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* In February 2016, an 18-year-old rape victim sought permission from the Gujarat High Court to abort her 24-week foetus after having unsuccessfully attempted suicide by consuming acid. The panel of doctors submitted their report, following which, the High Court granted permission, citing that the continuation of the pregnancy "may result in a grave injury to her mental health".<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.livelaw.in/gujarat-hc-allows-rape-victim-to-terminate-24-week-pregnancy/|title=Gujarat HC allows Rape Victim to Terminate 24-Week Pregnancy|date=23 February 2016|work=Live Law|access-date=2 July 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=2 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702150828/http://www.livelaw.in/gujarat-hc-allows-rape-victim-to-terminate-24-week-pregnancy/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* In the ''Samar Ghosh v. Jaya Ghosh'' case of March 2011, the Supreme Court examined whether a woman's decision to terminate a pregnancy without her husband's knowledge or consent would amount to mental cruelty. The Court in this case ruled that "if the wife undergoes vasectomy (''sic'') or abortion without medical reason or without the consent or knowledge of her husband, such as act may lead to mental cruelty".<ref name="ipasdevelopmentfoundation.org">{{Cite web|url=http://ipasdevelopmentfoundation.org/publications/abortion-laws-in-india-a-review-of-court-cases.html|title=Abortion laws in India a review of court cases|publisher=Ipas Development Foundation|access-date=2 July 2018|archive-date=2 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702181649/https://www.ipasdevelopmentfoundation.org/publications/abortion-laws-in-india-a-review-of-court-cases.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* In November 2011, in the ''Dr. Mangla Dogra & Others v. Anil Kumar Malhotra & Others'' case dealing with the issue of whether a husband has a right to provide consent for abortion, the High Court of Punjab and Haryana stated that "the MTP Act requires consent from just one person: the woman undergoing a medical termination of pregnancy. A husband cannot force his wife to continue a pregnancy".<ref name="ipasdevelopmentfoundation.org" />
* In September 2009, in the ''Krupa Prolifers v. State of Kerala'' case, the Kerala High Court, while addressing the issue of regulating emergency contraception under the MTP Act, ruled that "emergency contraception does not cause termination of pregnancy and cannot be regulated by the MTP Act".<ref name="ipasdevelopmentfoundation.org" />
* In August 2009, the Supreme Court addressed the ''Suchitra Srivastava & Another v. Chandigarh Administration'' case on the issue of whether the state can consent to a termination as a guardian for a "mentally ill" woman who was raped in her state-run facility. The Court ruled that the facts must be examined in such a case, and where the woman is "not a minor and has a 'mild' mental illness, the Court has to ensure her reproductive rights, including the right to continue a pregnancy".<ref name="ipasdevelopmentfoundation.org" />
* In July 2008, a woman approached the Bombay High Court seeking permission to abort her 26-week-old foetus that was diagnosed with congenital heart defect. The High Court turned down the plea, arguing that "if born, the foetus would not suffer from any serious handicap".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/57111/how-indias-abortion-laws-fail-its-women/|title=It is Time to Overhaul India's Restrictive Abortion Law|website=The Wire|access-date=2 July 2018|archive-date=5 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505014116/https://thewire.in/57111/how-indias-abortion-laws-fail-its-women/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== September 2022 Supreme Court ruling ===
A three-judge bench of Supreme Court of India in Civil Appeal No. 5802 of 2022 made some findings on 29 September 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=KM |first=Ashok |date=2022-09-29 |title=Consent Of Woman's Family Not Needed For Abortion, Doctors Cannot Impose Extra Legal Conditions: Supreme Court |url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/consent-of-womans-family-not-needed-for-abortion-doctors-cannot-impose-extra-legal-conditions-supreme-court-210606 |access-date=2022-09-30 |website=LiveLaw |language=en |archive-date=30 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930050025/https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/consent-of-womans-family-not-needed-for-abortion-doctors-cannot-impose-extra-legal-conditions-supreme-court-210606 |url-status=live }}</ref> The judgement adds emphasis on women's right to bodily autonomy, sexual and reproductive choices, extended equal benefit of law to unmarried women and reduced number of hurdles like third party consent for adult women.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chandra |first=Jagriti |date=2022-09-29 |title=Supreme Court ruling on abortion comes as a 'ray of hope', say activists |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sc-ruling-on-abortion-comes-as-a-ray-of-hope-say-activists/article65951084.ece |access-date=2022-09-30 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=30 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930122402/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sc-ruling-on-abortion-comes-as-a-ray-of-hope-say-activists/article65951084.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

The judgement defined "[[woman]]" as all persons who require access to safe abortion, along with [[cisgender]] women, thus including trans people and other gender-diverse persons.<ref>{{cite court |litigants= X vs Principal Secretary, Health and Family Welfare Department, Govt of NCT Of Delhi, Civil Appeal No 5802 of 2022 |pinpoint= Para 11 |court= [[Supreme Court of India]] |date= 29 September 2022 |url= https://api.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2022/21815/21815_2022_2_1501_38628_Judgement_29-Sep-2022.pdf |access-date=30 September 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929101400/https://main.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2022/21815/21815_2022_2_1501_38628_Judgement_29-Sep-2022.pdf | archive-date= 29 September 2022| url-status=live | quote= |postscript= |ref={{harvid|Supreme Court Civil Appeal 5802|2022}}}}</ref>

The Court noted that medical practitioners commonly insist that abortion-seekers comply with extra-legal conditions, such as obtaining the consent of the abortion seeker's family, producing documentary proof, or judicial authorisation, and that, if such conditions are not met, they frequently deny the abortion service. It found this practice "lamentable".<ref>{{harvnb|Supreme Court Civil Appeal 5802|2022|loc=Para 22 }}</ref> The Court remarked that medical practitioners should refrain from imposing such requirements and that only the woman's consent was material, unless she was a minor or mentally ill.<ref>{{harvnb|Supreme Court Civil Appeal 5802|2022|loc=Para 23}}</ref> It also stated that "every pregnant woman has the intrinsic right to choose to undergo or not to undergo abortion without any consent or authorization from a third party"<ref>{{harvnb|Supreme Court Civil Appeal 5802|2022|loc=Para 98 }}</ref> and that a woman is the ultimate decision-maker on the question of whether she wants to undergo an abortion."<ref>{{harvnb|Supreme Court Civil Appeal 5802|2022|loc=Para 108 }}</ref>

On the topic of the difference between the gestation period considered legal for married and unmarried women -- 24 weeks for the former and 20 weeks for the latter -- the Court ruled that the distinction was discriminatory, artificial, unsustainable and in violation of Article 14 of the Constitution of India,<ref>{{harvnb|Supreme Court Civil Appeal 5802|2022|loc=Para 121 }}</ref> and that "all women are entitled to the benefit of safe and legal abortion."<ref>{{harvnb|Supreme Court Civil Appeal 5802|2022|loc=Para 56 }}</ref>

On the subject of pregnancies resulting from [[marital rape]], the Court ruled that women can seek an abortion within the gestational period of 20 to 24 weeks under the ambit of "survivors of sexual assault or rape".<ref>{{harvnb|Supreme Court Civil Appeal 5802|2022|loc=Para 71–76}}</ref>

== Studies on abortion: A bibliography ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Susheela |last2=Shekhar |first2=Chander |last3=Acharya |first3=Rajib |last4=Moore |first4=Ann M. |last5=Stillman |first5=Melissa |last6=Pradhan |first6=Manas R. |last7=Frost |first7=Jennifer J. |last8=Sahoo |first8=Harihar |last9=Alagarajan |first9=Manoj |date=January 2018 |title=The incidence of abortion and unintended pregnancy in India, 2015 |journal=The Lancet Global Health |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=e111–e120 |doi=10.1016/s2214-109x(17)30453-9 |pmc=5953198 |pmid=29241602 }}
* {{cite web |last1=Stillman |first1=Melissa |first2=Jennifer J. |last2=Frost |first3=Susheela |last3=Singh |first4=Ann M. |last4=Moore |first5=Shveta |last5=Kalyanwala |title=Abortion in India: A Literature Review |date=December 2014 |publisher=Guttmacher Institute |url=https://www.guttmacher.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/pubs/Abortion-India-Lit-Review.pdf}}
* {{cite journal |first1=Sophia |last1=Chae |last2=Desai |first2=Sheila |first3=Marjorie |last3=Crowell |first4=Gilda |last4=Sedgh |first5=Susheela |last5=Singh |title=Characteristics of women obtaining induced abortions in selected low- and middle-income countries |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=12 |issue=3 |article-number=e0172976 |date=2017 |pmid=28355285 |pmc=5371299 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0172976 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2017PLoSO..1272976C }}<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.guttmacher.org/report/abortion-india-literature-review|title=Abortion in India: A Literature Review|date=27 January 2016|publisher=Guttmacher Institute|access-date=2 July 2018|language=en|archive-date=28 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180528201836/https://www.guttmacher.org/report/abortion-india-literature-review|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{cite journal |author=((GBD 2015 Maternal Mortality Collaborators)) |title=Global, regional, and national levels of maternal mortality, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 |journal=Lancet |volume=388 |issue=10053 |pages=1775–1812 |date=October 2016 |pmid=27733286 |pmc=5224694 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31470-2 }}<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.guttmacher.org/article/2017/03/characteristics-women-obtaining-induced-abortions-selected-low-and-middle-income|title=Characteristics of Women Obtaining Induced Abortions in Selected Low- and Middle-Income Countries|date=9 May 2017|publisher=Guttmacher Institute|access-date=2 July 2018|language=en|archive-date=9 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180409002223/https://www.guttmacher.org/article/2017/03/characteristics-women-obtaining-induced-abortions-selected-low-and-middle-income|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{Cite journal |last1=Iyengar |first1=Kirti |last2=Iyengar |first2=Sharad D |last3=Danielsson |first3=Kristina Gemzell |date=June 2016 |title=Can India transition from informal abortion provision to safe and formal services? |journal=The Lancet Global Health |language=English |volume=4 |issue=6 |pages=e357–e358 |doi=10.1016/S2214-109X(16)30047-X |pmid=27198832 |issn=2214-109X |doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Sedgh |first1=Gilda |last2=Bearak |first2=Jonathan |last3=Singh |first3=Susheela |last4=Bankole |first4=Akinrinola |last5=Popinchalk |first5=Anna |last6=Ganatra |first6=Bela |last7=Rossier |first7=Clémentine |last8=Gerdts |first8=Caitlin |last9=Tunçalp |first9=Özge |date=July 2016 |title=Abortion incidence between 1990 and 2014: global, regional, and subregional levels and trends |url= |journal=The Lancet |language=English |volume=388 |issue=10041 |pages=258–267 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30380-4 |pmid=27179755 |pmc=5498988 |issn=0140-6736}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Foster |first=Diana Greene |date=July 2016 |title=Unmet need for abortion and woman-centered contraceptive care |url=http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(16)30452-4/fulltext |journal=The Lancet |language=English |volume=388 |issue=10041 |pages=216–217 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30452-4 |pmid=27179753 |s2cid=43537743 |issn=0140-6736 |access-date=2 July 2018 |archive-date=14 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214151323/https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(16)30452-4/fulltext |url-status=live|url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Say |first1=Lale |last2=Chou |first2=Doris |last3=Gemmill |first3=Alison |last4=Tunçalp |first4=Özge |last5=Moller |first5=Ann-Beth |last6=Daniels |first6=Jane |last7=Gülmezoglu |first7=A Metin |last8=Temmerman |first8=Marleen |last9=Alkema |first9=Leontine |date=June 2014 |title=Global causes of maternal death: a WHO systematic analysis |journal=The Lancet Global Health |language=English |volume=2 |issue=6 |pages=e323–e333 |doi=10.1016/S2214-109X(14)70227-X |pmid=25103301 |issn=2214-109X |doi-access=free |hdl=1854/LU-5796925 |hdl-access=free}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Paul |first1=Vinod Kumar |last2=Sachdev |first2=Harshpal Singh |last3=Mavalankar |first3=Dileep |last4=Ramachandran |first4=Prema |last5=Sankar |first5=Mari Jeeva |last6=Bhandari |first6=Nita |last7=Sreenivas |first7=Vishnubhatla |last8=Sundararaman |first8=Thiagarajan |last9=Govil |first9=Dipti |date=January 2011 |title=Reproductive health, and child health and nutrition in India: meeting the challenge |url= |journal=The Lancet |language=English |volume=377 |issue=9762 |pages=332–349 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61492-4 |pmid=21227494 |issn=0140-6736 |pmc=3341742}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Grimes |first1=David A |last2=Benson |first2=Janie |last3=Singh |first3=Susheela |last4=Romero |first4=Mariana |last5=Ganatra |first5=Bela |last6=Okonofua |first6=Friday E |last7=Shah |first7=Iqbal H |date=November 2006 |title=Unsafe abortion: the preventable pandemic |url=http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(06)69481-6/fulltext |journal=The Lancet |language=English |volume=368 |issue=9550 |pages=1908–1919 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69481-6 |pmid=17126724 |s2cid=6188636 |issn=0140-6736 |access-date=2 July 2018 |archive-date=18 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818064445/https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(06)69481-6/fulltext |url-status=live|url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Coyaji |first1=Kurus |last2=Elul |first2=Batya |last3=Krishna |first3=Usha |last4=Otiv |first4=Suhas |last5=Ambardekar |first5=Shubha |last6=Bopardikar |first6=Arti |last7=Raote |first7=Veena |last8=Elleartson |first8=Charlotte |last9=Winikoff |first9=Beverly |date=January 2001 |title=Mifepristone abortion outside the urban research hospital setting in India |url=http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(00)03549-2/fulltext |journal=The Lancet |language=English |volume=357 |issue=9250 |pages=120–122 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(00)03549-2 |pmid=11197403 |s2cid=34284661 |issn=0140-6736 |access-date=2 July 2018 |archive-date=17 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417091656/https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(00)03549-2/fulltext |url-status=live|url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Mayall |first1=Katherine |last2=Remez |first2=Lisa |last3=Singh |first3=Susheela |title=Global developments in laws on induced abortion: 2008–2019 |journal=International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health |volume=46 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=53–65 |date=2020 |doi=10.1363/46e0920 |url=https://www.guttmacher.org/sites/default/files/article_files/4605320sp.pdf |pmid=33326400}}
* {{Cite web |last1=Chandrashekar |first1=V.S. |last2=Vajpeyi |first2=A. |last3=Sharma |first3=K. |publisher=FRHS India |title=Availability Of Medical Abortion Drugs In The Markets Of Four Indian States, 2018 |url=https://pratigyacampaign.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/availability-of-medical-abortion-drugs-in-the-markets-of-four-indian-states-2018.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200516164518/https://pratigyacampaign.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/availability-of-medical-abortion-drugs-in-the-markets-of-four-indian-states-2018.pdf |archive-date=16 May 2020 }}
* {{cite web |last1=Chandrashekar |first1=V.S. |last2=Choudhuri |first2=D. |last3=Vajpeyi |first3=A. |title=Availability of Medical Abortion Drugs in the Markets of Six Indian States |date=2020 |publisher=FRHS India |url=https://www.frhsi.org.in/doc/FRHS%20India%20Study-Availability%20of%20MA%20drugs%20across%206%20Indian%20States.pdf }}<ref name="Auto0A-16" />
* {{Cite web |last1=Rastogi |first1=Anubha |last2=Chandrashekar |first2=Raunaq |title=Assessing the Judiciary's Role in Access to Safe Abortion: An Analysis of Supreme Court and High Court Judgements in India from June 2016–April 2019 |date=28 September 2019 |url=https://pratigyacampaign.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/assessing-the-judiciarys-role-in-access-to-safe-abortion.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526013756/https://pratigyacampaign.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/assessing-the-judiciarys-role-in-access-to-safe-abortion.pdf |archive-date=26 May 2020 }}
* {{Cite web |last=Rastogi |first=Anubha |title=Assessing the Judiciary's Role in Access to Safe Abortion II: An Analysis of Supreme Court and High Court Judgements in India from May 2019-August 2020 |date=23 September 2020 |url=https://pratigyacampaign.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/assessing-the-role-of-judiciary-in-access-to-safe-abortion-II.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021223225/https://pratigyacampaign.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/assessing-the-role-of-judiciary-in-access-to-safe-abortion-II.pdf |archive-date=21 October 2020 }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Chandrasekaran |first1=Sruthi |last2=Chandrashekar |first2=V. S. |last3=Dalvie |first3=Suchitra |last4=Sinha |first4=Anand |date=2022-01-10 |title=The case for the use of telehealth for abortion in India |journal=Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters |volume=29 |issue=2 |article-number=1920566 |doi=10.1080/26410397.2021.1920566 |pmc=8183532 |pmid=34078249}}<ref name=":7" />
* {{Cite web |title=Compromised Abortion Access due to COVID-19: A model to determine impact of COVID-19 on women's access to abortion |publisher=Ipas Development Foundation |date=28 May 2020 |url=https://www.ipasdevelopmentfoundation.org/publications/compromised-abortion-access-due-to-covid-19-a-model-to-determine-impact-of-covid-19-on-women-s-access-to-abortion.html |access-date=2021-08-12 |website=www.ipasdevelopmentfoundation.org |archive-date=12 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812080817/https://www.ipasdevelopmentfoundation.org/publications/compromised-abortion-access-due-to-covid-19-a-model-to-determine-impact-of-covid-19-on-women-s-access-to-abortion.html |url-status=live |ref={{harvid|IDF Covid|2020}}}}
* {{Cite web |last1=Chandrashekar |first1=V.S. |last2=Sagar |first2=A. |date=May 2020 |publisher=FRHS India |title=Impact of COVID 19 on India's Family Planning Program |url=http://www.frhsi.org.in/pdf/impact-of-covid-19-on-indias-family-planning-program-policy-brief.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127123105/http://frhsi.org.in/pdf/impact-of-covid-19-on-indias-family-planning-program-policy-brief.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2021 |ref={{harvid|FRHS COVID|2020}}}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Yokoe |first1=Ryo |last2=Rowe |first2=Rachel |last3=Choudhury |first3=Saswati Sanyal |last4=Rani |first4=Anjali |last5=Zahir |first5=Farzana |last6=Nair |first6=Manisha |date=2019 |title=Unsafe abortion and abortion-related death among 1.8 million women in India |journal=BMJ Global Health |volume=4 |issue=3 |article-number=e001491 |doi=10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001491 |issn=2059-7908 |pmc=6509605 |pmid=31139465}}
{{refend}}

== Recent news on abortion ==
* 6 February 2017, DNA: 'Mum's not the only word'<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-mum-s-not-the-only-word-2313057|title=Mum's not the only word|date=6 February 2017|work=dna|access-date=2 July 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=2 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702175708/http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-mum-s-not-the-only-word-2313057|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 25 February 2017, The Hindu: 'Twenty-week abortion deadline adds more pain to rape victims'<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/twentyweek-abortion-deadline-add-more-pain-to-rape-victims/article17361244.ece|title=Twenty-week abortion deadline adds more pain to rape victims|agency=Reuters|date=24 February 2017|work=The Hindu|access-date=2 July 2018|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=1 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001143919/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/twentyweek-abortion-deadline-add-more-pain-to-rape-victims/article17361244.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 27 February 2017, The Indian Express: 'The Responsibility of Choice'<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/abortion-legalisation-roe-versus-wade-case-mtp-act-the-responsibility-of-choice-4545170/|title=The Responsibility of Choice|date=27 February 2017|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2 July 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=2 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702175835/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/abortion-legalisation-roe-versus-wade-case-mtp-act-the-responsibility-of-choice-4545170/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 28 March 2017, Business Standard: 'Behaviour change can improve knowledge about safe abortions'<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/behaviour-change-can-improve-knowledge-about-safe-abortions-117032801378_1.html|title=Behaviour change can improve knowledge about safe abortions|agency=Press Trust of India|date=28 March 2017|work=Business Standard|access-date=2 July 2018|archive-date=2 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702180218/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/behaviour-change-can-improve-knowledge-about-safe-abortions-117032801378_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 31 March 2017, The Times of India: 'Give women the choice: Why the 20-week abortion limit must be relaxed in case of foetal abnormalities'<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/toi-edit-page/give-women-the-choice-why-the-20-week-abortion-limit-must-be-relaxed-in-case-of-foetal-abnormalities/|title=Give women the choice: Why the 20-week abortion limit must be relaxed in case of foetal abnormalities|work=Times of India Blog|access-date=2 July 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=2 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702211709/https://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/toi-edit-page/give-women-the-choice-why-the-20-week-abortion-limit-must-be-relaxed-in-case-of-foetal-abnormalities/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 1 April 2017, Outlook: 'Whose Womb Is It?'<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/whose-womb-is-it/298702|title=Whose Womb Is It?|work=Outlook India|access-date=2 July 2018|archive-date=2 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702175956/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/whose-womb-is-it/298702|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 4 April 2017, The Indian Express: 'Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act needs changes, it can traumatize women'<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/medical-termination-of-pregnancy-act-needs-changes-it-can-traumatise-women-4598426/|title=Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act needs changes, it can traumatise women|date=4 April 2017|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2 July 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=2 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702180215/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/medical-termination-of-pregnancy-act-needs-changes-it-can-traumatise-women-4598426/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 16 April 2017, Deccan Chronicle: 'Discourse: Returning women their body'<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/opinion/op-ed/160417/discourse-returning-women-their-body.html|title=Discourse: Returning women their body|date=16 April 2017|work=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=2 July 2018|language=en|archive-date=2 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702182019/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/opinion/op-ed/160417/discourse-returning-women-their-body.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 11 May 2017, The Wire: 'India's Abortion Laws Need to Change and in the Pro-Choice Direction'<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/134182/abortion-pregnancy-law-india/|title=India's Abortion Laws Need to Change and in the Pro-Choice Direction|website=The Wire|access-date=2 July 2018|archive-date=5 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171105221810/https://thewire.in/134182/abortion-pregnancy-law-india/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 13 May 2017, Deccan Herald: 'Unfulfilled Commitment'<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/611222/unfulfilled-commitment.html|title=Unfulfilled commitment|date=12 May 2017|work=Deccan Herald|access-date=2 July 2018|language=en|archive-date=2 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702175956/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/611222/unfulfilled-commitment.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 17 May 2017, The Hindu: 'Draft Medical Termination of Pregnancy (Amendment) Bill, 2014'<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/the-hindu-explains-medical-termination-of-pregnancy-amendment-bill-2014/article18474057.ece|title=Draft Medical Termination of Pregnancy (Amendment) Bill, 2014|date=17 May 2017|work=The Hindu|access-date=2 July 2018|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=3 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803203233/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/the-hindu-explains-medical-termination-of-pregnancy-amendment-bill-2014/article18474057.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 17 May 2017, Hindustan Times: 'Googling, taking abortions pills at home sounds like a bad idea, but it isn't: Study'<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/fitness/googling-taking-abortions-pills-at-home-sounds-like-a-bad-idea-but-it-isn-t-study/story-0SKF3hhnRsfoHNx47AMzYO.html|title=Googling, taking abortions pills at home sounds like a bad idea, but it isn't: Study|date=17 May 2017|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=2 July 2018|language=en|archive-date=2 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702204751/https://www.hindustantimes.com/fitness/googling-taking-abortions-pills-at-home-sounds-like-a-bad-idea-but-it-isn-t-study/story-0SKF3hhnRsfoHNx47AMzYO.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 18 May 2017, The Indian Express: 'Teenage abortion: Law forces them to keep it a secret as system lacks adolescent sex education'<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/teenage-abortion-law-forces-them-to-keep-it-a-secret-as-system-lacks-adolescent-sex-education-4661232/|title=Teenage abortion: Law forces them to keep it a secret as system lacks adolescent sex education|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2 July 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=2 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702204746/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/teenage-abortion-law-forces-them-to-keep-it-a-secret-as-system-lacks-adolescent-sex-education-4661232/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 26 May 2017, The Asian Age: 'Pregnancy Act amendments on hold'<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.asianage.com/india/all-india/260517/pregnancy-act-amendments-on-hold.html|title=Pregnancy Act amendments on hold|date=26 May 2017|work=Asian Age|access-date=2 July 2018|archive-date=2 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702150728/http://www.asianage.com/india/all-india/260517/pregnancy-act-amendments-on-hold.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 1 August 2017, Hindustan Times: 'Health ministry to keep amendment on allowing abortion in 24 weeks unchanged'<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/health/health-ministry-to-keep-amendment-on-allowing-abortion-in-24-weeks-unchanged/story-orJrDN0GZ2Vbr5PF03VWYP.html|title=Health ministry to keep amendment on allowing abortion in 24 weeks unchanged|date=1 August 2017|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=2 July 2018|language=en|archive-date=2 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702204326/https://www.hindustantimes.com/health/health-ministry-to-keep-amendment-on-allowing-abortion-in-24-weeks-unchanged/story-orJrDN0GZ2Vbr5PF03VWYP.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 6 August 2017, The Week: '10 and Mum'<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/10-and-mum.html|title=10 and Mum|work=theweek.in|access-date=2 July 2018|archive-date=2 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702204551/https://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/10-and-mum.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 6 August 2017, The Week: 'Failure to Deliver'<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/failure-to-deliver.html|title=Failure to deliver|work=theweek.in|access-date=2 July 2018|archive-date=2 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702175830/https://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/failure-to-deliver.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 7 August 2017, The Week: 'Accessible Abortion'<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/accessible-abortion.html|title=Accessible abortion|work=theweek.in|access-date=2 July 2018|archive-date=2 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702181530/https://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/accessible-abortion.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 7 August 2017, The Times of India: 'Need to change law banning abortions after 20 weeks of pregnancy: Doctors'<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/need-to-change-law-banning-abortions-after-20-weeks-of-pregnancy-doctors/articleshow/59950269.cms|title=Need to change law banning abortions after 20 weeks of pregnancy: Doctors|work=The Times of India|access-date=2 July 2018|archive-date=20 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220134920/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/need-to-change-law-banning-abortions-after-20-weeks-of-pregnancy-doctors/articleshow/59950269.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 25 August 2017, The Week: 'In MP, poor women bear rising costs of abortion'<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theweek.in/news/india/mp-poor-women-bear-rising-cost-abortion.html|title=In MP, poor women bear rising costs of abortion|work=theweek.in|access-date=2 July 2018|archive-date=15 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015071559/http://www.theweek.in/news/india/mp-poor-women-bear-rising-cost-abortion.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 7 September 2017, The Week: 'Abortion law: India needs a holistic approach'<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theweek.in/news/india/abortion-law-india-needs-a-holistic-approach.html|title=Abortion law: India needs a holistic approach|work=theweek.in|access-date=2 July 2018|archive-date=15 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015065408/http://www.theweek.in/news/india/abortion-law-india-needs-a-holistic-approach.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 12 September 2017, Quartz: 'Women's bodies are under attack: The alarming reality of reproductive rights in India and the US'<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://qz.com/1073136/abortion-contraception-pregnancy-how-womens-bodies-became-a-battlezon/|title=Women's bodies are under attack: The alarming reality of reproductive rights in India and the US|work=Quartz|access-date=2 July 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=2 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702175752/https://qz.com/1073136/abortion-contraception-pregnancy-how-womens-bodies-became-a-battlezon/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 13 September 2017, The New Indian Express: 'Safe abortions still a dream in India'<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/opinions/editorials/2017/sep/13/safe-abortions-still-a-dream-in-india-1656456.html|title=Safe abortions still a dream in India|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=2 July 2018|archive-date=2 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702150821/http://www.newindianexpress.com/opinions/editorials/2017/sep/13/safe-abortions-still-a-dream-in-india-1656456.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 14 September 2017, The Telegraph: 'Ticking away'<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170914/jsp/opinion/story_172994.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702150737/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170914/jsp/opinion/story_172994.jsp|archive-date=2 July 2018|title=Ticking away|work=The Telegraph|access-date=2 July 2018}}</ref>
* 23 September 2017, The New Indian Express: 'Let's talk abortion'<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/opinions/2017/sep/23/lets-talk-about-abortion-1661363--1.html|title=Let's talk about abortion|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=2 July 2018|archive-date=2 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702175649/http://www.newindianexpress.com/opinions/2017/sep/23/lets-talk-about-abortion-1661363--1.html}}</ref>
* 24 September 2017, NDTV: 'Abortion Laws: Caught in a Time warp?'<ref>{{Citation|title=Abortion Laws: Caught in a Time Warp?|url=https://www.ndtv.com/video/news/we-the-people/abortion-laws-caught-in-a-time-warp-468475|access-date=2 July 2018|archive-date=2 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702175753/https://www.ndtv.com/video/news/we-the-people/abortion-laws-caught-in-a-time-warp-468475|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 27 September 2017, The Wire: 'Untangling the Legal Knots on Reproductive Rights Is a Step Towards Helping Indian Women'<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/181568/abortion-law-reproductive-rights/|title=Untangling the Legal Knots on Reproductive Rights Is a Step Towards Helping Indian Women|website=The Wire|access-date=2 July 2018|archive-date=7 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107223219/https://thewire.in/181568/abortion-law-reproductive-rights/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 2 October 2017, DNA: 'Ten die every day due to unsafe abortions in India'<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/health/report-ten-die-every-day-due-to-unsafe-abortions-in-india-2549704|title=Ten die every day due to unsafe abortions in India|date=2 October 2017|work=dna|access-date=2 July 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=2 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702181217/http://www.dnaindia.com/health/report-ten-die-every-day-due-to-unsafe-abortions-in-india-2549704|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 5 October 2017, The Times of India: 'Abortions may be legal in India, but 60% are unsafe: Study'<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/abortions-may-be-legal-in-india-but-60-are-unsafe-study/articleshow/60946913.cms|title=Abortions may be legal in India, but 60% are unsafe: Study|work=The Times of India|access-date=2 July 2018|archive-date=21 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721171951/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/abortions-may-be-legal-in-india-but-60-are-unsafe-study/articleshow/60946913.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 8 October 2017, The Hindu: 'Self-managing abortions safely'<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/self-managing-abortions-safely/article19821935.ece|title=Self-managing abortions safely|last1=Manning|first1=Vinoj|date=8 October 2017|work=The Hindu|access-date=2 July 2018|last2=Manning|first2=Vinoj|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=22 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122104053/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/self-managing-abortions-safely/article19821935.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 21 October 2017, The Print: 'MTP Act amendments: Fear of foeticide may be trumping women's reproductive rights'<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://theprint.in/2017/10/21/mtp-act-fear-of-foeticide-over-womens-reproductive-rights/|title=MTP Act amendments: Fear of foeticide may be trumping women's reproductive rights|work=The Print|access-date=2 July 2018|archive-date=4 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704153441/https://theprint.in/report/mtp-act-fear-of-foeticide-over-womens-reproductive-rights/13067/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 21 October 2017, DNA: 'Aadhaar, a problem for women seeking abortions'<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-aadhaar-a-problem-for-women-seeking-abortions-2554206|title=Aadhaar, a problem for women seeking abortions|date=21 October 2017|work=dna|access-date=2 July 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=2 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702175657/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-aadhaar-a-problem-for-women-seeking-abortions-2554206|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 8 November 2017, Scroll: 'Government doctors are being trained to help women in India get safe and legal abortions'<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://scroll.in/pulse/857044/government-doctors-are-being-trained-to-help-women-in-india-get-safe-and-legal-abortions|title=Government doctors are being trained to help women in India get safe and legal abortions|last=Singh|first=Jyotsna|work=Scroll.in|access-date=2 July 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=9 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180109171322/https://scroll.in/pulse/857044/government-doctors-are-being-trained-to-help-women-in-india-get-safe-and-legal-abortions|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 10 November 2017, Mint: 'Abortion comes at a steep price in India'<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Science/a5QMsT48DwglFGzgIzIQ6H/Abortion-comes-at-a-steep-price-in-India.html|title=Abortion comes at a steep price in India|last=Gupta|first=Soumya|date=10 November 2017|work=Live Mint|access-date=2 July 2018|archive-date=2 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702180237/https://www.livemint.com/Science/a5QMsT48DwglFGzgIzIQ6H/Abortion-comes-at-a-steep-price-in-India.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 25 November 2017, The Hindustan Times: 'Safe abortions: Why India needs more trained providers'<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/columns/safe-abortions-why-india-needs-more-trained-providers/story-PVXmYCEeGZiFSDxAdiCwPP.html|title=Safe abortions: Why India needs more trained providers|date=25 November 2017|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=2 July 2018|language=en|archive-date=2 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702204656/https://www.hindustantimes.com/columns/safe-abortions-why-india-needs-more-trained-providers/story-PVXmYCEeGZiFSDxAdiCwPP.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 28 November 2017, The Week: 'AYUSH docs, paramedics may not be allowed to perform abortions'<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theweek.in/news/india/sex-selection-worries-could-kill-key-amendment-to-abortion-law.html|title=AYUSH docs, paramedics may not be allowed to perform abortions|work=theweek.in|access-date=2 July 2018|archive-date=2 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702180128/https://www.theweek.in/news/india/sex-selection-worries-could-kill-key-amendment-to-abortion-law.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 5 December 2017, The Indian Express: 'What's wrong with India's abortion laws?'<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/gender/whats-wrong-with-indias-abortion-laws/|title=What's wrong with India's abortion laws?|date=5 December 2017|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2 July 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=2 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702175951/https://indianexpress.com/article/gender/whats-wrong-with-indias-abortion-laws/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 5 December 2017, The Better India: 'Once progressive our 46-year-old abortion law needs move with the times'<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/123369/46-year-old-abortion-law-needs-times/|title=Once Progressive, Our 46-Year-Old Abortion Law Needs Move With the Times|date=5 December 2017|work=The Better India|access-date=2 July 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=18 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181218170856/https://www.thebetterindia.com/123369/46-year-old-abortion-law-needs-times/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 9 December 2017, The Pioneer: 'It's time to amend our abortion law'<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/columnists/oped/its-time-to-amend-our-abortion-law.html|title=It's time to amend our abortion law|work=The Pioneer|access-date=2 July 2018|language=en|archive-date=2 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702175754/http://www.dailypioneer.com/columnists/oped/its-time-to-amend-our-abortion-law.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 28 July 2019, The Times of India: 'Amend the MTP Act: Current version is archaic and causes needless suffering to pregnant women'<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-07-29|title=Amend the MTP Act: Current version is archaic and causes needless suffering to pregnant women|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/toi-edit-page/amend-the-mtp-act-current-version-is-archaic-and-causes-needless-suffering-to-pregnant-women/|access-date=2021-08-13|website=Times of India Blog|language=en-US|archive-date=13 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813065338/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/toi-edit-page/amend-the-mtp-act-current-version-is-archaic-and-causes-needless-suffering-to-pregnant-women/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 30 September 2019, The Quint: 'After a Week's Delay, Court Allows 26-Week Pregnant Women to Abort'<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chadha|first=Saakhi|date=2019-09-25|title=After a Week's Delay, Court Allows 26-Week Pregnant Women to Abort|url=https://fit.thequint.com/her-health/petitions-for-abortion-after-20-weeks-pregnancy-mtp-act|access-date=2021-08-13|website=TheQuint|language=en|archive-date=13 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813065340/https://fit.thequint.com/her-health/petitions-for-abortion-after-20-weeks-pregnancy-mtp-act|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 29 January 2020, India's cabinet passed a bill to give women more time to get an abortion which extended abortion deadline from 20 weeks up to 24 weeks.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-women-abortion-idUSKBN1ZS20B|title=India backs looser abortion laws in boost for women|date=29 January 2020|work=Reuters|access-date=29 January 2020|language=en|archive-date=29 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129195415/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-women-abortion-idUSKBN1ZS20B|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 13 July 2020, The Guardian: 'Women always take the brunt': India sees surge in unsafe abortion'<ref>{{Cite web|first=Neha|last=Thirani Bagri|date=2020-07-13|title='Women always take the brunt': India sees surge in unsafe abortion|url=http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/jul/13/women-always-take-the-brunt-india-sees-surge-in-unsafe-abortion|access-date=2021-08-02|website=The Guardian|language=en|archive-date=2 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802121150/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/jul/13/women-always-take-the-brunt-india-sees-surge-in-unsafe-abortion|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 11 August 2020, Mint: 'Several states face shortage of medical abortion pills'<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Neetu Chandra|date=2020-08-11|title=Several states face shortage of medical abortion pills|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/several-states-face-shortage-of-medical-abortion-pills-11597126677595.html|access-date=2021-08-02|website=mint|language=en|archive-date=2 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802121139/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/several-states-face-shortage-of-medical-abortion-pills-11597126677595.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 22 September 2020, Outlook: 'High courts witnessing surge in abortion cases: Report'<ref>{{Cite web|title=High courts witnessing surge in abortion cases: Report|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/high-courts-witnessing-surge-in-abortion-cases-report/1940610|access-date=2021-08-02|website=www.outlookindia.com/|archive-date=2 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802121138/https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/high-courts-witnessing-surge-in-abortion-cases-report/1940610|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 4 November 2020, The News Minute: 'How stigma over abortion denies women important legal right'<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-04|title=How stigma over abortion denies women important legal right|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/how-stigma-over-abortion-denies-women-important-legal-right-136887|access-date=2021-08-02|website=The News Minute|language=en|archive-date=2 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802121138/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/how-stigma-over-abortion-denies-women-important-legal-right-136887|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 24 November 2020, The Telegraph India: 'Rights over prejudice: MTP amendment bill'<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rights over prejudice: MTP amendment bill|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/rights-over-prejudice-mtp-amendment-bill/cid/1798366|access-date=2021-08-02|website=www.telegraphindia.com|archive-date=2 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802121139/https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/rights-over-prejudice-mtp-amendment-bill/cid/1798366|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 31 January 2021, The Hindu: 'Medical board on abortion 'unfeasible', says study'<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chandra|first=Jagriti|date=2021-01-31|title=Medical board on abortion 'unfeasible', says study|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/medical-board-on-abortion-unfeasible-says-study/article33711124.ece|access-date=2021-08-02|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=8 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608043049/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/medical-board-on-abortion-unfeasible-says-study/article33711124.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 29 January 2021, IANS live: Medical boards for access to abortion untenable: Ground Report<ref>{{Cite web|title=Medical boards for access to abortion untenable: Ground Report|url=https://www.ianslive.in/index.php?param=news/Medical_boards_for_access_to_abortion_untenable_Ground_Report-756568/LatestNews/|access-date=2021-08-02|website=IANS Live|archive-date=2 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802121140/https://www.ianslive.in/index.php?param=news/Medical_boards_for_access_to_abortion_untenable_Ground_Report-756568/LatestNews/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 4 February 2021, The Leaflet: 'Medical Boards under MTP Bill will make Abortion Inaccessible'<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-04|title=Medical Boards under MTP Bill will make Abortion Inaccessible|url=https://www.theleaflet.in/medical-boards-under-mtp-bill-will-make-abortion-inaccessible/|access-date=2021-08-02|website=TheLeaflet|language=en-US|archive-date=2 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802121139/https://www.theleaflet.in/medical-boards-under-mtp-bill-will-make-abortion-inaccessible/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 11 February 2021, The Hindu: 'Denying women the right over their bodies'<ref>{{Cite news|last=Thangapandian|first=Thamizhachi|date=2021-02-11|title=Denying women the right over their bodies|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/denying-women-the-right-over-their-bodies/article33804050.ece|access-date=2021-08-02|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=2 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802121138/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/denying-women-the-right-over-their-bodies/article33804050.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 16 March 2021, The Hindu: 'Parliament proceedings | Rajya Sabha passes the Medical Termination of Pregnancy Bill'<ref>{{Cite news|last=Nair|first=Sobhana K.|date=2021-03-16|department=Parliament proceedings |title=Rajya Sabha passes the Medical Termination of Pregnancy Bill|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/parliament-proceedings-rajya-sabha-passes-the-medical-termination-of-pregnancy-bill/article34085993.ece|access-date=2021-08-02|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=2 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802121138/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/parliament-proceedings-rajya-sabha-passes-the-medical-termination-of-pregnancy-bill/article34085993.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 7 April 2021, The Hindu: 'Abortion is a woman's right to decide'<ref>{{Cite news|first1=Colin|last1=Gonsalves|first2=Sneha|last2=Mukherjee|date=2021-04-08|title=Abortion is a woman's right to decide|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/abortion-is-a-womans-right-to-decide/article34266999.ece|access-date=2021-08-02|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=2 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802121138/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/abortion-is-a-womans-right-to-decide/article34266999.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 29 December 2023, The Hindu: 'After 2 years, Delhi to notify amendments to Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act'<ref>{{Cite news |author=((The Hindu Bureau)) |date=2023-12-28 |title=After 2 years, Delhi to notify amendments to Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/after-2-years-delhi-to-notify-amendments-to-medical-termination-of-pregnancy-act/article67684498.ece |access-date=2024-01-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=8 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108173935/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/after-2-years-delhi-to-notify-amendments-to-medical-termination-of-pregnancy-act/article67684498.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Law}}
* [[Abortion-rights movements]]
* [[Feminism in India]]
* [[Rape in India]]
* [[Women in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite news |first=Neil S. |last=Katz |title=Abortion in India: Selecting by Gender |newspaper=Washington Post |department=Religion News Service |date=20 May 2006 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/05/19/AR2006051901219.html}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite web|URL=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/cji-says-indias-abortion-law-is-liberal-pro-choice-and-far-ahead-of-other-countries/article67415812.ece|title=CJI says India’s abortion law is liberal, pro-choice and far ahead of other countries|first=Krishnadas|last=Rajagopal|date=13 October 2023|publisher=[[The Hindu]]}}
* {{Cite web|URL=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/why-are-abortion-laws-in-the-spotlight-again-explained/article67421541.ece|title=Why are abortion laws in the spotlight again?|first=Sreeparna|last=Chakrabarty|date=15 October 2023|publisher=[[The Hindu]]}}
* {{Cite web|URL=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/abortion-of-26-week-old-foetus-not-just-nine-months-8986212/|title=Abortion of 26-week-old foetus: Not just nine months|first=Shreya|last=Shree|date=16 October 2023|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]}}
* {{Cite web|URL=https://www.jurist.org/commentary/2023/09/reassessing-indias-abortion-laws-a-call-for-change/|title=Reassessing India’s Abortion Laws: A Call for Change|first=Kanav Narayan|last=Sahgal|date=2 September 2023|publisher=[[Jurist (website)|JuristNews]]}}
* {{Cite web|URL=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/supreme-court-on-plea-to-abort-we-cant-kill-child-in-womb/articleshow/104381683.cms?from=mdr|title=Supreme Court on plea to abort: We can't kill child in womb|first=Dhananjay|last=Mahapatra|date=13 October 2023|publisher=[[The Times of India]]}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090209021624/http://www.medicalabortionconsortium.org/articles/for-women/main-book/?bl=hi Medical abortion information for women in Hindi language] The International Consortium for Medical Abortion (ICMA) Information Package on Medical Abortion
* [https://doctorsreview.in/blog/gynecologists/abortion-pills-name-price-in-india/ Abortion Types & Side Effects] : Many abortion pills can float on the market.
* [https://pratigyacampaign.org/mtp-providers/ Crowdsourced authentic database of MTP providers across India]: Pratigya Campaign for Gender Equality and Safe Abortion

{{Abortion in Asia}}
{{Abortion}}
{{Social issues in India}}

[[Category:Abortion in India| ]]
[[Category:Human rights in India]]
[[Category:Law of India]]
[[Category:Health law in India]]

Kochadhaman Assembly constituency

2026-02-18T10:09:50Z

BonnieKoontz: refine structure after review

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Kochadhaman
|type= SLA
| map_image = 55-Kochadhaman constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|mla = [[Sarwar Alam]]
|party = {{Party index link|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|alliance = {{Party index link|Independent|shortname=None}}
|latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]] 
|region =
|state = [[Bihar]]
|district = [[Kishanganj district|Kishanganj]]
|division =
| loksabha_cons =
|constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|55]]
|established = 2008
| electors = 250,697
| reservation = None
|abolished = 
}}

'''Kochadhaman Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Kishanganj district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]].

==Overview==
As per Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, No 55 Kochadhamin Assembly constituency is composed of the following: Kochadhamin [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]]; Belwa, Gachhpara, Chakla, Mehangaon, Daula and Pichhla [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Kishanganj]] CD Block.<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref>

Kochadhaman Assembly constituency is part of No 10 [[Kishanganj (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=commission/>

== Members of the Bihar Legislative Assembly ==
Following is the list of Members of Legislative Assembly from Kochadhaman Vidhan Sabha.<ref name="election2019">{{Cite web|url=http://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/member_profile/55.pdf|title=mujahid alam vidhan sabha profile|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609135005/http://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/member_profile/55.pdf|archive-date=9 June 2019}}</ref><ref name="election2019-1">{{Cite web|url=http://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/ex%20mla/15.pdf|title=15th bihar vidhan sabha members web archive|website=web archive|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609061638/http://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/ex%20mla/15.pdf|archive-date=9 June 2019}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Kochadhaman Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/kochadhaman.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''Until 2008: Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|[[Akhtarul Iman]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|2014^
| rowspan="2" |[[Mujahid Alam]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Muhammad Izhar Asfi]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
| [[Sarwar Alam]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|}
^denotes by-election

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Kochadhaman<ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Kochadhaman">{{cite news |title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Kochadhaman |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S0455.htm |access-date=31 December 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=14 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251231113719/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S0455.htm |archive-date=31 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|candidate = [[Sarwar Alam]]
|votes = {{formatnum:81860}}
|percentage = 42.34
|change = {{decrease}}7.11
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Mujahid Alam]]
|votes = {{formatnum:58839}}
|percentage = 30.44
|change = {{increase}}14.26
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Bina Devi
|votes = {{formatnum:44858}}
|percentage = 23.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Md. Shamsul Haque
|votes = {{formatnum:2188}}
|percentage = 1.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|candidate = Abu Affan Farooquee
|votes = {{formatnum:1976}}
|percentage = 1.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2039}}
|percentage = 1.05
|change = {{decrease}}0.78
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:23021}}
|percentage = 11.9
|change = {{decrease}}10.47
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:193325}}
|percentage = 77.12
|change = {{increase}}12.53
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|loser = RJD
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Kochadhaman<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-13 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12787-bihar-legislative-election-2020/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|candidate = [[Muhammad Izhar Asfi]]
|votes = {{formatnum:79893}}
|percentage = 49.45
|change = {{increase}}23.31
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = [[Mujahid Alam]]
|votes = {{formatnum:43750}}
|percentage = 27.08
|change = {{decrease}}12.34
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = Shahid Alam
|votes = {{formatnum:26134}}
|percentage = 16.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Dayanand Mandal
|votes = {{formatnum:1947}}
|percentage = 1.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Habibur Rahman
|votes = {{formatnum:1606}}
|percentage = 0.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2953}}
|percentage = 1.83
|change = {{decrease}}0.73
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:36143}}
|percentage = 22.37
|change = {{increase}}9.09
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:161568}}
|percentage = 64.59
|change = {{decrease}}0.91
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|loser = Janata Dal (United)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Kochadhaman]]<ref name="Kochadhaman Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025">{{cite news |title=Kochadhaman Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/kochadhaman |access-date=31 December 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=14 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251231113739/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/kochadhaman |archive-date=31 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = [[Mujahid Alam]]
|votes = {{formatnum:55929}}
|percentage = 39.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|candidate = [[Akhtarul Iman]]
|votes = {{formatnum:37086}}
|percentage = 26.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Abdur Rahman
|votes = {{formatnum:34895}}
|percentage = 24.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janta Dal Rashtravadi
|candidate = Wasi Asgar
|votes = {{formatnum:2089}}
|percentage = 1.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)
|candidate = Gulrez Roshan Rahman
|votes = {{formatnum:1348}}
|percentage = 0.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3636}}
|percentage = 2.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:18843}}
|percentage = 13.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:141890}}
|percentage = 65.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|loser = Janata Dal (United)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014 bypoll===
{{Election box begin|
|title=Bihar Assembly election, 2014 by-election: [[Kochadhaman]]}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Janata Dal (United)|candidate=[[Mujahid Alam]]|votes=41,288|percentage=32.65|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Sadique Samdani|votes=31,050|percentage=24.55|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Abdur Rahman|votes=28,924|percentage=22.87|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Rashtriya Janata Dal|candidate=Muhammad Intekhab Alam|votes=22,818|percentage=18.04|change=}}

{{Election box majority||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2010===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2010]]: [[Kochadhaman]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Akhtarul Iman]]
|votes = 37,376
|percentage = 36.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = [[Mujahid Alam]]
|votes = 28,351
|percentage = 27.52
|change =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sadique Samdani
|votes = 9,861
|percentage = 9.57
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority
|votes = 9,025
|percentage = 8.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Purnia Division topics}}
{{coord|26|07|55|N|87|50|02|E|region:IN-{{IndAbbr|[[Bihar]]}}|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Kishanganj district]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Bihar]]

Rajendra Prasad Roy

2026-02-10T02:49:55Z

BonnieKoontz: expanded formatting and corrected details after review

{{Short description|Indian chemical biologist and biochemist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Rajendra Prasad Roy
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1962|1|26}}
| birth_place = India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Protein|Synthetic protein chemistry]] | [[Chemical biology]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[National Institute of Immunology, India|National Institute of Immunology]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[Indian Institute of Science]] }}
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies in [[protein engineering]]
| awards = {{ublist| 2005 [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development|N-BIOS Prize]] }}
}}
'''Rajendra Prasad Roy''' (born 26 January 1962) is an Indian chemical biologist, biochemist and a dean at the [[Regional Centre for Biotechnology|Regional centre for biotechnology]].<ref name="INSA - Indian Fellows Elected 2015">{{Cite web |date=2017-12-17 |title=Regional centre for biotechnology |url=https://rcb.res.in/index.php/faculty/dr-rajendra-p-roy |access-date=2017-12-17 |website=insaindia.res.in}}</ref> Known for his studies in [[protein engineering]], Roy has developed several chemo-enzymatic strategic processes<ref name="Patents Assigned to National Institute of Immunology">{{Cite web |url=https://patents.justia.com/assignee/national-institute-of-immunology |title=Patents Assigned to National Institute of Immunology |date=2017-12-17 |website=patents.justia.com |language=en |access-date=2017-12-17}}</ref> for which he has a patent assigned to him.{{Refn|group=note|For details, please see ''Patents'' section}} He holds a PhD from the [[Indian Institute of Science]]<ref name="Fellow profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Roy,_Dr_Rajendra_Prasad |title=Fellow profile |date=2017-12-17 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences |access-date=2017-12-17}}</ref> and is an elected fellow of all the three major Indian science academies namely [[Indian National Science Academy]],<ref name="Indian fellow - RP Roy">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail/P16-1729 |title=Indian fellow - RP Roy |date=2017-10-21 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=2017-10-22}}</ref> [[Indian Academy of Sciences]],<ref name="Fellowship - Indian Academy of Sciences">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/listing/fellows/R |title=Fellowship - Indian Academy of Sciences |date=2017-12-17 |website=www.ias.ac.in |language=en |access-date=2017-12-17}}</ref> and [[National Academy of Sciences, India]].<ref name="NASI fellows">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=R |title=NASI fellows |date=2017-11-12 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |access-date=2017-11-12 |archive-date=15 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315130140/http://nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=R |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Department of Biotechnology]] of the Government of India awarded him the [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development]], one of the highest Indian science awards, for him contributions to biosciences in 2005.<ref name="Awardees of National Bioscience Awards for Career Development">{{Cite web |url=http://dbtindia.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/list_of_bioscience_awardees.pdf |title=Awardees of National Bioscience Awards for Career Development |date=2016 |publisher=Department of Biotechnology |access-date=2017-11-20 |archive-date=4 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304191331/http://dbtindia.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/list_of_bioscience_awardees.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Currently he is the dean of Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rcb.res.in/index.php?param=empdetails/500| title=Welcome to Regional Centre for Biotechnology }}</ref>

== Patents ==
* {{Cite web |url=https://patents.justia.com/patent/8148321 |title=US Patent for Bioconjugates as therapeutic agent and synthesis thereof |last1=Roy |first1=Rajendra Prasad |last2=Samantaray |first2=Sharmishtha |website=patents.justia.com |language=en |others=Patent # 8,148,321 issued 3 April 2012 |access-date=2017-12-17}}

== See also ==
* [[Bioconjugate Chemistry]]
{{portal|India|Chemistry}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note|2}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite journal |last1=Appaiahgari |first1=Mohan Babu |last2=Vrati |first2=Sudhanshu |title=DNAzyme-mediated Inhibition of Japanese Encephalitis Virus Replication in Mouse Brain |journal=Molecular Therapy |volume=15 |issue=9 |pages=1593–1599 |doi=10.1038/sj.mt.6300231|pmid=17579579 |year=2007 |doi-access=free }}

{{N-BIOS Laureates 1999–2009}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roy, Rajendra Prasad}}
[[Category:N-BIOS Prize recipients]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Scientists from Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian biochemists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian inventors]]

{{India-scientist-stub}}

Bandwan (community development block)

2026-02-04T20:49:26Z

BonnieKoontz: brief cleaned up intro based on references also and fixed typos based on references

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bandwan
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Community development block
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Bundwan in Purulia (West Bengal).svg
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.876|N|86.507|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Purulia district|Purulia]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Community development blocks in India|Community development block]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 351.25
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 263
| population_total = 94,929
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Santali language|Santali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 723129 (Bandwan)
|area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
|area_code = 03253
|registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-55, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-56
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 61.38%
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Jhargram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jhargram]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Bandwan (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bandwan]]
| website = {{URL|purulia.gov.in/}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-WB]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Bandwan''' is a [[Community development blocks in India|community development block (CD block)]] that forms an administrative division in the [[Manbazar subdivision]] of the [[Purulia district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==History==
===Background===
The ''Jaina Bhagavati-Sutra'' of the 5th century AD mentions that Purulia was one of the sixteen [[mahajanapadas]] and was a part of the kingdom known as Vajra-bhumi in ancient times. In 1833, the Manbhum district was carved out of the [[Jungle Mahals]] district, with headquarters at Manbazar. In 1838, the headquarters was transferred to [[Purulia]]. After independence, when Manbhum district was a part of [[Bihar]], efforts were made to impose Hindi on the Bengali-speaking majority of the district and it led to the [[Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum)]]. In 1956, the Manbhum district was partitioned between Bihar and West Bengal under the States Reorganization Act and the Bihar and West Bengal (Transfer of Territories) Act of 1956.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://purulia.gov.in/district_profile/dist_profile.html | title = Historical background | access-date = 25 October 2016 | publisher = Purulia District |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080103032840/http://purulia.gov.in/district_profile/dist_profile.html  |archive-date = 2008-01-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.purulia.nic.in/distAdmin/departments/dico/bhasa_andolon.html| title = Historical Event: Bhasa Andolan|work= Department of Information and Cultural Affairs| publisher = Purulia.nic.in |access-date = 4 February 2020}}</ref>

===Maoist activities===
Banduan, along with certain other areas such as [[Manbazar]], [[Jhalda]], and [[Jaipur, Purulia|Jaipur]], was part of the area affected by the violent activities of Indian [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)|Maoists]], also referred to as [[Naxalites]].<ref name = "PTI">{{cite web
| url = http://www.ibnlive.com/news/security-tightened-before-bengal-polls/6784-4.html
| title = Security tightened before Bengal polls | access-date = 2008-03-02 | work = PTI | publisher = IBN Live}}</ref><ref name = "UNI">{{cite web | url = http://www.oneindia.com/2007/03/20/maoists-observe-24-hr-bandh-in-five-states-1174448190.html | title = Maoists observe 24-hr bandh in five states | access-date = 2008-03-02 | work = UNI | publisher = newsoneindia}}</ref><ref name = "Statesman1">{{cite web
| url = http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=22&id=166326&usrsess=1 | title = Purulia alert after land-mine blasts | access-date = 2008-03-02 | publisher = The Statesman, 4 December 2006}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref><ref name = "Telegraph1">{{cite web
| url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060309/asp/siliguri/story_5945096.asp| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130203152049/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060309/asp/siliguri/story_5945096.asp| url-status = dead| archive-date = February 3, 2013| title = Terror shield for CPM | access-date = 2008-03-02 | last = Jana | first = Naresh | publisher = The Telegraph, 9 March 2006}}</ref>

===Red corridor===
106 districts spanning 10 states across India, described as being part of the [[Far-left politics|left wing extremism]] activities, constitutes the [[Red corridor]]. In West Bengal the districts of Paschim Medinipur, Bankura, Purulia and Birbhum are part of the Red corridor. However, as of July 2016, there had been no reported incidents of [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)|Maoist]] related activities from these districts for the previous 4 years.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/red-corridor-to-be-redrawn/article8894304.ece |title = Red Corridor to be redrawn |last = Singh|first= Vijayita | publisher= The Hindu, 25 July 2016 | access-date = 29 August 2016}}</ref>

The CPI (Maoist) extremism affected CD blocks in the Purulia district were: Jhalda I, Jhalda II, Arsha, Baghmundi, Balarampur, Barabazar, Manbazar II and Bandwan.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ideasforindia.in/Article.aspx?article_id=118 | title = IAP improving lives in Maoist-affected areas | publisher = Ideas for India | access-date = 26 September 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161002064338/http://www.ideasforindia.in/Article.aspx?article_id=118 | archive-date = 2 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Certain reports also included Manbazar I and Joypur CD Blocks and some times indicted the whole of Purulia district.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.oneindia.com/2007/03/20/maoists-observe-24-hr-bandh-in-five-states-1174448190.html |title = Maoists observe 24 hr bandh in five states | publisher= UNI, One India | access-date = 26 September 2016}}</ref>

The [[Operation Lalgarh|Lalgarh movement]], which started attracting attention after the failed assassination attempt on [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee]], then chief minister of West Bengal, in the Salboni area of the Paschim Medinipur district, on 2 November 2008 and the police action that followed, had also spread over to these areas.<ref name=lalgarh>{{Cite news| url = http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2614/stories/20090717261412900.htm | title = Lalgarh Battle |magazine = Frontline|date= 17 July 2009 |access-date = 23 July 2016}}</ref> The movement was not just a political struggle but an armed struggle that concurrently took the look of a social struggle. A large number of CPI (M) activists were killed. Although the epi-centre of the movement was [[Lalgarh, Paschim Medinipur|Lalgarh]], it was spread across 19 police stations in three adjoining districts – Paschim Medinipur, Bankura and Purulia, all thickly forested and near the border with Jharkhand. The deployment of [[Central Reserve Police Force|CRPF]] and other forces started on 11 June 2009. The movement came to an end after the [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011 state assembly elections]] and change of government in West Bengal. The death of [[Kishenji]], the [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)|Maoist]] commander, on 24 November 2011 was the last major landmark.<ref name=lalgarh/><ref>{{Cite news| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kishenjis-death-a-serious-blow-to-maoist-movement/article2657105.ece| title = Kishenji’s death a serious blow to Maoist movement |newspaper = The Hindu|date= 25 November 2011|access-date = 23 July 2016}}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Purulia Tehsil Map.svg|thumb|450px|left|'''CD blocks in Purulia district''']]
Bandwan is located at {{coord|22.876|N|86.507|E|format=dms|}}.

The Bandwan CD block is located in the south-eastern part of the district. The Bagmundi-Bandwan uplands is an area that has descended from the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau#Ranchi Plateau|Ranchi Plateau]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1914_PART_A_DCHB_PURULIYA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Puruliya |work = pages 11,12 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations West Bengal | access-date = 6 December 2016}}</ref>

The Bandwan CD block is bounded by the [[Manbazar II]] CD block on the north, the [[Ranibandh (community development block)|Ranibandh]] CD block, in the Bankura district, and the [[Binpur II (community development block)|Binpur II]] CD block, in the Paschim Medinipur district, on the east, the [[Golmuri-cum-Jugsalai block|Golmuri-cum-Jugsalai]] and [[Ghatshila block|Ghatshila]] CD blocks, in the East Singhbhum district of Jharkhand, on the south and the [[Patamda block|Patamda]] CD block, in the [[East Singhbhum district]] of Jharkhand, on the west.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://purulia.gov.in/distAdmin/blocks/blocks.html |title = Purulia district |work = Blocks in Purulia district | publisher= Purulia district administration | access-date = 14 September 2016}}</ref>

The Bandwan CD block has an area of 351.25 km2. It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 8 [[gram panchayat]]s, 69 gram sansads (village councils), 135 [[mouza]]s and 131 inhabited villages. [[Bandwan#Police station|Bandwan]] police station serves this block.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Purulia |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 12 January 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |url-status = dead }}</ref> Headquarters of this CD block are at [[Bandwan]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1914_PART_A_DCHB_PURULIYA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Puruliya | work= Map of District Puruliya with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fifth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 2 December 2016 }}</ref>

[[Gram panchayat]]s of the Bandwan block/ [[panchayat samiti]] are Bandwan, Chirudih, Dhadka, Gurur, Kuilapal, Kumra, Kunchia and Supudih.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Purulia - Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 28 September 2016}}</ref>

==Demographics==
===Population===
According to the [[2011 Census of India]] the Bandwan CD block had a total population of 94,929, of which 88,936 were rural and 5,993 were urban. There were 47,798 (50%) males and 47,131 (50%) females. There were 12,150 persons in the age range of 0 to 6 years. The [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 5,630 (5.93%) and the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 49,232 (51.86%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 12 September 2016}}</ref>

According to the 2001 census, the Bandwan block had a total population of 83,678, out of which 42,246 inhabitants were males and 41,427 were females. The Bandwan block registered a population growth of 14.55 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade. Decadal growth for the Purulia district was 13.96 per cent.<ref name=census>{{cite web | url = http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_14.htm | title = Provisional population totals, West Bengal, Table 4, Puruliya District | access-date = 12 September 2016 | work = Census of India 2001 | publisher = Census Commission of India|url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110928205850/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_14.htm|archive-date= 28 September 2011}}</ref> Decadal growth in West Bengal was 17.84 per cent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date= 17 July 2016 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041813/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 }}</ref>

[[Census town]]s in the Bandwan CD block are (2011 census figures in brackets): [[Bandwan|Bandoan]] (5,993).<ref name=census2011/>

Villages in the Bandwan CD block are (2011 census figures in brackets): Dhadka (1,896), Kunchia (2,279), Kumra (631), Chirudih (1,415), Supudih (2,567), Gurur (1,500) and Kuilapal (985).<ref name=census2011/>

===Literacy===
According to the 2011 census the total number of literates in the Bandwan CD block was 50,810 (61.38% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 31,016 (74.61% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 19,794 (48.03%) of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rate was 26.58%.<ref name=census2011/>

See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Purulia district|collapsible=y}}

===Language and religion===

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Bundwan CD block (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|55.78}}
{{bar percent|Other (tribal religion)|maroon|43.35}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|0.59}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.28}}
}}

In the 2011 census Hindus numbered 52,950 and formed 55.78% of the population in Bandwan CD Block. Muslims numbered 558 and formed 0.59% of the population. Others numbered 41,431 and formed 43.64% of the population.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> Others include Addi Bassi, Marang Boro, Santal, Saranath, Sari Dharma, Sarna, Alchchi, Bidin, Sant, Saevdharm, Seran, Saran, Sarin, Kheria,<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/SCST-Series/ST14A.html |title = ST-14 A Details Of Religions Shown Under 'Other Religions And Persuasions' In Main Table | work= West Bengal |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 28 September 2016}}</ref> and other religious communities. In 2001, Hindus were 60.64%, Muslims 0.75% and tribal religions 38.25% of the population respectively.<ref name=censusreligion2001>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/21481/download/24613/PC01_C01_19.xls|title = Table C01 Population by Religious Community: West Bengal |publisher = [[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |date=2001}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Bundwan CD block (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 57.22 |color1 = orchid
|label2 = [[Santali language|Santali]] |value2 = 29.55 |color2 = darkturquoise
|label3 = [[Kurmali language|Kurmali]] |value3 = 10.34 |color3 = pink
|label4 = [[Mundari language|Mundari]] |value4 = 1.13 |color4 = teal
|label5 = Others |value5 = 1.76 |color5 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 57.22% of the population spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]], 29.55% [[Santali language|Santali]], 10.34% [[Kurmali language|Kurmali]] and 1.13% [[Mundari language|Mundari]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Rural poverty==
According to the Rural Household Survey in 2005, 32.85% of total number of families were [[Below Poverty Line|BPL]] families in Purulia district.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://220.225.90.38/Summary/WestBengal.htm| title = West Bengal Summary| work = Rural Household Survey 2005| publisher = Department of Panchayat & Rural Development, Government of West Bengal| access-date = 11 January 2020| archive-date = 13 January 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200113235534/http://220.225.90.38/Summary/WestBengal.htm| url-status = dead}}</ref> According to a World Bank report, as of 2012, 31-38% of the population in Purulia, Murshidabad and Uttar Dinajpur districts were below poverty level, the highest among the districts of West Bengal, which had an average 20% of the population below poverty line.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/315791504252302097/pdf/119344-BRI-P157572-West-Bengal-Poverty.pdf| title = West Bengal: Poverty, Growth and Inequality| publisher = World Bank Group|access-date = 11 January 2020}}</ref>

==Economy==
===Livelihood===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Livelihood in Bandwan CD block'''
|value1 = 18.47
|label1 = Cultivators
|value2 = 52.40
|label2 = Agricultural labourers
|value3 = 10.08
|label3 = Household industries
|value4 = 19.06
|label4 = Other Workers}}

In the Bandwan CD block in 2011, among the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 8,752 and formed 18.47%, agricultural labourers numbered 24,834 and formed 52.40%, household industry workers numbered 4,776 and formed 10.08% and other workers numbered 9,034 and formed 19.06%.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1914_PART_A_DCHB_PURULIYA.pdf|title = District Census Handbook Puruliya, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 33: Distribution of Workers by Sex in Four Categories of Economic Activity in Sub-district 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 12 January 2020}}</ref> Total workers numbered 47,396 and formed 49.93% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 47,533 and formed 50.07% of the population.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1914_PART_A_DCHB_PURULIYA.pdf|title = District Census Handbook Puruliya, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 30: Number and percentage of Main workers, Marginal workers and Non workers by Sex, in Sub-districts, 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 12 January 2020}}</ref>

Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned by self/government/institution. When a person who works on another person's land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the [[Factories Act,1948, India|Factories Act]]. Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers. It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers, entertainment artistes and so on.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1914_PART_A_DCHB_PURULIYA.pdf|title = District Census Handbook Puruliya, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Census Concepts and Definitions, Page 23 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 12 January 2020}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 131 inhabited villages in the Bandwan CD block, as per the ''District Census Handbook'', Puruliya, 2011. 100% villages have power supply. 100% villages have drinking water supply. 20 villages (15.27%) have post offices. 75 villages (57.25%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 42 villages (32.06%) have pucca (paved) approach roads and 28 villages (21.37%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 4 villages (3.05%) have agricultural credit societies and 7 villages (5.34%) have banks.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1914_PART_A_DCHB_PURULIYA.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Puruliya, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 79, Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities, 2011 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 13 January 2020}}</ref>

===Agriculture===
In 2013-14, persons engaged in agriculture in the Bandwan CD block could be classified as follows: [[bargadar]]s 0.56%, patta (document) holders 10.40%, small farmers (possessing land between 1 and 2 hectares) 6.00%, marginal farmers (possessing land up to 1 hectare) 40.37% and agricultural labourers 42.67%.<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Purulia | work = Tables 8.2, 17.2, 18.2, 18.1, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.3 – arranged as per use | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 12 January 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

In 2013-14, the total area irrigated in the Bandwan CD block was 7,334.14 hectares, out of which 1,694.00 hectares were by canal irrigation, 4,833.90 hectares by tank water, 58.84 hectares by river lift irrigation, 122.80 hectares by open dug wells and 624.60 hectares by other means.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2013-14, the Bandwan CD block produced 3,533 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop, from 1,739 hectares, 29 tonnes of Boro paddy, the summer crop, from 16 hectares, 18 tonnes of wheat from 9 hectares, 2,286 tonnes of maize from 1,636 hectares and 10,574 tonnes of potato from 372 hectares. It also produced [[Lathyrus sativus|khesari]], and mustard.<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Banking===
In 2013-14, the Bandwan CD block had offices of 3 commercial banks and 2 [[Regional Rural Bank|gramin banks]].<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Backward Regions Grant Fund===
The Purulia district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund]]. The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 11 districts of West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | title = Backward Regions Grant Funds: Programme Guidelines | publisher = Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India | access-date = 12 January 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171030225317/http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | archive-date = 30 October 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=84879 | title= Backward Regions Grant Fund| work= Press Release, 14 June 2012 |publisher= Press Information Bureau, Government of India | access-date = 12 January 2020}}</ref>

==Transport==
In 2013-14, the Bandwan CD block had 4 originating/ terminating bus routes. The nearest railway station was 29 km from the CD Block headquarters.<ref name=handbook2014/>

[[State Highway 5 (West Bengal)|State Highway 5]] running from Rupnarayanpur (in the Bardhaman district) to Junput (in the Purba Medinipur district) passes through this block.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.wbtrafficpolice.com/state-highways.php |title = List of State Highways in West Bengal | publisher= West Bengal Traffic Police | access-date = 21 September 2016}}</ref>

==Education==
In 2013-14, the Bandwan CD block had 133 primary schools with 8,505 students, 19 middle schools with 442 students, 2 high schools with 868 students and 11 higher secondary schools with 9,109 students. Bandwan CD Block had 1 general college with 500 students, 1 professional/ technical institution with 62 students and 314 institutions with 6,967 students for special and non-formal education.<ref name=handbook2014/>

See also – [[Education in India]]

According to the 2011 census, in Bandwan CD block, amongst the 131 inhabited villages, 5 villages did not have a school, 35 villages had two or more primary schools, 28 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 12 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1914_PART_A_DCHB_PURULIYA.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Puruliya, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 976-77, Appendix I A: Villages by number of Primary Schools and Appendix I B: Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 18 January 2020}}</ref>

[[Bandwan Mahavidyalaya]] was established in 2010 at [[Bandwan]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.bandwanmahavidyalaya.com/ |title = Bandwan Mahavidyalaya |publisher= BM | access-date = 17 January 2020 }}</ref>

==Healthcare==
In 2014, the Bandwan CD block had 1 block primary health centre and 3 primary health centres, with total 48 beds and 6 doctors. 10,609 patients were treated indoor and 177,339 patients were treated outdoor in the health centres and subcentres of the CD Block.<ref name=handbook2014/>

Bandwan Rural Hospital, with 30 beds at [[Bandwan]], is the major government medical facility in the Bandwan CD block. There are [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] at Chirudih (with 10 beds), Latapara (with 2 beds) and Gurpur (with 6 beds).<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =18 January 2020 | archive-date =8 October 2022 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics – Primary Health Centres | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 18 January 2020 | archive-date = 21 April 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180421215645/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}
{{Purulia topics}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in Purulia district]]

Gurukula Pathasala

2026-01-30T10:28:32Z

BonnieKoontz: started new stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2019}}
'''Gurukula Patasala''' also '''[[Andhra Pradesh Residential School]]''' is a boarding school run by the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]. The students live amongst their peers from 5th grade to 10th grade. In Gurukulas students learn in traditional way like the way in which pandits studied in ashrams. They are rich in heritage.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/archive/|title=Archive News|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=15 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/setting-an-example-for-residential-schools/article13376649.ece|title=Setting an example for residential schools|first=R. Ravikanth|last=Reddy|date=22 January 2012|accessdate=15 March 2019|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

The school's performance is among the best in the state with over 98% pass percentage in SSC exams in 2013 with over 144 schools securing 100%.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://epaper.sakshi.com/apnews/Hyderabad-Main_Edition/18052013/Details.aspx?id=1791704&boxid=25597424 |title=Details_ |access-date=2013-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609003130/http://epaper.sakshi.com/apnews/Hyderabad-Main_Edition/18052013/Details.aspx?id=1791704&boxid=25597424 |archive-date=2013-06-09 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==List of schools==
* Gurukula Pathasala, Gparahanabegumarikapadu
* Saangika Sankshema Gurukula Pathasala, Ibrahimpatnam
* Gurukula Pathasala, Shadnagar
* Gurukula Pathasala, Thanelanka, Amalapuram
* Gurukula Pathasala, Gorantla
* Gurukula Pathasala, Machilipatnam
* Gurukula Pathasala, Vaddemanu, Kadapa
* [[Andhra Pradesh Residential School, Sarvail]]
* [[Andhra Pradesh Residential School, Kodigenahalli]]
* [[Andhra Pradesh Residential School, Tadikonda]]
* Sangika Sankshema Gurukula Pathasala, Manchiral
* Andhra Pradesh Residential School, Nagarjuna Sagar

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Boarding schools in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]

{{AndhraPradesh-school-stub}}

Khizirpur Mathare

2026-01-22T22:56:59Z

BonnieKoontz: started article

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Khiddipur-Mathare
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = hi
| other_name = Ali Nagar
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.4492388|83.5759867}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ghazipur district|Ghazipur]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 1630; 391 years ago
| founder = Zamindar Wasim Khan & Zamindar Numan Khan
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 6814
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|UP]]
| website = {{URL|up.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
| official_name =
| area_total_sq_mi =
| area_total_ha = 305.05
}}
'''Khizirpur-Alinagar''' is a village in [[Dildarnagar kamsar]] founded by Zamindaar Imran Khan & Zamindaar Numan Khan who came from [[Usia, Dildarnagar]] village of kamsar-o-bar Dildarnagar in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Kamsarbook|url=https://kamsarbook.webs.com/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127232306/https://kamsarbook.webs.com/|archive-date=27 January 2021|access-date=|website=|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Historical population==
{{Historical populations
|title= Population Growth of Khizirpur-Mathere
|align=none
|1861|2277
|1871|2505
|1881|2750
|1891|3031
|1901|3335
|1911|3665
|1921|4035
|1931|4438
|1941|4882
|1951|5126
|1961|5100
|1971|5620
|1981|6171
|1991|6680
|2001|6790
|2011|6814
|footnote= Source:[[Census of India]]<ref name="Census data">{{cite web|url=http://mospi.gov.in/comenv2000tab7.2.11.htm |title=Census of India |publisher=mospi.gov.in |access-date=23 June 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080813081037/http://mospi.gov.in/comenv2000tab7.2.11.htm |archive-date=13 August 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=2011 census of India.|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/}}</ref><ref name="censusindia1">{{cite web|url=http://www.populstat.info/Asia/indiat.htm|title=Historical Census of India|access-date=5 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217053707/http://www.populstat.info/Asia/indiat.htm|archive-date=17 February 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Dildarnagar Kamsar}}

[[Category:Dildarnagar]]
[[Category:Dildarnagar Fatehpur]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Ghazipur district]]
[[Category:Towns and villages in Kamsar]]
[[Category:Villages in Ghazipur district]]

{{Ghazipur-geo-stub}}

Euvarroa sinhai

2026-01-17T03:19:07Z

BonnieKoontz: Adding new post

{{Short description|Species of bee mite}}{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}{{Speciesbox
| image =
| genus = Euvarroa
| species = sinhai
| authority = Delfinado & Baker, 1974<ref name=DelfinadoBaker1974/>
}}

'''''Euvarroa sinhai''''' is a [[species]] of [[bee mite]] originally described from [[India]]. It can be found in areas ranging from [[Iran]] to [[Thailand]], for the latter where and lives alongside ''[[Euvarroa wongsirii]]'' another bee mite of the same [[genus]].<ref name="Lekprayoon1991"/> The species ''E. sinhai'' is a [[Parasitism|parasite]] of bees, using them as a food source. This mite has been found almost exclusively in the bee ''[[Apis florea]]'' in [[India]] and later [[Sri Lanka]] and Thailand .<ref name=DelfinadoBaker1974/><ref name="Morin1993"/>

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name=DelfinadoBaker1974>{{cite journal|last1=Delfinado|first1=M. D.|last2=Baker|first2=E. W.|title=Varroidae, A new family of mites on honey bees (Mesostigmata: Acarina)|journal=Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences|date=1974|volume=64|issue=1|pages=4–10|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/39873197|jstor=24535743}}</ref>

<ref name="Lekprayoon1991">{{Cite journal|last1 = Lekprayoon|first1 = C.|last2 = Tangkanasing|first2 = P.|date = 1991|title = ''Euvarroa wongsirii'', a new species of bee mite from Thailand|journal = International Journal of Acarology|volume = 17|issue = 4|pages = 255–258|issn = 0164-7954|doi = 10.1080/01647959108683915}}</ref>

<ref name="Morin1993">{{Cite journal|last1 = Morin|first1 = C.E.|last2 = Otis|first2 = G.W.|date=1993|title = Observations on the morphology and biology of Euvarroa wongsirii (Mesostigmata: Varroidae), a parasite of Apis andreniformis (Hymenoptera: Apidae).|journal=International Journal of Acarology|volume =19|issue =2|pages = 167-172|doi = 10.1080/01647959308683976}}</ref>

}}

==External links==

{{Taxonbar|from=Q5852471}}

[[Category:Arachnids of India]]
[[Category:Parasites of bees]]
[[Category:Laelapidae]]
[[Category:Animals described in 1974]]

{{Laelapidae-stub}}

Green Line (Hyderabad Metro)

2025-12-29T13:26:52Z

BonnieKoontz: Adding new info...

{{short description|Line of Hyderabad's metro}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox rail line
| box_width =
| name = <big>Green Line</big>
| status = Operational
| other_name = Corridor – II
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| color = {{rcr|Hyderabad Metro|green}}
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_alt =
| image = Metro train arriving at Secunderabad West metro station.jpg
| image_width = 300
| image_alt =
| caption = Metro train arriving at Secunderabad West metro station
| type = [[Rapid transit]]
| system = [[Hyderabad Metro]]
| locale = [[Hyderabad]]
| start = [[JBS Parade Ground metro station|JBS Parade Ground]]
| end = [[Falaknuma metro station|Falaknuma]]
| stations = 15
(9 opened, 6 yet to open)
| routes =
| daily_ridership =
| ridership2 =
| open = {{Start date|2020|02|08|df=y}}<ref name="Smith" />
| connectinglines = {{plainlist|
* {{rcb|Hyderabad Metro|Blue|route}}
* {{rcb|Hyderabad Metro|Red|route}}
*{{rcb|Hyderabad Metro|Purple|route}}
}}
| operator = Hyderabad Metro Rail Ltd. (HMRL)
| character = Elevated
| tracks = [[Double-track railway|Double-track]]
| depot = [[Falaknuma]]
| stock = [[Hyundai Rotem]]
| linelength_km = 16.6
| tracklength_km =
| tracklength =
| gauge = {{RailGauge|sg|allk=on}}
| minradius =
| racksystem =
| routenumber =
| linenumber =
| electrification = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} [[Overhead catenary]]
| speed_km/h = 80
| speed =
| signalling = [[Communications-based train control|CBTC]]
| elevation_m =
| elevation_ft =
| elevation =
| website =
| map = {{switcher
|{{maplink-road |from=GreenLineHyderabadMetro.map}} Hyderabad Metro Green Line highlighted in green<hr>
|Show interactive map
|{{Hyderabad Metro Green Line Route}}
|Show BSicon diagram map
}}
| map_state = collapsed
| embedded =
}}
The '''Green Line''' is a part of the [[Hyderabad Metro]] system in [[Telangana]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/the-green-metro-line-blues/article66998035.ece|title=The Green Metro Line blues }}</ref> The line is 16.6 km long and spans 15 stations from [[JBS Parade Ground metro station|JBS Parade Ground]] to [[Falaknuma metro station|Falaknuma]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/poor-frequency-bad-infra-hit-metro-green-line-footfall/articleshow/101622573.cms?from=mdr|title=Poor frequency & bad infra hit Metro green line footfall}}</ref> It was funded by a [[public–private partnership]] (PPP),<ref>{{Cite web|title=Skywalks to connect Metro with schools & malls: NVS Reddy | Hyderabad News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/skywalks-to-connect-metro-with-schools-malls-nvs-reddy/articleshow/64103055.cms|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sood|first=Jyotika|date=26 July 2017|title=How metro rail networks are spreading across India|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/ylEObaYWxcC7lGO2E2e4wJ/The-rise-of-metro-rail-network-in-India.html|website=Livemint}}</ref> with the state government holding a minority equity stake.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 December 2007|title=EPC vs PPP in metro rail|url=http://www.projectsmonitor.com/detailnews.asp?newsid=14944|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071202082910/http://www.projectsmonitor.com/detailnews.asp?newsid=14944|archive-date=2 December 2007|access-date=18 April 2013|publisher=Projectsmonitor.com|df=dmy-all}}</ref> A special purpose vehicle company, L&T Metro Rail Hyderabad Ltd (L&TMRHL), was established by the construction company [[Larsen & Toubro]] (L&T)<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Next Station Is... | Outlook India Magazine|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/the-next-station-is/292626|website=outlookindia.com/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kumar|first=V. Rishi|title=Eyeing non-fare revenues, L&T Metro Hyderabad takes up transit oriented development|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/eyeing-non-fare-revenues-lt-metro-hyderabad-takes-up-transit-oriented-development/article29167871.ece|website=@businessline}}</ref> to develop the Hyderabad Metro rail project.<ref>{{Cite web|title=N.V.S. Reddy to be AP Govt nominee on L&T Metro Rail board|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/N.V.S.-Reddy-to-be-AP-Govt-nominee-on-LampT-Metro-Rail-board/article20397817.ece|website=@businessline}}</ref><ref name="sixthyear">{{Cite web|title=Hyderabad metro on tricky track, running on losses | Hyderabad News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/hyd-metro-running-in-losses-rs-1300-crore-interest-per-annum-paid-for-rs-12k-crore-debt-nvs-reddy/articleshow/70527742.cms|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

An {{convert|11|km|mile|adj=on}} stretch of the Green Line from JBS Parade Ground to [[MG Bus Station metro station|MG Bus Station]], with 9 stations, was inaugurated on 7 February 2020 by Telangana Chief Minister [[K. Chandrasekhar Rao]],<ref>{{cite web|title=K Chandrasekhar Rao: Telangana CM to inaugurate 11-km stretch of Hyderabad Metro on February 7 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/telangana-cm-to-inaugurate-11-km-stretch-of-hyderabad-metro-on-february-7/articleshow/73935480.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=28 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref> and opened to the public the next day.<ref name = "Smith">{{cite web|first=Kevin|last=Smith|title=Hyderabad Metro opens Green Line |url=https://www.railjournal.com/passenger/metros/hyderabad-metro-opens-green-line/ |website=International Railway Journal |access-date=28 November 2021 |language=en |date=10 February 2020}}</ref> A 5.6 km southward extension from MG Bus Station to Falaknuma is yet to be completed in the [[Old City (Hyderabad, India)|Old City]].<ref name="Smith" />

==Construction==
Green Line sections were opened as indicated below.

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! colspan="6" align="center" style="background:#{{rcr|Hyderabad Metro|green}};" |'''Green Line'''
|-
! Stage
! Extension date
! colspan="2"|Terminal Stations
! Length
! Stations
|-
| 1 || 8 February 2020||[[Parade Ground metro station|Parade Ground]] ||[[MG Bus Station metro station|MG Bus Station]]||{{cvt|11|km|mi|abbr=on}}||9
|-
| 2 || Yet to start construction||MG Bus Station || [[Falaknuma metro station|Falaknuma]] || {{cvt|5.6|km|mi|abbr=on}}||6
|-
!colspan=2 |Total ||Parade Ground||Falaknuma||{{cvt|16.6|km|mi|abbr=on}}||15
|}

==Stations ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! colspan="7" align="center" style="background:#{{rcr|Hyderabad Metro|green}};" |'''Green Line'''
|-
! rowspan="2" |#
! colspan="3" |Station Name
! rowspan="2" |Opened
! rowspan="2" |Connections
! rowspan="2" |Alignment
|-
! [[English language|English]]||[[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||[[Urdu language|Urdu]]
|-
|1|| [[Parade Ground metro station|Parade Ground]]|| జేబీస్ పెరేడ్ గ్రౌండ్ || جے بی ایس پریڈ گراؤنڈ || 8 February 2020 || {{rcb|Hyderabad Metro|blue|croute}} {{rint|bus}} [[Jubilee Bus Station]]
| Elevated
|-
|2|| [[Secunderabad West metro station|Secunderabad West]]|| సికింద్రాబాద్ వెస్ట్ ||سکندرآباد ویسٹ|| 8 February 2020 || {{ric|Indian Railways}}[[Secunderabad railway station|Secunderabad]]|| Elevated
|-
|3|| Gandhi Hospital || గాంధీ హాస్పిటల్ ||گاندھی ہسپتال|| 8 February 2020 || None || Elevated
|-
|4|| Musheerabad || ముషీరాబాద్ ||مشیرآباد|| 8 February 2020 || None || Elevated
|-
|5|| R.T.C. Cross Roads || ఆర్.టి.సి క్రాస్ రోడ్ || آر ٹی سی کراس روڈز || 8 February 2020 || None || Elevated
|-
|6|| Chikkadpally || చిక్కడపల్లి ||چکداپلی || 8 February 2020 || None || Elevated
|-
|7|| Narayanguda || నారాయణగూడ || نارائن گوڈا || 8 February 2020 || None || Elevated
|-
|8|| Sultan Bazaar || సుల్తాన్ బజార్ || سلطان بازار || 8 February 2020 || None || Elevated
|-
|9|| [[MG Bus Station metro station|M.G. Bus Station]] || ఎం.జి బస్ స్టేషన్ || ایم جی بس اسٹیشن || 8 February 2020 || {{rcb|Hyderabad Metro|red|croute}} {{rint|bus}} [[Mahatma Gandhi Bus Station]]
| Elevated
|-
|10
|Salarjung Museum
|సాలార్జంగ్ మ్యూజియం
|سالارجنگ میوزیم
|Approved
|None
|Elevated
|-
|11
|Charminar
|చార్మినార్
|چارمینار
|Approved
|None
|Elevated
|-
|12
|Shah-Ali-Banda
|షా-అలీ-బందా
|شاہ علی بندہ
|Approved
|None
|Elevated
|-
|13
|Aliabad
|అలియాబాద్
|علی آباد
|Approved
|None
|Elevated
|-
|14
|Falaknuma
|ఫలక్‌నుమా
|فلک نما
|Approved
|None
|Elevated
|-
|15
|Chandrayangutta
|చాంద్రాయణగుట్ట
|چندرائن گٹہ
|Approved
|{{rcb|Hyderabad Metro|Purple|croute}} (''Proposed'')
|Elevated
|}

==Line Map==
{{maplink-road |from=GreenLineHyderabadMetro.map}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Hyderabad Metro|green line=yes}}

[[Category:Hyderabad Metro]]

Chikballapur Lok Sabha constituency

2025-12-20T08:21:32Z

BonnieKoontz: Adding new info

{{short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Karnataka}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Chikkballapur
| map_image ={{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok_Sabha_constituencies/2019/Karnataka/Chikballapur.map}}
| map_caption = Chikballapur Constituency Map
| state =[[Karnataka]]
| established =1962
| assembly_cons =[[Gauribidanur Assembly constituency|Gauribidanur]] [[Bagepalli Assembly constituency|Bagepalli]] [[Chikballapur Assembly constituency|Chikkaballapur]] [[Yelahanka Assembly constituency|Yelahanka]] [[Hosakote Assembly constituency|Hoskote]] [[Devanahalli Assembly constituency|Devanahalli]] [[Doddaballapur Assembly constituency|Doddaballapur]] [[Nelamangala Assembly constituency|Nelamangala]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = K. Sudhakar (politician) 1.jpg
| mp =[[K. Sudhakar (politician)|K. Sudhakar]]
| party =[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}
[[File:Chikkaballapur Lok Sabha Constituency Map with district boundary (2009 - Present).pdf|thumb|]]
'''Chikkballapur Lok Sabha constituency''', also spelled 'Chikkaballapur', is one of the 28 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Karnataka]] state in southern [[India]].<ref name="eci">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=207}}</ref> This constituency came into existence in 1977 after the [[States Reorganisation Act|reorganisation of Indian states]]. It covers parts of [[Chikballapur district|Chikkaballapura District]] and [[Bangalore Rural district|Bengaluru Rural District]].

==Vidhan Sabha segments==
Chikballapur Lok Sabha constituency presently comprises the following eight [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] segments:<ref name="eci"/>
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!No
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |Party Leading (in [[2024 Indian general election|2024]])
|-
| 139
| [[Gauribidanur Assembly constituency|Gauribidanur]]
| rowspan="3"|[[Chikkaballapura district|Chikballapur]]
| [[K. H. Puttaswamy Gowda]]
| {{party name with color|Independent|shortname=IND}}
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 140
| [[Bagepalli Assembly constituency|Bagepalli]]
| [[S. N. Subbareddy]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 141
| [[Chikballapur Assembly constituency|Chikkaballapur]]
| [[Pradeep Eshwar]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 150
| [[Yelahanka Assembly constituency|Yelahanka]]
| [[Bangalore Urban district|Bangalore Urban]]
| [[S. R. Vishwanath]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 178
| [[Hosakote Assembly constituency|Hoskote]]
| rowspan="3"|[[Bangalore Rural district|Bangalore Rural]]
| [[Sharath Kumar Bache Gowda|Sharath Kumar Bachegowda]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 179
| [[Devanahalli Assembly constituency|Devanahalli]] (SC)
| [[K. H. Muniyappa]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| 180
| [[Doddaballapur Assembly constituency|Doddaballapur]]
| [[Dheeraj Muniraj]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 181
| [[Nelamangala Assembly constituency|Nelamangala]] (SC)
| [[Bangalore Rural district|Bangalore Rural]]
| [[N. Shreenivasaiah]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
===Mysore State===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chikkaballapur (Karnataka) Lok Sabha Election Results 2019 -Chikkaballapur Parliamentary Constituency, Winning MP and Party Name |url=https://www.elections.in/karnataka/parliamentary-constituencies/chikkaballapur.html |access-date= |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''1952-62 : See [[Kolar Lok Sabha constituency|Kolar]]''}}
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|[[K. Chengalaraya Reddy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''1967-77 : See [[Hoskote Lok Sabha constituency|Hoskote]]''}}
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|[[M. V. Krishnappa]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|[[S. N. Prasan Kumar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
| rowspan="3" |[[V. Krishna Rao]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
| rowspan="4" |[[R. L. Jalappa]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Veerappa Moily]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[B. N. Bache Gowda]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[K. Sudhakar (politician)|K. Sudhakar]]
|}

== Election results ==

=== General Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Chikkballapur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[K. Sudhakar (politician)|K. Sudhakar]]
|votes = 822,619
|percentage = 53.93
|change = {{increase}}0.15
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress

|candidate = Raksha Ramaiah
|votes = 659,159
|percentage = 43.21
|change = {{increase}}2.56
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 6,596
|percentage = 0.43
|change = {{decrease}}0.15
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Munivenkatappa M.P.
|votes = 4557
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 163,460
|percentage = 10.71
|change = {{decrease}}2.42
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,531,043
|percentage = 77.26
|change = {{Increase}}0.52
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Chikkballapur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[B. N. Bache Gowda]]
|votes = 7,45,912
|percentage = 53.78
|change ={{Increase}}20.92
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress

|candidate = [[M. Veerappa Moily]]
|votes = 5,63,802
|percentage = 40.65
|change ={{Increase}}7.04
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = S. Varalakshmi
|votes = 28,648
|percentage = 1.34
|change = {{Decrease}}0.72
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate =
Dr. C. S. Dwarakanath
|votes = 23,446
|percentage = 1.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 8,025
|percentage = 0.58
|change = {{Decrease}}0.03
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,82,110
|percentage = 13.13
|change = {{Increase}}12.38
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 13,87,987
|percentage = 76.74
|change = {{Increase}}0.56
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Chikkballapur]]<ref>CEO Karnataka. ''[http://ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/ContestingCandidate/27-Chikkaballapur.pdf List of contesting candidates]''</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS1027.htm?ac=27|title=Constituencywise-All Candidates|publisher=ECI|accessdate=21 May 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[M. Veerappa Moily]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/chikkballapur-lok-sabha|title = Chikkballapur Lok Sabha Election Result - Parliamentary Constituency}}</ref>
|votes = 4,24,800
|percentage = 33.61
|change = {{Decrease}}6.29
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[B. N. Bache Gowda]]
|votes = 4,15,280
|percentage = 32.86
|change = {{Decrease}}1.79
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal (Secular)
|candidate = [[H. D. Kumaraswamy]]
|votes = 3,46,339
|percentage = 27.40
|change = {{Increase}}8.39
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = G. V. Sreerama Reddy
|votes = 26,071
|percentage = 2.06
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 7,682
|percentage = 0.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 9,520
|percentage = 0.75
|change = {{Decrease}}4.5
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 12,63,274
|percentage = 76.18
|change = {{Increase}}8.09
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Chikkballapur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[M. Veerappa Moily]]
|votes = 3,90,500
|percentage = 39.90
|change = {{decrease}} 0.50
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = C. Aswathanarayana
|votes = 3,39,119
|percentage = 34.65
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal (Secular)
|candidate = C. R. Manohar
|votes =1,86,075
|percentage =19.01
|change = {{decrease}} 14.94
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Hennuru Lakshmi Narayana
|votes =14,629
|percentage =1.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =51,381
|percentage = 5.25
|change = {{decrease}} 1.20
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 9,78,610
|percentage =68.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2004 Lok Sabha===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections]]: [[Chikkballapur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[R. L. Jalappa]]
|votes = 376,204
|percentage = 40.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal (Secular)
|candidate = [[Shashi Kumar]]
|votes = 316,182
|percentage = 33.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Ashok Krishnappa
|votes = 191,766
|percentage = 20.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 60,022
|percentage = 6.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1977 Lok Sabha===
* M. V. Krishnappa (INC) : 207,589 votes <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1977-election-results.html|title = 1977 India General (6th Lok Sabha) Elections Results}}</ref>
* G. Narayana Gowda (Janata) : 159,115

==See also==
* [[Hoskote Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[Chikballapur district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/karnataka/chikkballapur/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Chikkballapur lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}

{{coord|13.4|77.7|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chikballapur Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Chikkaballapura district]]

Ruchi Sharma (singer)

2025-12-17T17:39:26Z

BonnieKoontz: minor fix details to improve readability after review

{{short description|Indian singer (born 1992)}}
{{For|the India's first female operational paratrooper|Ruchi Sharma}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Ruchi Sharma
| image =
| caption = Ruchi Sharma
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1992|05|21}}
| origin = [[Bhiwani]], [[Haryana]], India
| genre = [[Hindustani classical music]], [[Filmi]]
| years_active = 2008 - present
| website = [http://ruchisharma.co.in/ Official site]
| label =
}}

'''Ruchi Sharma''' (born 21 May 1992 in [[Bhiwani]], [[Haryana]]) is an Indian singer. She performed as Voice of Haryana in Top 24 of [[STAR Voice of India 2]], a singing talent hunt produced by Sai Baba Telefilms, telecasted by Star Plus compered by Shaan in 2008.

==Biography==
Ruchi was born to Anil Sharma and Geeta Sharma in [[Bhiwani]], [[Haryana]]. Her parents hailing from [[Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh|Ghaziabad]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] have a keen interest in classical music and singing.

==Music career==
In 2007, she was selected in Top 20 of Amul Star Voice of India -Chote Ustaad, in its first season. Though she could not make it to the top, it was notably the turning point in her career.

She is now learning music from Bade [[Ustad Ghulam Mustafa Khan]] Sahab.

She started taking singing lessons from Yuva Ratna awarded Mr. Ritesh Mishra, son of Padm Bhushan Pt. Rajan Mishra in 2007. A year later, she performed with the highly regarded duo Pandits [[Rajan-Sajan Mishra]] who are exponents of Banaras Vocal Gharana. She also completed Sangeet Visharad in Indian Classical music, besides taking lessons of Hindustani Vocal from Mr. Gautam Mukherjee, son-in-law of [[Hemant Kumar]] in Mumbai.

She was a contestant in the first season of the show, Star Voice of India, Chhote Ustaad. However, her major breakthrough came in the second season of the show, where she performed in a good way but was eliminated.

==References==
*[http://www.ruchisharma.co.in Official Website]
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.ruchisharma.co.in Official Website]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HDi-JFLNLnE STAR Voice of India 2]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Ruchi}}
[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women pop singers]]
[[Category:People from Bhiwani]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Haryana]]
[[Category:Singers from Haryana]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]

2005 Delhi bombings

2025-12-14T10:16:50Z

BonnieKoontz: minor refine structure for accuracy additionally

{{Short description|2005 Islamist terror attack in Delhi, India}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2022}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox terrorist attack
| motive = [[Islamic terrorism]]
| image = 2005 October 29 New Delhi Bomb blasts map.png
| caption = Delhi map showing the location of the bomb blasts: (1) Pahargunj, (2) Sarojini Nagar market, (3) Govindpuri
| title = 2005 Delhi bombings
| location = Delhi, India
| target = Two markets and a bus
| date = 29 October 2005
| time-begin = 5:38 pm
| time-end = 6:05 pm
| timezone = [[UTC]]+5.5
| type = [[Bomb]]ings
| fatalities = 62
| injuries = 210
| perps = [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] [[Indian Mujahideen]]
}}
{{Terrorist attacks in India (since 2001)}}
[[File:Delhi in India.png|thumb|right|India map showing Delhi|180px]]
The '''2005 Delhi bombings''' occurred on 29 October 2005 in [[Delhi]], India, killing 62 people and injuring at least 210 others<ref name="news24.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.news24.com/News24/World/News/0,,2-10-1462_1826434,00.html |title=Delhi blasts death toll at 62 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051105143402/http://www.news24.com/News24/World/News/0%2C%2C2-10-1462_1826434%2C00.html |archive-date=5 November 2005 |url-status=dead }}</ref> in three explosions. The bombings came only two days before the important festival of [[Diwali]], which is celebrated by Indians. The bombs were triggered in two markets in central and south Delhi and in a bus south of the city. The Pakistani Islamist terrorist group [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] claimed responsibility for the attacks under the pseudonym of Islamic Inquilab Mahaz.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Incident Summary for GTDID: 200510290001 |url=https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=200510290001 |access-date=2022-08-20 |website=[[Global Terrorism Database]]}}</ref> The [[Indian Mujahideen]] is also suspected of involvement.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Shaswati |date=2018-04-19 |title=NIA arrests Indian Mujahideen operative Ariz Khan wanted in 2005 Delhi blasts case |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/6Filmx8MSCvrGDiALvMreN/NIA-arrests-Indian-Mujahideen-operative-Ariz-Khan-wanted-in.html |access-date=2022-08-20 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

President [[A P J Abdul Kalam]] condemned the blasts in Delhi and sent condolences to the bereaved and other victims. Kalam appealed to the people "to maintain calm and help the agencies in relief and rescue work." Parts of India were moved to higher alert following the blasts.

==Timeline==

The blasts happened as follows:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wits.nctc.gov/reports/crot2005nctcannexfinal.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060707180516/http://wits.nctc.gov/reports/crot2005nctcannexfinal.pdf |archive-date=2006-07-07 |title=Report on Incidents of Terrorism 2005 |date=11 April 2006 }}</ref>

*The first blast took place in the main bazaar of [[Paharganj]] near the New Delhi Railway Station at around 5:38 pm ([[UTC+05:30]]).
*The second blast took place near a bus in Govindpuri area at 6:00 pm (IST)<nowiki>*</nowiki> in the southern part of the city.
*Within minutes of the second explosion, at 6:05 pm (IST)<nowiki>*</nowiki>, the third explosion took place in South Delhi's busy [[Sarojini Nagar]] market.

===Modus operandi and suspects===
* The first explosion (Paharganj explosion) occurred outside New Delhi Railway Station. The explosive device was planted in a ''two-wheeler'' (generic term used in India for any motorised vehicle with two wheels, such as a motorcycle or a [[motorscooter]]). When the bomb exploded, it ripped apart the ''M S Medicos'', a medical shop outside which the two-wheeler was parked. According to Rediff.com the shop was badly damaged with glass strewn all over the street and blood splattered all over the ground. When the explosion took place large number of people were eating ''[[golgappa]]s'' in the adjoining snacks-cum-sweet shop resulting in the high number of deaths in the area.
*The Govindpuri explosion, which took place inside a bus, injured nine people, four critically. 35–40 people were travelling in the bus when the conductor of the bus spotted a suspicious plastic bag which none of the passengers claimed. The passengers were already suspicious as a man had climbed aboard the bus and refused to buy a ticket, according to the BBC, leaving his large, black bag aboard. The driver and conductor of the bus quickly alerted and disembarked the passengers and, by doing so, minimised the damage when the bomb was thrown out of a window. At the time of the explosion, only five people remained inside the bus. However, the driver and conductor sustained injuries in their rescue effort, and the driver's condition was critical according to NDTV. According to the Indian police, the Govindpuri bomb operated on an [[electronic timer]].
*The third and most devastating explosion took place in a very crowded corner of the busy [[Sarojini Nagar]] market. According to [[The Hindu]] website, the eyewitnesses claim that the bomb was placed in a white colour [[Maruti Suzuki|Maruti]] van whose front and rear mirrors were shattered due to the explosion. The bomb went off near a vendor using a gas cylinder, which exploded, triggering multiple explosions and leading to an outbreak of fire in a row of shops. Apart from resulting in the death of 43 people and injuring about another 28 people, half-a-dozen clothing shops and a few vehicles parked behind these shops were destroyed due to this explosion.
* It is believed that the explosive used to carry out the blasts is [[RDX]].
* It is also believed that the blasts were connected to [[Quds Day]], on Friday, October 28, 2005, which creates terror worldwide, against [[Israel]] and [[United States]]. To mark the [[Jumu'atul-Wida]], which is the last Friday of [[Ramadan]], as Al-Quds Day, was initiated by [[Iran]]ian spiritual leader [[Ayatollah Khomeini]], in 1979 to support [[Palestinians|Palestine]] Muslims.<ref>[https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/a-chilling-reminder/229055 Delhi Blasts, A Chilling Reminder, Karachi: Rally held to mark Al-Quds Day][https://www.dawn.com/news/163368/karachi-rally-held-to-mark-al-quds-day]
</ref>

==Suspects==
The Pakistan-based [[Islamist terrorist]] group Lashkar-e-Taiba claimed responsibility on a jihadist website, through the name of "Islamic Inquilab Mahaz" (Islamic Revolutionary Front). It had previously carried out similar attacks in Karachi using the same name.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Majumder |first=Sanjoy |date=October 31, 2005 |title=Who is behind the Delhi bombings? |newspaper=[[BBC News]] |publisher=[[BBC]] |location=[[Delhi]] |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4390460.stm |access-date=December 24, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=October 31, 2005 |title=Group Says It Staged Indian Blasts |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |agency=[[Associated Press]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/30/AR2005103000900.html |accessdate=December 24, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=15 November 2005 |title=Delhi Metro was in LeT's cross-hairs |url=http://in.rediff.com/news/2005/nov/15dblast.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118194110/http://in.rediff.com/news/2005/nov/15dblast.htm |archive-date=18 January 2012 |access-date=17 December 2011 |work=Rediff.com}}</ref>

The [[Delhi]] Police released three sketches of one of the suspected bombers involved in the bombings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/template/template.asp?template=Delhiblasts&slug=Delhi+blasts%3A+Sketches+of+suspect+released&id=18090&callid=0&category=National |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060720054932/http://www.ndtv.com/template/template.asp?template=Delhiblasts&slug=Delhi%2Bblasts%3A%2BSketches%2Bof%2Bsuspect%2Breleased&id=18090&callid=0&category=National |archive-date=20 July 2006 |title=Delhi blasts: Cops release sketches of suspect |url-status=dead }}</ref>
According to NDTV, ten suspects have been detained following the blasts. Five of them were picked up from the Delhi Railway station and others from other railway stations and bus terminals.

Tariq Ahmad Dar, was arrested in Kashmir, as the alleged suspect of the attacks on 10 November 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2005/nov/13dblast.htm |title=Delhi blast suspect arrested in Kashmir |work=Rediff.com |date=31 December 2004 |access-date=30 March 2012}}</ref> The police also arrested the suspected Govindpuri bomber, Mohammed Rafiq Shah.<ref>"2005 blasts: Court seeks accused's call records". ''The Hindustan Times'', 29 October 2007.</ref> They were freed in Feb 2017 for lack of evidence.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/12-years-a-prisoner-man-freed-in-delhi-blast-case-says-i-feel-lucky-1660571|title = 12 Years a Prisoner, Man Freed in Delhi Blast Case Says 'I Feel Lucky'}}</ref>

==Casualties==

Thirty eight people were declared dead in Safdarjang hospital, ten in Lady Hardinge Hospital, five in Ram Manohar Lohia hospital and two in [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences|AIIMS]]. The number of fatalities later rose to 62, with about 210 injured.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}

{| class="wikitable" style="width: 250px; font-size: 95%; float: right;"
|+ 29 October 2005 casualties
|-
! Place
! Deaths
! Injured
! Sources
|-
| Pahargunj blast
| 18 || 60 || [http://in.rediff.com/news/2005/oct/30delhi4.htm (Rediff)]
|-
| Sarojini Nagar market blast
| 43 || 28 || [http://in.rediff.com/news/2005/oct/30delhi4.htm (Rediff)]
|-
| Govindpuri blast
| 0 || 4 || [http://in.rediff.com/news/2005/oct/30delhi4.htm (Rediff)]
|- style="background: #E9E9E9;"
||'''Total'''
|| '''61''' || style="background: #E9E9E9;" | '''92''' || style="background: #E9E9E9;" |
|}

==Rescue and relief operations==
Relatives of the dead and injured received money and medical help from the government:
*"[[Rupee|Rs]] 300,000 will be given as [[ex-gratia]] to next of the kin of every dead person, while those seriously injured will get Rs 50,000," Delhi Chief Minister [[Sheila Dikshit]] told reporters.
*The injured received free treatment at any government hospital.

==Reactions==

Delhi police ordered all temples and restaurants in Delhi closed shortly after the explosions, and the city of Delhi went on [[wikt:red alert|red alert]].

===Bomb hoaxes===

At least two phone calls reporting fake bombs have been received by the Delhi police, including a false report of a bomb in a school (or a fair) for people with visual disabilities. In addition, there was a phone call reporting a (purportedly fake) bomb near a bank in [[Khari Baoli]] before the attacks occurred; the object referred to by the call was a suitcase, in which there were documents, batteries, and wires. In the midst of the attacks, there was another [[hoax]] call reporting a bomb going off in the [[Gole Market]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 October 2005 |title=Breaking News |url=http://www.newindpress.com/newsItems.asp?id=IEL20051030095500&Title=B+R+E+A+K+I+N+G++++N+E+W+S&rLink=-429 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929092242/http://www.newindpress.com/newsItems.asp?id=IEL20051030095500&Title=B+R+E+A+K+I+N+G++++N+E+W+S&rLink=-429 |archive-date=29 September 2007 |website=[[New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=57544 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051216045825/http://www.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=57544 |archive-date=2005-12-16 |title=2 hours before blast, false alarm at Khari Baoli}}</ref>

The Delhi police, after the explosions, sent out messages to the public asking them to report unidentified objects. This led to a wave of reports of "bombs", all of which proved to be either nonexistent or more benign objects, including a "bomb" at the Som Bazaar in eastern Delhi and another "bomb" near the Sanjay Gandhi Hospital.

==World reaction==
The bombings have provoked strong international condemnation from the United States, Britain, Canada, Australia, China, Sri Lanka, Japan, Belgium, Brazil, Iran, UAE, European Union, Bangladesh, Maldives, and South Africa.

==See also==
* [[1993 Mumbai bombings]]
* [[List of terrorist incidents]]
* [[Allegations of state terrorism committed by Pakistan]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=200510290001 Incident Summary] at the [[Global Terrorism Database]].
*[https://archive.today/20130126065043/http://www.indiatwo.com/travel/Delhi-Blasts Serial Blasts in Delhi] . 13 September 2008. ''indiatwo.com''.
*[http://202.54.124.133/news/2006/oct/20spec.htm How the Delhi blasts case was cracked]. 20 October 2006.{{Dead link|date=September 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}
*[http://www.ndtv.com/template/template.asp?template=Terrorstrikes&slug=Serial+blasts+rock+Delhi%2C+nearly+50+dead&id=18069&callid=0&category=National Serial blasts rock Delhi, nearly 50 dead]. ''[[NDTV]]''.
*[http://www.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/asiapcf/10/29/india.explosion/index.html India explosions]. 29 October 2005. ''[[CNN Asia Pacific]]''.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110713025259/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-10-31/india/27834851_1_serial-blasts-sleeper-cells-terror Editorial: Serial blasts, sleeper cells and terror]. 31 October 2005. ''[[Times of India]]''.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051031042552/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/9859307 Video report]. ''[[MSNBC]]''.
*[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4388292.stm News]. [[BBC India|''BBC Delhi'']].
*[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4389586.stm News update]. ''[[BBC India]]''.

{{War on Terrorism}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Delhi}}
{{Islamic terrorism in Asia}}
[[Category:21st-century mass murders in India]]
[[Category:2005 mass murders]]
[[Category:October 2005 crimes in Asia]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in India in 2005]]
[[Category:Car and truck bombings in India]]
[[Category:Islamic terrorism in India]]
[[Category:Marketplace attacks in India]]
[[Category:Murder in Delhi]]
[[Category:Islamic terrorist incidents in 2005]]
[[Category:Building bombings in India]]
[[Category:2000s in Delhi]]
[[Category:Lashkar-e-Taiba attacks]]
[[Category:Indian Mujahideen attacks]]
[[Category:2005 murders in India]]
[[Category:Anti-Hindu violence in India]]
[[Category:October 2005 in India]]
[[Category:Bus bombings in India]]
[[Category:2005 building bombings]]
[[Category:Car and truck bombings in 2005]]

TV Asia

2025-12-10T15:38:16Z

BonnieKoontz:

{{Short description|American South Asian-language television channel}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = TV Asia
| logo = TV Asia.png
| logo_size = 150px
| launch_date = {{Start date and age|df=y|1990|4|10}}
| owner = Asia Star Broadcasting Inc.
| key_people = H.R. Shah [[President (corporate title)|President]] & [[Chief Executive Officer|CEO]]
| country = India UK (1990–1995) USA (1992–)
| website = {{URL|tvasiausa.com}}
| closed_date = {{End date and age|df=yes|1995|3}} (UK)
| replaced_by = [[Zee TV]]
| online_serv_1 = [[Sling TV]]
| online_chan_1 = [[IPTV|Internet Protocol television]]
}}

'''TV Asia''' is an Indian-American/South Asian television channel in the US. Launched in 1990, and originally broadcasting overnight during [[Sky One]]'s downtime, it was Europe's first entertainment and information channel for the [[South Asia]]n community from the [[Indian subcontinent]] and the first channel in the UK to be aimed at the Asian community. TV Asia was conceptualised and founded by Wasim Mehmood and Mohan Thariyan and after it had secured its status in the UK in 1992, it was sold to a partnership formed between the top Indian talent represented by [[Amitabh Bachchan]].

On 8 July 1992, TV Asia began broadcasting for 10 hours a day via the Astra 1B satellite. The start-up costs in 1992 were 8 million pounds.<ref>{{cite news |title=Satellite TV for Indians, Pakistanis launched in Britain |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19920712-1.2.12.16 |access-date=23 December 2023 |work=The Straits Times |date=12 July 1992}}</ref>

After two successful years the channel was sold at a profit to Dolphin Group owned by Ketan Somaiya. Dolphin Group later negotiated the deal for the channel to be sold to Subash Chandra's flagship Zee TV (India) and in March 1995 TV Asia was renamed as Zee TV (UK).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Bidisha |date=2017-01-06 |title=Mr. HR Shah: The Doyen of Indian American Community |url=https://www.theindianpanorama.news/unitedstates/mr-hr-shah-doyen-indian-american-community/ |access-date=2023-06-25 |website=The Indian Panorama |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jessica |date=2017-01-26 |title=H. R. SHAH CONFERRED PADMA SHRI |url=https://www.avstv.com/h-r-shah-conferred-padma-shri/ |access-date=2023-06-25 |website=AVS TV Network – bollywood and Hollywood latest News, Movies, Songs, Videos & Photos – All Rights Reserved}}</ref>

Some of the most popular shows on TV Asia and ZEE TV UK were first ever Asian pop chart show 'Music Channel Charts' and drama serial 'French Toast', both were produced and directed by popular British Asian artist Yasir Akhtar and Ghazanfar Ali.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Perry |first=Jessica |date=2014-08-04 |title=TV Asia Covering the world from a studio in Edison |url=https://njbiz.com/tv-asia-covering-the-world-from-a-studio-in-edison-3/ |access-date=2023-06-25 |website=NJBIZ |language=en-US}}</ref>

In [[Indians in the New York City metropolitan region|New York City]] and [[North America]], TV Asia was also the first coast-to-coast entertainment and information channel for the South Asian community settled in the U.S. In spite of different ownership, currently TV Asia has retained the same logo and style of programming and airs regularly scheduled programs in Hindi, English, [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], and other regional languages, 24 hours a day, seven days a week. The channel went national on July 1, 1998, when it launched on the [[Dish Network]] platform.<ref>(1998, Jul 06). DISH Network Increases International Programming Choices; EchoStar Adds More Foreign Language Channels. Business Wire</ref> The current Chairman/CEO of TV Asia is Dr. H.R. Shah.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Atlanta Community hosts a glitzy reception for TV Asia's Chairman and C.E.O.Mr.H.R. Shah and TV Asia Team- Atlanta Dunia – |url=https://www.atlantadunia.com/dunia/News09/N2012/N750.htm |access-date=2023-06-25 |website=atlantadunia.com}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of South Asian television channels by country|List of South Asian television channels in the United States]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://tvasiausa.com Official Website (United States)]

{{TV ASIA Programmes}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1990 establishments in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:1995 disestablishments in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Defunct television channels in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 1990]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations disestablished in 1995]]
[[Category:Indian-American television]]
[[Category:British Indian mass media]]

{{India-tv-station-stub}}

Samaleshwari Express

2025-12-07T04:11:26Z

BonnieKoontz:

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Samaleshwari Express
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale = [[West Bengal]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Odisha]], [[Chhattisgarh]]
| first =
| last =
| operator = [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Howrah}} (HWH)
| stops = 33
| end = {{stnlnk|Jagdalpur}} (JDB)
| distance = {{convert|1163|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 23hrs 40mins
| frequency = Daily {{efn|Runs seven days in a week for every direction.}}
| class = AC First, AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering, E-catering
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = No
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 18005 / 18006
| speed = {{convert|49|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The 18005 / 18006 '''Samaleswari Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|Express]] train belonging to [[South Eastern Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Howrah Junction}} and {{stnlnk|Jagdalpur}} in India. It is currently being operated with 18005/18006 train numbers on a daily basis.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/trains-cancelled-diverted-for-restoration-works/article19404685.ece | title=Trains cancelled, diverted for restoration works | date=2 August 2017 | newspaper=The Hindu | accessdate=29 January 2019}}</ref><ref>[http://www.eastcoastrail.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&dcd=2523&id=0,4,268 TRAIN SERVICES RESUMED IN TITLAGARH-RAYAGADA RAILWAY SECTION]</ref><ref>[http://www.eastcoastrail.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=2513&did=150027084295696FB21491D9410B6F96CFDCFCDD99D90.web107 HEAVY RAIN CAUSING FLOOD SITUATION AFFECTED TRAIN SERVICES IN RAYAGADA-TITILAGARH RAILWAY SECTION]</ref>

== Service==

The 18005/Samaleswari Express has an average speed of 46 km/h and covers 1165 km in 25h 15m. The 18006/Samaleswari Express has an average speed of 45 km/h and covers 1165 km in 25h 55m.{{fact|date=June 2024}}

== Route and halts ==

The important halts of the train are:

* '''{{stnlnk|Howrah Junction}}'''
* {{stnlnk|Uluberia}}
* {{stnlnk|Kharagpur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Tatanagar Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Chakradharpur}}
* {{stnlnk|Rourkela Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Jharsuguda Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Sambalpur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Bargarh Road}}
* {{stnlnk|Balangir}}
* {{stnlnk|Titlagarh Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Kesinga}}
* {{stnlnk|Rayagada}}
* {{stnlnk|Koraput Junction}}
* '''{{stnlnk|Jagdalpur}}'''

==Coach composition==

The train has LHB rakes with a max speed of 130 kmph. The train consists of 19 coaches:

* 1 First AC
* 2 AC II Tier
* 3 AC III Tier
* 6 Sleeper coaches
* 5 General Unreserved
* 1 Luggage Rake
* 1 EOG

==Traction==

As the route is electrified, it is are hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Visakhapatnam|Visakhapatnam Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive from end to end .

== Direction reversal==

The train reverses its direction twice at:

* {{stnlnk|Koraput Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Rayagada}}.

== See also ==
* [[Howrah Junction railway station]]
* [[Jagdalpur railway station]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/672 18005/Samaleswari Express] India Rail Info
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/657 18006/Samaleswari Express] India Rail Info

{{Railways in Eastern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Samaleswari Express}}
[[Category:Rail transport in Howrah]]
[[Category:Transport in Jagdalpur]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Odisha]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

C. S. Gopala Panicker

2025-12-03T18:33:50Z

BonnieKoontz: Adding stub...

{{Short description|Indian writer (1872–1930)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = C. S. Gopala Panicker
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 29 May 1872
| birth_place = Kerala, India
| death_date = 30 January 1930
| occupation = Writer
| language = Malayalam
| genre = Short story
| notableworks =
| influences =
| years_active =
| nationality = Indian
}}
'''C. S. Gopala Panicker''' (29 May 1872 – 30 January 1930) was a [[Malayalam|Malayalam-language]] short story writer from [[Kerala]], India.<ref name="Brief Biography">[https://keralaliterature.com/malayalam-writers-%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%82-%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D/gopalapanicker-c-s-%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D-%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF-%E0%B4%8E/ "ഗോപാലപ്പണിക്കര്‍ സി.എസ്"]. Keralaliterature.com. Retrieved 18 January 2023.</ref> Along with [[Vengayil Kunhiraman Nayanar]], [[Oduvil Kunhikrishna Menon]], [[Moorkoth Kumaran]], [[Chenkulath Cheriya Kunhirama Menon]] (M. R. K. C.) and [[Ambadi Narayana Poduval]], Panicker is regarded as a pioneer of the short story in [[Malayalam literature]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=A Brief Survey of Malayalam Literature: History of Literature |author=[[K. M. Tharakan]] |publisher=National Books |date=1990 |page=72 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3nhkAAAAMAAJ |quote=The pioneers of the short-story in Malayalam were Vengayil Kunju Raman Nayanar, Oduvil Kunjukrishna Menon, C. S. Gopala Panikkar, Ambadi Narayana Poduval, Chakulath Kunjirama Menon (M. R. K. C.) and Murkoth Kumaran.}}</ref><ref name="Malayalam Literary Survey">{{Cite book |title=Malayalam Literary Survey |author= |publisher=[[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] |date=1992 |page=29 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RpJkAAAAMAAJ |quote=The pioneers who gave the short story in Malayalam a local habitation and a name - Vengayil Kunhiraman Nayanar, Murkkoth Kumaran, C. S. Gopala Panicker, Oduvil Kunhikrishna Menon, et al - were drawn to the world of stories through the creations of Nathaniel Hawthorne, Edgar Allan Poe...}}</ref><ref name="Ulloor">{{Cite book |title=Kerala Sahithya Charithram |author=[[Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer]] |chapter= 63.2 സി. എസ്. ഗോപാലപ്പണിക്കർ (1047–1105) |url=https://archive.org/details/kerala-sahitya-charitram-vol-1-ulloor-1953-ku |chapter-url= http://ax.sayahna.org/ulloor/ulloor-5-63.html |publisher=University of Travancore |date=1953 |language=ml}}</ref>

==Life==
===Early life===
Panicker was born in 1872 as the son of Peringattuveettil Narayana Panicker and Lakshmi Amma in [[Chittur taluk]] which is part of the present-day state of [[Kerala]] in India.After passing the Middle School Examination from Chittur, he studied at [[Peruvemba]] High School near [[Chittur]] and passed his matriculation from Palghat Victoria High School.<ref name="Ulloor"/> He completed his [[Intermediate of Arts|F.A.]] (Intermediate) from [[Calicut]] [[Zamorin's Guruvayurappan College]] (then known as Kerala Vidyashala) and [[Cochin]].<ref name="Ulloor"/> He completed a [[Bachelor of Science]] degree in Zoology from [[Presidency College, Chennai|Madras Presidency College]] in 1896.<ref name="Ulloor"/>

===Career===
Three months after passing his B.A. degree, Panicker entered the Cochin government service as a clerk in the Land Revenue Department in [[Ernakulam]].<ref name="Ulloor"/> In 1897, he became Acting Head Clerk, and in 1898 he became the Acting [[Sheristadar|Shirastadar]].<ref name="Ulloor"/> With the permission of the government, he also worked as a manager for [[Edapally royal family]] for some time.<ref name="Ulloor"/> He was gradually appointed as [[Tehsildar]] in 1912 and as Stamp Superintendent in 1913.<ref name="Ulloor"/> He also served as the Panchayat Registrar.<ref name="Ulloor"/> He was the manager of [[Cochin Thirumala Devaswom]] for about six years.<ref name="Ulloor"/> He retired from government services in 1929.<ref name="Ulloor"/> He then briefly worked as the Managing Agent for [[Nilambur Kingdom|Nilambur royal family]].<ref name="Ulloor"/>

===Personal life and death===
Apart from being a man of letters, Panicker was also a good actor.<ref name="Ulloor"/> He took efforts to restore the gurukalam established by [[Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan]] in [[Chittur]].<ref name="Ulloor"/> He married his uncle's daughter Chittur Valiyathachattu Meenakshiamma. His daughters, Devaki Nethyaramma, the wife of Cochin Sub-Judge Thampuran, and Dakshayani Kettilamma, the wife of a Thampuran from the [[Kadathanadu|Kadathanadu royal family]], together translated Taraknath Gangopadhyay's Bengali novel ''Swarnalata'' into Malayalam.<ref name="Ulloor"/> He died on 30 January 1930.<ref name="Brief Biography"/>

==Writing==
Panicker wrote both poetry and prose. When ''[[Bhashaposhini]]'''s second conference was held in Trichur, he won first place in the poetry competition.<ref name="Ulloor"/> His oeuvre consists of only a limited number of stories, poems, and essays almost all of which were published in ''[[Vidya Vinodini]]'' and ''Rasikaranjini''.<ref name="Ulloor"/> Panicker, who specialised in natural science, was the chief science reporter of ''Vidyavinodini''.<ref>{{cite thesis |author=Jomi Thomas |date=2010 |title=Farm programs of electronic media: a comparative study of audience perception in Kerala |type= |chapter= |publisher=[[Cochin University of Science and Technology]] |docket= |oclc= |url=http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.933.3598&rep=rep1&type=pdf |access-date=|page=80|citeseerx=10.1.1.933.3598 }}</ref>

C. S. Gopala Panicker, Vengayil Kunhiraman Nayanar, Oduvil Kunhikrishna Menon, Moorkoth Kumaran, Chenkulath Cheriya Kunhirama Menon (M. R. K. C.) and Ambadi Narayana Poduval are widely regarded as pioneers of the short story in [[Malayalam literature]]. All of them were inspired by the emergence of short story as an important genre in Western literature, particularly the writings of [[Nathaniel Hawthorne]], [[Edgar Allan Poe]], etc.<ref name="Malayalam Literary Survey"/><ref>{{Cite book |title=Routes: Representations of the West in Short Fiction from South India in Translation |editor=Vanamala Viswanatha |publisher=Macmillan |date=2000 |page=81 |isbn=9780333934111 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HvljAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> Panicker, along with [[E. V. Krishna Pillai]] and [[K. Sukumaran (writer)|K. Sukumaran]], is also said to have been a link between the old and new generations of story writers.<ref>{{Cite journal |author=[[Sukumar Azhikode]] |title=The Short Story in Malayalam |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24157289 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |journal=Indian Literature |volume=20 |issue=2|date=1977|pages=5–22|doi=|jstor=24157289 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot |editor=Amaresh Datta |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |date=1987 |page=4059 |isbn=9780836422832 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hc5jAAAAMAAJ |quote=Of the few who followed suit the names of Oduvil Kunhikrishna Menon ( 1869-1919 ), Ambadi Narayana Poduval ( 1871- 1936 ), C.S. Gopala Panicker ( 1872-1930 ), Malabar K. Sukumaran ( 1876-1956 ), Murkoth Kumaran ( 1877-1941 )...}}</ref> Some of his short stories include "Melvilasom Maari", "Neelam Kuranja Kathu" and "Oru Muthalanayattu". "Swayam Prakashamulla Janthukkal", "Pakshikalude Aspathri", "Monaco" and "Japankaarum Avarude Chakravarthiyum" are some of the articles published.<ref name="Brief Biography"/><ref name="Ulloor"/> According to [[Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer]], "Oru Muthalanayattu" published in ''Rasikaranjini'' is an important short story in Malayalam literature.<ref name="Ulloor"/>

==References==
<references />

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Panicker, C. S. Gopala}}

[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:1872 births]]
[[Category:1930 deaths]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]
[[Category:Malayalam short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:Indian male short story writers]]
[[Category:Indian male essayists]]
[[Category:Writers from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian essayists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]

Kitani Mohabbat Hai season 2

2025-11-19T23:39:57Z

BonnieKoontz: started new data

{{More citations needed|date=November 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox television season
| image = Kitani Mohabbat Hai 2 poster.jpg
| caption =
| starring = [[#Cast|See Below]]
| num_episodes = 153
| network = [[NDTV Imagine]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2010|11|1|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2011|5|26|df=y}}
}}
'''''Kitani Mohobbat Hai 2''''' is the second installment of ''[[Kitani Mohabbat Hai]]'' starring [[Kritika Kamra]] and [[Karan Kundra]].<ref>[http://www.realbollywood.com/news/2010/09/kitani-mohabbat-hai-season-sequel-kritika-kamra.html/ ‘Kitani Mohabbat Hai 2 is not a sequel’ — Kritika Kamra] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100914051739/http://www.realbollywood.com/news/2010/09/kitani-mohabbat-hai-season-sequel-kritika-kamra.html/ |date=14 September 2010 }}</ref> The show begins with the story of Aarohi and Arjun torn between their warring families - a large joint family of police officers and lawyers, and a criminal family with ties to the underworld, respectively.

==Plot==
Pampered, Aarohi Ahluwalia belongs to a large Punjabi family of police background though her father is a lawyer. Arjun Singhania, an orphan lives with his foster father Rudra, a renowned Don who trains him to be his henchman in the criminal underworld.

Arjun kidnaps Aarohi under his father's orders, only for them to fall in love with each other while he keeps her captive, and also protects her from his own enemies in an encounter. However, her family soon finds her and Arjun's identity is disclosed. Feeling betrayed, Aarohi agrees to marry a silly NRI boy Cheeku. Arjun tries his best to get his criminal records cleared and win Aarohi's approval. After her grandfather grants him a clean chit, his sister - who is pregnant - goes to the Ahluwalia house to convince Aarohi, but is pushed off the stairs by her jealous best friend Gauri, who is an ex-lover of Arjun and is now married to Aarohi's uncle.

The Singhanias blame the Ahluwalias for their daughter's miscarriage, and in an act of revenge, Arjun marries Aarohi and leaves her in the pandal, only for her to walk into the Singhania house and live with him as his wife, welcomed only by his grandmother, who is good friends with Aarohi's grandparents. Gradually, they begin to fall in love again amidst their several fights.

As Aarohi returns to her maternal house, it comes to light that Aarohi's grandfather committed a mistake which caused Arjun's mother's death. Arjun goes to kill Daddu in a fit of rage, but is stopped by Aarohi. On the other side, Mikhail, the Singhania's eldest son, who is jealous of the attention Arjun receives from their father, shoots Daddu, and Arjun is arrested. Aarohi tries to prove Arjun's innocence, and later helps him escape, but is herself locked up by her uncles. Soon, Daddu wakes up and testifies for Arjun, and they are released. They visit Arjun's maternal home, but Mikhail reaches there and tries to kill Arjun. Aarohi's uncles also reach the location, arrest him, and save them.

Arjun and Aarohi are finally united, and get married with the blessings of the entire family.

==Cast==
===Main===
*[[Karan Kundrra]] as Arjun Singhania
*[[Kritika Kamra]] as Aarohi Ahluwalia
*[[Nitin Sahrawat]] as ACP Rajveer Singh Ahluwalia
*[[Parul Gulati]] as Gauri Ahluwalia

===Recurring===
* [[Mohan Kapoor]] as Rudrapratap Singhania
* [[Sana Makbul]] as Shefali
* Puneet Tejwani as Cheeku
* Aaradhna Uppal as Kumud Singhania
*[[Neelam Mehra]] as Teji Singhania
*[[Danish Pandor]] as Mikhail Singhania
*[[Mrinalini Tyagi]] as Raashi Singhania
*[[Rupesh Kataria]] as Romit Singhania
*Abhay Bhargava as Kartar Singh Ahluwalia
*[[Alka Pradhan]] as Daljeet Kaur Ahluwalia
*Saptrishi Ghosh as Arvind Singh Ahluwalia
* Hemaakshi Ujjain as Preeti Ahluwalia
* Farooq Saeed as Sudheer Singh Ahluwalia
*[[Pyumori Mehta Ghosh|Pyumori Mehta]] as Amrit Ahluwalia
*[[Dilnaz Irani]] as Lovedeep Singh Ahluwalia
*[[Loveleen Kaur Sasan]]
* Areesz Gandhi as Jignesh
*[[Priya Chauhan]] as Simmi
*Karan Arora as Billu
* Saurav Chakrabarti as Danish Malhotra/Dhondu
*[[Shardul Pandit]] as Jai
* Namrata Kharkar as Archana
* [[Mohit Daga]] as Advocate Ram Punjabi
* [[Shefali Rana]] as Cheeku's mother

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=1900118}}
* [https://www.dangalplay.com/shows/kitani-mohabbat-hai-season-2 ''Kitani Mohabbat Hai Season 2''] on Dangal Play
{{Imagine Programmes}}
{{Balaji Telefilms}}

[[Category:2010 Indian television seasons]]

Anjali Sarvani

2025-11-12T10:20:29Z

BonnieKoontz: added initial bio first draft

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 1997)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Anjali Sarvani
| female = true
| image =
| caption =
| country = India
| international = true
| fullname = Anjali Sarvani
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1997|12|28|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Adoni]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| batting = Left-handed
| bowling = Left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]]
| role = [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowler]]
| internationalspan =2022–present
| testdebutdate =
| testdebutyear =
| testdebutagainst =
| testcap =
| lasttestdate =
| lasttestyear =
| lasttestagainst =

| odidebutdate =
| odidebutyear =
| odidebutagainst =
| odicap =
| lastodidate =
| lastodiyear =
| lastodiagainst =
| odishirt =

| oneT20I =
| T20Idebutdate = 9 December
| T20Idebutyear = 2022
| T20Idebutagainst = Australia
| T20Icap = 72
| lastT20Idate = 19 January
| lastT20Iyear = 2023
| lastT20Iagainst = South Africa
| T20Ishirt = 28

| club1 = [[Andhra women's cricket team|Andhra]]
| year1 = {{nowrap|2012/13–2019/20}}
| club2 = [[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]
| year2 = {{nowrap|2020/21–present}}
| club3 = [[UP Warriorz]]
| year3 = 2023

| columns = 1

| column1 = [[Women's Twenty20 International|WT20I]]
| matches1 = 1
| runs1 = –
| bat avg1 = –
| 100s/50s1 = –
| top score1 = –
| deliveries1 = 24
| wickets1 = 0
| bowl avg1 = –
| fivefor1 = –
| tenfor1 = –
| best bowling1 = –
| catches/stumpings1 = 0/–

| date = 21 January 2023
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/960673.html ESPNcricinfo
}}

'''Anjali Sarvani''' (born 28 July 1997) is an Indian [[cricket]]er.<ref name="Cricinfo">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/960673.html |title=Anjali Sarvani |access-date=9 December 2022 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> She plays for [[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]] in domestic matches and the [[India women's national cricket team]].<ref name="CricketArchive">{{Cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/1147/1147398/1147398.html |title=Anjali Sarvani |access-date=9 December 2022 |work=CricketArchive}}</ref> She made her WT20I debut for India, against [[Australia women's national cricket team|Australia]], on 9 December 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1345424.html |title=1st T20I (N), Australia Women tour of India at DY Patil, Dec 9 2022 |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=9 December 2022}}</ref>

==Career==
In 2012, she was selected for India U-19 women's cricket team.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/cricket/2022/Dec/03/from-adoni-to-national-team-the-story-of-anjali-sarvani-2524786.html |title=From Adoni to national team: the story of Anjali Sarvani |website=The New Indian Express |access-date=9 December 2022}}</ref> She played for [[Andhra women's cricket team|Andhra]] between 2012–13 and 2019–20, before joining [[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://femalecricket.com/women-cricket-teams/61-asian-teams/india-women-s-national-cricket-team/indian-state-wise-women-s-cricket-team/197-india-andhra-pradesh-women-s-cricket-team.html |title=India – Andhra Pradesh women’s cricket team |website=Female Cricket |access-date=9 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cricket |first=Team Female |date=2018-01-12 |title=Andhra Squad for SENIOR WOMENS T20 LEAGUE 2017-18 |url=https://femalecricket.com/women-cricket-news/1013-andhra-squad-for-senior-womens-t20-league-2017-18.html |access-date=2022-12-09 |website=Female Cricket |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Yadav |first=Vishal |date=2018-12-01 |title=ANDHRA SQUAD - SENIOR WOMENS ONE DAY LEAGUE 2018-19 |url=https://femalecricket.com/domestic/senior-womens-odi-league-2018/1458-andhra-squad-senior-womens-one-day-league-2018-19.html |access-date=2022-12-09 |website=Female Cricket |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="CricketArchive"/> She was recognised as the best bowler when she played for [[South Zone women's cricket team|South Zone]] against [[North Zone women's cricket team|North Zone]] in the [[2017–18 Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Three Day Game]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cricket |first=Team Female |date=2020-01-02 |title=Everything you need to know about Team India B from Senior Women's T20 Challenger Trophy 2020 |url=https://femalecricket.com/womens-senior-t20-challenger-trophy-2019/8495-everything-you-need-to-know-about-team-india-b-from-senior-womens-t20-challenger-trophy-2020.html |access-date=2022-12-09 |website=Female Cricket |language=en-US}}</ref> She has also been part of the [[India A Women's cricket team in Australia in 2019|India B cricket team]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Women's CricZone |title=All-round efforts guide India Green to an easy win over India Red |url=https://womenscriczone.com/all-round-efforts-guide-india-green-to-an-easy-win-over-india-red |access-date=2022-12-09 |website=womenscriczone.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chaudhary |first=Harsh |date=2022-11-07 |title=Railways beat Bengal by 6 Wickets to Clinch Title of Senior Women's T20 League 2022-23 |url=https://femalecricket.com/women-cricket-news/27393-railways-beat-bengal-by-6-wickets-to-clinch-title-of-senior-womens-t20-league-2022-23.html |access-date=2022-12-09 |website=Female Cricket |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cricket |first=Team Female |date=2019-12-17 |title=Summary: Final - India B defeat India C to clinch the title of Women's Under 23 T20 Challenger Trophy 2019 |url=https://femalecricket.com/women-cricket-news/8153-summary-final-india-b-defeat-india-c-to-clinch-the-title-of-womens-under-23-t20-challenger-trophy-2019.html |access-date=2022-12-09 |website=Female Cricket |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2020, she played for India B in the Women's T20 Quadrangular series in [[Patna]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cricket |first=Team Female |date=2020-01-15 |title=Bangladesh women's Cricket team reach India to compete in Quadrangular series in Patna |url=https://femalecricket.com/womens-quadrangular-series-2019-20-patna/8729-bangladesh-womens-cricket-team-reach-india-to-compete-in-quadrangular-series-in-patna.html |access-date=2022-12-09 |website=Female Cricket |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cricinfo|id=960673}}

{{UP Warriorz squad}}
{{India Squad 2023 ICC Women's T20 World Cup}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarvani, Anjali}}
[[Category:1997 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women cricketers]]
[[Category:India women Twenty20 International cricketers]]
[[Category:People from Kurnool]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Andhra women cricketers]]
[[Category:Railways women cricketers]]
[[Category:UP Warriorz cricketers]]

{{India-cricket-bio-1997-stub}}

Nagaradhane

2025-11-10T22:49:00Z

BonnieKoontz: minor refined formatting further and corrected details

{{short description|Form of cobra worship in Karnataka and Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{no footnotes|date=August 2012}}
[[File:Nagapatri.JPG|thumb|right|Nagapatri at belle brahmastana]]
[[File:Nagabana.jpg|thumb|right|Nagabana at Belle Badagumane, [[Moodubelle]], Udupi]]
[[File:nagamandala.jpg|thumb|right|Union of nagabrahma and nagakannike at a mandala held in Belle Brahmastana, Udupi]]
[[File:MundkurNagaMandala.JPG|thumb|right|A Mandala drawn during nagamandala]]

'''Nagaradhane''' is a form of [[Snake worship|serpent worship ]] which, along with [[Bhuta Kola]], is one of the unique traditions prevalent in coastal districts of [[Dakshina Kannada]], [[Udupi]] and [[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod]] collectively known as [[Tulu Nadu]], practiced by [[Tuluva]] community members. Cobras are not just seen as deities, but as an animal species which should be respected, appeased and protected for multiple social, religious and ecological reasons.

== Origin of Nagaradhane ==
Cobras have been associated with power, awe and respect in India. According to Hindu culture, Lord [[Vishnu]] takes rest under the shade of the giant snake, [[Adishesha]]. Lord [[Shiva]] wears a cobra [[Vasuki]] around his neck.

It is difficult to trace the origin of Nagaradhane, though some clans among [[Tulu people]] of [[Nāga|Nagavanshi]] descent, thus maybe snake worship was popularised by them. Though most rituals of snake worship are done by Brahmins, there is not a single [[Tuluva]] family that does not have Nagabana, Where [[Nāga|Nagadevatha]] is worshipped according to [[Aliyasantana]] Lineage among Tuluvas. Nagamandala, Ashlesha Bali, Dakke Bali are different types of pooja done for snakes to appease them.
All Tuluvas families: [[Bunt (community)|Bunts]], Kulala, Moolya, Mogaveera, Billava, Malayali Billava, Tuluva Brahmins, Sapaliga/Sapalya, Madivala, Devadiga, Ganiga, Aachari, Parava / Nalkedaye, Koraga-Harijan, Tulu and Arebhashe Gowdas do worship Naga from ancient times in their respective Nagabana and Moolastanas.

The Cobra worship rituals practised in Tulu Nadu are quite unique and different from the other rituals. Cobras have their own snake shrines in a sacred grove known as Nagabana. The shrines have images of cobras carved on stones. Accordingly, nobody is allowed to chop the tree near the Nagabana. It is also believed that snakes, specifically the cobras, are not to be harmed or killed by anyone. If harmed, the individual has to perform a ritual to cleanse the sin of killing or harming the snake. The belief is that the individual who refuses to perform the ritual will be cursed by the Cobra for eternity.

Concept of Moolastana among communities have been majorly focussed on worshipping Naga related to their [[Aliyasantana]] Lineage based families. These Moolastanas are located consecutively on the sea front and also they had the tradition of organizing themselves into Grama Sabhas etc. on the basis of Bali/Bari which is Tuluva community equivalent of Gotra System. There are Bari in this community, each bari has a dedicated Moolastanas and few Bari has multiple Moolastanas across the Tulunadu. Each Moolastanas has annual celebrations and also Poojas during the Nagarapanchami when each house belongs to that particular Bali has to perform Pooja and Prayer of their Moola (origin) [[Nāga|Nagadevatha]] which their ancestors were related to.

It can also be noted that in Tulu Nadu or the South Canara region in Karnataka, agriculture is predominant that to paddy is the main crop. In these fields snakes help in saving the crop from rodents. This can be a plausible reason for the worship of snakes.

== The ritual ==
[[File:Ashleshabali.jpg|thumb|right|Mandala drawn during ashleshabali at Belle Badagumane [[Moodubelle]], Udupi]]
There are two distinct rituals performed in reverence to the snake; Aashleshabali and Nagamandala. Of these, Nagamandala is the longer and more colourful of the two.
Nagamandala depicts the divine union of male and female snakes. It is generally performed by two priests. The first priest, called patri, inhales the [[areca]] flower and becomes the male snake. The second priest, called Nagakannika or the female snake dances and swings around an elaborate serpent design drawn with natural colours on the sacred ground.
The ritual is supplemented by playing an hour glass shaped instrument called as Dakke. The drawings in five different colours on the sacred ground are white (white mud), red (mix of lime powder and turmeric powder), green (green leaves powder), yellow (turmeric powder) and black (roasted and powdered paddy husk).

Aashleshabali is the ritual performed on the day of Ashlesha Nakshatra (One of the 27 star as per vedic astrology). This is a unique ritual offering food to Sarpa devatas (Serpent Deities) and one of the Vedic solutions. It is a combination of Puja, Homa and Bali (food offering). Sarpa Devatas are invoked, worshipped and Bali is offered to each one of them. Sarpa Sooktha Japam is done. This is one of the ritual to appease the sarpa devatas and getting their blessings.

The ritual, centered on the serpent design, continues until early in the morning. A similar ritual is found in Kerala and is known as [[Sarpam Thullal]] and Sarpam Kali. All communities of [[Tulu Nadu]] revere snakes.{{citation needed|date=December 2014}}

== Significance of Nagabanas ==
Nagabanas or the sacred groves are deemed to be the resting place of snakes. Cutting of trees or defacing the grove is considered as sacrilege. People are wary of the snake-bites and also wanted ecological preservation.

== See also ==
* [[Billava]]
* [[Nāga|Naga]]
* [[Yakshagana]]
* [[Theyyam]]

== References ==
{{citation style|date=July 2018}}
* {{usurped|1=[https://archive.today/20130205152120/http://www.udupipages.com/art-culture/nagamandala.php Article title]}}
* http://www.gurjari.net/ico/Mystica/html/snake_worship.htm

== External links ==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3GjvRJPVK5I Naga possession videos]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_gn0Xhku2E4 naga darshana video]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i_ycvE8CkCQ dakke da bali video]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_oppowlzfBA nagamandala with tulu explanation]

{{Worship in Hinduism}}
{{Culture of Tulunadu}}

[[Category:Dances of India]]
[[Category:Ritual dances]]
[[Category:Hindu snake worship]]
[[Category:Tuluva]]
[[Category:Culture of Tulu Nadu]]

Bhardhora Borphukan

2025-10-29T12:56:16Z

BonnieKoontz: added first info first draft

{{Multiple issues|
{{Notability|1=Biographies|date=May 2024}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=June 2024}}
}}
{{Short description|Borbarua of the Ahom Kingdom (service year 1679-80)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = '''Phu kon Lung'''
| office = [[Borphukan]] of the [[Ahom Kingdom]]
| caption = Portrait by an unknown artist.Date unknown
| monarch = [[Sudoiphaa]] [[Sulikphaa]]
| predecessor = [[Laluksola Borphukan]]
| successor = Bandar Borphukan
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Ahom Kingdom]]
| death_date = 1680
| relatives = [[Lachit Borphukan]] (brother) [[Laluksola Borphukan]] (brother) [[Marangi Borbarua]] (brother) Lao Deka (brother) Datukari (brother) [[Pakhori Gabharu]] (sister) [[Ramani Gabharu]] (niece)
| children = Madho
| father = [[Momai Tamuli Borbarua]]<ref name="auto">{{cite book |title=Ahom-Buranji |last=Barua |first=G C |date=1930 |publisher=Baptist Mission Press}}</ref>
| term_start = 1677
| term_end = 1680
| name = Bhardhora Borphukan Bhatdhora Borphukan
| birth_name = Lan Ron Kop
}}

'''Bhardhora Borphukan''' (died 1680), also '''Bhatdhora Borphukan''' was the son of famous Ahom noble and statesman [[Momai Tamuli Borbarua]], and also known as the brother of Ahom General [[Lachit Barphukan]] and [[Laluksola Borphukan]].<ref name="auto"/> He was posted as '''Borphukan''' at [[Kaliabor]] after his brother [[Laluk Sola Borphukan]] hand over the control of [[Guwahati]] to [[Muhammad Azam Shah]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Barbaruah |first=Hiteswar |title=Ahomor Din |language=as |year=1981 |publisher=Publication Board of Assam |location=Guwahati }}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Bhuyan |editor-first=S K |title=Tunkhungia Buranji |edition=2 |year=1968 |publisher=Lawyers Book Stall |location=Guwahati }}
* {{Citation |last=Gait
|first=Edward A
|year=1926
|title=A History of Assam
|edition=2
|place=Calcutta
|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.511539
}}
* {{cite book |last=Gogoi |first=Padmeswar |title=The Tai and the Tai Kingdoms |year=1968 |publisher=Department of Publications, Gauhati University |location=Guwahati }}
{{refend}}

[[Category:1680 deaths]]

[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:People of the Ahom kingdom]]

{{India-noble-stub}}

{{Improve categories|date=September 2024}}

Velama

2025-10-28T15:01:13Z

BonnieKoontz: Enhanced content and organization

{{Short description|Caste found mainly in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}

'''Velama''' are a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] caste found mainly in [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]]. The term "Velama" was first recorded for the community in a [[17th century]] inscription. The text "Velugoti Vari Vamsavali" documents the medieval military history of Velama rulers.

== Origin and history ==

The Velamas have been identified by this name since the 17th century, although the poet [[Srinatha]] used the terms Velama and Padmanayaka separately in his early 15th-century text, ''Bhimeswara Puranamu''.<ref name="Price193">{{cite book |last=Price |first=Pamela |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=07U-GpRpLPoC |title=Unfamiliar Relations: Family and History in South Asia |publisher=Rutgers University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-8135-3380-3 |editor-last=Chatterjee |editor-first=Indrani |pages=193–195 |chapter=Kin, Clan, and Power in Colonial South India}}</ref>

Historian Cynthia Talbot notes, however, that while such terms were in use, the Velama identity as a consolidated caste category had not yet formed during the [[Kakatiya]] period. According to her, caste labels like Velama and Padmanayaka did not denote closed kin groups at that time and only crystallized into distinct social identities in the 16th and 17th centuries.<ref name="Talbot189">{{cite book |last=Talbot |first=Cynthia |title=Precolonial India in Practice: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |pages=189–194}}</ref> The Padmanayaka designation first appears in inscriptions around 1586 CE and was used by various Telugu warrior lineages of Telangana origin, including those with clan names like Recherla, Vipparla, and Inigela. These groups did not share a single ancestry but were united by military service under the Kakatiya dynasty and began to appropriate the Padmanayaka title as a mark of prestige.<ref name="Talbot189" />

Members of the [[Recherla Nayakas|Recherla dynasty]] ruled parts of Telangana from the hill forts of Rachakonda (1335–1434 CE) and Devarakonda (1335–1475 CE). Following the [[Bahmani Kingdom|Bahmani]] conquest of Telangana, some members of this lineage migrated south and entered the service of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] as generals and administrators. They were granted the jagir of [[Velugodu]] in present-day Kurnool district and became known at court by the surname Velugoti.<ref name="Price193">{{cite book |last=Price |first=Pamela |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=07U-GpRpLPoC |title=Unfamiliar Relations: Family and History in South Asia |publisher=Rutgers University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-8135-3380-3 |editor-last=Chatterjee |editor-first=Indrani |pages=193–195 |chapter=Kin, Clan, and Power in Colonial South India}}</ref> While Pamela Price describes these chiefs and their descendants, such as the Velugotis, as part of the Velama aristocracy,<ref name="Price193" /> historian Cynthia Talbot notes that the Velama designation did not exist as a consolidated caste category during the time of the Recherla dynasty.<ref name="Talbot189">{{cite book |last=Talbot |first=Cynthia |title=Precolonial India in Practice: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |pages=189–194}}</ref>

Over time, the Velugoti dynasty established the Venkatagiri estate in the Nellore district, and its cadet branches later contributed to the founding of the princely states of [[Pithapuram]], [[Bobbili]], and Jatprole in the early 17th century.<ref name="Price193" /> Within the genealogical tradition of the ''Velugotivari Vamsavali'', the Velugoti family claimed descent from the Recherla Nayakas and identified themselves as both Padmanayakas and Velamas.<ref name="Talbot189" />

Talbot notes that such genealogies were composed over long periods by family bards and were shaped more by oral memory and political motives than by direct historical accuracy. She also points out that the term Velama appears only once in Kakatiya-era sources, where it referred to a collective of agriculturists rather than warriors.<ref name="Talbot189" /> Despite this, by the 17th century, ruling families of Venkatagiri, Bobbili, Pithapuram, and Jatprole had adopted the Velama identity. A 1613 CE inscription even refers to one individual as a Padmanayaka and another as a Velama, indicating that these identities remained distinct for a time. Literary sources like the ''Bhimesvara Purāṇamu'' also listed them as separate communities.<ref name="Talbot189" />

During the same period, some Velama chieftains became prominent under the [[Golconda]] Sultanate as [[Zamindar|zamindars]]. The sultanate used a rank-based system to differentiate Velama groups by their military and administrative service, which fostered rivalries among them. Among the notable Velama lineages under Golconda rule were the Meka dynasty Appa Raos of [[Nuzvid]] and the Malraju clan of [[Narasaraopet]]. The Velugoti and Appa Rao families, in particular, claimed royal status, while other significant lineages included the Pithapuram Raos and the Ranga Raos of Bobbili.<ref name="Price193" />

Eventually, the Padmanayaka identity was absorbed into the broader Velama caste label, which had by then gained considerable prestige through associations with martial valor and Kakatiya-era loyalty. According to a tradition recorded by Subba Rao in the early 20th century, Padmanayakas were originally Kapus (agriculturalists) who became Velamas and later gained Padmanayaka status through military service to the Kakatiya state.<ref name="Talbot189" /> Talbot concludes that caste identities like Velama were shaped not by fixed bloodlines but by evolving social memory, constructed genealogies, and retrospective claims to Kakatiya political legitimacy.<ref name="Talbot189" />

Because the Kakatiyas came to symbolize the origins of the Telugu warrior class, political elites in later centuries continued to assert genealogical links to them well into the British colonial period. In addition to the Velugotis, Velama lords of [[Bobbili]], [[Pithapuram]], and Jatprole also traced their lineage to the Kakatiya era. Similar claims were made by the chiefs of Paloncha in present-day [[Khammam district]] and the Vipparla family of [[Nuzvid]]. The Damarla chiefs of southern Andhra even submitted a genealogy to the early 19th-century Mackenzie Collection, asserting that one of their ancestors had served Kakatiya king Prataparudra—a claim that historian Cynthia Talbot considers unlikely, as the Damarlas do not appear in historical records prior to the early 17th century.<ref name="Talbot189" />

The Velugoti family continued to trace its origins to the Recherla chiefs of the 12th and 13th centuries and resided in multiple regions—Rachakonda, Devarakonda, Velugodu, and North Mallur (now part of Chittoor district)—before settling in Nellore in 1695. By the 19th century, their status was so prominent that they were often chosen as adoptive heirs by rival Velama branches such as the Pithapuram and Bobbili Ranga Raos, especially when direct male lineages became extinct. These adoptions further consolidated the political influence of the Velugoti family across the Telugu-speaking region.<ref name="Price193" />

== Modern Community ==
Velamas are [[Hindu]]s, primarily belonging to the [[Vaishnavism]] denomination.<ref>{{cite book|title=India's Communities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mt9G1e6JF-QC|page=3620|author=K. S. Singh|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1998|quote=The Velama are Hindu who belong to Vaishnava sect.|isbn=9780195633542}}</ref>

== Dynasties and Estates ==
*[[Nayakas of Kalahasti|Kalahasti Nayakas]]<ref>
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Ravula Soma Reddy |author2=|title=Studies in the Socio-economic History of Medieval: Andhra Desa
|volume= |publisher=Research India Press |year=2007|page=150|isbn=9788189131142 |quote=Another interesting thing to be noted in this connection is that several Velama Chiefs, after the conquest of the Rachakonda and Devarakonda Kingdoms carved out small principalities small principalities like those of Velugodu ( Kurnool district ), Venkatagiri, Kalahasti, Bellamkonda and Nuzividu ( coastal Andhra ) in the Vijayanagara Empire, during the period of the last Sangama rulers. | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8wW1AAAAIAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=R. Parthasarathy |author2=|title=Andhra Culture: A Petal in Indian Lotus
|volume= |publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh |year=1984|page=120|isbn= |quote= | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uSleeGRjcvEC }}
</ref>
*[[Bobbili Estate]]
*[[Venkatagiri estate|Venkatgiri Estate]]
*[[Pithapuram Estate]]
*[[Nuzvid Estate]]
*Narasaraopet Zamindari
*Jetprole Samasthanam
*Recharla Nayakas

== Notable people ==

* [[K. Chandrashekar Rao]], former [[List of chief ministers of Telangana|Chief Minister of Telangana]]<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last= |author2=|title=Alpjan: A Chronicle of Minorities
|volume=6 |publisher=Social Advancement and Development Trust |year=2005|page=51|isbn=|quote=| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jC9NAQAAIAAJ }}</ref>
* [[Vijay Deverakonda]], Actor

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |title=Konduru: Structure and Integration in a South Indian Village |first=Paul G. |last=Hiebert |author-link=Paul Hiebert (missiologist)|publisher=University of Minnesota Press |year=1971 |isbn=978-0-8166-0593-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/kondurustructure00hieb|url-access=registration }}
* {{cite book |title=Rethinking India's Oral and Classical Epics: Draupadī Among Rajputs, Muslims, and Dalits |first=Alf |last=Hiltebeitel |author-link=Alf Hiltebeitel |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-226-34051-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MMFdosx0PokC}}
* Katten, Michael; Making Caste In Nineteenth-Century India: A History of Telling the Bobbili Katha & Velama Identity, University of California at Berkeley, USA
* Roghair, Gene H; 1982, The epic of Palnadu: a study and translation of Palnati virula katha, a Telugu oral tradition from Andhra Pradesh, India, Oxford University Press
* {{cite book |title=The New Cambridge History of India, Volume 1, Part 2 |first1=Burton |last1=Stein |first2=Gordon |last2=Johnson |first3=Christopher Alan |last3=Bayly |first4=John F. |last4=Richards |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-521-26693-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OpxeaYQbGDMC}}
* {{cite book |title=Penumbral visions: making polities in early modern South India |first=Sanjay |last=Subrahmanyam |publisher=University of Michigan Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-472-11216-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Ju6z8PbTuAC}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:Social groups of Telangana]]
[[Category:Social groups of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:South Indian communities]]

List of Australia One Day International cricket records

2025-10-25T05:05:21Z

BonnieKoontz: expand page after review and cleaned formatting as per guidelines

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Australian English|date=December 2022}}
[[File:Ricky Ponting 2015.jpg|thumb|alt=Ponting in January 2015|Former captain [[Ricky Ponting]] holds several Australian ODI cricket records.]]
[[One Day International]] (ODI) cricket is one of three forms of [[cricket]] played at [[International cricket|international level]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Three Formats of Cricket|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/about/cricket/game-formats/the-three-formats|work=[[International Cricket Council]]|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230025951/https://www.icc-cricket.com/about/cricket/game-formats/the-three-formats|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref> Unlike [[Test cricket]], ODIs consist of one [[innings]] per team and is played over the course of single day. Each innings is limited to a maximum of 50 [[over (cricket)|overs]], although previously this has been 55 or 60 overs.<ref>{{cite news|title=The difference between Test and limited-overs cricket|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/rules_and_equipment/4180708.stm|work=[[BBC Sport]]|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230030110/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/rules_and_equipment/4180708.stm|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref> Matches are played by the twelve teams representing [[List of International Cricket Council members#Full members|full member]] nations of the [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC), each of which have permanent ODI status, as well as the eight [[List of International Cricket Council members#Associate Members with ODI status|Associate members]] of the ICC that currently have temporary ODI status.<ref>{{cite web|title=ICC Classification of Official Cricket|url=https://resources.pulse.icc-cricket.com/ICC/document/2022/07/04/3265425e-b353-496a-b770-9c2327386dda/CoOC-June-2022.pdf|publisher=International Cricket Council|date=June 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704051854/https://resources.pulse.icc-cricket.com/ICC/document/2022/07/04/3265425e-b353-496a-b770-9c2327386dda/CoOC-June-2022.pdf|archive-date=4 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Men's ODI Team Rankings|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/rankings/mens/team-rankings/odi|work=International Cricket Council|date=14 December 2022|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230030639/https://www.icc-cricket.com/rankings/mens/team-rankings/odi|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref> [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] played in the [[1970–71 Ashes series#First One Day International – Melbourne|inaugural ODI match]] against [[England cricket team|England]] on 5 January 1971 at the [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]].<ref>{{cite web|first=Martin|last=Williamson|title=The birth of the one-day international|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/rewind-to-1971-the-birth-of-the-one-day-international-464234|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|date=22 June 2010|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230030831/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/rewind-to-1971-the-birth-of-the-one-day-international-464234|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref> They have played a total of 975 matches, second only to [[India national cricket team|India]] who have played 1,020.<ref name="ODI results summary">{{cite web|title=Overall results summary for ODI matches|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283878.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230031027/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283878.html|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref> {{As of|2022|12}}, Australia is the most third-most successful team in ODI cricket with an overall winning percentage of 63.39, behind the [[ACC Asia XI cricket team|ACC Asia XI]] on 66.66 percent and [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]] on 63.41.<ref name="ODI results summary"/>

[[Batting order (cricket)#Top order|Top order]] batsman and former [[List of Australia national cricket captains#One Day International captains|captain]] [[Ricky Ponting]] holds several Australian ODI cricket records. Playing between 1995 and 2012, he scored 13,589 [[run (cricket)|runs]], making him the only Australian player to score [[List of players who have scored 10,000 or more runs in One Day International cricket|10,000 ODI runs]].<ref name="ODI records – Most career runs"/> He has scored a record 82 half-centuries and 29 [[century (cricket)|centuries]].<ref name="Australian ODI records – Most half-centuries"/><ref name="Australian ODI records – Most centuries"/> As a [[slip (cricket)|slip]] fielder, Ponting has also taken the most [[caught|catches]] for Australia with 159.<ref name="Australian ODI records – Most career catches by a non wicket-keeper"/> Captaining his side from 2002 until his retirement in 2012, Ponting holds the ODI record for the most matches played as captain with 230{{efn|name=fn1}} and the record for the most matches played for Australia with 374.<ref name="ODI records – Most matches as captain"/><ref name="Australian ODI records – Most career matches"/>

[[Fast bowling|Fast bowlers]] [[Glenn McGrath]] and [[Brett Lee]] share the record for the most ODI [[Wicket#dismissing a batsman|wickets]] taken for Australia with 380.<ref name="Australian ODI records – Most career wickets"/> McGrath also holds the record for the best [[bowling analysis|figures]] taken by an Australian in an ODI match with 7/15 while Lee holds the Australian ODI record for the most [[five-wicket haul]]s with nine.<ref name="Australian ODI records – Best bowling figures in an innings"/><ref name="Australian ODI records – Most five-wicket hauls in an innings"/> [[Adam Gilchrist]] is Australia's most successful [[wicket-keeper]] having taken 470 [[dismissal (cricket)|dismissals]] and holds the ODI record for the most catches taken as a wicket-keeper with 417.{{efn|name=fn2}}<ref name="Australian ODI records – Most wicket-keeper career dismissals"/><ref name="ODI records – Most wicket-keeper career catches"/> Gilchrist also holds the Australian record for playing 97 consecutive ODI matches between 1997 and 2001.<ref name="Most consecutive career matches"/>
{{TOC limit|2}}

==Key==
The top five records are listed for each category, except for the [[#Team wins, losses, ties and no results|team wins, losses, ties and no results]] and the [[#Partnership records|partnership records]]. Tied records for fifth place are also included. Explanations of the general symbols and cricketing terms used in the list are given below. Specific details are provided in each category where appropriate. All records include matches played for [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] only, and are correct {{as of|2022|12|lc=yes}}.
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ Key
|-
! scope=col | Symbol
! scope=col | Meaning
|-
! scope=row | {{dagger}}
| Player or umpire is currently active in ODI cricket
|-
! scope=row | *
| Player remained [[not out]] or partnership remained unbroken
|-
! scope=row style=background:#cee0f2; | ♠
| [[List of One Day International cricket records|One Day International cricket record]]
|-
! scope=row | Date
| Date of the ODI match
|-
! scope=row | Innings
| Number of [[innings]] played
|-
! scope=row | Matches
| Number of matches played
|-
! scope=row | Opposition
| The team Australia was playing against
|-
! scope=row | Period
| The time period when the player was active in ODI cricket
|-
! scope=row | Player
| The player involved in the record
|-
! scope=row | Venue
| [[List of One Day International cricket grounds|One Day International cricket ground]] where the match was played
|}

==Team records==

=== Overall record ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="background:#9cf;"
! scope="col" |Matches
! scope="col" |Won
! scope="col" |Lost
! scope="col" |Tied
! scope="col" |NR
! scope="col" |W/L ratio
! scope="col" |Win %
|-
| 1,000 || 609 || 348 || 9 || 34 || 1.750 || 63.5
|-
| colspan="7" | ''Last Updated: 7 February 2024''<ref name="ODI results summary2">{{cite web |title=Records / ODI matches / Team records / Results summary |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/wi/content/records/283878.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=22 January 2022}}</ref> 
|}
Note: '''Tied''' matches considered as half win.

'''W/L ratio''' and '''win %''' excluded the matches which ended in '''No result'''.

===Team wins, losses, ties and no results===
{{As of|2025|8}}, Australia has played 1,017 ODI matches [[result (cricket)|resulting]] in 615 victories, 357 defeats, 9 ties and 36 no results for an overall winning percentage of 60.47, the third highest winning percentage of ODI playing teams.<ref name="ODI results summary2"/> Australia has played the second-highest number of ODI matches, behind [[India national cricket team|India]] who have competed in 1,020.<ref name="ODI results summary2"/> Australia has played matches against 18 of the 27 other ODI teams. They have yet to play against the [[List of African XI ODI cricketers|Africa XI]], the [[ACC Asia XI cricket team|ACC Asia XI]], [[Bermuda national cricket team|Bermuda]], [[East Africa cricket team|East Africa]], [[Hong Kong national cricket team|Hong Kong]], [[Nepal national cricket team|Nepal]], [[Oman national cricket team|Oman]], [[Papua New Guinea national cricket team|Papua New Guinea]] and the [[United Arab Emirates national cricket team|United Arab Emirates]].<ref name="Australian ODI records – Results summary"/> Australia has never lost a match against [[Afghanistan national cricket team|Afghanistan]], [[Ireland cricket team|Ireland]] or any of the ICC Associate Members that they have played.<ref name="Australian ODI records – Results summary"/>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | First ODI
! scope=col | Matches
! scope=col | Won
! scope=col | Lost
! scope=col | Tied
! scope=col | No result
! scope=col | % Won
|- align=center
! scope=row | {{cr|AFG}}
| align=left | [[Australian cricket team against Afghanistan in the UAE in 2012#Only ODI|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2012|August|25}}]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Australian ODI matches against Afghanistan|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=40;orderby=start;team=2;template=results;type=team;view=results|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230031253/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=40;orderby=start;team=2;template=results;type=team;view=results|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>
| 5
| 4
| 0
| 0
| 1
| 80.00
|- align=center
! scope=row | {{cr|BAN}}
| align=left | [[1990 Austral-Asia Cup#Group A|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1990|April|30}}]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Australian ODI matches against Bangladesh|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=25;orderby=start;team=2;template=results;type=team;view=results|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230031426/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=25;orderby=start;team=2;template=results;type=team;view=results|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>
| 22
| 20
| 1
| 0
| 1
| 90.9
|- align=center
! scope=row | {{cr|CAN}}
| align=left | [[1979 Cricket World Cup Group A#Canada vs Australia|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1979|June|16}}]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Australian ODI matches against Canada|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=17;orderby=start;team=2;template=results;type=team;view=results|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230031633/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=17;orderby=start;team=2;template=results;type=team;view=results|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>
| 2
| 2
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 100.00
|- align=center
! scope=row | {{cr|ENG}}
| align=left | [[1970–71 Ashes series#First One Day International – Melbourne|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1971|January|5}}]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Australian ODI matches against England|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=1;orderby=start;team=2;template=results;type=team;view=results|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230031830/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=1;orderby=start;team=2;template=results;type=team;view=results|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>
| 162
| 92
| 65
| 2
| 3
| 56.79
|- align=center
! scope=row | [[List of World XI ODI cricketers|ICC World XI]]
| align=left | [[2005 ICC Super Series#First ODI: Australia v ICC World XI (5 October)|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2005|October|5}}]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Australian ODI matches against the ICC World XI|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=140;orderby=start;team=2;template=results;type=team;view=results|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230031950/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=140;orderby=start;team=2;template=results;type=team;view=results|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>
| 3
| 3
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 100.00
|- align=center
! scope=row | {{cr|IND}}
| align=left | [[1980–81 Australia Tri-Nation Series|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1980|December|6}}]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Australian ODI matches against India|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=6;orderby=start;team=2;template=results;type=team;view=results|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230032107/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=6;orderby=start;team=2;template=results;type=team;view=results|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>
| 154
| 86
| 58
| 0
| 10
| 55.84
|- align=center
! scope=row | {{cr|IRE}}
| align=left | [[2007 Cricket World Cup Super Eight stage#13 April: Ireland v Australia|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2007|April|13}}]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Australian ODI matches against Ireland|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=29;orderby=start;team=2;template=results;type=team;view=results|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230032227/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=29;orderby=start;team=2;template=results;type=team;view=results|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>
| 5
| 4
| 0
| 0
| 1
| 100.00
|- align=center
! scope=row | {{cr|KEN}}
| align=left | [[1996 Cricket World Cup#Group A|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1996|February|23}}]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Australian ODI matches against Kenya|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=26;orderby=start;team=2;template=results;type=team;view=results|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230032415/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=26;orderby=start;team=2;template=results;type=team;view=results|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>
| 5
| 5
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 100.00
|- align=center
! scope=row | {{cr|NAM}}
| align=left | [[2003 Cricket World Cup#Pool A|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2003|February|27}}]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Australian ODI matches against Namibia|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=28;orderby=start;team=2;template=results;type=team;view=results|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230032554/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=28;orderby=start;team=2;template=results;type=team;view=results|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>
| 1
| 1
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 100.00
|- align=center
! scope=row | {{cr|NED}}
| align=left | [[2003 Cricket World Cup#Pool A|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2003|February|20}}]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Australian ODI matches against Netherlands|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=15;orderby=start;team=2;template=results;type=team;view=results|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230032738/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=15;orderby=start;team=2;template=results;type=team;view=results|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>
| 3
| 3
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 100.00
|- align=center
! scope=row | {{cr|NZL}}
| align=left | [[Australian cricket team in New Zealand in 1973–74#1st ODI|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1974|March|30}}]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Australian ODI matches against New Zealand|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=5;orderby=start;team=2;template=results;type=team;view=results|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230032851/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=5;orderby=start;team=2;template=results;type=team;view=results|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>
| 142
| 96
| 39
| 0
| 7
| 67.60
|- align=center
! scope=row | {{cr|PAK}}
| align=left | [[1975 Cricket World Cup Group B#Australia vs Pakistan|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1975|June|7}}]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Australian ODI matches against Pakistan|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=7;orderby=start;team=2;template=results;type=team;view=results|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230033024/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=7;orderby=start;team=2;template=results;type=team;view=results|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>
| 111
| 71
| 36
| 1
| 3
| 63.96
|- align=center
! scope=row | {{cr|SCO}}
| align=left | [[1999 Cricket World Cup#Group B|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1999|May|16}}]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Australian ODI matches against Scotland|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=30;orderby=start;team=2;template=results;type=team;view=results|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230033142/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=30;orderby=start;team=2;template=results;type=team;view=results|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>
| 5
| 5
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 100.00
|- align=center
! scope=row | {{cr|RSA}}
| align=left | [[1992 Cricket World Cup round-robin stage#Australia vs South Africa|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1992|February|26}}]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Australian ODI matches against South Africa|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=3;orderby=start;team=2;template=results;type=team;view=results|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230033409/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=3;orderby=start;team=2;template=results;type=team;view=results|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>
| 114
| 51
| 57
| 3
| 2
| 44.74
|- align=center
! scope=row | {{cr|SRI}}
| align=left | [[1975 Cricket World Cup Group B#Australia vs Sri Lanka|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1975|June|11}}]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Australian ODI matches against Sri Lanka|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=8;orderby=start;team=2;template=results;type=team;view=results|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230033538/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=8;orderby=start;team=2;template=results;type=team;view=results|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>
| 105
| 64
| 37
| 0
| 4
| 60.95
|- align=center
! scope=row | {{cr|USA}}
| align=left | [[2004 ICC Champions Trophy#Group A|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2004|September|13}}]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Australian ODI matches against the United States|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=11;orderby=start;team=2;template=results;type=team;view=results|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230033727/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=11;orderby=start;team=2;template=results;type=team;view=results|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>
| 1
| 1
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 100.00
|- align=center
! scope=row | {{cr|WIN}}
| align=left | [[1975 Cricket World Cup Group B#Australia vs West Indies|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1975|June|14}}]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Australian ODI matches against the West Indies|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=4;orderby=start;team=2;template=results;type=team;view=results|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230034255/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=4;orderby=start;team=2;template=results;type=team;view=results|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>
| 146
| 79
| 61
| 3
| 3
| 56.29
|- align=center
! scope=row | {{cr|ZIM}}
| align=left | [[1983 Cricket World Cup Group B#Australia v Zimbabwe|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1983|June|9}}]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Australian ODI matches against Zimbabwe|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=9;orderby=start;team=2;template=results;type=team;view=results|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230034403/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=9;orderby=start;team=2;template=results;type=team;view=results|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>
| 33
| 29
| 3
| 0
| 1
| 90.62
|- class=sortbottom align=center
| colspan=2 | '''Total'''
| '''1,019'''
| '''617'''
| '''357'''
| '''9'''
| '''36'''
| '''60.55'''
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=8 | Last updated:24 August 2025<ref name="ODI results summary"/><ref name="Australian ODI records – Results summary">{{cite web|title=Australian ODI records – Results summary|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/results_summary.html?class=2;id=2;type=team|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230034513/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/results_summary.html?class=2;id=2;type=team|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>
|}

=== First bilateral ODI series wins ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
!Opponent
!Year of first Home win
!Year of first Away win
|-
|{{cr|BAN}}
|[[Bangladeshi cricket team in Australia in 2003|2003]]
|[[Australian cricket team in Bangladesh in 2005–06|2006]]
|-
|{{cr|ENG}}
|[[English cricket team in Australia in 1978–79|1979]]
|[[Australian cricket team in England in 1981|1981]]
|-
|{{cr|IND}}
|[[Indian cricket team in Australia in 2015–16|2016]]
|[[Australian cricket team in India in 1984–85|1984]]
|-
|{{cr|NZ}}
|[[2007–08 Chappell–Hadlee Trophy|2007]]
|[[Australian cricket team in New Zealand in 1973–74|1974]]
|-
|{{cr|PAK}}
|[[Pakistani cricket team in Australia in 2009–10|2010]]
|[[Australian cricket team in Pakistan in 1998–99|1998]]
|-
|{{cr|SAF}}
|[[South African cricket team in Australia in 2014–15|2014]]
|[[Australian cricket team in South Africa in 1996–97|1997]]
|-
|{{cr|SRI}}
| -
|[[Australian cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2003–04|2004]]
|-
|{{cr|WIN}}
|[[West Indian cricket team in Australia in 2009–10|2010]]
|[[Australian cricket team in the West Indies in 1990–91|1991]]
|-
|{{cr|ZIM}}
|[[Zimbabwean cricket team in Australia in 2022|2022]]
|[[Australian cricket team in Zimbabwe in 1999–2000|1999]]
|-
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="3" |Last updated: 13 May 2023<ref>{{Cite web |title=Team records {{!}} One-Day Internationals {{!}} Cricinfo Statsguru {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=start;size=200;team=2;template=results;tournament_type=2;type=team;view=series |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|}

=== First ODI match wins ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
! rowspan="2" |Opponent
! colspan="2" |Home
! colspan="2" |Away / Neutral
|-
!Venue
! style="text-align:center" |Year
! style="text-align:center" |Venue
! style="text-align:center" |Year
|-
|{{cr|AFG|2013}}
|[[WACA Ground|Perth]]
|[[2015 Cricket World Cup|2015]]{{double-dagger}}
|[[Sharjah Cricket Stadium|Sharjah]]
|[[Australian cricket team against Afghanistan in the UAE in 2012|2012]]
|-
|{{cr|BAN}}
|[[Cazalys Stadium|Cairns]]
|[[Bangladeshi cricket team in Australia in 2003|2003]]
|[[Zohur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium|Chittagong]]
|[[Australian cricket team in Bangladesh in 2005–06|2006]]
|-
|{{cr|CAN}}
|YTP
|YTP
|[[Edgbaston Cricket Ground|Birmingham]]
|[[1979 Cricket World Cup|1979]]{{double-dagger}}
|-
|{{cr|ENG}}
|[[Melbourne Cricket Ground|Melbourne]]
|[[MCC tour of Australia in 1970–71|1971]]
|[[Lord's|London]]
|[[Australian cricket team in England in 1972|1972]]
|-
|{{cr|IND}}
|[[Sydney Cricket Ground|Sydney]]
|[[1980–81 Australia Tri-Nation Series|1980]]
|[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|New Delhi]]
|[[Australian cricket team in India in 1984–85|1984]]
|-
|{{cr|IRE}}
|YTP
|YTP
|[[Castle Avenue cricket ground|Dublin]]
|[[Australian cricket team in England and Ireland in 2010|2010]]
|-
|{{cr|KEN}}
|YTP
|YTP
|[[Gymkhana Club Ground|Nairobi]]
|[[PSO Tri-Nation Tournament|2002]]
|-
|{{cr|NAM}}
|YTP
|YTP
|[[JB Marks Oval|Potchefstroom]]
|[[2003 Cricket World Cup|2003]]{{double-dagger}}
|-
|{{cr|NED}}
|YTP
|YTP
|[[JB Marks Oval|Potchefstroom]]
|[[2003 Cricket World Cup|2003]]{{double-dagger}}
|-
|{{cr|NZ}}
|[[Sydney Cricket Ground|Sydney]]
|[[1980–81 Australia Tri-Nation Series|1980]]
|[[Carisbrook|Dunedin]]
|[[Australian cricket team in New Zealand in 1973–74|1974]]
|-
|{{cr|PAK}}
|[[Adelaide Oval|Adelaide]]
|[[1981–82 Australia Tri-Nation Series|1981]]
|[[Gaddafi Stadium|Lahore]]
|[[1987 Cricket World Cup|1987]]{{double-dagger}}
|-
|{{cr|RSA}}
|[[Sydney Cricket Ground|Sydney]]
|[[1993–94 Australia Tri-Nation Series|1993]]
|[[St George's Park Cricket Ground|Port Elizabeth]]
|[[Australian cricket team in South Africa in 1993–94|1994]]
|-
|{{cr|SRI}}
|[[Sydney Cricket Ground|Sydney]]
|[[1984–85 Australian Tri-Series|1985]]
|[[R. Premadasa Stadium|Colombo]]
|[[Australian cricket team in Sri Lanka in 1992|1992]]
|-
|{{cr|SCO}}
|[[Bellerive Oval|Hobart]]
|[[2015 Cricket World Cup|2015]]{{double-dagger}}
|[[The Grange Club|Edinburgh]]
|[[Australian cricket team in England and Scotland in 2009|2009]]
|-
|{{cr|WIN}}
|[[Adelaide Oval|Adelaide]]
|[[West Indian cricket team in Australia in 1975–76|1975]]
|[[Queen's Park Oval|Port of Spain]]
|[[Australian cricket team in the West Indies in 1983–84|1984]]
|-
|{{cr|ZIM}}
|[[Bellerive Oval|Hobart]]
|[[1992 Cricket World Cup|1992]] {{double-dagger}}
|[[Queens Sports Club|Bulawayo]]
|[[Australian cricket team in Zimbabwe in 1999–2000|1999]]
|-
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="5" |Last updated: 13 May 2023<ref>{{Cite web |title=Team records {{!}} One-Day Internationals {{!}} Cricinfo Statsguru {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=start;result=1;size=200;team=2;template=results;type=team;view=results |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref>
|}

===Team scoring records===
====Most runs in an innings====
The highest innings total scored in ODI cricket came in the series between [[England cricket team|England]] and the [[Netherlands national cricket team|Netherlands]] in [[English cricket team in the Netherlands in 2022#1st ODI|June 2022]]. Playing in the first ODI at [[VRA Cricket Ground]], [[Amstelveen]] the tourists posted a total of 4/498.<ref>{{cite news|title=Red-hot England sizzle and post new world record score as Jos Buttler hits 162|url=https://www.bt.com/sport/news/2022/june/red-hot-england-sizzle-and-post-new-world-record-score-as-jos-buttler-hits-162|work=[[BT Sport]]|agency=[[PA Media]]|date=17 June 2022|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230035851/https://www.bt.com/sport/news/2022/june/red-hot-england-sizzle-and-post-new-world-record-score-as-jos-buttler-hits-162|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref> This broke the record of 6/481 also set by England at [[Trent Bridge]] against Australia [[Australian cricket team in England in 2018#3rd ODI|three years prior]].<ref>{{cite web|first=George|last=Dobell|title=Jonny Bairstow and Alex Hales condemn Australia to heaviest defeat after record-smashing 481 for 6|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/aus-in-eng-2018-1119525/england-vs-australia-3rd-odi-1119539/match-report|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=19 June 2018|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230040131/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/aus-in-eng-2018-1119525/england-vs-australia-3rd-odi-1119539/match-report|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref> The fifth ODI of the [[Fifth ODI, Australian cricket team in South Africa in 2005–06|2005–06 series]] against [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]] saw Australia set their highest innings total of 4/434, the eighth-highest score in ODI cricket.<ref>{{cite web|title=ODI records – Highest innings totals|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/211599.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230040418/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/211599.html|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Score
! scope=col | Overs
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|434|4/434}}
| align=center rowspan=5| 50
| {{cr|RSA}}
| [[Wanderers Stadium]], [[Johannesburg]], South Africa
| [[Fifth ODI, Australian cricket team in South Africa in 2005–06|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2006|March|12}}]]
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|431|2/431}}
| {{cr|RSA}}
| [[Great Barrier Reef Arena]], [[Mackay, Queensland|Mackay]], Australia
| [[South African cricket team in Australia in 2025#3rd ODI|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2025|August|24}}]]
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|417|6/417}}
| {{cr|AFG}}
| [[WACA Ground]], [[Perth]], Australia
| [[2015 Cricket World Cup Pool A#Australia vs Afghanistan|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2015|March|4}}]]
|-
| align="center" | 4
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|399|8/399}}
| {{cr|NED}}
| [[Arun Jaitley Cricket Stadium|Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| [[2019 Cricket World Cup group stage#Australia vs Bangladesh|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|October|25}}]] {{double-dagger}}
|-
| align="center" | 5
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|392|8/392}}
| {{cr|RSA}}
| [[Mangaung Oval]], [[Bloemfontein]], South Africa
| [[Australian cricket team in South Africa in 2023#2nd ODI|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|September|9}}]]
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last updated: 25 October 2022<ref>{{cite web|title=Australian ODI records – Highest innings totals|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/highest_innings_totals.html?class=2;id=2;type=team|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230040541/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/highest_innings_totals.html?class=2;id=2;type=team|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>
|}

====Highest successful run chases====
South Africa claims the highest successful run chase in ODI cricket when they scored 9/438 chasing a target of 435 runs. This came during the [[Fifth ODI, Australian cricket team in South Africa in 2005–06|final ODI match of Australia's tour of South Africa in 2005–06]] at [[Wanderers Stadium]] in [[Johannesburg]].<ref>{{cite web|title=ODI records – Highest successful run chases|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;innings_number=2;orderby=target;qualmin1=250;qualval1=target;result=1;size=100;template=results;type=team;view=innings|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230041052/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;innings_number=2;orderby=target;qualmin1=250;qualval1=target;result=1;size=100;template=results;type=team;view=innings|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref> The [[Australian cricket team in India in 2018–19#4th ODI|fourth ODI]] of the 2018–19 series against India saw Australia achieve their highest successful run chase in the format. Set 359 for victory at [[Inderjit Singh Bindra Stadium|Punjab Cricket Association IS Bindra]] in [[Mohali]], Australia reached the target with 13 balls to spare.<ref name="Australian ODI records – Highest successful run chases"/>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Score
! scope=col | Target
! scope=col | Overs
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|359|6/359}}
| align=center | 359
| align=center | 47.5
| {{cr|IND}}
| [[Inderjit Singh Bindra Stadium|Punjab Cricket Association IS Bindra]], [[Mohali]], India
| [[Australian cricket team in India in 2018–19#4th ODI|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|March|10}}]]
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|359|5/356}}
| align=center | 352
| align=center | 47.3
| {{cr|ENG}}
| [[Gaddafi Stadium]], [[Lahore]], Pakistan
| [[2025 ICC Champions Trophy#Group B|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2025|February|22}}]]
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|334|8/334}}
| align=center | 334
| align=center | 49.2
| {{cr|ENG}}
| [[Sydney Cricket Ground]], [[Sydney]], Australia
| [[English cricket team in Australia in 2010–11#6th ODI|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2011|February|2}}]]
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|330|7/330}}
| align=center | 327
| align=center | 49.1
| {{cr|RSA}}
| [[St George's Park Cricket Ground]], [[Gqeberha|Port Elizabeth]], South Africa
| [[Australian cricket team in South Africa in 2001–02#6th ODI|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2002|April|6}}]]
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|316|4/316}}
| align=center | 316
| align=center | 48.5
| {{cr|PAK}}
| [[Gaddafi Stadium]], [[Lahore]], Pakistan
| [[Australian cricket team in Pakistan in 1998–99#3rd ODI|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1998|November|10}}]]
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=7 | Last updated: 31 December 2022<ref name="Australian ODI records – Highest successful run chases">{{cite web|title=Australian ODI records – Highest successful run chases|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;innings_number=2;orderby=target;result=1;size=5;team=2;template=results;type=team;view=innings|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230041354/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;innings_number=2;orderby=target;result=1;size=5;team=2;template=results;type=team;view=innings|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>
|}

====Fewest runs in an innings====
The lowest innings total scored in ODI cricket came in the third ODI of [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]]'s tour of [[Zimbabwe national cricket team|Zimbabwe]] in [[Sri Lankan cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2004#3rd ODI|April 2004]]. Zimbabwe in the first innings was bowled all out for 35 runs.<ref>{{cite web|first=Martin|last=Williamson|title=Making a mockery of sport|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/making-a-mockery-of-sport-134686|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=25 April 2004|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230042217/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/making-a-mockery-of-sport-134686|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref> This record was equalled in February 2020 in the final match of the [[2020 Nepal Tri-Nation Series#6th ODI|Nepal Tri-Nation Series]] where the hosts bowled out the [[United States national cricket team|United States]].<ref>{{cite news|first=Anita|last=Jat|title=Nepal bowl USA out for joint-lowest total in ODI history after Lamichhane career-best haul|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/nepal-vs-usa-lowest-odi-score-35-sandeep-lamichhane-icc-world-league-2-1645642-2020-02-12|work=[[India Today]]|date=12 February 2020|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230042539/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/nepal-vs-usa-lowest-odi-score-35-sandeep-lamichhane-icc-world-league-2-1645642-2020-02-12|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=ODI records – Lowest innings totals|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283987.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230043039/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283987.html|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref> Australia's lowest total of 70 has been set twice. The first came during the [[Australian cricket team in England in 1977#2nd ODI|second ODI]] against England in 1977 and again eight years later during the [[1985–86 Australian Tri-Series]] against [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]].<ref name="Lowest Australian innings totals"/>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Score
! scope=col | Overs
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2| 70
| align=center | 26.3
| {{cr|NZL}}
| [[Adelaide Oval]], [[Adelaide]], Australia
| [[1985–86 Australian Tri-Series|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1986|January|27}}]]
|-
| align=center | 2
| align=center | 25.2
| {{cr|ENG}}
| [[Edgbaston Cricket Ground|Edgbaston]], [[Birmingham]], England
| [[Australian cricket team in England in 1977#2nd ODI|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1977|June|4}}]]
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 74
| align=center | 26.4
| {{cr|SRI}}
| [[The Gabba]], [[Brisbane]], Australia
| [[Sri Lankan cricket team in Australia in 2012–13#3rd ODI|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2013|January|18}}]]
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 91
| align=center | 35.4
| {{cr|WIN}}
| [[WACA Ground]], [[Perth]], Australia
| [[Benson & Hedges Challenge#5th match|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1987|January|4}}]]
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 93
| align=center | 34.3
| {{cr|RSA}}
| [[Newlands Cricket Ground]], [[Cape Town]], South Africa
| [[Australian cricket team in South Africa in 2005–06#2nd ODI|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2006|March|3}}]]
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last updated: 31 December 2022<ref name="Lowest Australian innings totals">{{cite web|title=Australian ODI records – Lowest innings totals|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/lowest_innings_totals.html?class=2;id=2;type=team|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230043707/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/lowest_innings_totals.html?class=2;id=2;type=team|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>
|}

====Most runs conceded in an innings====
Australia conceded the highest total of 481 against England in [[Australian cricket team in England in 2018|2018]]. At that time, It was highest One Day International score for any team later it was broken by England once again by scoring 498 against Netherlands in [[English cricket team in the Netherlands in 2022|2022]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/284003.html |title=Records - ODIs - Team Records Highest Match Aggregates |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Score
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center | '''1'''
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|1|6/481}}
| {{cr|ENG}}
| [[Trent Bridge]], [[Nottingham]], England
| [[Australian cricket team in England in 2018#3rd ODI|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|June|19}}]]
|-
| align=center | '''2'''
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|2|9/438}}
| rowspan=2|{{cr|RSA}}
| [[Wanderers Stadium]], [[Johannesburg]], South Africa
| [[Fifth ODI, Australian cricket team in South Africa in 2005–06|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2006|March|12}}]]
|-
| align=center | '''3'''
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|3|5/416}}
| [[Centurion Park]], [[Centurion]], South Africa
| [[Australian cricket team in South Africa in 2023#4th ODI|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|September|15}}]]
|-
| align=center | '''4'''
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|4|5/399}}
| rowspan=2|{{cr|IND}}
| [[Holkar Cricket Stadium]], [[Indore]], India
| [[Australian cricket team in India in 2023–24#2nd ODI|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|September|24}}]]
|-
| align=center | '''5'''
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|5|6/383}}
| [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bengaluru]], India
| [[Australian cricket team in India in 2013–14#7th ODI|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2013|November|2}}]]
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last updated: 15 September 2023<ref>{{cite news |title=Australia ODI Records – Highest innings totals conceded |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;opposition=2;template=results;type=team;view=innings |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=14 March 2024}}</ref>
|}

===Result records===
A ODI match is [[result (cricket)|won]] when one side has scored more [[run (cricket)|runs]] than the total runs scored by the opposing side during their [[innings]]. If both sides have completed their allocated innings and the side that fielded last has the higher number of runs, it is known as a win by runs. This indicates the number of runs that they had scored more than the opposing side. If the side batting last wins the match, it is known as a win by [[Wicket#Dismissing a batsman|wickets]], indicating the number of wickets that were still to fall.<ref name="result">{{cite web|title=Law 16 – The Result|url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/the-laws-of-cricket/the-result|publisher=[[Marylebone Cricket Club]]|date=2017|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230044451/https://www.lords.org/mcc/the-laws-of-cricket/the-result|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>

====Greatest win margins (by runs)====
[[File:Pm cricket shots09 5995.jpg|thumb|alt=Michael Clarke in January 2009|[[Michael Clarke (cricketer)|Michael Clarke]] led Australia to victory over Afghanistan during the [[2015 Cricket World Cup Pool A#Australia vs Afghanistan|2015 Cricket World Cup]] by 275 runs.<ref name="Largest victories"/><ref>{{cite web|first=Alagappan|last=Muthu|title=Warner 178 loads it up, Maxwell 88 blows it up|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-cricket-world-cup-2014-15-509587/australia-vs-afghanistan-26th-match-pool-a-656449/match-report|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=4 March 2015|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230044949/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-cricket-world-cup-2014-15-509587/australia-vs-afghanistan-26th-match-pool-a-656449/match-report|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>]]
The greatest winning margin by runs in ODIs was England's victory over South Africa by 342 runs in the third and final ODI of [[South African cricket team in England in 2025|South Africa's 2025 tour of England]]. Australia's largest victory was over the Netherlands during the [[2023 Cricket World Cup group stage#Australia vs Netherlands|2023 World Cup]] by 309 runs.<ref name="ODI records – Largest margin of victory (by runs)">{{cite web|title=ODI records – Largest margin of victory (by runs)|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283902.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=25 October 2023|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230055857/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283902.html|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Margin
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 309 runs
| {{cr|NED}}
| [[Arun Jaitley Cricket Stadium]], [[Delhi]], India
| [[2023 Cricket World Cup group stage#Australia vs Netherland|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|October|25}}]] {{double-dagger}}
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 276 runs
| {{cr|RSA}}
| [[Great Barrier Reef Arena]], [[Mackay, Queensland|Mackay]], Australia
| [[South African cricket team in Australia in 2025#3rd ODI|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2025|August|24}}]]
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 275 runs
| {{cr|AFG}}
| [[WACA Ground]], [[Perth]], Australia
| [[2015 Cricket World Cup Pool A#Australia vs Afghanistan|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2015|March|4}}]]
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 256 runs
| {{cr|NAM}}
| [[Senwes Park]], [[Potchefstroom]], South Africa
| [[2003 Cricket World Cup#Pool A|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2003|February|27}}]]
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 232 runs
| {{cr|SRI}}
| [[Adelaide Oval]], [[Adelaide]], Australia
| [[1984–85 Australian Tri-Series|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1985|January|28}}]]
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=5 | Last updated: 25 October 2023<ref name="Largest victories">{{cite web|title=Australian ODI records – Largest victories|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/largest_margins.html?class=2;id=2;type=team|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230060121/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/largest_margins.html?class=2;id=2;type=team|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>
|}

====Greatest win margins (by 10 wickets)====
Australia have won an ODI match by a margin of 10 wickets on 5 occasions, the most recent being against India in [[Australian cricket team in India in 2019–20#1st ODI|January 2020]].<ref name="Largest victories"/><ref>{{cite web|first=Varun|last=Shetty|title=David Warner, Aaron Finch dismantle India with record stand|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/australia-tour-of-india-2019-20-1186995/india-vs-australia-1st-odi-1187027/match-report|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=14 January 2020|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230060705/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/australia-tour-of-india-2019-20-1186995/india-vs-australia-1st-odi-1187027/match-report|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>{{efn|The other teams to have won a ODI match by a margin of 10 wickets are the West Indies (10), New Zealand (9), India (8), South Africa (7), England (6), Sri Lanka (6), Pakistan (4), Afghanistan (1) and [[Kenya national cricket team|Kenya]] (1).<ref name="ODI records – 10 wicket victories">{{cite web|title=ODI records – 10 wicket victories|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283279.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230061259/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283279.html|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>}}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Margin
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center rowspan=6 | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=6 | 10 wickets
| {{cr|WIN}}
| [[Adelaide Oval]], [[Adelaide]], Australia
| [[2000–01 Australia Tri-Nation Series#8th match|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2001|January|26}}]]
|-
| {{cr|ENG}}
| [[Sydney Cricket Ground]], [[Sydney]], Australia
| [[2002–03 Australia Tri-Nation Series#1st Final: Australia v England|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2003|January|23}}]]
|-
| rowspan=2|{{cr|BAN}}
| [[Old Trafford Cricket Ground]], [[Manchester]], England
| [[Australian cricket team in England in 2005#Australia v Bangladesh (25 June)|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2005|June|25}}]]
|-
| [[Sir Vivian Richards Stadium]], North Sound, Antigua and Barbuda
| [[2007 Cricket World Cup#Super 8 stage|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2007|March|31}}]]
|-
| rowspan=2|{{cr|IND}}
| [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India
| [[Australian cricket team in India in 2019–20#1st ODI|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2020|January|14}}]]
|-
| [[Dr. Y.S. Rajasekhara Reddy ACA-VDCA Cricket Stadium]], [[Visakhapatnam]], India
| [[Australian cricket team in India in 2022–23#2nd ODI|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|March|19}}]]
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=5 | Last updated: 19 March 2023<ref name="Largest victories"/>
|}

====Greatest win margins (by balls remaining)====
[[File:SRWaugh.png|thumb|alt=Steve Waugh in January 2002|[[Steve Waugh]] led Australia to its first ODI victory by a margin of ten wickets, defeating the West Indies in the pool rounds of the [[2000–01 Australia Tri-Nation Series#8th match|2000–01 Australia Tri-Nation Series]].<ref name="Largest victories"/><ref>{{cite web|first=John|last=Polack|title=Australia's day as West Indians crumble again|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/carlton-series-2000-01-61080/australia-vs-west-indies-8th-match-65608/match-report|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=26 January 2001|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230091041/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/carlton-series-2000-01-61080/australia-vs-west-indies-8th-match-65608/match-report|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>]]
The group stage of the [[1979 Cricket World Cup Group A#Canada vs England|1979 World Cup]] saw England run down the target of 46 runs to defeat [[Canada national cricket team|Canada]] by a margin of 8 wickets with 277 balls remaining in the 60-over innings, the largest victory by balls remaining in ODI cricket history.<ref>{{cite web|title=New Zealand's 10-wicket win over Sri Lanka in 2nd ODI 7th largest by balls remaining|url=https://www.cricketcountry.com/news/new-zealands-10-wicket-win-over-sri-lanka-in-2nd-odi-7th-largest-by-balls-remaining-372455|website=cricketcountry.com|date=28 December 2015|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230091315/https://www.cricketcountry.com/news/new-zealands-10-wicket-win-over-sri-lanka-in-2nd-odi-7th-largest-by-balls-remaining-372455|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref> The next largest victory was Sri Lanka's win against Zimbabwe in the opening match of the [[2001 LG Abans Triangular Series#1st match|2001 LG Abans Triangular Series]] at the [[Singhalese Sports Club Cricket Ground]] in [[Colombo]], where the hosts reached the target of 39 runs with 274 balls to spare.<ref>{{cite web|first=Charlie|last=Austin|title=Chaminda Vaas starts LG Abans tri-series with record-breaking bonanza|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/chaminda-vaas-starts-lg-abans-tri-series-with-record-breaking-bonanza-97644|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=8 December 2001|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230091721/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/chaminda-vaas-starts-lg-abans-tri-series-with-record-breaking-bonanza-97644|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref> Australia's only ODI match to date against the United States, {{as of|2022|12|lc=yes}}, at the [[2004 ICC Champions Trophy#Group A|2004 Champions Trophy]], saw the 66-run target achieved by Australia with 253 balls remaining in their innings – the sixth highest overall.<ref>{{cite web|first=Lawrence|last=Booth|title='Waste of time' thrashing angers Ponting|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2004/sep/14/cricket.iccchampionstrophy2004|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=14 September 2004|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230094337/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2004/sep/14/cricket.iccchampionstrophy2004|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref><ref name="ODI records – Largest margin of victory (by balls remaining)">{{cite web|title=ODI records – Largest margin of victory (by balls remaining)|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283271.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230094647/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283271.html|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Balls remaining
! scope=col | Margin
! scope=col | Target
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 259
| align=center | 8 wickets
| align=center | 87
| {{cr|WIN}}
| [[Manuka Oval]], [[Canberra]], Australia
| [[West Indian cricket team in Australia in 2023–24#3rd ODI|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|February|6}}]]
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 253
| align=center rowspan=2| 9 wickets
| align=center | 66
| {{cr|USA}}
| [[Rose Bowl (cricket ground)|Rose Bowl]], [[Southampton]], England
| [[2004 ICC Champions Trophy#Group A|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2004|September|13}}]]
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 244
| align=center | 71
| {{cr|WIN}}
| [[WACA Ground]], [[Perth]], Australia
| [[West Indian cricket team in Australia in 2012–13#1st ODI|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2013|February|1}}]]
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 234
| align=center rowspan=2| 10 wickets
| align=center rowspan=2| 118
| {{cr|IND}}
| [[Dr. Y.S. Rajasekhara Reddy ACA-VDCA Cricket Stadium]], [[Visakhapatnam]], India
| [[Australian cricket team in India in 2022–23|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|March|19}}]]
|-
| align=center rowspan=2| 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2| 226
| {{cr|ENG}}
| [[Sydney Cricket Ground]], [[Sydney]], Australia
| [[2002–03 Australia Tri-Nation Series#1st Final: Australia v England|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2003|January|23}}]]
|-
| align=center | 9 wickets
| align=center | 92
| {{cr|IRE}}
| [[Kensington Oval]], [[Bridgetown]], Barbados
| [[2007 Cricket World Cup#Super 8 stage|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2007|April|13}}]]
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=7 | Last updated: 6 February 2024<ref name="Largest victories"/>
|}

====Narrowest win margins (by 1 run)====
Thirty-three ODI matches have been won by a margin of one run with Australia having won six of them, the most recent being [[Australian cricket team against Pakistan in the UAE in 2014–15#3rd ODI|third ODI]] against [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]] at the [[Zayed Sports City Stadium]] in [[Abu Dhabi]] in October 2014.<ref name="ODI records – Smallest margin of victory (by runs)">{{cite web|title=ODI records – Smallest margin of victory (by runs)|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283920.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230095741/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283920.html|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Margin
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center rowspan=6 | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=6 | 1 run
| {{cr|IND}}
| [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chennai]], India
| [[1987 Cricket World Cup Group A#Australia vs India|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1987|October|9}}]]
|-
| {{cr|IND}}
| [[The Gabba]], [[Brisbane]], Australia
| [[1992 Cricket World Cup round-robin stage#Australia vs India|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1992|March|1}}]]
|-
| {{cr|RSA|1928}}
| [[Mangaung Oval]], [[Bloemfontein]], South Africa
| [[Australian cricket team in South Africa in 1993–94|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1994|April|8}}]]
|-
| {{cr|ZIM}}
| [[WACA Ground]], [[Perth]], Australia
| [[2000–01 Australia Tri-Nation Series#12th match|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2001|February|4}}]]
|-
| {{cr|WIN}}
| [[Warner Park Sporting Complex|Warner Park]], [[Basseterre]], Saint Kitts and Nevis
| [[Australian cricket team in the West Indies in 2008#4th ODI|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2008|July|4}}]]
|-
| {{cr|PAK}}
| [[Zayed Sports City Stadium]], [[Abu Dhabi]], United Arab Emirates
| [[Australian cricket team against Pakistan in the UAE in 2014–15#3rd ODI|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2014|October|12}}]]
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=5 | Last updated: 31 December 2022<ref name="Smallest victories">{{cite web|title=Australian ODI records – Smallest victories|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/smallest_margins.html?class=2;id=2;type=team|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230095849/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/smallest_margins.html?class=2;id=2;type=team|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>
|}

====Narrowest win margins (by 1 wicket)====
Sixty-six ODI matches have been won by a margin of one wicket with Australia having won four of them, the most recent being against England in the second ODI in [[English cricket team in Australia in 2013–14#2nd ODI|January 2014]] at [[The Gabba]]. Set 301 for victory, Australia found themselves at 9/244 with seven overs remaining. However, a [[Player of the Match awards (cricket)|man of the match]] performance from [[James Faulkner (cricketer)|James Faulkner]] who top scored with 69 [[not out]] got Australia home with three balls remaining.<ref>{{cite web|first=Andrew|last=McGlashan|title=Faulkner pulls off stunning heist|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/england-tour-of-australia-2013-14-592391/australia-vs-england-2nd-odi-636160/match-report|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=17 January 2014|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230101721/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/england-tour-of-australia-2013-14-592391/australia-vs-england-2nd-odi-636160/match-report|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref><ref name="ODI records – Smallest margin of victory (by wickets)">{{cite web|title=ODI records – Smallest margin of victory (by wickets)|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283253.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828162532/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283253.html|archive-date=28 August 2022}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Margin
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center rowspan=4 | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=4 | 1 wicket
| {{cr|NZL}}
| [[Lancaster Park]], [[Christchurch]], New Zealand
| [[Australian cricket team in New Zealand in 1992–93#2nd ODI|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1993|March|21}}]]{{efn|name=fn3|The reserve day of 22 March 1993 was used to complete the match due to rain.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=New Zealand v Australia 1992–93 – Second One-day International|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/150973.html|magazine=[[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack]]|date=1994|via=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230102843/https://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/150973.html|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=2nd ODI, Christchurch, March 21 - 22, 1993, Australia tour of New Zealand|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/australia-tour-of-new-zealand-1992-93-61409/new-zealand-vs-australia-2nd-odi-64422/full-scorecard|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230103141/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/australia-tour-of-new-zealand-1992-93-61409/new-zealand-vs-australia-2nd-odi-64422/full-scorecard|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>}}
|-
| {{cr|WIN}}
| [[Sydney Cricket Ground]], [[Sydney]], Australia
| [[1995–96 Australian Tri-Series|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1996|January|1}}]]
|-
| {{cr|RSA}}
| [[Kingsmead Cricket Ground]], [[Durban]], South Africa
| [[Australian cricket team in South Africa in 2005–06#4th ODI|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2006|March|10}}]]
|-
| {{cr|ENG}}
| [[The Gabba]], [[Brisbane]], Australia
| [[English cricket team in Australia in 2013–14#2nd ODI|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2014|January|17}}]]
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=5 | Last updated: 31 December 2022<ref name="Smallest victories"/>
|}

====Narrowest win margins (by balls remaining)====
Thirty-seven ODI matches have been won on the final ball of the match with Australia having done so on four occasions.<ref name="Winning on the last ball of the match">{{cite web|title=ODI records – Winning on the last ball of the match|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283930.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128142211/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283930.html|archive-date=28 November 2022}}</ref> The most recent {{as of|2022|12|lc=yes}}, was against Pakistan during the group stage of the [[2009 ICC Champions Trophy]]. Set 206 runs for victory, the winning run was a [[bye (cricket)|bye]] off the bowling of [[Umar Gul]] with [[Nathan Hauritz]] and [[Brett Lee]] at the crease.<ref>{{cite web|first=Alex|last=Brown|title=Australia reach semis after thriller|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-champions-trophy-2009-10-374074/australia-vs-pakistan-11th-match-group-a-415283/match-report|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=30 September 2009|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230103737/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-champions-trophy-2009-10-374074/australia-vs-pakistan-11th-match-group-a-415283/match-report|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Balls remaining
! scope=col | Margin
! scope=col | Target
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center rowspan=4 | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=4 | 0
| align=center | 2 wickets
| align=center | 140
| {{cr|WIN}}
| [[Mindoo Phillip Park]], [[Castries]], Saint Lucia
| [[Australian cricket team in the West Indies in 1977–78#2nd ODI|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1978|April|12}}]]
|-
| align=center | 2 wickets
| align=center | 178
| {{cr|ENG}}
| [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium]], [[Sharjah]], United Arab Emirates
| [[1984–85 Four-Nations Cup|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1985|March|24}}]]
|-
| align=center | 1 wicket
| align=center | 173
| {{cr|WIN}}
| [[Sydney Cricket Ground]], [[Sydney]], Australia
| [[1995–96 Australian Tri-Series|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1996|January|1}}]]
|-
| align=center | 2 wickets
| align=center | 206
| {{cr|PAK}}
| [[Centurion Park]], [[Centurion, South Africa|Centurion]], South Africa
| [[2009 ICC Champions Trophy#Group A|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2009|September|30}}]]
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=7 | Last updated: 31 December 2022<ref name="Smallest victories"/>
|}

====Greatest loss margins (by runs)====
The third and final ODI of [[Sri Lankan cricket team in India in 2022–23#3rd ODI|Sri Lanka's tour of India]] saw tourists being defeated by 317 runs, the greatest losing margin by runs in ODI cricket.<ref name="ODI records – Largest margin of victory (by runs)"/> Australia's largest defeat by number of runs came during the [[Australian cricket team in England in 2018#3rd ODI|third ODI]] against England at [[Trent Bridge]] in 2018, losing by margin of 242 runs.<ref name="Largest defeats"/>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Margin
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 242 runs
| {{cr|ENG}}
| [[Trent Bridge]], [[Nottingham]], England
| [[Australian cricket team in England in 2018#3rd ODI|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|June|19}}]]
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 206 runs
| {{cr|NZL}}
| [[Adelaide Oval]], [[Adelaide]], Australia
| [[1985–86 Australian Tri-Series|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1986|January|27}}]]
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 196 runs
| {{cr|RSA}}
| [[Newlands Cricket Ground]], [[Cape Town]], South Africa
| [[Australian cricket team in South Africa in 2005–06#2nd ODI|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2006|March|3}}]]
|-
| align="center" | 4
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 186 runs
| {{cr|ENG}}
| [[Lord's]], [[London]], England
| [[Benson & Hedges Challenge#5th match|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|September|27}}]]
|-
| align="center" | 5
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 174 runs
| {{cr|SL}}
| [[R. Premadasa Stadium]], [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka
| [[Australian cricket team in New Zealand in 2015–16#1st ODI|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2025|February|14}}]]
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=5 | Last updated: 15 February 2025<ref name="Largest defeats">{{cite web|title=Australian ODI records – Largest defeats|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/largest_margins.html?class=2;id=2;type=opposition|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230110758/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/largest_margins.html?class=2;id=2;type=opposition|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>
|}

====Greatest loss margins (by wickets)====
Australia have lost an ODI match by a margin of 10 wickets on only one occasion – against New Zealand in [[2006–07 Chappell–Hadlee Trophy#1st ODI|February 2007]]. Playing at the [[Wellington Regional Stadium]], Australia was bowled all out for 148 runs in 49.3 overs. In reply, New Zealand reached the target in 27 overs for the loss of no wickets.<ref name="Largest defeats"/><ref>{{cite web|first=Peter|last=English|title=Australia slump to 10-wicket defeat|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/australia-tour-of-new-zealand-2006-07-251038/new-zealand-vs-australia-1st-odi-251494/match-report|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=16 February 2007|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230111914/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/australia-tour-of-new-zealand-2006-07-251038/new-zealand-vs-australia-1st-odi-251494/match-report|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>{{efn|The other teams to have lost a ODI match by a margin of 10 wickets are Bangladesh (12), Zimbabwe (9), England (6), Sri Lanka (6), India (5), the West Indies (4), Kenya (3), New Zealand (3), Pakistan (3), South Africa (2), Bermuda (1), East Africa (1) and the Netherlands (1).<ref name="ODI records – 10 wicket victories"/>}}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Margin
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 10 wickets
| {{cr|NZL}}
| [[Wellington Regional Stadium]], [[Wellington]], New Zealand
| [[2006–07 Chappell–Hadlee Trophy#1st ODI|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2007|February|16}}]]
|-
| align=center rowspan=10 | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=10 | 9 wickets
| {{cr|WIN}}
| [[Sydney Cricket Ground]], [[Sydney]], Australia
| [[1983–84 Australian Tri-Series|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1984|February|8}}]]
|-
| {{cr|WIN}}
| [[Sabina Park]], [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]], Jamaica
| [[Australian cricket team in the West Indies in 1983–84#4th ODI|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1984|April|26}}]]
|-
| {{cr|RSA|1928}}
| [[Sydney Cricket Ground]], [[Sydney]], Australia
| [[1992 Cricket World Cup#Match scores|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1992|February|26}}]]
|-
| {{cr|WIN}}
| [[WACA Ground]], [[Perth]], Australia
| [[1992–93 Australian Tri-Series|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1992|December|6}}]]
|-
| {{cr|PAK}}
| [[Rawalpindi Cricket Stadium]], [[Rawalpindi]], Pakistan
| [[1994–95 Wills Triangular Series#6th match|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1994|October|22}}]]
|-
| {{cr|WIN}}
| [[National Cricket Stadium (Grenada)|National Cricket Stadium]], [[St. George's, Grenada|St. George's]], Grenada
| [[Australian cricket team in the West Indies in 2002–03#7th ODI|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2003|June|1}}]]
|-
| {{cr|ENG}}
| [[Headingley Cricket Ground|Headingley]], [[Leeds]], England
| [[Australian cricket team in England in 2005#England v Australia (7 July)|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2005|July|7}}]]
|-
| {{cr|IND}}
| [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]], [[Jaipur]], India
| [[Australian cricket team in India in 2013–14#2nd ODI|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2013|October|16}}]]
|-
| rowspan=2|{{cr|PAK}}
| [[Gaddafi Stadium]], [[Lahore]], Pakistan
| [[Australian cricket team in Pakistan in 2021–22#3rd ODI|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|April|2}}]]
|-
| [[Adelaide Oval]], [[Adelaide]], Australia
| [[Pakistani cricket team in Australia in 2024-25#2nd ODI|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|November|8}}]]
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=5 | Last updated: 31 December 2022<ref name="Largest defeats"/>
|}

====Greatest loss margins (by balls remaining)====
Canada suffered the greatest defeat in ODI cricket during the [[1979 Cricket World Cup Group A#Canada vs England|1979 World Cup]] when England run down the target of 46 runs with 277 balls remaining.<ref name="ODI records – Largest margin of victory (by balls remaining)"/> [[The Gabba]] played host to Australia's worst defeat in [[Sri Lankan cricket team in Australia in 2012–13#3rd ODI|January 2013]] when Sri Lanka scored the 75 runs required for victory with 180 balls remaining.<ref name="Largest defeats"/><ref>{{cite web|first=S.|last=Rajesh|title=Bowlers' day out at the Gabba|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/stats-review-bowlers-day-out-at-the-gabba-601250|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=18 January 2013|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230114453/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/stats-review-bowlers-day-out-at-the-gabba-601250|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Balls remaining
! scope=col | Margin
! scope=col | Target
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 180
| align=center | 4 wickets
| align=center | 75
| {{cr|SRI}}
| [[The Gabba]], [[Brisbane]], Australia
| [[Sri Lankan cricket team in Australia in 2012–13#3rd ODI|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2013|January|18}}]]
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 161
| align=center | 1 wicket
| align=center | 152
| {{cr|NZL}}
| [[Eden Park]], [[Auckland]], New Zealand
| [[2015 Cricket World Cup Pool A#New Zealand vs Australia|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2015|February|28}}]]
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 142
| align=center | 7 wickets
| align=center | 132
| {{cr|RSA}}
| [[Centurion Park]], [[Centurion, South Africa|Centurion]], South Africa
| [[Australian cricket team in South Africa in 2008–09#2nd ODI|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2009|April|5}}]]
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 138
| align=center | 10 wickets
| align=center | 149
| {{cr|NZL}}
| [[Wellington Regional Stadium]], [[Wellington]], New Zealand
| [[2006–07 Chappell–Hadlee Trophy#1st ODI|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2007|February|16}}]]
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 134
| align=center | 3 wickets
| align=center | 155
| {{cr|RSA}}
| [[WACA Ground]], [[Perth]], Australia
| [[South African cricket team in Australia in 2014–15#2nd ODI|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2014|November|16}}]]
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=7 | Last updated: 31 December 2022<ref name="Largest defeats"/>
|}

====Narrowest loss margins (by runs)====
Thirty-three ODI matches have been lost by a margin of one run with Australia having lost five of them, the most recent being in [[Australian cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2003–04#2nd ODI|February 2004]] at the [[Rangiri Dambulla International Stadium]] against Sri Lanka.<ref name="ODI records – Smallest margin of victory (by runs)"/><ref>{{cite web|first=Charlie|last=Austin|title=Vaas bowls Sri Lanka to thrilling win|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/vaas-bowls-sri-lanka-to-thrilling-win-136967|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=22 February 2004|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230114803/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/vaas-bowls-sri-lanka-to-thrilling-win-136967|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Margin
! scope=col | Target
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center rowspan=5 | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=5 | 1 run
| align=center | 221 runs
| {{cr|NZL}}
| [[Sydney Cricket Ground]], [[Sydney]], Australia
| [[1980–81 Australia Tri-Nation Series|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1981|January|13}}]]
|-
| align=center | 233 runs
| {{cr|NZL}}
| [[WACA Ground]], [[Perth]], Australia
| [[1987–88 Australian Tri-Series|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1988|January|3}}]]
|-
| align=center | 221 runs
| {{cr|WIN}}
| [[Sydney Cricket Ground]], [[Sydney]], Australia
| [[1988–89 Australian Tri-Series|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1988|December|13}}]]
|-
| align=center | 195 runs
| {{cr|NZL}}
| [[Bellerive Oval]], [[Hobart]], Australia
| [[1990–91 Australia Tri-Nation Series|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1990|December|18}}]]
|-
| align=center | 246 runs
| {{cr|SRI}}
| [[Rangiri Dambulla International Stadium]], [[Dambulla]], Sri Lanka
| [[Australian cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2003–04#2nd ODI|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2004|February|22}}]]
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last updated: 31 December 2022<ref name="Smallest defeats">{{cite web|title=Australian ODI records – Smallest defeats|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/smallest_margins.html?class=2;id=2;type=opposition|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230115213/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/smallest_margins.html?class=2;id=2;type=opposition|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>
|}

====Narrowest loss margins (by wickets)====
ODI cricket has seen sixty-six matches been decided by a margin of one wicket, with Australia being defeated in seven of them.<ref name="ODI records – Smallest margin of victory (by wickets)"/> The most recent was [[Australian cricket team in England in 2018#5th ODI|final ODI]] of the five-match series against England at [[Old Trafford Cricket Ground|Old Trafford]] in June 2018. England run down the modest total of 206 runs with nine balls remaining to secure a 5–0 series victory – the first time that Australia had been whitewashed in a five-match ODI series against England.<ref name="Smallest defeats"/><ref>{{cite web|first=Daniel|last=Brettig|title=Breathtaking Buttler secures England their whitewash in one-wicket thriller|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/aus-in-eng-2018-1119525/england-vs-australia-5th-odi-1119541/match-report|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=24 June 2018|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230121656/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/aus-in-eng-2018-1119525/england-vs-australia-5th-odi-1119541/match-report|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Margin
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center rowspan=7 | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=7 | 1 wicket
| {{cr|PAK}}
| [[WACA Ground]], [[Perth]], Australia
| [[Benson & Hedges Challenge#3rd match|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1987|January|2}}]]
|-
| {{cr|RSA}}
| [[Wanderers Stadium]], [[Johannesburg]], South Africa
| [[Fifth ODI, Australian cricket team in South Africa in 2005–06|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2006|March|12}}]]
|-
| {{cr|NZL}}
| [[Seddon Park]], [[Hamilton, New Zealand|Hamilton]], New Zealand
| [[2006–07 Chappell–Hadlee Trophy#3rd ODI|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2007|February|20}}]]
|-
| {{cr|ENG}}
| [[Old Trafford Cricket Ground]], [[Manchester]], England
| [[Australian cricket team in England and Ireland in 2010#3rd ODI|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2010|June|27}}]]
|-
| {{cr|SRI}}
| [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]], [[Melbourne]], Australia
| [[Sri Lankan cricket team in Australia in 2010–11#1st ODI|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2010|November|3}}]]
|-
| {{cr|NZL}}
| [[Eden Park]], [[Auckland]], New Zealand
| [[2015 Cricket World Cup Pool A#New Zealand vs Australia|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2015|February|28}}]]
|-
| {{cr|ENG}}
| [[Old Trafford Cricket Ground]], [[Manchester]], England
| [[Australian cricket team in England in 2018#5th ODI|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|June|24}}]]
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=5 | Last updated: 31 December 2022<ref name="Smallest defeats"/>
|}

====Narrowest loss margins (by balls remaining)====
Thirty-seven ODI matches have been lost on the final ball of the match.<ref name="Winning on the last ball of the match"/> The first ODI of the [[New Zealand cricket team in Australia in 2008–09|2008–09 Chappell–Hadlee Trophy series]] at the WACA has been the only occasion where Australia has lost an ODI match with zero balls remaining.<ref name="Smallest defeats"/> Posting 181, New Zealand ran down the total and won by the match with two wickets in hand.<ref>{{cite web|first=Peter|last=English|title=Cool Taylor steers New Zealand to tight victory|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/new-zealand-tour-of-australia-2008-09-351616/australia-vs-new-zealand-1st-odi-351689/match-report|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=1 February 2009|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230121916/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/new-zealand-tour-of-australia-2008-09-351616/australia-vs-new-zealand-1st-odi-351689/match-report|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Balls remaining
! scope=col | Margin
! scope=col | Target
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 0
| align=center | 2 wickets
| align=center | 182
| {{cr|NZL}}
| [[WACA Ground]], [[Perth]], Australia
| [[New Zealand cricket team in Australia in 2008–09#1st ODI|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2009|February|1}}]]
|-
| align=center rowspan=3 | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=3 | 1
| align=center | 1 wicket
| align=center | 274
| {{cr|PAK}}
| [[WACA Ground]], [[Perth]], Australia
| [[Benson & Hedges Challenge#3rd match|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1987|January|2}}]]
|-
| align=center | 3 wickets
| align=center | 234
| {{cr|ENG}}
| [[Sydney Cricket Ground]], [[Sydney]], Australia
| [[1986–87 Australian Tri-Series|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1987|January|22}}]]
|-
| align=center | 1 wicket
| align=center | 435
| {{cr|RSA}}
| [[Wanderers Stadium]], [[Johannesburg]], South Africa
| [[Fifth ODI, Australian cricket team in South Africa in 2005–06|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2006|March|12}}]]
|-
| align=center rowspan=5 | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=5 | 2
| align=center | 3 wickets
| align=center | 248
| {{cr|NZL}}
| [[Seddon Park]], [[Hamilton, New Zealand|Hamilton]], New Zealand
| [[Australian cricket team in New Zealand in 1992–93#4th ODI|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1993|March|27}}]]
|-
| align=center | 3 wickets
| align=center | 243
| {{cr|SRI}}
| [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]], [[Melbourne]], Australia
| [[1995–96 Australian Tri-Series|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1996|January|16}}]]
|-
| align=center | 4 wickets
| align=center | 247
| {{cr|NZL}}
| [[Docklands Stadium]], [[Melbourne]], Australia
| [[2004–05 Chappell–Hadlee Trophy|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2004|December|5}}]]
|-
| align=center | 4 wickets
| align=center | 270
| {{cr|IND}}
| [[Adelaide Oval]], [[Adelaide]], Australia
| [[2011–12 Commonwealth Bank Series#4th match|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2012|February|12}}]]
|-
| align=center | 6 wickets
| align=center | 331
| {{cr|IND}}
| [[Sydney Cricket Ground]], [[Sydney]], Australia
| [[Indian cricket team in Australia in 2015–16#5th ODI|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2016|January|23}}]]
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=7 | Last updated: 31 December 2022<ref name="Smallest defeats"/>
|}

====Tied matches====
[[File:Kim Hughes, April 2009 3 lighter.jpg|thumb|alt=Kim Hughes in April 2009|The first tied ODI match was played between Australia and the [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]] during the second final of the [[1983–84 Australian Tri-Series]] at the Melbourne Cricket Ground. The hosts were captained by [[Kim Hughes]] (pictured).<ref name="Smallest defeats"/><ref>{{cite magazine|title=Australia v West Indies 1983–84 – World Series Cup - Second Final Match|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/150507.html|magazine=Wisden Cricketers' Almanack|date=1985|via=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230122108/https://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/150507.html|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>]]
A [[Result (cricket)#Tie|tie]] can occur when the scores of both teams are equal at the conclusion of play, provided that the side batting last has completed their innings.<ref name="result"/> {{As of|2022|12}}, there have made 42 matches have [[List of tied One Day Internationals|ended in a tie]] in ODI cricket history, with nine involving Australia.<ref>{{cite web|title=List of tied One Day Internationals matches|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283892.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230122929/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283892.html|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref><ref name="Smallest defeats"/> The most recent match was against the West Indies at the [[Arnos Vale Stadium]] in [[Australian cricket team in the West Indies in 2011–12#3rd ODI|March 2012]]. The West Indies required one run for victory from the final three deliveries of the bowling of [[Brett Lee]], but when the captain [[Daren Sammy]] was run out this left both teams unable to be split with 220 runs each.<ref>{{cite web|first=Daniel|last=Brettig|title=Dramatic last over run-out leaves match tied|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/aus-in-eng-2018-1119525/england-vs-australia-5th-odi-1119541/match-report|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=20 March 2012|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230123935/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/australia-tour-of-west-indies-2011-12-540161/west-indies-vs-australia-3rd-odi-540170/match-report|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>

There was one match involving Australia when a tie-breaker was used after the scores were level. In the only ODI match played against Pakistan during the [[Australian cricket team in Pakistan in 1988–89#ODI series|1988–89 tour]], both teams finished with 229 runs in the 45-over match. Pakistan was declared winner though due to loss of one fewer wicket.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Pakistan v Australia 1988–89 at Lahore, October 14|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/pakistan-v-australia-1988-89-150714|magazine=Wisden Cricketers' Almanack|date=1990|via=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230130601/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/pakistan-v-australia-1988-89-150714|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=3rd ODI, Lahore, October 14, 1988, Australia tour of Pakistan|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/australia-tour-of-pakistan-1988-89-61396/pakistan-vs-australia-3rd-odi-64331/full-scorecard|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230131231/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/australia-tour-of-pakistan-1988-89-61396/pakistan-vs-australia-3rd-odi-64331/full-scorecard|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|- bgcolor=#cee0f2
! scope=row style="background:#cee0f2; | {{cr|WIN}} ♠
| [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]], [[Melbourne]], Australia
| [[1983–84 Australian Tri-Series|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1984|February|11}}]]
|- bgcolor=#cee0f2
! scope=row style="background:#cee0f2; | {{cr|ENG}} ♠
| [[Trent Bridge]], [[Nottingham]], England
| [[Australian cricket team in England in 1989#2nd ODI|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1989|May|27}}]]
|- bgcolor=#cee0f2
! scope=row style="background:#cee0f2; | {{cr|PAK}} ♠
| [[Bellerive Oval]], [[Hobart]], Australia
| [[1992–93 Australian Tri-Series|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1992|December|10}}]]
|- bgcolor=#cee0f2
! scope=row style="background:#cee0f2; | {{cr|WIN}} ♠
| [[Bourda]], [[Georgetown, Guyana|Georgetown]], Guyana
| [[Australian cricket team in the West Indies in 1998–99#5th ODI|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1999|April|21}}]]
|- bgcolor=#cee0f2
! scope=row style="background:#cee0f2; | {{cr|RSA}} ♠
| [[Edgbaston Cricket Ground]], [[Birmingham]], England
| [[1999 Cricket World Cup 2nd semi-final|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1999|June|17}}]]
|- bgcolor=#cee0f2
! scope=row style="background:#cee0f2; | {{cr|RSA}} ♠
| [[Docklands Stadium]], [[Melbourne]], Australia
| [[South African cricket team in Australia in 2000#2nd ODI|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2000|August|18}}]]
|- bgcolor=#cee0f2
! scope=row style="background:#cee0f2; | {{cr|RSA}} ♠
| [[Senwes Park]], [[Potchefstroom]], South Africa
| [[Australian cricket team in South Africa in 2001–02#3rd ODI|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2002|March|27}}]]
|- bgcolor=#cee0f2
! scope=row style="background:#cee0f2; | {{cr|ENG}} ♠
| [[Lord's]], [[London]], England
| [[Australian cricket team in England in 2005#England v Australia (2 July)|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2005|July|2}}]]
|- bgcolor=#cee0f2
! scope=row style="background:#cee0f2; | {{cr|WIN}} ♠
| [[Arnos Vale Stadium]], [[Arnos Vale, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines|Arnos Vale]], Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
| [[Australian cricket team in the West Indies in 2011–12#3rd ODI|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2012|March|20}}]]
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=3 | Last updated: 31 December 2022<ref name="Smallest defeats"/>
|}

==Individual records==
===Batting records===
====Most career runs====
A [[run (cricket)|run]] is the basic means of [[scorer (cricket)|scoring]] in cricket. A run is scored when the batsman hits the [[cricket ball|ball]] with his [[cricket bat|bat]] and with his partner runs the length of {{convert|22|yards|metres}} of the [[cricket pitch|pitch]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Law 18 – Scoring runs|url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/the-laws-of-cricket/scoring-runs|publisher=Marylebone Cricket Club|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230220846/https://www.lords.org/mcc/the-laws-of-cricket/scoring-runs|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>

India's [[Sachin Tendulkar]] has scored the most runs in ODI cricket with 18,426. Second is [[Kumar Sangakkara]] of Sri Lanka with 14,234 ahead of [[Virat Kohli]] in third with 13,848. [[Ricky Ponting]] from Australia is in fourth with 13,704.{{efn|This total includes the 115 runs he scored for the [[List of World XI ODI cricketers|ICC World XI]] in the [[World Cricket Tsunami Appeal]] match against the [[ACC Asia XI cricket team|ACC Asia XI]] in 2005.<ref name="Ricky Ponting's ODI career batting summary">{{cite web|title=Ricky Ponting's ODI career batting summary|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/7133.html?class=2;template=results;type=batting|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230221354/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/7133.html?class=2;template=results;type=batting|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>}} No other Australian batsmen has scored more than [[List of players who have scored 10,000 or more runs in One Day International cricket|10,000 runs in ODI cricket]].<ref name="ODI records – Most career runs">{{cite web|title=ODI records – Most career runs|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/83548.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230221145/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/83548.html|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Runs
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Matches
! scope=col | Innings
! scope=col | Average
! scope=col | 100
! scope=col | 50
! scope=col | Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 13,589
| {{sortname|Ricky|Ponting}}
| align=center | 374
| align=center | 364
| align=center | 41.81
| align=center | 30
| align=center | 82
| 1995–2012
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 9,595
| {{sortname|Adam|Gilchrist}}
| align=center | 286
| align=center | 278
| align=center | 35.93
| align=center | 16
| align=center | 55
| 1996–2008
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 8,500
| {{sortname|Mark|Waugh}}
| align=center | 244
| align=center | 236
| align=center | 39.35
| align=center | 18
| align=center | 50
| 1988–2002
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 7,981
| {{sortname|Michael|Clarke|dab=cricketer}}
| align=center | 245
| align=center | 223
| align=center | 44.58
| align=center | 8
| align=center | 58
| 2003–2015
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 7,569
| {{sortname|Steve|Waugh}}
| align=center | 325
| align=center | 288
| align=center | 32.90
| align=center | 3
| align=center | 45
| 1986–2002
|-
| align=center | 6
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 6,932
| {{sortname|David|Warner|David Warner (cricketer)}}
| align=center | 161
| align=center | 159
| align=center | 45.30
| align=center | 22
| align=center | 33
| 2009–2023
|-
| align=center | 7
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 6,912
| {{sortname|Michael|Bevan}}
| align=center | 232
| align=center | 196
| align=center | 53.58
| align=center | 6
| align=center | 46
| 1994–2004
|-
| align=center | 8
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 6,524
| {{sortname|Allan|Border}}
| align=center | 273
| align=center | 252
| align=center | 30.62
| align=center | 3
| align=center | 39
| 1979–1994
|-
| align=center | 9
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 6,131
| {{sortname|Matthew|Hayden}}
| align=center | 160
| align=center | 154
| align=center | 44.10
| align=center | 10
| align=center | 36
| 1993–2008
|-
| align=center | 10
! scope=row style=text-align:center | 6,068
| {{sortname|Dean|Jones|Dean Jones (cricketer)}}
| align=center | 164
| align=center | 161
| align=center | 44.61
| align=center | 7
| align=center | 46
| 1984–1994
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=9 | Last updated: 26 November 2023<ref name="Australian ODI records – Most career runs">{{cite web|title=Australian ODI records – Most career runs|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?class=2;id=2;type=team|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=19 March 2023|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230221644/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?class=2;id=2;type=team|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>
|}
=== Fastest runs getter ===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Runs
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Batsman
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Match
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Innings
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Record date
! scope="col" |Reference
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 1000
|[[George Bailey (cricketer, born 1982)|George Bailey]]
|28
|26
| 14 September 2013
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283174.html |title=Records. One-Day Internationals. Batting records. Fastest to 1000 runs |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2018-11-01}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 2000
|[[David Boon]]
| 54
| 52
| 17 January 1988||<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283153.html |title=Records. One-Day Internationals. Batting records. Fastest to 2000 runs |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2018-11-01}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 3000
|[[Travis Head]]
| 79
| 76
| 25 October 2025
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283178.html |title=Records. One-Day Internationals. Batting records. Fastest to 3000 runs |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2018-11-01}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 4000
| rowspan="3" |[[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]]
| 95
| 93
| 5 June 2017
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283157.html |title=Records. One-Day Internationals. Batting records. Fastest to 4000 runs |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2018-11-01}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 5000
|117
|115
|14 January 2020
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283182.html |title=Records. One-Day Internationals. Batting records. Fastest to 5000 runs |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2018-11-01}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 6000
|141
|139
|22 November 2022
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283184.html |title=Records. One-Day Internationals. Batting records. Fastest to 6000 runs |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2018-11-01}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 7000
| rowspan="7" |[[Ricky Ponting]]
|196
|192
|22 February 2004
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283186.html |title=Records. One-Day Internationals. Batting records. Fastest to 7000 runs |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2018-11-01}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 8000
|225
|220
|23 June 2005
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283188.html |title=Records. One-Day Internationals. Batting records. Fastest to 8000 runs |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2018-11-01}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 9000
|248
|242
|5 March 2006
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283190.html |title=Records. One-Day Internationals. Batting records. Fastest to 9000 runs |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2018-11-01}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 10000
|272
|266
|24 March 2007
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283192.html |title=Records. One-Day Internationals. Batting records. Fastest to 10000 runs |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2018-11-01}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 11000
|295
|286
|24 February 2008
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/308684.html |title=Records. One-Day Internationals. Batting records. Fastest to 11000 runs |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2018-11-01}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 12000
|323
|314
|2 October 2009
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/314850.html |title=Records. One-Day Internationals. Batting records. Fastest to 12000 runs |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2018-11-01}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 13000
|350
|341
|30 June
2010
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/320990.html |title=Records. One-Day Internationals. Batting records. Fastest to 13000 runs |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2018-11-01}}</ref>
|}
====Most runs in each batting position====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style=text-align:center;
|-
! scope="col" |Batting position
! scope="col" |Batsman
! scope="col" |Innings
! scope="col" |Runs
! scope="col" |Average
! scope="col" |ODI Career Span
! scope="col" |Ref
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | Opener
| [[Adam Gilchrist]] || 258 || 9,176 || 36.55 || 1998–2008
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=2;batting_positionmin1=1;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=runs;size=200;team=2;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Opener {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2022-01-20}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | Number 3
| [[Ricky Ponting]] || 329 || 12,547 || 42.24 || 1995–2012
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=3;batting_positionmin1=3;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=runs;size=200;team=2;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Number 3{{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2022-01-20}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | Number 4
| [[Michael Clarke (cricketer)|Michael Clarke]] || 111 || 4,223 || 46.40 || 2004–2015
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=4;batting_positionmin1=4;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=runs;size=200;team=2;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Number 4{{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2022-01-20}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | Number 5
| [[Steve Waugh]]|| 135 || 4,117 || 37.42 || 1986–2002
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=5;batting_positionmin1=5;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=runs;size=200;team=2;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Number 5{{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2022-01-20}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | Number 6
| [[Michael Bevan]] || 87 || 3,006 || 56.71 || 1994–2004
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=6;batting_positionmin1=6;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=runs;size=200;team=2;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Number 6{{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2022-01-20}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | Number 7
| [[Ian Healy]] || 78 || 1,238 || 21.71 || 1988–1997
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=7;batting_positionmin1=7;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=runs;size=200;team=2;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Number 7{{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2022-01-20}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | Number 8
| [[James Faulkner (cricketer)|James Faulkner]] || 35 || 664 || 31.61 || 2013–2017
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=8;batting_positionmin1=8;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=runs;size=200;team=2;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Number 8{{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2022-01-20}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | Number 9
|[[Brett Lee]]|| 59 || 630 || 16.57 || 2000–2012
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=9;batting_positionmin1=9;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=runs;size=200;team=2;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Number 9{{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2022-01-20}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | Number 10
| [[Adam Zampa]]{{dagger}} || 33 || 227 || 10.80|| 2016-2025
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=10;batting_positionmin1=10;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=runs;size=200;team=2;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Number 10{{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2022-01-20}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | Number 11
| [[Glenn McGrath]] || 66 || 114 || 4.07 || 1993–2007
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=11;batting_positionmin1=11;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=runs;size=200;team=2;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Number 11{{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2022-01-20}}</ref>
|-
| colspan=7 | Last updated: 26 November 2023.
|}

====Most runs against each team====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" |Opposition
! scope="col" |Runs
! scope="col" |Batsman
! scope="col" |Matches
! scope="col" |Innings
! scope="col" |Career Span
! scope="col" |Ref
|-
| {{cr|AFG|2013}}
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 309
| [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] || align=center| 4 || align="center" | 4 || 2012–2023 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=40;team=2;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Against Afghanistan {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|BAN}}
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 444
| [[Adam Gilchrist]] || align=center| 12 || align=center| 10 || 1999–2007 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=25;team=2;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Against Bangladesh {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|CAN}}
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 94
| [[Shane Watson]] || align=center | 1 || align=center | 1 || 2011–2011 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=17;team=2;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Against Canada {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|ENG}}
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 1,598
| rowspan=2|[[Ricky Ponting]] || align=center| 39 || align=center| 38 || 1999–2010 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=1;team=2;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Against England {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|IND}}
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 2,164
| align=center| 59 || align=center| 59 || 1995–2012 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=6;team=2;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Against India {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|IRE}}
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 132
| [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] || align=center | 3 || align=center | 2 || 2012–2016 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=29;team=2;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Against Ireland {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2|{{cr|KEN}}
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2| 130
| [[Mark Waugh]] || align=center| 1 || align=center| 1 || 1996–1996 || rowspan=2|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=26;team=2;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Against Kenya {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| [[Adam Gilchrist]] || align=center| 3 || align=center| 3 || 2002–2003
|-
| {{cr|NAM}}
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 88
| [[Matthew Hayden]] || align=center| 1 || align=center| 1 || 2003–2003 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=28;team=2;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Against Namibia {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|NED}}
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 123
| [[Brad Hodge]]
| align=center| 1 || align=center| 1 || 2007–2007 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=15;team=2;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Against Netherlands {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|NZ}}
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 1,971
| rowspan=2|[[Ricky Ponting]] || align=center| 51 || align=center| 50 || 1995–2011 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=5;team=2;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Against New Zealand {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|PAK}}
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 1,107
| align=center| 35 || align=center| 35 || 1996–2011 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=7;team=2;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Against Pakistan {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|SCO}}
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 168
| [[Aaron Finch]] || align=center| 2 || align=center| 2 || 2013–2015 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=30;team=2;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Against Scotland {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|SA}}
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 1,879
| rowspan=2|[[Ricky Ponting]] || align=center| 48 || align=center| 48 || 1995–2011 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=3;team=2;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Against South Africa {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|SL}}
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 1,649
| align=center| 46 || align=center| 45 || 1995–2012 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=8;team=2;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Against Sri Lanka {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|USA}}
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 24
| [[Adam Gilchrist]] || align=center| 1 || align=center| 1 || 2004–2004 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=11;team=2;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Against United States of America {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|WIN}}
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 1,708
| [[Mark Waugh]] || align=center| 47 || align=center| 45 || 1988–2001 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=4;team=2;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Against West Indies {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|ZIM}}
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 949
| [[Ricky Ponting]] || align=center| 21 || align=center| 20 || 1996–2011 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=9;team=2;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Against Zimbabwe {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| colspan=7 | Last updated: 23 November 2023
|}

====Highest individual score====
[[File:2018.02.03.22.38.28-Glenn Maxwell-0003 (25557926667) (cropped).jpg|thumb|alt=Glenn Maxwell in 2018|[[Glenn Maxwell]] has scored the highest individual ODI score (201 not out) for Australia.<ref name="Australian ODI records – Highest individual score"/>]]
The fourth ODI of the [[Sri Lankan cricket team in India in 2014–15#4th ODI|2014–15 series]] contested between India and Sri Lanka, at the [[Eden Gardens]] in [[Kolkata]] saw [[Rohit Sharma]] of India set the highest individual ODI innings score with 264. Four months later during the quarter-finals of the [[2015 Cricket World Cup knockout stage#New Zealand v West Indies|2015 Cricket World Cup]], New Zealand's [[Martin Guptill]] posted the second highest individual ODI innings score of 237 [[not out]] against the West Indies at [[Wellington Regional Stadium]].<ref>{{cite web|title=ODI records – Highest individual score|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/216972.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226120041/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/216972.html|archive-date=26 December 2022}}</ref> [[Glenn Maxwell]] holds the Australian record with his score of 201 not out coming against [[Afghanistan national cricket team|Afghanistan]] during the [[2023 Cricket World Cup|2023 World Cup]], surpassing [[Shane Watson]]'s 185 not out against [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]] in [[Australian cricket team in Bangladesh in 2011#2nd ODI|2011]]. [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] has made two of Australia's five highest ODI individual scores, with his best of 179 coming against Pakistan at [[Adelaide Oval]] on [[Pakistani cricket team in Australia in 2016–17#5th ODI|Australia Day 2017]].<ref name="Australian ODI records – Highest individual score"/>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Runs
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 201*
| {{sortname|Glenn|Maxwell}}
| {{cr|AFG}}
| [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India
| [[2023 Cricket World Cup|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|November|7}}]]
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 185*
| {{sortname|Shane|Watson}}
| {{cr|BAN}}
| [[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]], [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh
| [[Australian cricket team in Bangladesh in 2011#2nd ODI|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2011|April|11}}]]
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 181*
| {{sortname|Matthew|Hayden}}
| {{cr|NZL}}
| [[Seddon Park]], [[Hamilton, New Zealand|Hamilton]], New Zealand
| [[2006–07 Chappell–Hadlee Trophy#3rd ODI|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2007|February|20}}]]
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 179
| rowspan=2 |{{sortname|David|Warner|dab=cricketer}}
| {{cr|PAK}}
| [[Adelaide Oval]], [[Adelaide]], Australia
| [[Pakistani cricket team in Australia in 2016–17#5th ODI|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2017|January|26}}]]
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 178
| {{cr|AFG}}
| [[WACA Ground]], [[Perth]], Australia
| [[2015 Cricket World Cup Pool A#Australia vs Afghanistan|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2015|March|4}}]]
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last updated: 7 November 2023<ref name="Australian ODI records – Highest individual score">{{cite web|title=Australian ODI records – Highest individual score|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_innings.html?class=2;id=2;type=team|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230222137/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_innings.html?class=2;id=2;type=team|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>
|}

====Highest career average====
A batsman's [[batting average]] is the total number of runs they have scored divided by the number of times they have been dismissed.<ref>{{cite book|first=M. A.|last=Pervez|title=A Dictionary of Cricket|publisher=Orient Blackswan|year=2001|page=7|isbn=978-81-7370-184-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VwYsHe-F-IUC&pg=PA7}}</ref>

The Netherlands' [[Ryan ten Doeschate]] holds the record for the highest ODI average at 67.00. The next two are Indian players Shubman Gill and former [[List of India national cricket captains#One Day International captains|captain]] [[Virat Kohli]], with averages of 61.37 and 58.67 respectively. Australian [[Michael Bevan]] has the seventh-best career average in ODI cricket with 53.58.<ref>{{cite web|title=ODI records – Highest career average|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/282911.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=17 January 2023|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230223019/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/282911.html|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Average
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Runs
! scope=col | Innings
! scope=col | Not out
! scope=col | Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 53.58
| {{sortname|Michael|Bevan}}
| align=center | 6,912
| align=center | 196
| align=center | 67
| 1994–2004
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 48.15
| {{sortname|Michael|Hussey}}
| align=center | 5,442
| align=center | 157
| align=center | 44
| 2004–2012
|-
| align="center" | 3
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 45.78
| [[Adam Voges]]
| align="center" | 870
| align="center" | 28
| align="center" | 9
| 2007–2013
|-
| align="center" | 4
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 45.30
| [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]]
| align="center" | 6,932
| align="center" | 159
| align="center" | 6
| 2009–2023
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 44.61
| [[Dean Jones (cricketer)|Dean Jones]]
| align=center | 6,068
| align=center | 161
| align=center | 25
| 1984–1994
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=7 | Qualification: 20 innings Last updated: 26 November 2023<ref>{{cite web|title=Australian ODI records – Highest career average|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/highest_career_batting_average.html?class=2;id=2;type=team|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230223649/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/highest_career_batting_average.html?class=2;id=2;type=team|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>
|}

====Highest average in each batting position====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! scope="col" |Batting position
! scope="col" |Batsman
! scope="col" |Innings
! scope="col" |Runs
! scope="col" |Average
! scope="col" |Career Span
! scope="col" |Ref
|-
! scope="row" | Opener
|[[Usman Khawaja]]{{dagger}}|| 20 || 1,019 || 53.63 || 2013–2019
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=2;batting_positionmin1=1;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=batting_average;qualmin1=20;qualval1=innings;size=200;team=2;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Highest Average {{!}} Opener {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2022-01-22}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | Number 3
| [[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]] || 95 || 4,369 || 52.01 || 2014–2025
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=3;batting_positionmin1=3;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=batting_average;qualmin1=20;qualval1=innings;size=200;team=2;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Highest Average {{!}} Number 3 {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2022-01-22}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | Number 4
| [[Michael Bevan]]|| 53 || 2,265 || 59.60 || 1994–2004
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=4;batting_positionmin1=4;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=batting_average;qualmin1=20;qualval1=innings;size=200;team=2;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Highest Average {{!}} Number 4 {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2022-01-22}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | Number 5
| [[Andrew Symonds]] || 96 || 3,473 || 44.52 || 2000–2009
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=5;batting_positionmin1=5;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=batting_average;qualmin1=20;qualval1=innings;size=200;team=2;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Highest Average {{!}} Number 5 {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2022-01-22}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | Number 6
| [[Michael Bevan]] || 87 || 3,006 || 56.71 || 1994–2004
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=6;batting_positionmin1=6;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=batting_average;qualmin1=20;qualval1=innings;size=200;team=2;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Highest Average {{!}} Number 6 {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2022-01-22}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | Number 7
| [[Michael Hussey]] || 21 || 725 || 120.83 || 2004–2012
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=7;batting_positionmin1=7;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=batting_average;qualmin1=20;qualval1=innings;size=200;team=2;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Highest Average {{!}} Number 7 {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2022-01-22}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | Number 8
|[[James Faulkner (cricketer)|James Faulkner]] || 35 || 664 || 31.61 || 2013–2017
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=8;batting_positionmin1=8;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=batting_average;qualmin1=20;qualval1=innings;size=200;team=2;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Highest Average {{!}} Number 8 {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2022-01-22}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | Number 9
|[[Brett Lee]]|| 59 || 630 || 16.57 || 2000–2012
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=9;batting_positionmin1=9;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=batting_average;qualmin1=20;qualval1=innings;size=200;team=2;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Highest Average {{!}} Number 9 {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2022-01-22}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | Number 10
| [[Adam Zampa|Adam Zampa{{dagger}}]]|| 27 || 170 || 10.00 || 2016-2023
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=10;batting_positionmin1=10;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=batting_average;qualmin1=20;qualval1=innings;size=200;team=2;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Highest Average {{!}} Number 10 {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2022-01-22}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | Number 11
| [[Josh Hazlewood]]{{dagger}} || 28 || 93 || 18.60 || 2013–2023
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=11;batting_positionmin1=11;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=batting_average;qualmin1=20;qualval1=innings;size=200;team=2;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Highest Average {{!}} Number 11 {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2022-01-22}}</ref>
|-
| colspan=7 | Last updated: 6 March 2025. Qualification: Min 20 innings batted at position
|}

====Highest career strike rate====
[[File:3- Protest Glenn Maxwell (cropped).jpg|thumb|alt=Glenn Maxwell playing for Lancashire in 2019|[[Glenn Maxwell]], {{as of|2022|12|lc=yes}}, has the highest ODI career strike rate for Australia with 126.91.<ref name="Australian ODI records – Highest batting strike rate"/>]]
A batsman's [[Strike rate#Batting strike rate|strike rate]] is the average number of runs scored per 100 [[delivery (cricket)|balls]] faced.<ref>{{cite web|first=Siddharth|last=Banka|title=Why not measure the T20 batting strike rate in 120 balls?|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/blogs/content/story/994373.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=7 April 2016|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230223946/https://www.espncricinfo.com/blogs/content/story/994373.html|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>

{{As of|2025|03}}, [[Andre Russell]] of the West Indies tops the list of highest strike rates with 130.22. Australia's [[Glenn Maxwell]] follows with 126.70 and [[Heinrich Klaasen]] of South Africa with rate of 117.34 is third. [[James Faulkner (cricketer)|James Faulkner]], [[Josh Inglis]] and [[Travis Head]] are the only other Australians with an ODI batting strike rate of above 100. Although, [[Luke Ronchi]] achieved a strike rate of 205.40 in his two innings for Australia, before playing 81 matches for New Zealand, finishing his career with a strike rate of 114.50<ref>{{cite web|title=ODI records – Highest career batting strike rate|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/282919.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230224135/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/282919.html|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Strike rate
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Runs
! scope=col | Balls faced
! scope=col | Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 126.70
| {{sortname|Glenn|Maxwell}}{{dagger}}
| align=center | 3,990
| align=center | 3,149
| 2012–2025
|-
| align="center" | 2
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 104.89
| [[Travis Head]]{{dagger}}
| align="center" | 2,767
| align="center" | 2,638
| 2016–2025
|-
| align="center" | 3
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 104.24
| {{sortname|James|Faulkner|dab=cricketer}}
| align="center" | 1,032
| align="center" | 990
| 2013–2017
|-
| align="center" | 4
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 97.38
| [[Peter Handscomb]]
| align="center" | 632
| align="center" | 649
| 2017–2019
|-
| align="center" | 5
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 97.26
| [[Josh Inglis]]{{dagger}}
| align="center" | 674
| align="center" | 637
| 2022–2025
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Qualification: 500 balls faced Last updated: 4 March 2025<ref name="Australian ODI records – Highest batting strike rate">{{cite web|title=Australian ODI records – Highest batting strike rate|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/highest_career_strike_rate.html?class=2;id=2;type=team|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230224348/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/highest_career_strike_rate.html?class=2;id=2;type=team|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>
|}

====Most sixes====

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Sixes
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Innings
! scope=col | Runs
! scope=col | Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style= text-align:center; | 159
| [[Ricky Ponting]]
| align=center | 364
| align=center | 13,589
| 1995–2012
|-
| align="center" | 2
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 155
| [[Glenn Maxwell]]{{dagger}}
| align="center" | 136
| align="center" | 3,990
| 2012–2025
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style= text-align:center; | 148
| [[Adam Gilchrist]]
| align=center | 278
| align=center | 9,595
| 1996–2008
|-
| align="center" | 4
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 131
| [[Shane Watson]]
| align="center" | 169
| align="center" | 5,757
| 2002–2015
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 130
| [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]]
| align=center | 159
| align=center | 6,932
| 2009–2023
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last updated: 4 March 2025<ref>{{cite news |title=Australia ODI Records – Most sixes |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=sixes;team=2;template=results;type=batting |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>
|}

====Most fours====

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Fours
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Innings
! scope=col | Runs
! scope=col | Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 1,223
| [[Ricky Ponting]]
| align=center | 364
| align=center | 13,589
| 1995–2012
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 1,159
| [[Adam Gilchrist]]
| align=center | 278
| align=center | 9,595
| 1996–2008
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 733
| [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]]
| align=center | 159
| align=center | 6,932
| 2009–2023
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 665
| [[Michael Clarke (cricketer)|Michael Clarke]]
| align=center | 223
| align=center | 7,981
| 2003–2015
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 651
| [[Mark Waugh]]
| align=center | 236
| align=center | 8500
| 1988–2005
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last updated: 26 November 2023<ref>{{cite news |title=Australia ODI Records – Most fours |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=fours;team=2;template=results;type=batting |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=22 January 2022}}</ref>
|}

====Most half-centuries====
A half-century is a score of between 50 and 99 runs. Statistically, once a batsman's score reaches 100, it is no longer considered a half-century but a century.<ref>{{cite book|first=M. A.|last=Pervez|title=A Dictionary of Cricket|publisher=Orient Blackswan|year=2001|page=37|isbn=978-81-7370-184-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VwYsHe-F-IUC&pg=PA37}}</ref>

[[Sachin Tendulkar]] of India has scored the most half-centuries in ODI cricket with 96. He is followed by Sri Lanka's [[Kumar Sangakkara]] on 93, South Africa's [[Jacques Kallis]] on 86, India's [[Rahul Dravid]] and [[Inzamam-ul-Haq]] of Pakistan 83 and in sixth with 82 fifties to his name, Australia's [[Ricky Ponting]].<ref>{{cite web|title=ODI records – Most half-centuries|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283033.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230224732/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283033.html|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Half centuries
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Innings
! scope=col | Runs
! scope=col | Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 82
| {{sortname|Ricky|Ponting}}
| align=center | 364
| align=center | 13,589
| 1995–2012
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 58
| {{sortname|Michael|Clarke|dab=cricketer}}
| align=center | 223
| align=center | 7,981
| 2003–2015
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 55
| {{sortname|Adam|Gilchrist}}
| align=center | 278
| align=center | 9,595
| 1996–2008
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 50
| {{sortname|Mark|Waugh}}
| align=center | 236
| align=center | 8,500
| 1988–2002
|-
| align=center rowspan=2 | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2 | 46
| {{sortname|Dean|Jones|dab=cricketer}}
| align=center | 161
| align=center | 6,068
| 1984–1994
|-
| {{sortname|Michael|Bevan}}
| align=center | 196
| align=center | 6,912
| 1994–2004
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last updated: 31 December 2022<ref name="Australian ODI records – Most half-centuries">{{cite web|title=Australian ODI records – Most half-centuries|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_fifties_career.html?class=2;id=2;type=team|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230224944/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_fifties_career.html?class=2;id=2;type=team|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>
|}

====Most centuries====
A [[century (cricket)|century]] is a score of 100 or more runs in a single innings.<ref>{{cite book|first=M. A.|last=Pervez|title=A Dictionary of Cricket|publisher=Orient Blackswan|year=2001|page=15|isbn=978-81-7370-184-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VwYsHe-F-IUC&pg=PA15}}</ref>

On 15 November 2023, [[Virat Kohli]] became the first player to score 50 ODI centuries, breaking [[Sachin Tendulkar]]'s long-held record of 49. Tendulkar and fellow Indian [[Rohit Sharma]] have scored the second and third most centuries, with 49 and 31 respectively, whilst Australia's [[Ricky Ponting]] is fourth with 30.{{efn|This total includes the century he scored for the [[List of World XI ODI cricketers|ICC World XI]] in the [[World Cricket Tsunami Appeal]] match against the [[ACC Asia XI cricket team|ACC Asia XI]] in 2005.<ref name="Ricky Ponting's ODI career batting summary"/>}}<ref>{{cite web|title=ODI records – Most centuries|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/282935.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=17 January 2023|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230225231/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/282935.html|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Centuries
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Innings
! scope=col | Runs
! scope=col | Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 30
| {{sortname|Ricky|Ponting}}
| align=center | 375
| align=center | 13,704
| 1995–2012
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 22
| {{sortname|David|Warner|dab=cricketer}}
| align=center | 154
| align=center | 6,810
| 2009–2023
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 18
| {{sortname|Mark|Waugh}}
| align=center | 236
| align=center | 8,500
| 1988–2002
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 17
| {{sortname|Aaron|Finch}}
| align=center | 142
| align=center | 5,406
| 2013–2022
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 16
| {{sortname|Adam|Gilchrist}}
| align=center | 278
| align=center | 9,595
| 1996–2008
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last updated: 28 October 2023<ref name="Australian ODI records – Most centuries">{{cite web|title=Australian ODI records – Most centuries|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_hundreds_career.html?class=2;id=2;type=team|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230225411/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_hundreds_career.html?class=2;id=2;type=team|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>
|}

====Most runs in a bilateral series====
[[File:GEORGE BAILEY (11704709453).jpg|thumb|alt=George Bailey in January 2014|[[George Bailey (cricketer, born 1982)|George Bailey]] scored 478 runs in the [[Australian cricket team in India in 2013–14|ODI tour India in 2013]], the most runs scored by an Australian in an ODI bilateral series.<ref name="Australian ODI records – Most runs in a bilateral series"/>]]
The 6-match series between India and South Africa in [[Indian cricket team in South Africa in 2017–18|February 2018]] saw the touring captain [[Virat Kohli]] set the record for the most runs scored in a bilateral ODI series, with 558 runs.<ref>{{cite web|first=Sampath|last=Bandarupalli|title=Stats: Most runs by a player in a bilateral ODI series|url=https://www.crictracker.com/stats-most-runs-by-a-player-in-a-bilateral-odi-series/|work=CricTracker|date=17 February 2018|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230230117/https://www.crictracker.com/stats-most-runs-by-a-player-in-a-bilateral-odi-series/|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref> Five months later, Pakistan's [[Fakhar Zaman (cricketer)|Fakhar Zaman]] scored 515 runs on tour during the [[Pakistani cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2018|5-match series]] against Zimbabwe.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fakhar Zaman, Imam-ul-Haq march into the record books|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/787951|work=International Cricket Council|date=22 July 2018|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230230337/https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/787951|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref> [[Australian cricket team in India in 2013–14|Australia's tour of India]] in October 2013 saw India's [[Rohit Sharma]] score a total of 491 runs and Australian captain [[George Bailey (cricketer, born 1982)|George Bailey]] finish with 478 runs to his name from the 6-match series.{{efn|Seven matches were scheduled with the fifth ODI abandoned due to rain.<ref>{{cite web|title=Australia tour of India 2013–14 – ODI results|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/australia-tour-of-india-2013-14-647237/match-schedule-fixtures-and-results?view=results|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230230518/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/australia-tour-of-india-2013-14-647237/match-schedule-fixtures-and-results?view=results|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Fifth ODI called off due to rain, wet outfield|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/fifth-odi-called-off-due-to-rain-wet-outfield-682607|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=26 October 2013|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230230617/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/fifth-odi-called-off-due-to-rain-wet-outfield-682607|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>}}<ref>{{cite web|first=S.|last=Rajesh|title=107 sixes, 345 fours, nine hundreds|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/india-v-australia-odi-series-stats-highlights-107-sixes-345-fours-nine-hundreds-685563|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=4 November 2013|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230230752/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/india-v-australia-odi-series-stats-highlights-107-sixes-345-fours-nine-hundreds-685563|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=ODI records – Most runs in a bilateral series|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=runs;template=results;tournament_type=2;type=batting;view=series|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230230918/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=runs;template=results;tournament_type=2;type=batting;view=series|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Runs
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Matches
! scope=col | Innings
! scope=col | Series
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 478
| {{sortname|George|Bailey|dab=cricketer, born 1982}}
| align=center | 6
| align=center | 6
| {{sort|1|[[Australian cricket team in India in 2013–14]]}}
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 451
| {{sortname|Aaron|Finch}}
| align=center | 5
| align=center | 5
| {{sort|5|[[Australian cricket team against Pakistan in the UAE in 2018–19]]}}
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 386
| {{sortname|David|Warner|dab=cricketer}}
| align=center | 5
| align=center | 5
| {{sort|2|[[Australian cricket team in South Africa in 2016–17]]}}
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 383
| {{sortname|Usman|Khawaja}}
| align=center | 5
| align=center | 5
| {{sort|4|[[Australian cricket team in India in 2018–19]]}}
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 367
| {{sortname|David|Warner|dab=cricketer}}
| align=center | 5
| align=center | 5
| {{sort|3|[[Pakistani cricket team in Australia in 2016–17]]}}
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last updated: 31 December 2022<ref name="Australian ODI records – Most runs in a bilateral series">{{cite web|title=Australian ODI records – Most runs in a bilateral series|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=runs;team=2;template=results;tournament_type=2;type=batting;view=series|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507102526/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=runs;team=2;template=results;tournament_type=2;type=batting;view=series|archive-date=7 May 2019}}</ref>
|}

====Most ducks====
A [[duck (cricket)|duck]] refers to a batsman being dismissed without scoring a run.<ref name="glossary">{{cite web|first=Martin|last=Williamson|title=A glossary of cricket terms|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/a-glossary-of-cricket-terms-239756|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=6 March 2006|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230231338/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/a-glossary-of-cricket-terms-239756|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref> [[Sanath Jayasuriya]] of Sri Lanka has scored the most number of ducks in ODI cricket with 34 ahead of Pakistan's [[Shahid Afridi]] with 30. Former Australian captain [[Ricky Ponting]] leads the list of Australians with 20 followed by [[Adam Gilchrist]] who failed score a run in an ODI innings on 19 occasions.<ref>{{cite web|title=ODI records – Most ducks|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283088.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230231544/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283088.html|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Ducks
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Matches
! scope=col | Innings
! scope=col | Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 20
| {{sortname|Ricky|Ponting}}
| align=center | 374
| align=center | 364
| 1995–2012
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 19
| {{sortname|Adam|Gilchrist}}
| align=center | 286
| align=center | 278
| 1996–2008
|-
| align=center rowspan=3 | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=3 | 16
| {{sortname|Brett|Lee}}
| align=center | 221
| align=center | 110
| 2000–2012
|-
| {{sortname|Aaron|Finch}}
| align=center | 146
| align=center | 142
| 2013–2022
|-
| {{sortname|Mark|Waugh}}
| align=center | 244
| align=center | 236
| 1988–2002

|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last updated: 31 December 2022<ref>{{cite web|title=Australian ODI records – Most ducks|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_ducks_career.html?class=2;id=2;type=team|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230231726/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_ducks_career.html?class=2;id=2;type=team|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>
|}

==Bowling records==
[[File:Glenn McGrath 01 crop 2.jpg|thumb|alt=Glenn McGrath in January 2006|[[Glenn McGrath]] has taken the equal most ODI wickets (380) and return the best ODI bowling figures (7/15) for Australia.<ref name="Australian ODI records – Most career wickets"/><ref name="Australian ODI records – Best bowling figures in an innings"/>]]

=== Most career wickets ===
A [[bowling (cricket)|bowler]] takes the [[wicket#dismissing a batsman|wicket]] of a batsman when the form of dismissal is [[bowled]], [[caught]], [[leg before wicket]], [[stumped]] or [[hit wicket]]. If the batsman is dismissed by [[run out]], [[obstructing the field]], [[handled the ball|handling the ball]], [[hit the ball twice|hitting the ball twice]] or [[timed out]] the bowler does not receive credit.

Pakistan's [[Wasim Akram]] held the record for the most ODI wickets with 502 until [[Indian cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2008–09#4th ODI|February 2009]] when Sri Lankan bowler [[Muttiah Muralitharan]] passed Akram's milestone.<ref>{{cite news|title=Muralitharan becomes highest wicket-taker in one-day game|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/feb/05/muttiah-muralitheran-breaks-wicket-record-odi|newspaper=The Guardian|date=5 February 2009|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230232242/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/feb/05/muttiah-muralitheran-breaks-wicket-record-odi|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref> Muralitharan, who continued to play until 2011, finished with 534 wickets to his name. Pakistan's [[Waqar Younis]] is third on the list taking 416 wickets. [[Glenn McGrath]] of Australia is seventh on the list with 381 ODI wickets{{efn|This total includes the single wicket he took for the [[List of World XI ODI cricketers|ICC World XI]] in the [[World Cricket Tsunami Appeal]] match against the [[ACC Asia XI cricket team|ACC Asia XI]] in 2005.<ref>{{cite web|title=Glenn McGrath's ODI career bowling summary|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/6565.html?class=2;template=results;type=bowling|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230232431/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/6565.html?class=2;template=results;type=bowling|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>}} one ahead of his compatriot [[Brett Lee]] who finished his career with 380.<ref>{{cite web|title=ODI records – Most career wickets|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283193.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230232619/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283193.html|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Wickets
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Matches
! scope=col | Innings
! scope=col | Average
! scope=col | SR
! scope=col | 4W
! scope=col | 5W
! scope=col | Period
|-
| align=center rowspan=2 | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2 | 380
| {{sortname|Glenn|McGrath}}
| align=center | 249
| align=center | 247
| align=center | 21.98
| align=center | 34.0
| align=center | 9
| align=center | 7
| 1993–2007
|-
| {{sortname|Brett|Lee}}
| align=center | 221
| align=center | 217
| align=center | 23.36
| align=center | 29.4
| align=center | 14
| align=center | 9
| 2000–2012
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 291
| {{sortname|Shane|Warne}}
| align=center | 193
| align=center | 190
| align=center | 25.82
| align=center | 36.4
| align=center | 12
| align=center | 1
| 1993–2003
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 244
| {{sortname|Mitchell|Starc}}{{dagger}}
| align=center | 127
| align=center | 127
| align=center | 23.40
| align=center | 26.68
| align=center | 12
| align=center | 9
| 2010–2024
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 239
| {{sortname|Mitchell|Johnson}}
| align=center | 153
| align=center | 150
| align=center | 25.26
| align=center | 31.33
| align=center | 9
| align=center | 3
| 2005–2015
|-
| align=center | 6
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 203
| {{sortname|Craig|McDermott}}
| align=center | 138
| align=center | 138
| align=center | 24.71
| align=center | 36.75
| align=center | 4
| align=center | 1
| 1985–1996
|-
| align=center | 7
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 195
| {{sortname|Steve|Waugh}}
| align=center | 325
| align=center | 207
| align=center | 34.67
| align=center | 45.55
| align=center | 3
| align=center | 0
| 1986–2002
|-
| align=center | 8
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 191
| {{sortname|Adam|Zampa}}†
| align=center | 113
| align=center | 113
| align=center | 28.60
| align=center | 30.87
| align=center | 11
| align=center | 1
| 2016–2025
|-
| align=center | 9
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 174
| {{sortname|Nathan|Bracken}}
| align=center | 116
| align=center | 116
| align=center | 24.36
| align=center | 33.09
| align=center | 5
| align=center | 2
| 2001–2009
|-
| align=center | 10
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 168
| {{sortname|Shane|Watson}}
| align=center | 190
| align=center | 163
| align=center | 31.79
| align=center | 38.48
| align=center | 3
| align=center | 0
| 2002–2015
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=10 | Last updated: 22 August 2025<ref name="Australian ODI records – Most career wickets">{{cite web|title=Australian ODI records – Most career wickets|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?class=2;id=2;type=team|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230232819/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?class=2;id=2;type=team|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>
|}

====Most wickets against each team====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" |Opposition
! scope="col" |Wickets
! scope="col" |Bowler
! scope="col" |Matches
! scope="col" |Innings
! scope="col" |Career Span
! scope="col" |Ref
|-
| {{cr|AFG|2013}}
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 8
| [[Mitchell Starc]]{{dagger}} || align=center| 4 || align="center" | 4 || 2012–2023 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=40;team=2;template=results;type=bowling |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Wickets {{!}} Against Afghanistan {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|BAN}}
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 18
| [[Brad Hogg]] || align=center| 9 || align=center| 9 || 2003–2007 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=25;team=2;template=results;type=bowling |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Wickets {{!}} Against Bangladesh {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|CAN}}
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 5
| [[Alan Hurst (cricketer)|Alan Hurst]] || align=center | 1 || align=center | 1 || 1979–1979 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=17;team=2;template=results;type=bowling |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Wickets {{!}} Against Canada {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|ENG}}
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 65
| rowspan=2|[[Brett Lee]] || align=center| 37 || align=center| 37 || 2001–2012 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=1;team=2;template=results;type=bowling |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Wickets {{!}} Against England {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|IND}}
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 55
| align=center| 32 || align=center| 30 || 2000–2012 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=6;team=2;template=results;type=bowling |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Wickets {{!}} Against India {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|IRE}}
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 5
| [[James Hopes]] || align=center | 1 || align=center | 1 || 2010–2010 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=29;team=2;template=results;type=bowling |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Wickets {{!}} Against Ireland {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|KEN}}
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 6
| [[Brett Lee]] || align=center| 4 || align=center| 4 || 2002–2011 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=26;team=2;template=results;type=bowling |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Wickets {{!}} Against Kenya {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|NAM}}
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 7
| [[Glenn McGrath]] || align=center| 1 || align=center| 1 || 2003–2003 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=28;team=2;template=results;type=bowling |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Wickets {{!}} Against Namibia {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|NED}}
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 4
| [[Brad Hogg]]
| align=center| 1 || align=center| 1 || 2007–2007 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=15;team=2;template=results;type=bowling |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Wickets {{!}} Against Netherlands {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|NZ}}
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 59
| rowspan=2|[[Glenn McGrath]] || align=center| 32 || align=center| 31 || 1993–2007 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=5;team=2;template=results;type=bowling |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Wickets {{!}} Against New Zealand {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|PAK}}
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 57
| align=center| 32 || align=center| 32 || 1994–2005 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=7;team=2;template=results;type=bowling |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Wickets {{!}} Against Pakistan {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|SCO}}
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 6
| [[Mitchell Johnson]] || align=center| 3 || align=center| 3 || 2009–2015 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=30;team=2;template=results;type=bowling |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Wickets {{!}} Against Scotland {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|SA}}
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 60
| [[Shane Warne]] || align=center| 45 || align=center| 44 || 1993–2002 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=3;team=2;template=results;type=bowling |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Wickets {{!}} Against South Africa {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|SL}}
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 38
| [[Brett Lee]] || align=center| 29 || align=center| 29 || 2002–2012 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=8;team=2;template=results;type=bowling |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Wickets {{!}} Against Sri Lanka {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2|{{cr|USA}}
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2| 4
| [[Michael Kasprowicz]] || align=center rowspan=2| 1 || align=center rowspan=2| 1 || rowspan=2|2004–2004 || rowspan=2|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=11;team=2;template=results;type=bowling |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Wickets {{!}} Against United States of America {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| [[Jason Gillespie]]
|-
| {{cr|WIN}}
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 63
| [[Craig McDermott]] || align=center| 35 || align=center| 35 || 1985–1996 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=4;team=2;template=results;type=bowling |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Wickets {{!}} Against West Indies {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|ZIM}}
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 21
| [[Shane Warne]] || align=center| 12 || align=center| 11 || 1994–2001 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;opposition=9;team=2;template=results;type=bowling |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Wickets {{!}} Against Zimbabwe {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| colspan=7 | Last updated: 26 November 2023
|}

=== Best figures in an innings ===
[[Bowling analysis|Bowling figures]] refers to the number of the wickets a bowler has taken and the number of runs conceded.<ref>{{cite web|title=Definition: bowling analysis|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bowling%20analysis|work=[[Merriam-Webster]]|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230233332/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bowling%20analysis|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>

No bowler in the history of ODI cricket has taken all 10 wickets in an innings. The closest to do so was Sri Lankan [[fast bowling|fast bowler]] [[Chaminda Vaas]]. In the opening match of the [[2001 LG Abans Triangular Series#1st ODI|2001 LG Abans Triangular Series]] between Sri Lanka and Zimbabwe at the [[Singhalese Sports Club Cricket Ground]] in [[Colombo]], Vaas took 8/19. Pakistani [[Shahid Afridi]], who returned figured of 7/12 against the West Indies at [[Providence Stadium]] in Guyana in [[Pakistani cricket team in the West Indies in 2013#1st ODI|July 2013]], sits behind Vaas. Australia's undefeated run during the [[2003 Cricket World Cup]] saw [[Glenn McGrath]] take 7/15 against in [[Namibia national cricket team|Namibia]] and [[Andy Bichel]] 7/20 against England for the third and fifth best in ODI history. These performances broke the long-standing Australian record of [[Gary Gilmour]]'s 6/14 set during the semi-final of [[1975 Cricket World Cup knockout stage|1975 Cricket World Cup]] against England.<ref>{{cite web|title=ODI records – Best bowling figures in an innings|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283204.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230233446/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283204.html|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Figures
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|785|7/15}}
| {{sortname|Glenn|McGrath}}
| {{cr|NAM}}
| [[Senwes Park]], [[Potchefstroom]], South Africa
| [[2003 Cricket World Cup#Pool A|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2003|February|27}}]]
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|780|7/20}}
| {{sortname|Andy|Bichel}}
| rowspan=2|{{cr|ENG}}
| [[St George's Park Cricket Ground]], [[Gqeberha|Port Elizabeth]], South Africa
| [[2003 Cricket World Cup#Pool A|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2003|March|2}}]]
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|686|6/14}}
| {{sortname|Gary|Gilmour}}
| [[Headingley Cricket Ground|Headingley]], [[Leeds]], England
| [[1975 Cricket World Cup knockout stage#England vs Australia|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1975|June|18}}]]
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|672|6/28}}
| {{sortname|Mitchell|Starc}}
| {{cr|NZL}}
| [[Eden Park]], [[Auckland]], New Zealand
| [[2015 Cricket World Cup Pool A#New Zealand vs Australia|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2015|February|28}}]]
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|669|6/31}}
| {{sortname|Mitchell|Johnson}}
| {{cr|SRI}}
| [[Pallekele International Cricket Stadium]], [[Kandy]], Sri Lanka
| [[Australian cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2011#1st ODI|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2011|August|10}}]]
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last updated: 31 December 2022<ref name="Australian ODI records – Best bowling figures in an innings">{{cite web|title=Australian ODI records – Best bowling figures in an innings|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/best_figures_innings.html?class=2;id=2;type=team|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222081017/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/best_figures_innings.html?class=2;id=2;type=team|archive-date=22 February 2018}}</ref>
|}

=== Best career average ===
[[File:Ryan Harris 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|alt=Ryan Harris in 2014|[[Ryan Harris (cricketer)|Ryan Harris]] holds the Australian record for the best ODI career bowling average and strike rate, with figures of 18.90 and 23.4, respectively.<ref name="Australian ODI records – Best career average"/><ref name="Australian ODI records – Best career strike rate"/>]]
A bowler's [[bowling average]] is the total number of runs they have conceded divided by the number of wickets they have taken.

Nepalese [[leg spin]]ner [[Sandeep Lamichhane]] holds the record for the best career average in ODI cricket with 18.06, {{as of|2023|11|lc=yes}}. He is followed the Emirati [[off spin]]er [[Basil Hameed]] on 18.77 and by West Indian pacer [[Joel Garner]] on 18.84. Australia's [[Ryan Harris (cricketer)|Ryan Harris]] sits fourth with a bowling average of 18.90 runs per wicket.<ref>{{cite web|title=ODI records – Best career average|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283257.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230233955/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283257.html|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Average
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Wickets
! scope=col | Runs
! scope=col | Balls
! scope=col | Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 18.90
| {{sortname|Ryan|Harris|dab=cricketer}}
| align=center | 44
| align=center | 832
| align=center | 1,031
| 2009–2012
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 20.11
| {{sortname|Len|Pascoe}}
| align=center | 53
| align=center | 1,066
| align=center | 1,568
| 1977–1982
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 20.82
| {{sortname|Dennis|Lillee}}
| align=center | 103
| align=center | 2,145
| align=center | 3,593
| 1972–1983
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 20.91
| {{sortname|Tony|Dodemaide}}
| align=center | 36
| align=center | 753
| align=center | 1,327
| 1988–1993
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 21.98
| {{sortname|Glenn|McGrath}}
| align=center | 380
| align=center | 8,354
| align=center | 12,928
| 1993–2007
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=7 | Qualification: 1,000 balls Last updated: 31 December 2022<ref name="Australian ODI records – Best career average">{{cite web|title=Australian ODI records – Best career average|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=bowling_average;qualmin1=1000;qualval1=balls;team=2;template=results;type=bowling|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230234206/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=bowling_average;qualmin1=1000;qualval1=balls;team=2;template=results;type=bowling|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>
|}

=== Best career economy rate ===
A bowler's [[economy rate]] is the total number of runs they have conceded divided by the number of [[over (cricket)|overs]] they have bowled.<ref name="glossary"/>

West Indian bowler [[Joel Garner]] holds the ODI record for the best career economy rate with 3.09. Australia's [[Max Walker]], with a rate of 3.25 runs per over conceded over his 17-match ODI career, is second on the list.<ref>{{cite web|title=ODI records – Best career economy rate|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283266.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230234400/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283266.html|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Economy rate
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Runs
! scope=col | Balls
! scope=col | Wickets
! scope=col | Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 3.25
| {{sortname|Max|Walker}}
| align=center | 546
| align=center | 1,006
| align=center | 20
| 1974–1981
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 3.37
| {{sortname|Simon|Davis|dab=Australian cricketer}}
| align=center | 1,133
| align=center | 2,016
| align=center | 44
| 1986–1988
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 3.40
| {{sortname|Tony|Dodemaide}}
| align=center | 753
| align=center | 1,327
| align=center | 36
| 1988–1993
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 3.55
| {{sortname|Mike|Whitney}}
| align=center | 1,249
| align=center | 2,106
| align=center | 46
| 1983–1993
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 3.58
| {{sortname|Dennis|Lillee}}
| align=center | 2,145
| align=center | 3,593
| align=center | 103
| 1972–1983
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=7 | Qualification: 1,000 balls Last updated: 31 December 2022<ref name="Australian ODI records – Best career economy rate">{{cite web|title=Australian ODI records – Best career economy rate|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=economy_rate;qualmin1=1000;qualval1=balls;team=2;template=results;type=bowling|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230234447/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=economy_rate;qualmin1=1000;qualval1=balls;team=2;template=results;type=bowling|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>
|}

=== Best career strike rate ===
A bowler's [[strike rate]] is the total number of [[delivery (cricket)|balls]] they have bowled divided by the number of wickets they have taken.<ref name="glossary"/>

Australia's [[Ryan Harris (cricketer)|Ryan Harris]], who retired with a rate of 23.4, holds the ODI record for lowest strike rate. Fellow Australian [[Mitchell Starc]], is currently seventh on the list, {{as of|2023|11|lc=yes}}, with rate of 26.4 deliveries per wicket.<ref>{{cite web|title=ODI records – Best career strike rate|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283275.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122152851/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283275.html|archive-date=22 November 2022}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Strike rate
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Wickets
! scope=col | Balls
! scope=col | Runs
! scope=col | Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 23.4
| {{sortname|Ryan|Harris|dab=cricketer}}
| align=center | 44
| align=center | 1,031
| align=center | 832
| 2009–2012
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 26.5
| {{sortname|Mitchell|Starc}}{{dagger}}
| align=center | 243
| align=center | 6,458
| align=center | 5,420
| 2010–2023
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 27.2
| {{sortname|Shaun|Tait}}
| align=center | 62
| align=center | 1,688
| align=center | 1,461
| 2007–2011
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 29.4
| {{sortname|Brett|Lee}}
| align=center | 380
| align=center | 11,185
| align=center | 8,877
| 2000–2012
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 29.5
| {{sortname|Len|Pascoe}}
| align=center | 53
| align=center | 1,568
| align=center | 1,066
| 1977–1982
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=7 | Qualification: 1,000 balls Last updated: 26 November 2023<ref name="Australian ODI records – Best career strike rate">{{cite web|title=Australian ODI records – Best career strike rate|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=bowling_strike_rate;qualmin1=1000;qualval1=balls;team=2;template=results;type=bowling|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230234734/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=bowling_strike_rate;qualmin1=1000;qualval1=balls;team=2;template=results;type=bowling|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>
|}

=== Most five-wicket hauls in an innings ===
[[File:Brett lee.JPG|thumb|alt=Brett Lee in 2003|[[Brett Lee]] has taken the equal most ODI five-wicket hauls for Australia with nine.<ref name="Australian ODI records – Most five-wicket hauls in an innings"/>]]
A [[five-wicket haul]] refers to a bowler taking five wickets in a single innings.<ref>{{cite book|first=M. A.|last=Pervez|title=A Dictionary of Cricket|publisher=Orient Blackswan|year=2001|page=31|isbn=978-81-7370-184-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VwYsHe-F-IUC&pg=PA31}}</ref>

Pakistani [[Waqar Younis]] has taken the most five-wicket hauls in ODI cricket with 13 ahead of Sri Lanka's [[Muttiah Muralitharan]] with 10. Australians [[Brett Lee]] and Mitchell Starc, who took 9 five-wicket hauls throughout their career, are equal third with [[Shahid Afridi]] of Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|title=ODI records – Most five-wicket hauls in an innings|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283826.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230234842/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283826.html|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Five-wicket hauls
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Innings
! scope=col | Balls
! scope=col | Wickets
! scope=col | Period
|-
| align=center rowspan=2| 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2| 9
| {{sortname|Mitchell|Starc}}{{dagger}}
| align=center | 121
| align=center | 6,240
| align=center | 236
| 2010–2023
|-
| {{sortname|Brett|Lee}}
| align=center | 217
| align=center | 11,185
| align=center | 380
| 2000–2012
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 7
| {{sortname|Glenn|McGrath}}
| align=center | 247
| align=center | 12,928
| align=center | 380
| 1993–2007
|-
| align=center rowspan=4 | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=4 | 3
| {{sortname|Ryan|Harris|dab=cricketer}}
| align=center | 20
| align=center | 1,031
| align=center | 44
| 2009–2012
|-
| {{sortname|Josh|Hazlewood}}{{dagger}}
| align=center | 91
| align=center | 4,785
| align=center | 138
| 2010–2023
|-
| {{sortname|Jason|Gillespie}}
| align=center | 96
| align=center | 5,144
| align=center | 142
| 1996–2005
|-
| {{sortname|Mitchell|Johnson}}
| align=center | 150
| align=center | 7,489
| align=center | 239
| 2005–2015
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=7 | Last updated: 19 August 2025<ref name="Australian ODI records – Most five-wicket hauls in an innings">{{cite web|title=Australian ODI records – Most five-wicket hauls in an innings|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_5wi_career.html?class=2;id=2;type=team|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230234954/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_5wi_career.html?class=2;id=2;type=team|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>
|}

=== Worst figures in an innings ===
The [[Fifth ODI, Australian cricket team in South Africa in 2005–06|fifth ODI of the 2005–06 series]] between Australia and South Africa at [[Wanderers Stadium]] in [[Johannesburg]] saw many records set including the worst figures ever recorded in an innings in ODI cricket. Australia's [[Mick Lewis]], playing in his seventh and subsequent final match, returned figures of 0/113 from his 10 overs in the second innings of the match.<ref>{{cite web|title=ODI records – Worst bowling figures in an innings|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?ballsmin1=1;ballsval1=balls;class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=conceded;template=results;type=bowling;view=innings;wicketsmax1=0;wicketsval1=wickets|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230235106/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?ballsmin1=1;ballsval1=balls;class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=conceded;template=results;type=bowling;view=innings;wicketsmax1=0;wicketsval1=wickets|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Aditya|last=Iyer|title=Thrashed on the field and off it, Mick Lewis lives to tell the tale|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/thrashed-on-the-field-and-off-it-mick-lewis-lives-to-tell-the-tale/919780/0|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=4 March 2012|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230235126/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/thrashed-on-the-field-and-off-it-mick-lewis-lives-to-tell-the-tale/919780/0|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Profile of Mick Lewis|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/player/mick-lewis-6291|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230235308/https://www.espncricinfo.com/player/mick-lewis-6291|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref> During the ODI series in 2018 where [[Australian cricket team in England in 2018|England whitewashed Australia 5–0]], Australia recorded their second and fourth worst individual bowling performances. The third ODI at the [[Trent Bridge]] saw [[Andrew Tye]] and [[Marcus Stoinis]] return figures of 0/100 and 0/85, respectively.<ref name="Australian ODI records – Worst bowling figures in an innings"/><ref>{{cite news|first=Jacob|last=Kuritype|title=Stat attack: Andrew Tye becomes second Australian to concede 100 in an ODI as England batter record total|url=https://www.foxsports.com.au/cricket/australia/stat-attack-andrew-tye-becomes-second-australian-to-concede-100-in-an-odi-as-england-batter-record-total/news-story/c7d14265c4497354e92d3335ebad8448|newspaper=[[Fox Sports (Australia)|Fox Sports]]|date=20 June 2018|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230235445/https://www.foxsports.com.au/cricket/australia/stat-attack-andrew-tye-becomes-second-australian-to-concede-100-in-an-odi-as-england-batter-record-total/news-story/c7d14265c4497354e92d3335ebad8448|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Figures
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Overs
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|- bgcolor=#cee0f2
| align=center rowspan=2| 1
! scope=row style="background:#cee0f2; text-align:center;" rowspan=2| {{sort|1|0/113}} ♠
| {{sortname|Mick|Lewis}}
|rowspan=2 align=center | 10
|rowspan=2| {{cr|RSA}}
| [[Wanderers Stadium]], [[Johannesburg]], South Africa
| [[Fifth ODI, Australian cricket team in South Africa in 2005–06|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2006|March|12}}]]
|- bgcolor=#cee0f2
| {{sortname|Adam|Zampa}}
| [[Centurion Park]], [[Centurion, South Africa]] || [[Australian cricket team in South Africa in 2023#4th ODI|15 September 2023]]
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|2|0/100}}
| {{sortname|Andrew|Tye}}
| align=center | 9
| {{cr|ENG}}
| [[Trent Bridge]], [[Nottingham]], England
| [[Australian cricket team in England in 2018#3rd ODI|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|June|19}}]]
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|3|0/87}}
| {{sortname|Stuart|Clark}}
| align=center | 7
| {{cr|WIN}}
| [[Kinrara Academy Oval]], [[Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysia
| [[2006–07 DLF Cup#4th match: Australia v West Indies|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2016|September|18}}]]
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|4|0/85}}
| {{sortname|Marcus|Stoinis}}
| align=center | 8
| {{cr|ENG}}
| [[Trent Bridge]], [[Nottingham]], England
| [[Australian cricket team in England in 2018#3rd ODI|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|June|19}}]]
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=7 | Last updated: 26 November 2023<ref name="Australian ODI records – Worst bowling figures in an innings">{{cite web|title=Australian ODI records – Worst bowling figures in an innings|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?ballsmin1=1;ballsval1=balls;class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=conceded;team=2;template=results;type=bowling;view=innings;wicketsmax1=0;wicketsval1=wickets|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230235720/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?ballsmin1=1;ballsval1=balls;class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=conceded;team=2;template=results;type=bowling;view=innings;wicketsmax1=0;wicketsval1=wickets|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>
|}

=== Most wickets in a bilateral series ===
[[File:Clint McKay.jpg|thumb|alt=Clint McKay in 2011|[[Clint McKay]] took 14 wickets in the [[Pakistani cricket team in Australia in 2009–10|2009–10 series against Pakistan]], the equal-most by any Australian cricketer in an ODI bilateral series.<ref name="Australian ODI records – Most wickets in a series"/>]]
The [[Indian cricket team in New Zealand in 2002–03|seven-match ODI series]] between India and New Zealand in 2002–03 saw the record set for the most wickets taken by a bowler in an ODI bilateral series. Indian paceman [[Javagal Srinath]] achieved a total of 18 wickets to his name. His compatriot [[Amit Mishra]] equalled this feat during the five-match [[Indian cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2013|2013 Indian ODI tour of Zimbabwe]]. Three Australians have taken 14 wickets an ODI bilateral series with [[Pat Cummins]] the latest to do so during the [[Australian cricket team in India in 2018–19|2018–19 home series against India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=ODI records – Most wickets in a series|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=wickets;template=results;tournament_type=2;type=bowling;view=series|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230235755/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=wickets;template=results;tournament_type=2;type=bowling;view=series|archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Wickets
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Matches
! scope=col | Series
|-
| align=center rowspan=3 | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=3 | 14
| {{sortname|Clint|McKay}}
| align=center | 5
| {{sort|4|[[Pakistani cricket team in Australia in 2009–10]]}}
|-
| {{sortname|Pat|Cummins}}
| align=center | 5
| {{sort|6|[[Australian cricket team in India in 2018–19]]}}
|-
| {{sortname|Mitchell|Johnson}}
| align=center | 7
| {{sort|2|[[Australian cricket team in India in 2007]]}}
|-
| align=center rowspan=3 | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=3 | 13
| {{sortname|Ryan|Harris|dab=cricketer}}
| align=center | 3
| {{sort|4|[[Pakistani cricket team in Australia in 2009–10]]}}
|-
| {{sortname|Mitchell|Johnson}}
| align=center | 5
| {{sort|3|[[Australian cricket team in South Africa in 2008–09]]}}
|-
| {{sortname|Shane|Warne}}
| align=center | 7
| {{sort|1|[[Australian cricket team in the West Indies in 1998–99]]}}
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=5 | Last updated: 31 December 2022<ref name="Australian ODI records – Most wickets in a series">{{cite web|title=Australian ODI records – Most wickets in a series|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=wickets;team=2;template=results;tournament_type=2;type=bowling;view=series|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231025837/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=wickets;team=2;template=results;tournament_type=2;type=bowling;view=series|archive-date=31 December 2022}}</ref>
|}

==Wicket-keeping records==
The [[wicket-keeper]] is a specialist [[fielding (cricket)|fielder]] who stands behind the [[stump (cricket)|stumps]] being guarded by the batsman on [[strike (cricket)|strike]] and is the only member of the fielding side allowed to wear gloves and leg pads.<ref>{{cite web|title=Law 27 – The wicket-keeper|url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/the-laws-of-cricket/the-wicket-keeper|publisher=Marylebone Cricket Club|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231030007/https://www.lords.org/mcc/the-laws-of-cricket/the-wicket-keeper|archive-date=31 December 2022}}</ref>

=== Most career dismissals ===
A wicket-keeper can be credited with the dismissal of a batsman in two ways, [[caught]] or [[stumped]]. A fair catch is taken when the [[cricket ball|ball]] is caught fully within the field of play without it bouncing after the ball has touched the striker's [[cricket bat|bat]] or glove holding the bat,<ref name="Law 33">{{cite web|title=Law 33 – Caught|url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/the-laws-of-cricket/caught|publisher=Marylebone Cricket Club|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231030145/https://www.lords.org/mcc/the-laws-of-cricket/caught|archive-date=31 December 2022}}</ref><ref name="Law 5">{{cite web|title=Law 5 – The Bat|url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/the-laws-of-cricket/the-bat|publisher=Marylebone Cricket Club|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231030242/https://www.lords.org/mcc/the-laws-of-cricket/the-bat|archive-date=31 December 2022}} Laws 5.6.2.2 and 5.6.2.3 state that the hand or the glove holding the bat shall be regarded as the ball striking or touching the bat.</ref> while a stumping occurs when the wicket-keeper puts down the wicket while the batsman is out of his [[crease (cricket)|ground]] and not attempting a run.<ref>{{cite web|title=Law 39 – Stumped|url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/the-laws-of-cricket/stumped|publisher=Marylebone Cricket Club|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231030444/https://www.lords.org/mcc/the-laws-of-cricket/stumped|archive-date=31 December 2022}}</ref>

Australia's [[Adam Gilchrist]] is second only Sri Lanka's [[Kumar Sangakkara]] is taking most dismissals in ODI cricket as a designated wicket-keeper, with Sangakkara taking 482 to Gilchrist 472.{{efn|This total includes the two dismissals he took for the [[List of World XI ODI cricketers|ICC World XI]] in the [[World Cricket Tsunami Appeal]] match against the [[ACC Asia XI cricket team|ACC Asia XI]] in 2005.<ref name="Adam Gilchrist's ODI career fielding summary">{{cite web|title=Adam Gilchrist's ODI career fielding summary|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/5390.html?class=2;template=results;type=fielding|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231030634/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/5390.html?class=2;template=results;type=fielding|archive-date=31 December 2022}}</ref>}}<ref name="Most wicket-keeper career dismissals">{{cite web|title=ODI records – Most wicket-keeper career dismissals|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283792.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214162536/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283792.html|archive-date=14 December 2019}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Dismissals
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Matches
! scope=col | Innings
! scope=col | Catches
! scope=col | Stumping
! scope=col | Dis/Inn
! scope=col | Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 470
| {{sortname|Adam|Gilchrist}}
| align=center | 286
| align=center | 280
| align=center | 416
| align=center | 54
| align=center | 1.678
| 1996–2008
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 233
| {{sortname|Ian|Healy}}
| align=center | 168
| align=center | 168
| align=center | 194
| align=center | 39
| align=center | 1.386
| 1988–1997
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 181
| {{sortname|Brad|Haddin}}
| align=center | 126
| align=center | 115
| align=center | 170
| align=center | 11
| align=center | 1.573
| 2001–2015
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 124
| {{sortname|Rod|Marsh}}
| align=center | 92
| align=center | 92
| align=center | 120
| align=center | 4
| align=center | 1.347
| 1971–1984
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 117
| {{sortname|Matthew|Wade}}
| align=center | 97
| align=center | 94
| align=center | 108
| align=center | 9
| align=center | 1.244
| 2012–2021
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=9 | Last updated: 31 December 2022<ref name="Australian ODI records – Most wicket-keeper career dismissals">{{cite web|title=Australian ODI records – Most wicket-keeper career dismissals|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/keeping/most_dismissals_career.html?class=2;id=2;type=team|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231030932/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/keeping/most_dismissals_career.html?class=2;id=2;type=team|archive-date=31 December 2022}}</ref>
|}

=== Most career catches ===
[[File:Adam Gilchrist of Australia.jpg|thumb|alt=Adam Gilchrist in June 2010|[[Adam Gilchrist]] holds the Australian record for the most wicket-keeping ODI dismissals (470), the Australian record for the most ODI stumpings (54) and the ODI record for the most catches as a wicket-keeper (416).<ref name="Australian ODI records – Most wicket-keeper career dismissals"/><ref name="Australian ODI records – Most wicket-keeper career stumpings"/><ref name="ODI records – Most wicket-keeper career catches"/>]]
[[Adam Gilchrist]] has taken the most number of [[caught|catches]] as a designated wicket-keeper in ODI cricket with 417.{{efn|name=fn2|This total includes the catch he took for the [[List of World XI ODI cricketers|ICC World XI]] in the [[World Cricket Tsunami Appeal]] match against the [[ACC Asia XI cricket team|ACC Asia XI]] in 2005.<ref name="Adam Gilchrist's ODI career fielding summary"/>}} He sits ahead of South Africa's [[Mark Boucher]] and Sangakkara on 402 and 383, respectively.<ref name="ODI records – Most wicket-keeper career catches">{{cite web|title=ODI records – Most wicket-keeper career catches|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283817.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231031429/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283817.html|archive-date=31 December 2022}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Catches
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Matches
! scope=col | Period
|- bgcolor=#cee0f2
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style="background:#cee0f2; text-align:center;" | 416 ♠
| {{sortname|Adam|Gilchrist}}
| align=center | 286
| 1996–2008
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 194
| {{sortname|Ian|Healy}}
| align=center | 168
| 1988–1997
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 170
| {{sortname|Brad|Haddin}}
| align=center | 126
| 2001–2015
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 120
| {{sortname|Rod|Marsh}}
| align=center | 92
| 1971–1984
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 108
| {{sortname|Matthew|Wade}}
| align=center | 97
| 2012–2021
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=5 | Last updated: 31 December 2022<ref>{{cite web|title=Australian ODI records – Most wicket-keeper career catches|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/keeping/most_catches_career.html?class=2;id=2;type=team|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231031554/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/keeping/most_catches_career.html?class=2;id=2;type=team|archive-date=31 December 2022}}</ref>
|}

=== Most career stumpings ===
Indian glovemen [[MS Dhoni]] with 123 holds the record for the most [[stumped|stumpings]] in ODI cricket. He is followed by Sangakkara with 99 to his name. Gilchrist is sixth on the list with 55.{{efn|This total includes the stumping he made for the [[List of World XI ODI cricketers|ICC World XI]] in the [[World Cricket Tsunami Appeal]] match against the [[ACC Asia XI cricket team|ACC Asia XI]] in 2005.<ref name="Adam Gilchrist's ODI career fielding summary"/>}}<ref>{{cite web|title=ODI records – Most wicket-keeper career stumpings|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283339.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231031850/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283339.html|archive-date=31 December 2022}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Stumpings
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Matches
! scope=col | Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 54
| {{sortname|Adam|Gilchrist}}
| align=center | 286
| 1996–2008
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 39
| {{sortname|Ian|Healy}}
| align=center | 168
| 1988–1997
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 11
| {{sortname|Brad|Haddin}}
| align=center | 126
| 2001–2015
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 9
| {{sortname|Matthew|Wade}}
| align=center | 97
| 2012–2021
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 8
| {{sortname|Alex|Carey|dab=cricketer}}{{dagger}}
| align=center | 81
| 2018–2025
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=5 | Last updated: 19 August 2025<ref name="Australian ODI records – Most wicket-keeper career stumpings">{{cite web|title=Australian ODI records – Most wicket-keeper career stumpings|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/keeping/most_stumpings_career.html?class=2;id=2;type=team|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231032053/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/keeping/most_stumpings_career.html?class=2;id=2;type=team|archive-date=31 December 2022}}</ref>
|}

=== Most dismissals in an innings ===
[[Adam Gilchrist]] became the first wicket-keeper to take six dismissals in an ODI innings, setting this record against South Africa at [[Newlands Cricket Ground]] in [[Australian cricket team in South Africa in 1999–2000#2nd ODI|April 2000]]. Since then a further nine glovemen have matched this feat on a single occasion with Gilchrist achieving it five more times. Pakistan's [[Sarfaraz Ahmed]] was the most recent wicket-keeper to achieve the milestone, taking six dismissals against South Africa during [[2015 Cricket World Cup Pool B#Pakistan vs South Africa|2015 World Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|title=ODI records – Most dismissals in an innings by a wicket-keeper|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283803.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231032546/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283803.html|archive-date=31 December 2022}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Dismissals
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|- bgcolor=#cee0f2
| align=center rowspan=6 | 1
! scope=row style="background:#cee0f2; text-align:center;" rowspan=6 | 6 ♠
| rowspan=6 | {{sortname|Adam|Gilchrist}}
| {{cr|RSA}}
| [[Newlands Cricket Ground]], [[Cape Town]], South Africa
| [[Australian cricket team in South Africa in 1999–2000#2nd ODI|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2000|April|14}}]]
|- bgcolor=#cee0f2
| {{cr|ENG}}
| [[Sydney Cricket Ground]], [[Sydney]], Australia
| [[2002–03 Australia Tri-Nation Series#1st Final: Australia v England|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2003|January|23}}]]
|- bgcolor=#cee0f2
| {{cr|NAM}}
| [[Senwes Park]], [[Potchefstroom]], South Africa
| [[2003 Cricket World Cup#Pool A|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2003|February|27}}]]
|- bgcolor=#cee0f2
| {{cr|SRI}}
| [[R. Premadasa Stadium]], [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka
| [[Australian cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2003–04#4th ODI|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2004|February|27}}]]
|- bgcolor=#cee0f2
| {{cr|IND}}
| [[IPCL Sports Complex Ground]], [[Vadodara]], India
| [[Australian cricket team in India in 2007#5th ODI|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2007|October|11}}]]
|- bgcolor=#cee0f2
| {{cr|IND}}
| [[Sydney Cricket Ground]], [[Sydney]], Australia
| [[2007–08 Commonwealth Bank Series#10th Match: Australia v India|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2008|February|24}}]]
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last updated: 31 December 2022<ref>{{cite web|title=Australian ODI records – Most dismissals in an innings by a wicket-keeper|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/keeping/most_dismissals_innings.html?class=2;id=2;type=team|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231040811/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/keeping/most_dismissals_innings.html?class=2;id=2;type=team|archive-date=31 December 2022}}</ref>
|}

=== Most dismissals in a bilateral series ===
[[File:Brad Haddin playing for the Sixers.jpg|thumb|alt=Brad Haddin in January 2017|[[Brad Haddin]] has taken the most dismissals as an Australian wicket-keeper in an ODI bilateral series, securing 17 during [[Pakistani cricket team in Australia in 2009–10|Pakistan's tour of Australia in 2009–10]].<ref name="Australian ODI records – Most dismissals in a series by a wicket-keeper"/>]]
The ODI cricket record for the most dismissals taken by a wicket-keeper in a bilateral series is held by [[Brendon McCullum]] of New Zealand with 19 taken during the seven-match [[Indian cricket team in New Zealand in 2002–03|2002–03 series against India]]. He sits ahead of [[Brad Haddin]] who during the five-match ODI series against [[Pakistani cricket team in Australia in 2009–10|Pakistan in 2009–10]] took 17.<ref>{{cite web|title=ODI records – Most dismissals in a series by a wicket-keeper|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;keeper=1;orderby=dismissals;template=results;tournament_type=2;type=fielding;view=series|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231041118/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;keeper=1;orderby=dismissals;template=results;tournament_type=2;type=fielding;view=series|archive-date=31 December 2022}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Dismissals
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Matches
! scope=col | Series
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 17
| {{sortname|Brad|Haddin}}
| align=center | 5
| {{sort|4|[[Pakistani cricket team in Australia in 2009–10]]}}
|-
| align=center rowspan=2 | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2 | 14
| rowspan=2 | {{sortname|Adam|Gilchrist}}
| align=center rowspan=2 | 7
| {{sort|1|[[Australian cricket team in South Africa in 2001–02]]}}
|-
| {{sort|3|[[Australian cricket team in India in 2007]]}}
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 13
| {{sortname|Matthew|Wade}}
| align=center rowspan=2 | 5
| {{sort|5|[[South African cricket team in Australia in 2014–15]]}}
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 12
| {{sortname|Adam|Gilchrist}}
| {{sort|2|[[Australian cricket team in New Zealand in 2004–05]]}}
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=5 | Last updated: 31 December 2022<ref name="Australian ODI records – Most dismissals in a series by a wicket-keeper">{{cite web|title=Australian ODI records – Most dismissals in a series by a wicket-keeper|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;keeper=1;orderby=dismissals;team=2;template=results;tournament_type=2;type=fielding;view=series|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231041433/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;keeper=1;orderby=dismissals;team=2;template=results;tournament_type=2;type=fielding;view=series|archive-date=31 December 2022}}</ref>
|}

==Fielding records==
=== Most career catches ===
[[Caught]] is one of the nine methods a batsman can be [[dismissal (cricket)|dismissed]] in cricket.{{efn|In 2017, ''The Laws of Cricket'' were amended, reducing the methods of dismissals from ten to nine, with [[handled the ball]] now covered as part of [[obstructing the field]].<ref>{{cite news|title=The new cricket rule changes coming into effect from September 28|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/the-new-cricket-rule-changes-coming-into-effect-from-september-28-1122000|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=26 September 2017|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231041609/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/the-new-cricket-rule-changes-coming-into-effect-from-september-28-1122000|archive-date=31 December 2022}}</ref>}} A fair catch is defined as a fielder catching the [[cricket ball|ball]], from a legal [[delivery (cricket)|delivery]], fully within the [[boundary (cricket)|field of play]] without it bouncing when the ball has touched the striker's [[cricket bat|bat]] or glove holding the bat.<ref name="Law 33"/><ref name="Law 5"/> The majority of catches are caught in the [[slip (cricket)|slips]], located behind the batsman, next to the wicket-keeper, on the [[off side]] of the field. Most slip fielders are [[Batting order (cricket)|top order]] batsmen.<ref>{{cite book|first1=S.|last1=Giridhar|first2=V. J.|last2= Raghunath|year=2014|title=Mid-Wicket Tales: From Trumper to Tendulkar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IPwjBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA2|publisher=[[SAGE Publishing]]|page=2|isbn=978-81-321-1738-4|access-date=31 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231043642/https://books.google.com.au/books?id=IPwjBAAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PA2|archive-date=31 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|first=Mike|last=Selvey|author-link=Mike Selvey|title=The greatest slip catcher|url=https://www.thecricketmonthly.com/story/863595/the-greatest-slip-catcher|magazine=The Cricket Monthly|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|date=May 2015|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231044049/https://www.thecricketmonthly.com/story/863595/the-greatest-slip-catcher|archive-date=31 December 2022}}</ref>

Sri Lanka's [[Mahela Jayawardene]] holds the record for the most catches in ODI cricket by a non-wicket-keeper with 218. He is followed former Australian captain [[Ricky Ponting]] who secured 160 catches in his ODI career.{{efn|This total includes the one catch he took for the [[List of World XI ODI cricketers|ICC World XI]] in the [[World Cricket Tsunami Appeal]] match against the [[ACC Asia XI cricket team|ACC Asia XI]] in 2005.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ricky Ponting's ODI career fielding summary|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/7133.html?class=2;template=results;type=fielding|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231044218/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/7133.html?class=2;template=results;type=fielding|archive-date=31 December 2022}}</ref>}}<ref>{{cite web|title=ODI records – Most career catches by a non wicket-keeper|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283651.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231044326/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283651.html|archive-date=31 December 2022}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Catches
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Matches
! scope=col | Innings
! scope=col | Ct/Inn
! scope=col | Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 159
| {{sortname|Ricky|Ponting}}
| align=center | 374
| align=center | 371
| align=center | 0.428
| 1995–2012
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 127
| {{sortname|Allan|Border}}
| align=center | 273
| align=center | 270
| align=center | 0.470
| 1979–1994
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 111
| {{sortname|Steve|Waugh}}
| align=center | 325
| align=center | 324
| align=center | 0.342
| 1986–2002
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 108
| {{sortname|Mark|Waugh}}
| align=center | 244
| align=center rowspan=2| 243
| align=center | 0.444
| 1988–2002
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 106
| {{sortname|Michael|Clarke|dab=cricketer}}
| align=center | 245
| align=center | 0.436
| 2003–2015
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=7 | Last updated: 19 March 2023<ref name="Australian ODI records – Most career catches by a non wicket-keeper">{{cite web|title=Australian ODI records – Most career catches by a non wicket-keeper|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/fielding/most_catches_career.html?class=2;id=2;type=team|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231044513/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/fielding/most_catches_career.html?class=2;id=2;type=team|archive-date=31 December 2022}}</ref>
|}

=== Most catches in a bilateral series ===
The seven-match [[Indian cricket team in New Zealand in 2002–03|2002–03 series between New Zealand and India]] saw the record set for the most catches taken by a non-wicket-keeper in an ODI series with New Zealand captain [[Stephen Fleming]] taking 10 catches. South African [[Jacques Kallis]] and the West Indies' [[Kieron Pollard]] are equal second behind Fleming with nine. Both [[George Bailey (cricketer, born 1982)|George Bailey]] and [[Aaron Finch]] leads the list of the Australians with seven catches taken during the [[Australian cricket team in the West Indies in 2011–12|2011–12 tour of the West Indies]] and the [[West Indian cricket team in Australia in 2012–13|2012–13 home series against the West Indies]], respectively.<ref>{{cite web|title=ODI records – Most catches in a series by a non wicket-keeper|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;keeper=0;orderby=caught;template=results;tournament_type=2;type=fielding;view=series|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231044758/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;keeper=0;orderby=caught;template=results;tournament_type=2;type=fielding;view=series|archive-date=31 December 2022}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Catches
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Matches
! scope=col | Series
|-
| align=center rowspan=2 | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2 | 7
| {{sortname|George|Bailey|dab=cricketer, born 1982}}
| align=center rowspan=2 | 5
| {{sort|2|[[Australian cricket team in the West Indies in 2011–12]]}}
|-
| {{sortname|Aaron|Finch}}
| {{sort|3|[[West Indian cricket team in Australia in 2012–13]]}}
|-
| align=center rowspan=3 | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=3 | 6
| {{sortname|Steve|Smith|dab=cricketer}}
| align=center | 3
| {{sort|4|[[Australian cricket team against Pakistan in the UAE in 2014–15]]}}
|-
| {{sortname|Michael|Hussey}}
| align=center rowspan=2 | 5
| {{sort|1|[[Australian cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2011]]}}
|-
| {{sortname|Peter|Handscomb}}
| {{sort|5|[[Australian cricket team against Pakistan in the UAE in 2018–19]]}}
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=5 | Last updated: 24 July 2022<ref>{{cite web|title=Australian ODI records – Most catches in a series by a non wicket-keeper|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;keeper=0;orderby=caught;team=2;template=results;tournament_type=2;type=fielding;view=series|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231045119/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;keeper=0;orderby=caught;team=2;template=results;tournament_type=2;type=fielding;view=series|archive-date=31 December 2022}}</ref>
|}

==Other records==
=== Most career matches ===
India's [[Sachin Tendulkar]] holds the record for the most ODI matches played with 463, followed by the Sri Lankan pair of [[Mahela Jayawardene]] with 448 and [[Sanath Jayasuriya]] with 445. Former captain [[Ricky Ponting]] is the most capped Australian having represented his country on 374 occasions.<ref>{{cite web|title=ODI records – Most career matches|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/223375.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231045327/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/223375.html|archive-date=31 December 2022}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Matches
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Runs
! scope=col | Wkts
! scope=col | Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 374
| {{sortname|Ricky|Ponting}}
| align=center | 13,589
| align=center | 3
| 1995–2012
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 325
| {{sortname|Steve|Waugh}}
| align=center | 7,569
| align=center | 195
| 1986–2002
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 286
| {{sortname|Adam|Gilchrist}}
| align=center | 9,595
| align=center | -
| 1996–2008
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 273
| {{sortname|Allan|Border}}
| align=center | 6,524
| align=center | 73
| 1979–1994
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 249
| {{sortname|Glenn|McGrath}}
| align=center | 115
| align=center | 380
| 1993–2007
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last updated: 31 December 2022<ref name="Australian ODI records – Most career matches">{{cite web|title=Australian ODI records – Most career matches|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/individual/most_matches_career.html?class=2;id=2;type=team|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231045527/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/individual/most_matches_career.html?class=2;id=2;type=team|archive-date=31 December 2022}}</ref>
|}

=== Most consecutive career matches ===
India's [[Sachin Tendulkar]] holds the record for the most consecutive ODI matches played with 185. [[Andy Flower]] of Zimbabwe is second with 172 and South African [[Hansie Cronje]] with 162 is third. [[Adam Gilchrist]] with 97 consecutive matches is the highest ranked Australian player.<ref name="Most consecutive career matches">{{cite web|title=ODI records – Most consecutive career matches|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/128609.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231045939/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/128609.html|archive-date=31 December 2022}}</ref> Flower's run of 172 matches is the highest from ODI debut with [[Steve Waugh]]'s 87 consecutive matches also starting since his debut in 1986.<ref>{{cite web|first=Sampath|last=Bandarupalli|title=Stats: Mohammad Nabi misses an ODI played by Afghanistan for the first time|url=https://www.crictracker.com/stats-mohammad-nabi-misses-an-odi-played-by-afghanistan-for-the-first-time/|work=CricTracker|date=11 May 2019|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820093842/https://www.crictracker.com/stats-mohammad-nabi-misses-an-odi-played-by-afghanistan-for-the-first-time/|archive-date=20 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Rajneesh|last=Gupta|title=1st Match, West Indies v Zimbabwe, Coca Cola Cup, Statistical Highlights|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/1st-match-west-indies-v-zimbabwe-coca-cola-cup-statistical-highlights-103641|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=25 June 2001|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231051020/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/1st-match-west-indies-v-zimbabwe-coca-cola-cup-statistical-highlights-103641|archive-date=31 December 2022}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Matches
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 97
| {{sortname|Adam|Gilchrist}}
| 1997–2001
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 87
| {{sortname|Steve|Waugh}}
| 1986–1990
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 83
| {{sortname|Allan|Border}}
| 1980–1984
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 80
| {{sortname|Geoff|Marsh}}
| 1986–1990
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 78
| {{sortname|Michael|Bevan}}
| 1995–1999
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=4 | Last updated: 31 December 2022<ref name="Most consecutive career matches"/>
|}

=== Most matches as captain ===
{{see also|List of Australia national cricket captains}}
[[Ricky Ponting]], who led the Australian cricket team from 2002 to 2012, holds the record for the most matches played as captain in ODI cricket with 230.{{efn|name=fn1|This total includes the 2005 [[World Cricket Tsunami Appeal]] match where he captained the [[List of World XI ODI cricketers|ICC World XI]] against the [[ACC Asia XI cricket team|ACC Asia XI]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Ricky Ponting's ODI career summary as captain|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/7133.html?captain=1;class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=default;template=results;type=allround|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231051529/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/7133.html?captain=1;class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=default;template=results;type=allround|archive-date=31 December 2022}}</ref>}} [[Stephen Fleming]], who skippered New Zealand from 1997 to 2007 is second with 218 matches. India's captain from 2007 to 2018, [[MS Dhoni]], is third on the list with 200. In fifth on 178 is Australia's [[Allan Border]] who led the side for ten years from 1985 to 1994.<ref name="ODI records – Most matches as captain">{{cite web|title=ODI records – Most matches as captain|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283747.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231051727/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283747.html|archive-date=31 December 2022}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Matches
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Won
! scope=col | Lost
! scope=col | Tied
! scope=col | NR
! scope=col | %W
! scope=col | Period
|- bgcolor=#cee0f2
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style="background:#cee0f2; text-align:center;" | 229 ♠
| {{sortname|Ricky|Ponting}}
| align=center | 164
| align=center | 51
| align=center | 2
| align=center | 12
| align=center | 76.03
| 2002–2012
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 178
| {{sortname|Allan|Border}}
| align=center | 107
| align=center | 67
| align=center | 1
| align=center | 3
| align=center | 61.42
| 1985–1994
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 106
| {{sortname|Steve|Waugh}}
| align=center | 67
| align=center | 35
| align=center | 3
| align=center | 1
| align=center | 65.23
| 1997–2002
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 74
| {{sortname|Michael|Clarke|dab=cricketer}}
| align=center | 50
| align=center | 21
| align=center | 0
| align=center | 3
| align=center | 70.42
| 2008–2015
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 67
| {{sortname|Mark|Taylor|dab=cricketer}}
| align=center | 36
| align=center | 30
| align=center | 1
| align=center | 0
| align=center | 54.47
| 1992–1997
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=9 | Last updated: 31 December 2022<ref>{{cite web|title=Australian ODI records – Most matches as captain|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/individual/most_matches_as_captain.html?class=2;id=2;type=team|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231051933/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/individual/most_matches_as_captain.html?class=2;id=2;type=team|archive-date=31 December 2022}}</ref>
|}

====Most man of the match awards====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | M.O.M Awards
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Matches
! scope=col | Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center;" | 31
| [[Ricky Ponting]]
| align=center | 374
| 1995–2012
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style= text-align:center;" | 28
| [[Adam Gilchrist]]
| align=center | 286
| 1996–2008
|-
| align=center rowspan=3| 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=3 | 21
| [[Andrew Symonds]]
| align=center | 198
| 1998–2009
|-
| [[Mark Waugh]]
| align=center | 244
| 1988–2002

|-
| [[Steve Waugh]]
| align=center | 325
| 1986–2002
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=5 | Last updated: 21 September 2023<ref>{{cite news |title=Australia ODI Records – Most man of the match awards |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=awards_match;team=2;template=results;type=allround;view=awards |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=22 January 2022}}</ref>
|}

====Most man of the series awards====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | M.O.S Awards
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Matches
! scope=col | Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center;" | 7
| [[Ricky Ponting]]
| align=center | 374
| 1995–2012
|-
| align=center rowspan=3| 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center;" rowspan=3| 4
| [[Mitchell Starc]]{{dagger}}
| align=center | 121
| 2010–2023
|-
| [[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]]{{dagger}}
| align=center | 155
| 2010–2023
|-
| [[Andrew Symonds]]
| align=center | 198
| 1998–2009
|-
| align=center rowspan=5| 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center;" rowspan=5| 3
| [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]]
| align=center | 161
| 2009–2023
|-
| [[Michael Hussey]]
| align=center | 185
| 2004–2012
|-
| [[Brett Lee]]
| align=center | 221
| 2000–2012
|-
| [[Michael Clarke (cricketer)|Michael Clarke]]
| align=center | 245
| 2003–2015
|-
| [[Adam Gilchrist]]
| align=center | 286
| 1996–2008
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=5 | Last updated: 26 November 2023<ref>{{cite news |title=Australia ODI Records – Most man of the series awards |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=awards_series;team=2;template=results;type=allround;view=awards |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=22 January 2022}}</ref>
|}

=== Youngest players ===
[[File:2018.01.21.14.55.22-Roy c Finch b Cummins-0001 (40183230984) (Cummins cropped).jpg|thumb|alt=Pat Cummins in March 2018|[[Pat Cummins]], pictured aged 24, is the youngest cricketer to play in an ODI match for Australia at the age of 18.<ref name="Australian ODI records – Youngest players"/>]]
The youngest player to play in an ODI match is claimed to be [[Hasan Raza (Sindh cricketer)|Hasan Raza]] at the age of 14 years and 233 days. Making his debut for Pakistan [[Zimbabwean cricket team in Pakistan in 1996–97#1st ODI|against Zimbabwe]] on 30 October 1996, there is some doubt as to the validity of Raza's age at the time.<ref>{{cite web|first=Nikhil|last=Anand|title=Top 10 Youngest players to make ODI debut|url=https://www.crictracker.com/youngest-players-to-make-odi-debut/10/|work=CricTracker|date=17 December 2015|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231052225/https://www.crictracker.com/youngest-players-to-make-odi-debut/10/|archive-date=31 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=ODI records – Youngest players|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283711.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=23 June 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231052348/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283711.html|archive-date=31 December 2022}}</ref> The youngest Australian to play ODI cricket was [[Pat Cummins]] who at the age of 18 years and 164 days debuted in the [[Australian cricket team in South Africa in 2011–12#1st ODI|first ODI of the series]] against South Africa in October 2011 eclipsing the record that [[Josh Hazlewood]] had set against England [[Australian cricket team in England and Ireland in 2010#1st ODI|16 months earlier]].<ref name="Australian ODI records – Youngest players"/>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Age
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|1|18 years and 164 days}}
| {{sortname|Pat|Cummins}}
| {{cr|RSA}}
| [[Centurion Park]], [[Centurion, South Africa|Centurion]], South Africa
| [[Australian cricket team in South Africa in 2011–12#1st ODI|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2011|October|19}}]]
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|2|19 years and 165 days}}
| {{sortname|Josh|Hazlewood}}
| {{cr|ENG}}
| [[Rose Bowl (cricket ground)|Rose Bowl]], [[Southampton]], England
| [[Australian cricket team in England and Ireland in 2010#1st ODI|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2010|June|22}}]]
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|3|19 years and 260 days}}
| {{sortname|Ray|Bright}}
| {{cr|NZL}}
| [[Carisbrook]], [[Dunedin]], New Zealand
| [[Australian cricket team in New Zealand in 1973–74#1st ODI|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1974|March|30}}]]
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|4|19 years and 267 days}}
| {{sortname|Craig|McDermott}}
| {{cr|WIN}}
| [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]], [[Melbourne]], Australia
| [[1984–85 Australian Tri-Series|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1985|January|6}}]]
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|5|19 years and 364 days}}
| {{sortname|Mitchell|Marsh}}
| {{cr|RSA}}
| [[Centurion Park]], [[Centurion, South Africa|Centurion]], South Africa
| [[Australian cricket team in South Africa in 2011–12#1st ODI|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2011|October|19}}]]
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=7 | Last updated: 31 December 2022<ref name="Australian ODI records – Youngest players">{{cite web|title=Australian ODI records – Youngest players|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;debut_or_last=1;filter=advanced;orderby=age;orderbyad=reverse;team=2;template=results;type=allround;view=match|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231052519/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;debut_or_last=1;filter=advanced;orderby=age;orderbyad=reverse;team=2;template=results;type=allround;view=match|archive-date=31 December 2022}}</ref>
|}

=== Oldest players on debut ===
[[File:Bob Simpson 1957.jpg|thumb|alt=Bob Simpson in 1957|[[Bob Simpson (cricketer)|Bob Simpson]], pictured aged 21, is both the oldest Australian cricketer to play in an ODI match and the oldest to make his debut for Australia at the age of 42.<ref name="Australian ODI records – Oldest players"/>]]
At 47 years and 240 days, [[Nolan Clarke]], playing for the Netherlands in [[1996 Cricket World Cup#match 4|1996 Cricket World Cup]], is the oldest player to make his debut in ODI cricket.<ref>{{cite web|first=Vinay|last=Chhabria|title=10 Guinness World Records held by cricket|url=https://www.crictracker.com/10-guinness-world-records-held-by-cricket/9/|work=CricTracker|date=12 March 2020|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231053052/https://www.crictracker.com/10-guinness-world-records-held-by-cricket/9/|archive-date=31 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=ODI records – Oldest players on debut|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283461.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231053235/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283461.html|archive-date=31 December 2022}}</ref> [[World Series Cricket]] resulted in [[Bob Simpson (cricketer)|Bob Simpson]] coming out of retirement to lead Australia on a tour of the [[Australian cricket team in the West Indies in 1977–78|West Indies in 1978]]. The [[Australian cricket team in the West Indies in 1977–78#1st ODI|first ODI match]] was played prior to the Test series where he made his debut in the format aged 42 years and 19 days, the oldest Australian to do so.<ref name="Help the aged">{{cite web|first1=Martin|last1=Williamson|first2=Andrew|last2=McGlashan|title=Help the aged|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/help-the-aged-359404|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=3 July 2008|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231053527/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/help-the-aged-359404|archive-date=31 December 2022}}</ref><ref name="Australian ODI records – Oldest players on debut"/>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Age
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|1|42 years and 19 days}}
| {{sortname|Bob|Simpson|dab=cricketer}}
| {{cr|WIN}}
| [[Antigua Recreation Ground]], [[St. John's, Antigua and Barbuda|St. John's]], Antigua and Barbuda
| [[Australian cricket team in the West Indies in 1977–78#1st ODI|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1978|February|22}}]]
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|2|38 years and 88 days}}
| {{sortname|Bob|Holland}}
| {{cr|WIN}}
| [[Sydney Cricket Ground]], [[Sydney]], Australia
| [[1984–85 Australian Tri-Series|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1985|January|15}}]]
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|3|35 years and 43 days}}
| {{sortname|Shane|Harwood}}
| {{cr|RSA}}
| [[St George's Park Cricket Ground|St George's Park]], [[Gqeberha|Port Elizabeth]], South Africa
| [[Australian cricket team in South Africa in 2008–09#4th ODI|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2009|April|13}}]]
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|4|33 years and 328 days}}
| {{sortname|Bill|Lawry}}
| {{cr|ENG}}
| [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]], [[Melbourne]], Australia
| [[1970–71 Ashes series#First One Day International – Melbourne|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1971|January|5}}]]
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|5|33 years and 104 days}}
| {{sortname|Dirk|Nannes}}
| {{cr|SCO}}
| [[The Grange Club|Grange Cricket Club Ground]], [[Edinburgh]], Scotland
| [[Australian cricket team in England and Scotland in 2009#Scotland v Australia|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2009|August|28}}]]
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=7 | Last updated: 31 December 2022<ref name="Australian ODI records – Oldest players on debut">{{cite web|title=Australian ODI records – Oldest players on debut|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;debut_or_last=1;filter=advanced;orderby=age;team=2;template=results;type=allround;view=match|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231054355/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;debut_or_last=1;filter=advanced;orderby=age;team=2;template=results;type=allround;view=match|archive-date=31 December 2022}}</ref>
|}

=== Oldest players ===
The Netherlands' fifth and final match in the [[1996 Cricket World Cup#match 27|1996 Cricket World Cup]] saw [[Nolan Clarke]] set the record for the oldest player to appear in an ODI match at 47 years and 257 days.<ref name="Help the aged"/><ref>{{cite web|title=ODI records – Oldest players|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283723.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231061325/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283723.html|archive-date=31 December 2022}}</ref> The oldest Australian cricketer to play in the international format is [[Bob Simpson (cricketer)|Bob Simpson]]. As above, Simpson was called lead the national side for the [[Australian cricket team in the West Indies in 1977–78|1978 West Indies tour]]. The [[Australian cricket team in the West Indies in 1977–78#2nd ODI|second ODI]] following the Test series, was his second and final ODI match where aged 42 years and 68 days he led Australia to victory.<ref name="Help the aged"/><ref name="Australian ODI records – Oldest players"/>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Age
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|1|42 years and 68 days}}
| {{sortname|Bob|Simpson|dab=cricketer}}
| {{cr|WIN}}
| [[Mindoo Phillip Park]], [[Castries]], Saint Lucia
| [[Australian cricket team in the West Indies in 1977–78#2nd ODI|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1978|April|12}}]]
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|2|38 years and 255 days}}
| {{sortname|Allan|Border}}
| {{cr|SAF|1928}}
| [[Mangaung Oval]], [[Bloemfontein]], South Africa
| [[Australian cricket team in South Africa in 1993–94#Post-Test series matches|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1994|April|8}}]]
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|3|38 years and 223 days}}
| {{sortname|Bob|Holland}}
| {{cr|ENG}}
| [[Old Trafford Cricket Ground]], [[Manchester]], England
| [[Australian cricket team in England in 1985#1st ODI|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|1985|May|30}}]]
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|4|38 years and 83 days}}
| {{sortname|Dan|Christian}}
| {{cr|WIN}}
| [[Kensington Oval]], [[Bridgetown]], Barbados
| [[Australian cricket team in the West Indies in 2021#3rd ODI|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2021|July|26}}]]
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|4|37 years and 157 days}}
| {{sortname|Brad|Haddin}}
| {{cr|NZL}}
| [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]], [[Melbourne]], Australia
| [[2015 Cricket World Cup Final|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2015|March|29}}]]
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=7 | Last updated: 31 December 2022<ref name="Australian ODI records – Oldest players">{{cite web|title=Australian ODI records – Oldest players|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;debut_or_last=4;filter=advanced;orderby=age;team=2;template=results;type=allround;view=match|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231061527/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;debut_or_last=4;filter=advanced;orderby=age;team=2;template=results;type=allround;view=match|archive-date=31 December 2022}}</ref>
|}

==Partnership records==
[[File:DAVID WARNER (11704782453).jpg|thumb|alt=David Warner in 2014|[[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] (pictured) and [[Travis Head]] set the highest Australian ODI partnership by runs for any wicket [[Pakistani cricket team in Australia in 2016–17#5th ODI|against Pakistan]] in 2017. Warner also set the next three highest partnership scores alongside Head, [[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]] and [[Aaron Finch]] respectively.<ref name="Australian ODI records – Highest partnerships by runs"/>]]
In cricket, two batsmen are always present at the [[crease (cricket)|crease]] batting together in a partnership. This partnership will continue until one of them is [[dismissal (cricket)|dismissed]], [[retired (cricket)|retires]] or the innings comes to a close.

===Highest partnerships by wicket===
A wicket partnership describes the number of runs scored before each wicket falls. The first wicket partnership is between the opening batsmen and continues until the first wicket falls. The second wicket partnership then commences between the [[not out]] batsman and the number three batsman. This partnership continues until the second wicket falls. The third wicket partnership then commences between the not out batsman and the new batsman. This continues down to the tenth wicket partnership. When the tenth wicket has fallen, there is no batsman left to partner so the innings is closed.

As of November 2023, Australia only hold the world record for the 8th-wicket partnership, with a 202* stand between [[Glenn Maxwell]] and [[Pat Cummins]] against Afghanistan at the [[2023 Cricket World Cup|2023 World Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|title=ODI records – Highest partnerships by wicket|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/252072.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231062102/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/252072.html|archive-date=31 December 2022}}</ref> The eighth wicket partnership of 119 by the pairing of [[Paul Reiffel]] and [[Shane Warne]] in [[Australian cricket team in South Africa in 1993–94#Post-Test series matches|1994]] against South Africa was also an ODI wicket partnership record at the time of posting.<ref>{{cite web|title=ODI records – Highest partnership for the 8th wicket|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283559.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231062211/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283559.html|archive-date=31 December 2022}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Wicket
! scope=col | Runs
! scope=col | First batsman
! scope=col | Second batsman
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center | {{sort|01|1st wicket}}
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 284
| rowspan=2 |{{sortname|David|Warner|dab=cricketer}}
| {{sortname|Travis|Head}}
| {{cr|PAK}}
| [[Adelaide Oval]], [[Adelaide]], Australia
| [[Pakistani cricket team in Australia in 2016–17#5th ODI|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2017|January|26}}]]
|-
| align=center | {{sort|02|2nd wicket}}
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 260
| rowspan=2 |{{sortname|Steve|Smith|dab=cricketer}}
| {{cr|AFG}}
| [[WACA Ground]], [[Perth]], Australia
| [[2015 Cricket World Cup Pool A#Australia vs Afghanistan|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2015|March|4}}]]
|-
| align=center | {{sort|03|3rd wicket}}
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 242
| {{sortname|George|Bailey|dab=cricketer, born 1982}}
| {{cr|IND}}
| [[WACA Ground]], [[Perth]], Australia
| [[Indian cricket team in Australia in 2015–16#1st ODI|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2016|January|12}}]]
|-
| align=center | {{sort|04|4th wicket}}
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 237
| {{sortname|Ricky|Ponting}}
| rowspan=2 |{{sortname|Andrew|Symonds}}
| {{cr|SRI}}
| [[Sydney Cricket Ground]], [[Sydney]], Australia
| [[2005–06 VB Series#2nd final: Australia v Sri Lanka|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2006|February|12}}]]
|-
| align=center | {{sort|05|5th wicket}}
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 220
| {{sortname|Michael|Clarke|dab=cricketer}}
| {{cr|NZL}}
| [[Wellington Regional Stadium]], [[Wellington]], New Zealand
| [[2005–06 Chappell–Hadlee Trophy#2nd ODI|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2005|December|7}}]]
|-
| align=center | {{sort|06|6th wicket}}
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 212
| {{sortname|Alex|Carey|dab=cricketer}}
| {{sortname|Glenn|Maxwell}}
| {{cr|ENG}}
| [[Old Trafford Cricket Ground]], [[Manchester]], England
| [[Australian cricket team in England in 2020#3rd ODI|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2020|September|16}}]]
|-
| align=center | {{sort|07|7th wicket}}
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 123
| {{sortname|Michael|Hussey}}
| {{sortname|Brett|Lee}}
| {{cr|RSA}}
| [[The Gabba]], [[Brisbane]], Australia
| [[2005–06 VB Series#2nd match: Australia v South Africa|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2006|January|15}}]]
|-
| align=center | {{sort|08|8th wicket}}
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 202*
| {{sortname|Glenn|Maxwell}}
| {{sortname|Pat|Cummins}}
| {{cr|AFG}}
| [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India
| [[2023 Cricket World Cup|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|November|7}}]]
|-
| align=center | {{sort|09|9th wicket}}
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 115
| {{sortname|James|Faulkner|dab=cricketer}}
| {{sortname|Clint|McKay}}
| {{cr|IND}}
| [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]], India
| [[Australian cricket team in India in 2013–14#7th ODI|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2013|November|2}}]]
|-
| align=center | {{sort|10|10th wicket}}
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 63
| {{sortname|Shane|Watson}}
| {{sortname|Andy|Bichel}}
| {{cr|SRI}}
| [[Sydney Cricket Ground]], [[Sydney]], Australia
| [[2002–03 Australia Tri-Nation Series#6th Match: Australia v Sri Lanka|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2003|January|9}}]]
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=7 | Last updated: 31 December 2022<ref>{{cite web|title=Australian ODI records – Highest partnerships by wicket|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/fow/highest_partnerships_by_wicket.html?class=2;id=2;type=team|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231062702/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/fow/highest_partnerships_by_wicket.html?class=2;id=2;type=team|archive-date=31 December 2022}}</ref>
|}

===Highest partnerships by runs===
The highest ODI partnership by runs for any wicket is held by the West Indian pairing of [[Chris Gayle]] and [[Marlon Samuels]] who put together a second wicket partnership of 372 runs during the [[2015 Cricket World Cup Pool B#West Indies vs Zimbabwe|2015 Cricket World Cup]] against Zimbabwe. Fellow West Indians [[John Campbell (cricketer)|John Campbell]] and [[Shai Hope]] sit in second with their 365 for the opening stand against Ireland in [[2019 Ireland Tri-Nation Series#1st ODI|2019]]. India's [[Sachin Tendulkar]] and [[Rahul Dravid]] hold the third-highest ODI partnership with 331 made in 1999 [[New Zealand cricket team in India in 1999–2000|against New Zealand]]. The [[Pakistani cricket team in Australia in 2016–17#5th ODI|final ODI]] against Pakistan in 2017 saw openers [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] and [[Travis Head]] make 284, Australia's highest ODI partnership.<ref>{{cite web|title=ODI records – Highest partnerships by runs|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283574.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231062916/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283574.html|archive-date=31 December 2022}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Wicket
! scope=col | Runs
! scope=col | First batsman
! scope=col | Second batsman
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center rowspan=2 | 1st wicket
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 284
| rowspan=5 |{{sortname|David|Warner|dab=cricketer}}
| rowspan=2 |{{sortname|Travis|Head}}
| {{cr|PAK}}
| [[Adelaide Oval]], [[Adelaide]], Australia
| [[Pakistani cricket team in Australia in 2016–17#5th ODI|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2017|January|26}}]]
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 269
| {{cr|ENG}}
| [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]], [[Melbourne]], Australia
| [[English cricket team in Australia in 2022–23#3rd ODI|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|November|22}}]]
|-
| align=center | 2nd wicket
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 260
| {{sortname|Steve|Smith|dab=cricketer}}
| {{cr|AFG}}
| [[WACA Ground]], [[Perth]], Australia
| [[2015 Cricket World Cup Pool A#Australia vs Afghanistan|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2015|March|4}}]]
|-
| align=center | 1st wicket
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 259
| {{sortname|Mitchell|Marsh}}
| {{cr|PAK}}
| [[M.Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bengaluru]], India
| [[2023 Cricket World Cup group stage#Australia vs Pakistan|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|October|20}}]]
|-
| align=center | 1st wicket
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 258[[not out|*]]
| {{sortname|Aaron|Finch}}
| {{cr|IND}}
| [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India
| [[Australian cricket team in India in 2019–20#1st ODI|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2020|January|14}}]]
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=7 | Last updated: 31 December 2022<ref name="Australian ODI records – Highest partnerships by runs">{{cite web|title=Australian ODI records – Highest partnerships by runs|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/fow/highest_partnerships_for_any_wicket.html?class=2;id=2;type=team|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231064200/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/fow/highest_partnerships_for_any_wicket.html?class=2;id=2;type=team|archive-date=31 December 2022}}</ref>
|}

===Highest overall partnership runs by a pair===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:centre;"
|- style="background:#9cf;"
! scope="col" | Rank
! scope="col" | Runs
! scope="col" | Innings
! scope="col" | Players
! scope="col" | Highest
! scope="col" | Average
! scope="col" | 100/50
! scope="col" | Career span
|-
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center;" | 5,409
| 117 || [[Adam Gilchrist]] & [[Matthew Hayden]] || 172 || 47.44 || 16/29 || 2000–2008
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope="row" | 3,992
| 97 || [[Adam Gilchrist]] & [[Mark Waugh]] || 206 || 41.58 || 8/20 || 1997–2002
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope="row" | 3,807
| 96 || [[David Boon]] & [[Geoff Marsh]] || 212 || 40.07 || 8/26 || 1986–1992
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope-"row" | 3,788
| rowspan=2|80 || [[Aaron Finch]] & [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] || 258* || 47.94 || 12/14 || 2014–2022
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope="row" | 3,558
| [[Adam Gilchrist]] & [[Ricky Ponting]] || 225 || 46.81 || 8/20 || 1997–2008
|-class="sortbottom"
| scope="row" colspan=9 | ''An asterisk (*) signifies an unbroken partnership (i.e. neither of the batsmen was dismissed before either the end of the allotted overs or the required score being reached).'' Last updated: 22 September 2023<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;team=2;template=results;type=fow|title=Records–One-Day Internationals–Partnership records–Highest overall partnership runs by a pair–ESPN Cricinfo|publisher=ESPN| work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref>
|}

==Umpiring records==
[[File:Daryl Harper.jpg|thumb|alt=Daryl Harper in 2019|[[Daryl Harper]] (pictured) holds the Australian record, alongside [[Simon Taufel]], for the most number of ODI matches umpired with 174.<ref name="Australian ODI records – Most matches umpired"/>]]

===Most matches umpired===
An [[umpire (cricket)|umpire]] in cricket is a person who officiates the match according to the ''[[Laws of Cricket]]''. Two umpires adjudicate the match on the field, whilst a [[third umpire]] has access to video replays, and a [[fourth umpire]] looks after the match balls and other duties. The records below are only for on-field umpires.

[[Aleem Dar]] of Pakistan holds the record for the most ODI matches umpired with 219, {{as of|2022|12|lc=yes}}. Still active, Dar set the record in [[Zimbabwean cricket team in Pakistan in 2020–21|November 2020]] overtaking [[Rudi Koertzen]] from South Africa mark of 209.<ref>{{cite news|title=Aleem Dar breaks record for most ODIs as umpire after standing in his 210th match|url=https://www.skysports.com/cricket/news/12123/12120637/aleem-dar-breaks-record-for-most-odis-as-umpire-after-standing-in-his-210th-match|work=[[Sky Sports News]]|date=1 November 2020|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231064314/https://www.skysports.com/cricket/news/12123/12120637/aleem-dar-breaks-record-for-most-odis-as-umpire-after-standing-in-his-210th-match|archive-date=31 December 2022}}</ref> They are followed by New Zealand's [[Billy Bowden]] who has officiated in 200. The most experienced Australians are [[Daryl Harper]] and [[Simon Taufel]] who are equal fifth on the list with each having umpired 174 ODI matches.<ref>{{cite web|title=ODI records – Most matches umpired|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283784.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231064432/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283784.html|archive-date=31 December 2022}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Matches
! scope=col | Umpire
! scope=col | Period
|-
| align=center rowspan=2 | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2 | 174
| {{sortname|Daryl|Harper}}
| 1994–2011
|-
| {{sortname|Simon|Taufel}}
| 1999–2012
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 139
| {{sortname|Darrell|Hair}}
| 1991–2008
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 137
| {{sortname|Steve|Davis|dab=umpire}}
| 1992–2015
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 100
| [[Rod Tucker]]
| 2008–2023
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=4 | Last updated: 26 November 2022<ref name="Australian ODI records – Most matches umpired">{{cite web|title=Australian ODI records – Most matches umpired|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=matches_umpire;size=100;team=2;template=results;type=official|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231064716/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=matches_umpire;size=100;team=2;template=results;type=official|archive-date=31 December 2022}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
*[[List of Australia Test cricket records]]
*[[List of Australia Twenty20 International cricket records]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Cricket in Australia}}
{{Cricket records}}

[[Category:Lists of Australian cricket records and statistics|ODI]]
[[Category:One Day International cricket records|Australia]]

List of constituencies of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly

2025-10-19T08:07:16Z

BonnieKoontz: quick expanded section per sources and updated info for clarity

{{Short description|List of constituencies of the Legislative Assembly of the Indian state of Gujarat}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Gujarat Legislative Assembly
| native_name =
| legislature = [[14th Gujarat Assembly]]
| house_type = Unicameral
| voting_system1 = [[First-past-the-post]]
| term_limits = 5 years
| last_election1 = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| next_election1 = ''[[Next Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2027]]''
| session_room = SACHIVALAY PANORAMA.jpg
| meeting_place = Viththalbhai Patel Bhavan at [[Gandhinagar]], Gujarat
| website = {{url|www.gujaratassembly.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
[[File:Wahlkreise zur Vidhan Sabha von Gujarat.svg|thumb|upright=1.4|Map of constituencies of Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]

The [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] or '''Gujarat Vidhan Sabha''', is the [[unicameral]] legislature of the Indian state of [[Gujarat]], in the state's capital [[Gandhinagar]]. As of 2008, 182 members of the Legislative Assembly are directly elected from single-member constituencies. It has term of 5 years, unless it is dissolved sooner. The [[1962 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|first assembly]] was elected in 1962.<ref name="Pathak-6">{{Cite web|author=Pathak, Japan K.|title=Sharing the final delimitation order of Gujarat, and its background|newspaper=DeshGujarat|date=12 August 2012|url=http://deshgujarat.com/2012/08/11/sharing-the-final-delimitation-order-of-gujarat-and-its-background/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813183253/http://deshgujarat.com/2012/08/11/sharing-the-final-delimitation-order-of-gujarat-and-its-background|archivedate=13 August 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

==History==
In 1962 the first Gujarat Legislative Assembly was elected with 154 seats. In 1966 the number was raised to 166. In 1971 the number was raised to 182. In 1976 the government imposed a [[Moratorium (law)|moratorium]] on further changes until after the [[2001 Census of India]].<ref name="Pathak-6" />

Following the [[2001 Census of India]], a [[Delimitation Commission of India#Delimitation Commission of 2002|delimitation commission]] was set up, with [[Kuldip Singh (judge)|Justice Kuldip Singh]], a retired Judge of the Supreme Court of India, as its chairperson. The order from the delimitation commission was implemented in 2008.<ref name="Pathak-6" /> The following is the list of the constituencies established by the 2008 order.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Members of 12th Assembly|publisher=Gujarat Legislative Assembly|url=http://www.gujaratassembly.gov.in/emembers12.htm|access-date=2012-10-24|archive-date=2018-12-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226045131/http://www.gujaratassembly.gov.in/emembers12.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Abdasa Assembly constituency|Abdasa]] in Kutch district is the largest (6278 km2) while [[Karanj Assembly constituency|Karanj]] in Surat district is the smallest (4 km2) constituency by area, in the Gujarat Legislative Assembly.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/gujarat-assembly-polls-day-1-all-you-need-to-know/the-previous-winner/slideshow/61994428.cms|title=Gujarat Assembly polls Day 1: All you need to know - Voting begins|website=The Economic Times|access-date=2021-07-11|archive-date=2021-07-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711100347/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/gujarat-assembly-polls-day-1-all-you-need-to-know/the-previous-winner/slideshow/61994428.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Constituencies==
The following is the list of the constituencies of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] since the delimitation of 2008. At present, 13 constituencies are reserved for candidates of the [[Dalit|Scheduled Castes]], and 27 constituencies are reserved for candidates of the [[Adivasi|Scheduled tribes]].

{|class="wikitable sortable"
! |No.
! |Name
! |District<ref name="gjceo">{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref>
! |[[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituency]]<ref name="gjceo" />
! |Electors (2022)<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |date=17 January 2023 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|2}}
|-
| 1
| [[Abdasa Assembly constituency|Abdasa]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Kachchh district|Kachchh]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Kachchh Lok Sabha constituency|Kachchh]]
| {{formatnum:249484}}
|-
| 2
| [[Mandvi, Kachchh Assembly constituency|Mandvi (Kachchh)]]
| {{formatnum:253669}}
|-
| 3
| [[Bhuj Assembly constituency|Bhuj]]
| {{formatnum:286948}}
|-
| 4
| [[Anjar Assembly constituency|Anjar]]
| {{formatnum:267065}}
|-
| 5
| [[Gandhidham Assembly constituency|Gandhidham]] (SC)
| {{formatnum:312206}}
|-
| 6
| [[Rapar Assembly constituency|Rapar]]
| {{formatnum:243914}}
|-
| 7
| [[Vav Assembly constituency|Vav]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Vav-Tharad district|Vav-Tharad]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Banaskantha Lok Sabha constituency|Banaskantha]]
| {{formatnum:292448}}
|-
| 8
| [[Tharad Assembly constituency|Tharad]]
| {{formatnum:239155}}
|-
| 9
| [[Dhanera Assembly constituency|Dhanera]]
| {{formatnum:262400}}
|-
| 10
| [[Danta Assembly constituency|Danta]] (ST)
| rowspan="4" |[[Banaskantha district|Banaskantha]]
| {{formatnum:251496}}
|-
| 11
| [[Vadgam Assembly constituency|Vadgam]] (SC)
| [[Patan Lok Sabha constituency|Patan]]
| {{formatnum:290950}}
|-
| 12
| [[Palanpur Assembly constituency|Palanpur]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Banaskantha Lok Sabha constituency|Banaskantha]]
| {{formatnum:279850}}
|-
| 13
| [[Deesa Assembly constituency|Deesa]]
| {{formatnum:284062}}
|-
| 14
| [[Deodar Assembly constituency|Deodar]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Vav-Tharad district|Vav-Tharad]]
| {{formatnum:246054}}
|-
| 15
| [[Kankrej Assembly constituency|Kankrej]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Patan Lok Sabha constituency|Patan]]
| {{formatnum:285577}}
|-
| 16
| [[Radhanpur Assembly constituency|Radhanpur]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Patan district|Patan]]
| {{formatnum:294938}}
|-
| 17
| [[Chanasma Assembly constituency|Chanasma]]
| {{formatnum:285508}}
|-
| 18
| [[Patan (Gujarat Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Patan]]
| {{formatnum:301562}}
|-
| 19
| [[Sidhpur Assembly constituency|Sidhpur]]
| {{formatnum:265655}}
|-
| 20
| [[Kheralu Assembly constituency|Kheralu]]
| rowspan="7" |[[Mahesana district|Mahesana]]
| {{formatnum:221171}}
|-
| 21
| [[Unjha Assembly constituency|Unjha]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Mahesana Lok Sabha constituency|Mahesana]]
| {{formatnum:230411}}
|-
| 22
| [[Visnagar Assembly constituency|Visnagar]]
| {{formatnum:227916}}
|-
| 23
| [[Bechraji Assembly constituency|Bechraji]]
| {{formatnum:254737}}
|-
| 24
| [[Kadi Assembly constituency|Kadi]] (SC)
| {{formatnum:277038}}
|-
| 25
| [[Mahesana Assembly constituency|Mahesana]]
| {{formatnum:279540}}
|-
| 26
| [[Vijapur Assembly constituency|Vijapur]]
| {{formatnum:222607}}
|-
| 27
| [[Himatnagar Assembly constituency|Himatnagar]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Sabarkantha district|Sabarkantha]]
| rowspan="7" |[[Sabarkantha Lok Sabha constituency|Sabarkantha]]
| {{formatnum:275312}}
|-
| 28
| [[Idar Assembly constituency|Idar]] (SC)
| {{formatnum:283372}}
|-
| 29
| [[Khedbrahma Assembly constituency|Khedbrahma]] (ST)
| {{formatnum:277833}}
|-
| 30
| [[Bhiloda Assembly constituency|Bhiloda]] (ST)
| rowspan="3" |[[Aravalli district|Aravalli]]
| {{formatnum:309208}}
|-
| 31
| [[Modasa Assembly constituency|Modasa]]
| {{formatnum:266054}}
|-
| 32
| [[Bayad Assembly constituency|Bayad]]
| {{formatnum:242490}}
|-
| 33
| [[Prantij Assembly constituency|Prantij]]
| [[Sabarkantha district|Sabarkantha]]
| {{formatnum:255247}}
|-
| 34
| [[Dahegam Assembly constituency|Dahegam]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Gandhinagar district|Gandhinagar]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Ahmedabad East Lok Sabha constituency|Ahmedabad East]]
| {{formatnum:218258}}
|-
| 35
| [[Gandhinagar South Assembly constituency|Gandhinagar South]]
| {{formatnum:364018}}
|-
| 36
| [[Gandhinagar North Assembly constituency|Gandhinagar North]]
| [[Gandhinagar Lok Sabha constituency|Gandhinagar]]
| {{formatnum:252165}}
|-
| 37
| [[Mansa, Gujarat Assembly constituency|Mansa]]
| [[Mahesana Lok Sabha constituency|Mahesana]]
| {{formatnum:228259}}
|-
| 38
| [[Kalol, Gandhinagar Assembly constituency|Kalol (Gandhinagar)]]
| [[Gandhinagar Lok Sabha constituency|Gandhinagar]]
| {{formatnum:247253}}
|-
| 39
| [[Viramgam Assembly constituency|Viramgam]]
| rowspan="21" |[[Ahmedabad district|Ahmedabad]]
| [[Surendranagar Lok Sabha constituency|Surendranagar]]
| {{formatnum:298901}}
|-
| 40
| [[Sanand Assembly constituency|Sanand]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Gandhinagar Lok Sabha constituency|Gandhinagar]]
| {{formatnum:277219}}
|-
| 41
| [[Ghatlodia Assembly constituency|Ghatlodia]]
| {{formatnum:418976}}
|-
| 42
| [[Vejalpur Assembly constituency|Vejalpur]]
| {{formatnum:380533}}
|-
| 43
| [[Vatva Assembly constituency|Vatva]]
| [[Ahmedabad East Lok Sabha constituency|Ahmedabad East]]
| {{formatnum:388433}}
|-
| 44
| [[Ellis Bridge Assembly constituency|Ellisbridge]]
| [[Ahmedabad West Lok Sabha constituency|Ahmedabad West]]
| {{formatnum:265533}}
|-
| 45
| [[Naranpura Assembly constituency|Naranpura]]
| [[Gandhinagar Lok Sabha constituency|Gandhinagar]]
| {{formatnum:248816}}
|-
| 46
| [[Nikol Assembly constituency|Nikol]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Ahmedabad East Lok Sabha constituency|Ahmedabad East]]
| {{formatnum:253932}}
|-
| 47
| [[Naroda Assembly constituency|Naroda]]
| {{formatnum:293718}}
|-
| 48
| [[Thakkarbapa Nagar Assembly constituency|Thakkarbapa Nagar]]
| {{formatnum:241619}}
|-
| 49
| [[Bapunagar Assembly constituency|Bapunagar]]
| {{formatnum:205298}}
|-
| 50
| [[Amraiwadi Assembly constituency|Amraiwadi]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Ahmedabad West Lok Sabha constituency|Ahmedabad West]]
| {{formatnum:294297}}
|-
| 51
| [[Dariapur Assembly constituency|Dariapur]]
| {{formatnum:208374}}
|-
| 52
| [[Jamalpur-Khadiya Assembly constituency|Jamalpur-Khadiya]]
| {{formatnum:213025}}
|-
| 53
| [[Maninagar Assembly constituency|Maninagar]]
| {{formatnum:275316}}
|-
| 54
| [[Danilimda Assembly constituency|Danilimda]] (SC)
| {{formatnum:261033}}
|-
| 55
| [[Sabarmati Assembly constituency|Sabarmati]]
| [[Gandhinagar Lok Sabha constituency|Gandhinagar]]
| {{formatnum:274943}}
|-
| 56
| [[Asarwa Assembly constituency|Asarwa]] (SC)
| [[Ahmedabad West Lok Sabha constituency|Ahmedabad West]]
| {{formatnum:216542}}
|-
| 57
| [[Daskroi Assembly constituency|Daskroi]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Kheda Lok Sabha constituency|Kheda]]
| {{formatnum:382297}}
|-
| 58
| [[Dholka Assembly constituency|Dholka]]
| {{formatnum:250000}}
|-
| 59
| [[Dhandhuka Assembly constituency|Dhandhuka]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Surendranagar Lok Sabha constituency|Surendranagar]]
| {{formatnum:269869}}
|-
| 60
| [[Dasada Assembly constituency|Dasada]] (SC)
| rowspan="5" |[[Surendranagar district|Surendranagar]]
| {{formatnum:260345}}
|-
| 61
| [[Limbdi Assembly constituency|Limdi]]
| {{formatnum:283576}}
|-
| 62
| [[Wadhwan Assembly constituency|Wadhwan]]
| {{formatnum:296373}}
|-
| 63
| [[Chotila Assembly constituency|Chotila]]
| {{formatnum:257158}}
|-
| 64
| [[Dhrangadhra Assembly constituency|Dhangadhra]]
| {{formatnum:304356}}
|-
| 65
| [[Morbi Assembly constituency|Morbi]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Morbi district|Morbi]]
| [[Kachchh Lok Sabha constituency|Kachchh]]
| {{formatnum:282767}}
|-
| 66
| [[Tankara Assembly constituency|Tankara]]
| rowspan="7" |[[Rajkot Lok Sabha constituency|Rajkot]]
| {{formatnum:245594}}
|-
| 67
| [[Wankaner Assembly constituency|Wankaner]]
| {{formatnum:276746}}
|-
| 68
| [[Rajkot East Assembly constituency|Rajkot East]]
| rowspan="8" |[[Rajkot district|Rajkot]]
| {{formatnum:293185}}
|-
| 69
| [[Rajkot West Assembly constituency|Rajkot West]]
| {{formatnum:350580}}
|-
| 70
| [[Rajkot South Assembly constituency|Rajkot South]]
| {{formatnum:257154}}
|-
| 71
| [[Rajkot Rural Assembly constituency|Rajkot Rural]] (SC)
| {{formatnum:357908}}
|-
| 72
| [[Jasdan Assembly constituency|Jasdan]]
| {{formatnum:252646}}
|-
| 73
| [[Gondal Assembly constituency|Gondal]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Porbandar Lok Sabha constituency|Porbandar]]
| {{formatnum:226687}}
|-
| 74
| [[Jetpur, Rajkot Assembly constituency|Jetpur (Rajkot)]]
| {{formatnum:272842}}
|-
| 75
| [[Dhoraji Assembly constituency|Dhoraji]]
| {{formatnum:266718}}
|-
| 76
| [[Kalavad Assembly constituency|Kalavad]] (SC)
| rowspan="5" |[[Jamnagar district|Jamnagar]]
| rowspan="7" |[[Jamnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Jamnagar]]
| {{formatnum:230775}}
|-
| 77
| [[Jamnagar Rural Assembly constituency|Jamnagar Rural]]
| {{formatnum:248463}}
|-
| 78
| [[Jamnagar North Assembly constituency|Jamnagar North]]
| {{formatnum:259378}}
|-
| 79
| [[Jamnagar South Assembly constituency|Jamnagar South]]
| {{formatnum:228317}}
|-
| 80
| [[Jamjodhpur Assembly constituency|Jamjodhpur]]
| {{formatnum:224204}}
|-
| 81
| [[Khambhaliya Assembly constituency|Khambhaliya]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Devbhoomi Dwarka district|Devbhoomi Dwarka]]
| {{formatnum:298237}}
|-
| 82
| [[Dwarka (Vidhan Sabha constituency of Gujarat)|Dwarka]]
| {{formatnum:287256}}
|-
| 83
| [[Porbandar Assembly constituency|Porbandar]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Porbandar district|Porbandar]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Porbandar Lok Sabha constituency|Porbandar]]
| {{formatnum:261870}}
|-
| 84
| [[Kutiyana Assembly constituency|Kutiyana]]
| {{formatnum:221902}}
|-
| 85
| [[Manavadar Assembly constituency|Manavadar]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Junagadh district|Junagadh]]
| {{formatnum:246452}}
|-
| 86
| [[Junagadh Assembly constituency|Junagadh]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Junagadh Lok Sabha constituency|Junagadh]]
| {{formatnum:284913}}
|-
| 87
| [[Visavadar Assembly constituency|Visavadar]]
| {{formatnum:256490}}
|-
| 88
| [[Keshod Assembly constituency|Keshod]]
| [[Porbandar Lok Sabha constituency|Porbandar]]
| {{formatnum:242884}}
|-
| 89
| [[Mangrol, Junagadh Assembly constituency|Mangrol (Junagadh)]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Junagadh Lok Sabha constituency|Junagadh]]
| {{formatnum:227339}}
|-
| 90
| [[Somnath Assembly constituency|Somnath]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Gir Somnath district|Gir Somnath]]
| {{formatnum:258996}}
|-
| 91
| [[Talala Assembly constituency|Talala]]
| {{formatnum:231873}}
|-
| 92
| [[Kodinar Assembly constituency|Kodinar]] (SC)
| {{formatnum:231554}}
|-
| 93
| [[Una (Gujarat Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Una]]
| {{formatnum:263385}}
|-
| 94
| [[Dhari Assembly constituency|Dhari]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Amreli district|Amreli]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Amreli Lok Sabha constituency|Amreli]]
| {{formatnum:220574}}
|-
| 95
| [[Amreli Assembly constituency|Amreli]]
| {{formatnum:281486}}
|-
| 96
| [[Lathi Assembly constituency|Lathi]]
| {{formatnum:221063}}
|-
| 97
| [[Savarkundla Assembly constituency|Savarkundla]]
| {{formatnum:251570}}
|-
| 98
| [[Rajula Assembly constituency|Rajula]]
| {{formatnum:270043}}
|-
| 99
| [[Mahuva, Bhavnagar Assembly constituency|Mahuva (Bhavnagar)]]
| rowspan="7" |[[Bhavnagar district|Bhavnagar]]
| {{formatnum:238847}}
|-
| 100
| [[Talaja Assembly constituency|Talaja]]
| [[Bhavnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Bhavnagar]]
| {{formatnum:248809}}
|-
| 101
| [[Gariadhar Assembly constituency|Gariadhar]]
| [[Amreli Lok Sabha constituency|Amreli]]
| {{formatnum:226121}}
|-
| 102
| [[Palitana Assembly constituency|Palitana]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Bhavnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Bhavnagar]]
| {{formatnum:276696}}
|-
| 103
| [[Bhavnagar Rural Assembly constituency|Bhavnagar Rural]]
| {{formatnum:291665}}
|-
| 104
| [[Bhavnagar East Assembly constituency|Bhavnagar East]]
| {{formatnum:262346}}
|-
| 105
| [[Bhavnagar West Assembly constituency|Bhavnagar West]]
| {{formatnum:261728}}
|-
| 106
| [[Gadhada Assembly constituency|Gadhada]] (SC)
| rowspan="2" |[[Botad district|Botad]]
| {{formatnum:261776}}
|-
| 107
| [[Botad Assembly constituency|Botad]]
| {{formatnum:288666}}
|-
| 108
| [[Khambhat Assembly constituency|Khambhat]]
| rowspan="7" |[[Anand district|Anand]]
| rowspan="7" |[[Anand Lok Sabha constituency|Anand]]
| {{formatnum:230597}}
|-
| 109
| [[Borsad Assembly constituency|Borsad]]
| {{formatnum:256777}}
|-
| 110
| [[Anklav Assembly constituency|Anklav]]
| {{formatnum:221099}}
|-
| 111
| [[Umreth Assembly constituency|Umreth]]
| {{formatnum:266540}}
|-
| 112
| [[Anand Assembly constituency|Anand]]
| {{formatnum:308572}}
|-
| 113
| [[Petlad Assembly constituency|Petlad]]
| {{formatnum:235744}}
|-
| 114
| [[Sojitra Assembly constituency|Sojitra]]
| {{formatnum:217225}}
|-
| 115
| [[Matar Assembly constituency|Matar]]
| rowspan="7" |[[Kheda district|Kheda]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Kheda Lok Sabha constituency|Kheda]]
| {{formatnum:249382}}
|-
| 116
| [[Nadiad Assembly constituency|Nadiad]]
| {{formatnum:271155}}
|-
| 117
| [[Mehmedabad Assembly constituency|Mehmedabad]]
| {{formatnum:246543}}
|-
| 118
| [[Mahudha Assembly constituency|Mahudha]]
| {{formatnum:247443}}
|-
| 119
| [[Thasra Assembly constituency|Thasra]]
| [[Panchmahal Lok Sabha constituency|Panchmahal]]
| {{formatnum:269548}}
|-
| 120
| [[Kapadvanj Assembly constituency|Kapadvanj]]
| [[Kheda Lok Sabha constituency|Kheda]]
| {{formatnum:295584}}
|-
| 121
| [[Balasinor Assembly constituency|Balasinor]]
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==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{-}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Constituencies of Gujarat Legislative Assembly}}
[[Category:Lists of constituencies of legislative assemblies of Indian states|Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarat-related lists]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat|*]]

Parkham Yaksha

2025-10-15T20:21:32Z

BonnieKoontz: Made New Stub And Citations

{{Short description|Colossal statue of a Yaksha}}
{{use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox artefact
| name = Parkham Yaksha
| image =
{{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=350|caption_align=center
| align = center
| direction =horizontal
| image1 = Yaksha_Manibhadra_-_Parkham_Mathura_circa_150_BCE.jpg
| caption1 = Front
| image2 = Parkham Yaksha, Mathura, 150 BCE (back view).jpg
| caption2 = Back
}}
| image_caption = The "Parkam Yaksha" [[Manibhadra]]. 150 BCE. [[Mathura Museum]], GMM C.1<ref name="SRQ26"/>
| material =
| size = 2.6 meters
| writing = [[Brahmi]]
| created = 150 BCE
| discovered = [[Parkham, Uttar-Pradesh]] {{coord|27.287358|N|77.717414|E|display=inline, title}}
| location = [[Mathura Museum]], [[Mathura]]
| id =
| registration = GMM C.1
| map =
{{Location map|India
|width =
|float = center
|border =
|caption =
|alt =
|relief = yes
|AlternativeMap=
|overlay_image =
|label = [[Parkham, Uttar-Pradesh|Parkham]]
|label_size =
|position = bottom
|background =
|mark =
|marksize =
|link =
|lat_deg = 27
|lat_min = 17
|lat_sec = 14
|lat_dir = N
|lon_deg = 77
|lon_min = 43
|lon_sec = 3
|lon_dir = E
}}
}}
The '''Parkham Yaksha''' is a colossal statue of a [[Yaksha]], discovered in the area of Parkham, in the vicinity of [[Mathura]], 22.5 kilometers south of the city.<ref name="SRQ26"/> The statue, which is an important artefact of the [[Art of Mathura]], is now visible in the [[Mathura Museum]]. It has been identified as the Yaksha deity [[Manibhadra]], a popular deity in ancient India.

==Date==
As mentioned by Ananda Coomaraswamy in the book "Introduction to Indian Art", Parkham Yaksha bears the inscription referring to "Kunika Ajatashatru" who died in 618 BCE.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ananda K.Kumaraswamy |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.277186 |title=Introduction to Indian Art |date=1923 |publisher=Ananda K.Kumaraswamy}}</ref> Hence, the Parkham Yaksha can be dated no later than fifth or sixth century BCE. The Parkham Yaksha is datable to period 200 BCE – 50 BCE on paleographic and stylistic grounds.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ayyar |first1=Sulochana |title=Costumes and Ornaments as Depicted in the Sculptures of Gwalior Museum |date=1987 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-002-4 |page=29 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G9eHPXL6UE0C |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Mathura Inscriptions">{{cite book |last1=Luders |first1=Heinrich |title=Mathura Inscriptions |date=1961 |page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.201093/page/n179 179] |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.201093}}</ref> It has also been dated more precisely by [[Heinrich Lüders]], who gives it a mid-2nd century date, and Sonya Rhie Quintanilla who dates it to circa 150 BCE.<ref name="SRQ26">Dated 150 BCE in Fig. 15-17, general comments p.26-27 in {{cite book |last1=Quintanilla |first1=Sonya Rhie |title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE |date=2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004155374 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA26 |language=en}}</ref>

==Inscription==
The statue is 2.6 meters tall, including its base of about 30 centimeters.<ref name="SRQ26"/> The badly corroded inscription in early [[Brahmi script]] on the top side of the base reads:

{{blockquote|[[File:Parkham Yaksha Inscription with transliterations.jpg|thumb|Parkham Yaksha inscription with transliteration, paleographically dated to mid-2nd century BCE.<ref name="Mathura Inscriptions">{{cite book |last1=Luders |first1=Heinrich |title=Mathura Inscriptions |date=1961 |page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.201093/page/n179 179] |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.201093}}</ref>]]
'''(𑀫𑀸)𑀦𑀺𑀪𑀤𑀧𑀼𑀢𑁂(𑀳𑀺) 𑀓𑀸(𑀭𑀺)(𑀢𑀸) (𑀪)𑀢(𑀯)𑀢𑁄 (𑀧𑀢𑀺𑀫)''' 
(Mā)nibhadapuge[h]i kā(r)i(t)ā (bha)ga[va]to (patimā) 
'''𑀅𑀞(𑀳𑀺) (𑀪𑀸𑀢𑀼)𑀳𑀺''' 
aṭha(h)i [bhātu]hi 
'''𑀓𑀼𑀡𑀺𑀓𑀢𑁂𑀯𑀸𑀲𑀺𑀦𑀸 𑀢𑁄𑀫𑀺𑀢𑀓𑁂𑀦 𑀓𑀢𑀸''' 
Kuṇikatevāsinā Gomitakena katā

"The image of the Holy One was caused to be made by eight brothers, members of the Manibhada congregation. It has been made by Gomitaka, the pupil of Kunika.
|[[Heinrich Lüders]], ''Mathura inscriptions''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lüders |first1=Heinrich |title=Mathura Inscriptions |date=1961 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.201093/page/n177}}</ref>}}

This inscription thus indicates that the statue represents the Yaksa [[Manibhadra]], and the title "[[Bhagavat]]" ("Lord" or "Holy One") suggests that the statue represents a divinity in its own right, which was the subject of worship, independently of [[Buddhism]] or [[Jainism]] with which it was later associated.<ref name="SRQ26"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Upinder |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |date=2008 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-1120-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA365 |language=en}}</ref>

==Style==
The analysis of the statue has suggested that the Parkham Yaksha probably held his left arm akimbo, while holding a bag filled with square coins, as seen in the [[:File:Manibhadra_image_at_Pawaya.jpg|Manibhadra statue of Pawaya]].<ref name="SRQ26"/> According to [[John Boardman (art historian)|John Boardman]], the hem of the dress is derived from Greek art. Describing a similar statue, John Boardman writes: "It has no local antecedents and looks most like a Greek Late Archaic mannerism". Similar folds can be seen in the [[Bharhut Yavana]].<ref name="JB112">{{cite book |last1=Boardman |first1=John |title=The Diffusion of Classical Art in Antiquity |date=1993 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=0691036802 |page=112 |language=en}}</ref>

The Parkham Yaksha is one of four known occurrences of the Yaksha [[Manibhadra]] in inscriptions: one in Parkham near [[Mathura]], one in Pawaya near [[Gwalior]], one in Masharfa and one in Bhītā near [[Kausambi]].<ref name="SRQ26"/> It appears Manibhadra was considered as a protector of itinerant merchants, a provider of wealth, and a protector against [[smallpox]].<ref name="SRQ26"/>

<gallery>
File:Parkham Yaksha Hellenistic drapery.jpg|Parkham Yaksha, detail of the "Hellenistic" drapery.<ref name="JB112"/> 150 BCE<ref name="SRQ26"/>
File:Mudgarpani_Yaksha,_Mathura,_100_BCE.jpg|A similar statue, but in a much better state of preservation, the [[Mudgarpani]] Yaksha
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Yaksha]]
* [[Pañcika]]
* [[Kubera]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book|last=Mathew
|first=Ammu|title=ManoramaTell me why No.32|year=2008|publisher=Monorama Press|isbn=978-0-9750-4300-4}}
*{{cite book|last=Hopkins |first=Edward Washburn|author-link=Edward Washburn Hopkins|title=Epic mythology |url=https://archive.org/stream/epicmythology00hopkuoft#page/n147/mode/2up/search/Kubera|year=1915|publisher=Strassburg K.J. Trübner|isbn=0-8426-0560-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Sutherland|first=Gail Hinich|title=The disguises of the demon: the development of the Yakṣa in Hinduism and Buddhism|year=1991|publisher=[[SUNY]] Press|isbn=0-7914-0622-9}}

{{Mathura Museum}}

[[Category:Yakshas]]
[[Category:Mathura art]]
[[Category:Colossal statues in India]]

Ashish Kumar Chaudhary

2025-10-11T04:30:01Z

BonnieKoontz: added basic bio initial version

{{short description|Indian amateur boxer (born 1994)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox boxer
| name = Ashish Kumar Chaudhary
| image =
| caption = Ashish Kumar after qualifying for Tokyo Olympics 2020
| weight =75 kg
| height =1.85 m
| reach =
| nationality = Indian
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1994|7|18|df=yes}}<ref name=profile>{{cite web |title=Ashish Kumar |url=https://indiaboxing.in/boxerdetails.php?regno=8318 |publisher=India Boxing |accessdate=30 May 2020}}</ref>
| birth_place = Dhanotu, [[Mandi district]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], India
| style =Orthodox
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport|Men's [[amateur boxing]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition| [[National Games of India|National Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2015 National Games of India|2015 Kerala]]|Middleweight}}
{{MedalCompetition| [[Asian Amateur Boxing Championships|Asian Championships]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2019 Asian Amateur Boxing Championships|2019 Bangkok]]|Middleweight}}
{{MedalCompetition| [[Boxing at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Qualification|Asia/Oceania Olympics Qualifier]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2020 Asia & Oceania Boxing Olympic Qualification Tournament|2020 Jordan]]|Middleweight}}
}}
'''Ashish Kumar Chaudhary''' (born 18 July 1994) is an Indian [[amateur boxer]] who competes in the [[middleweight]] category. He won a silver medal at the [[2019 Asian Amateur Boxing Championships|2019 Asian Championships]] and a gold medal at 2019 Thailand Open International Boxing Tournament held in [[Bangkok]]. He also won bronze medal at [[2020 Asia & Oceania Boxing Olympic Qualification Tournament|2020 Asia/Oceania Olympics Qualifier]] and represented [[India]] in middleweight category at [[2020 Summer Olympics|2020 Olympics]] held in Tokyo, Japan.

==Early and personal life==
Ashish Kumar Chaudhary was born on 18 July 1994 in [[Dhanotu, Mandi district]], [[Himachal Pradesh]] to Bhagat Ram Dogra and Durga Devi.<ref name=profile/> His father was a farmer and played [[kabaddi]] at the national level. Kumar was inspired to take up boxing by his brothers and cousins who have competed at national and international levels in Boxing, Wrestling and Wushu.<ref name=scroll>{{cite news |last1=R |first1=Vishal |title=Boxing: Overcoming father’s death before Olympic qualifiers, rejuvenated Ashish Kumar Chaudhary packs a punch |url=https://scroll.in/field/956642/boxing-overcoming-fathers-death-before-olympic-qualifiers-rejuvenated-ashish-kumar-packs-a-punch |accessdate=30 May 2020 |work=Scroll.in |date=20 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Gurung |first1=Anmol |title=Boxer Ashish Kumar geared up for big, bad world |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2019/jul/29/boxer-ashish-kumar-geared-up-for-big-bad-world-2010897.html |accessdate=30 May 2020 |work=The New Indian Express |date=29 July 2019}}</ref>

Kumar's father died a month before Kumar competed at the 2020 Olympic Qualification Tournament in Amman, Jordan. He went on to reach semifinals of the event and won a bronze medal and therefore qualified for the 2020 Olympic Games in Tokyo.<ref name=scroll/>

==Career==
Kumar won his first National Games Gold medal in 2015 in Kerala. He won his debut international medal as a silver medalist at the [[2019 Asian Amateur Boxing Championships]] in [[Bangkok]] in the middleweight category.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhatt |first1=Gaurav |title=Ashish Kumar: A gold & new-found confidence |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/boxer-ashish-kumar-a-gold-new-found-confidence-5865002/ |accessdate=30 May 2020 |work=The Indian Express |date=31 July 2019}}</ref> He won Gold medal in 2019 at Thailand Open International Boxing Tournament held in Bangkok. He played in middleweight category for Gujarat Giants in maiden Big Bout Indian Boxing League held in 2019. Gujarat Giants won the league and Ashish Kumar was declared Player of the Tie in the final match. In March 2020, Kumar reached the semifinals of the [[2020 Asia & Oceania Boxing Olympic Qualification Tournament]] in Amman, Jordan and [[Boxing at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Qualification|qualified]] for the [[2020 Summer Olympics]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pitts |first1=Andre |title=Lovlina, Ashish and Satish win quarters clashes to qualify for 2020 Olympics |url=https://www.olympicchannel.com/en/stories/news/detail/asian-boxing-olympic-qualifiers-india-lovlina-borgohain-ashish-satish-kumar/ |accessdate=30 May 2020 |work=Olympic Channel |date=9 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sarangi |first1=Y. B. |title=Ashish Kumar learning from Vijender’s game |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/ashish-kumar-learning-from-vijenders-game/article31251654.ece |accessdate=30 May 2020 |work=The Hindu |date=3 April 2020}}</ref> He is the first boxer ever from [[Himachal Pradesh]] to qualify for Olympics.{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}

== Awards and recognition ==

* '''Parshuram Award''' (2019): Parshuram Award is the highest award in the field of sports given by Himachal Pradesh Government. It was presented to Ashish Kumar by the Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh on the occasion of 49th statehood day.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{sports links}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chaudhary, Ashish Kumar}}
[[Category:1994 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male boxers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Middleweight boxers]]
[[Category:People from Mandi district]]
[[Category:Boxers from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Boxers at the 2020 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic boxers for India]]
[[Category:Boxers at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games boxers for India]]
{{India-boxing-bio-stub}}

Todarpur

2025-09-24T17:13:59Z

BonnieKoontz: Post

{{Short description|Village in Garhshanker tehsil, Hoshiarpur district, Punjab, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{for|the village in Hardoi district|Todarpur, Hardoi}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2025}}
'''Todarpur''' Urf Theh Pachrali is a village in the [[Garhshanker]] [[tehsil]] within the [[Hoshiarpur district]] of [[Punjab, India|Punjab state]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Primary Census Abstract Data Tables – India: Final Population Totals |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=11 July 2022 |access-date=27 April 2025 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}</ref>

== Location ==
It is located approximately 30 km from Hoshiarpur, 25km from Phagwara and 125 km from the state capital of [[Chandigarh]]. It hails in Garhshankar tehsil. Nearby Cities are Hoshiarpur, Phagwara, Mahilpur, Garhshankar.
It Shares its boundary with villages Jalwehra, Nangla, Ajnoha, Nadalon, Panjour, Cheta, Wahid, Malikpur And Nasirabad.

== History and demographics ==
The village was founded by brothers [[Chaudry Dullah Gujjar]] and [[Chaudry Phulla Gujjar]] (given names Abdullah and [[Luttfullah]] respectively). Their children migrated to western Punjab in 1947 on partition, living in districts [[Faisalabad]] ([[Chak no.467 GB Samundri]]), [[Sahiwal]] and [[Pakpattan]].
Chaudry Taj Gujjar Kasana, grandson of [[Chaudry Dullah Gujjar]] ([[Abdullah Gujjar Kasana]]) lives in [[Pakpattan]].
[[Chaudry Muhammad Siddique kasana]]
[[Chaudry Jameel Kasana]], [[Chaudry Malkeet Kasana]], [[Ch Rafiq Kasana]], [[Chaudry Sageer Kasana]], son of [[Chaudry Taj Gujjar Kasana]].
[[Chaudry Taj Gujjar Kasana]] is a landlords of [[India]], in [[Pakistan]] he is also known as a landlord.
Children of [[Chaudry Phulla Gujjar]] ([[Luttfullah Gujjar Kasana]]) lives in [[Sahiwal]].
[[Chaudry Karam Bakhsh Kasana Zaildar]] son of [[Chaudry Phulla Gujjar]], his children are Landlords and lives in districts [[Sahiwal]] (Chak No.14/11L Chandol Chichawatni).
[[Ch Qamar ul Din Kasana]],
[[Ch Kamal Din kasana]],
[[Ch Niaz Din Kasana]],
Son of [[Ch Karam Bakhsh Kasana Zaildar]],
[[Haji Sultan Ahmad Kasana Lambardar]],
Grandson of [[Ch Karam Baksh kasana Zaildar]],
A large proportion of the population consists of Singh families migrated from [[Faisalabad]] (formerly Lyallpur) Pakistan in 1947. Today, Some common surnames of the families living in this village are Minhas, Parmar, Janjua, Saini, Badhan. The local language is [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]].

== Features and facilities ==
The village's main entry point is a large gate on the Jalwehra side.

Its primary source of irrigation is a tube well. Other older wells exist intact to this day. There is a Government High School located on Cheta Rd having well educated staff and good study environment, while in the centre of the village lies the tomb of Baba Mirze Shah, a venerated [[Sufism|Sufi]] saint. Other notable resting places include the graves of the founding Chaudry brothers, and the grave of one of their sons, Chaudry Karam Baksh Zaildar. Children of Chaudry Karam Baksh are landlords in District Sahiwal, Punjab, Pakistan.

The assigned [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] code is 144404 and the postal head office is located in Ajnoha in Hoshiarpur.

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
Gate of Todarpur village.jpg|The Gate of Todarpur
Graveyard of todarpur.jpg|The graveyard of Todarpur
Gravestone of the founders of the village todarpur.jpg|The gravestones of the founders
File:Ch_Qamar_ul_Din_Kasana.jpg|Ch Qamar ul Din Kasana, the eldest son of Zaildar Ch Karam Bakhsh
</gallery>

== References ==
{{reflist}}{{coord missing|Punjab (India)}}

[[Category:Villages in Hoshiarpur district]]
{{Hoshiarpur district}}

Subimal Chandra Roy

2025-08-09T05:36:04Z

BonnieKoontz:

{{Short description|Indian judge (1912–1971)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Subimal Chandra Roy
|image =
|office = Judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]]
|nominator =
|term_start = 19 July 1971
|term_end = 12 November 1971
|predecessor =
|successor =
|birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1912|5|29}}
|birth_place =
|death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1971|11|12|1912|5|29}}
|death_place =
|spouse =
|children =
|alma_mater = [[University of Calcutta]] [[University College London]] [[Lincoln's Inn]]
|religion =
|signature =
|country = India
|awards =
}}
'''Subimal Chandra Roy''' (29 May 1912 – 12 November 1971) was an Indian jurist who served on the [[Supreme Court of India]].<ref name=SCI>[http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/bio/27_scroy.htm Hon'ble Mr. Justice Subimal Chandra Roy]</ref>

==Early life and education==
Roy was born on 29 May 1912. He was educated at the [[Presidency College, Kolkata|Presidency College]], and the [[Scottish Church College]], both within the [[University of Calcutta]] during 1928 and 1932. Thereafter he studied at the [[University College London]] from 1932 to 1935, and subsequently studied at the [[Lincoln's Inn]] from 1936 to 1937, from where he passed his Barrister-at-Law examination in January 1937.<ref name=SCI/>

==Career==
He started out by practising as an advocate of the [[Calcutta High Court]] from 1937 to June 1971. He was for many years, Senior Counsel, of the [[Government of India]] in the Calcutta High Court. He was one of the first three original side practitioners to be designated Senior Advocates under s.16(2) of the Advocates Act in 1968. For many years a trustee of the Deshbandhu Memorial Trust and many other Trusts. He served as judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]] from 19 July 1971 to 12 November 1971.<ref name=SCI/> He was the second to be appointed as judge of the Supreme Court directly from the bar.

He died on 12 November 1971, though he had to attain retirement as judge of the Supreme Court on 28 May 1977.<ref name=SCI/>

==Awards==
*Buchanan, Prizeman
*Certificate of Honour by the Council of Legal Education
*Langdon Medal<ref name=SCI/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/bio/27_scroy.htm/ Bio-Official SC Website]
* [http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/ Official website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140816090224/http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/scrules1966.pdf "Supreme Court Rules, 1966"]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121028030806/http://judis.openarchive.in/ OpenJudis – Free Database of Supreme Court cases from 1950]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roy, Subimal Chandra}}
[[Category:1912 births]]
[[Category:1971 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian barristers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:Justices of the Supreme Court of India]]
[[Category:Members of the Inner Temple]]
[[Category:Scottish Church College alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of University College London]]
[[Category:Members of Lincoln's Inn]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]

{{India-law-bio-stub}}
[[Category:Alumni of the UCL Faculty of Laws]]

2024 Union budget of India

2025-06-16T18:15:35Z

BonnieKoontz: added a data w/ refs

{{Short description|Government budget}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox government budget
|title = [[Union Budget of India]]
|presented = 23 July 2024
|parliament = [[18th Lok Sabha|18th]] ([[Lok Sabha]])
|debt = 57.1% of [[GDP]]
|deficit = 4.9% of [[GDP]](Target)
|surplus =
|debt_payment =
|tax_cut = Numerous
|spending =
|Total_Expenditures = {{INRConvert|48.21|t|year=2024|to=USD}}
|Total_Revenue = {{INRConvert|31.29|t|year=2024|to=USD}}
|chancellor =
|treasurer =
|total revenue =
|minister = [[Nirmala Sitharaman]]
|passed =
|submitted_to = [[Parliament of India]]
|year = 2024
|url = {{URL|https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/}}
|government=[[Third Modi ministry]]|party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|date_submitted = 23 July 2024
|submitter = [[Nirmala Sitharaman]] ([[Finance Minister of India|Minister of Finance]])
|caption = [[Emblem of India]]
|imagesize = 100px
|image = Emblem_of_India.svg
|next_year = 2025
|next_budget = 2025 Union budget of India
|previous_year = 2024 (Interim)
|previous_budget = 2024 Interim-Union budget of India
|country = India
|gdp = 3.937 Trillion
|bill = [https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/budget2024-25/doc/AFS/allafs.pdf Annual Financial Statement of the Central Government for the year 2024{{ndash}}25] [https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/budget2024-25/doc/Finance_Bill.pdf The Finance Bill, 2024]
|bill_link=}}
The '''2024 Union Budget of India<ref>{{cite web |last1=vishal |first1=raval |title=union-budget-2024-date-time-and-key-highlights |url=https://www.bestnewsreport.com/union-budget-2024-date-time-and-key-highlights |website=bestnewsreport.com |access-date=25 July 2024}}</ref>''' was presented by Finance Minister, [[Nirmala Sitharaman]] on 23 July 2024. This was the first budget of [[Narendra Modi]] led [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA government]]'s [[Third Modi ministry|third term]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Budget 2024 LIVE Updates: Nirmala Sitharaman's Mega Jobs, Tax Announcements In Union Budget |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/union-budget-2024-live-budget-2024-india-budget-union-budget-2024-date-nirmala-sitharaman-finance-minister-6166100 |access-date=2024-07-23 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

== History ==
The Union Budget is the annual financial report of India; an estimate of [[income]] and [[Expense|expenditure]] of the government on a periodical basis. As per Article 112 of the [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]], it is a compulsory task of the government.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |title=Budget 2020 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/budget |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113120322/https://www.business-standard.com/budget |archive-date=13 January 2020 |access-date=2020-01-13 |work=Business Standard India}}</ref> The first budget of India was presented on 18 February 1860 by Scotsman James Wilson.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2020 |title=Budget 2020: James Wilson, the man who brought budget, income tax to India |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/union-budget-2020/news/budget-2020-james-wilson-the-man-who-brought-budget-income-tax-to-india/story/395075.html |access-date=2020-02-03 |website=www.businesstoday.in |language=en}}</ref> The first Union Budget of Independent India was presented by [[R. K. Shanmukham Chetty]] on 26 November 1947.<ref>{{Cite web |title=First Union Budget, November 1947: The crying concern was to dress wounds of uprooted humanity |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/the-first-union-budget-of-india-in-november-1947-tried-to-deal-with-aftermaths-of-the-partition/cid/1741154 |access-date=2020-02-03 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Tax changes ==

=== Revised income tax slabs ===
The income tax (IT) slabs have been revised under the new income tax regime.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-24 |title=Income Tax Slabs Rate 2024-25 Highlights: New Tax Regime made more attractive for small taxpayers with revised tax slabs, higher Standard Deduction {{!}} No changes in Old Tax Regime |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/budget/income-tax-slab-rates-fy-2024-2025-live-updates-new-income-tax-regime-income-tax-budget-for-salaried-person-senior-citizen-3561494/ |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref> The updated tax rates are as follows:
{| class="wikitable"
!Tax Rate
!Slab before budget
!Slab after budget
|-
|Nil
|Up to Rs 3 lakh
|Up to Rs 3 lakh
|-
|5%
|Rs 3 lakh to Rs 6 lakh
|Rs 3 lakh to Rs 7 lakh
|-
|10%
|Rs 6 lakh to Rs 9 lakh
|Rs 7 lakh to Rs 10 lakh
|-
|15%
|Rs 9 lakh to Rs 12 lakh
|Rs 10 lakh to Rs 12 lakh
|-
|20%
|Rs 12 lakh to Rs 15 lakh
|Rs 12 lakh to Rs 15 lakh
|-
|30%
|Above Rs 15 lakh
|Above Rs 15 lakh
|}
Standard deduction has been increased from 50,000 to 75,000. [[Ernst & Young]] estimates that, following standard tax deduction polices, income of upto 7.75 lakh is extempted from income tax after introduction of the increase in standard deduction.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-23 |title=New tax regime changes explained: Income up to Rs 7.75 lakh exempt from tax, Rs 17,500 savings |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/business/budget/story/budget-2024-income-up-to-rs-775-lakh-exempt-from-tax-under-new-regime-2570812-2024-07-23 |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

=== Angel tax ===
The government has abolished the "angel tax," a levy that was introduced in the [[2012 Union budget of India|Finance Act of 2012]]. This tax applied to investments received by unlisted companies that exceeded the fair market value of their shares, often affecting start-ups and early-stage companies.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-23 |title=What is 'Angel tax' that was scrapped in Budget 2024 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/business/budget/story/budget-2024-announcement-angel-tax-removed-startups-investors-benefit-2570748-2024-07-23 |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

=== Capital gains tax ===
The capital gains tax structure has also undergone changes:

* '''Short-Term Capital Gains (STCG):''' The tax rate on short-term capital gains from shares, mutual funds, and real estate has been increased from 15% to 20%.<ref>{{Cite news |title=India Stocks Decline as Capital Gains Tax in Modi's Budget Spooks Investors |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/live-blog/2024-07-23/india-budget-presentation |access-date=2024-07-25 |work=Bloomberg.com |language=en}}</ref>
* '''Long-Term Capital Gains (LTCG):''' The tax rate on long-term capital gains has been set at 12.5%. Additionally, the exemption limit for long-term capital gains has been raised from ₹1 lakh to ₹1.25 lakh.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-23 |title=India Raises Taxes to Curb Retail Frenzy in Equities Trading |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-07-23/india-to-hike-capital-gains-tax-in-setback-for-stock-market-boom |access-date=2024-07-25 |work=Bloomberg.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== Tax Deducted at Source ===
The government has proposed a reduction in the rate of Tax Deducted at Source (TDS) for various types of payments. Specifically:

* The TDS rate for insurance commission, life insurance policy payments, rent payments, and commission or brokerage payments is proposed to be decreased from 5% to 2%.
* The TDS rate on payments made by e-commerce operators to e-commerce participants for the sale of goods or services is set to be reduced from 1% to 0.1%.

The Secretary of Revenue, Sanjay Malhotra said that the decrease in TDS is aimed at simplifying TDS compliance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-24 |title=Budget Verdict {{!}} India aims to simplify TDS compliance, says revenue secretary Sanjay Malhotra - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/economy/budget-2024-india-aims-to-simplify-tds-compliance-says-revenue-secretary-sanjay-malhotra-19448719.htm |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Ministerial allocations of total expenditure ==
The total expenditure, encompassing both revenue and capital outlays, was distributed among various ministries. The Finance Ministry received the largest share at 38.5%, while the Defence Ministry held the second position with an allocation of 12.9%.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=India Budget |url=https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/doc/eb/allsbe.xls |website=indiabudget.gov.in}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Ministry
!Total Expenditure ('Crores)
!Total Expenditure %
|-
|Ministry of Finance
|₹ 1,858,159
|38.547%
|-
|Ministry of Defence
|₹ 621,941
|12.902%
|-
|Ministry of Road Transport and Highways
|₹ 278,000
|5.767%
|-
|Ministry of Railways
|₹ 255,393
|5.298%
|-
|Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution
|₹ 223,323
|4.633%
|-
|Ministry of Home Affairs
|₹ 219,643
|4.556%
|-
|Ministry of Rural Development
|₹ 180,233
|3.739%
|-
|Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilisers
|₹ 168,500
|3.495%
|-
|Ministry of Communications
|₹ 137,294
|2.848%
|-
|Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare
|₹ 132,470
|2.748%
|-
|Ministry of Education
|₹ 120,628
|2.502%
|-
|Ministry of Jal Shakti
|₹ 98,714
|2.048%
|-
|Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
|₹ 90,959
|1.887%
|-
|Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs
|₹ 82,577
|1.713%
|-
|Ministry of Women and Child Development
|₹ 26,092
|0.541%
|-
|Department of Atomic Energy
|₹ 24,969
|0.518%
|-
|Ministry of Labour and Employment
|₹ 22,531
|0.467%
|-
|Ministry of External Affairs
|₹ 22,155
|0.460%
|-
|Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises
|₹ 22,138
|0.459%
|-
|Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology
|₹ 21,937
|0.455%
|-
|Ministry of Power
|₹ 20,502
|0.425%
|-
|Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
|₹ 19,100
|0.396%
|-
|Ministry of Science and Technology
|₹ 16,628
|0.345%
|-
|Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas
|₹ 15,930
|0.330%
|-
|Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment
|₹ 14,225
|0.295%
|-
|Department of Space
|₹ 13,043
|0.271%
|-
|Ministry of Tribal Affairs
|₹ 13,000
|0.270%
|-
|Ministry of Commerce and Industry
|₹ 11,469
|0.238%
|-
|Ministry of Heavy Industries
|₹ 7,242
|0.150%
|-
|Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying
|₹ 7,138
|0.148%
|-
|Ministry of Law and Justice
|₹ 6,788
|0.141%
|-
|Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region
|₹ 5,900
|0.122%
|-
|Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation
|₹ 5,454
|0.113%
|-
|Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship
|₹ 4,520
|0.094%
|-
|Ministry of Textiles
|₹ 4,417
|0.092%
|-
|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting
|₹ 4,343
|0.090%
|-
|Ministry of AYUSH
|₹ 3,712
|0.077%
|-
|Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports
|₹ 3,442
|0.071%
|-
|Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change
|₹ 3,330
|0.069%
|-
|Ministry of Food Processing Industries
|₹ 3,290
|0.068%
|-
|Ministry of Culture
|₹ 3,261
|0.068%
|-
|Ministry of Minority Affairs
|₹ 3,183
|0.066%
|-
|Ministry of Earth Sciences
|₹ 3,065
|0.064%
|-
|Ministry of Corporate Affairs
|₹ 2,667
|0.055%
|-
|Ministry of Tourism
|₹ 2,480
|0.051%
|-
|Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions
|₹ 2,380
|0.049%
|-
|Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways
|₹ 2,377
|0.049%
|-
|Ministry of Civil Aviation
|₹ 2,357
|0.049%
|-
|Ministry of Mines
|₹ 1,941
|0.040%
|-
|The President, Parliament, Union Public Service Commission and the Secretariat of the Vice President
|₹ 1,885
|0.039%
|-
|Ministry of Panchayati Raj
|₹ 1,184
|0.025%
|-
|Ministry of Cooperation
|₹ 1,183
|0.025%
|-
|Ministry of Planning
|₹ 837
|0.017%
|-
|Ministry of Steel
|₹ 326
|0.007%
|-
|Ministry of Coal
|₹ 193
|0.004%
|-
|Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs
|₹ 64
|0.001%
|-
|'''Total'''
|'''₹ 4,820,512'''
|'''100%'''
|}

== See also ==

* [[Union budget of India]]
* [[2024 Interim-Union budget of India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.business-standard.com/budget/podcast/budget-2024-expectations-likely-announcements-by-sitharaman-on-july-5-119061400418_1.html "Budget 2024: Expectations, likely announcements by Sitharaman on 5 July"]
* [https://www.indiatoday.in/budget-2024/personal-finance/story/budget-2024-follow-these-simple-steps-to-reduce-your-taxable-income-under-new-rules-1549329-2024-06-15 "Budget 2024: Want to reduce your tax outgo?"]
{{Union budget of India}}
{{Economy of India}}

[[Category:Union budgets of India]]
[[Category:2024 in Indian economy]]

Dalgaon

2025-04-27T11:38:05Z

BonnieKoontz:

{{For|the train station named Dalgaon-DLO|Birpara}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dalgaon
| other_name = Dolgaon
| nickname =
| settlement_type = town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Assam#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Assam, India
| coordinates ={{coord|26|34|0|N|92|12|0|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Assam]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Darrang district|Darrang]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 48
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = 65
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 784116
| registration_plate = AS-13
| blank1_name_sec1 = Coastline
| blank1_info_sec1 = {{Convert|0|km|mi}}
| blank2_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Mangaldoi]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank3_info_sec1 = 1000/986 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| blank4_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank4_info_sec1 = 93.82%
| blank5_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank5_info_sec1 = Mangaldoi (Lok Sabha constituency)
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|Cool]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| blank2_name_sec2 = Avg. summer temperature
| blank2_info_sec2 = {{convert|34|°C|°F}}
| blank3_name_sec2 = Avg. winter temperature
| blank3_info_sec2 = {{convert|09|°C|°F}}
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Dalgaon''' is a town in the [[Darrang district]] of [[Assam]], [[India]].

==Geography==
It is located at an elevation of 48 m above MSL.<ref>[https://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/03/Dalgaon.html Map and weather of Dalgaon]</ref>

==Location==
[[NH 15|National Highway 15]] passes through Dalgaon.

==Politics==
Dalgaon is part of [[Mangaldoi (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.maplandia.com/india/assam/darrang-mangaldai/dalgaon/ Satellite map of Dalgaon]

[[Category:Cities and towns in Darrang district]]

Tube well

2025-03-20T02:50:11Z

BonnieKoontz: Improved wording and formatting

{{Short description|Type of groundwater well}}
{{One source|date=October 2020}}
{{Multiple image
| image1 = Tube well in India in 1968.jpg
| caption1 = A tube well for irrigating wheat
| image2 = Borehole tubewell.jpg
| caption2 = [[Borehole]] of a tube well
| image3 = Tube well.jpeg
| caption3 = Outlet to a temporary reservoir
| footer = A tubewell consists of a number of components, and can empty into a reservoir or field
| total_width = 200
| direction = vertical
}}
A '''tube well''' is a type of water [[well]] in which a long, {{convert|100|–|200|mm}}-wide, stainless steel tube or pipe is [[Borehole|bored]] underground. The lower end is fitted with a strainer, and a pump lifts water for [[irrigation]]. The required depth of the well depends on the depth of the [[water table]].

==History==
The tube well was invented and patented by British [[Hydrology|hydrologist]] John Norton in the 1860s. Versions of his tubewells were used during the [[British expedition to Abyssinia]] in 1868 to provide ground water for the advancing force. It proved so successful for the British that they became known as "Abyssinian wells" and were widely adopted in England and elsewhere for providing reliable water supplies.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mather |first1=John D. |last2=Rose |first2=Edward P.F. |title=Military aspects of hydrogeology: An introduction and overview |journal=Geological Society, London, Special Publications |date=2012 |volume=362 |issue= 1 |page=1-18 |doi=10.1144/SP362.1|bibcode=2012GSLSP.362....1M }}</ref>

==Components==
[[Image:rizwan tubewell.jpeg|thumb|300px|Diagram of a tube well.]]
===Temporary reservoir===
A small reservoir of water is made at the outlet of the tube well. This reservoir is used for different usage of water by the local population.

===Casing===
[[File:Borewell digging.ogv|thumb|Digging a borewell in Kerala, India]]

The tube well casing houses the inlet, cylinder, piston valves and rising main of a "down-the-hole" type hand pump. Casing to support the external surfaces of the borehole against collapse may be needed, either temporarily or permanently, and is often made of [[PVC pipe]], which has the advantages of being both cheap and inert.

Seepage down the tube well bore is prevented by the sanitary seal. Seepage from the ground above the aquifer is excluded by the lengths of plain casing. Water to be pumped is admitted through slots in the lower lengths of casing.

Water abstracted from aquifers in relatively soft ground usually contains sand or silt particles, which are liable to cause rapid wear to pump valves and cylinders (and dissatisfaction among consumers). Methods of preventing these particles from reaching the pump are of two general types, screening and sand/gravel packing.

==== Screening ====
In the simplest devices, slits are simply cut in the casing. More elaborate compact screens are available commercially; some can be bolted on to pump inlets. Materials used include woven wire and man-made fabric; the latter can be wrapped around the pump inlet assembly.

==== Sand/gravel packing ====
Graded sand and gravel may be placed from{{clarify|date=September 2020}} the top of the borehole. More compact, pre-bonded, packs of sand and/or gravel are available commercially; some of these can also form part of the pump inlet assembly. Sand and/or gravel packing is meant to eliminate particles from the water before they reach the screen which they would otherwise have passed through.

== Ground water safety ==
[[File:Tube well drinking water bottle Sri Lanka.jpg|thumb|Tube wells are a common source of bottled drinking water in some countries, such as Sri Lanka]]
The introduction of tube wells has led to major [[arsenic poisoning]] in Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Walsh|first=Bryan|date=2010-06-19|title=Study Says Arsenic Poisons Millions in Bangladesh—But They're Not the Only Ones|language=en-US|magazine=Time|url=https://science.time.com/2010/06/19/study-says-arsenic-poisons-millions-in-bangladesh%E2%80%94but-theyre-not-the-only-ones/|access-date=2021-10-08|issn=0040-781X}}</ref> High concentrations of arsenic occur naturally in the soil in some areas of Bangladesh.

==Advantages of tube well irrigation ==
* Makes groundwater available when the [[water table]] is fairly close to the surface.
* Able to irrigate a large area.
* More reliable than surface water during periods of drought.
* Suitable for [[small holding]]s.

==See also==

* [[Johad#Similar|Water conservation structures]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tube Well}}

[[Category:Water wells]]

Abapura

2025-03-11T00:00:00Z

BonnieKoontz: added some pg w/ sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{refimprove|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Abapura
| settlement_type = Town
| pushpin_map = Rajasthan
| coordinates = {{coord|23.4383443|N|74.5188207|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = Indian state
| subdivision_name1 = Rajasthan
| subdivision_type2 = Division
| subdivision_name2 = Udaipur
| subdivision_type3 = District
| subdivision_name3 = Banswara
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Gram Panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| population_total = 1,663
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Wagdi language|Wagri]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 327001
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 02962
| registration_plate = RJ-03
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 1110 female per 1000 males (higher than Rajasthan average of 888) [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
}}

'''Abapura''' is a village panchayat located in the [[Banswara district]] of the Indian state of [[Rajasthan]]. It belongs to [[Udaipur division|Udaipur Division]].<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2025 |title=Abapura Population - Banswara, Rajasthan |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/99111-abapura-rajasthan.html |website=census2011.co.in |publisher=Census Organization of India |access-date=March 10, 2025}}</ref>

== Geography ==
It is located 14 km south of District headquarters Banswara and 16 km from Banswara.

== Transport ==
The nearest railway station to Abapura is Bhairongarh which is located in and around 41.9 kilometer distance. Ratlam Jn Rail Way Station is a major station 60 km away.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Banswara district]]