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Vijay Hazare

2023-10-08T03:06:22Z

Bollywoodupdates147: date format audit, link maintenance, minor formatting

{{Short description|Former Indian cricketer (born 1915}}
{{more footnotes|date=June 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Vijay Hazare
| image =
| country = India
| fullname = Vijay Samuel Hazare
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1915|3|11|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Sangli]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2004|12|18|1915|3|11|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Vadodara]], [[Gujarat]], India
| nickname =
| heightft =
| heightinch =
| heightm =
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm medium pace
| role =
| family =
| international = true
| testdebutdate = 22 June
| testdebutyear = 1946
| testdebutagainst = England
| testcap = 28
| lasttestdate = 28 March
| lasttestyear = 1953
| lasttestagainst = West Indies
| club1 = [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]
| year1 = {{nowrap|1934–1942}}
| club2 = [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Central India]]
| year2 = 1935–1939
| club3 = [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]
| year3 = 1941–1961
| club4 = [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Holkar]]
| year4 = 1957–1958
| columns = 2
| column1 = [[Test cricket|Tests]]
| matches1 = 30
| runs1 = 2,192
| bat avg1 = 47.65
| 100s/50s1 = 7/9
| top score1 = 164*
| deliveries1 = 2,840
| wickets1 = 20
| bowl avg1 = 61.00
| fivefor1 = 0
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 4/29
| catches/stumpings1 = 11/–
| column2 = [[First-class cricket|First-class]]
| matches2 = 238
| runs2 = 18,740
| bat avg2 = 58.38
| 100s/50s2 = 60/73
| top score2 = 316*
| deliveries2 = 38,447
| wickets2 = 595
| bowl avg2 = 24.61
| fivefor2 = 27
| tenfor2 = 3
| best bowling2 = 8/90
| catches/stumpings2 = 166/–
| date = 22 October
| year = 2010
| source = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/0/748/748.html Cricket Archive
}}
'''Vijay Samuel Hazare''' {{audio|Vijay_Hazare.ogg|pronunciation}} (11 March 1915 – 18 December 2004) was an Indian [[cricket]]er. He [[Indian national cricket captains|captained]] [[India national cricket team|India]] in 14 matches between 1951 and 1953. In India's 25th Test match, nearly 20 years after India achieved Test status, he led India to its first ever [[Test cricket]] win (and the only victory under his captaincy) in 1951–52 against [[England cricket team|England]] at [[Chennai|Madras]], winning by an innings and eight runs in a match that began on the day that King [[George VI]] died. He received the [[C. K. Nayudu Lifetime Achievement Award]] in 1996, the highest honour bestowed by [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] on a former player.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |date=2013-12-18 |title=C.K. Nayudu award for Kapil Dev |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/ck-nayudu-award-for-kapil-dev/article5474173.ece |access-date=2023-04-25 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Early life ==
{{Expand section|date=October 2022}}
Hazare was born in [[Sangli]], into [[Marathi Christian]] family,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vijay Samuel Hazare, Vijay Hazare, Profile Vijay Samuel Hazare, Vijay Samuel Hazare Achievements, Indian Cricket Player|url=https://www.indianmirror.com/games/cricket/former-player-vijay.html|access-date=2022-01-03|website=indianmirror.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-03-11|title=15 Facts about Vijay Hazare: India's first post-war legend|url=https://www.crictracker.com/15-facts-vijay-hazare-indias-first-post-war-legend/|access-date=2022-01-03|website=CricTracker|language=en}}</ref> in the then [[Bombay Presidency]] of [[British Raj|British India]] in 1916, one of eight children of a school teacher.

== Career ==
Primarily a right-hand [[batsman]], Hazare was also a right-hand medium-pace [[Bowling (cricket)|bowler]]. A "shy, retiring" man (according to ''[[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack|Wisden]]'' in 1952), it was widely thought that he was not a natural captain and that his batting suffered as a result. His rival, [[Vijay Merchant]] said that the captaincy prevented Hazare from becoming India's finest batsman: "It was one of the tragedies of cricket."

Even so, Hazare's Test record is very respectable: he amassed 2,192 runs in 30 Test matches with a [[batting average (cricket)|batting average]] of 47.65. His first-class record is even more impressive, with a [[batting average (cricket)|batting average]] of 58.38 for his 18,740 runs. He scored 60 first-class centuries (including 7 in Tests), the fourth highest for an Indian player and 10 first-class double centuries (including six during [[World War II]], when India was the only Test cricket-playing country to continue holding its domestic first-class cricket competition without interruption).

His bowling record was more modest, and he took 595 first-class [[wicket]]s (including 19 in Tests, and [[Donald Bradman]]'s wicket three times) at a [[bowling average]] of 24.61. On the Indian domestic circuit, Hazare played for the [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]], [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Central India]] and [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]] teams.

Some of his notable achievements include:
*First Indian batsman to score a triple century in first-class cricket (considering [[KS Duleepsinhji]] as an English cricketer)
*First Indian to score two triple centuries:
**the first, his highest score, was 316 not out for Maharashtra against Poona in 1939–40
**the second was 309 out of 387 for [[The Rest cricket team|The Rest]] against [[Hindus cricket team|The Hindus]] at [[Bombay]] in 1943–44. Despite his innings, The Rest lost the match by an innings. It included a partnership of 300 with his brother, [[Vivek Hazare]]. Vijay scored 266 (88.6% of the partnership) of the 300 runs while Vivek contributed 21. Hazare scored 79.84% of his team's score, then a world record, and it is the second highest individual score in a losing cause. The Rest's total is the smallest completed innings to contain a triple century.
*First Indian to score a century in each [[innings]] of a Test match (116 and 145 on successive days against [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] in [[Adelaide]] in 1947–48, which was the same team that became known as ''[[The Invincibles (cricket)|The Invincibles]]'')
*Against [[England cricket team|England]] at [[Kanpur]] in 1951–52, Hazare also became the first Indian batsman to score a pair (a duck in both innings)
*First Indian player to score a century in three successive Test matches
*First Indian player to make fifty centuries in his first class career
*Highest partnership for any [[wicket]] in [[first-class cricket]] (577 [[Run (cricket)|run]]s with [[Gul Mahomed]] for Baroda against Holkar in the final of the [[Ranji Trophy]] at Baroda in 1947. This record stood for many years, and was only broken in 2006 by [[Kumar Sangakkara]] and [[Mahela Jayawardene]] who put on 624 for [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]] against [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]].
*First Indian player to complete 1000 Test Runs
[[File:Vijay Hazare graph.png|left|thumb|350px|Vijay Hazare's career performance graph.]]

In retirement, he was for a short while an Indian Test cricket selector. He has been honoured with a trophy in his name, the [[Vijay Hazare Trophy]], a zonal-cricket tournament in India. He died in December 2004 following prolonged illness caused by [[intestines|intestinal]] [[cancer]].

He and [[Jasu Patel]] were the first cricketers to be honoured with the [[Padma Shri]].

== Domestic cricket ==
Hazare was the leading run scorer of [[1939–40 Ranji Trophy]] season. His team Maharashtra won its first title in that season, they defeated [[United Province]] cricket team in the final at Poona (Now Pune).<ref>{{Cite web |title= The Home of CricketArchive|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_1939-40/Batting_by_Runs.html}}</ref> In [[1940–41 Ranji Trophy|1940–41]] Ranji trophy he made 100 in the final and took 2 wickets. Maharashtra won the that season by defeating [[Madras cricket team]] in the final. Since that season Maharashtra not able to won Ranji trophy again.<ref>{{Cite web |title= Ranji Trophy, 1941/42, Final |access-date=2023-03-31 |url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1940S/1940-41/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/MADRAS_MAHA_RJI-FINAL_07-09MAR1941.html}}</ref>

== Legacy ==

* Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) named its primer one-day domestic cricket championship after Hazare as, [[Vijay Hazare Trophy]].
*Received BCCI's [[C. K. Nayudu Lifetime Achievement Award]] in 1996.<ref name=":5" />
{{clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*Obituary, ''[[The Times]]'', 20 December 2004, page 44
*[http://ind.cricinfo.com/db/PLAYERS/IND/H/HAZARE_VS_06000748/ Cricinfo Player Profile : Vijay Samuel Hazare]
*[http://www.rediff.com/cricket/2004/dec/18fact.htm rediff.com Factfile – Vijay Hazare]
*[http://vijayhazare.blogspot.com Vijay Hazare photos and articles]
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/other_international/india/4107409.stm Former Indian captain Hazare dies] ([[BBC]], 18 December 2004)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20041229203053/http://www.hindu.com/2004/12/19/stories/2004121902201900.htm Obituary] (''[[The Hindu]]'', 19 December 2004)
*[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,60-1409648,00.html Obituary] (''[[The Times]]'', 20 December 2004)
*[http://sport.guardian.co.uk/cricket/story/0,10069,1377224,00.html Obituary] (''[[The Guardian]]'', 20 December 2004)

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
|before=[[Lala Amarnath]]
|title=[[Indian National Test Cricket Captains|Indian National Test Cricket Captain]]| years=1951/2–1952
|after=[[Lala Amarnath]] |
}}
{{succession box
|before=[[Lala Amarnath]]
|title=[[Indian National Test Cricket Captains|Indian National Test Cricket Captain]]| years=1952/3
|after=[[Vinoo Mankad]] |
}}
{{s-end}}
{{Indian Test Cricket Captains}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hazare, Vijay}}
[[Category:India Test cricketers]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:India Test cricket captains]]
[[Category:Baroda cricketers]]
[[Category:Commonwealth XI cricketers]]
[[Category:Central India cricketers]]
[[Category:Maharashtra cricketers]]
[[Category:West Zone cricketers]]
[[Category:The Rest cricketers]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in sports]]
[[Category:People from Sangli]]
[[Category:Deaths from colorectal cancer]]
[[Category:1915 births]]
[[Category:2004 deaths]]
[[Category:India national cricket team selectors]]

Harshal Patel

2023-10-05T01:47:01Z

Bollywoodupdates147: date format audit, link maintenance, minor formatting

{{short description|Indian cricketer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Harshal Patel
| image =
| country = India
| fullname = Harshal Vikram Patel
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1990|11|23|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Sanand]], [[Gujarat]], India
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]]
| role = [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowler]]
| height = 1.75 m
| nickname = Purple Patel
| club1 = [[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]
| year1 = 2009–2011
| club2 = [[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]
| year2 = 2011–present
| club3 = [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
| year3 = 2012–2017
| clubnumber3 =
| club4 = [[Delhi Daredevils]]
| year4 = 2018–2020
| clubnumber4 = 13
| club5 = [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
| year5 = 2021–present
| clubnumber5 = 9
| columns = 3
| column1 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches1 = 67
| runs1 = 1,386
| bat avg1 = 15.75
| 100s/50s1 = 0/5
| top score1 = 83
| deliveries1 = 10,853
| wickets1 = 232
| bowl avg1 = 23.69
| fivefor1 = 12
| tenfor1 = 4
| best bowling1 = 8/34
| catches/stumpings1 = 27/0
| column2 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches2 = 60
| runs2 = 645
| bat avg2 = 16.53
| 100s/50s2 = 0/3
| top score2 = 69
| deliveries2 = 2,572
| wickets2 = 185
| bowl avg2 = 26.77
| fivefor2 = 11
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 7/21
| catches/stumpings2 = 13/0
| column3 = [[Twenty20|T20]]
| matches3 = 134
| runs3 = 981
| bat avg3 = 16.91
| 100s/50s3 = 0/3
| top score3 = 82
| deliveries3 = 2,800
| wickets3 = 162
| bowl avg3 = 23.00
| fivefor3 = 1
| tenfor3 = 0
| best bowling3 = 5/27
| catches/stumpings3 = 27/0

| international = true
| internationalspan = 2021–2023
| oneodi =
| odidebutdate =
| odidebutyear =
| odidebutagainst =
| odicap =
| lastodidate =
| lastodiyear =
| lastodiagainst =

| T20Idebutdate = 19 November
| T20Idebutyear = 2021
| T20Idebutagainst = New Zealand
| T20Icap = 94
| T20Ishirt = 36
| lastT20Iagainst = Sri Lanka
| lastT20Idate = 3 January
| lastT20Iyear = 2023

| date = 3 January 2023
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/390481.html Cricinfo
}}
'''Harshal Patel''' (born 23 November 1990) is an Indian international [[cricket]]er who plays for the [[India national cricket team|Indian cricket Team]]. He plays for [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] in the [[Indian Premier League]] and [[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]] in the domestic cricket. Patel made his international debut on 19 November 2021 against New Zealand.

==Early life==
A right-arm seamer with an effective slower ball, Patel took 23 wickets at an impressive average of in the 2008-09 Under-19 [[Vinoo Mankad Trophy]]. He later made his one-day debut for Gujarat in 2009–10. Harshal's family had planned to move to USA, but his brother Tapan Patel saw to it that he stayed on in India for the sake of his cricket. Harshal was named in the squad for the [[2010 Under-19 Cricket World Cup|2010 U-19 World Cup]] in [[New Zealand]]. He was among three players from that squad to bag an IPL contract, with [[Mumbai Indians]]. Ignored by the Gujarat selectors for the first-class side, Harshal moved to Haryana and made an immediate impact in his debut Ranji Trophy season in [[2011–12 Ranji Trophy|2011–12]], running through Karnataka and Rajasthan with consecutive eight-fors in the quarter-final and semi-final. He was given a contract by the [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] in the [[2012 Indian Premier League]].<ref>
[http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/390481.html Cricinfo Profile] Cricinfo. Retrieved 1 February 2012</ref>

==Career==

Patel debuted immediately against Delhi and then finally rose to fame when he took a five-for in a flat batting track in [[Bangalore]]. He backed up an incisive opening spell and wrapped up the tail by taking 3/9 in this last 4.5 overs.<ref>
[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ranji-trophy-elite-2011/content/story/547745.html Karnataka's tormentor Harshal Patel keen to improve] Cricinfo. Retrieved 1 February 2012</ref>

Patel followed up that performance by taking eight wickets for just 34 runs in the next game against defending champions Rajasthan. The opponents were bowled out for 89 and the day finished even with Haryana at 84/8.<ref>
[http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/548849.html Game even after day of 18 wickets] Cricinfo. Retrieved 1 February 2012</ref> He became the first Haryana player since 1991 to catch the selectorial eyes with his performances.

In the [[2012 IPL auction]], Patel was bought by the Royal Challengers Bangalore.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Harshal Patel profile and biography, stats, records, averages, photos and videos|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/player/harshal-patel-390481|access-date=2021-04-09|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref> In January 2018, Patel was bought by the [[Delhi Daredevils]] (now [[Delhi Capitals]]) in the [[List of 2018 Indian Premier League personnel changes|2018 IPL auction]].<ref name="IPL2018">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/22218394/ipl-2018-player-auction-list-sold-unsold-players |title=List of sold and unsold players |access-date=27 January 2018 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> In January 2021, Patel was traded by the [[Delhi Capitals]] to the [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] prior to the fourteenth season of [[Indian Premier League|IPL]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=IPL 2021: Delhi Capitals Trade Harshal Patel, Daniel Sams To Royal Challengers Bangalore {{!}} Cricket News|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/ipl-2021-delhi-capitals-trade-daniel-sams-harshal-patel-to-royal-challengers-bangalore-2355546|access-date=2021-01-22|website=NDTVSports.com|language=en}}</ref>

On 9 April 2021, in the first match of [[IPL 2021]] while playing for the Royal Challengers Bangalore, Patel took 5 wicket-haul (5-27) against the [[Mumbai Indians]]. Harshal Patel is first bowler to claim a 5-wicket haul against Mumbai Indians in IPL.<ref>{{Cite web |first1=Rajarshi |last1=Gupta |date=9 April 2021 |title=IPL 2021: |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/ipl-2021/story/ipl-2021-rcb-pacer-harshal-patel-creates-history-1st-bowler-to-take-5-wicket-haul-vs-mumbai-indians-1789245-2021-04-09|access-date=2021-08-29|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> This is his best bowling figures in the IPL and he also became the first ever player to take a 5 wicket-haul against the Mumbai Indians in the IPL.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-09|title=Twitter flooded with memes after Harshal Patel's 3 wickets in last over, maiden five-for in MI vs RCB IPL 2021 match|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/harshal-patel-sets-twitter-on-fire-with-3-wickets-in-last-over-maiden-five-for-in-mi-vs-rcb-ipl-2021-match-101617987005176.html|access-date=2021-04-09|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> His 5 wicket-haul also became the third best bowling figures by an uncapped Indian player in the IPL.<ref>{{Cite web|title=IPL 2021: RCB pacer Harshal Patel creates history, 1st bowler to take 5-wicket haul vs Mumbai Indians|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/sports/ipl-2021/story/ipl-2021-rcb-pacer-harshal-patel-creates-history-1st-bowler-to-take-5-wicket-haul-vs-mumbai-indians-1789245-2021-04-09|access-date=2021-04-09|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

On 25 April 2021, in the same IPL season, Patel bowled the joint most expensive over in history of IPL.<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 April 2021|title=Ravindra Jadeja smashes Harshal Patel for record-equalling 37 runs in an over|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/ipl/ravindra-jadeja-37-runs-record-ipl-over-harshal-patel-7288617/|url-status=|access-date=2021-05-07|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> While playing against CSK, Patel gave away 37 runs in the 20th over while bowling to [[Ravindra Jadeja]] (6, 6, N6, 6, 2, 6, 4).<ref>{{cite news |title=IPL 2021: Sir Jadeja breathtaking Allround performance breaks RCB's winning streak |url=https://criketon.in/ipl-2021/ipl-2021-sir-jadeja-breathtaking-allround/ |access-date=25 April 2021 |agency=CriketON}}</ref>

On 26 September 2021, playing against [[Mumbai Indians]], Patel became the third bowler to take a [[hat-trick]], after [[Praveen Kumar]] and [[Samuel Badree]] for [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]], taking the wickets of [[Hardik Pandya]], [[Kieron Pollard]] and [[Rahul Chahar]], finishing with the figures of 4/17 in 3.1 overs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/royal-challengers-bangalore-vs-mumbai-indians-highlights-harshal-patel-takes-hat-trick-as-virat-kohlis-rcb-crush-rohit-sharmas-mi-by-54-runs/articleshow/86537469.cms|title=Royal Challengers Bangalore vs Mumbai Indians Highlights: Harshal Patel takes hat-trick as Virat Kohli's RCB crush Rohit Sharma's MI by 54 runs|work=The Times of India|access-date=2021-10-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/ipl-2021/ipl-2021-rcb-vs-mi-outstanding-use-of-variation-twitter-applauds-harshal-patel-after-hat-trick-vs-mumbai-indians-2555315|title="Outstanding Use of Variation": Twitter Applauds Harshal Patel After Hat-Trick vs Mumbai Indians|work=NDTV Sports|access-date=2021-10-07}}</ref> On 13 October 2021,Harshal was selected among 8 net bowlers for [[India national cricket team]] for [[ICC Men's T20 World Cup|ICC Men's T20 world cup.]]

By the end of [[2021 Indian Premier League|IPL 2021]], Patel ended with 32 wickets, making him the highest Indian wicket taker in a single season and joint-most with [[Dwayne Bravo]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=IPLT20.com – Indian Premier League Official Website|url=https://www.iplt20.com/stats/2021/most-wickets|access-date=2021-10-22|website=iplt20.com|language=en}}</ref>

In November 2021, he was named in India's [[Twenty20 International]] (T20I) squad for their series [[New Zealand cricket team in India in 2021–22|against New Zealand]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/rohit-sharma-to-captain-india-in-t20is-against-new-zealand-1288508 |title=Rohit Sharma to captain India in T20Is against New Zealand |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 November 2021}}</ref> He made his T20I debut on 19 November 2021, for India against [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1278672.html |title=2nd T20I (N), Ranchi, Nov 19 2021, New Zealand tour of India |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> He took two wickets and was named as the player of the match.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/new-zealand-in-india-2021-22-1278658/india-vs-new-zealand-2nd-t20i-1278672/match-report |title=Harshal, openers sparkle as India pocket T20I series |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> He also followed with another fruitful two wicket haul to end the series with four scalps in two appearances.

In the [[2022 IPL Auction|2022 IPL auction]], Patel was bought by the [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] for ₹10.75 crores.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-auction/ipl-auction-2022-live-updates-day-1/article38413730.ece |access-date=12 February 2022 |title= PL Auction 2022 live updates}}</ref> He briefly left the bio-bubble following the death of his sister.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IPL 2022: Harshal Patel's sister dies, RCB pacer leaves for home after win against Mumbai Indians |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/ipl-2022/story/ipl-2022-harshal-patel-s-sister-dies-rcb-pacer-leaves-for-home-after-win-against-mumbai-indians-1935690-2022-04-10 |access-date=2022-04-10 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

In June 2022, he was named in India's squad for their T20I series [[Indian cricket team in Ireland in 2022|against Ireland]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ire-vs-india-hardik-pandya-to-captain-india-in-ireland-t20is-rahul-tripathi-gets-maiden-call-up-1320109 |title=Hardik Pandya to captain India in Ireland T20Is; Rahul Tripathi gets maiden call-up |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=15 June 2022}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Twitter}}

{{Royal Challengers Bangalore squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patel, Harshal}}
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:India Twenty20 International cricketers]]
[[Category:Haryana cricketers]]
[[Category:Gujarati people]]
[[Category:Royal Challengers Bangalore cricketers]]
[[Category:Gujarat cricketers]]
[[Category:North Zone cricketers]]
[[Category:Delhi Capitals cricketers]]

Hisham ibn Amr al-Taghlibi

2023-10-04T07:28:03Z

Bollywoodupdates147: Created page with '{{short description|Abbasid governor of Sindh}} '''Hisham ibn Amr al-Taghlibi''' was the governor of the Abbasid Vilayet As-Sindh. He was appointed in 768 by Caliph al-Mansur.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pparihar.com/2018/12/29/how-samgramaraja-of-kashmir-repulsed-attacks-of-mahmud-of-ghazni/|title=How Samgramaraja of Kashmir Repulsed Attacks of Mahmud of Ghazni|date=December 29, 2018|author=Sanatan Dharm|accessdate=September...'

{{short description|Abbasid governor of Sindh}}
'''Hisham ibn Amr al-Taghlibi''' was the governor of the [[Sind (caliphal province)|Abbasid Vilayet As-Sindh]]. He was appointed in 768 by Caliph [[al-Mansur]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pparihar.com/2018/12/29/how-samgramaraja-of-kashmir-repulsed-attacks-of-mahmud-of-ghazni/|title=How Samgramaraja of Kashmir Repulsed Attacks of Mahmud of Ghazni|date=December 29, 2018|author=Sanatan Dharm|accessdate=September 29, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929014115/https://pparihar.com/2018/12/29/how-samgramaraja-of-kashmir-repulsed-attacks-of-mahmud-of-ghazni/|archive-date=September 29, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>

He got the [[Muslim]] [[Sufism|Sufi]] leader [[Abdullah al-Ashtar]], along with his ten companions killed near the city of Al-Mansoorah, at the hands of his brother, Safanj bin Amr Al-Taghlibi. He also recovered Abdullah's son, Muhammad, and sent him back to the Caliph.

Hisham made an unsuccessful attempt at subjugating Kashmir. Though he reached as far as the southern slopes of [[the Himalayas]], he failed to enter and occupy the valley. He conquered some parts of [[Qandhar]] and [[Kashmir]].

Al-Mansur was impressed by his military and administrative skills and handed the affairs of [[Kerman]] in Iran to him. He dispatched a delegation to al-Mansur consisting of intellectual and political personalities of Sindh. Among them was a Sindhi scholar who presented to the Caliph a book, namely "Sidhant", which was also called "Al-sind Hind".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/uoc/PDF-FILES/(13)%20Dr.%20Moqeet%20Javed%2085-4.pdf|title=Arab rule in Pakistan (A Historical Study of the Abbasid period)|author=Dr. Moqeet Javed|accessdate=September 29, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929013045/http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/uoc/PDF-FILES/%2813%29%20Dr.%20Moqeet%20Javed%2085-4.pdf|archive-date=September 29, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Abbasid governors of Sind]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:8th-century Arab people]]

Shiv Sunder Das

2023-09-30T12:38:42Z

Bollywoodupdates147: date format audit, minor formatting

{{Short description|Indian cricketer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Siba Sundar Das
| honorific_prefix =
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| full_name =
| birth_date = {{birth-date and age|5 November 1977}}
| birth_place = [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nickname =
| height =
| heightft =
| heightinch =
| heightcm =
| heightm =
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm medium
| role = Batsman
| website =
| international =
| country = India
| club1 =
| year1 = 
| clubnumber1 =

| columns = 4
| column1 = [[Test cricket|Test]]
| matches1 = 23
| runs1 = 1,326
| bat avg1 = 34.89
| 100s/50s1 = 2/9
| top score1 = 110
| deliveries1 = 66
| wickets1 = 0
| bowl avg1 = –
| fivefor1 = –
| tenfor1 = –
| best bowling1 = –
| catches/stumpings1 = 34/–

| column2 = [[One Day International|ODI]]
| matches2 = 4
| runs2 = 39
| bat avg2 = 13.00
| 100s/50s2 = 0/0
| top score2 = 30
| deliveries2 = –
| wickets2 = –
| bowl avg2 = –
| fivefor2 = –
| tenfor2 = –
| best bowling2 = –
| catches/stumpings2 = 0/–

| column3 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches3 = 180
| runs3 = 10,908
| bat avg3 = 38.68
| 100s/50s3 = 24/52
| top score3 = 300*
| deliveries3 = 382
| wickets3 = 4
| bowl avg3 = 48.50
| fivefor3 = 0
| tenfor3 = 0
| best bowling3 = 1/0
| catches/stumpings3 = 159/–

| column4 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches4 = 81
| runs4 = 2,421
| bat avg4 = 32.71
| 100s/50s4 = 4/13
| top score4 = 133*
| deliveries4 = 190
| wickets4 = 0
| bowl avg4 = –
| fivefor4 = –
| tenfor4 = –
| best bowling4 = –
| catches/stumpings4 = 22/–
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/28010.html Cricinfo
| date = 23 January
| year = 2019
}}

'''Shiv Sunder Das''' {{audio|Shiv Sunder Das.ogg|pronunciation}} (born 5 November 1977) is an Indian [[cricket]]er and 3rd player from [[Odisha cricket team|Odisha]] to represent [[India national cricket team|India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/sports/crickets-lost-talents-shiv-sunder-das-3rd-player-from-orissa-to-play-for-india/1324077|title=Cricket's Lost Talents! Shiv Sunder Das: 3rd player from Orissa to play for India|date=2018-07-29|website=Freepressjournal : Latest Indian news,Live updates|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-23}}</ref> He is a right-handed opening batsman. In [[first-class cricket]] he played for [[Odisha cricket team|Odisha]]. Das was selected in 2000 for the first intake of the [[National Cricket Academy]] in [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{cite news|first = Partab| last = Ramchand| title= First list of NCA trainees|url = http://feedsuk.cricinfo.com/link_to_database/ARCHIVE/CRICKET_NEWS/2000/APR/029816_CI_15APR2000.html| publisher = [[ESPNcricinfo]]| date = 2000-04-15| accessdate = 2007-02-08}}</ref> He proceeded to make his Test debut later that year.

== International career ==
Considered the answer to India's search for a genuine [[Test cricket|Test]] opener, Das was selected for the 2002 tour of [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]] but after failing to score a fifty during the tour, he was dropped from the Test XI in the subsequent tour of [[England cricket team|England]], and has not played for India since.<ref name="OTD">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/149204.html |title=India's golden boy |accessdate=7 November 2017 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|date=5 November 2006 }}</ref>
Das represented India in 23 Test matches and scored 1,326 runs at an average of 34.89, hitting two centuries – both of them against [[Zimbabwe cricket team|Zimbabwe]].<ref name="OTD"/> He was awarded the Man of the Series award during this tour to Zimbabwe, in 2001. Das then hit 250 in a first-class match against [[Essex CCC|Essex]] during India's tour to England in 2002. In [[first class cricket]], Das now retired in domestic competitions and currently batting coach of India national women cricket team<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aajtak.intoday.in/story/shiv-sunder-das-story-of-a-promising-test-opener-1-786366.html|title=शिव सुंदर दासः एक होनहार सलामी बल्लेबाज की कहानी|website=aajtak.intoday.in|date=5 November 2014 |language=hi|access-date=2019-01-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/shiv-sunder-das-happy-with-my-career-and-have-no-regrets/article22763073.ece|title=Shiv Sunder Das: 'Happy with my career and have no regrets'|last=Chidananda|first=Shreedutta|website=Sportstar|date=15 February 2018 |language=en|access-date=2019-01-23}}</ref>

== Coaching career ==
Back in 2016, he was training the boys in the U-16 & U-19 camp in Dimapur and Shillong Before taking coach role for a senior side.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bcci.tv/news/2016/domestic-interview/13496/happy-to-be-part-of-coaching-camp-for-ne-boys-shiv-sunder-das|title=Happy to be part of coaching camp for NE boys: Shiv Sunder Das – News – BCCI.tv|website=bcci.tv|language=en|access-date=2019-01-23}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107151129/http://www.bcci.tv/news/2016/domestic-interview/13496/happy-to-be-part-of-coaching-camp-for-ne-boys-shiv-sunder-das |date=7 November 2018 }}</ref>
Shiv sunder Das was appointed as the coach of the [[Barbados national cricket team]] by the [[West Indies Cricket Board]] in 2017.He replaced the former India cricketer [[Debashish Mohanty|Debasish Mohanty]] as the head coached Barbados cricket team.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.crictracker.com/shiv-sundar-das-appointed-as-the-coach-of-barbados-team/|title=Shiv Sundar Das appointed as the coach of Barbados Team|date=2017-08-24|website=CricTracker|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-23}}{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
In August 2018, he was appointed as the coach of [[Manipur cricket team]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/24532976/bcci-eases-entry-new-domestic-teams-logistical-challenges-emerge |title=BCCI eases entry for new domestic teams as logistical challenges emerge |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|accessdate=31 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cricketaddictor.com/cricket/shiv-sunder-das-to-coach-manipur-during-ranji-trophy-2018/|title=Shiv Sunder Das to Coach Manipur During Ranji Trophy 2018|date=2018-08-29|website=cricketaddictor|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-23}}</ref> He was ruled out as National Selector due to the 'Retirement date' criteria because his retirement from all formats was not completed 5 years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/ss-das-selector-india-retirement-date-criteria-ruled-out-bcci-3047112/|title=SS Das was to be India selector, but 'retirement date' criteria ruled him out|date=2016-09-24|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-01-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/cricket/retirement-criteria-ruled-shiv-sunder-das-out-reckoning-national-selector/|title=Retirement criteria ruled Shiv Sunder Das out of reckoning as national selector|date=2016-09-24|website=sportskeeda.com|language=en|access-date=2019-01-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/domestic/shiv-sundar-das-this-is-a-challenge-for-me/article19567088.ece|title=Shiv Sundar Das: This is a challenge for me|last=Acharya|first=Shayan|website=Sportstar|date=26 August 2017 |language=en|access-date=2019-01-23}}</ref> In 2021, he has been named as the batting coach of the [[India women's national cricket team|Indian women's team]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Test opener Shiv Sunder Das named India Women batting coach|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/former-test-opener-shiv-sunder-das-named-india-women-batting-coach-1263330|access-date=2021-05-17|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{ESPNcricinfo|id=28010}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Das, Shiv Sundar}}
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:India One Day International cricketers]]
[[Category:India Test cricketers]]
[[Category:East Zone cricketers]]
[[Category:Odisha cricketers]]
[[Category:Vidarbha cricketers]]
[[Category:Indian cricket coaches]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Bhubaneswar]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Odisha]]

{{India-cricket-bio-1970s-stub}}

Bishan Singh Bedi

2023-08-12T16:53:42Z

Bollywoodupdates147: category:Articles with missing files

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 1946)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = B.S. Bedi
| image =
| country = India
| fullname = Bishan Singh Bedi
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1946|9|25|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Amritsar, Punjab]], India
| nickname = Bishu
| heightft =
| heightinch =
| heightm =
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = [[Slow left-arm orthodox]]
| role = [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowler]]
| family = [[Angad Bedi]] (son) [[Neha Dhupia]] (daughter-in-law)
| international = true
| testdebutdate = 31 December
| testdebutyear = 1966
| testdebutagainst = West Indies
| testcap = 113
| lasttestdate = 30 August
| lasttestyear = 1979
| lasttestagainst = England

| odidebutdate = 13 July
| odidebutyear = 1974
| odidebutagainst = England
| odicap = 2
| lastodidate = 16 June
| lastodiyear = 1979
| lastodiagainst = Sri Lanka
| odishirt =
| club2 = [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]
| year2 = 1968–1981
| club3 = [[Northamptonshire County Cricket Club|Northamptonshire]]
| year3 = 1972–1977
| club1 = [[Northern Punjab cricket team|Northern Punjab]]
| year1 = 1961–1967
| columns = 4
| column1 = [[Test cricket|Test]]
| matches1 = 67
| runs1 = 656
| bat avg1 = 8.98
| 100s/50s1 = 0/1
| top score1 = 50[[not out|*]]
| deliveries1 = 21,364
| wickets1 = 266
| bowl avg1 = 28.71
| fivefor1 = 14
| tenfor1 = 1
| best bowling1 = 7/98
| catches/stumpings1 = 26/–
| column2 = [[One Day International|ODI]]
| matches2 = 10
| runs2 = 31
| bat avg2 = 6.20
| 100s/50s2 = 0/0
| top score2 = 13
| deliveries2 = 590
| wickets2 = 7
| bowl avg2 = 48.57
| fivefor2 = 0
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 2/44
| catches/stumpings2 = 4/–
| column3 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches3 = 370
| runs3 = 3,584
| bat avg3 = 11.37
| 100s/50s3 = 0/7
| top score3 = 61
| deliveries3 = 90,315
| wickets3 = 1,560
| bowl avg3 = 21.69
| fivefor3 = 106
| tenfor3 = 20
| best bowling3 = 7/5
| catches/stumpings3 = 172/–
| column4 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches4 = 72
| runs4 = 218
| bat avg4 = 6.81
| 100s/50s4 = 0/0
| top score4 = 24[[not out|*]]
| deliveries4 = 3,686
| wickets4 = 71
| bowl avg4 = 29.39
| fivefor4 = 1
| tenfor4 = 0
| best bowling4 = 5/30
| catches/stumpings4 = 21/–
| date = 9 November
| year = 2014
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/canada/content/player/26875.html ESPNCricinfo
|internationalspan=1966–1979}}

'''Bishan Singh Bedi'''; born 25 September 1946) is a former Indian [[cricket]]er who was primarily a [[left-arm orthodox spin|slow left-arm orthodox]] bowler. He played [[Test cricket]] for [[Indian cricket team|India]] from 1966 to 1979 and formed part of the famous [[Indian spin quartet]]. He played a total of 67 Tests and took 266 wickets. He also [[captain (cricket)|captained]] the national side in 22 Test matches. Bedi wore a colourful [[patka]] and has always been known for his outspoken and forthright views on cricketing matters. He was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] award in 1970 and the [[C. K. Nayudu Lifetime Achievement Award]] in 2004.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |date=2013-12-18 |title=C.K. Nayudu award for Kapil Dev |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/ck-nayudu-award-for-kapil-dev/article5474173.ece |access-date=2023-04-25 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Playing career ==
[[File:Major Ahluwalia with Mr. Bishan Singh Bedi.jpg|thumb|Bishan Singh Bedi(on the left) with Major Ahluwalia.|300x300px]]In Indian domestic cricket, Bedi first played for [[Northern Punjab cricket team|Northern Punjab]] when only fifteen, having taken up cricket only two years previously, a particularly late age for this sport.<ref>Trevor Bailey, Richie Benaud, Colin Cowdrey and Jim Laker, The Lord's Taverners Fifty Greatest, Heinemann-Quixote, 1983</ref> He moved to [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]] in 1968–69 and in the [[1974–75 Indian cricket season|1974–75 season]] of the [[Ranji Trophy]], he took a record 64 wickets. Bedi also represented [[Northamptonshire County Cricket Club|Northamptonshire]] in English [[county cricket]] for many years. He finished his career with 1560 wickets in [[first-class cricket]]—more than any other Indian.

His bowling has been described as graceful, even beautiful, and full of guile and artistry.<ref>D.J. Rutnagur, ''The Barclays World of Cricket'', Willow Books 1986</ref> He was an expert in [[Flighting (cricket)|flighting]] the ball, and was capable of making it hold it back or hurry forward and added subtle variations of spin. His action was so relaxed and coordinated that he was able to bowl all day with rhythm and control, a great asset to any captain. He had several very successful Test series:<ref name="ReferenceA">Peter Arnold, ''The Illustrated Encyclopedia of World Cricket'', WH Smith 1985</ref>
* India vs Australia 1969–70: 21 wickets at the average of 20.57<ref>{{Cite news|date=2001-02-20|title=India v Australia 1969/70|language=en-GB|publisher=[[BBC]]|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/in_depth/2001/india_v_australia/1163845.stm|url-status=live|access-date=2020-11-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109175526/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/in_depth/2001/india_v_australia/1163845.stm|archive-date=9 November 2020}}</ref>
* India vs England 1972–73: 25 wickets at the average of 25.28<ref>{{Cite web|title=England tour of India 1972/73 – Cricket Scores, Match Schedules, Points, News, Results {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/_/id/17240/england-tour-of-india-1972-73|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029000939/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/_/id/17240/england-tour-of-india-1972-73|archive-date=29 October 2020|access-date=2020-11-09|website=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>
* I[[Indian cricket team in the West Indies in 1975–76|ndia in the West Indies 1975–1976]] : 18 wickets at the average of 25.33<ref>{{Cite web|title=India tour of West Indies 1975/76 – Cricket Scores, Match Schedules, Points, News, Results {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/_/id/17178/india-tour-of-west-indies-1975-76|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815105332/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/_/id/17178/india-tour-of-west-indies-1975-76|archive-date=15 August 2020|access-date=2020-11-09|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>
* I[[New Zealand cricket team in India in 1976–77|ndia vs New Zealand 1976–77]]: 22 wickets at the average of 13.18<ref>{{Cite web|title=New Zealand tour of India 1976/77 – Cricket Scores, Match Schedules, Points, News, Results {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/_/id/17162/new-zealand-tour-of-india-1976-77|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411193029/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/_/id/17162/new-zealand-tour-of-india-1976-77|archive-date=11 April 2020|access-date=2020-11-09|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>
* [[English cricket team in India and Sri Lanka in 1976–77|India vs England 1976–77]]: 25 wickets at the average of 22.96<ref>{{Cite web|title=England tour of India 1976/77 – Cricket Scores, Match Schedules, Points, News, Results {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/_/id/17160/england-tour-of-india-1976-77|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327155129/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/_/id/17160/england-tour-of-india-1976-77|archive-date=27 March 2020|access-date=2020-11-09|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Indian cricket team in Australia in 1977–78|India in Australia 1977–78]]: 31 wickets at the average of 23.87<ref>{{Cite web|title=India in Australia, 1977/78|url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1970S/1977-78/IND_IN_AUS/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181228224734/http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1970S/1977-78/IND_IN_AUS/|archive-date=28 December 2018|access-date=2020-11-09|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

His best Test bowling was 7/98 against Australia at Calcutta in 1969–70, and his best match figures 10/194 at Perth in 1977–78, also against Australia.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> His best first class bowling was 7/5 for Delhi vs Jammu and Kashmir at New Delhi 1974–75.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> Although his batting was poor he hit a boundary off the second last ball in the [[Friends Provident Trophy|Gillette Cup]] Semi Final for [[Northamptonshire]] vs [[Hampshire]], winning the match by two wickets.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> His highest score of 50 not out, his only half century at Test level, was scored against New Zealand in Kanpur in 1976.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Full Scorecard of India vs New Zealand 2nd Test 1976 – Score Report {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/17162/scorecard/63172/india-vs-new-zealand-2nd-test-new-zealand-tour-of-india-1976-77|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200524212743/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/17162/scorecard/63172/india-vs-new-zealand-2nd-test-new-zealand-tour-of-india-1976-77|archive-date=24 May 2020|access-date=2020-11-09|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|language=en}}</ref>

Bedi was appointed captain of India in 1976, succeeding [[Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi]]. His first Test victory as captain was against the [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]] at Port-of-Spain in the 3rd Test of the 1976 series in which India scored a then-record 406 in the fourth innings.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Full Scorecard of West Indies vs India 3rd Test 1976 – Score Report {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/17178/scorecard/63161/west-indies-vs-india-3rd-test-india-tour-of-west-indies-1975-76|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921020333/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/17178/scorecard/63161/west-indies-vs-india-3rd-test-india-tour-of-west-indies-1975-76|archive-date=21 September 2020|access-date=2020-11-09|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref> This was followed up by a 2–0 series victory over New Zealand at home. However, after successive Test series losses to England (3–1 at home), Australia (3–2 away) and Pakistan (2–0 away), he was replaced as captain by [[Sunil Gavaskar]].

Bedi is second to [[Lance Gibbs]] in terms of maiden overs per test, 16.35 against 16.62. He has bowled 4.2 maiden overs per wicket as against 4.24 by Gibbs.

In 2008, [[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack]] named Bedi as one of the five best cricketers to have not been selected as a [[Wisden Cricketer of the Year]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Scyld|first=Berry|date=2009-03-18|title=Never a cricketer of the year|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/395673.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921040926/https://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/395673.html|archive-date=21 September 2020|access-date=2020-11-09|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

He said that he has always washed his own clothes, calling it "the best exercise for your shoulders and fingers", when pointing out that spin bowling requires suppleness of limbs.<ref name="content-uk.cricinfo.com">{{Cite web|date=February 2002|title=Chucking is a bigger threat than bribing or betting|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/23061543/chucking-bigger-threat-bribing-betting|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305163310/http://www.espncricinfo.com/srilanka/content/story/225767.html|archive-date=5 March 2016|access-date=2020-11-09|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>

== Controversy ==

As captain of India, Bedi was involved in some controversies.

Following India's record-breaking run-chase in the 3rd Test of the 1976 series against the West Indies, the West Indies opted for an aggressive four-man [[fast bowling|fast bowler]] attack for the 4th Test. Bedi objected to their tactics of bowling beamers because they couldn't get Indian batsmen out, and [[declaration and forfeiture|declared]] the Indian first innings closed early after two players were forced to [[retired hurt (cricket)|retire hurt]]. Subsequently, five players were absent hurt in the second innings of the match.<ref>{{cite web|title=4th Test: West Indies v India at Kingston, 21–25 April 1976|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1970S/1975-76/IND_IN_WI/IND_WI_T4_21-25APR1976.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107163045/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63162.html|archive-date=7 November 2012|access-date=18 March 2007|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

In England's tour of India in 1976–77 he [[Vaseline incident|accused]] [[John Lever]] of using [[Vaseline]] to illegally polish the ball in the Third Test at Madras. Lever wore Vaseline strips on his forehead to keep the sweat out of his eyes; he was subsequently cleared of any wrongdoing.<ref name="ReferenceA" />

In November 1978, he became the first captain to concede an international cricket match. In a [[One Day International]] against [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]] at Sahiwal(Pakistan), India with 8 wickets in hand, required 23 runs from 14 balls. Bedi, however, recalled the batsmen from the crease and conceded the match in protest at the bowling of [[Sarfraz Nawaz]] who had bowled 4 [[bouncer (cricket)|bouncers]] in succession with not one being called [[wide (cricket)|wide]] by the umpires.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Full Scorecard of Pakistan vs India 3rd ODI 1978 – Score Report {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/17117/scorecard/64167/pakistan-vs-india-3rd-odi-india-tour-of-pakistan-1978-79|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100420145610/http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64167.html|archive-date=20 April 2010|access-date=2020-11-09|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>

== Family ==

His son [[Angad Bedi]] (born 6 February 1983) is an Indian actor and former model while his daughter in law [[Neha Dhupia]] is a well known Bollywood actress.

== Coaching ==

In 1990, after he had managed a tour where India had played poorly, he threatened to dump the entire team in the sea on the return journey.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bishan Bedi|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/26875.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015160904/https://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/26875.html|archive-date=15 October 2020|access-date=2020-11-09|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

== Opinions on modern-day cricket ==
{{see also|Throwing (cricket)}}
Bedi has expressed strong opinions on many aspects of modern-day cricket and has been described as "being jealous of modern day great spinners".<ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite web|last=Vasu|first=Anand|date=11 April 2002|title=Bishan Bedi's deadly straight delivery|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/23190366/bishan-bedi-deadly-straight-delivery|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305181348/http://www.espncricinfo.com/srilanka/content/story/111053.html|archive-date=5 March 2016|access-date=2020-11-09|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref> In particular, he was a vehement critic of the bowling action of [[Muttiah Muralitharan]] ("if Murali doesn't chuck, then show me how to bowl"<ref name="content-uk.cricinfo.com" />) which he bluntly referred to as cheating and likened to a javelin throw<ref>{{cite web|title=Chucking is a bigger threat than bribing or betting|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/india/content/story/225767.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308192219/http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/225767.html|archive-date=8 March 2016|access-date=18 March 2007|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> and shot putting, saying that Muralitharan would "complete 1000 Test wickets but they would count as mere run-outs in my eyes".<ref>{{Cite web|date=14 August 2007|title=Murali considers legal action after Bedi jibe|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/22943768/murali-considers-legal-action-bedi-jibe|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101081727/http://www.espncricinfo.com/srilanka/content/story/306935.html|archive-date=1 January 2016|access-date=2020-11-09|website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref> He takes a very dim view of chucking, which he calls "a bigger threat than bribing and betting"<ref name="content-uk.cricinfo.com" /> and claimed in 2004 that many bowlers on the subcontinent chuck, calling Muralitharan a "Sri Lankan bandit closing in on a dream artist called [[Shane Warne]]".<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 March 2004|title=Home boys, Sheikhs and chucking|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/23127169/home-boys-sheikhs-chucking|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307174855/http://www.espncricinfo.com/srilanka/content/story/140197.html|archive-date=7 March 2016|access-date=2020-11-09|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref> He has stated, though, that he has nothing personal against Muralitharan,<ref>{{Cite web|date=7 June 2004|title='I have nothing personal against Murali' – Bedi|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/23129219/i-personal-murali-bedi|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151108005001/http://www.espncricinfo.com/srilanka/content/story/139304.html|archive-date=8 November 2015|access-date=2020-11-09|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref> although Muralitharan has threatened to sue him.<ref>{{Cite web|date=7 June 2004|title=Murali threatens to sue Bedi|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/23129479/murali-threatens-sue-bedi|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118232418/http://www.espncricinfo.com/srilanka/content/story/139300.html|archive-date=18 November 2015|access-date=2020-11-09|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref> He levelled the same criticisms against his countryman [[Harbhajan Singh]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Swanton|first=Will|date=2007-12-02|title=Bedi points finger at Harbhajan|url=https://www.theage.com.au/sport/cricket/bedi-points-finger-at-harbhajan-20071202-ge6fo9.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201090039/http://www.theage.com.au/news/cricket/bedi-points-finger-at-harbhajan/2007/12/01/1196394689334.html|archive-date=1 February 2015|access-date=2020-11-09|website=[[The Age]]|language=en}}</ref> Regarding suspect actions in cricket, he said "When a bowler is chucking, he's referred to panels and the home cricket board. Why not do the same for a wide or no-ball, then?".<ref name="ReferenceB"/> He has accused one-day cricket, modern cricket bats and small grounds of causing a decline in classical spin bowling in India.<ref name="content-uk.cricinfo.com" />

He has also attacked [[Sunil Gavaskar]], calling him "a destructive influence".<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 June 2017|title=Gavaskar a 'destructive' influence – Bishan Bedi|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/22949390/gavaskar-destructive-influence-bishan-bedi|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109174909/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/22949390/gavaskar-destructive-influence-bishan-bedi|archive-date=9 November 2020|access-date=9 November 2020|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref> He said to Australian coach [[John Buchanan (Australian cricketer)|John Buchanan]] "Tell us, John, have you made this Australian team great, or have they made you?"<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bal|first=Sambit|date=4 November 2003|title=The malaise of bitterness|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/23148139/the-malaise-bitterness|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151108051209/http://www.espncricinfo.com/srilanka/content/story/131785.html|archive-date=8 November 2015 |access-date=2020-11-09|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>

==Records==
* Bedi holds the world record for the most economical bowling figures in a 60-over ODI match amongst the bowlers who had completed their quota of overs (12 overs). In the 1975 World Cup, when the bowlers were allowed to deliver 12 overs, Bedi finished with 12-8-6-1 (overs-maidens-runs-wickets) against East Africa at Headingley.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lynch|first=Steven|date=5 March 2013|title=Seven men bowled, and Yousuf's purple patch|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/22033278/seven-men-bowled-yousuf-purple-patch|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702105208/http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/623464.html|archive-date=2 July 2019|access-date=2020-11-09|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* [[Ray Robinson (cricket writer)|Robinson, R.]] (1979) ''The Wildest Tests'', Cassell Australia: Stanmore. {{ISBN|0 7269 7375 0}}.

==External links==
*{{ESPNcricinfo|id=26875}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box |
before=[[Sunil Gavaskar]] |
title=[[Indian National Test Cricket Captains|Indian National Test Cricket Captain]] |
years=1975–76 – 1978–79 |
after=[[Sunil Gavaskar]] |
}}
{{succession box |
before= -|
title=Indian National Cricket Manager |
years=July 1990 – September 1991 |
after=[[Abbas Ali Baig]] |
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Indian Test Cricket Captains}}
{{India ODI Cricket Captains}}
{{ICC Cricket Hall of Fame}}
{{World XI Tour of Australia 1971/72}}
{{Navboxes
|title= India squads
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|bordercolor=#ff8800
|list1=
{{India Squad 1975 Cricket World Cup}}
{{India Squad 1979 Cricket World Cup}}
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bedi, Bishan Singh}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
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[[Category:D. H. Robins' XI cricketers]]
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Thangassery Breakwater Tourism Park

2023-07-19T11:24:59Z

Bollywoodupdates147:

{{short description|Park in Kollam,Kerala}}
{{Infobox park
|name = Thangassery Breakwater Tourism Park
|photo = Thangassery Breakwater Tourism Park.jpg
|type = [[Urban park]]
|location = [[Thangassery]] in [[Kollam]] city, [[India]]
|area = 2.5 Acre
|length =
|width =
|coords = {{coord|8.880457176231554|76.56751212053223|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
|map = India Kollam#Kerala#India
|created = 2023
|owner = Department of Tourism, Harbour Engineering Department
|operator = DTPC, [[Kollam]]
|visitation_num =
|status = Open all year
}}
Thangassery Breakwater Tourism Park is a newly opened tourist destination in Kollam, Kerala.<ref>{{cite web |title=ഓണസമ്മാനമായി തങ്കശ്ശേരി ബ്രേക്ക് വാട്ടർ ടൂറിസം പദ്ധതി |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/kollam/2022/08/20/kollam-thangasserry-park.html |website=ManoramaOnline |language=ml}}</ref> The park is located on a 2.5-acre plot of land at Thangassery, a coastal town in Kollam district. The park was inaugurated on April 27, 2023<ref>{{cite web |title=തങ്കശ്ശേരി ബ്രേക്ക് വാട്ടർ ടൂറിസം പാർക്ക് ഉദ്ഘാടനം ഇന്ന് |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/kollam/2023/04/27/thangassery-break-water-tourism-park-inauguration-today.html |website=ManoramaOnline |language=ml}}</ref>, and has been attracting a large number of visitors since then.<ref>{{cite web |title=Minister to inaugurate Thangassery Breakwater Tourism Park today |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/minister-to-inaugurate-thangassery-breakwater-tourism-park-today/article66781493.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN }}</ref>

The park is a beautiful waterfront location with stunning views of the Arabian Sea.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Daily |first1=Keralakaumudi |title=തങ്കശേരി ബ്രേക്ക് വാട്ടർ പാർക്ക് തുറക്കാൻ ധാരണ |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/news/news.php?id=1030690&u=local-news |website=Keralakaumudi Daily |language=en}}</ref> It features a variety of amenities, including a children's playground, a boating lake, a food court, and a number of souvenir shops. There is also an open-air auditorium that can accommodate up to 400 people.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/kerala/2023/05/17/kollam-thangassery-break-water-tourism-park-visitors.html}}</ref>Thangassery Breakwater Tourism Park project launched by the Department of Tourism for promoting coastal tourism.<ref>{{cite web |title=തങ്കശേരി ബ്രേക്ക് വാട്ടർ ടൂറിസം നാടിന് സമർപ്പിച്ചു; പി എ മുഹമ്മദ് റിയാസ് |url=https://www.twentyfournews.com/2023/04/27/thangassery-break-water-tourism-park-inaugurated.html |website=Twentyfournews.com }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Kollam}}

[[Category:Tourist attractions in Kollam]]
[[Category:Parks in Kollam]]

Escape to Beer Mountain: A Rope of Sand

2023-07-17T20:09:17Z

Bollywoodupdates147: Contributed a new addition to the collection.

{{redirect|A Rope of Sand|the 1949 adventure-suspense film noir|Rope of Sand}}
{{Infobox television episode
| series = [[Clone High]]
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| season = 1
| episode = 1
| airdate = {{Start date|2002|11|02}} (Canada)<ref name="CRTC">{{cite web|url=ftp://support.crtc.gc.ca/logs/|title=Television Program Logs|publisher=[[Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission]]}} {{dead link|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} [https://archive.org/details/support_crtc_gc_ca15052016 Alt URL]</ref> {{Start date|2003|1|20}} (United States)<ref name="MTV">{{Cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/shows/clone-high/episode-guide|title=''Clone High'' | MTV|website=[[MTV]]}}</ref>
| writer = [[Phil Lord and Christopher Miller|Phil Lord Christopher Miller]] [[Bill Lawrence (TV producer)|Bill Lawrence]]
| music = "[[I Don't Want to Wait]]" by [[Paula Cole]] (original broadcast)<ref name="Tweet" /> "Standard Lines" by [[Dashboard Confessional]] (reairings/DVD release)<ref name="Tweet">{{Cite tweet|user=DailyCloneHigh|number=1654982190822748162|title=The original airing of "Escape to Beer Mountain: A Rope of Sand" featured "I Don't Want to Wait" by Paula Cole (the original theme to ''Dawson's Creek''). It was replaced with "Standard Lines" by Dashboard Confessional in future airings and on the DVD release. 17 DAYS}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=''Clone High'' [2002], "Escape to Beer Mountain: A Rope of Sand"|url=https://www.what-song.com/Tvshow/100400/Clone-High/e/113663|url-status=live|access-date=January 20, 2003|website=What Song?}}</ref>
| director = Ted Collyer Harold Harris
| length = 22 minutes
| guests =
* [[Michael J. Fox]] as [[Gandhi (Clone High)|Gandhi]]'s last [[kidney]]
* [[Andy Dick]] as [[Vincent van Gogh|Van Gogh]]
* [[Donald Faison]] as [[George Washington Carver]]
| next = [[Episode Two: Election Blu-Galoo]]
| season_article = Clone High (season 1)
| episode_list = List of Clone High episodes
}}
"'''Escape to Beer Mountain: A Rope of Sand'''", titled onscreen as "'''Clone High School, USA!'''",<ref>{{cite web|first=Amos|last=Barshad|title=Phil Lord and Chris Miller of {{'}}''The Lego Movie''{{'}} Look Back on {{'}}''Clone High'',' Their Cult Classic MTV Cartoon|url=http://grantland.com/hollywood-prospectus/phil-lord-and-chris-miller-of-the-lego-movie-look-back-on-clone-high-their-cult-classic-mtv-cartoon/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402150328/http://grantland.com/hollywood-prospectus/phil-lord-and-chris-miller-of-the-lego-movie-look-back-on-clone-high-their-cult-classic-mtv-cartoon/|archive-date=2015-04-02|access-date=March 29, 2015|publisher=[[Grantland]]}}</ref> is the [[series premiere]] of the American [[animated]] television [[sitcom]] ''[[Clone High]]'', written by series co-creators [[Phil Lord and Christopher Miller|Phil Lord, Christopher Miller]], and [[Bill Lawrence (TV producer)|Bill Lawrence]], and directed by Ted Collyer and Harold Harris. The episode premiered on [[Cartoon Network (Canadian TV channel)|Teletoon]] on November 2, 2002, and on [[MTV]] on January 20, 2003.

The series introduces protagonists, Clone High students [[Abe Lincoln (Clone High)|Abe]], [[Joan of Arc (Clone High)|Joan]], [[Gandhi (Clone High)|Gandhi]], [[Cleo (Clone High)|Cleo]], and [[JFK (Clone High)|JFK]], as Abe hopes to make a move on Cleo at JFK's party, which he has promised to bring [[beer]] to, Joan tries to win Abe's heart, setting up a Teen Crisis Hotline which Gandhi works at before ditching for the party, all while [[Principal Scudworth]] and [[Mr. Butlertron]] plan to crash the party to better understand the students. The pilot had a mixed-to-positive reception and when it premiered and was seen by about 1.2 million viewers,<ref name="CRTC" /><ref name="MTV" /> later retrospectively receiving critical praise.

==Plot==
<blockquote>[[Narrator|The Narrator]]: "Tonight, on [[Very special episode|a very special ''Clone High''…]] A [[main character]] must make an important choice. A [[supporting character]] has an amusing side story. While a mysterious [[subplot]] reveals the shocking truth behind Clone High."<ref>{{cite book|last=Perlmutter|first=David|title=The Encyclopedia of American Animated Television Shows|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1538103739|page=129}}</ref></blockquote>

In the opening scene, at the end of [[summer vacation]], [[Abe (Clone High)|Abe]], [[Joan (Clone High)|Joan]], and [[Gandhi (Clone High)|Gandhi]] return to Clone High (a [[high school]] for [[Human cloning|clones]] of historical and public figures) for the new school year. As Joan attempts to convince Abe to ask her out, he obliviously ignores her vague wording to ask out his own crush, [[Cleo (Clone High)|Cleo]], whose ex-boyfriend [[JFK (Clone High)|JFK]] is hosting a [[party#Parties for teens and young adults|kegger party]] later that night. Believing Abe to like Cleo because of her "commitment to [[community service]]", she tries to gain Abe's attention by starting a "[[Crisis hotline|Teen Crisis Hotline]]" with Gandhi, who sneaks away to go to the party with Abe, who has gotten an invitation in exchange for bringing the [[beer]].

Meanwhile, the [[Secret Board of Shadowy Figures]] funding Clone High task its [[School principal|principal]], [[Cinnamon J. Scudworth]], to write a report proving he knows what it's like to be a [[student]] at Clone High. lest he be [[Execution|executed]]. After unsuccessfully interrogating Joan, he sends her into his [[Labyrinth|Death Maze]] before disguising himself and his [[robot]]ic [[vice-principal]] [[Mr. Butlertron]] as students and infiltrating JFK’s party. After numerous failed attempts to buy alcohol with [[Genghis Khan]], Abe decides to bring [[non-alcoholic beer]] to the party disguised as alcoholic beer. As the clones consume the beer, thinking they are getting drunk, they string up an arriving Scudworth and Mr. Butlertron to use as a [[piñata]], while Gandhi embarrasses [[Vincent van Gogh|Van Gogh]] by putting his Teen Crisis Hotline call on speakerphone. Arriving at the party, Joan is told by Mr. Butlertron that she has to ask Abe out herself, as he will otherwise not realise her intentions, only to find Abe [[making out]] with Cleo, before JFK breaks them up and the pair and the pair demand that she choose between them. Leaving the party, Cleo contacts the Teen Crisis Hotline and ends up speaking to Joan, who initially tells her to choose JFK so that she can have Abe to herself, before having an attack of conscience and switching her answer. Cleo then returns to the party and picks Abe. In anger, Joan [[Electroshock gun|tasers]] and [[Pantsing|pants]] Gandhi after he makes a [[sexist]] comment, as Van Gogh watches from the bushes.

The kegger is suddenly brought to an halt when a small cop car shows, and Gandhi and Joan (as the only two people who can fit in the back of the car) are charged with [[underage drinking]]. To prevent them from being arrested, Abe admits to the crowd that the beer was non-alcoholic, before being laughed out of the party on giving an impassioned speech about acceptance. The next day, Scudworth, who has not completed his report, is confronted by the head of the Secret Board, who threatens to kill him before Scudworth tucks into a [[fetal position]] and moans about how he was “humiliated, degraded, and judged", unknowingly proving he does know what is like to be a high school student. With his job and his life secure, the principal is free to go about his normal routine and enact his secret plan: converting the school into a [[theme park]] called "Cloney Island".

Meanwhile, Abe, depressed on losing Cleo, is cheered up by Gandhi, who says it's only a matter of time before someone else makes a bigger idiot of themselves, and everyone forgets about what Abe did. Moments later, Gandhi becomes this figure, as Van Gogh paints an ad for the Teen Crisis Hotline featuring Gandhi after being tasered/pantsed. At that moment, JFK and Cleo pass by Abe, and Cleo quietly hands Abe a note, reading "Sorry…''Luv'', Cleo."

==Production and release==
The episode was written by series co-creators [[Phil Lord and Christopher Miller|Phil Lord, Christopher Miller]] & [[Bill Lawrence (TV producer)|Bill Lawrence]], and directed by Ted Collyer, premiering on [[Cartoon Network (Canadian TV channel)|Teletoon]] on November 2, 2002, and on [[MTV]] on January 20, 2003.<ref name="CRTC" /><ref name="MTV" /> The first part of the episode's title is in reference to the [[Escape to Witch Mountain|1968 novel]] and [[Escape to Witch Mountain (1975 film)|1975 film ''Escape to Witch Mountain'']], while the second part of the title is in reference to a ploy used by ''Clone High'' co-creator [[Phil Lord and Christopher Miller|Christopher Miller]] to make his [[university]] essays "sound more academic and high-minded", referenced in the episode by Scudworth titling his unfinished report "What It's Like To Be A Teenage Clone: A Rope of Sand", and turned into a [[running gag]] for the remainder of the season, with every episode titled with a colon followed by a phrase.<ref>{{cite web|last=Pava|first=Adam|title=Episode One: "Escape to Beer Mountain: A Rope of Sand" Notes|work=CloneHighUSA.com|url=http://www.clonehighusa.com/backstage/episode_notes/episode_one.html}}</ref>

==Reception==
===Initial reviews===
Scott Sandell of the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' felt the as a debut episode, "Escape to Beer Mountain: A Rope of Sand" felt lacking, saying: "The problem is that the first episode, which focuses on crushes and beer, doesn't quite live up to the obvious comedic potential behind the killer premise."<ref>{{cite news|title=Peer pressure of historic proportions|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-jan-20-et-sandell20-story.html|access-date=November 8, 2010|first=Scott|last=Sandell|pages=C-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820022705/http://articles.latimes.com/2003/jan/20/entertainment/et-sandell20|archive-date=2012-08-20|url-status=live}}</ref> Similarly, ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]''{{'s}} Michael Farkash wrote that "The premise sounds intriguing, but what hatches in the first episode is a disappointing, weak strain of comic material, lacking the cunning, subversive quality of, say, ''[[South Park]]''."<ref>{{cite news|title=[[Clone High|''Clone High, U.S.A.'' (TV Brief)]]|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|first=Michael|last=Farkash}}</ref>

====Gandhi controversy====
{{further|Clone High#Gandhi controversy}}
[[File:Gandhi Smith.png|thumb|right|The characterisation of [[Gandhi (Clone High)|Gandhi]] (voiced by [[Michael McDonald (comedian)|Michael McDonald]]) as a "[[wiktionary:party animal|party animal]]" was negatively received in [[India]].<ref name="NEW" /><ref name="TheGuardian" />]]
The episode's introduction of [[Gandhi (Clone High)|Gandhi]] as a "[[wiktionary:party animal|party animal]]" received negative reception in [[India]], culminating in a 150-person [[hunger strike]] held outside of [[MTV]]'s Indian branch in early 2003, and the consequent cancellation of ''Clone High'', before it was eventually revived in 2023 (without the Gandhi character).<ref name="NEW">{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XHlhFghZ1gM|title=Clone High ''NEW Behind the Scenes Discussion''|author=|publisher=[[YouTube]]|access-date=December 6, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914092820/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XHlhFghZ1gM|archive-date=September 14, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TheGuardian">{{cite news|last=Sharma|first=Ashok|title=MTV's Gandhi 'insult' outrages Indian MPs|work=[[TheGuardian.com|The Guardian]]|location=London|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2003/jan/31/pressandpublishing.india|url-status=live|access-date=December 14, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217024444/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2003/jan/31/pressandpublishing.india|archive-date=February 17, 2017}}</ref>

===Retrospective reviews===
Reviewing the first episode of ''Clone High'' in a retrospective on the careers of [[Phil Lord and Christopher Miller]], Kevin Noonan of ''[[The Observer]]'' lauded it as "a perfect parody of high school dramas with humor that hits hard and often, but it goes above and beyond easy parody jokes, making for a consistently funny, frequently brilliant comedy".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Noonan|first=Kevin|title=Everything Is Awesome In "''Clone High''"|url=https://ndsmcobserver.com/2014/02/everything-awesome-clone-high|website=[[The Observer]]|access-date=February 24, 2014}}</ref> Caroline Framke of ''[[The A.V. Club]]'' similarly complimented the episode as a [[Television|pilot]] for "pok[ing] fun at the histrionics of high school drama, especially at how the smallest things become world-altering nightmares inside the mind of a hormonal teen [and] then subvert[ing] the expected resolutions to the conflicts that would get tied up in a neat, unrealistic bow on something like ''[[Dawson's Creek]]''", further lauding its ending, in which "poor Joan [sees] Abe and Cleo making out [to] a close-up of her shocked face as the soundtrack smash cuts" as being "the perfect blend of irreverent and affectionate[…] pok[ing] fun at the do or die nature of a high school crush while also letting Joan have a truly heartbreaking moment [in an] absurd, soul-crushing, melodramatic, and ultimately, hilarious—like living through high school all over again."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Framke|first=Caroline|title=''Clone High'': "Escape To Beer Mountain: A Rope Of Sand"|url=https://www.avclub.com/clone-high-escape-to-beer-mountain-a-rope-of-sand-1798181205|website=[[The A.V. Club]]|access-date=August 10, 2014}}</ref>

Joe Reid of ''[[Decider (website)|Decider]]'' praised the premiere as "ma[king] history come alive with teen angst", serving as a solid introduction to "such an odd premise with economy and humor", while also featuring "my all-time favorite joke in a TV show ever, featuring [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VzIRsav3N9k George Washington Carver and a peanut].",<ref>{{Cite web|last=Reid|first=Joe Isis|title=Today in TV History: {{‘}}''Clone High''{{’}} Made History Come Alive With Teen Angst|url=https://decider.com/2015/11/02/today-in-tv-history-clone-high|website=[[Decider (website)|Decider]]|access-date=November 2, 2015|date=November 2, 2015}}</ref> while ranking the episode as the 10th-best in the first season of ''Clone High'', Ana Isis Cisneros of [[Collider (website)|''Collider'']] praised the episode as "do[ing] a great job at establishing the tone and premise of the show while introducing each of its main characters with their goals and worries", noting that while the episode "doesn't fully live up to the comedy potential of the setting, it is still a humorous episode on its own, with the kind of fun gags that would become the series' staple."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Cisneros|first=Ana Isis|title={{'}}''Clone High'':' The Best Episodes from Season 1, According to IMDb|url=https://collider.com/clone-high-best-episodes-season-1-imdb/#escape-to-beer-mountain-a-rope-of-sand|website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]|access-date=June 15, 2023|date=June 15, 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb episode|tt0542906}}
* [https://www.mtv.com/episodes/uyl5sf/clone-high-escape-to-beer-mountain-a-rope-of-sand-season-1-ep-1 "Escape to Beer Mountain: A Rope of Sand"] at [[MTV.com]]
* [https://www.paramountplus.com/shows/video/Frs9Drs8unLhmveozqzkNCySWdO7WTtUT "Escape to Beer Mountain: A Rope of Sand"] at [[Paramount+]]

{{Clone High}}

[[Category:2002 American television episodes]]
[[Category:American television series premieres|Clone High]]
[[Category:Clone High|Episodes]]

Gundamma Katha (TV series)

2023-07-17T13:26:19Z

Bollywoodupdates147: Just completed a new article.

{{short description|Telugu language drama TV series}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| image_size =
| company =
| last_aired = present
| first_aired = {{Start date|2018|4|9|df=y}}
| network = [[Zee Telugu]]
| num_episodes = 1528 
| language = Telugu
| num_seasons =
| editor =
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| writer =
| producer =
| country = India
| director = P V Krishna
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| genre = [[Drama]]
| caption =
| location = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], India
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| picture_format = [[576i]] ([[SDTV]]) [[1080i]] ([[HDTV]])
| audio_format = [[Dolby Digital]]
| related = ''[[Badho Bahu]]''
}}

'''''Gundamma Katha''''' is an Indian [[Telugu language]] drama series airing on [[Zee Telugu]] which premiered from 9 April 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |title=‘Gundamma Katha’ to complete 1000 episodes soon; here's what actress Pooja Moorthy and others have to say - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/gundamma-katha-to-complete-1000-episodes-soon-heres-what-actress-pooja-moorthy-and-others-have-to-say/articleshow/87487749.cms |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The show is an official remake of Hindi TV series ''[[Badho Bahu]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Gundamma Katha and Raktha Sambandham complete 800 episodes - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/gundamma-katha-and-raktha-sambandham-complete-800-episodes/articleshow/81547410.cms |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It stars Pooja Murthy and Kalki Raja in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Oohalu Gusa Gusalade and Gundamma Katha to entertain with a 'Mahasangamam' soon - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/oohalu-gusa-gusalade-and-gundamma-katha-to-entertain-with-a-mahasangamam-soon/articleshow/92827340.cms |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The story revolves around Geetha, an overweight girl who is taunted for being overweight and Ram, who dreams of marrying the most beautiful woman. However, fate has different plans for them, when Ram and Geetha are forced to marry under unavoidable circumstances.

== Cast ==
* Kalki Raja as Ram<ref>{{Cite news |title='Gundamma Katha' and 'Raktha Sambandham' to premier on television on April 9 - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/gundamma-katha-and-raktha-sambandham-to-premier-on-television-on-april-9/articleshow/63531001.cms |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* Pooja Murthy as Geetha<ref>{{Cite news |title=New shows 'Raktha Sambandham' and 'Gundamma Katha' coming soon to Zee Telugu - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/new-shows-raktha-sambandham-and-gundamma-katha-coming-soon-to-zee-telugu/articleshow/63431017.cms |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* Harshala
* Munna

== Adaptations ==
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0;"
|- style="color:white"
! style="background:#7b0c0c; "| Language
! style="background:#7b0c0c; "| Title
! style="background:#7b0c0c; "| Original release
! style="background:#7b0c0c; "| Network(s)
! style="background:#7b0c0c; "| Last aired
! style="background:#7b0c0c; "| Notes
|-
| [[Hindi]]
| ''[[Badho Bahu]]'' बढो बहू
| 12 September 2016
| [[And TV]]
| 25 May 2018
| Original
|-
| [[Kannada]]
| ''Bramhagantu'' ಬ್ರಹ್ಮಗಂಟು
| 8 May 2017
| [[Zee Kannada]]
| 9 July 2021
| rowspan="4"| Remake
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| ''Gundamma Katha'' గుండమ్మ కథ
| 9 April 2018
| [[Zee Telugu]]
| Ongoing
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''[[Oru Oorla Oru Rajakumari (TV series)|Oru Oorla Oru Rajakumari]]'' ஒரு ஊர்ல ஒரு ராஜகுமாரி
| 23 April 2018
| [[Zee Tamil]]
| 24 October 2021
|-
| [[Malayalam]]
| ''[[Swathi Nakshatram Chothi]]'' സ്വാതി നക്ഷത്രം ചോതി
| 26 November 2018
| [[Zee Keralam]]
| 27 March 2020
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt10270566}}
* [https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/gundamma-katha/0-6-tvshow_2094223334 ''Gundamma Katha''] at [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:Telugu-language television shows]]
[[Category:2018 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Zee Telugu original programming]]

Indian spin quartet

2023-06-30T02:56:38Z

Bollywoodupdates147: date format audit, link maintenance, minor formatting, typo(s) fixed: 1966-67 → 1966–67, 1967-68 → 1967–68

{{short description|Group of four Indian cricket bowlers of the 1960s and 1970s}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}
The '''Indian spin quartet''' is the collective name given to the [[India national cricket team|Indian]] [[cricket]] [[spin bowler]]s of the 1960s and 1970s: [[E. A. S. Prasanna|Erapalli Prasanna]] and [[Srinivas Venkataraghavan]] (both [[off spin]]ners), [[Bhagwat Chandrasekhar]] (a [[leg spin]]ner), and [[Bishen Singh Bedi]] (a [[left-arm orthodox spin|left-arm spinner]]). Among them, they played 231 [[Test cricket|Test matches]], taking 853 wickets. They were one of the most deadly combinations in world cricket, especially on the dusty subcontinental pitches.

The spin quartet was instrumental in producing many Indian Test victories. There was only one match in which all four of them were in the starting XI: usually one of the off spinners, Prasanna or Venkataraghavan, was left out. However, these four men made important contributions to some of India's greatest triumphs, including Test series victories in the West Indies and [[England cricket team|England]], as well as Test victories in [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] and [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]].

In 2004, the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] conferred on them the [[CK Nayudu]] award, named after India's first Test captain.

==Beginnings==
By the 1966–67 season, the interest in cricket in India had risen to unprecedented levels. Despite being beaten by the [[West Indian cricket team in India and Ceylon in 1966–67|West Indies at home]], the Indian team's spirits were not dampened. The captain, [[Nawab of Pataudi, jun|Nawab of Pataudi]] thought that it would be a good idea to introduce more quality spinners into the team in order to compensate for the absence of good new-ball bowlers in the country.<ref>The birth of a spin quartet, ESPNCricinfo: http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/122156.html</ref> Bhagwat Chandrasekhar, the leg spinner, had already established his place in the team with solid performances against Australia and the West Indies. Erapalli Prasanna was making his comeback having been out of the team for five years, while both Venkatarghavan and Bedi played in the series against West Indies. All four of them played their first (and only) game together [[Indian cricket team in England in 1967|against England]] at Birmingham in the summer of 1967.<ref>Scorecard, 3rd Test, India vs England, Birmingham, 1967: http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63006.html</ref> Prasanna and Chandrasekhar impressed in that game, claiming 7 and 6 wickets respectively, and all four bowlers bowled a tight line. Even though these four bowlers continued to play for 11 more years, this remained the only Test where all of them featured in the Indian test XI.

==Successes==
Over the years, the spin quartet played vital roles in several memorable victories for the Indian team, starting with an overseas series win against New Zealand in 1967–68. Below are some major Test successes the quartet were a part of:
* [[Indian cricket team in New Zealand in 1967–68|Away series victory against New Zealand, 1967–68]]
* [[Indian cricket team in West Indies in 1970–71|Away series victory against West Indies, 1970–71]]
* [[Indian cricket team in England in 1971|Away series victory against England, 1971]]
* [[English cricket team in India in 1972–73|Home series victory against England, 1972–73]]
* [[New Zealand cricket team in India in 1976–77|Home series victory against New Zealand, 1976–77]]
* [[West Indian cricket team in India and Sri Lanka in 1978–79|Home series victory against West Indies, 1978–79]]
Out of the four, only Venkataraghavan and Bedi played regular one-day cricket for India. Prasanna never played [[One Day International|ODIs]], and Chandrasekhar played just one game, against New Zealand in 1976. Bedi and Venkatarghavan played in 10 ODIs together, which included the World Cups of [[1975 Cricket World Cup|1975]] and [[1979 Cricket World Cup|1979]].

==Statistics==
The spin quartet played a combined 231 Tests for India from 1962 to 1983, and grabbed 853 wickets, with 43 five-wicket inning hauls.<ref>Hall of Fame- The Spin Quartet, Indian Cricket Fever: http://www.cricketnetwork.co.uk/main/s119/st25857.php</ref> Much of this success can be attributed to the different bowling styles these bowlers possessed. Bedi was an orthodox left arm-spinner, while Chandrasekhar an attacking leg-break bowler whereas Prasanna and Venkataraghavan were both off-spinners. This way, they could target all kinds of batsmen in the opposition and give their captains plenty of options. It was Chandrasekhar and Bedi who were the leaders of the attack. The two played 42 Tests alongside each other and had almost similar figures, of 184 wickets each. Bedi averaged 27.22, while Chandra averaged 28.70 in these games.<ref>Bowling records, Test matches- Bishen Bedi and Bhagwat Chandrasekhar: http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=wickets;player_involve=1219;player_involve=1290;player_involve_type=all;template=results;type=bowling</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.cricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/109147.html The Fantastic Four of Indian Cricket]

[[Category:India in international cricket]]
[[Category:Nicknamed groups of sportspeople]]

Not out

2023-05-28T17:52:13Z

Bollywoodupdates147: No collision is involved.

{{Short description|In cricket, a batter who is not dismissed}}
{{CSS image crop|Image=Lords Test Match, England v NZ Score Board.jpg |bSize=450 |cWidth=300 |cHeight=210 |oTop=60 |oLeft=40 |Location=right |Description=Scoreboard showing Boult as the Not Out batsman at the end of New Zealand's innings.}}
In [[cricket]], a batsman is '''not out''' if they come out to bat in an [[innings]] and have not been [[dismissal (cricket)|dismissed]] by the [[end of an innings]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Complete Guide To Understanding Cricket|url=https://deadspin.com/the-complete-guide-to-understanding-cricket-1788456326|access-date=2020-09-10|website=Deadspin|date=2 November 2016 |language=en-us}}</ref> The batsman is also ''not out'' while their innings is still in progress.

==Occurrence==
At least one batter is not out at the end of every innings, because once ten batters are out, the eleventh has no partner to bat on with so the innings ends. Usually two batters finish not out if the batting side [[declaration (cricket)|declares]] in [[first-class cricket]], and often at the end of the scheduled number of overs in [[limited overs cricket]].

Batters further down the [[batting order (cricket)|batting order]] than the not out batters do not come out to the crease at all and are noted as ''did not bat'' rather than ''not out'';<ref>{{Cite web|title=Full Scorecard of England vs Australia 3rd T20I 2020 - Score Report {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/19496/scorecard/1198237/england-vs-australia-3rd-t20i-england-v-australia-2020|access-date=2020-09-10|website=www.espncricinfo.com|language=en}}</ref> by contrast, a batter who comes to the crease but faces no balls is ''not out''. A batter who ''retires hurt'' is considered not out; an uninjured batter who retires (rare) is considered ''[[retired out]]''.

==Notation==
In standard notation a batter's score is appended with an [[asterisk]] to show the not out final status; for example, ''10*'' means '10 not out'.

==Effect on batting averages==
[[Batting average (cricket)|Batting averages]] are personal and are calculated as runs divided by dismissals, so a player who often ends the innings not out may get an inflated batting average, on the face of it.<ref name="bbc4906060"/> Examples of this include [[MS Dhoni]] (84 not outs in [[One Day International|ODIs]]), [[Michael Bevan]] (67 not outs in [[One Day International|ODIs]]), [[James Anderson (cricketer)|James Anderson]] (101 not outs in 237 [[Test cricket|Test]] innings), and [[Bill Johnston (cricketer)|Bill Johnston]] topping the batting averages on the [[Australian cricket team in England in 1953|1953 Australian tour of England]].<ref name="bbc4906060">{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/sports_talk/stump_bearders/4906060.stm|title=Stump the Bearded Wonder No 120|last=Frindall|first=Bill|date=13 April 2006|work=[[BBC Online]]|access-date=8 July 2010}}</ref>

Using the formula of runs divided by innings understates performance for the following reasons:
*If not outs were counted as dismissals a usually high-scoring batter could bat briefly. They may regularly make a low score, not out, facing a low number of balls from a [[bowler (cricket)|bowler]] and thus be penalized for factors out of their control.
*A batter will tend to be at their most vulnerable early in the innings before they have "got their eye in"; as a result, it may be a greater achievement to achieve two scores of 20 not out (i.e. averaging 40) than to make one score of 40, since in the latter instance the batter will only have had to deal with one set of variables (see [[ceteris paribus]], all things remaining approximately equal).

These counterbalancing elements have been at the heart of the rationale of keeping the existing formula (runs divided by dismissals) in the 21st century among cricket statisticians, who have used this method of collecting batting averages since the 18th century, after some intervening controversy.{{citation needed|date=September 2017}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Cricket statistics}}

[[Category:Cricket terminology]]
[[Category:Batting (cricket)]]
[[Category:Cricket laws and regulations]]

Punjabi Sikhs

2023-01-31T05:44:26Z

Bollywoodupdates147: Created fresh page content.

{{merge to|Punjabis|discuss=Talk:Punjabis#Merge Punjabi Sikhs to this page}}
{{Short description|Ethnic Punjabis who are adherents of Sikhism}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Use Indian English}}

{{infobox ethnic group
| group = Punjabi Sikhs
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = pa
| image = A painting of a Sikh family, circa late 19th century.jpg
| image_caption = A painting of a Sikh family, circa late 19th century
| population = {{circa|24,000,000-29,000,000 approx.}} (Worldwide)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://edition.cnn.com/2012/08/05/us/religion-what-is-a-sikh/index.html | title=Who are Sikhs and what do they believe? | date=5 August 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://thewire.in/religion/indianapolis-shootout-the-us-has-long-lacked-understanding-on-who-sikh-people-are | title=Indianapolis Shootout: The US Has Long Lacked Understanding on Who Sikh People Are }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/behind-the-decline/article7654960.ece|title=Behind the decline|website=frontline.thehindu.com}}</ref>
| region1 = [[Punjab, India]]
| pop1 = 16,004,754 ([[2011 Census of India|2011 census]])<ref name="2011IndianCensus">{{cite web|title=Population by religion community – 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=Census of India, 2011 |publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=13 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS |archive-date=25 August 2015}}</ref>{{efn|name=SikhPop|Figure is total Sikh population on census.}}
| region2 = [[Haryana]]
| pop2 = 1,243,752 ([[2011 Census of India|2011]])<ref name="2011IndianCensus"/>{{efn|name=SikhPop}}
| region3 = [[Rajasthan]]
| pop3 = 872,930 ([[2011 Census of India|2011]])<ref name="2011IndianCensus"/>{{efn|name=SikhPop}}
| region4 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| pop4 = 643,500 ([[2011 Census of India|2011]])<ref name="2011IndianCensus"/>{{efn|name=SikhPop}}
| region5 = [[Delhi]]
| pop5 = 570,581 ([[2011 Census of India|2011]])<ref name="2011IndianCensus"/>{{efn|name=SikhPop}}
| region6 = [[Uttarakhand]]
| pop6 = 236,340 ([[2011 Census of India|2011]])<ref name="2011IndianCensus"/>{{efn|name=SikhPop}}
| region7 = [[Maharashtra]]
| pop7 = 223,247 ([[2011 Census of India|2011]])<ref name="2011IndianCensus"/>{{efn|name=SikhPop}}
| region8 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| pop8 = 151,412 ([[2011 Census of India|2011]])<ref name="2011IndianCensus"/>{{efn|name=SikhPop}}
| region9 = [[Chandigarh]]
| pop9 = 138,329 ([[2011 Census of India|2011]])<ref name="2011IndianCensus"/>{{efn|name=SikhPop}}
| region10 = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| pop10 = 79,896 ([[2011 Census of India|2011]])<ref name="2011IndianCensus"/>{{efn|name=SikhPop}}
| langs = '''Sacred language''' [[Sant Bhasha]] 
'''Ethnic language''' [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and [[Punjabi dialects|its dialects]] 
'''Code language''' [[Khalsa bole]] 
'''Other languages''' [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
| rels = [[Sikhism]]
| related = [[Punjabi Hindus]], [[Punjabi Muslims]], [[Punjabi Christians]]
}}
{{Sikhism sidebar}}{{Punjabis}}

'''Punjabi Sikhs''' are adherents of [[Sikhism]] who identify [[Ethnolinguistic groups|ethnolinguistically]], [[culturally]], and [[Genealogy|genealogically]] as [[Punjabis]]. Sikhs are the third-largest religious group of the Punjabi ethnic community, after the [[Punjabi Muslims|Muslims]] and [[Punjabi Hindus|Hindus]]. While, they form the largest religious community in the [[Indian states|Indian state]] of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. [[Sikhism]] is an [[Indigenous religion|Indigenous]] religion born and brought up in [[Punjab region]] of [[South Asia]] during 15th century. Almost 97% of world's [[Sikh]] population are [[Punjabis]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sikhism | title=Sikhism | History, Doctrines, Practice, & Literature | Britannica }}</ref>

While Punjabi Sikhs are mostly found in the Indian state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] today, where they formed around [[Demographics of Punjab, India|60 percent]] of the state population and is the only Sikh-majority [[administrative division]] on Earth,<ref>{{cite news | url=https://m.timesofindia.com/city/chandigarh/census-2011-age-of-sikhs-drops-in-punjab-migration-to-blame/articleshow/48689317.cms | title=Census 2011: %age of Sikhs drops in Punjab; migration to blame? | newspaper=The Times of India | date=27 August 2015 }}</ref> many have ancestry from the [[Punjab region|greater Punjab region]], an area that was [[Partition of India|partitioned]] between [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] in 1947. In the contemporary era, apart from [[Punjab, India|Indian Punjab]], Punjabi Sikhs are found in large numbers across the Indian states of Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Delhi, Chandigarh, Rajasthan and Maharashtra. Large numbers are also found in the [[United States]], [[Canada]], [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]] and [[United Kingdom|Britain]], as various immigration waves over the centuries better prospects and career.<ref>George, Usha, and Ferzana Chaze. "Punjabis/Sikhs in Canada." ''Mobility and Multiple Affiliations'' (2016): 91-104. </ref>

==History==
{{See also|History of Sikhism}}

The origins of the Sikhs, a religious group initially formed as a sect within the larger [[Punjabi Hindu]] community in Undivided Punjab region during 15th century.{{Cn|reason=Citation needed for the claim that Sikhism started out as a sect of Hinduism}} The Sikh religion founder, Shri [[Guru Nanak Dev]] ji (1469–1539), was roughly a contemporary of the founder of [[Mughal Empire]] [[Babur]] in [[Indian Subcontinent|India]]. Guru Nanak dev ji was born in a Punjabi Hindu [[Khatri]] family, which was initially a community of scribes and traders.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/place/India/The-Sikhs-in-the-Punjab | title=India - the Sikhs in the Punjab | Britannica }}</ref> In Un-divided [[Punjab region]], the eldest son of every [[Punjabi Hindu]] families was nominated and was represented as [[Sikh|Sardars]] and had protected their family and [[Indian religions|Indic communities]] from the tyrannies of Mughal rulers and their torture.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://scroll.in/article/880186/from-guru-hargobind-to-guru-gobind-singh-how-the-sikh-community-militarised-to-take-on-the-mughals | title=From Guru Hargobind to Guru Gobind Singh: How the Sikh community militarised to take on the Mughals }}</ref><ref>[https://www.esamskriti.com/e/History/Indian-History/Why-was-the-first-son-made-a-Sikh-1.aspx Why was the first son made a Sikh]</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sikhism | title=Sikhism | History, Doctrines, Practice, & Literature | Britannica }}</ref> A huge number of peasants from [[Punjabi Hindu|Hindu]] and [[Punjabi Muslim|Muslim]] in Punjab have converted to Sikhism for various motives (mainly economic in nature) since the starting of new faith.<ref name="Singh2008">
{{cite book
|last1= Singh |first1= Pritam
|title= Federalism, Nationalism and Development: India and the Punjab Economy
|publisher= Routledge |isbn= 9781134049455
|language= en
|quote= A lot of Hindu and Muslim peasants converted to Sikhism from conviction, fear, economic motives, or a combination of the three (Khushwant Singh 1999: 106; Ganda Singh 1935: 73).
}}
</ref>

==Martial race==
===Origin as a Martial race===

[[File:Soldier Sikh LI INF of the Indian Army practices aim during MALABAR 2006.jpg|thumb|Indian Punjabi Sikh armies during their military training]]

Unofficially the militarization of Punjabi Sikhs have just started after The Martyrdom of [[Guru Arjan Dev]] (5th Guru in [[Sikhism]]). He was looked at as a sacrifice for the truth, and it became un-Sikh like to stand oppression. The guru’s death became a watershed moment as from then onwards there began the militarisation of Sikhs in Punjab to take up arms against Mughal tyrannies. This conflict that started between the Mughals and Sikhs with the execution of Arjan Dev continued till the last guru, [[Gobind Singh]] who finally established the official Militarised order, the [[Khalsa Fauj|Khalsa]], in 1699.<ref>https://theprint.in/feature/guru-arjan-dev-the-martyr-whose-death-changed-the-course-of-sikhism/401897/</ref> Punjabi Sikhs have been regarded as one of the toughest and fiercest [[Martial race]] warriors by [[British India|British]] when they were ruling Indian Subcontinent between (1858–1947) AD respectively. Initially, Punjabi Sikh soldiers constituted a major chunk of the British Indian Army as they were most trusted by British officers due to their hard work, dedication, loyalty and valuable service.<ref>https://scroll.in/article/1045152/how-punjab-came-to-dominate-the-british-indian-army</ref><ref>https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/how-british-idolised-the-loyal-sikh-soldier-and-inspired-conflict-in-indian-army/1559249/</ref> People of Punjab have played a big role in the India's freedom struggle. About 120 people from Punjab were hanged and many more were imprisoned during the Independence movement.<ref>https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ludhiana/punjabis-were-at-forefront-of-freedom-struggle-bhagaten/</ref><ref>https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/punjabis-played-a-key-role-in-independence-struggle-dhindsa/story-cxLaraDNRWiYOLADcpLv5K.html</ref> Infact, despite being 2% of India's population, Punjabi Sikhs constitute around 20% of the Indian Armed Force. [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] is the 2nd Largest Army contributor after [[Uttar Pradesh]] respectively.<ref>https://m.timesofindia.com/city/chandigarh/gallant-and-patriotic-how-sikhs-shaped-armed-forces/articleshow/99028321.cms</ref><ref>https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/punjab-second-among-all-states-in-contributing-to-armys-rank-and-file-225565</ref>

== Language ==
Punjabi Sikhs speaks the [[Punjabi language]] as their [[mother tongue]]. Various [[Punjabi dialects and languages|dialects of Punjabi language]] such as [[Bagri language|Bagri]], [[Bilaspuri]], [[Bhateali]], [[Majhi dialect|Majhi]], [[Doabi dialect|Doabi]], [[Malwai dialect|Malwai]], and [[Puadhi dialect|Puadhi]] etc are spoken by Punjabi Sikhs across India and abroad as their mother tongue. In Indian Punjab, Punjabi is written in [[Gurmukhi script]], While in Pakistan's Punjab, [[Shahmukhi script]] is used respectively.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/generals-jottings/shahmukhi-the-window-to-punjabi-culture/ | title=Shahmukhi: The window to Punjabi culture | newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref> Gurmukhi is written from left to right, while Shahmukhi is written from right to left.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last1=Sharma|first1=Saurabh|last2=Gupta|first2=Vishal|title=Punjabi Documents Clustering System|url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6677/85950119ad00c97dd28ab0799976fee89a5b.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421200231/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6677/85950119ad00c97dd28ab0799976fee89a5b.pdf|archive-date=21 April 2020|access-date=21 April 2020|journal=Journal of Emerging Technologies in Web Intelligence|volume=5|issue=2|page=174|doi=10.4304/JETWI.5.2.171-187|s2cid=55699784}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Handbook of Literacy in Akshara Orthography|publisher=Springer|year=2019|isbn=978-3030059774|pages=142}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> The use of Gurmukhi script generally started and developed during the time of 2nd Sikh guru, [[Guru Angad Dev]] (1504–1552) who have standardized it.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Guru-Angad | title=Guru Angad | Second Sikh Guru, Achievements, & Facts | Britannica }}</ref> It is commonly regarded as Sikh Script. While Shahmukhi script have been used by [[Punjabi Muslims]] since from the time of 12th century, when [[Sufi literature|Punjabi Sufi Poets]] have used it to write Punjabi. Shahmukhi is a [[Persian alphabet|Perso-Arabic alphabet script]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Punjabi-language | title=Punjabi language | Britannica }}</ref>

== Culture ==
{{See also|Punjabi culture}}

=== Festivals ===
{{Further information|List of Sikh festivals|Punjabi festivals|Punjabi festivals (Pakistan)}}
The Punjabi Sikhs observe historic festivals such as [[Lohri]], [[Basant (festival)|Basant]] and [[Vaisakhi]] as seasonal and cultural festivals in [[Punjab]] and outside of it. Other seasonal Punjabi festivals in India include [[Maghi]] and [[Teeyan]] respectively. Teeyan is also known as festival of females, as women enjoy it with their close friends. On the day of maghi, people fly kites and eat their traditional dish Punjabi dish [[khichdi]].<ref>Punjab Tourism
https://punjabtourism.punjab.gov.in › ...PDF
FESTIVALS IN PUNJAB 2021-22</ref> Other festivals observed by Punjabi Sikhs includes the festivals of [[Sikhism]] like- [[Gurupurab]], [[Bandi Chhor Divas]], etc.

== Notes ==
{{notelist|30em}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}
==Further reading==
* Benson, Heather Lené. "In Place/Out of Place: Punjabi-Sikhs in Reno, Nevada" (PhD dissertation, University of Nevada, Reno, 2022) [https://scholarworks.unr.edu/bitstream/handle/11714/8223/Benson_unr_0139D_13786.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y online].
* Bhachu, Parminder. "Culture, ethnicity and class among Punjabi Sikh women in 1990s Britain." ''Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies'' 17.3 (1991): 401-412.

* Banerjee, Himadri. "The Other Sikhs: Punjabi-Sikhs of Kolkata." ''Studies in History'' 28.2 (2012): 271-300.

* Grewal, Jagtar Singh. ''The Sikhs of the Punjab'' (Cambridge University Press, 1998).

* Usha, George, and Ferzana Chaze. "Punjabis/Sikhs in Canada." in ''Mobility and Multiple Affiliations'' (2016): 91-104.

[[Category:Community]]
[[Category:Sikhs]]
[[Category:Punjabi people]]
[[Category:Punjabi tribes]]
[[Category:Sikh culture]]
[[Category:Sikhism]]

Dr. Zeus

2022-09-13T04:13:22Z

Bollywoodupdates147: Redirected Dr. Zeus to Baljit Singh: Dr. Zeus is the man's nickname, therefore rendering it incorrect to have it's title as Dr. Zeus.

#REDIRECT [[Dr Zeus]]

Bahadur Shah Zafar

2022-08-05T08:24:40Z

Bollywoodupdates147: Created an inspiring work.

{{Short description|20th Mughal emperor}}
{{Use Indian English}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Bahadur Shah II
| title = [[King of Delhi]] [[Padishah|Badshah]] [[Shahanshah|Shahanshah-e-Hind]]
| image = Bahadur Shah II (cropped).jpg
| caption = Portrait of Bahadur Shah II, {{Circa|1854}}
| succession = 20th [[Mughal emperors|Mughal Emperor]]
| reign = 28 September 1837 – 21 September 1857
| coronation = 29 September 1837 [[Red Fort]]
| predecessor = [[Akbar II]]
| successor = ''Empire abolished'' ([[Queen Victoria|Victoria]] as [[Empress of India]])
| birth_date = 24 October 1775
| birth_place = [[Shahjahanabad]], [[Mughal Empire]] (present day [[Old Delhi]], India)
| death_date = {{death date and age|1862|11|7|1775|10|24|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Rangoon]], [[British rule in Burma|Burma Province]], British India
| spouse = {{unbulletedlist|Taj Mahal<ref name="Dalrynple2007">{{cite book | author = William Dalrynple | date = 2007 | title = Last Mughal (P/B) | publisher = Penguin Books India | pages = xv, xvi, 110, 215, 216 | isbn = 978-0-14-310243-4}}</ref>|[[Zeenat Mahal|Zinat Mahal]]<ref name="Dalrynple2007"/>|Sharaful-Mahal<ref name="Dalrynple2007"/>|Akhtar Mahal<ref name="Dalrynple2007"/>|Rahim Bakhsh Bai<ref name="Dalrynple2007"/>|Hanwa<ref name="Dalrynple2007"/>|}}
| issue = {{plainlist|
*[[Mirza Dara Bakht]]
*[[Mirza Mughal]]
*[[Mirza Fath-ul-Mulk Bahadur]]
*[[Mirza Khizr Sultan]]
*[[Mirza Jawan Bakht (born 1841)|Mirza Jawan Bakht]]
*[[Mirza Shah Abbas]]
*[[Mirza Abu Bakr (Mughal prince)|Mirza Abu Bakr]]}}
| full name = Mirza Abu Zafar Siraj-ud-din Muhammad Bahadur Shah Zafar II<ref>Frances W. Pritchett, ''Nets of Awareness: Urdu Poetry and Its Critics'' (1994), p. 5</ref>
| era dates = [[18th Century|18th]] & [[19th Century|19th Centuries]]
| regnal name = Bahadur Shah II
| house = [[Mughal dynasty|House of Babur]]
| father = [[Akbar II|Akbar Shah II]]
| mother = Lal Bai<ref name="Husain2006">{{cite book | author = Syed Mahdi Husain | date = 2006 | title = Bahadur Shah Zafar and the War of 1857 in Delhi | publisher = Aakar Books | pages = 36 | isbn = 9788187879916}}</ref>
| signature = Ghulam Ali Khan 018b.jpg
| signature_type = [[Seal (emblem)|Royal Seal]]
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]] {{small|([[Hanafi]])}}
| succession1 = Head of [[Timurid Dynasty]]
| reign1 = 28 September 1837 – 1858
| predecessor1 = [[Akbar II]]
| successor1 = [[Mirza Ilahi Baksh]]
| dynasty = [[File:Timurid.svg|25px]] [[Timurid dynasty]]
| module = {{Infobox military person
| embed = yes
| battles = [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]
}}
| burial_date = 7 November 1862
| burial_place = Rangoon, Burma
}}
{{Mughal}}

'''Bahadur Shah II''' (born '''Mirza Abu Zafar Siraj-ud-din Muhammad'''; 24 October 1775 – 7 November 1862), usually referred to by his poetic title '''Bahadur Shah ''Zafar''''' ({{IPA-fa|bahɑːduɾ ʃɑːh zafaɾ}}; ''Zafar'' {{lit}} Victory), was the twentieth and last [[Mughal emperors|Mughal Emperor of India]] as well as an [[Urdu poets|Urdu poet]]. He was the second son and the successor to his father, [[Akbar II]], who died on 28 September 1837.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Bahadur Shah Zafar; And the War of 1857 in Delhi|last=Husain|first=S. Mahdi|publisher=Aakar Books|year=2006}}</ref> He was a titular Emperor, as the Mughal Empire existed in name only and his authority was limited only to the walled city of Old Delhi ([[Old Delhi|Shahjahanbad]]). Following his involvement in the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], the [[British Raj|British]] exiled him to [[Yangon|Rangoon]] in the [[British rule in Burma|British-controlled Burma]] in 1858, after convicting him on several charges.

Bahadur Shah Zafar's father, [[Akbar II]], had been imprisoned by the British and he was not his father's preferred choice as his successor. One of Akbar Shah's queens pressured him to declare her son, [[Mirza Jahangir]], as his successor.{{Citation needed}} However, the [[East India Company]] exiled Jahangir after he attacked their resident in the [[Red Fort]],<ref name=":0" /> paving the way for Bahadur Shah to assume the throne.

==Reign==
[[File:Police Chuprasi, Delhi.png|thumb|Police in Delhi during the reign of Bahadur Shah II, 1842]]
Bahadur Shah Zafar ruled over a [[Mughal Empire]] that had by the early 19th century been reduced to only the city of [[Delhi]] and the surrounding territory as far as [[Palam]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Fanshawe|first=Herbert Charles|title=Delhi Past and Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8rk5AQAAIAAJ|location=London|publisher=John Murray|page=4|isbn=1340665395}}
</ref> The [[Maratha Empire]] had brought an end to the Mughal Empire in the Deccan during the 18th century and the regions of India formerly under Mughal rule had either been absorbed by the Marathas or had declared independence and become smaller kingdoms.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707–1813|last=Mehta|first=Jaswant Lal|publisher=Sterling Publishers|year=2005|pages=94}}</ref> The Marathas installed [[Shah Alam II]] in the throne in 1772, under the protection of the Maratha general [[Mahadaji Shinde]] and maintained suzerainty over Mughal affairs in Delhi. The [[East India Company]] became the dominant political and military power in mid-nineteenth century India. Outside the region controlled by the company, hundreds of kingdoms and principalities fragmented their land. The emperor was respected by the company, who provided him with a pension. The emperor permitted the company to collect taxes from Delhi and maintain a military force in it. Zafar never had any interest in statecraft or had any "imperial ambition".{{Citation needed|reason=According to whom?}} After the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], the British exiled him from [[Delhi]].

Bahadur Shah Zafar was a noted [[Urdu poetry|Urdu poet]], having written a number of Urdu ''[[ghazal]]s''. While some part of his opus was lost or destroyed during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], a large collection did survive, and was compiled into the ''[[Kulliyyat-i-Zafar]].'' The court that he maintained was home to several renowned [[Urdu]] scholars, poets and writers including [[Ghalib|Mirza Ghalib]], [[Daagh Dehlvi]], [[Momin Khan Momin]], and [[Mohammad Ibrahim Zauq]] (who was also Bahadur Shah Zafar's mentor).

After Zafar's defeat, he said:<ref name=":1">{{Cite book
| last =Savarkar
| first =Vinayak Damodar
| title =The Indian War of Independence – 1857
| date = 10 May 1909
| url=http://www.savarkar.org/content/pdfs/en/the_indian_war_of_independence_1857_with_publishers_note.v001.pdf
}}</ref>
<blockquote><poem>
{{lang|ur|{{nq|غازیوں میں بُو رہے گی جب تلک ایمان کی}}}}
''Ghāzīyoñ meñ bū rahe gī jab talak īmān kī''
As long as there remains the scent of [[Iman (Islam)|Iman]] in the hearts of our [[Ghazi warriors|Ghazis]],
{{lang|ur|{{nq|تخت لندن تک چلے گی تیغ ہندوستان کی}}}}
''Takht-i-Landan tak chale gī tegh Hindostān kī.''
So long shall the sword of Hindustan flash before the throne of London.

</poem></blockquote>

==1857 Rebellion==
As the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] spread, Sepoy regiments reached the [[Durbar (court)|Mughal Court]] at [[Delhi]]. Because of Zafar's neutral views on religions, many Indian kings and regiments accepted and declared him as the [[Emperor of India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070510/1857/main1.htm |title=The Sunday Tribune – Spectrum |work=The Tribune|access-date=2012-11-13}}</ref>

On 12 May 1857, Zafar held his first formal audience in several years.<ref>{{Citation|chapter=Altrincham|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u5395|title=Who Was Who}}</ref> It was attended by several sepoys who were described as treating him "familiarly or disrespectfully".<ref name="Dalrymple, p.212">Dalrymple, ''The Last Mughal'', p. 212</ref> When the sepoys first arrived at Bahadur Shah Zafar's court, he asked them why they had come to him, because he had no means of maintaining them. Bahadur Shah Zafar's conduct was indecisive. However, he yielded to the demands of the sepoys when he was told that they would not be able to win against the East India Company without him.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|title=Proceedings of the April 1858 Trial of Bahadur Shah Zafar 'King of Delhi'|journal=Parliamentary Papers|volume=June 1859}}</ref>

On 16 May, sepoys and palace servants killed fifty-two Europeans who were prisoners of the palace and who were discovered hiding in the city. The executions took place under a peepul tree in front of the palace, despite Zafar's protests. The aim of the executioners who were not the supporters of Zafar was to implicate him in the killings.<ref>Dalrymple, ''The Last Mughal'', p. 223</ref> Once he had joined them, Bahadur Shah II took ownership for all the actions of the mutineers. Though dismayed by the looting and disorder, he gave his public support to the rebellion. It was later believed that Bahadur Shah was not directly responsible for the massacre, but that he may have been able to prevent it, and he was therefore considered a consenting party during his trial.<ref name=":2" />

The administration of the city and its new occupying army was described as "chaotic and troublesome", which functioned "haphazardly". The Emperor nominated his eldest son, [[Mirza Mughal]], as the commander in chief of his forces. However, Mirza Mughal had little military experience and was rejected by the sepoys. The sepoys did not have any commander since each regiment refused to accept orders from someone other than their own officers. Mirza Mughal's administration extended no further than the city. Outside [[Gujjar]] herders began levying their own tolls on traffic, and it became increasingly difficult to feed the city.<ref>Dalrymple, ''The Last Mughal'', p. 145 fn</ref>

During the [[Siege of Delhi]] when the victory of the British became certain, Zafar took refuge at [[Humayun's Tomb]], in an area that was then at the outskirts of Delhi. Company forces led by [[William Stephen Raikes Hodson|Major William Hodson]] surrounded the tomb and Zafar was captured on 20 September 1857. The next day, Hodson shot his sons [[Mirza Mughal]] and [[Mirza Khizr Sultan]], and grandson [[Mirza Abu Bakht]] under his own authority at the [[Khooni Darwaza]], near the [[Delhi Gate (Delhi)|Delhi Gate]] and declared Delhi to be captured. Bahadur Shah himself was taken to his wife's ''[[haveli]]'', where he was treated disrespectfully by his captors. When brought news of the executions of his sons and grandson, the former emperor was described as being so shocked and depressed that he was unable to react.<ref>{{harvtxt|Dalrymple|2009|pp=341–47}}</ref>

==Trial==
The trial was a consequence of the Sepoy Mutiny and lasted for 21 days, had 19 hearings, 21 witnesses and over a hundred documents in Persian and Urdu, with their English translations, were produced in the court.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Justice System and Mutinies in British India|last=Bhatia|first=H.S.|pages=204}}</ref> At first the trial was suggested to be held at [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], the place where Directors of East India company used to their sittings in connection with their commercial pursuits. But instead, the Red Fort in Delhi was selected for the trial.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Trials that Changed History: From Socrates to Saddam Hussein|last=Gill|first=M.S.|page=53}}</ref> It was the first case to be tried at the Red Fort.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|url=https://www.inter-disciplinary.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/karnikawpaper.pdf|title=A Symbol of State Power: Use of the Red Fort in Indian Political Trials.|last=Sharma|first=Kanika|pages=1}}</ref>{{unreliable source?}}

Zafar was tried and charged on four counts:<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Proceedings of the April 1858 Trial of Bahadur Shah Zafar 'King of Delhi'|url=http://www.csas.ed.ac.uk/mutiny/Trial-BahadurShah.pdf|journal=Parliamentary Papers|volume=June 1859|access-date=2 November 2016|archive-date=6 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006215545/http://www.csas.ed.ac.uk/mutiny/Trial-BahadurShah.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|text=<nowiki/>
# Aiding and abetting the mutinies of the troops
# Encouraging and assisting divers persons in waging war against the British Government
# Assuming the sovereignty of Hindostan
# Causing and being accessory to the murder of the Christians.|title=Proceedings of the April 1858 Trial of Bahadur Shah Zafar 'King of Delhi'}}

On the 20th day of the trial Bahadur Shah II defended himself against these charges.<ref name=":3"/> Bahadur Shah, in his defense, stated his complete haplessness before the will of the sepoys. The sepoys apparently used to affix his seal on empty envelopes, the contents of which he was absolutely unaware. While the emperor may have been overstating his impotence before the sepoys, the fact remains that the sepoys had felt powerful enough to dictate terms to anybody.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Rebel Army in 1857: At the Vanguard of the War of Independence or a Tyranny of Arms?|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=42}}</ref> The eighty-two-year old poet-king was harassed by the mutineers and was neither inclined to nor capable of providing any real leadership. Despite this, he was the primary accused in the trial for the rebellion.<ref name=":4" />

Hakim [[Ahsanullah Khan]], Zafar's most trusted confidant and both his Prime Minister and personal physician, had insisted that Zafar did not involve himself in the rebellion and had surrendered himself to the British. But when Zafar ultimately did this, Hakim [[Ahsanullah Khan]] betrayed him by providing evidence against him at the trial in return for a pardon for himself.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Last Mughal: The Fall of Delhi, 1857|last=Dalrymple|first=William|publisher=Penguin India|year=2007}}</ref>

Respecting [[William Stephen Raikes Hodson|Hodson]]'s guarantee on his surrender, Zafar was not sentenced to death but exiled to [[Rangoon]], Burma.<ref name=":3" /> His wife [[Zeenat Mahal]] and some of the remaining members of the family accompanied him. At 4 am on 7 October 1858, Zafar along with his wives, two remaining sons began his journey towards Rangoon in bullock carts escorted by [[9th Queen's Royal Lancers#Early history|9th Lancers]] under command of Lieutenant Ommaney.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dalrymple|first1=William|title=The Last Mughal|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=9780143102434|year=2007}}</ref>

==Death==
{{main|Bahadur Shah Zafar grave dispute}}
In 1862, at the age of 87, he had reportedly acquired some illness. In October, his condition deteriorated. He was "spoon-fed on broth" but he found that difficult too by 3 November.<ref>Dalrymple, ''The Last Mughal'', p. 473</ref> On 6 November, the British Commissioner H.N. Davies recorded that Zafar "is evidently sinking from pure desuetude and paralysis in the region of his throat". To prepare for his death Davies commanded for the collection of lime and bricks and a spot was selected at the "back of Zafar's enclosure" for his burial. Zafar died on Friday, 7 November 1862 at 5 am. Zafar was buried at 4 pm near the [[Shwedagon Pagoda]] at 6 Ziwaka Road, near the intersection with Shwedagon Pagoda road, Yangon. The shrine of Bahadur Shah Zafar Dargah was built there after recovery of his tomb on 16 February 1991.<ref>{{cite web|last1=By Amaury Lorin (9 February 2914)|title=Grave secrets of Yangon's imperial tomb|url=http://www.mmtimes.com/index.php/lifestyle/9507-grave-secrets-of-yangon-s-imperial-tomb.html|website=mmtimes.com|access-date=13 July 2014}}</ref><ref>Dalrymple, ''The Last Mughal'', p. 474</ref> Davies commenting on Zafar, described his life to be "very uncertain".

==Family and descendants==
[[File: Zinat Mahal Begum.png|thumb|upright|Purported photograph of [[Zeenat Mahal|Zinat Mahal Begum]], his consort]]
[[File: Sons of Bahadur Shah Zafar.jpg|thumb|upright|Sons of Bahadur Shah Zafar. On the left is Jawan Bakht, and on the right is Mirza Shah Abbas.]]

Bahadur Shah Zafar had four wives and numerous concubines. His wives were:<ref name="Wives_Of_Bahadur_Shah_Zafar">{{cite web | first=Abdullah | last=Farooqi | title=Bahadur Shah Zafar Ka Afsanae Gam | publisher=Farooqi Book Depot | url=http://www.kapadia.com/zaftrans.html | access-date=22 July 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070709011843/http://www.kapadia.com/zaftrans.html | archive-date=9 July 2007 | url-status=dead}}</ref>

*Begum Ashraf Mahal
*Begum Akhtar Mahal
*Begum [[Zeenat Mahal]]
*Begum Taj Mahal

He had twenty two sons including:<ref>{{Cite book|last=Taimuri|first=Arsh|title=Qila-e-Mu'llaa ki Jhalkiyan (Glimpses of the exalted fort)|publisher=Maktaba Jahan-numa|year=1937|location=Delhi}}</ref>

*[[Mirza Dara Bakht]] Miran Shah (1790–1841)
*Mirza Muhammed Shahrukh Bahadur
*Mirza Kayumar Bahadur
*[[Mirza Fath-ul-Mulk Bahadur]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://images.vam.ac.uk/indexplus/result.html?_IXFIRST_=16&_IXSS_=_IXFIRST_%3d1%26_IXINITSR_%3dy%26%2524%253dIXID%3d%26_IXACTION_%3dquery%26%2524%253dIXOBJECT%3d%26_IXMAXHITS_%3d15%26%252asform%3dvanda%26%2524%253dIXNAME%3d%26_IXSESSION_%3dR1TSfYS86Hp%26%2524%253dIXPLACE%3d%26_IXadv_%3d0%26search%3dsearch%26%2524%253dIXMATERIAL%3d%26%2524%253ds%3dbahadur%26%2524%253dop%3dAND%26_IXFPFX_%3dtemplates%252ft%26%2524%253dsi%3dtext%26%2524%253dIXFROM%3d%26%2524%253dIXTO%3d&_IXACTION_=query&_IXMAXHITS_=1&_IXSR_=Sr3lXQCNhWo&_IXSPFX_=templates%2ft&_IXFPFX_=templates%2ft |title=Search the Collections | Victoria and Albert Museum |publisher=Images.vam.ac.uk |access-date=2012-11-13 }}{{Dead link|bot=Deepaksuhag |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> (alias Mirza Fakhru) (1816–1856)
*Mirza Muhammad Quwaish Bahadur
*[[Mirza Mughal]] (1817–1857)
*Mirza Farkhanda Shah Bahadur
*[[Mirza Khizr Sultan]] (1834–1857)
*Mirza Bakhtavar Shah Bahadur
*Mirza Sohrab Hindi Bahadur
*Mirza Abu Nasr
*Mirza Muhammad Bahadur
*Mirza Abdullah
*Mirza Kuchak Sultan
*[[Mirza Abu Bakr (Mughal prince)|Mirza Abu Bakr]] (1837–1857)
*[[Mirza Jawan Bakht (Mughal)|Mirza Jawan Bakht]] (1841–1884)
*[[Mirza Shah Abbas]] (1845–1910)
He had at least thirty-two daughters including:

*Rabeya Begum
*Begum Fatima Sultan
*Kulsum Zamani Begum
*Raunaq Zamani Begum (possibly a granddaughter, d. 1930)

Many individuals claim to be descendants of Bahadur Shah Zafar, living in places throughout India, such as [[Hyderabad]], [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]], [[Delhi Sultanate|Delhi]], [[Bhopal]], [[Kolkata]], [[Bihar]], and [[Bangalore]]. However, the claims are often disputed.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/2002/12/09/stories/2002120908190500.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630141428/https://www.thehindu.com/2002/12/09/stories/2002120908190500.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=30 June 2018 | newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | title=No Living Mughals, for now | date=9 December 2002}}</ref>

==Religious beliefs==
[[File:A panorama in 12 folds showing the procession of the Emperor Bahadur Shah to celebrate the feast of the 'Id., 1843.jpg|500px|thumb|A panorama showing the imperial procession to celebrate the feast of the ''[[Eid ul-Fitr]]'', with the emperor on the elephant to the left and his sons to the right (24 October 1843)]]

Bahadur Shah Zafar was a devout [[Sufi]].<ref name="Dalrymple5" /> He was regarded as a Sufi [[pir (Sufism)|Pir]] and used to accept ''murids'' or pupils.<ref name="Dalrymple5" /> The newspaper ''Delhi Urdu Akhbaar'' described him as "one of the leading saints of the age, approved of by the divine court."<ref name="Dalrymple5" /> Before his accession, he lived like "a poor scholar and [[dervish]]", differing from his three royal brothers, Mirza Jahangir, Salim and Babur.<ref name="Dalrymple5" /> In 1828, a decade before he succeeded the throne, Major Archer said that "Zafar is a man of spare figure and stature, plainly apparelled, almost approaching to meanness."<ref name="Dalrymple5" /> His appearance is that of an indigent munshi or teacher of languages".<ref name="Dalrymple5">William Dalrymple, ''The Last Mughal'', p. 78</ref>

As a poet, Zafar imbibed the highest subtleties of mystical Sufi teachings.<ref name="Dalrymple5" /> He was also a believer of the magical and superstitious side of the Orthodox Sufism.<ref name="Dalrymple5" /> Like many of his followers, he believed that his position as both a Sufi pir and emperor gave him spiritual powers.<ref name="Dalrymple5" /> In an incident in which one of his followers was bitten by a snake, Zafar tried to cure him by giving a "[[Bezoar|seal of Bezoar]]" (a stone antidote to poison) and some water on which he had breathed to the man to drink.<ref name="Dalrymple1" />

The emperor had a staunch belief in ''ta'aviz'' or charms, especially as a palliative for his constant complaint of piles, or to ward off evil spells.<ref name="Dalrymple1" /> During a period of illness, he told a group of Sufi pirs that several of his wives suspected that someone had cast a spell over him.<ref name="Dalrymple1" /> He requested them to take some steps to remove all apprehension on this account. The group wrote some charms and asked the emperor to mix them in water and drink it, which would protect him from the evil. A coterie of pirs, miracle workers and Hindu astrologers were always in touch with the emperor. On their advice, he would sacrifice buffaloes and camels, buried eggs and arrested alleged black magicians, and wore a ring that cured for his indigestion. He also donated cows to the poor, elephants to the Sufi shrines and horses to the ''khadims'' or clergy of [[Jama Masjid]].<ref name="Dalrymple1">William Dalrymple, ''The Last Mughal'', p. 79</ref>

In one of his verses, Zafar explicitly stated that both [[Hinduism]] and [[Islam]] shared the same essence.<ref name="Dalrymple4">William Dalrymple, ''The Last Mughal'', p. 80</ref> This philosophy was implemented by his court which embodied a multicultural composite Hindu-Islamic Mughal culture.<ref name="Dalrymple4" /> He celebrated many Hindu festivals like Rakhi, Holi, Diwali etc in the court.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nUNprZiD3GsC&pg=PA38|title=Bahadur Shah Zafar and the War of 1857 in Delhi|author=Syed Mahdi Husain|page=38|publisher=Aakar Books|year=2006|isbn=9788187879916 }}</ref> Zafar was also tolerant of [[Shia Muslims]] who regained their lost influence at the Mughal court under him.<ref>{{cite book|title=Social Institutions of Shia Muslims: An Anthropological Analysis|author=Syed Kamil Hussain|publisher=Classical Publishing Company|year=1998|isbn=9788170542674|page=34}}</ref>

==Epitaph==
He was a prolific [[Urdu]] poet and calligrapher.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/addorimss/p/zoomify55361.html |title=Zoomify image: Poem composed by the Emperor Bahadhur Shah and addressed to the Governor General's Agent at Delhi February 1843. |publisher=Bl.uk |access-date=2012-11-13}}</ref> He wrote the following [[Ghazal]] ([https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Lagta+nahi+hai+dil+mera&search_type=&aq=-1&oq= Video search]){{unreliable source?}} as his own epitaph. In his book, ''[[The Last Mughal]]'', [[William Dalrymple (historian)|William Dalrymple]] states that, according to Lahore scholar Imran Khan, the beginning of the verse, ''umr-e-darāz māṅg ke'' ("I asked for a long life") was not written by Zafar, and does not appear in any of the works published during Zafar's lifetime.{{citation needed}} The verse was allegedly written by Simab Akbarabadi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mailman.rice.edu/pipermail/sasialit/2008-January/013250.html |title=<nowiki>[SASIALIT</nowiki>] bahadur shah zafar poem and its translation attempts |publisher=Mailman.rice.edu |access-date=2012-11-13}}</ref>{{unreliable source?}}

{|
|-
!'''Original Urdu'''
!'''Devanagari transliteration'''
!'''Roman transliteration'''
!'''English translation'''
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|


<div style="direction: rtl;">
{{nq|لگتا نہیں ہے جی مِرا اُجڑے دیار میں 
کس کی بنی ہے عالمِ ناپائیدار میں 
 
بُلبُل کو پاسباں سے نہ صیاد سے گلہ 
قسمت میں قید لکھی تھی فصلِ بہار میں 
 
کہہ دو اِن حسرتوں سے کہیں اور جا بسی 
اتنی جگہ کہاں ہے دلِ داغدار میں 
 
اِک شاخِ گل پہ بیٹھ کے بُلبُل ہے شادماں 
کانٹے بِچھا دیتے ہیں دلِ لالہ زار میں 
 
عمرِ دراز مانگ کے لائے تھے چار دِن 
دو آرزو میں کٹ گئے، دو اِنتظار میں 
 
دِن زندگی کے ختم ہوئے شام ہوگئی 
پھیلا کے پائوں سوئیں گے کنج مزار میں 
 
کتنا ہے بدنصیب ظفر دفن کے لئے 
دو گز زمین بھی نہ ملی کوئے یار میں}}
</div><ref name="BBC">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/hindi/regionalnews/story/2007/05/printable/070510_spl_1857_zafar.shtml |title=BBC Hindi – भारत |publisher=BBC |access-date=2012-11-13}}</ref>

|
<blockquote>

लगता नहीं है जी मेरा उजड़े दयार में 
किसकी बनी है आलम-ए-नापायेदार में 
 
बुलबुल को पासबाँ से न सैयाद से गिला 
क़िस्मत में क़ैद लिखी थी फ़स्ल-ए-बहार में 
 
कह दो इन हसरतों से कहीं और जा बसें 
इतनी जगह कहाँ है दिल-ए-दाग़दार में 
 
इक शाख़-ए-गुल पे बैठ के बुलबुल है शादमाँ 
काँटे बिछा दिये हैं दिल-ए-लालाज़ार में 
 
उम्र-ए-दराज़ माँगके लाए थे चार दिन 
दो आरज़ू में कट गए, दो इन्तज़ार में 
 
दिन ज़िन्दगी के ख़त्म हुए शाम हो गई 
फैला के पाँव सोएँगे कुंज-ए-मज़ार में 
 
कितना है बदनसीब "ज़फ़र″ दफ़्न के लिए 
दो गज़ ज़मीन भी न मिली कू-ए-यार में 
 

</blockquote>
|
<blockquote>

''lagtā nahī̃ hai jī mirā ujṛe dayār mẽ'' 
''kis kī banī hai ālam-e-nā-pāedār mẽ'' 
 
''bulbul ko pāsbā̃ se na sayyād se gilā'' 
''qismat mẽ qaid likkhī thī fasl-e-bahār mẽ'' 
 
''kah do in hasratõ se kahī̃ aur jā basẽ'' 
''itnī jagah kahā̃ hai dil-e-dāġdār mẽ'' 
 
''ik shāx-e-gul pe baiṭh ke bulbul hai shādmā̃'' 
''kā̃ṭe bichā diye hãi dil-e-lālāzār mẽ'' 
 
''umr-e-darāz māṅg ke lāe the cār din'' 
''do ārzū mẽ kaṭ gae do intizār mẽ'' 
 
''din zindagī ke xatm hue shām ho gaī'' 
''phailā ke pāõ soeṅge kūñj-e-mazār mẽ'' 
 
''kitnā hai badnasīb zafar dafn ke lie'' 
''do gaz zamīn bhī na milī kū-e-yār mẽ'' 

</blockquote>
|
<blockquote>

My heart has no repose in this despoiled land 
Who has ever felt fulfilled in this futile world? 
 
The nightingale complains about neither the sentinel nor the hunter 
Fate had decreed imprisonment during the harvest of spring 
 
Tell these longings to go dwell elsewhere 
What space is there for them in this besmirched heart? 
 
Sitting on a branch of flowers, the nightingale rejoices 
It has strewn thorns in the garden of my heart 
 
I asked for a long life, I received four days 
Two passed in desire, two in waiting. 
 
The days of life are over, evening has fallen 
I shall sleep, legs outstretched, in my tomb 
 
How unfortunate is Zafar! For his burial 
Not even two yards of land were to be had, in the land of his beloved.<ref name="Jee_Nehein_Lagta_Full">{{cite web| title=Jee Nehein Lagta Ujrey Diyaar Mein | work=urdupoint.com | url=http://www.urdupoint.com/poetry/poem-5-4-123-3-23--.html | access-date=21 July 2007}}</ref> 

</blockquote>
|}

==Image gallery==
{{Gallery
|width=160 | height=170
|align=center
|File:One of six figures from the Mughal emperor's ceremonial procession on the occasion of the Id..jpg
|One of the many [[Flags of the Mughal Empire|Alam]] (flags) of the [[Mughal Empire]].
|File:"Capture of the King of Delhi by Captain Hodson".jpg
|Capture of the emperor and his sons by [[William Stephen Raikes Hodson|William Hodson]] at [[Humayun's tomb]] on 20 September 1857
|File:A daring seizure of King of Delhi by by Capt Henry M Hodson of Hodson's Horse.jpg
|"The seizure of the King of Delhi by Capt Henry M Hodson of Hodson's Horse" painted by a British artist in 1878
|File:Bahadur Shah II.jpg
|Portrait of Bhadur Shah titled "The Grand Mughal of Delhi" painted by Josef August Schoefft in 1854.
|File:Last Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah II with sons Mirza Jawan Bakht & Mirza Shah Abbas.jpg |Bahadur Shah II with his sons Mirza Jawan Bakht and Mirza Shah Abbas along with a British personnel while he was in exile in Burma
|File:Bahadur Shah Zafar.jpg
|Bahadur Shah Zafar in 1858, just after his trial and before his departure for exile in Burma.
|File:Autograph of His Majesty Bahadur Shah of Delhi 29th April 1844 right side.png
|Poem written by Zafar, dated 29 April 1844
|File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh and his wife Smt. Gursharan Kaur pray after offering chadar at the Mazar of Bahadur Shah Zafar, in Yangon, Myanmar on May 29, 2012.jpg
|[[Prime Minister of India]] [[Manmohan Singh]] prays at the Mazar of Bahadur Shah Zafar, in [[Yangon, Myanmar]]
}}

==In popular culture==

Zafar was portrayed in the play ''1857: Ek Safarnama'' set during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] by [[Javed Siddiqui]]. It was staged at [[Purana Qila]], Delhi ramparts by [[Nadira Babbar]] and the [[National School of Drama]] repertory company in 2008.<ref>{{cite news |title=A little peek into history |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/05/02/stories/2008050250120300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109020307/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/05/02/stories/2008050250120300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 November 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref> A Hindi-Urdu black-and-white movie, ''Lal Quila'' (1960), directed by [[Nanabhai Bhatt]], showcased Bahadur Shah Zafar extensively.

===TV Serials and Films===
A television show Bahadur Shah Zafar aired on Doordarshan in 1986. [[Ashok Kumar]] played the lead role in it.

In the 2001 Hindi historical drama series ''[[1857 Kranti (TV series)|1857 Kranti]]'', on [[DD National]], the character of Bahadur Shah Zafar was played by [[S. M. Zaheer]].

In the 2005 Hindi Movie [[Mangal Pandey: The Rising]], directed by [[Ketan Mehta]], the character of Bahadur Shah Zafar was played by [[Habib Tanveer]].

==See also==

* [[Mughal Emperors|List of Mughal Emperors]]
* [[Emperor of India|Emperor/Empress of India]]
* [[List of Indian monarchs]]
* [[List of Urdu poets]]
* [[Shahzada Muhammad Hidayat Afshar, Ilahi Bakhsh Bahadur]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*[http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelprestype/prdraw/asianprintsdrawings/delhibook/bahadurshah/ Portrait of Bahadur Shah in 1840s] ''The Delhi Book'' of [[Sir Thomas Metcalfe, 4th Baronet|Thomas Metcalfe]]
*{{cite book |first=William |last=Dalrymple |title=The Last Mughal: The Fall of Delhi, 1857 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wYW5J-jQn8QC |year=2009 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-4088-0688-3}}
*{{cite book|title=''The Trial of Bahadur Shah Zafar''|author=H L O Garrett|publisher=Roli Books|year=2007|isbn=978-8174365842}}
*{{cite book|author=K. C. Kanda|title=Bahadur Shah Zafar and His Contemporaries: Zauq, Ghalib, Momin, Shefta : Selected Poetry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mD2-fatW9DAC|year=2007|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|isbn=978-81-207-3286-5}}
*{{cite book|author=S. Mahdi Husain|title=Bahadur Shah Zafar; And the War of 1857 in Delhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nUNprZiD3GsCy|year=2006|publisher=Aakar Books|isbn=978-81-87879-91-6}}
*{{cite book|author=Shyam Singh Shashi|title=Encyclopaedia Indica: Bahadur Shah II, The last Mughal Emperor|year=1999|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VfsvAQAAIAAJ|publisher=Anmol Publications|isbn=978-81-7041-859-7}}
*{{cite book|author=Gopal Das Khosla|title=The last Mughal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_hVLAAAAMAAJ|year=1969|publisher=Hind Pocket Books}}
*{{cite book|author=Pramod K. Nayar|title=The Trial of Bahadur Shah Zafar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qWHyHgAACAAJ|year=2007|publisher=Orient Longman|isbn=978-81-250-3270-0}}

==External links==
{{Wikisource1911Enc|Bahadur Shah II.}}
*{{IMDb name|2009103}}
* [http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/sacredtexts/podwilliamdalrymple.html Extract of talk by Zafar's biographer William Dalrymple (British Library)]
;Poetry

*[http://www.kavitakosh.org/kk/index.php?title=%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80 Bahadur Shah Zafar at Kavita Kosh] {{in lang|hi}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190328080525/http://www.123shayari.com/category/bahadur-shah-zafar/ Bahadur Shah Zafar Poetry]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070709011843/http://www.kapadia.com/zaftrans.html Extracts from a book on Bahadur Shah Zafar, with details of exile and family]
* [https://rekhta.org/poets/bahadur-shah-zafar/ghazals/ Bahadur Shah Zafar Ghazals]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051023190755/http://www.kapadia.com/websites.html Links to further websites on Bahadur Shah Zafar]
* [http://www.urdupoetry.com/zafar.html Poetry on urdupoetry.com]
*[http://gdhar.com/2008/05/11/qalaam-e-zafar/ Kalaam e Zafar – Select verses] {{in lang|hi}}

;Descendants

* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/2185082.stm BBC Report on Bahadur Shah's possible descendants in Hyderabad]
* {{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20021110195943/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/12/stories/2002091200120300.htm An article on Bahadur Shah's descendants in Delhi and Hyderabad]}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051028114622/http://www.the-south-asian.com/May2004/last_mughals_of_india_in_hyderabad.htm Another article on Bahadur Shah's descendants in Hyderabad]
* [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/NEWS/India/Mughal_bahu_languishes_in_a_slum/articleshow/msid-1327140,curpg-1.cms An article on Bahadur Shah's descendants in Kolkata]
* [http://www.sikhnet.com/sikhnet/discussion.nsf/3d8d6eacce83bad8872564280070c2b3/cf0d68c64d7a4a6e87256d8d0000b9a4!OpenDocument Forgotten Empress: Sultana Beghum sells tea in Kolkata]
{{S-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Timurid dynasty]]}}
{{S-reg}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Akbar II]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Mughal emperors|Mughal Emperor]]|years=1837–1857}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Queen Victoria]]|as=[[Emperor of India|Empress of India]]}}
{{S-end}}

{{Mughal Empire}}
{{Indian independence movement}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bahadur Shah 02}}
[[Category:1775 births|Zafar]]
[[Category:1862 deaths|Zafar]]
[[Category:Mughal emperors]]
[[Category:Urdu-language poets]]
[[Category:People from Delhi]]
[[Category:Revolutionaries of the Indian Rebellion of 1857]]
[[Category:Indian exiles]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:19th-century Urdu-language writers]]
[[Category:Urdu-language writers from British India]]
[[Category:Urdu-language writers from Mughal India]]

Bill (law)

2022-06-29T03:52:14Z

Bollywoodupdates147: Designed a fresh article layout.

{{Short description|Proposed law}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed}}
{{globalize|article|United Kingdom}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates}}

A '''bill''' is proposed legislation under consideration by a [[legislature]].<ref>[http://student.education2020.com/activities/vocab.aspx?keystr=12797&order=03010205&stbl=2196465] - Education 2020: Government course; topic House of Representatives (USA), definition of '''bill''': ''"A proposed law presented to a legislative body for consideration."''</ref> A bill does not become law until it is passed by the legislature as well as, in most cases, approved by the [[Executive (government)|executive]]. Once a bill has been enacted into law, it is called an ''[[Act of Parliament|act of the legislature]]'', or a ''[[statute]]''. Bills are introduced in the legislature and are discussed, debated and voted upon.

==Usage==
The word ''bill'' is primarily used in Anglophone United Kingdom and United States, the parts of a bill are known as ''clauses'', until it has become an act of parliament, from which time the parts of the law are known as ''sections''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.uk/site-information/glossary/clause/|website=UK Parliament|access-date=15 July 2015|title=Clauses - Glossary page}}</ref>

In Napoleonic law nations (including [[France]], [[Belgium]], [[Luxembourg]], [[Spain]] and [[Portugal]]), a proposed law may be known as a "law project" (Fr. ''projet de loi''), which is a government-introduced bill, or a "law proposition" (Fr. ''proposition de loi''), a private member's bill. For example the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] parliamentary system does not make this terminological distinction (''wetsontwerp'' and ''wetsvoorstel'' being used interchangeably).

==Preparation==
{{Anchor|Pre-legislative scrutiny}}
Bills generally include [[title]]s, [[List of enacting clauses|enacting provisions]], [[Legislative intent|statements of intent]], [[definition]]s, [[Substantive law|substantive provisions]], [[Transition (linguistics)|transitional clauses]], and dates which the bill will be put into effect.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Kealy|first1=Sean|title=African Parliamentary Knowledge Network Legislative Handbook: Using Evidence to Design and Assess Legislation|url=http://sites.bu.edu/dome/files/2016/02/APKN-Legislative-Handbook-5.pdf}}</ref> The preparation of a bill may involve the production of a draft bill prior to the introduction of the bill into the legislature.<ref>Hilaire Barnett. Constitutional and Administrative Law. Second Edition. Cavendish. 1998. Page 537.</ref> In the United Kingdom, draft bills are frequently considered to be confidential.<ref>Bradley and Ewing. Constitutional and Administrative Law. Twelfth Edition. Longman. 1997. Page 718.</ref> Pre-legislative scrutiny is a formal process carried out by a parliamentary committee on a draft bill.<ref>{{cite web |title=Glossary page — Pre-legislative scrutiny |url=https://www.parliament.uk/site-information/glossary/pre-legislative-scrutiny/ |website=UK Parliament |access-date=4 Feb 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

In [[Parliament of India]], the draft bill is sent to individual ministry relating to the matter. From there the bill goes to [[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)]] and then is passed on to [[Cabinet committee (India)|Cabinet committee]] which is headed by [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]].

Pre-legislative scrutiny is required in much of Scandinavia, occurs in Ireland at the discretion of the Oireachtas (parliament) and occurs in the UK at the government's discretion.<ref>{{cite web |series=Spotlight |number=No. 8 of 2014 |publisher=Oireachtas |title=Pre-legislative scrutiny (PLS) by parliament |url=https://data.oireachtas.ie/ie/oireachtas/libraryResearch/2014/2014-12-18_spotlight-pre-legislative-scrutiny-by-parliament_en.pdf}}</ref>

In the [[Parliament of Ireland]] under [[Poynings' Law (on certification of acts)|Poynings' Law]] (1494–1782) legislation had to be pre-approved by the [[Privy Council of Ireland]] and [[Privy Council of England]], so in practice each bill was substantively debated as "heads of a bill", then submitted to the privy councils for approval, and finally formally introduced as a bill and rejected or passed unamended.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kelly |first1=James |chapter=The making of law in eighteenth-century Ireland : the significance and import of Poynings' law |editor1-last=Dawson |editor1-first=Norma |title=Reflections on Law and History: Irish Legal History Society Discourses and Other Papers, 2000–2005 |publisher=Four Courts Press |isbn=9781851829378 |language=en |series=Irish Legal History Society |volume=17 |pages=259–277}}</ref>

==Introduction==
In the [[Westminster system]], where the executive is drawn from the legislature and usually holds a majority in the lower house, most bills are introduced by the executive ([[Government bill (law)|government bill]]). In principle, the legislature meets to consider the demands of the executive, as set out in the [[Queen's Speech]] or ''Speech from the Throne''.

While mechanisms exist to allow other members of the legislature to introduce bills, these are subject to strict timetables and usually fail unless a consensus is reached. In the US system, where the executive is formally separated from the legislature, all bills must originate from the legislature. Bills can be introduced using the following procedures:

*'''Leave:''' A motion is brought before the chamber asking that leave be given to bring in a bill. This is used in the British system in the form of the ''[[Ten Minute Rule]]'' motion. The legislator has 10 minutes to propose a bill, which can then be considered by the House on a day appointed for the purpose. While this rule remains in place in the rules of procedure of the US Congress, it is seldom used.
*'''Government motion:''' In jurisdictions where the executive can control legislative business a bill may be brought in by [[executive fiat]].

==Legislative stages==
{{main|Reading (legislature)}}
Bills are generally considered through a number of readings. This refers to the historic practice of the clerical officers of the legislature reading the contents of a bill to the legislature. While the bill is no longer read, the motions on the bill still refer to this practice.

=== India ===
In [[India]], for a law to be made it starts off as a bill and has to go through various stages:

# There will be "first reading" of the bill where minister takes leave from the house and introduces title and objectives of the bill. Here, no discussion or voting takes place. And then the bill is published in [[Gazette of India]].
# After this there is a "second reading" of the bill, where the bill receives its final shape.
# The bills first go through the 'stage of general discussion' where the bill is referred to select committee/ joint committee for detailed scrutiny through a motion.
# Under 'committee stage' the bill is scrutinized in detail in the committee and a report is submitted in the respective house.
# Under 'consideration stage' the bill is discussed in detail in the house and is voted upon.
# Then under "third reading" the bill is voted upon as a whole and if majority of the house present and voting favours the bill, then the bill is considered passed and is authenticated by presiding officer.
# The bill is then passed to the other house for its consideration.
# And if both houses agree, the bill reaches the [[President (government title)|President]] where he can assent, withhold assent, return for consideration and can also sit on the bill.

===United Kingdom===

In the United Kingdom, for a new law to be made it starts off as a bill and has to go through the seven stages of the legislative process: first reading, second reading, committee stage, report stage, third reading, opposite house, and then royal assent. A bill is introduced by a [[Member of parliament|Member of Parliament]] (MP) in the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] or by a member of the [[House of Lords|House Of Lords]].

There will be a '''first reading''' of the bill, in which the proposition in the bill is read out, but there is minimal discussion and no voting.

After this there is a '''second reading''' of the bill, in which the bill is presented in more detail and it is discussed between the MPs or Lords.

The third stage is the '''committee stage''', in which a committee is gathered. This may include MPs, Lords, professionals and experts in the field, and other people who the bill may affect. The purpose of this stage is to go into more detail on the bill and gather expert opinions on it (e.g. teachers may be present in a committee about a bill that would affect the education system) and amendments may be brought.

After this is the '''report stage''', in which the entire house reviews any and all changes made to the bill since its conception and may bring further amendments.

The fifth stage is the '''third reading''' of the bill, in which the full bill is read out in the house along with all amendments and is given final approval by the House.

The next stage is where the bill is handed over to the '''opposite house''' for approval. (If it started in the House of Commons it will be handed to the House of Lords and vice versa.) Here the bill will go through the exact same process as before, with amendments able to be brought. If amendments are brought the bill will again be handed to the opposite house, going through the same process, which repeats until both houses arrive at an agreement on the bill. (In the rare circumstance that the two houses cannot agree, the House of Commons has the final say as it is an elected body, whereas the House Of Lords is not).

Once the bill is finalized, it will move to the final stage, '''[[royal assent]]''', when the monarch signs or otherwise signifies approval for the bill to become law. Theoretically, the monarch could refuse assent to a bill, but no monarch has done so since Queen Anne in 1708, and the royal veto has fallen into disuse. Once the assent is granted, the law comes into effect at the date and time specified within the act; if this is not specified within the act, it comes into effect at midnight on the same day it is granted royal assent.

==Enactment and after==
{{anchor|Enactment}}
{{Redirect|How a bill becomes a law|the ''Parks and Recreation'' episode|How a Bill Becomes a Law}}
Where a piece of [[primary legislation]] is termed an [[Act (law)|act]], the process of a bill becoming law may be termed '''enactment'''. Once a bill is passed by the legislature, it may automatically become law, or it may need further approval, in which case enactment may be effected by the approver's [[signature]] or [[proclamation]].

===Approval===
[[File:A bill to amend the act entitled "An act to organize forces to serve during the war," approved Feb. 17, 1864 - DPLA - fc4d271150352e88d767d951bb2ae001 (page 2).jpg|thumb|A bill to amend the act entitled "An act to organize forces to serve during the war," approved Feb. 17, 1864]]
Bills passed by the legislature usually require the approval of the head of state such as the monarch, president, or governor to become law.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parliament.uk/about/how/laws/bills.cfm |title=UK Parliament - Bills |access-date=2009-05-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090312070023/http://www.parliament.uk/about/how/laws/bills.cfm |archive-date=12 March 2009 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The refusal of such an approval is typically known as a ''[[veto]]''.

Exceptions are the [[Irish Free State]] from the abolition of the [[Governor-General of the Irish Free State|Governor-General]] in December 1936 to the creation of the office of [[President of Ireland|President]] in December 1937, and [[Israel]] from its formation until today, during which period bills approved by the [[Oireachtas of the Irish Free State|Oireachtas]] and [[Knesset]] respectively became/become law immediately (though, in Israel's case, the laws are ceremonially signed after their passage by the President).

In [[parliamentary system]]s, approval of the head of state is normally a formality since the head of state is a ceremonial figurehead. The exercise of the veto is considered a [[reserve power]] and is typically only used in rare circumstances, and the legislature can usually override the veto by a simple majority vote. However, in most cases, the executive – a cabinet of ministers responsible to parliament – takes a veto by the head of state into account.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ft.com/content/6b3bd1ae-89d7-11da-86d1-0000779e2340 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/6b3bd1ae-89d7-11da-86d1-0000779e2340 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Berlusconi embarrassed by presidential veto |first=Tony |last=Barber |newspaper=[[Financial Times]] |location=London}}</ref>

In [[presidential system]]s, the head of state is also the chief executive, and the need to receive approval can be used as a political tool by them. The legislature is only able to override the veto by means of a [[supermajority]] vote.

In some jurisdictions, a bill passed by the legislature may also require approval by a [[constitutional court]]. If the court finds the bill would violate the [[constitution]] it may annul it or send it back to the legislature for correction. In Ireland, the President has discretion under [[Article 26 of the Constitution of Ireland|Article 26 of the Constitution]] to refer bills to the [[Supreme Court of Ireland|Supreme Court]]. In Germany, the [[Federal Constitutional Court]] has discretion to rule on bills.

Some bills may require approval by [[referendum]]. In Ireland this is obligatory for [[Amendments to the Constitution of Ireland|bills to amend the constitution]]; it is possible for other bills via [[ordinary referendum|a process that has never been used]].

===Afterwards===
A bill may [[coming into force|come into force]] as soon as it becomes law, or it may specify a later date to come into force, or it may specify by whom and how it may be brought into force; for example, by [[ministerial order]]. Different parts of an act may come into force at different times.

An act is typically [[promulgated]] by being published in an [[official gazette]]. This may be required on enactment, coming into force, or both.

==Numbering of bills==
Legislatures give bills numbers as they progress.

=== United States ===
In the United States, all bills originating in the House of Representatives begin with "H.R." and all bills originating from the Senate begin with an "S.". Every two years, at the start of odd-numbered years, the United States Congress recommences numbering from 1, though for bills the House has an order reserving the first 20 bill numbers and the Senate has similar measures for the first 10 bills. Joint resolutions also have the same effect as bills, and are titled as "H. J. Res." or "S. J. Res." depending on whether they originated in the House or Senate, respectively. This means that two different bills can have the same number. Each two-year span is called a ''congress'', tracking the terms of Representatives elected in the nationwide biennial House of Representatives elections, and each congress is divided into year-long periods called ''sessions''.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.govtrack.us/congress/billsearch.xpd |title=GovTrack: Search Legislation in Congress |publisher=GovTrack.us |access-date=2009-03-30}}</ref>

=== United Kingdom ===
In the United Kingdom, for example, the [[Coroners and Justice Act 2009|Coroners and Justice Act]] in 2009 started as Bill 9 in the House of Commons. Then it became Bill 72 on consideration by a [[public bill committee]]; after that it became House of Lords Bill 33. Then it became House of Lords Bill 77, returned to the House of Commons as Bill 160, before finally being passed as Act 29.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://services.parliament.uk/bills/2008-09/coronersandjustice.html |title=Coroners and Justice Bill 2008–09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100213000956/http://services.parliament.uk/bills/2008-09/coronersandjustice.html |archive-date=13 February 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2009/pdf/ukpga_20090025_en.pdf |title=Coroners and Justice Act 2009 |publisher=Office of Public Sector Information |access-date=2010-03-23 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100331165258/http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2009/pdf/ukpga_20090025_en.pdf| archive-date= 31 March 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref> Parliament recommences numbering from one at the beginning of each session. This means that two different bills may have the same number. Sessions of parliament usually last a year. They begin with the [[State Opening of Parliament]], and end with [[legislative session#Procedure in Commonwealth realms|Prorogation]].

=== Ireland ===
In the Irish [[Oireachtas]], bills are numbered sequentially from the start of each calendar year. Bills originating in the [[Dáil]] and [[Seanad]] share a common sequence. There are separate sequences for public and private bills, the latter prefixed with "P". Although [[Amendments to the Constitution of Ireland|acts to amend the constitution]] are outside the annual sequence used for other public acts, [[List of failed amendments to the Constitution of Ireland|bills to amend the constitution]] are within the annual sequence of public bills.<ref>For example, [http://www.oireachtas.ie/viewdoc.asp?DocID=-1&StartDate=1+January+2002&CatID=59 the list of Oireachtas bills for 2002] includes numbers 31 and 32 (constitutional amendments) 45 and 47 (originating in Seanad) 46 (originating in Dáil) and P1 (private).</ref>

=== Philippines ===
{{Main|List of Philippine laws}}
In the [[Philippines]], all bills passed into law, regardless of whether they were introduced in the [[House of Representatives of the Philippines|House of Representatives]] or the [[Senate of the Philippines|Senate]], are numbered sequentially beginning with the first Republic Act that became law on July 15, 1946. There have been 11,646 Republic Acts as of January 21, 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Republic Acts {{!}} Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines|url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/section/republic-acts/|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-26|website=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines|language=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Republic Act No. 11646 {{!}} GOVPH|url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2022/01/21/republic-act-no-11646/|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-26|website=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines|language=}}</ref> All Laws passed by Congress, once given Presidential Assent become law and are given a sequential number and are prefixed with "Republic Act" or "R.A." for short. They are also given a secondary sequential number by the chamber they are introduced in. Aforementioned numberings restart every 3 years after the formation of a new Congress.

==See also==
{{Portal|Politics|Law}}
* [[Legislation]]
*[[List of legislatures by country]] ''(most legislature articles have information on their processes)''
*[[Resolution (law)]]
*[[White paper]]
*[[Bill (United States Congress)]]
*[[Procedures of the United States Congress]]
*[[Private bill]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

===Hong Kong===
*[http://www.legco.gov.hk/general/english/bc/bc_0408.htm Bills Committees of the Legislative Council]

===India===
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140909230437/http://lawmin.nic.in/coi/coiason29july08.pdf The Indian Constitution]
* [http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/welcome.html Government of India Laws]

===Ireland===
* [http://beta.oireachtas.ie/en/visit-and-learn/how-parliament-works/how-laws-are-made/ How laws are made]
* [http://beta.oireachtas.ie/en/bills/find-bills-and-acts/ Find bills and acts] (since 1922; partial)
* [http://www.oireachtas.ie/parliament/oireachtasbusiness/billslegislation/bills/ Bills] (since 1997; complete)

===New Zealand===
* [http://www.pco.parliament.govt.nz/terminology/#b1 Parliamentary Counsel Office—Terminology: What are Acts, Bills, regulations, and Supplementary Order Papers (SOPs)?]
* [http://www.legislation.govt.nz/bill/results.aspx?search=y_bill_All__bc%40bcur_an%40bn%40rn_200_a&p=1 List of current bills]

===United Kingdom===
*UK Parliament Guide: [http://www.parliament.uk/about/how/laws/passage-bill/ Passage of a Bill]
*BBC Parliament Guide:
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/bbc_parliament/2290085.stm Making new law]
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/bbc_parliament/2290403.stm Types of bill]
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/bbc_parliament/2295875.stm Bill procedure]
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/bbc_parliament/2297381.stm First reading]
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/bbc_parliament/2298827.stm Second reading]
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/bbc_parliament/2298941.stm Commons committee stage]
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/bbc_parliament/2300537.stm Lords committee stage]
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/bbc_parliament/2300667.stm Report stage]
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/bbc_parliament/2306475.stm Third reading]
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/bbc_parliament/2306571.stm Passage through the other House]
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/bbc_parliament/2327561.stm Royal assent]
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/bbc_parliament/2306919.stm Delegated legislation]

===United States===
*[http://thomas.loc.gov/home/bills_res.html Bills, Resolutions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100819190509/http://thomas.loc.gov/home/bills_res.html }} at [[THOMAS]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060426041416/http://www.vote-smart.org/resource_govt101_02.php Government 101: How a bill becomes a law] at [[Project Vote Smart]]
*[http://www.govtrack.us/congress/legislation.xpd Federal legislation] at [[GovTrack]]
*[http://www.ncleg.net/NCGAInfo/Bill-Law/bill-law.html How a law is made] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050711075856/http://www.ncleg.net/NCGAInfo/Bill-Law/bill-law.html }} at the [[North Carolina General Assembly]]

[[Category:Statutory law]]
[[Category:Legislatures]]
[[Category:Proposed laws| ]]

Chief of Army Staff of Indian Army

2022-05-24T21:41:29Z

Bollywoodupdates147: #REDIRECT

#REDIRECT [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)]]