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Visakhapatnam railway division

2026-05-08T06:38:00Z

Bogdanwyo:

{{Short description|Railway division of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox rail
|railroad_name=Visakhapatnam railway division
|logo_filename=
|logo_size=
|system_map=
|map_caption=
|map_size=
|marks=
|image=Visakhapatnam Railway Station.JPG
|image_size=
|image_caption=View of Visakhapatnam railway station
|locale=[[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
|start_year={{start date and age|df=yes|2026|6|1}}
|predecessor_line=[[East Coast Railway zone|East Coast Railway]]
|gauge=
|old_gauge=
|electrification=
|length=
|hq_city=[[Visakhapatnam]]
|website=
|operator=[[South Coast Railway zone|South Coast Railway]]
|successor=[[South Coast Railway zone|South Coast Railway]]
}}
'''Visakhapatnam railway division''' (formerly known as '''Waltair railway division''') is one of the four divisions of the [[South Coast Railway zone]] of the [[Indian Railways]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=ABN |date=2025-02-06 |title=South Coast Railway: రాష్ట్రమంతా ఒకే రైల్వే జోన్‌
|url=https://www.andhrajyothy.com/2025/andhra-pradesh/centre-approves-south-coast-railway-zone-for-ap-1367927.html
|access-date=2025-02-07 |website=Andhrajyothy Telugu News
|language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Peri |first=Usha
|date=2025-02-06 |title=Railway Board retains Waltair Division as Visakhapatnam Division, restructuring South Coast Railway Zone
|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2025/Feb/06/railway-board-retains-waltair-division-as-visakhapatnam-division-restructuring-south-coast-railway-zone
|access-date=2025-02-07 |website=The New Indian Express
|language=en}}</ref>

In 2025, Rayagada railway division was newly formed by carving out part of Waltair railway division and the truncated Waltair railway division was renamed as Visakhapatnam railway division.<ref>{{Cite web
|first= |date=2021-12-27 |title=Delays dog new railway zone
|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/delays-dog-new-railway-zone/article38051643.ece
|access-date=2022-05-09 |website=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
|title=Cabinet approves South Coast Railway zone
|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=189105
|website=Press Information Bureau}}</ref>

== History ==

* In 1893, Waltair railway division was established.<ref>{{Cite web
|last=Vizag |first=Team Yo! |date=2025-02-08 |title='Waltair Railway Division' no more: Know its iconic history in Visakhapatnam
|url=https://www.yovizag.com/waltair-railway-division-no-more-know-its-iconic-history-in-visakhapatnam/#google_vignette
|access-date=2025-02-09 |website=Vizag |language=en-US}}</ref>
* In 2025, the Waltair railway division was divided into two parts forming new [[Rayagada railway division]], the [[truncated]] Waltair railway division was renamed as Visakhapatnam railway division.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Porecha |first=Maitri |date=2025-02-07
|title=Railways removes 'colonial legacy,' by renaming Waltair division as Visakhapatnam
|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/railways-removes-colonial-legacy-by-renaming-waltair-division-as-visakhapatnam/article69193497.ece
|access-date=2025-02-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN
|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
== Main lines ==
The main lines of the former division were:<ref>{{cite web
|title=System map of Watair Division
|url=http://www.eastcoastrail.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1316615150837-sys%20map%20wat%20divn.pdf
|access-date=1 June 2014 |publisher=Indian Railways
}}</ref>
[[File:Former_Waltair_division's_statewise_break-up.jpg|right|thumb|Former Waltair railway division map]]
[[File:Visakhapatnam_railway_station.jpg|thumb|Visakhapatnam railway station]]
[[File:The_main_entrance_of_Vizianagaram_Railway_station.jpg|right|thumb|The
main entrance of Vizianagaram Railway station]]
[[File:Srikakulam_Road_Railway_Station.jpg|right|thumb|Srikakulam Road
Railway Station]]
{| class="wikitable"
!Section
!Line
!Distance
|-
|Duvvada-Visakhapatnam-Palasa (B.G. - Double)
|Main Line
|213 km Route
|-
|Vizianagaram-Singapuram road-Therubali (B.G. - Double)
|R – V Line
|137 km Route
|-
|[[Kothavalasa–Kirandul line]] (B.G. - Single)
|K – K Line
|446 km Route
|-
|Koraput-Rayagada (B.G. - Double)
|K – R Line
|164 km Route
|-
|Kottavalasa-Simhachalam
|III Line
|22 km Route
|-
|Bobbili – Salur
|Branch Line
|18 km Route
|-
|Naupada-Gunupur
|
|90 km Route
|-
|Total
|
|1,052 km Route
|}

=== Stations and categories ===
The list includes the stations that were under the former Waltair railway division and their station category.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Statement showing Category-wise No.of stations
|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/StationRedevelopment/AI&ACategoryStns.pdf
|access-date=18 January 2016 }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#fff;"
! style="background:#ffd750;" |Category of station
! style="background:#ffd750;" |No. of stations
! style="background:#ffd750;" |Names of stations
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |'''A-1''' Category
| style="text-align:center;" |1
| style="text-align:center;" |{{rws|Visakhapatnam Junction}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |'''A''' Category
| style="text-align:center;" |3
| style="text-align:center," |{{rws|Srikakulam Road}}, {{rws|Vizianagaram}}, {{rws|Palasa}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |'''B''' Category
| style="text-align:center;" | -
| style="text-align:center;" | -
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |'''C''' Category (Suburban station)
| style="text-align:center;" | -
| style="text-align:center;" | -
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |'''D''' Category
| style="text-align:center;" | -
| style="text-align:center;" | -
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |'''E''' Category
| style="text-align:center;" | -
| style="text-align:center;" | -
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |'''F''' Category (Halt Station)
| style="text-align:center;" | -
| style="text-align:center;" | -
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |'''Total'''
| style="text-align:center;" |'''-'''
| style="text-align:center;" | -
|}
Stations closed for Passengers -

== Performance and earnings ==
Visakhapatnam railway division was awarded efficiency shields in eight categories. Vizianagaram and Tilaru were awarded best major and minor clean stations.

During the 2014–15 financial year, the division recorded its highestof {{INRConvert|6653.31|c}}. It includes the majority share of {{INRConvert|6159.73|c}} from freight transport itself. The division had transported {{nowrap|54.86 million tonnes}} of load and
{{nowrap|33.72 million}} passengers. The passengers earnings were {{INRConvert|433.15|c}}<ref>{{cite web |date=22 April 2015
|title=Waltair Division highest-ever in total earnings
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/waltair-division-highestever-in-total-earnings/article7128788.ece
|access-date=30 May 2015 |work=The Hindu
|location=Visakhapatnam}}</ref>

During 2012–13, freight revenue earnings of Visakhapatnam railway division (then Waltair railway division) were {{INRConvert|5642|c}}. For the same period, the passenger traffic was {{nowrap|32.94
million}} and passenger earnings were {{INRConvert|312.96|c}} respectively.<ref>{{cite news |date=16 August 2013 |title=Record earnings growth for Waltair Division : DRM
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/record-earnings-growth-for-waltair-division-drm/article5028422.ece
|access-date=25 February 2015 |work=The Hindu
|location=Visakhapatnam}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Divisional Revenue |url=http://www.railnews.co.in/waltair-division-revenue-crosses-rs-5000-crore-mark/ |access-date=2014-05-08 |archive-date=8 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508224846/http://www.railnews.co.in/waltair-division-revenue-crosses-rs-5000-crore-mark/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Due to industrialization in the modern era, the division equally serves the transportation needs of the port city of [[Visakhapatnam]]. The division served major public sectors such as Visakhapatnam Port Trust, [[Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited|RINL]], [[Indian Oil Corporation|IOC]], [[Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited|BPCL]], [[Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited|HPCL]] etc.<ref
name="ECoR2">{{cite web |title=Waltair division
|url=http://eastcoastrailwaywaltairdivision.blogspot.in/2011/05/waltair-division-at-glance.html
|access-date=2014-05-09}}</ref>

== Infrastructure ==
=== Loco sheds ===
The Diesel Loco Shed at [[Visakhapatnam]], is the largest diesel shed in [[Indian Railways]], with a capacity to accommodate 300 [[Diesel locomotive|Diesel Locomotives]]. While, the Electric Loco Shed is currently holding 231 [[Electric locomotives]].

It holds [[Indian locomotive class WDM-2|WDM-2]] – 57, WDS-6 – 10, [[EMD GT46MAC|WDG]][[Indian locomotive class WDM-3A|-3A]] – 96 alongside 3 rail busses.

While, the [[Electric Loco Shed, Visakhapatnam|Visakhapatnam Electric
Loco Shed]] can accommodate 297 locomotives which includes <nowiki>[[Indian locomotive class WAG-5|WAG-5]]</nowiki> – 83, <nowiki>[[Indian locomotive class WAP-4|WAP-4]]</nowiki> – 21, [[WAP-7]] - 35, <nowiki>[[Indian locomotive class WAG-6|WAG-6]]</nowiki> – 9, [[Indian locomotive class WAG-9H|WAG-9H]] –172,{{Portal|India
}}<ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox
portalborder portalright">
<li class="portalbox-entry">[[File:Flag_of_India.svg|link=|alt=flag|border|class=noviewer|32x32px]][[Portal:India|India portal]]</li></ul>

== See also ==

* [[Vijayawada railway division]]
* [[Guntakal railway division]]
* [[Guntur railway division]]

== References ==
<references responsive="1"></references>{{South Coast Railway}}{{Railways in Southern India}}
[[Category:Divisions of Indian Railways]]
[[Category:South Coast Railway zone]]
[[Category:Waltair railway division]]
[[Category:2026 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]

Avanashi Assembly constituency

2026-05-07T02:23:38Z

Bogdanwyo:

{{Short description|One of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Avanashi
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 112
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| map_image = Constitution-Avanashi.svg
| district = [[Tiruppur district|Tiruppur]] & [[Coimbatore District|Coimbatore]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Nilgiris Lok Sabha constituency|Nilgiris]]
| established = 1957
| mla = [[Kamali. S.]]
| party = {{Party index link|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| electors = 253,361
| reservation = SC
}}
'''Avanashi''' is a legislative assembly, that includes the city of [[Avanashi]]. Its State Assembly Constituency number is 112. Since 1977, this seat has been reserved for [[Scheduled Castes]]. Avanashi Assembly constituency is a part of [[Nilgiris Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|title = List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies
|access-date = 2008-10-10
|work = Tamil Nadu
|publisher = Election Commission of India
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090206012938/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|archive-date = 2009-02-06
}}</ref> This is one of the two assembly constituencies having inter-district boundaries of limit, the other being [[Udumalaipettai Assembly constituency|Udumalaipettai]]. It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India.

==Composition==
It is composed of [[Annur taluk]] in [[Coimbatore district]] and [[Avinashi taluk]] in [[Tiruppur district]].

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
=== Madras State ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="70%"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| 1957
| rowspan=2|[[K. Marappa Gounder]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 1962
|-
| 1967
| R. K. Gounder
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
|}

=== Tamil Nadu ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Election
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1971]]
| T. O. Periyasamy
| {{Full party name with color|Vivasaya Sangam}}
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1977]]
| S. N. Palaniswamy
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1980]]
| M. Arumugam
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1984]]
| P. Lakshmi
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1989]]
| R. Annanambi
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1991]]
| M. Seeniammal
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1996]]
| [[G. Elango]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2001]]
| [[S. Mahalingam (MLA)|S. Mahalingam]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2006]]
| [[R. Prema]]
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2011]]
| [[A. A. Karuppasamy]]

|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| rowspan=2|[[P. Dhanapal]]
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|-
| [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| [[Kamali. S.]]
| {{Full party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Avanashi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Kamali. S.]] |party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|votes=|percentage=|change=''New''}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Dr. Gokilamani|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=|percentage= |change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[L. Murugan]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes= |percentage= |change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Menaka|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi|votes=|percentage=m|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA|party=None of the above (India) |votes=|percentage= |change=}}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage=}}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =250346 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Avanashi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Dhanapal]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,17,284 |percentage=55.78% |change=7.67% }}
{{Election box candidate |candidate=Athiyamaan Raju |party=[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|ATP]]<ref>Aathi Thamizhar Peravai (contested under DMK Rising Sun Symbol)</ref> | color=#0092df |votes=66,382 |percentage=31.57% |change=-0.73% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Shoba |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=13,256 |percentage=6.30% |change=5.52% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Venkateswaran. A |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=8,379 |percentage=3.99% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Meera. K |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=2,577 |percentage=1.23% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nota |party=None of the above (India) |votes=2,372 |percentage=1.13% |change=-0.69% }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=50,902 |percentage=24.21% |change=8.40% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,10,255 |percentage=74.94% |change= -2.82% }}
{{Election box rejected|votes=338 |percentage=0.16% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,80,560 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 7.67% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Avanashi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Dhanapal]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=93,366 |percentage=48.11% |change=-18.49% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Anandhan E |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=62,692 |percentage=32.31% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Arumugham]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=15,016 |percentage=7.74% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Perumal C |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=8,081 |percentage=4.16% |change=0.67% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Pragatheeswaran B |party=Kongunadu Makkal Desia Katchi |votes=4,373 |percentage=2.25% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=None Of The Above |party=None of the above |votes=3,534 |percentage=1.82% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sumathi P |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=1,514 |percentage=0.78% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Marimuthu K K |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=1,480 |percentage=0.76% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sakthivel M |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=784 |percentage=0.40% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Rangasamy P |party=Shiv Sena |votes=671 |percentage=0.35% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Arulmurugan R |party=Independent politician |votes=622 |percentage=0.32% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=30,674 |percentage=15.81% |change=-23.90% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,94,062 |percentage=77.76% |change= -2.48% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,49,571 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -18.49% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Avanashi<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result|work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf | archive-date =15 February 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. A. Karuppasamy]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,03,002 |percentage=66.60% |change=26.03% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Natarajan. A. R. |party=Indian National Congress |votes=41,591 |percentage=26.89% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Rangasamy. R. |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=5,405 |percentage=3.49% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Jaya. V. |party=Independent politician |votes=2,798 |percentage=1.81% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Moorthy. R. |party=Independent politician |votes=1,858 |percentage=1.20% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=61,411 |percentage=39.71% |change=36.33% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,92,750 |percentage=80.24% |change= 9.63% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,54,654 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 26.03% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2006===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Avanashi<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 2006 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | access-date = 12 May 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Prema]]|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=54,562 |percentage=40.57% |change=-7.63% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Arumugham]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=50,023 |percentage=37.20% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Anandharaj. M. |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=14,570 |percentage=10.83% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mohanraj. M. |party=Independent politician |votes=11,146 |percentage=8.29% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ramasamy. P. |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,535 |percentage=1.14% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nainan. K. |party=Independent politician |votes=1,021 |percentage=0.76% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Raviraj. M. R. |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=684 |percentage=0.51% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Chelladurai. P. |party=Independent politician |votes=542 |percentage=0.40% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ganesan. A. |party=Independent politician |votes=393 |percentage=0.29% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,539 |percentage=3.38% |change=-13.63% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,34,476 |percentage=70.61% |change= 4.63% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,90,450 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -7.63% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Avanashi<ref>{{cite web |title = 2001 Tamil Nadu Election Results |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Mahalingam. S. |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=59,571 |percentage=48.20% |change=14.33% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Mohankumar |party=Independent politician |votes=38,559 |percentage=31.20% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Radhamani Thirumathi |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=17,126 |percentage=13.86% |change=-42.67% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Anna Nambi |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,052 |percentage=3.28% |change=-3.51% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Rajendran. P. |party=Independent politician |votes=2,597 |percentage=2.10% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. P. Sengottaian |party=Independent politician |votes=1,674 |percentage=1.35% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=21,012 |percentage=17.00% |change=-5.66% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,23,579 |percentage=65.98% |change= -4.66% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,87,295 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -8.33% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Avanashi<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1996 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[G. Elango]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=66,006 |percentage=56.53% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Thiagarajan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=39,549 |percentage=33.87% |change=-35.80% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Shanmuga Sundharam |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=7,922 |percentage=6.79% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Palanisamy |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,042 |percentage=1.75% |change=-2.74% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Krishnan |party=Independent politician |votes=403 |percentage=0.35% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Neelamalai. K. Muthusamy |party=Independent politician |votes=320 |percentage=0.27% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Anvarasu |party=Independent politician |votes=220 |percentage=0.19% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. M. Jayaraj |party=Independent politician |votes=163 |percentage=0.14% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Arumugam |party=Anaithinthiya Thamizhaga Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=132 |percentage=0.11% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=26,457 |percentage=22.66% |change=-23.42% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,16,757 |percentage=70.64% |change= 3.69% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,76,709 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -13.14% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Avanashi<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1991 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=M. Seeniammal |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=69,774 |percentage=69.67% |change=37.07% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Arumugham |party=Communist Party of India |votes=23,625 |percentage=23.59% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Palanisamy |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,493 |percentage=4.49% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. M. Jayaraj |party=Janata Party |votes=972 |percentage=0.97% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Selvaraj |party=Tharasu Makkal Mandram |votes=430 |percentage=0.43% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Kannaiyan |party=Independent politician |votes=294 |percentage=0.29% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Palani |party=Independent politician |votes=283 |percentage=0.28% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Palanisamy |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=278 |percentage=0.28% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=46,149 |percentage=46.08% |change=44.01% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,00,149 |percentage=66.94% |change= -7.44% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,60,494 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 37.07% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Avanashi<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1989 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Annanambi. R. |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=33,964 |percentage=32.60% |change=-34.70% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Dhandapani. C.T. |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=31,806 |percentage=30.53% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Palaniswamy. S.N. |party=Indian National Congress |votes=30,974 |percentage=29.73% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Chandramohan. K.S. |party=Independent politician |votes=5,028 |percentage=4.83% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Koval Ganesan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,570 |percentage=1.51% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Subburaju. N. |party=Independent politician |votes=854 |percentage=0.82% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,158 |percentage=2.07% |change=-37.12% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,04,196 |percentage=74.39% |change= 3.04% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,44,291 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -34.70% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Avanashi<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1984 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Lakshmi P. |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=58,677 |percentage=67.30% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Arumugam. M. |party=Communist Party of India |votes=24,504 |percentage=28.11% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nanjan. K. |party=Independent politician |votes=1,336 |percentage=1.53% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ponnusamy. C. A. |party=Independent politician |votes=1,094 |percentage=1.25% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ramaswamy. V. |party=Independent politician |votes=979 |percentage=1.12% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Saraswathi A. S. |party=Independent politician |votes=597 |percentage=0.68% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=34,173 |percentage=39.20% |change=23.45% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=87,187 |percentage=71.35% |change= 23.41% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,31,978 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= 13.08% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Avanashi<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1980 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Arumugam. M. |party=Communist Party of India |votes=33,294 |percentage=54.22% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Palanisamy. S. N. |party=Indian National Congress |votes=23,623 |percentage=38.47% |change=6.21% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Palanisamy. K. P. |party=Janata Party |votes=4,492 |percentage=7.31% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,671 |percentage=15.75% |change=13.25% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=61,409 |percentage=47.93% |change= -10.29% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,30,646 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 21.96% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Avanashi<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1977 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=S.N. Palaniswamy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,550 |percentage=32.26% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Annanambi |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=20,803 |percentage=29.76% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Perumal |party=Janata Party |votes=15,119 |percentage=21.63% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. Chinnan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=9,431 |percentage=13.49% |change=-35.19% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Elango |party=Independent politician |votes=1,087 |percentage=1.55% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T.S. Chinnasamv |party=Independent politician |votes=917 |percentage=1.31% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,747 |percentage=2.50% |change=1.28% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=69,907 |percentage=58.22% |change= -12.30% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,22,608 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= -17.64% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Avanashi<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1971 Tamil Nadu Election Results | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. O. Periasamy]] |party=Independent politician |votes=29,356 |percentage=49.90% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Thangavellu |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=28,637 |percentage=48.68% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. P. Maruthachalam |party=Independent politician |votes=835 |percentage=1.42% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=719 |percentage=1.22% |change=-7.49% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=58,828 |percentage=70.52% |change= -0.58% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 91,240 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Swatantra Party |swing= -4.46% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Avanashi<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |title= 1967 Tamil Nadu Election Results, Election Commission of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2012 |date=19 April 2009 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=R. K. Gounder |party=Swatantra Party |votes=31,927 |percentage=54.36% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. M. Gounder |party=Indian National Congress |votes=26,808 |percentage=45.64% |change=-7.38% }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,119 |percentage=8.72% |change=-20.36% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=58,735 |percentage=71.10% |change= 4.37% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 87,279 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Swatantra Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 1.34% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Avanashi<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |title=1962 Madras State Election Results, Election Commission of India |access-date= 19 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Marappa Gounder]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=27,009 |percentage=53.02% |change=-7.22% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Ponnusami |party=Swatantra Party |votes=12,196 |percentage=23.94% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=I. M. Sherrif |party=Communist Party of India |votes=6,698 |percentage=13.15% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ponniya Gounder |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=5,037 |percentage=9.89% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,813 |percentage=29.08% |change=8.59% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=50,940 |percentage=66.73% |change= 24.61% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 80,839 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -7.22% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1957===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Avanashi<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2015-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Marappa Gounder]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=20,716 |percentage=60.25% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Karuppa Gounder |party=Independent politician |votes=13,670 |percentage=39.75% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,046 |percentage=20.49% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=34,386 |percentage=42.12% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 81,634 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |title=Statistical reports of assembly elections |access-date=8 July 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=5 October 2010 }}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
{{coord|11|10|24.68|N|77|11|31.28|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tiruppur district]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Madras State]]
[[Category:Coimbatore district]]

Aandava Perumal

2026-05-06T21:01:43Z

Bogdanwyo: Made the post more to come

{{Short description|2013 Indian film by Priyan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aandava Perumal
| image = Aandava Perumal.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = 
| director = Priyan
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = R. Jana
| starring = Shivan [[Eden Kuriakose|Idhaya]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = Robin N. Samuel
| editing = Priyan
| music = Ravi Chandran
| studio = Parasakthi Cinemas
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|3|1}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Aandava Perumal''''' is a 2013 Indian Tamil-language film directed by Priyan, who previously directed ''Kottie'' (2010) and ''Vijaynagaram'' (2013), and starring Shivan and [[Eden Kuriakose|Idhaya]].

== Cast ==
*Shivan as Sarathy
*[[Eden Kuriakose|Idhaya]] as Anita
*Sasi as Ravi
*[[Lollu Sabha Jeeva]]
*Manimaran
*Girish

== Release and reception ==
The film released on 1 March 2013 along with six other films.<ref>{{Cite web |title=March with more movies! |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/march-with-more-movies-news-tamil-ndbq5yahbdbsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718222602/https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:05NVvXVgcUUJ:https://www.sify.com/movies/march-with-more-movies-news-tamil-ndbq5yahbdbsi.html+&cd=2&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us&google_abuse=GOOGLE_ABUSE_EXEMPTION%3DID%3Df680599013ae8894:TM%3D1658182946:C%3Dr:IP%3D2600:1700:111a:5030:a031:61b5:8f2f:3879-:S%3D9jfHDfLQ6h5dqr6oE0MEDZQ%3B+path%3D/%3B+domain%3Dgoogle.com%3B+expires%3DTue,+19-Jul-2022+01:22:26+GMT |archive-date=18 July 2022 |access-date=28 July 2023|work=Sify}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Friday Fury – March 1 |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-8211-march-1-news-tamil-ndbih9igeadsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718222602/https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:gxVzpa4jNwoJ:https://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-8211-march-1-news-tamil-ndbih9igeadsi.html+&cd=3&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us |archive-date=18 July 2022 |access-date=28 July 2023|work=Sify}}</ref>

Malini Mannath of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' opined that "A film you wouldn't mind watching once".<ref>{{Cite web |title='Aandava Perumal' (Tamil) |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2013/mar/02/aandava-perumal-tamil-454959.html|work=[[New Indian Express]]|date=2 March 2013|first=Malini|last=Mannath}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' said that "''Aandava Perumal'' is hampered by the stereotypes it portrays, and then wastes times untying these knots".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aandava Perumal Movie Review {2/5}: Critic Review of Aandava Perumal by Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/aandava-perumal/movie-review/18764567.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> A critic from [[Sify]] wrote that "The film less than 2 hours is a total waste of time".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aandava Perumal |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/aandava-perumal--review-tamil-pcmaJkdgijdca.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718221830/https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:Yl6OOpa3R7YJ:https://www.sify.com/movies/aandava-perumal--review-tamil-pcmaJkdgijdca.html+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us |archive-date=18 July 2022 |access-date=28 July 2023|work=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2013 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Thimmarajupalli TV

2026-05-05T16:31:55Z

Bogdanwyo: Started New Entry

{{Short description|2026 Indian Telugu language film}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Thimmarajupalli TV poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = V. Muniraju
| producer = {{plain list|
* Kiran Abbavaram
* Teja Velpucharla
}}
| writer = V. Muniraju
| starring = Sai Tej Veda Jallandar Kiran Abbavaram
| music = Vamsikanth Rekkhana
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = {{plain list|
* KA Productions
* Sumaira Studios
}}
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2026|04|17|df=y}}
| runtime = 124 Minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Thimmarajupalli TV''''' is a 2026 [[India|Indian]] [[Telugu language]] comedy film directed by V. Muniraju. The stars [[Sai Dharam Tej|Sai Tej]], Veda Jallandar, Kiran Abbavaram in the lead role.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-07-10 |title=Kiran Abbavaram’s next production titled Thimmarajupalli TV |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Jul/10/kiran-abbavarams-next-production-titled-thimmarajupalli-tv |access-date=2026-04-24 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Cast==
*Sai Tej
*Veda Jallandar
*Kiran Abbavaram

==Reception==
Sanjana Pulugurtha from [[The Times of India]] said that "A grounded rural drama that works better in the second half. It asks for time and patience, but rewards it with sincerity and a quietly engaging narrative."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thimmarajupalli TV Movie Review: A grounded rural drama that works better in the second half |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/thimmarajupalli-tv/movie-review/130351270.cms |access-date=2026-04-24 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Sangeetha Devi Dundoo from The Hindu said that "A nostalgic Telugu drama with 50 newcomers. Debut director V. Muniraju’s Telugu film revisits simpler times to explore human relationships and evolving mindsets."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2026-04-17 |title=‘Thimmarajupalli TV’ movie review: A nostalgic Telugu drama with 50 newcomers |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/thimmarajupalli-tv-movie-review-debut-director-v-munirajus-film-is-produced-by-kiran-abbavaram/article70872146.ece |access-date=2026-04-24 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title| tt38162660}}
{{2020s-Telugu-film-stub}}
[[Category:2026 Indian films]]
[[Category:2026 Telugu-language films]]

Sherman Gordon Venn Ellis

2026-05-05T14:13:12Z

Bogdanwyo: Started A Info

{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Lieutenant Colonel]]
| name = Sherman Gordon Venn Ellis
| image = Lt_Colonel_Venn_Ellis.jpg
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CIE|DSO}}
| image_size = 200
| caption = Lieutenant-Colonel Venn Ellis
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1880|2|20}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1937|2|19|1880|2|20}}
| birth_place = [[St Lawrence, Essex|St Lawrence]], [[Essex]], [[England]]
| death_place = [[Karnal]], [[Punjab]], [[British India]]
| burial_place =
| nickname =
| allegiance = United Kingdom
| branch = [[British Indian Army]]
| service_years = 1899–1937
| rank = [[Lieutenant colonel (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant Colonel]]
| unit =
| commands =
| battles = [[First World War]]
| awards = [[Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire]] [[Distinguished Service Order]]
| relations = [[Stanley Venn Ellis]] (brother) [[Sir William Charles Ellis]] (great grandfather)
| other_work =
}}

[[Lieutenant colonel (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant Colonel]] '''Sherman Gordon Venn Ellis''', [[Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire|CIE]], [[Distinguished Service Order|DSO]] (1880–1937) was a [[British Indian Army]] officer,<ref>{{cite web |title=We remember Sherman Gordon Venn Ellis |url=https://livesofthefirstworldwar.iwm.org.uk/lifestory/2452414 |website=Lives of the First World War}}</ref> and colonial administrator who served as the Minister of Finance of the [[Patiala State|State of Patiala]] from 1936 until his death in 1937.

==Early life==
[[File:Ellis arms.svg|thumb|left|150px|Arms of Ellis of Kiddal Hall]]
Ellis was the son of a clergyman Reverend Henry Venn Ellis, rector of [[Alderton, Suffolk|Alderton]], [[Suffolk]] and a descendant of the Ellis family of Kiddal Hall (an old Yorkshire family from which the [[Earl of Normanton|Earls of Normanton]] and [[Viscount Clifden|Viscounts Clifden]], as well as the supposed inventor of Rugby [[William Webb Ellis]] and [[William Ellis (Secretary of State)|Sir William Ellis]] Secretary of State in exile to [[James II of England]] also descended from).<ref>The Publications of the Thoresby Society: Miscellanea. (1891) pg 56</ref> His elder brother [[Stanley Venn Ellis]] was a [[Royal Navy]] [[Captain (Royal Navy)|Captain]] who was one of the most senior officers killed at the [[Battle of Jutland]] when his ship [[HMS Defence (1907)|HMS Defence]] sank.

==Career==
Ellis joined the [[West India Regiment]] in 1899, transferring to the West African Regiment in 1900 before finally joining the [[British Indian Army]] in 1904,<ref>{{cite news |title=Military Department, Indian Army |work=Civil & Military Gazette (Lahore) |date=24 February 1904 |page=9}}</ref> where he served for the remainder of his career. Ellis served as Military Accountant-General in India from 1929 to 1935 and was Financial Expert to the Indian Delegation to the [[Conference for the Reduction and Limitation of Armaments]] in 1932.<ref>Who's who in India, Burma & Ceylon. (1940). India: Who's Who Publishers (India) Limited. pg 138 </ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://livesofthefirstworldwar.iwm.org.uk/lifestory/2452414 Sherman Gordon Venn Ellis] at ''Lives of the First World War''
* [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.206293/page/n5/mode/2up Historical overview of Patiala State administration] at the Internet Archive
* [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/search/results?basicsearch=%22Venn%20Ellis%22 Obituaries and news articles] at the British Newspaper Archive

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ellis, Sherman Gordon Venn}}
[[Category:1880 births]]
[[Category:1937 deaths]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:British Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]
[[Category:Lieutenant colonels]]
[[Category:People from Maldon District]]
[[Category:West India Regiment officers]]

Bundi

2026-04-28T19:37:29Z

Bogdanwyo: Details

{{About|the municipality in Rajasthan, India|its namesake district|Bundi district|the village in Iran|Bundi, Iran}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2014}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bundi
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = BundiPan.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Panoramic view of the old town and palace of Bundi.
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.44|N|75.64|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bundi district|Bundi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for = Bunda Meena
| government_type = [[Municipal council (India)|Municipal Council]]
| governing_body = Bundi Municipal Council<ref>{{cite web |title= Bundi Municipal Council |url=https://lsg.rajasthan.gov.in/ulbbundi/ |date=27 June 2024}}</ref>
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 268
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 323001
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|RJ-IN]]
| registration_plate = RJ-08
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 922 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| website = {{URL|https://lsg.rajasthan.gov.in/ulbbundi/#/home/dptHome|Bundi Municipal Council}} {{URL|bundi.rajasthan.gov.in|Bundi District}}
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
}}

'''Bundi''' is a city in the [[Hadoti]] [[List of regions in India|region]] of [[Rajasthan]] [[States and territories of India|state]] in [[northwest India]].

== Etymology ==
The name Bundi is believed to derive from the name of a 13th century chieftain, Bunda Meena.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Bundi beckons |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/lifestyle/travel/bundi-beckons-697563.html |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bundi {{!}} Rajasthan, Forts, Palaces {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Bundi |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
{{main article|History of Bundi}}

[[File:Bundi palace.jpg | thumb | View of Bundi Fort and Palace from the Highway.]]

Artefacts from the Stone Age (dating from 5,000 to 200,000 years ago) have been discovered near [[Bundi district|Bundi]].<ref name=":0">{{citation |last=Pillai |first=Geetha Sunil |title=Stone age tools dating back 2,00,000 years found in Rajasthan |date=28 February 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://m.timesofindia.com/city/udaipur/stone-age-tools-dating-back-200000-years-found-in-rajasthan/articleshow/57385393.cms}}</ref>

In 1241, Bundi was established by a group of [[Chauhan dynasty|Chauhan]] nobles, who, having been defeated by [[Muhammad of Ghor|Mohammed of Ghori]], seized the territory from the [[Meena]] and [[Bhil]] tribes.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Rajasthan, Delhi & Agra - Book |url=https://shop.lonelyplanet.com/products/rajasthan-delhi-agra |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=Lonely Planet |language=en}}</ref> Bundi was made the capital of their kingdom, [[Hadoti]].<ref name=":1" />

After the [[Ranthambore Fort|siege of Ranthambore]] in 1568, the ruler of the Kingdom of Bundi, [[Rao Surjan Singh]], signed a treaty with the [[Mughal Empire]], retaining a significant degree of autonomy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhole |first=Jai |title=Rao Raja Surjan Singh - अकबर के सामने शर्ते रखने वाले राजा |url=https://jaibhole.co.in/king/rao-raja-surjan-singh |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=Jai Bhole |language=Hindi}}</ref>

In 1818, Rao Raja Bishan Singh formed an alliance with the British [[East India Company]], wishing to counter the influence of the [[Maratha Empire]] in the region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bundi - First Issues Of Indian Feudatory States Stamps |url=https://feudatory-states-stamps.com/bundi/ |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=First Issues |language=en-US}}</ref> During the Raj, Bundi retained regional independence as a [[princely state]]. Bundi's last ruler signed the [[Instrument of Accession]] in 1949, joining the new [[Dominion of India]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Government Of India |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.276192 |title=White Paper On Indian States}}</ref>

===Satur national geological monument===
{{anchor| Great Boundary Fault at Satur}}
[[Great Boundary Fault at Satur]] at nearby [[Satur]] has been declared a [[List_of_National_Geological_Monuments_in_India|National Geological Monument of India]] by the [[Geological Survey of India]] (GSI), for its protection, maintenance, promotion and enhancement of [[geotourism]].<ref name="gsi1">[http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/portal/page?_pageid=127,529542&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL National Geological Monument, from Geological Survey of India website]</ref><ref name="gsi2">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2016-03-09 |title=Geo-Heritage Sites |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=137573 |access-date=2018-09-15 |website=pib.nic.in |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref><ref name="gsi3">[http://naturalheritage.intach.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Geoheritage-Monograph.pdf national geo-heritage of India], [[Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage|INTACH]]</ref>

==Climate==

The climate is hot [[semi arid]] (BSh), not having enough rainfall to qualify as a [[tropical savanna climate]] (Aw). The climate is quite warm, and most of the rainfall is concentrated during the summer [[monsoon]] season (June-September). It gets humid during the summer.

{{Weather box
| location = Bundi (1991–2020)
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| width = auto
| Jan record high C = 29.8
| Feb record high C = 36.4
| Mar record high C = 42.0
| Apr record high C = 46.0
| May record high C = 47.0
| Jun record high C = 48.0
| Jul record high C = 45.5
| Aug record high C = 37.4
| Sep record high C = 41.2
| Oct record high C = 39.4
| Nov record high C = 35.4
| Dec record high C = 30.5
|year record high C =
| Jan high C = 22.5
| Feb high C = 26.6
| Mar high C = 34.0
| Apr high C = 39.9
| May high C = 43.7
| Jun high C = 40.5
| Jul high C = 33.9
| Aug high C = 32.1
| Sep high C = 35.1
| Oct high C = 34.4
| Nov high C = 30.0
| Dec high C = 25.2
|year high C = 33.1
| Jan low C = 8.4
| Feb low C = 12.2
| Mar low C = 18.7
| Apr low C = 24.7
| May low C = 28.6
| Jun low C = 28.1
| Jul low C = 24.5
| Aug low C = 23.9
| Sep low C = 24.0
| Oct low C = 20.0
| Nov low C = 14.5
| Dec low C = 11.0
|year low C = 19.8
| Jan record low C = 3.0
| Feb record low C = 3.6
| Mar record low C = 10.4
| Apr record low C = 14.0
| May record low C = 18.4
| Jun record low C = 19.6
| Jul record low C = 19.0
| Aug record low C = 18.0
| Sep record low C = 18.0
| Oct record low C = 13.0
| Nov record low C = 9.5
| Dec record low C = 5.5
|year record low C =
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 6.3
| Feb rain mm = 5.6
| Mar rain mm = 2.6
| Apr rain mm = 3.3
| May rain mm = 5.1
| Jun rain mm = 93.5
| Jul rain mm = 231.0
| Aug rain mm = 279.0
| Sep rain mm = 98.8
| Oct rain mm = 6.4
| Nov rain mm = 4.6
| Dec rain mm = 0.6
|year rain mm = 736.8
| Jan rain days = 0.4
| Feb rain days = 0.4
| Mar rain days = 0.3
| Apr rain days = 0.3
| May rain days = 0.7
| Jun rain days = 5.0
| Jul rain days = 10.2
| Aug rain days = 13.0
| Sep rain days = 5.2
| Oct rain days = 0.4
| Nov rain days = 0.4
| Dec rain days = 0.1
|year rain days = 36.3
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| title = Climatological Tables of Observatories in India 1991-2020
| publisher = [[India Meteorological Department]]
| access-date = April 8, 2024
}}</ref>}}

==Demographics==
In the 2011 Indian [[census]], Bundi had a population of 103,286. Bundi's literacy rate was recorded at 72%, slightly lower than the then national average of 74%.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bundi Tehsil Population - Bundi, Rajasthan |url=https://www.censusindia2011.com/rajasthan/bundi/bundi-population.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125001655/https://www.censusindia2011.com/rajasthan/bundi/bundi-population.html |archivedate=2019-01-25 |access-date=2019-01-24 |publisher=CensusIndia2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-10-13 |title=Census 2011: Literacy Rate and Sex Ratio in India Since 1901 to 2011 |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/census-2011-literacy-rate-and-sex-ratio-in-india-since-1901-to-2011-1476359944-1 |access-date=2025-11-09 |website=Jagranjosh.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Notable Landmarks ==

=== Taragarh Fort and Palace ===
Located high in the [[Aravalli Range|Aravalli mountain range]], [[Taragarh Fort, Bundi|Taragarh Fort]], also known as the "Star Fort", was constructed in the 1400s by Rao Dev Hada.<ref>{{Cite news |title=These Rajasthan hill forts are perfect for a winter break |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/these-rajasthan-hill-forts-are-perfect-for-a-winter-break/photostory/104889300.cms?picid=104889677 |access-date=2025-11-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Why Bundi should be on every traveller's Rajasthan itinerary |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/why-bundi-should-be-on-every-travellers-rajasthan-itinerary/articleshow/112951443.cms |access-date=2025-11-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The Taragarh Palace, below the fort, was constructed around 200 years later, during the reign of Rao Raja Ratan Singh (1607-31). It served as the official residence of the [[Maharaja|Maharajas]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-01-22 |title=खूफिया सुरंगों से भरा है ये किला, आज भी रहस्य है इनमें आने-जाने का रास्ता |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/raj-ajm-omc-taragarh-fort-of-bundi-and-his-tunnels-5229023-pho.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250415211734/https://www.bhaskar.com/news/raj-ajm-omc-taragarh-fort-of-bundi-and-his-tunnels-5229023-pho.html |archive-date=2025-04-15 |access-date=2025-11-07 |work=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi}}</ref> Unlike many other palaces in Rajasthan, its architecture contains very little Mughal influence. Further, it is built out of green-tinged stone, rather than the sandstone usually associated with Rajput architecture.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adhikari |first=Shona |date=2019-02-09 |title=The exquisite frescos of Bundi {{!}} The exquisite frescos of Bundi |url=https://www.asianage.com/life/art/090219/the-exquisite-frescos-of-bundi.html |access-date=2025-11-07 |website=www.asianage.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== Sukh Mahal ===
[[Sukh Mahal]], translating to "Palace of Pleasure", was built on the bank of [[Jait Sagar Lake]] by Rao Raja Vishnu Singh in the early 18th century. It served as the summer residence of Bundi royals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Official Booking Portal - OBMS {{!}} Book Rajasthan's Top Tourist Attractions & Experiences |url=https://obms-tourist.rajasthan.gov.in/place-details/Sukh-Mahal |access-date=2025-11-09 |website=obms-tourist.rajasthan.gov.in}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=A praise for paintings |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/archives/a-praise-paintings-2030473 |access-date=2025-11-09 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

=== Stepwells ===
Known as the 'city of stepwells', Bundi contains over 50 [[Stepwell|stepwells]].<ref name=":2" /> Historically, these were used to protect the city from water shortages, evolving into places of gathering and worship; although many fell into disrepair during the colonial period, in which they were neglected.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A short guide to Bundi, Rajasthan's undiscovered gem |url=https://www.thecommonwanderer.com/blog/guide-to-bundi-things-to-do |access-date=2025-11-09 |website=The Common Wanderer |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> One of the largest stepwells in the city is [[Raniji ki Baori]], a popular tourist destination. It was built in 1699 by Rani Nathawati, the wife of Rao Raja Anirudh Singh and is decorated with intricate carvings including avatars of [[Vishnu|Lord Vishnu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raniji-ki-Baori {{!}} Attractions |url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/rajasthan/bundi/attractions/raniji-ki-baori/a/poi-sig/1319998/356458 |access-date=2025-11-09 |website=Lonely Planet}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Raniji ki Baori AKA "Queen's stepwell", Bundi - Rajasthan Tourism |url=https://www.tourism.rajasthan.gov.in/raniji-ki-baori.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250716195337/https://www.tourism.rajasthan.gov.in/raniji-ki-baori.html |archive-date=2025-07-16 |access-date=2025-11-09 |website=www.tourism.rajasthan.gov.in |language=en-IN}}</ref>

=== Chaurasi Khambon ki Chhatri ===
[[Chaurasi Khambon ki Chhatri, Bundi|Chaurasi Khambon ki Chhatri]] or "Cenotaph of 84 pillars" is a 17th century [[chhatri]] constructed by Rao Raja Anirudh as a memorial to his favourite wet nurse, Deva.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gangopadhyay |first=Uttara |date=2023-10-01 |title=Bewitched By Bundi: Why You Should Visit This Rajasthan Town |url=https://www.outlooktraveller.com/experiences/heritage/bewitched-by-bundi-why-this-rajasthan-town-must-be-on-your-travel-list |access-date=2025-11-09 |website=Outlook Traveller |language=en}}</ref> The number 84 is of spiritual significance in [[Hinduism]], representing the 84 lakh life forms that one must pass through before attaining salvation; and each pillar is adorned with carvings of flowers, mythical scenes and deities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chaurasi Khambon Ki Chhatri, Bundi |url=https://aagmanrajasthantours.com/blog/bikaner/chaurasi-khambon-ki-chhatri-bundi/ |access-date=2025-11-09 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Temples ===
Bundi is home to several temples including a partially submerged [[Varuna]] temple located in the middle of the artificial [[Nawal Sagar Lake]]; and the [[Charbhuja Nath Temple]], devoted to ''Charbhujanath'', a four-armed form of Vishnu, and situated within the old city.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2020-03-08 |title=बूंदी के चारभुजा नाथ मंदिर में 500 साल से मनाई जा रही है होली... |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/rajasthan/state/bundi/holi-has-been-celebrated-in-charbhuja-nath-temple-for-500-years-like-braj-in-bundi/rj20200308000824471 |access-date=2025-11-09 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}</ref>

== Culture ==

=== Literature ===
During the Mughal period, traditional Rajput poetry was fused with Mughal influence, particularly in the Charita (idealised biography) genre.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Busch |first=Allison |title=Bundi Fort: a Rajput World |date=2016 |publisher=The Marg Foundation |isbn=978-9383243112 |editor-last=Beach |editor-first=Milo Cleveland |location=Mumbai |pages=96–112 |chapter=The Rulers of Bundi in Mughal-Period Literary Culture}}</ref>

[[Rudyard Kipling]] visited Bundi in the late 19th century, staying at the Sukh Mahal. The palace and its surroundings inspired parts of his novel "Kim", which he completed in the city.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Laavni |date=2023-08-11 |title=A Trail Across Rudyard Kipling's Bundi |url=https://www.outlooktraveller.com/experiences/places-of-interest/a-trail-across-rudyard-kiplings-bundi |access-date=2025-11-05 |website=Outlook Traveller |language=en}}</ref>

=== Art ===
Bundi is known for its miniature paintings, showcasing a traditional [[Rajput painting|Rajput style]] that flourished from the 17th-19th centuries. Influenced by [[Deccan painting|Deccan art forms]], these paintings feature on the walls of the Taragarh Palace, depicting scenes of court life, battle formations, beasts and heavenly creatures.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adhikari |first=Shona |date=2019-02-09 |title=The exquisite frescos of Bundi {{!}} The exquisite frescos of Bundi |url=https://www.asianage.com/life/art/090219/the-exquisite-frescos-of-bundi.html |access-date=2025-11-09 |website=www.asianage.com |language=en}}</ref> These paintings have inspired an art event called "Chitrashaala", held annually by [[Bengaluru]]-based fashion designer Deepika Govind and her husband Ashish Vohra.<ref name=":3" />

=== Festivals ===
The festival of [[Bundi Utsav]] occurs annually in the city, for three days in [[Kartika (month)|Kartik]], the eighth month of the [[Hindu calendar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajasthan: Bundi Utsav begins in Hadoti with fanfare |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/rajasthan-bundi-utsav-begins-in-hadoti-with-fanfare-1161681.html |access-date=2025-11-07 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> First held in 1996, it involves [[Music of Rajasthan|folk music]], an arts and crafts fair and traditional Rajasthani sports.<ref>{{Cite web |last=कोटा |first=दिनेश कश्यप |date=2022-11-08 |title=धूमधाम से मनाया जाएगा 'बूंदी उत्सव', राजस्थान की संस्कृति देखने के लिए उमड़ेगी पर्यटकों की भीड़ |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/rajasthan/bundi-utsav-organized-festival-shows-the-historical-heritage-and-culture-of-rajasthan-ann-2254240 |access-date=2025-11-07 |website=ABP News |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Duttagupta |first=Samonway DuttaguptaSamonway |title=6 festivals of Rajasthan that will make you fall in love with it |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/rajasthan/6-festivals-of-rajasthan-that-will-make-you-fall-in-love-with-it/ps61358749.cms |access-date=2025-11-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book|author1=Beny, Roland |author2=Matheson, Sylvia A. | title=Rajasthan – Land of Kings| year = 1984| publisher=Frederick Muller| location=London| isbn = 0-584-95061-6| page = 200 pages}}
*{{cite book|author1=Crump, Vivien |author2=Toh, Irene | title= Rajasthan| location=London| publisher=Everyman Guides| year=1996| type = hardback| isbn = 1-85715-887-3| page = 400 pages}}
*{{cite book|author1=Martinelli, Antonio |author2=Michell, George | title=The Palaces of Rajasthan| year = 2005| publisher=Frances Lincoln| location=London| isbn = 978-0-7112-2505-3| page = 271 pages}}
*{{cite book|author=Sodhi, Jiwan| title= A Study of Bundi School of Painting| location=India| publisher=Abhinav Publications | year=1999| type = hardback| isbn = 81-7017-347-7}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Bundi}}
{{wikivoyage|Bundi}}
* [http://jatinchhabra.com/bundi-tourism/ Bundi Tourism]
* [http://bundi.rajasthan.gov.in/ Official website of Bundi collectorate]

{{Bundi district}}
{{Rajasthan}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Bundi district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Bundi district]]
[[Category:Rock art in India]]
[[Category:Bundi]]

P. Sudarshan Reddy

2026-04-28T14:43:53Z

Bogdanwyo: Put Up

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = P. Sudarshan Reddy
| image =
| caption =
| order =
| office = Member of the [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 3 December 2023
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Shakil Aamir Mohammed]]
| successor =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| other_party =
| spouse =
| children =
| alma_mater =
| profession =
| signature =
| website =
}}

'''Podduturi Sudarshan Reddy''' (born 2 August 1949)<ref name=":1" /> is an Indian politician from [[Telangana]] state. He is an MLA from [[Bodhan Assembly constituency]] in [[Nizamabad district]]. He represents [[Indian National Congress]] Party and won the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bodhan assembly election results 2023: Bodhan Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/telangana/bodhan-assembly-result-29012 |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Bodhan Election Result 2023 LIVE Updates and Highlights: Congress's P Sudarshan Reddy Is The Winner |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/bodhan-election-result-2023-live-updates-and-highlights-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8687588.html |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Reddy is from Siranpally village in Navipet mandal, [[Nizamabad district]]. He was born to the late Ganga Reddy and Rukmamma.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-10-15 |title=Special CorrespondentNIZAMABAD |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/ex-minister-sudharshan-reddy-bereaved/article19866102.ece |access-date=2024-07-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He passed Class 12 and later discontinued his studies while doing his second year B.A. According to the self affidavit he filed with the [[Election Commission of India]], his income increased from 44 crore rupees in 2018 to over 109 crore [[Indian rupee]]s in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=P. Sudarshan Reddy(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- BODHAN(NIZAMABAD) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Telangana2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=48 |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Sudarshan Reddy Podduturi(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- BODHAN(NIZAMABAD) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/telangana2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=4740 |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Reddy won from the [[Bodhan Assembly constituency]] representing the [[Indian National Congress]] in the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled votes and defeated his nearest rival, Mohammed Shakil Aamir of [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]] by a narrow margin of 3, 062 votes.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2023-12-03 |title=Bodhan constituency Telangana election results 2023: Congress candidate P Sudarshan Reddy defeats BRS' Mohammed Shakil Aamir by 3,062 votes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/bodhan-constituency-telangana-election-results-2023-congress-p-sudarshan-reddy-leads-bjps-mohan-reddy-vaddi/articleshow/105697722.cms |access-date=2024-07-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bodhan Assembly Telangana Election 2023 Results Live: Telangana constituency Results, Winner list and vote share |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/telangana-assembly-election/Bodhan-12 |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Earlier, he first became an MLA in [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] defeating K. Ramakanth of [[Telugu Desam Party]] by 9,289 votes. He retained it in the [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004 election]] by defeating Abdul Khader of the [[Telugu Desam Party]] by a margin of 16,99 votes. He won again for the third time in the [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]. However, he lost the [[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2014]] and [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018 Assembly elections]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bodhan Election Result 2023 Live, Bodhan Elections Vote Counting, Telangana Results 2023 |url=https://news.abplive.com/electionselections/telangana-assembly-election-2023/telangana-bodhan-constituency-12.html |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=News ABP Live |language=en|date=2023}}</ref>

He was the Irrigation Minister in the [[Second Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy ministry|Y. S. Rajasekhar Reddy ministry]].<ref>{{Cite web | date=2023-11-18 |title=Veteran Congress leader Sudarshan Reddy trying to regain lost ground in Bodhan, stronghold of BRS |url=https://www.newstap.in/telangana-election-2023/veteran-congress-leader-sudarshan-reddy-trying-to-regain-lost-ground-in-bodhan-stronghold-of-brs-1505086 |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=www.newstap.in |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sudarshan Reddy, P.}}
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Telangana]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2009–2014]]

Patiala Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:00:41Z

Bogdanwyo: Stub

{{Short description|Constituency of the Punjab legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Patiala
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 115
| map_image = Patiala district assembly segments.png
| mla = [[Ajit Pal Singh Kohli]]
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| district = [[Patiala district|Patiala]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Patiala (Lok Sabha constituency)|Patiala]]
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:161609}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=10 May 2022 |access-date=15 May 2022 |archive-date=3 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303172412/https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{update after|2027|6}}
}}

'''Patiala Assembly constituency''', also known as '''Patiala Urban''' (Sl. No.: 115), is a [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] constituency in [[Patiala district]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state, India.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf|title= List of Punjab Assembly Constituencies|accessdate= 19 July 2016|url-status= dead|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20160423033326/http://ceopunjab.nic.in/english/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf|archivedate= 23 April 2016}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
Source:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- align="Left"
! Election
! Name
! colspan=2 | Political party (Alliance)
|- align="Left"
| 1957
| Surinder Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="Left"
| 1958
| [[Bhalindra Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|- align="Left"
| 1962
| Ram Partap
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="Left"
| 1967
| Jathedar Sardara Singh Kohli
| {{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal|rowspan=2}}
|- align="Left"
| 1969
| Ravel Singh
|- align="Left"
| 1972
| Prem Chand
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="Left"
| 1977
| Jathedar Sardara Singh Kohli
| {{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|- align="Left"
| 1980
| rowspan="2" | Brahm Mohindra
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|- align="Left"
| 1985
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="Left"
| 1987
| colspan="3" | [[President's rule|President's Rule]]
|- align="Left"
| 1992
| Brahm Mohindra
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="Left"
| 1997
| Surjit Singh Kohli
| {{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|- align="Left"
| 2002
| rowspan="3" | [[Amarinder Singh]]
| rowspan="5" width="4px" style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="5" | [[Indian National Congress]]
|- align="Left"
| 2007
|- align="Left"
| 2012
|- align="Left"
| 2014
| [[Preneet Kaur]]
|- align="Left"
| 2017
| [[Amarinder Singh]]
|- align="Left"
| 2022
| [[Ajit Pal Singh Kohli]]
| {{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|}

== Election Results ==
=== 2022 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2022]]: Patiala}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=[[Ajit Pal Singh Kohli]]<ref name="2022 Punjab AAP candidates">{{cite news |title=Punjab Elections 2022: Full list of Aam Aadmi Party candidates and their constituencies |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-elections-2022-full-list-of-aam-aadmi-party-candidates/2404732/ |access-date=23 January 2022 |work=The Financial Express |date=21 January 2022 |language=en |archive-date=10 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221110171020/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-elections-2022-full-list-of-aam-aadmi-party-candidates/2404732/ |url-status=live }}</ref>|votes=48,104|percentage=46.49|change={{increase}}27.31}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Punjab Lok Congress|candidate=[[Amarinder Singh]]|votes=28,231|percentage=27.28|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Shiromani Akali Dal|candidate=Harpal Juneja|votes=11,835|percentage=11.44|change={{increase}}0.34}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Vishnu Sharma<ref name="Punjab INC 2022">{{cite news |title=Punjab Elections 2022: Full list of Congress Candidates and their Constituencies |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-elections-2022-full-list-of-congress-candidates/2407341/ |access-date=18 February 2022 |work=FE Online |agency=The Indian Express Group |issue=The Financial Express (India) |date=February 18, 2022 |archive-date=22 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122195318/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-elections-2022-full-list-of-congress-candidates/2407341/ |url-status=live }}</ref>|votes=9,871|percentage=9.54|change={{decrease}}59.44}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 754
|percentage = 0.73
|change={{decrease}}0.31
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 19,873
|percentage = 19.21
|change = {{decrease}}30.10
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,03,468
|percentage = 64.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = 1,61,591
|ref=<ref name="Punjab Election 2022">{{cite web |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022 |archive-date=3 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303172412/https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Aam Aadmi Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

=== 2017 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2017"/>{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2017]]: [[Patiala]]<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3614-punjab-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date=26 June 2021 |archive-date=6 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106164612/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3614-punjab-general-legislative-election-2017/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Amarinder Singh]]
|votes = 72,586
|percentage = 68.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = [[Dr. Balbir Singh]]
|votes = 20,179
|percentage = 19.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = Gen [[Joginder Jaswant Singh|J.J. Singh]]
|votes = 11,677
|percentage = 11.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party = HSS
|candidate = Kshama Kant Pandey
|votes = 291
|percentage = 0.28
| change=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,090
|percentage = 1.04
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 52,407
|percentage = 49.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,06,436
|percentage = 67.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:158855}}
|ref=<ref name=electors2017>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/VS2017/D03-Electors%20and%20Polling%20Stations%20VS%202017.pdf |title=Electors and Polling Stations – VS 2017 |author=Chief Electoral Officer – Punjab |access-date=24 June 2021 |archive-date=10 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110074310/http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/VS2017/D03-Electors%20and%20Polling%20Stations%20VS%202017.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2017"/>

=== 2012 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2012]]: [[Patiala]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Amarinder Singh]]
|votes = 66,041
|percentage = 69.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = Surjit Singh Kohli
|votes = 23,723
|percentage = 24.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = People's Party of Punjab
|candidate = Joga Singh
|votes = 2,849
|percentage = 2.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Shankar Lal
|votes = 1,288
|percentage = 1.35
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party = [[Independent politician|IND]]
|candidate = Rakesh Kumar
|votes = 638
|percentage = 0.67
| change=
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 42,318
|percentage = 44.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 95,539
|percentage = 68.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Patiala district]]
* [[Punjab Lok Congress]]
* [[Capt. Amarinder Singh]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Punjab Assembly Election results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/86-punjab/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Punjab}}
{{coord|30.35|76.39|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Patiala district]]
[[Category:Patiala]]
[[Category:Politics of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in East Punjab]]

Bansgaon Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:48:16Z

Bogdanwyo: Made basic details and citations - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bansgaon
| constituency_no = 327
| map_image = 327-Bansgaon.svg
| mla = [[Vimlesh Paswan]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janta Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| preceded_by = Vijay Kumar
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Gorakhpur district|Gorakhpur]]
| reservation = SC
| type = SLA
}}
'''Bansgaon''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of Bansgaon in the [[Gorakhpur district]] of Uttar Pradesh, [[India]].

Bansgaon is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Bansgaon Lok Sabha constituency]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 327 amongst 403 constituencies.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Bansgaon Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/Bansgaon.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| rowspan="2" |Ganesh Prasad
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Jagdish Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|1967^
| rowspan="2" |Masali Devi
|-
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Babu Lal
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |Kailash Prasad
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)|dab=y}}
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|Mithai Lal Shastri
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|Yadhu Nath
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|Molai
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|[[Sant Prasad]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Sadal Prasad]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|Vijay Kumar
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Vimlesh Paswan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bansgaon<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Vimlesh Paswan]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:87224}}
|percentage = 46.26
|change = {{increase}}6.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Sanjay Kumar
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:54915}}
|percentage = 29.13
|change = {{increase}}4.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ramnayan Azad
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:37204}}
|percentage = 19.73
|change = {{decrease}}7.72
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Poonam
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:2050}}
|percentage = 1.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1460}}
|percentage = 0.77
|change = {{decrease}}0.44
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:32309}}
|percentage = 17.13
|change = {{increase}}4.33
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:188542}}
|percentage = 49.48
|change = {{increase}}1.25
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
[[Bharatiya Janta Party]] candidate [[Vimlesh Paswan]] won in last Assembly election of [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Elections]] defeating [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] candidate Dharmendra Kumar by a margin of 22,873 votes.<ref name="election2017">{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/bansgaon.html|title=Assembly result 2017|website=Elections.in|access-date=2017-08-25}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bansgaon<ref name="election2017"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Vimlesh Paswan]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:71966}}
|percentage = 40.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Dharmendra Kumar
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:49093}}
|percentage = 27.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Sharada Devi
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:44051}}
|percentage = 24.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Nandlal
|party = NISHAD Party
|votes = {{formatnum:7892}}
|percentage = 4.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2143}}
|percentage = 1.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:22873}}
|percentage = 12.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:178818}}
|percentage = 48.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Bahujan Samaj Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Election results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}
{{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|26.55|83.35|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Gorakhpur district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1956]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Chandrashekhar Agashe

2026-04-09T05:50:11Z

Bogdanwyo: Done

{{Short description|Indian industrialist (1888–1956)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Chandrashekhar Agashe
| image = Chandrashekhar-Agashe-portrait-1997-cropped.png
| caption = Posthumous [[Oil-on-canvas|oil on canvas]] by [[Raghuveer Bharam]], 1997
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1888|02|14|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bhor]], [[Bhor State]], [[Poona Agency]], [[British Raj]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1956|6|9|1888|2|14|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| death_cause = [[Myocardial infarction]]
| office1 = [[Managing Director|Managing agent]] of the [[Brihan Maharashtra Sugar Syndicate Ltd.]]
| term_start1 = 21 September 1934
| term_end1 = 9 June 1956
| predecessor1 = ''Position established''
| successor1 = K. V. Champhekar
| office2 = [[President (government title)#Sub-national|President]] of the [[Bhor State]] [[Council]]
| monarch2 = [[Raghunathrao Shankarrao Pant Sachiv|Raghunathrao II Shankarrao, 11th Raja of Bhor]]
| term_start2 = 1934
| term_end2 = 1948
| office3 = [[Vice president]] of the [[Bhor State]] [[Council]]
| monarch3 = [[Raghunathrao Shankarrao Pant Sachiv|Raghunathrao II Shankarrao, 11th Raja of Bhor]]
| term_start3 = 1933
| term_end3 = 1934
| office4 = [[Secretary (title)|Secretary]] of the [[Bhor State]] [[Council]]
| monarch4 = [[Raghunathrao Shankarrao Pant Sachiv|Raghunathrao II Shankarrao, 11th Raja of Bhor]]
| term_start4 = 1932
| term_end4 = 1933
| office5 = [[Chief justiciar]] of the [[Bhor State]]
| monarch5 = [[Shankarrao Chimnajirao Pant Sachiv|Shankarrao Chimnajirao, 10th Raja of Bhor]] (till 1922); [[Raghunathrao Shankarrao Pant Sachiv|Raghunathrao II Shankarrao, 11th Raja of Bhor]] (till 1932)
| term_start5 = 1920
| term_end5 = 1932
| office6 = [[Vice president]] of the [[Bharat Itihas Sanshodhak Mandal]]
| president6 = [[Phaltan State|Malojiraje Nimbalkar IV, Raja of Phaltan]]
| alongside6 = [[Aundh State|Bhagwant Rao Trimbak, Raja of Aundh]] and [[Bhor State|Sadashivrao Ragunathrao, Raja of Bhor]]
| term_start6 = 1953
| term_end6 = 1955
| occupation = {{cslist|[[Business magnate|Industrialist]]|[[lawyer]]|[[Teacher|educator]]|[[Philanthropy|philanthropist]]}}
| alma_mater = {{ubl
| [[Fergusson College]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
| [[Government Law College, Mumbai]] ([[Bachelor of Laws|LL.B]])
}}
| father = Govind Agashe
| mother = Bhimabai Bapat
| spouse = {{marriage|Indirabai Agashe (née Dwarka Gokhale)|1914}}
| children = 11 (including [[Shakuntala Karandikar|Shakuntala]], [[Panditrao Agashe|Jagdish]], and [[Dnyaneshwar Agashe|Dnyaneshwar]])
| signature = Chandrashekhar-Agashe-signature-1953.png
}}

'''Chandrashekhar Govind Agashe'''{{efn|{{IAST3|Candraśekhara Goviṃda Āgāśe}}, {{IPA|mr|tʃəndɾəʃeːkʰəɾ ɡoːʋɪnd ɑːɡɑːʃeː}}. Agashe bore his father's name (Govind) as a middle name as per the patronymic [[Indian name#Marathi|Marathi naming conventions]],{{sfn|Ranade|1974|p=61|loc=आगाशे, चंद्रशेखर गोविंद}} but he is widely remembered without his [[patronymic]], as seen in the institutions named after him.{{sfn|Gadgil|1973|page=241}}}} (14 February 1888{{snd}}9 June 1956) was an Indian [[Business magnate|industrialist]], lawyer, educator, and philanthropist, best remembered as the founder of the [[Brihan Maharashtra Sugar Syndicate Ltd.]] He served as the [[managing director|managing agent]]{{efn|The designation according to the Indian Companies Act, 1913 was officially "managing agent";<ref>{{cite report |title=Articles of Incorporation of the Brihan Maharashtra Sugar Syndicate Limited |date=11 January 1935 |publisher=[[Ministry of Corporate Affairs|Registrar of Joint-Stock Companies]], [[Government of Bombay]] |location=[[Mumbai]]}}</ref> however as per the [[Companies, Act 1956]], the roles and duties of a managing agent were merged with that of a "managing director".<ref>{{cite book |title=Companies Act, 1956 |date=13 June 2011 |publisher=[[Ministry of Corporate Affairs]] |location=[[New Delhi]] |url=https://www.mca.gov.in/Ministry/pdf/Companies_Act_1956_13jun2011.pdf |access-date=22 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609061301/https://www.mca.gov.in/Ministry/pdf/Companies_Act_1956_13jun2011.pdf |archive-date=9 June 2016}}</ref>}} of the company from its inception in 1934 till his death in 1956.

Born to an aristocratic [[brahmin]] family in the [[Indian princely state]] [[Bhor State]], he was an educator and lawyer in his youth, before going on to serve as the [[President (government title)#Sub-national|president]] of the [[Bhor State|Bhor State Council]] from 1934 to 1948, having previously been the council's [[vice president]] from 1933 to 1934, the council's [[Secretary (title)|secretary]] from 1932 to 1933, and the [[chief justiciar]] of the Indian princely state from 1920 to 1932, first under the [[Shankarrao Chimnajirao Pant Sachiv|10th Raja of Bhor]] and then the [[Raghunathrao Shankarrao Pant Sachiv|11th Raja of Bhor]].

Throughout his career, Agashe wrote extensively in the ''[[Kesari (Marathi newspaper)|Kesari]]'', and was a founding member of the [[Mahratta Chamber of Commerce, Industries and Agriculture]]. His numerous [[orator|public addresses]], [[notice|written notices]], and [[missives]] as part of his [[fundraising]] activities for the syndicate came to be known as the ''Agashe pattern'', a means of [[equity crowdfunding]], among businesses and press in [[Maharashtra]] between 1934 and 1956.

Remembered for his [[philanthropy]] towards [[education in Maharashtra]], Agashe donated extensively to the [[Deccan Education Society]], the [[Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute]], and the [[Maharashtra Mandal]]. He also served as one of the co-vice presidents of the [[Bharat Itihas Sanshodhak Mandal]] from 1953 to 1955, alongside [[Aundh State|Bhagwant Rao Trimbak, Raja of Aundh]] and [[Bhor State|Sadashivrao Ragunathrao, Raja of Bhor]], during the presidency of [[Phaltan State|Malojiraje Nimbalkar IV, Raja of Phaltan]].

The [[Chandrashekhar Agashe College of Physical Education]], the [[Brihan Maharashtra College of Commerce|Chandrashekhar Govind Agashe Business Motivation & Training Centre]] at the [[Brihan Maharashtra College of Commerce]], the [[Raja Dinkar Kelkar Museum#Chandrashekhar Agashe Museum Wing|Chandrashekhar Agashe Museum wing]] at the [[Raja Dinkar Kelkar Museum]], the Chandrashekhar Agashe Road in [[Shaniwar Peth, Pune]], and the Chandrashekhar Agashe High School in [[Shreepur, Maharashtra|Shreepur]], are named after him.

==Biography==
===Early life and family: 1888–1914===
Agashe was born on 14 February 1888 at the [[Velhe taluka|Velhe]] [[Mahal (palace)|Mahal]] in the town of [[Bhor]], at the time part of the [[Bhor State]] in present-day [[Maharashtra]]. He was the eldest of four children to Govind Agashe and Radhabai Agashe (née Bhimabai Bapat).{{Sfn|Ranade|1974|p=61|loc=आगाशे, चंद्रशेखर गोविंद}} His family was [[Chitpavan]] [[brahmin]], and was established since the 1590s as the aristocratic [[Agashe]] ''[[Noble family|gharana]]'' of the village of [[Mangdari]] in the Bhor State. The family was traditionally occupied as the ''[[Banking family|savkars]]'' (money lenders/bankers) and [[heredity|pseudo-hereditary]] [[chief justiciar]]s under the [[Bhor State#History|Pantsachiv Kings]] of the Kingdom, and thus owned majority of the land in the village as [[vassal]]s to the Pantsachiv rulers, where they continued the traditional family businesses of [[money lending]] and [[Tenant farmer|tenanted farming]].{{Sfn|Agashe|Agashe|2006|p=52}} Agashe's father, when serving as the chief justiciar, was the only [[Brahmin]] ''savkar'' at the [[royal court]] of Bhor at the time of his birth.{{Sfn|Ranade|1974|p=59–61|loc=मांगदरी घराण्याचे इतिहास}}

[[File:Chandrashekhar-agashe-with-sons-and-wife-1950s.png|thumb|left|Agashe with his wife Indira (center) and their sons [[Panditrao Agashe|Jagdish]] (left) and [[Dnyaneshwar Agashe|Dnyaneshwar]] (right) in the 1950s.]]

Agashe's maternal family were members of the aristocratic [[Bapat]] ''gharana'' of [[Kalyan]], having settled a branch of the original family in [[Junnar]] in 1698, traditionally occupied as the [[Tribal chief|chief]]tains of the town.{{Sfn|Bapat|Bapat|2007|p=600}} His mother was the fourth daughter of Junnar's hereditary ''[[village head|mamledar]]'', Ramchandra Bapat (b.1828, at [[Kamshet]]), who worked as a [[historian|case historian]] and published several historical [[cartography|cartographs]] of old Pune after he was appointed the ''[[Steward (office)|Karbhari]]'' of [[Tulsi Baug]] by the ''[[Sardar]]'' [[Tulsi Baug#History|Khire (Tulsibaugwale)]] family in [[Pune]].{{Sfn|Bapat|Bapat|2007|p=603}}

After his father's death in 1899, Agashe was meant to inherit the ancestral estate at age 11; but due to his youth, his paternal relatives unlawfully seized the lands, and ousted Agashe's mother and her children from the family home. She relocated the family to her parents' residence in [[Shaniwar Peth, Pune]] in 1900. The loss of the family's estate, made Agashe accept secretarial work at the [[Indian Post Office]] to support himself and his siblings through school. Later, he was left the Omkareshwar Mandir in [[Shaniwar Peth]] in the former owner's will.{{sfn|Karandikar|1992|pp=4–6, 8}} Agashe attended the [[Nutan Marathi Vidyalaya]], matriculating in 1905 at the age of 17, and later graduated with a Bachelor of Arts from [[Fergusson College]] in 1914, at the age of 26.{{sfn|Bapat|Bapat|2007|p=603}}

In 1914, Agashe married Dwarka Gokhale, the eldest daughter of Narayan Gokhale from the aristocratic [[Gokhale (disambiguation)|Gokhale]] ''gharana'' of [[Dharwad]]. Her family had served as the hereditary royal ''saraf'' (jewellers) to the [[Peshwa]] [[Bhat family]] since the 18th century.{{sfnm|1a1=Bapat|1a2=Bapat|1y=2007|1p=603|1loc=चंद्रशेखर आगाशे|2a1=Karandikar|2y=1992|2p=8}} She was a great niece of [[Bapu Gokhale]], a [[army general|general]] under Peshwa [[Baji Rao II]] of the [[Maratha Empire]].{{Sfn|Pathak|1978|p=976}} She adopted the name Indirabai Agashe after marriage,{{Sfn|Karandikar|1992|p=9}} and the couple had a total of eleven children (including sons [[Panditrao Agashe|Jagdish "Panditrao" Agashe]] and [[Dnyaneshwar Agashe]], and daughter [[Shakuntala Karandikar]]),<ref>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/friends-recall-royal-agashe-despite-taint/ |title=Friends recall royal Agashe, despite taint |work=[[The Indian Express]] |first=Siddhart |last=Kelkar |date=4 January 2009 |location=[[Pune]] |access-date=17 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150420094702/http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/friends-recall-royal-agashe-despite-taint/ |archive-date=20 April 2015}}</ref> from which nine survived to adulthood.{{Sfn|Agashe|Agashe|2006|p=62}}

=== Career as an Educator, Lawyer and the Bhor State Council: 1914–1948 ===
From 1914 to 1917, Agashe taught mathematics at the [[Nutan Marathi Vidyalaya]] in [[Pune]], after which he was occupied as a visiting professor at a convent school in [[Karachi]]. From 1917 to 1926, Agashe worked as an educator in [[Mumbai]], while he pursued the study of law, graduating with an [[L.L.B]] from the [[Government Law College, Mumbai]] in 1919. He began practicing his advocacy in [[Pune]] and was a lawmaking advisor to the [[Bhor State]] government.{{Sfn|Karandikar|1992|p=10–11}}

Between 1920 and 1932, Agashe was appointed the [[Chief Justiciar]] at the royal court of [[Shankarrao Chimnajirao Pant Sachiv|Shankarrao Chimnajirao, 10th Raja of Bhor]] (r. 1871 – 1922), continuing to serve under his successor [[Raghunathrao Shankarrao Pant Sachiv|Raghunathrao II Shankarrao, 11th Raja of Bhor]] (r. 1922 – 1948).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/b/bhor.html |title=Bhor Princely State (9 gun salute) |website=iiNet Australia |access-date=8 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714232737/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/b/bhor.html |archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref>{{sfn|Agashe|Agashe|2006|p=61}} Agashe encountered political unrest between the commoners and the [[gentry]] at the Pantsachiv's court resulting in violent rioting from the common-folk of the Bhor State. Agashe co-wrote an [[opinion piece]] against this political factionalism with [[Narasimha Chintaman Kelkar]] in the newspaper ''[[Kesari (Marathi newspaper)|Kesari]]''. With the permission of the king, he soon established a ''[[legislative council|Lokpaksh]]'' for carrying out [[fair trial]] at the royal court to resolve conflicts.{{Sfn|Karandikar|1992|pp=10–12}}

[[File:Chandrashekhar-agashe-circa-1930.jpg|thumb|right|Agashe, circa 1930.]]

The discouraging response to the ''Lokpaksh'' from the Pantsachiv's subjects led Agashe to consider retiring from law in the late 1920s.{{Sfn|Karandikar|1992|p=12–13}} Upon attending a speech by [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]], Agashe and his family began practicing the principles of the [[Swadeshi movement]] and started considering entrepreneurial ventures as a means to participate in the [[Indian independence movement]] in Maharashtra.{{Sfn|Karandikar|1992|p=13}} Agashe supported several [[Indian freedom fighters]], including [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak|Lokmanya Tilak]] and [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]], but never considered entering politics himself; his younger brother, Narayan Agashe actively participated in politics surrounding the Indian independence movement, serving a brief prison time for rioting against the British Raj in the early 1930s, before aiding his elder brother in his business venture.{{Sfnm|1a1=Karandikar|1y=1992|1p=14|2a1=Agashe|2a2=Agashe|2y=2006|2p=62}} Around this time, he also become an early subscriber to Savarkar's Hindu Rashtra Prakashan organisation.{{Sfn|Savarkar|2004|p=597}}

In 1932, Agashe was appointed as the [[Secretary (title)|Secretary]] of the [[Bhor State]] Council, and in under a year, he was elected to the post of [[Vice President]] in 1933,{{Sfn|Peters|1933|pp=379–380}} and then the [[President (government title)#Sub-national|President]] of the council in 1934,{{sfn|Karandikar|1992|p=14}} a post he maintained until the [[Instrument of Accession|accession of the state]] into the [[Dominion of India]] in 1948.{{Sfn|Ranade|1951|p=328}} During the time of his vice presidency, the unrests and disagreements between the [[royal court]] and the commoners of the princely state continued. Several legislations Agashe helped bring forth in favour of the commoners were opposed by the gentry,{{Sfn|Feudatory and Zemindari India|1933|page=37}} resulting in growing involvement from the [[Deccan States Agency]].{{Sfn|Ranade|1951|pp=118–122}}

In April 1932, Agashe, in his capacity as [[editor-in-chief]] of the [[daily newspaper]] ''Sansthani Bharat'' on behalf of the Bhor State, wrote an article congratulating the 11th Raja of Bhor on his swift action in the reorganisation of the state's previously poorly-advised administration.{{Sfn|Ranade|1951|pp=125–126}} In March 1933, Agashe also visited [[Mahatma Gandhi]] when he was imprisoned at [[Yerawada Central Jail]] in Pune.{{Sfn|Phatak|Kunte|1975|pp=177, 557}}

In June 1933, in an [[orator|oratory address]] to [[Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant-general]] [[Harold Wilberforce-Bell]], the [[Governor-General of India|Agent to the Governor-General of India]] for the Deccan States Agency in [[Kolhapur]] at the time, Agashe put to rest the concerns of any mismanagement of the state and the success of the ''Lokpaksh'' in resolving any agitation between the subjects and the nobility of the state. He further referenced how the state and the 11th Raja's administration had performed in line with [[Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax|Lord Irwin]]'s recommendations for the governments of [[Indian princely states]].{{Sfn|Ranade|1951|pp=121–122, 161}} In the same address, Agashe also encouraged the Deccan States Agency to name the bridge over the [[Nira River]] in Bhor after the 11th Raja's extant second wife, Rani Laxmibai.{{Sfn|Ranade|1951|pp=276–278}}

In August 1947, Agashe, in his capacity as President of the Bhor state council, feted the 11th Raja of Bhor on the occasion of the Raja's [[silver jubilee]] alongside [[B. G. Kher]], [[Vaikunthbhai Mehta]], [[Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar]], [[Hari Govindrao Vartak]], and [[Kurundvad Senior|Raja Chintamanrao II "Bala Sahib" Patwardhan of Kurundvad Senior]]. Agashe and Narasimha Chintaman Kelkar were further presented with the [[Ceremonial dress|robes of the state]] of Bhor at the ceremony.{{Sfn|Ranade|1951|pp=257–266}}

In March 1948, a photograph of Agashe's was unveiled by the 11th Raja of Bhor during a [[state visit]] to [[Pali, Raigad]].{{Sfn|Ranade|1951|p=341}} That same month, Agashe served as one of the [[Special pleader|pleader]]s who declared the 11th Raja's resolution to accede the Bhor State into the Dominion of India as progressive and liberal in nature.{{Sfn|Ranade|1951|p=328}} During Agashe's later presidency, he provided financial encouragement and legal counsel to small and new business owners in [[Maharashtra]],{{Sfn|Agashe|Agashe|2006|p=61}} and used his legal acumen to seize back the family's lost estates in Mangdari from his paternal relations.{{Sfn|Karandikar|1992|p=14}}

=== The Brihan Maharashtra Sugar Syndicate Ltd.: 1934–1956 ===
{{Main|Brihan Maharashtra Sugar Syndicate Ltd.}}
[[File:Chandrashekhar-Agashe-Brihan-Maharashtra-Sugar-Syndicate-employees.jpg|thumb|Agashe (seated second row from the bottom; eighth from left and right) and the employees of the [[Brihan Maharashtra Sugar Syndicate]] in [[Shreepur, Maharashtra]].]]

Earlier in 1933, the [[Governor of Bombay]], [[Michael Knatchbull, 5th Baron Brabourne|The Lord Brabourne]] promoted the production of indigenous sugar, having had increased the [[import tax]] on the commodity shipping in from [[Mauritius]].{{sfn|Karandikar|1992|pp=15–16}} This enabled Agashe to found the [[Brihan Maharashtra Sugar Syndicate Ltd.]] on 21 September 1934,{{Sfnm|1a1=Bapat|1a2=Bapat|1y=2007|1pp=603–604|2a1=Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute|2y=1955|2pp=381–382}} as a [[limited liability company]] after two years of crowd-funding campaigns,{{sfn|Agashe|Agashe|2006|p=62}} with funds collected from among the Maharashtrian middle classes.{{Sfnm|1a1=Advani|1y=1982|1p=83|2a1=Karandikar|2y=1992|2pp=15–16}}

Prior to the syndicate's establishment, Agashe had aided [[Atmaram Raoji Bhat]] in the establishment of the [[Mahratta Chamber of Commerce]] in March 1934; and further guided the Chamber to pass legislation along with the [[Bombay Presidency|Government of Mumbai]] for mandatory government aid for all Maharashtrian factory based businesses.{{Sfn|Karandikar|1992|p=26}} His actions in founding the factory, were retrospectively considered as patriotic and philanthropic toward the commoners of Maharashtra,{{sfn|Deccan Sugar Factories Association|1967|page=126}} drawing comparisons to the [[Kalyani Group]].{{Sfn|Limaye|1988|page=126}}

Between 1934 and 1936, Agashe envisioned opening a factory branch of the Syndicate in his hometown of [[Bhor]], and began cultivating 2,000 acres of land for the plantation of [[Sugarcane|sugar cane]]. Plans for the factory were shot down after Agashe met with strong opposition from the local [[landed gentry]]. In 1935, he began employing tenanted farmers of the local gentry and independent farmers as producers or transportation workers of the sugar cane for the syndicate in the village of [[Shreepur, Maharashtra|Bhorgaon]]. By 1936, he had licensed or purchased 12,000 acres of farm land to support the syndicate, being lauded for reviving the local economy and consequently receiving further land grants from bankers in [[Akluj]] and several politicians in the [[Bhor State]]. During this period, with Agashe being a [[brahmin]], the syndicate received opposition and resentment from local [[Maratha]] politicians.{{Sfn|Karandikar|1992|pp=19–20, 22, 23–25}}

After Agashe established the syndicate's headquarters at the [[Commonwealth realm|Commonwealth]] Building on Laxmi Road, the Mahratta Chamber of Commerce declared the sale of 300,000 shares of the syndicate, with the first share going at Rs. 25 in January 1935.{{Sfnm|Karandikar|1992|1p=27–28|Gandhi|1953|2p=24}} Between 1935 and 1937, Agashe toured several states and [[jagir]]s within the [[Deccan States Agency]], promoting the syndicate at several village [[gram panchayat]]s.{{Sfn|Karandikar|1992|pp=19–20, 22, 23–25}} Upon going public, Agashe was supported by the [[Kesari (Marathi newspaper)|Kesari newspaper]] with public relations and received financial encouragement from the newly established Bank of Maharashtra. Agashe's mode of operation and rallying for investment or sales of shares, was popularly regarded as the ''Agashe pattern'' among [[Pune]] businesses and press.{{Sfnm|1a1=Karandikar|1y=1992|1pp=32–33|2a1=Deccan Sugar Factories Association|2y=1967|2p=128}}

This business ''[[modus operandi]]'' involved the [[Equity crowdfunding|collection of risk capital]] in the form of [[Equity (finance)|equity]], instead of [[debenture]]s. Agashe became associated with this procedure after becoming one of the first few businesses in [[Maharashtra]] to successfully raise funds with this method.{{Sfn|Karandikar|1992|pp=52–61}} In November 1937, Agashe ordered sugar cane processing machinery from [[Škoda Works]] in [[Czechoslovakia]] before the outbreak of [[World War II]]. Following [[Adolf Hitler]]'s rise to power and the [[German occupation of Czechoslovakia]], Agashe considered retracting his order, but received the ordered machinery before the [[Reichswerke Hermann Göring]] took over Škoda.{{Sfn|Karandikar|1992|p=33}}

He began construction for the first factory in April 1938, and finally established the syndicate's first sugar cane processing factory in the village of Bhorgaon in March 1939,{{Sfn|Karandikar|1992|pp=36–39}} further purchasing an estate and the surrounding lands as a means to look after his own sugar plantations,{{Sfn|Karandikar|1992|pp=17–18}} with the syndicate's principal factory soon producing 150,000 sacs of sugar per annum by 1940.{{Sfn|Bapat|Bapat|2007|p=604}} Selling the sugar under the trademark ''Shree'', the [[village panchayat]] of Bhorgaon changed the village's official name to [[Shreepur, Maharashtra|Shreepur]].{{Sfn|Karandikar|1992|pp=36–39}} At this time, Agashe continued to practice law from the Joshi Wada in [[Sadashiv Peth, Pune]] alongside his brother's practice of [[consultant|business consultation]].{{Sfn|Karandikar|1992|pp=14–19}}

In 1943, the [[Bombay Presidency]] decreed the plantation of [[food crops]] as mandatory for private sugar manufacturers to support [[British Army|British troops]] during [[World War II]]. Agashe founded the Laxmi Narayan Farmers' Union so as to meet the demand for food crops from the [[British Raj]] without disrupting the sugar cane processing; this move was not popular with many of Agashe's employed farmers because of low profitability.{{Sfn|Karandikar|1992|pp=40–42}}

After [[Indian Independence Act 1947|Indian independence]] in 1947, Agashe was able to expand the syndicate's production to 1000 tonnes of sugar cane processed per annum by 1950.{{Sfn|Agashe|2022|pages=9–11}} After [[Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi's assassination]] by [[Nathuram Godse]] in January 1948, Agashe nor the syndicate were victimized or vandalized in the immediate aftermath of riots against [[Brahmin]] houses and businesses.{{Sfnm|Karandikar|1992|1p=43–44, 66–67|Mohanty|2004|2pp=161–162}} However, the family's [[Wada (house)|wada]] on their Mangdari estate, along with their [[Rama|Ram temple]] was burned down.{{sfn|Barve|Vartak|Belvalkar|2002|page=31}} Agashe was among several other notable politicians, industrialists, and [[Princely state|Indian princes]] who were named as having donated sums to the [[Hindu Rashtra Dal]] founded by Godse prior to the assassination.{{Sfnm|Godse|1950|1p=72|Savarkar|1969|2p=277}}

By 1953, there was strong opposition to Agashe's role as the managing director of the syndicate from his critics. This was backlash from several scandals and court cases involving Agashe or the syndicate in allegations of duping shareholders and depositors in the early 1950s. Agashe responded to these scandals by writing all of the press releases of the syndicate himself in the newspaper ''[[Kesari (Marathi newspaper)|Kesari]]'', which gained him notoriety among the newspaper's predominantly [[Marathi people|Marathi]] readership for their humour or references to pop culture of the time.{{Sfnm|Karandikar|1992|1p=67|Agashe|2022|2pp=12–17}}

Agashe further published a 400-page report criticizing his retractors of corruption and factionalism based on evidence that his critics were backed by his competitor [[Karamshi Jethabhai Somaiya]], who had previously shown interest in purchasing the syndicate.{{Sfnm|Karandikar|1992|1pp=63–70, 84–87|Agashe|2022|2pp=21–23, 30–32}} He was also a member of the [[Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry]] by 1956.{{Sfn|Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry|1956|pages=7, 198}}

[[File:Chandrashekhar-agashe-bust-2.jpg|thumb|right|Memorial bust of Agashe in [[Shreepur, Maharashtra]] sculpted by P. V. Kelkar.]]

===Death: 1956===
On 9 June 1956, while on a spiritual retreat in [[Jogeshwari]], Agashe began showing symptoms of [[myocardial infarction]] and was recommended by his doctor to return home. He died that same day, from a heart attack upon reaching his residence in [[Shaniwar Peth, Pune]].{{sfn|Karandikar|1992|pp=121–122}}

Having left the syndicate in a strong position with a [[Decentralization|decentralised]] management, S. L. Limaye took over as chairman of the board of directors of the company from 1959 till 1990,{{Sfn|Karandikar|1992|pages=124–126}}<ref>{{Cite report |title=Director's Report of the Brihan Maharashtra Sugar Syndicate |date=14 August 1990 |last=Agashe |first=D. C. |author-link=Dnyaneshwar Agashe |location=[[Pune]] |page=1 |lang=mr, en}}</ref> while K. V. Champhekar took over as managing director of the company from 1957 to 1962,<ref>{{Cite report |title=Director's Report of the Brihan Maharashtra Sugar Syndicate |date=2 November 1963 |last=Limaye |first=S. L. |location=[[Poona]] |page=2 |lang=mr, en}}</ref> followed by G. S. Valimbe from 1963 to 1969,<ref>{{Cite report |title=Director's Report of the Brihan Maharashtra Sugar Syndicate |date=24 October 1971 |last=Limaye |first=S. L. |location=[[Poona]] |page=1 |lang=mr, en}}</ref> until Agashe's sons Panditrao and Dnyaneshwar became joint managing directors in July 1970.{{Sfnm|1a1=Bapat|1a2=Bapat|1y=2007|1pp=603–604|2a1=Limaye|2y=1971|2p=1}}

== Philanthropy ==
Agashe is widely remembered as a [[Philanthropy|philanthropist]] and [[patron of the arts]] and of [[scholar|scholarly works]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Valimbe|1y=1981|1pp=8–9|2a1=Banhatti|2y=1971|2p=ii|3a1=Chatterjee|3y=1948|3p=241}} His most notable philanthropic donation came in the form of the foundation of the [[Brihan Maharashtra College of Commerce]] in November 1944, after he donated capital towards the infrastructure of the college to the [[Deccan Education Society]]. In honor of his donation, the Society named the commerce college after Agashe's sugar syndicate. His donation was further used by the society in development of their [[Willingdon College]], Ahilyadevi High School, Navin Marathi School and the Ranade Baalak Mandir.{{Sfnm|1a1=Bachal|1y=2017|1p=240|2a1=Bapat|2a2=Bapat|2y=2007|2pp=603–604}} He also donated to the Brihan Maharashtra Bhuvan in [[New Delhi]]. However, Agashe's philanthropy was heavily criticised by his competition, who viewed it as self-fulfilling.{{Sfn|Karandikar|1992|p=49–50}}

[[File:Chandrashekhar agashe college of gultekdi.jpg|right|thumb|The [[Chandrashekhar Agashe College of Physical Education]], [[Pune]], established in July 1977.]]

Agashe began constructing the Agashe Primary School in the village of [[Shreepur, Maharashtra|Shreepur]] in April 1942, with the school receiving sanctions from the Government in July 1943.{{Sfnm|1a1=Barve|1a2=Vartak|1a3=Belvalkar|1y=2002|1p=151|2a1=Karandikar|2y=1992|2p=61}} He further advised on and donated to the campaign of Indian freedom fighter [[Narhar Vishnu Gadgil]].{{Sfnm|Sadhu|1988|1p=124|Gadgil|1964|2p=426}} In September 1945, he was one of the founding members of the Maharashtra Technical Education Society, where he was a patron and gave considerable [[financial endowment]]s toward the establishment of the [[Walchand College of Engineering, Sangli]] in 1947.{{Sfn|Maharashtra Technical Education Society|1955|pages=2, (2)–(3)}} In April 1946, he was one of the benefactors towards the V. G. Kale Memorial Fund, in honour of the founder of the Bank of Maharashtra,<ref name="Indian Journal of Economics">{{cite journal |title=V. G. Kale Memorial Fund |journal=Indian Journal of Economics, 1945–46 |date=1946 |publisher=[[University of Allahabad]] |location=[[Allahabad]] |page=650 |volume=26 |ref={{SfnRef|Indian Journal of Economics|1946}} |issn=0019-5170 |oclc=1774651 |lccn=18021974}}</ref> further support the bank by having the syndicate bank with them and rent an office in their building.{{Sfn|Bapat|1998|pages=79–81}}

Agashe also donated to the [[Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute]] towards their research work on the [[Mahabharata]],{{sfnm|1a1=Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute|1y=1955|1pp=381–382|2a1=Banhatti|2y=1971|2p=ii}} and its subsequent printing and publication in 1947,{{sfnm|1a1=Chatterjee|1y=1948|1p=241|2a1=Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute|2y=1947|2p=[[Copyright page]]}} having been a patron of the institute since 1945.{{sfn|Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute|1950|page=342}} In 1948, he donated to the Patient's Relief Association in [[Solapur]],{{Sfn|Patients' Relief Association, Sholapur|1948|page=11}} and further founded the [[Kaushik]] [[lectureship]] at the [[Sir Parashurambhau College]] in support of [[Sanskrit studies]], [[theosophy]], and the [[Aryan]] peoples, with philosopher [[Ramchandra Dattatreya Ranade]] giving the first of these lectures.{{Sfn|The Indian Institute of World Culture|1949|page=236}} That same year, he was one of the benefactors towards the publication of an edition of the ''[[Dnyaneshwari]]'' by K. P. Bhide.{{Sfn|Bhide|1948|page=(61)}}

Agashe served as one of the vice presidents of the [[Bharat Itihas Sanshodhak Mandal]] from 1953 to 1955 alongside [[Aundh State|Bhagwant Rao Trimbak, Raja of Aundh]] and [[Bhor State|Sadashivrao Ragunathrao, Raja of Bhor]] and, during the presidency of [[Phaltan State|Malojiraje Nimbalkar IV, Raja of Phaltan]],{{Sfn|Aavalaskar|1953|at=[[Recto and verso|Verso page]]}} having become a member of the Mandal in 1945.<ref>{{cite journal |title=शके १८६७ मधील नवीन सभासद |trans-title=New members for Śaka 1867 |journal=Bharat Itihas Sanshodhak Mandal Quarterly |date=1946 |volume=XXVI |issue=104 |page=11 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.mgs-cis.itihasihsankirannibandhkand3 |access-date=22 February 2024 |publisher=[[Bharat Itihas Sanshodhak Mandal]] |location=[[Pune]] |language=mr |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> In 1954, he also represented the Deccan Agricultural Association on the board of the [[Mahatma Phule Museum]].{{Sfn|Lord Reay Maharashtra Industrial Museum|1954|page=23}} He also established the Brihan Maharashtra Bhavan in New Delhi for the growing [[Marathi people|Marathi]] diaspora in the capital.{{sfn|Karandikar|1992|p=49}} He was also a patron of the [[Sugar Technologists Association of India]] in [[Kanpur]].{{sfn|Sugar Technologists Association of India|1949|page=10}}

In the 1960s, Agashe's son Panditrao fulfilled a benefaction to a temple associated with [[Keshavasuta]] that Agashe had promised before his death.{{Sfn|Damle|1966|page=21}} In his 1967 [[analytic philosophy]] text ''ज्ञानदेव व प्लेटो'' ({{Literal|[[Dnyanadev]] and [[Plato]]}}), [[Shankar Vaman Dandekar]] acknowledged Agashe's funding of his research,{{Sfn|Dandekar|1967|pages=2, 237}} having previously made Dandekar a shareholder in his syndicate,{{Sfn|Neurgaonkar|1969|pages=7, 68, 224}} and this charitable deed of Agashe's was later praised by Manamohan in a poem published in 1977 on the life and works of Dandekar.{{Sfn|Manamohan|1977|page=340}}

== Legacy ==
Agashe died of a [[myocardial infarction]] at the age of 68 on 9 June 1956 at his residence in [[Shaniwar Peth, Pune]].<ref>{{Cite sign |title=प्रसिद्ध उद्योगपती चंद्रशेखर आगाशे (१८८८-१९५६) येथे राहात होते : १९००-१९५६ |type=[[Blue plaque]] outside building |publisher=[[Kesari (Marathi newspaper)|Pune Ithihasik Vastu Smruti]] |location=[[Shaniwar Peth, Pune]] |language=mr |trans-title=The illustrious businessman Chandrashekhar Agashe (1888–1956) resided here : 1900–1956}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com//Gallery.aspx?id=09_06_2017_006_030&type=A&eid=31835 |title=पुण्यस्मरण |trans-title=Remembrance |date=9 June 2017 |work=[[Maharashtra Times]] |access-date=27 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019163600/http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com//Gallery.aspx?id=09_06_2017_006_030&type=A&eid=31835 |archive-date=19 October 2017 |url-status=dead |language=mr}}</ref> He was survived by his wife Indirabai Agashe, until her death in 1981.{{Sfn|Agashe|Agashe|2006|p=61–62}} He was survived in business by his sons [[Panditrao Agashe]] and [[Dnyaneshwar Agashe]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Agashe|1a2=Agashe|1y=2006|1p=62|1loc=आगाशे, ज्ञानेश्वर; आगाशे पंडितराव|2a1=Bapat|2a2=Bapat|2y=2007|2pp=603–604}} He is remembered as one of the influential people from [[Pune]] in the 20th century.<ref>Multiple sources:{{Bulleted list|{{Harvnb|Indian Journal of Economics|1946|page=650}}.|{{Harvnb|Barve|Vartak|Belvalkar|2002|p=1–2}}.|{{Cite web |url=https://www.punediary.com/wellknown11.html |title=Pune's Pride: Those Who Contributed Towards Making Pune the Cultural Capital of Maharashtra from Chatrapati Shivaji to Chandu Borde. |website=Pune Diary |access-date=29 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171120234850/http://www.punediary.com/wellknown11.html |archive-date=20 November 2017 |url-status=dead}}}}</ref>

[[File:Chandrashekhar-Agashe-residential-plaque.jpg|thumb|right|[[Commemorative plaque]] of Agashe's residence from 1900 to 1956 in [[Shaniwar Peth, Pune]].]]

Agashe's sons began work on the Chandrashekhar Agashe High School in the village of [[Shreepur, Maharashtra|Shreepur]] in 1955,{{Sfnm|1a1=Barve|1a2=Vartak|1a3=Belvalkar|1y=2002|1p=151|2a1=Karandikar|2y=1992|2p=49}} and donated his family collection of ancient Indian musical instruments to the [[Raja Dinkar Kelkar Museum]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tourism-places.com/chandrashekhar-agashe-museum |title=Chandrashekhar Agashe museum - Section of Raja Dinkar Kelkar museum |date=2014 |website=Tourism Places |access-date=1 January 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102082335/http://www.tourism-places.com/chandrashekhar-agashe-museum |archive-date=2 January 2017}}</ref> The exhibit was titled the [[Raja Dinkar Kelkar Museum#Chandrashekhar Agashe Museum Wing|Chandrashekhar Agashe Museum wing]],<ref>{{cite news |author1=Ritika |title=Visit The Raja Dinkar Kelkar Museum In Pune & Marvel At A Stunning Collection Of Indian History! |url=http://www.whatshot.in/pune/raja-dinkar-kelkar-museum-shukrawar-peth-pune-v-156685 |access-date=8 October 2022 |work=WhatsHot |date=11 November 2021 |language=en-IN |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918111848/http://www.whatshot.in/pune/raja-dinkar-kelkar-museum-shukrawar-peth-pune-v-156685 |archive-date=18 September 2021}}</ref> honouring the kinship of Agashe's widow and the founder of the museum, [[Dinkar G. Kelkar|Dr. Dinkar G. Kelkar]], with them being fourth cousins.{{Sfnm|1a1=Kelkar|1a2=Kelkar|1a3=Kelkar|1y=1993|1pp=82–83|2a1=Barve|2a2=Vartak|2a3=Belvalkar|2y=2002|2pp=3–4}}

In July 1977, the founder of the [[Maharashtra Mandal|Mahrashtriya Mandal]] of [[Pune]], [[Shivrampant Damle]], established the [[Chandrashekhar Agashe College of Physical Education]] in Gultekdi, Pune, honoring Agashe posthumously.{{Sfn|Gadgil|1973|page=241}} Agashe was further honored when the [[Pune Municipal Corporation]] renamed the street in [[Shaniwar Peth, Pune]] where his family had maintained a traditional brahmin [[Wada (house)|Wada]] upon relocating to Pune,{{Sfn|Karandikar|1992|p=61}} as the Chandrashekhar Agashe Road.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Chandrashekhar+Agashe+Path,+Shaniwar+Peth,+Pune,+Maharashtra+411030/@18.5177268,73.8481899,13z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x3bc2c07a08d8b5f5:0x9a5d5c1f4782e882!8m2!3d18.5175499!4d73.8481536?hl=en |title=चंद्रशेखर अगाशे पथ |trans-title=Chandrashekhar Agashe Road |publisher=[[Google Maps]] |access-date=8 October 2022}}</ref> In 1982, his heirs under the C. G. Agashe Trust donated towards the [[research]] of [[biology]] and [[List of life sciences|life sciences]] to the [[Agharkar Research Institute]].{{Sfn|Maharashtra Association for the Cultivation of Science|1982|page=97}}

In 1992, Agashe was the subject of a biography written by his second-eldest daughter [[Shakuntala Karandikar]].{{Sfn|Karandikar|1992|at=[[Book cover|Cover]] & [[Book cover|back]]}} In 1993/94, the [[Brihan Maharashtra College of Commerce]] celebrated its [[golden jubilee]] by commissioning the [[Brihan Maharashtra College of Commerce|Chandrashekhar Govind Agashe Business Motivation, Training and Research Centre]] (CGA – BMTRC) in his honour, which was inaugurated in August 1998,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bmcc.ac.in/about_bmcc.asp|title=Welcome to BMCC The Brihan Maharashtra College of Commerce |date=2 August 1998 |publisher=[[Brihan Maharashtra College of Commerce]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324191415/http://www.bmcc.ac.in/about_bmcc.asp|archive-date=24 March 2012 |url-status=dead |access-date=20 March 2012}}</ref> with the C. G. Agashe Trust donating ₹125,000 and establishing the C. G. Agashe Prize for [[economics]].{{Sfn|Deccan Education Society|1995|pages=12, 20, 60}} In 1997, Agashe became the namesake of his great-grandson Chandrashekhar Agashe II.{{Sfn|Agashe|Agashe|2006|p=62|loc=आगाशे, आदित्य मंदार}}

In his 2000 [[memoir]], Narubhau Limaye remembered his first corporate work experiences under Agashe,{{Sfn|Patil|2000|page=68}} with Limaye having previously credited Agashe as the catalyst for his move to [[Mumbai]] beginning his career in [[journalism]].{{Sfn|Limaye|1989|pp=56, 194, 216}} In 2004, the [[Kesari (Marathi newspaper)|Pune Ithihasik Vastu Smruti]] (Pune Heritage department of the Kesari Trust) honoured Agashe with a [[blue plaque]] outside the Deo Wada, his residence during his lifetime, in Shaniwar Peth, Pune.{{Sfn|Tilak|2004|pp=99–100}}

== Published works ==
=== Press articles ===
{{div col |small=yes}}
*{{cite news |last1=Agashe |first1=Chandrashekhar |title=काकासाहेब खाडिलकर म्हणतात |trans-title=[[Kakasaheb Khadilkar]] says |work=[[Kesari (Marathi newspaper)|Kesari]] |date=23 May 1950 |location=[[Poona]] |language=mr}}
*{{cite news |last1=Agashe |first1=Chandrashekhar |title=कारखाना सुरु होता यामुळे जाहिरातीने भेट घ्यावी लागत होती |trans-title=The factory was operational, and so I greet you through this advertisement |work=[[Kesari (Marathi newspaper)|Kesari]] |date=30 May 1950 |location=[[Poona]] |language=mr}}
*{{cite news |last1=Agashe |first1=Chandrashekhar |title=साखरकारखाना यशस्वी करणे म्हणजे स्वराज्यप्राप्ती किंव्हा ब्रह्मसाक्षात्कार नव्हे |trans-title=Making a sugar factory successful means achieving [[Swaraj]], not realising [[Brahman]] |work=[[Kesari (Marathi newspaper)|Kesari]] |date=12 December 1951 |location=[[Poona]] |language=mr}}
*{{cite news |last1=Agashe |first1=Chandrashekhar |title=भाग गेला, शीन गेला. अवघा झाला आनंद. |trans-title=The part went, the lustre went. It was just joy. |work=[[Kesari (Marathi newspaper)|Kesari]] |date=1 February 1952 |location=[[Poona]] |language=mr}}
*{{cite news |last1=Agashe |first1=Chandrashekhar |title="अगा उपायबळे पांगू. पहाड ठाकी." — ज्ञानेश्वरी ८-८१ |trans-title="Efforts should not be made to weaken a grand mountain" – [[Dnyaneshwari]] 8–81 |work=[[Kesari (Marathi newspaper)|Kesari]] |date=2 August 1953 |location=[[Poona]] |language=mr}}
*{{cite news |last1=Agashe |first1=Chandrashekhar |title=शिक्षण किंवा आरोग्यसंस्थांना व्यक्तिशः : देणगी मिल्ने ह्याला कालावधि लागतो |trans-title=It takes time for individual donations to be received by education or healthcare organisations |work=[[Kesari (Marathi newspaper)|Kesari]] |date=3 November 1953 |location=[[Poona]] |language=mr}}
*{{cite news |last1=Agashe |first1=Chandrashekhar |title=सिंडिकेटवर कोणाचाही कठीण समय नव्हता व नाही |trans-title=No one has had a hard time at the syndicate |work=[[Kesari (Marathi newspaper)|Kesari]] |date=25 December 1953 |location=[[Poona]] |language=mr}}
*{{cite news |last1=Agashe |first1=Chandrashekhar |title=सिंहगड म्हणजे मूर्तिमंत Lion-heart महाराष्ट्र |trans-title=[[Sinhagad]] is the embodiment of a lion-heart [[Maharashtra]] |work=[[Kesari (Marathi newspaper)|Kesari]] |date=11 January 1955 |location=[[Poona]] |language=mr}}
*{{cite news |last1=Agashe |first1=Chandrashekhar |title=ब्रिहन महाराष्ट्र सिंडिकेटची कोणाचाही मालमत्ता लिलावांत विकली नाही व विकली जाणार नाही |trans-title=None of the properties of Brihan Maharashtra Syndicate have been sold at auction nor will they be sold |work=[[Kesari (Marathi newspaper)|Kesari]] |date=14 January 1955 |location=[[Poona]] |language=mr}}
*{{cite news |last1=Agashe |first1=Chandrashekhar |title="प्रयत्ने वाळूचे कण रगडीतां तेलही गळे. तृषार्ताची तृष्णा मृगजळ पियूनीही वितळे. सशाचेही लाघे विपिन फिरतां श्रुंगही जरी. परंतु मूर्खाचे हृदय धरवेना क्षणभरी." – वामन पंडित |trans-title="I rubbed the grains of sand with effort and melted the oil. The thirst of the thirsty is quenched by drinking the water of the deer. Even if a rabbit's legs are working, even a squirrel's legs are working. But the heart of a fool cannot be held for a moment." – [[Vaman Pandit]] |work=[[Kesari (Marathi newspaper)|Kesari]] |date=18 January 1955 |location=[[Poona]] |language=mr}}
*{{cite news |last1=Agashe |first1=Chandrashekhar |title="भक्ता नारायण नुपेक्षी सर्वथा. कृपावंत ऐसे कळों आले." – तुकाराममहाराज |trans-title="The devotee of [[Narayana]] anticipates absolutely. The gracious ones came to such a conclusion." – [[Tukaram]] |work=[[Kesari (Marathi newspaper)|Kesari]] |date=3 June 1955 |location=[[Poona]] |language=mr}}
*{{cite news |last1=Agashe |first1=Chandrashekhar |title=फक्त सिंडिकेटच्या भागीदार व ठेवीदार यांच्या माहितीकरिता |trans-title=For information of Syndicate Partners and Depositors only |work=[[Kesari (Marathi newspaper)|Kesari]] |date=20 January 1956 |location=[[Poona]] |language=mr}}
*{{cite news |last1=Agashe |first1=Chandrashekhar |title=सिंडिकेट म्हणजे मध्यमवर्गाची पुण्यसंपत्ती |trans-title=Syndicate is the virtue of the middle class |work=[[Kesari (Marathi newspaper)|Kesari]] |date=24 February 1956 |location=[[Poona]] |language=mr}}
*{{cite news |last1=Agashe |first1=Chandrashekhar |title="केल्याने होत आहे रे. आधी केलेंचि पाहिजे" – समर्थ |trans-title="It's done by doing. It should have been done first" – [[Swami Samarth|Samarth]] |work=[[Kesari (Marathi newspaper)|Kesari]] |date=8 May 1956 |location=[[Poona]] |language=mr}}
{{div col end}}

=== Literary collections ===
* {{cite book |last1=Agashe |first1=Chandrashekhar |editor1-last=Agashe |editor1-first=Aditya |title=Selected Writings |date=21 October 2022 |publisher=[[Brihan Maharashtra Sugar Syndicate|Brihans Group]] |location=[[London]], [[Dublin]] |isbn=9798987233429 |edition=[[Limited edition|Limited]] [[First edition|first]] |url=https://catalogue.nli.ie/Record/vtls000896788 |access-date=22 March 2023|language=en, mr |lccn=2023544612 |oclc=1368249725 |via=[[National Library of Ireland]]}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{cite book |title=A Short History of the New Engineering College, Sangli (1947–1955) |ref={{SfnRef|Maharashtra Technical Education Society|1955}} |publisher=Maharashtra Technical Education Society |location=[[Poona]] |date=1955 |url=https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10973/47046/GIPE-042536.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y |access-date=19 February 2024 |via=[[Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219121926/https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10973/47046/GIPE-042536.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y |archive-date=19 February 2024}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Aavalaskar |editor1-first=S. V. |title=शिवचरित्र–साहित्य : कोकणच्या इतिहासाची साधने |date=1953 |trans-title=Shivcharitra-Literature: Kokancha Itihasachi Sadhana |volume=10 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.mgs-cis.shivcharitrasohityabhag10 |access-date=22 February 2024 |publisher=[[Bharat Itihas Sanshodhak Mandal]] |location=[[Pune]] |no-pp=y |language=mr |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}
* {{cite book |last1=Agashe |first1=Trupti |last2=Agashe |first2=Gopal. |editor1-last=Wad |editor1-first=Mugdha |title=आगाशे कुलवृत्तांत |trans-title=Genealogy of the Agashe Family |chapter=मांगदरी घराणा |trans-chapter=The House of Mangdari |date=2006 |publisher=Surbhi Graphics |location=[[Hyderabad]] |type=[[Kulavruttanta]] |edition=2nd |language=mr |isbn=978-1-5323-4500-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IahqswEACAAJ |via=[[Google Books]]}}
* {{cite book |title=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute Poona |publisher=[[Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute]] |location=[[Poona]] |date=1950 |issue=1 |volume=31 |ref={{SfnRef|Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute|1950}} |lccn=86655500 |oclc=13354601}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HbdDDgAAQBAJ |access-date=8 October 2022 |title=वाटचाल फर्ग्यूसनची |trans-title=Fergusson's progress |last=Bachal |first=V. M. |date=2017 |publisher=Mehta Publishing House |isbn=9789386454010 |language=mr |via=[[Google Books]] |lccn=2017322757 |oclc=982373613}}
* {{cite book |last1=Bapat |first1=Seema |last2=Bapat |first2=Sadanand |title=बापट कुलवृत्तांत|trans-title=Genealogy of the Bapat Family |date=2007 |location=[[Pune]] |edition=3rd |language=mr |chapter=नारिंग्रे – कल्याण – जुन्नर घराणा |trans-chapter=The House of Naringre – Kalyan – Junnar |type=[[Kulavruttanta]]}}
* {{cite book |last1=Bapat |first1=V. V. |author1-link=Vishnu Vaman Bapat |title=मनमोकळा |trans-title=Open-hearted |date=1998 |publisher=Indrāyaṇī Sāhitya |location=[[Pune]] |edition=1st |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IbUtAAAAMAAJ |access-date=30 March 2025 |language=mr |lccn=98906795 |oclc=39897802 |via=[[University of Michigan]]}}
* {{cite book |last1=Banhatti |first1=Shrinivas Narayan |title=ज्ञानेश्वरीरहस्य |trans-title=The Mystery of Dnyaneshwari |date=1971 |publisher=Kauśika Vyākhyānamālā |location=[[Pune]] |edition=1st |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GDgwI5a0lnoC |access-date=30 March 2025 |language=mr |lccn=73903381 |oclc=20834512 |via=[[University of Michigan]]}}
* {{cite book |editor-last1=Barve |editor-first1=Ramesh |editor-last2=Vartak |editor-first2=Taraprakash |editor-last3=Belvalkar |editor-first3=Sharchandra |date=17 April 2002 |title=पुत्र विश्वस्ताचा : गौरव ग्रंथ : ज्ञानेश्वर आगाशे षष्ट्यब्दीपूर्ती निमित्त |trans-title=Putra Viśvastācā : A Festschrift : In honour of Dnyaneshwar Agashe's 60th Birth Anniversary |type=[[Festschrift]] |url=https://solo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/permalink/44OXF_INST/2d0ceh/alma990211048440107026 |access-date=22 May 2025 |language=mr |edition=1st |location=[[Pune]]| publisher=Jñāneśvara Āgāśe Gaurava Samitī |isbn=978-1-5323-4594-4 |lccn=2017322864 |oclc=992168227 |via=[[University of Oxford]]}}
* {{cite book |last1=Bhide |first1=Krishnaji Parshuram |title=ज्ञानेश्वरी |trans-title=[[Dnyaneshwari]] |date=1948 |location=[[Pune]] |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.368801 |access-date=22 February 2024 |language=mr |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}
* {{Cite book |title=Biovigyanam |date=1982 |location=[[Pune]] |publisher=[[Agharkar Research Institute|Maharashtra Association for the Cultivation of Science]] |volume=8–10 |ref={{SfnRef|Maharashtra Association for the Cultivation of Science|1982}} |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oKpKAAAAYAAJ |access-date=11 May 2025 |language=en |via=[[Cornell University]] |issn=0250-507X |oclc=3763198}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0LkiAQAAMAAJ |title=Business India |publisher=A. H. Advani |date=1982 |via=[[Northwestern University]] |ref={{SfnRef|Advani|1982}} |language=en |volume=108–116 |oclc=4525594 |lccn=78914172 |issn=0254-5268}}
* {{cite book |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Ramananda |author1-link=Ramananda Chatterjee |title=The Modern Review |date=July 1948 |publisher=Prabasi Press Private, Limited |location=[[Calcutta]] |volume=84 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=whQFAAAAMAAJ |access-date=11 May 2025 |language=en |via=[[University of Michigan]] |issn=0026-8380 |lccn=25004740 |oclc=1681145}}
* {{cite book |last1=Dandekar |first1=S. V. |author1-link=Shankar Vaman Dandekar |title=ज्ञानदेव व प्लेटो |trans-title=Dnyanadev and Plato |date=1967 |publisher=[[Shikshan Prasarak Mandali]] |location=[[Pune]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RjczAAAAMAAJ |access-date=30 March 2025 |language=mr |lccn=sa67007470 |oclc=19939266 |via=[[University of Michigan]]}}
* {{cite book |last1=Damle |first1=Dattatraya Moreshwar |title=नारस्वतींचे लाडके पुत्र |trans-title=Beloved son of Naraswati |date=1966 |location=[[Solapur]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A7lHAAAAMAAJ |access-date=30 March 2025 |language=mr |oclc=67306796 |via=[[University of Michigan]]}}
* {{cite book |last1=Gadgil |first1=Amarendra Laxman |title=श्रीरामकोश |trans-title=Śrīrāmakośa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r782AAAAIAAJ |access-date=26 August 2022 |volume=1 |date=1973 |publisher=Śrīrāmakośa Maṇḍaḷa |via=[[University of California]] |language=mr |lccn=74901968 |oclc=10799117}}
* {{cite book |last1=Gadgil |first1=Narahar Vishnu |author1-link=Narhar Vishnu Gadgil |title=पाठिका |trans-title=Texts |date=1964 |publisher=Vhīnasa Prakāśana |location=[[Pune]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4K8DAAAAMAAJ |access-date=30 March 2025 |language=mr |lccn=sa65002042|oclc=20446288 |via=[[University of Michigan]]}}
* {{cite book |last1=Gandhi |first1=Manmohan Purushottam |title=The Indian Sugar Industry |date=1953 |publisher=M. P. Gandhi |location=[[Bombay]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0bJDAAAAIAAJ |access-date=11 May 2025 |language=en |via=[[University of California]] |lccn=53032603 |oclc=6306867}}
* {{cite book |last1=Godse |first1=Nathuram Vinayak |author1-link=Nathuram Godse |title=Gandhi Murder Trial: Official Account of the Trial of Godse, Apte and Others for Murder and Conspiracy, with Verbatim Reports of Speeches by Godse and Savarkar |date=1950 |publisher=[[The Strickland Press]] |location=[[Glasgow]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i63IGwAACAAJ |access-date=30 March 2025 |language=en |oclc=19211656 |via=[[Michigan State University]]}}
* {{cite book |title=Indian Sugar Manual |date=1949 |publisher=[[Sugar Technologists Association of India]] |location=[[Kanpur]] |ref={{SfnRef|Sugar Technologists Association of India|1949}} |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.29947/ |access-date=15 May 2025 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}
* {{cite book |last=Karandikar |first=Shakuntala |author-link=Shakuntala Karandikar |date=10 July 1992 |title=विश्वस्त |trans-title=Viśvasta |url=https://solo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/permalink/44OXF_INST/2d0ceh/alma990211048410107026 |access-date=22 May 2025 |language=mr |edition=1st |location=[[Pune]] |publisher=Śrī Prakāśana |isbn=9781532345012 |lccn=2017322865 |oclc=992168228 |via=[[University of Oxford]]}}
* {{cite book |last1=Kelkar |first1=Bhaskar |last2=Kelkar |first2=Govind |last3=Kelkar |first3=Yashwant |url=https://www.kelkarkulvruttanta.com/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=26 August 2022 |title=केळकर कुलवृत्तांत |trans-title=Genealogy of the Kelkar Family |chapter=कासारवेल – पुणे – धुळे घराणा |trans-chapter=The House of Kasarvel – Pune – Dhule |date=1993 |edition=2nd |publisher=Yashoda Typesetting |location=[[Pune]] |language=mr |type=[[Kulavruttanta]] |archive-date=26 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826131046/https://www.kelkarkulvruttanta.com/ |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite book |last1=Limaye |first1=Narubhau |title=कल्याणी : कला - व्यक्ती - कर्तृत्वदर्शन |trans-title=Kalyani: Art - Person - Performance |date=1988 |publisher=Gatimāna Prakāśana |location=[[Pune]] |edition=1st |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8SwFAAAAMAAJ |access-date=30 March 2025 |language=mr |lccn=89902485 |oclc=22313226 |via=[[University of British Columbia]]}}
* {{cite book |last1=Limaye |first1=Narubhau |title=बीस चोक ऐंशी |trans-title=Twenty four eighty |date=1989 |publisher=Kôṇṭineṇṭala Prakāśana |location=[[Pune]] |edition=1st |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hu41AAAAMAAJ |access-date=30 March 2025 |language=mr |lccn=90902559 |oclc=1467841644 |via=[[University of British Columbia]]}}
* {{cite book |author1=Lord Reay Maharashtra Industrial Museum |author1-link=Mahatma Phule Museum |title=Museum Education |date=1954 |publisher=Tata Day Publications |location=[[Poona]] |url=https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10973/34178/GIPE-040701.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y |access-date=19 February 2024 |via=[[Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219121929/https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10973/34178/GIPE-040701.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y |archive-date=19 February 2024}}
* {{cite book |author1=Manamohan |title=विश्वाचा वारकरी : श्रीसंत मामा उर्फ सोनोपंत दांडेकर यांच्यावरील उपन्यास |trans-title=The Warkari of the World: A Novel on Sreesanth Mama aka Sonopant Dandekar |date=1977 |publisher=Surasa Prakāśana |location=[[Solapur]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m6lZwHUrgSkC |access-date=30 March 2025 |language=mr |lccn=unk84030480 |oclc=1179164601 |via=[[University of Michigan]]}}
* {{cite book |title=Class, caste, gender |editor-last1=Mohanty |editor-first1=Manoranjan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=msyGAwAAQBAJ |date=2004 |publisher=Sage Publications |isbn=978-0761996439 |location=[[New Delhi]] |access-date=25 July 2017 |lccn=2003022729 |oclc=1049932247 |via=[[Google Books]]}}
* {{cite book |last1=Neurgaonkar |first1=Sadashiv Keshav |title=सोनोपंत दांडेकर ह्यांचे चरित्र |trans-title=Biography of Sonopant Dandekar |date=1969 |publisher=Prā. Dāṇḍekara Dhārmika Vāṅmaya Prakāśana Maṇḍaḷa |location=[[Pune]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7-hWAAAAMAAJ |access-date=30 March 2025 |language=mr |lccn=78906790 |oclc=23570849 |via=[[University of Michigan]]}}
* {{cite book |last=Pathak |first=Gangadhar |url=https://worldcat.org/en/title/8113665 |access-date=25 August 2022 |title=गोखले कुलवृत्तांत |trans-title=Genealogy of the Gokhale Family |chapter=पिरंदावण वाडी – तळेखाजण घराणा |trans-chapter=The House of Pirandavan Wadi – Talekhajan |date=1978 |publisher=Gokhale Kulavr̥ttānta Kāryakārī Maṇdaḷa |edition=2nd |location=[[Pune]] |language=mr |lccn=81902590 |oclc=8113665 |author-link=Gangadhar Pathak |type=[[Kulavruttanta]] |via=[[WorldCat]]}}
* {{cite book |title=Patients' Relief Association Sholapur, Founded in 1932: A Short Report, 1948 |date=1948 |publisher=D. P. Bhave |location=[[Solapur|Sholapur]] |ref={{SfnRef|Patients' Relief Association, Sholapur|1948}} |url=https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10973/34267/GIPE-037513.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y |access-date=19 February 2024 |via=[[Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219121932/https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10973/34267/GIPE-037513.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y |archive-date=19 February 2024}}
* {{cite book |last1=Patil |first1=Anantrao |title=नरुभाऊंच्या आठवणी |trans-title=Memories of Narubhau |date=2000 |publisher=Mīrā Prakāśana |location=[[Pune]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6SpuAAAAMAAJ |access-date=30 March 2025 |language=mr |lccn=00403738 |oclc=45891493 |via=[[University of Michigan]]}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Phatak |editor1-first=N. R. |editor2-last=Kunte |editor2-first=B. G. |title=Source Material for a History of the Freedom Movement in India: Collected From Bombay Government Records |date=1975 |publisher=[[Government of Maharashtra]] |location=[[Mumbai]] |volume=3 |issue=6 |url=https://archive.org/details/HindSwaraj.Source.VOL-03-PART-VI |access-date=6 February 2024 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}
* {{cite book |title=Proceedings of the Committee |date=1956 |location=[[New Delhi]] |publisher=[[Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry]] |volume=3 |ref={{SfnRef|Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry|1956}} |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dJHGAAAAMAAJ |access-date=11 May 2025 |language=en |via=[[University of Michigan]] |lccn=unk82092251}}
* {{cite book|last=Ranade|first=Sadashiv|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RstWAAAAMAAJ |title=चितपावन कौशिक गोत्री आगाशे कुलवृत्तांत |trans-title=Genealogy of the Chitpavan Agashe Family belonging to the Kaushik Gotra |chapter=मांगदरी घराणा |trans-chapter=The House of Mangdari |date=1974 |language=mr |type=[[Kulavruttanta]] |lccn=74903020 |oclc=20388396 |author-link=Sadashiv Ranade |via=[[University of Michigan]]}}
* {{cite book |last1=Ranade |first1=Vinayak Govind |author-link=V. G. Ranade |editor-last=Sardesai |editor-first=S. R. |title=Life of His Highness Raja Shreemant Sir Raghunathrao S.: Alias Babasaheb Pandit Pant Sachiv, Raja of Bhor |date=1951 |publisher=S. R. Sardesai |location=[[Poona]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c4VtZJv55KAC |access-date=17 October 2023 |language=en |via=[[University of Minnesota]] |oclc=29068518 |lccn=91901555}}
* {{cite book |title=Report of the Deccan Education Society, Poona, for the Year 1995 |date=1995 |publisher=[[Deccan Education Society]] |location=[[Pune]] |ref={{SfnRef|Deccan Education Society|1995}} |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BKfg4jCqT7EC |access-date=11 May 2025 |language=en |via=[[University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign]] |lccn=90640450 |oclc=12114778}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KD1uAAAAMAAJ |access-date=8 October 2022 |title=Kakasaheb Gadgil |last=Sadhu |first=Aruna |date=1988 |publisher=[[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]] |via=[[University of Michigan]] |language=en |location=[[New Delhi]] |lccn=88901960 |oclc=19325081}}
* {{cite book |last1=Savarkar |first1=S. S. |title=वीर सावरकर आणि गांधीजी |trans-title=Veer Savarkar and Gandhiji |date=1969 |publisher=Vīra Sāvarakara Prakāśana |location=[[Mumbai]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dHIRAQAAIAAJ |access-date=30 March 2025 |language=mr |lccn=72902120 |oclc=20956952 |via=[[University of California]]}}
* {{cite book |last1=Savarkar |first1=Vinayak Damodar |author1-link=Vinayak Damodar Savarkar |title=Samagra Sāvarakara |url=https://search.worldcat.org/en/title/1441754408 |access-date=1 April 2025 |trans-title=Complete Works of Vinayak Damodar Savarkar |volume=II |date=2004 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |location=[[New Delhi]] |isbn=8173153310 |language=hi |oclc=1441754408 |lccn=00372365 |via=[[WorldCat]]}}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1HBjAAAAMAAJ |access-date=11 May 2025 |chapter=Shri Chandrashekhar Govind Agashe |title=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |ref={{SfnRef|Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute|1955}} |publisher=[[Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute]] |volume=36 |date=1955 |issue=3/4 |page=382 |jstor=44082979 |oclc=6988270115 |lccn=25006272 |via=[[University of Michigan]]}}
* {{cite book |title=Silver Jubilee Souvenir |date=1967 |publisher=[[State Bank of Mysore|Bank of Mysore]] |ref={{SfnRef|Deccan Sugar Factories Association|1967}} |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fjZXAAAAMAAJ |access-date=17 October 2023 |language=en |via=[[University of Michigan]] |oclc=474783 |lccn=sa68013088}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Tilak |editor1-first=D. J. |title=Pune Heritage: Blue Plaque Guide |date=2004 |publisher=[[Lokmanya Tilak|Tilak Smarak Trust]] |location=[[Pune]] |language=mr, en}}
* {{cite book |author1=The Indian Institute of World Culture |author1-link=The Indian Institute of World Culture |editor1-last=Wadia |editor1-first=Sophia |editor1-link=Sophia Wadia |title=The Aryan Path |date=1949 |publisher=Theosophy Company (India) Limited |volume=20 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9jrubjEd1CkC |access-date=11 May 2025 |language=en |via=[[University of Minnesota]] |issn=0004-4156 |lccn=sa66007082 |oclc=1514392}}
* {{cite book |title=The Feudatory and Zemindari India |date=1933 |ref={{SfnRef|Feudatory and Zemindari India|1933}} |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4hcnAQAAIAAJ |access-date=17 October 2023 |language=en |volume=13–14 |via=[[University of California]] |oclc=499692944}}
* {{cite book |title=The Mahābhārata |date=1947 |publisher=[[Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute]] |location=[[Poona]] |ref={{SfnRef|Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute|1947}} |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eooLAQAAMAAJ |access-date=17 October 2023 |language=sa |volume=7 |via=[[University of Michigan]] |oclc=37361288 |lccn=2002294638}}
* {{cite book |last1=Valimbe |first1=G. R. |editor1-last=Kumbhojkar |editor1-first=Lalita |title=रामातनया, व्यक्ती आणि वान्यमय |trans-title=Ramatanaya, person and landscape |date=1981 |publisher=Vhīnasa Prakāśana |location=[[Pune]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x1MuAAAAMAAJ |access-date=30 March 2025 |language=mr |lccn=82903058 |oclc=18254709 |via=[[University of Michigan]]}}
{{Refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{cite book |title=Vishwasta – The Trustee: The Life of Industrialist Chandrashekhar Agashe |last=Karandikar |first=Shakuntala |author-link=Shakuntala Karandikar |publisher=[[Brihan Maharashtra Sugar Syndicate Ltd.|The Brihan Maharashtra Sugar Syndicate Ltd.]] |isbn=9780578355863 |edition=2nd |language=English |editor-last=Agashe |editor-first=Aditya |publication-place=[[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]] |translator-last=Phadnis |translator-first=Nandan |translator-link=Nandan Phadnis |date=14 February 2022 |oclc=1310118266 |lccn=2021276641 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B6NaEAAAQBAJ |access-date=11 May 2025 |via=[[Google Books]]}}
* {{cite book |last1=Peters |first1=Thomas |title=Western India Guide and Directory 1933-1934 |date=1933 |publisher=Sun Publishing House |location=[[Poona]] |pages=379–380 |url=https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/1/38274?show=full |access-date=19 February 2024 |via=[[Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219121925/https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/1/38274?show=full |archive-date=19 February 2024}}
* {{cite book |last1=Reed |first1=Stanley |author1-link=Stanley Reed (British politician) |title=Indian and Pakistan Year Book and Who's Who |date=1955 |location=[[Bombay]] |publisher=[[The Times of India|The Times of India Press]] |page=680 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BJAjAQAAMAAJ |access-date=11 May 2025 |language=en |via=[[University of Michigan]] |issn=0082-4445 |lccn=a19000014 |oclc=1767517}}
* {{cite book |last1=Reed |first1=Stanley |author1-link=Stanley Reed (British politician) |title=The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's Who |date=1956 |publisher=[[Bennett, Coleman & Company]] |location=[[Bombay]] |page=630 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YQUfAQAAMAAJ |access-date=11 May 2025 |language=en |via=[[University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign]] |issn=0082-4445 |lccn=a19000014 |oclc=6205757}}
* {{cite book |title=Thacker's Directory of the Chief Industries of India, Burma and Ceylon |date=1941 |publisher=[[Thacker, Spink & Company]] |series=[[Thacker's Indian Directory]] |location=[[Calcutta]] |page=89 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wzcsC4hxsAUC |access-date=11 May 2025 |language=en |via=[[University of Michigan]] |oclc=46448616 |lccn=sa68010440}}
* {{cite book |title=The Indian and Pakistan Year Book |date=1951 |publisher=[[Bennett, Coleman & Company]] |location=[[Bombay]] |page=574 |volume=37 |ref={{SfnRef|Bennett, Coleman & Company|1951}} |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_RodAQAAMAAJ |access-date=11 May 2025 |language=en |via=[[University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign]] |oclc=11906734}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
*{{OL author|id=OL13118669A}}
*{{Library link by |label=What different libraries have by Chandrashekhar Agashe |library=0CHOOSE0 |viaf=9325148947789854950005}}
*{{Library link about|label=What different libraries have on Chandrashekhar Agashe |library=0CHOOSE0 |viaf=9325148947789854950005}}

{{Subject bar|d=Q28101716|auto=1|portal1=India|portal2=Asia|portal3=Biography|portal4=Business}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Agashe, Chandrashekhar}}
[[Category:1888 births]]
[[Category:1956 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian essayists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian philanthropists]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Writers from Pune]]
[[Category:Writers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Pune]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Fergusson College alumni]]
[[Category:Indian industrialists]]
[[Category:Indian newspaper editors]]
[[Category:Indian company founders]]
[[Category:Indian public speakers]]
[[Category:Indian male essayists]]
[[Category:Indian corporate directors]]
[[Category:Indian businesspeople in the sugar industry]]

Chagai-II

2026-03-27T01:14:32Z

Bogdanwyo: slightly corrected article for clarity and fixed typos

{{Short description|Pakistan's second nuclear weapons test (1998)}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|cs1-dates=ly|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox Nuclear weapons test
|name = ''Chagai-II''
|picture =
|picture_description =
|country = Pakistan
|test_site = Kharan Desert
|period = 30 May 1998
|number_of_tests = 1
|test_type =[[Underground nuclear testing|Underground tests]]
|device_type = [[Nuclear fission|Fission]]
|max_yield = {{convert|25|ktonTNT|lk=in}}<ref name="Khan 2012 200–202"/><ref name="Binnington Reed">{{harvtxt|Reed|2009|p=258}}</ref>
|previous_test =''[[Chagai-I]]''

}}

'''Chagai-II''' is the [[codename]] assigned to the second [[Atomic tests|atomic test]] conducted by [[Pakistan]], carried out on 30 May 1998 in the [[Kharan Desert]] in [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]] [[Administrative units of Pakistan|Province of Pakistan]].<ref name="District Development Profile 2011"/> ''Chagai-II'' took place two days after Pakistan's first successful [[nuclear test|test]], ''[[Chagai-I]]'', which was carried out on 28 May 1998 in the [[Ras Koh Hills|Ras Koh area]] in [[Chagai District]], Balochistan, Pakistan.

The initial goals were to test the new designs of the weapon rather than studying the effects, and were different from the first tests in that they were primarily conducted by the [[Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission]] (PAEC), with the [[Pakistan Armed Forces]] [[Military engineering|engineering formations]] having only a supporting role.<ref name="PakDef, original aired on GEO TV in 2005" />

The tests detonated [[Implosion-type nuclear weapon|implosion-type]] [[Boosted fission weapon|boosted-fission]] [[Weapon-grade#plutonium|military-grade plutonium]] devices, contrary to the [[Chagai-I]] tests that were [[weapons-grade uranium]] devices.<ref name="PakDef, original aired on GEO TV in 2005" /> The performance of these tests made it a total of six tests performed by Pakistan in May 1998.<ref name="PakDef, original aired on GEO TV in 2005" />

==Test preparations==

===Selection and planning===

The [[Kharan Desert]] is a [[Dune|sandy]] and [[Mountain ranges of Pakistan|mountainous]] desert, with very high temperatures.<ref>{{cite web |last1=FAS|title=Kharan Desert|publisher=Federation of American Scientists |url=https://fas.org/nuke/guide/pakistan/facility/kharan.htm|website=fas.org/|access-date=10 June 2015}}</ref> The region is characterised by very low rainfall, high summer temperature, high velocity winds, poor soils, very sparse vegetation and a low diversity of plant species; its average temperature are recorded {{convert|55|C|F}} in summer and {{convert|2.5|C|F}} in winter session (sources vary).<ref name="District Development Profile 2011">{{cite web|last1=Planning & Development Department Government of Balochistan, Quetta |date=July 18, 2011 |title=District Development Profile 2011: Kharan|url= http://balochistan.gov.pk/DistrictProfile/DDP%20Final%202012/Kharan/Kharan.pdf |website=balochistan.gov.pk/ |access-date=10 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913014500/http://balochistan.gov.pk/DistrictProfile/DDP%20Final%202012/Kharan/Kharan.pdf |archive-date=13 September 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Kharan documentary |date=26 January 2014 |url=http://www.slideshare.net/arslan6575/kharan-desert|publisher=Kharan documentary|access-date=10 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Pakistan 360|title=Kharan Desert|publisher=Pakistan 360|website=pakistan360degrees.com/|url=http://pakistan360degrees.com/tag/desert/|access-date=10 June 2015|archive-date=2020-01-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200106003440/http://pakistan360degrees.com/tag/desert/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Mares |first=Michael A. |year=1999 |title=Encyclopedia of Deserts |publisher=[[University of Oklahoma Press]] |pages=301–302 |isbn=978-0-8061-3146-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g3CbqZtaF4oC&pg=PA301}}</ref>

Safety and security required an isolated, remote, and [[Residency (domicile)|inhabitant]] area with [[List of extreme weather records in Pakistan|extreme weather]] conditions to prevent any possible [[Radioactive Fallout]].<ref>{{harvtxt|Shahid-ur-Rehman|1999|pp=20–21}}</ref> For this purpose, a [[three-dimensional space|three-dimensional]] [[Geological survey|survey]] was commenced by nuclear physicist Dr. [[Ishfaq Ahmad]] assisted by [[seismologist]] Dr. Ahsan Mubarak; it received final approval from [[Munir Ahmad Khan|Munir Ahmad]] in 1976.<ref name="The Nation (1999) and Defence Journal of Pakistan (2000)">{{cite web |last=Azam|first=Rai Muhammad Saleh|title=When Mountains Move|work=Rai Muhammad Saleh Azam|publisher=The Nation (1999) and Defence Journal (2000)|url=http://www.defencejournal.com/2000/june/chaghi.htm|access-date=8 May 2012|location=Karachi, Pakistan|pages=1|date=June 2000}}{{dead link|date=August 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Unlike the [[granite]] mountains, the PAEC requirement was to find a suitable site in a desert region with almost no wildlife to prevent any kind of [[mutation]], and to study blast effects of the weapons.<ref>{{harvtxt|Khan|2012|pp=280–282}}</ref>

The weapon-testing sites were suspected to be located at [[Kharan Desert|Kharan]], in a desert valley between the [[Ras Koh Hills|Ras Koh]] region to the north and [[Siahan Range]] to the south.<ref name="Carey Sublette of the nuclear weapon archive"/> Subsequently, the [[Chagai Hills|Chagai]]-[[Ras Koh]]-Kharan were cordoned off, becoming restricted entry zones closed to the public.<ref name="Carey Sublette of the nuclear weapon archive">{{Cite web |last=Sublette |first =Carey |title=Historical Background: §Preparing to Build the Bomb |work=Nuclear Weapon Archive |date=2 January 2002 |url=http://www.nuclearweaponarchive.org/Pakistan/PakOrigin.html|access-date=2011-11-11}}</ref>
[[File:Nuclear explosion craters schema 1.png|right|thumb|upright=1.35|According to the PAEC, the weapon-testing labs were deeply crafted, L-shaped horizontal tunnels.<ref>{{cite web|last=PAEC Govt.|title=The Weapon-Testing Laboratories: An illustration by PAEC.|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lo3WbA8zXZk |publisher=Government of Pakistan release|access-date=7 September 2012}}{{verify source |date=September 2021|reason=None of the textual data matched the YouTube video pointed to by the URL.}}</ref> A close depiction can be seen in diagram d, e, and f. The tests left a crater as its mark, similar to the illustration above.]]

After PAEC officials clearing with Prime minister [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]], the preparations and [[Military logistics|logistics]] matters were given to the [[Pakistan Armed Forces]].<ref name="The Nation (1999) and Defence Journal of Pakistan (2000)"/> A secretly coded telegram was sent from the [[Prime Minister's Secretariat (Pakistan)|Prime Minister's Secretariat]] to [[V Corps (Pakistan)|V Corps]] Brigadier Muhammad Sarfraz.<ref name="The Nation (1999) and Defence Journal of Pakistan (2000)"/> A helicopter, was arranged for the civilian scientists by Sarfraz.<ref name="The Nation (1999) and Defence Journal of Pakistan (2000)"/> In 1977, Sarfraz was dispatched to the [[Military Engineering Service]] to commission [[Military engineering|engineering formations]] of the Pakistan military by General [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq|Zia-ul-Haq]], the [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff]].<ref name="The Nation (1999) and Defence Journal of Pakistan (2000)"/> The PAEC officials readily agreed that the secondary tests would be scientific in nature with the armed forces playing the engineering roles.<ref name="The Nation (1999) and Defence Journal of Pakistan (2000)"/>

The Special Development Works (SDW), assisted by the [[Pakistan Army Corps of Engineers|Corps of Engineers]], [[Pakistan Army Corps of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering]] (PEME), and [[Frontier Works Organisation]] (FWO), spearheaded the engineering of the potential sites.<ref>{{harvtxt|Khan|2012|pp=183–184}}</ref> The military engineers were well aware of satellite detection, therefore the site at Kharan was constructed with extra cautions.<ref>{{harvtxt|Shahid-ur-Rehman|1999|pp=25}}</ref><ref>{{harvtxt|Khan|2012|pp=184}}</ref> The test site was {{convert|300|by|200|ft}} and was L-shaped [[Shaft (civil engineering)|horizontal shafts]].<ref>{{harvtxt|Shahid-ur-Rehman|1999|pp=24–25}}</ref> Extensive installations of diagnostic cables, [[motion sensors]], and monitoring stations were established inside the test site.<ref>{{harvtxt|Shahid-ur-Rehman|1999|pp=26–27}}</ref> It took nearly 2–3 years for the SDW to prepare and preparations were completed in 1980.<ref name="The Nation (1999) and Defence Journal of Pakistan (2000)"/>

After posting at the [[General Headquarters (Pakistan Army)|General Headquarters]], Sarfraz transferred the work to Lieutenant-General [[Zahid Ali Akbar Khan|Zahid Ali Akbar]], the [[Engineer-in-Chief (Pakistan Army)|Engineer-in-Chief]] of the [[Pakistan Army Corps of Engineers]].<ref>{{harvtxt|Shahid-ur-Rehman|1999|loc=§The nuclear development under Army: General Zahid Ali}}</ref> The modernisation of the tests labs were undertaken by the FWO; the FWO uncredited work in the construction of the weapon-testings labs in Kharan Desert, and had supervised the entire construction on the sites along with the SDW.<ref>{{harvtxt|Shahid-ur-Rehman|1999|pp=28–30}}</ref>

Final preparations were overseen by then-Lieutenant-Colonel [[Zulfikar Ali Khan]] and PAEC chairman [[Munir Ahmad Khan|Munir Ahmad]], assisted by Dr. [[Ishfaq Ahmad]], the [[Chief Technical Officer|Member (Technical)]] of PAEC.<ref name="Carey Sublette of the nuclear weapon archive"/>

==Test and blast yields==

The Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) teams of scientists and engineers arrived at the site led by Dr. [[Samar Mubarakmand]], a [[nuclear physicist]].<ref name="Carey Sublette of the nuclear weapon archive"/> The tests were conducted on 30 May 1998 at 13:10 [[Hour|hrs]] (1:10 pm) ([[Pakistan Standard Time|PKT]]).<ref name="Carey Sublette of the nuclear weapon archive"/> The [[atomic bomb]] was small in size but very efficient and produced a very powerful [[shock wave]] and [[Nuclear weapon yield|blast yield]].<ref name="PakDef, original aired on GEO TV in 2005"/><ref>{{harvtxt|Shahid-ur-Rehman|1999|pp=30–31}}</ref><ref>{{harvtxt|Khan|2012|pp=185–186}}</ref>

The devices were [[boosted fission weapon]]s using [[Weapons-grade#Weapons-grade plutonium|military-grade]] plutonium, yielding 60.1% of the first tests performed two days earlier.<ref name="PakDef, original aired on GEO TV in 2005">{{cite web|last1=Mir|first1=Hamid|title=Interview with Samar Mubarakmand |url=http://pakdef.org/geo-tv-capital-talk-special-interview-with-dr-samar-mubarakmand-n-i-h-i-s-i-chairman-nescom/|website=pakdef.org/ |publisher=PakDef, original aired on GEO TV in 2005|access-date=11 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190919113940/http://pakdef.org/geo-tv-capital-talk-special-interview-with-dr-samar-mubarakmand-n-i-h-i-s-i-chairman-nescom/|archive-date=19 September 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> The device was of a design cold tested in 1992.<ref>Ahmed, M. (2022). Pakistan’s pathway to the bomb: Ambitions, Politics, and Rivalries. South Asia in World Affairs</ref> The Theoretical Physics Group (TPG) calculated that the blast yield was 20 [[kilotonne|kt]] of [[TNT equivalent]].<ref name="Carey Sublette of the nuclear weapon archive"/> Although the [[American Physical Society]] estimated the yield at {{convert|8|ktonTNT}} based on data received by their computer,<ref name="Binnington Reed"/><ref>{{harvtxt|Reed|2009|pp=250–255}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Albright|first1=David |date=2004 |title=The shots heard 'round the world|journal=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists|publisher=Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science, Inc.|issn=0096-3402|pages=22–25 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vAsAAAAAMBAJ |access-date=1 January 2015}}</ref> Dr. [[Abdul Qadeer Khan]] confirmed the TPG blast calculations in an interview in 1998.<ref name="Khan 2012 200–202">{{harvtxt|Khan|2012|pp=200–202}}</ref><ref name="Published in Nuclear weapon archives data">{{cite news |last1=Khan|first1=Kamran |author-link1=Kamran Khan (journalist) |title=Interview with Abdul Qadeer Khan |url=http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Pakistan/KhanInterview.html|access-date=14 June 2015 |date=30 May 1998 |work=The News International |via=nuclearweaponarchive.org |location=Islamabad |pages=1}}</ref>

The Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (or PAEC) had tested one or more plutonium nuclear devices, and the results and data of the devices were successful as was expected by the Pakistan's mathematicians and seismologists.<ref name="The Nation (1999) and Defence Journal of Pakistan (2000)"/><ref>{{Cite web
| title =Nuclear Tests:§The Plutonium Device
| url =https://fas.org/nuke/guide/pakistan/nuke/
| date = 11 December 2002
| access-date =2011-11-11
|publisher=[[Federation of American Scientists]] (FAS) and Pakistan Atomic Scientists Foundation (PASF)}}
</ref>

==Test teams==

===Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission===
*[[Samar Mubarakmand]], [[Chief Technical Officer|Member (Technical)]] at [[Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission|PAEC]].
*[[Muhammad Hafeez Qureshi|Hafeez Qureshi]], Directorate of Technical Development (DTD)
*Irfan Burney, Director of Directorate of Technical Procurement (DTP).
*Tariq Salija, Director of the Radiation and Isotope Applications Division (RIAD).
*Muhammad Jameel, Director of Directorate of Science and Engineering Services (DSES)
*Muhammad Arshad, the Chief Scientific Officer (CSO).
*[[Asghar Qadir]], director, Theoretical Physics Group

===Pakistan Army Corps of Engineers===
*[[Lieutenant General]] Zulfikar Ali Khan [[Engineer-in-Chief (Pakistan Army)|Engineer-in-Chief]] of the [[System Engineering|System]] and [[Combat Engineering]] Division of the [[Pakistan Army|Pakistan Army Corps of Engineers]]

==See also==
*[[Chagai-I]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{refbegin|30em}}
*{{cite book|last1=Khan|first1=Feroz Hassan|title=Eating Grass: The Making of the Pakistan Atomic Bomb |date=2012|publisher=Stanford University Press|location=Palo Alto, CA|isbn=978-0804784801}}
*{{cite book|last=Reed|first=Thomas Binnington |title=The Nuclear Express: A Political History of the Bomb and Its Proliferation|year=2009|publisher=Zenith Press|isbn=978-0760335024}}
*{{cite book|author=Shahid-ur-Rehman|title=Long Road to Chagai|date=1999|publisher=Printwise Publications |location=Islamabad|isbn=9789698500009}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* {{youTube|id=Lo3WbA8zXZk|title=Chaghi-II Test}}
*{{Cite web
| title =Comparison of India's and Pakinstan's nuclear tests and the 30 May 1998 Afghanistan earthquake
| work =Broadband Seismic Data Collection Center
| publisher =Broadband Seismic Data Collection Center, Pakistan Atomic Scientist Federation (PASF), Pakistan Nuclear Society, Pakistan Seismic Department (PAEC), and Pakistan Meteorological Department
| date =23 November 2010
| url =http://eqinfo.ucsd.edu/special_events/nuclear_tests/comparison.php
| format =php
| access-date =2011-11-11
| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120321135213/http://eqinfo.ucsd.edu/special_events/nuclear_tests/comparison.php
| archive-date =21 March 2012
| url-status =dead
}}
*{{Cite web
| title =KNET recording of second Pakistani nuclear test waveforms
| work =Broadband Seismic Data Collection Center
| publisher =Broadband Seismic Data Collection Center, Pakistan Atomic Scientist Federation (PASF), Pakistan Nuclear Society, Pakistan Seismic Department (PAEC), and Pakistan Meteorological Department
| date =23 November 2010
| url =http://eqinfo.ucsd.edu/special_events/nuclear_tests/sequence.php
| format =php
| access-date =2011-11-11
| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120321135224/http://eqinfo.ucsd.edu/special_events/nuclear_tests/sequence.php
| archive-date =21 March 2012
| url-status =dead
}}

{{Deserts}}
{{Nuclear power in Pakistan}}

[[Category:1998 in military history]]
[[Category:1998 in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Kharan District]]
[[Category:Code names]]
[[Category:Project-706]]
[[Category:Nuclear history of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Nawaz Sharif administration]]
[[Category:History of science and technology in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Pakistani nuclear weapons testing]]
[[Category:Underground nuclear weapons testing]]
[[Category:1998 in science]]
[[Category:May 1998 in Asia]]

Sadruddin Mohammad Hossain

2026-03-26T18:59:18Z

Bogdanwyo: minor edit

{{Short description|Bangladeshi Air Force officer}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Air Vice Marshal]]
| name = Sadruddin Mohammad Hossain
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1941|07|01|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Jessore]], Bengal Province, British India
| office = 5th [[Chief of Air Staff (Bangladesh)|Chief of Air Staff]]
| term_start = 9 December 1977
| term_end = 22 July 1981
| president = [[Ziaur Rahman]] [[Abdus Sattar (president)|Abdus Sattar]]
| primeminister = [[Mashiur Rahman (prime minister)|Mashiur Rahman]] (acting) [[Shah Azizur Rahman]]
| predecessor = [[Abdul Gafoor Mahmud]]
| successor = [[Sultan Mahmud (air officer)|Sultan Mahmud]]
| children = 3
| allegiance = {{PAK}} (before 1971) {{BAN}}
| branch = {{air force|Pakistan}} {{air force|Bangladesh}}
| serviceyears = 1959-1981
| rank = [[File:British RAF OF-7.svg|20px]] [[Air Vice Marshal]] [[File:BAF Air Vice-Marshal Star Plate.svg|20px]]
| unit = [[No. 5 Squadron PAF]]
| commands = Company Commander of [[List of sectors in the Bangladesh Liberation War|Sector - VI]]
*FSR of [[Tejgaon Airport|BAF Base Tejgaon]]
*Director (Operations) at [[Dhaka Cantonment|Air Headquarters]]
*[[Chief of Air Staff (Bangladesh)|Chief of Air Staff]]
| battles = [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]] [[Bangladesh Liberation War]]
| awards = {{Flagicon image|Bir Protik ribbon.svg|size=30px}} [[Bir Protik]]
}}
'''Sadruddin Mohammad Hossain''', BP is a former chief of the [[Bangladesh Air Force]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Summary of World Broadcasts: Far East|year=1979|publisher=Monitoring Service of the British Broadcasting Corporation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T2PVAAAAMAAJ&q=Air+Vice+Marshal+Sadruddin+Mohammad+Hossain|access-date=25 November 2016|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Link|year=1981|publisher=United India Periodicals|pages=85|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-G9DAAAAYAAJ&q=Air+Vice+Marshal+Sadruddin+Mohammad+Hossain|access-date=25 November 2016|language=en}}</ref> AVM Sadruddin was the fifth chief of the Bangladesh Air Force from 9 December 1977 to 22 July 1981. He was the youngest air chief in the history of Bangladesh Air Force (at the age of 36).

==Early life and education==
Hossain was born in a [[Bengali Muslim]] family of [[Jessore]] at [[Dacca]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal Province]] of then British India. He received his primary-level education at [[Pogose School]] before being admitted at [[PAF College Lower Topa]].

==Career==
Upon graduating from Lower Topa Cadet College, he resumed his career as a fighter pilot in the [[Pakistan Air Force]] in 1956 and was commissioned as a pilot officer of [[No. 5 Squadron PAF|No. 5 Squadron]] in 1959. Then, the fighters of his squadron were composed of mainly the [[North American F-86 Sabre]] and the [[Dassault Mirage III]]. He was one of the top 20 cadets who was sent to the United States for advanced training in [[Moody AFB]] and also at [[Luke AFB]] between 1960 and 1962.

Sadruddin is credited with at least two joint take downs of Indian [[Folland Gnats]] during the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1965]]. He was promoted to [[squadron leader]] in 1968 and was posted as the commander of a three-aircraft flight under an attack squadron at [[Sargodha]]. In April 1971 he defected to [[East Pakistan]] to participate in the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]]. He was a liaison officer between the [[Mukti Bahini]] and the [[Indian Air Force]] and was stationed in Sector 6.

After the Liberation War of 1971 between Bangladesh and Pakistan, he was promoted to [[Wing commander (rank)|wing commander]] and placed in command of the Dhaka Airbase of the newly formed Bangladesh Air Force. His next appointment was as [[group captain]] and defence attaché at the Bangladesh Embassy in Moscow, Russia, where he spent 3.5 years with his wife and children. After completing this assignment, Group Captain Sadruddin returned to Bangladesh in 1977 and was assigned as director of the Bangladesh Air Force Air Operations & Air Intelligence. He was promoted to [[air commodore]] and chief of the air staff in 1977.<ref>{{cite news |title=The murder of Major General Abul Manzur, Bir Uttam|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/the-murder-of-major-general-abul-manzur-bir-uttam-12836|work=The Daily Star|date=25 February 2014|access-date=25 November 2016}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=February 2021}}

==Personal life==
Hossain is married to Nasreen Hossain and they have a daughter, Tahmina Ahsan, and two sons, Sarwaruddin Mohammad Hossain and Farid Hossain.

==Awards and decorations==
{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
| colspan="4"|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Bir Protik ribbon.svg|width=130}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Rono Taroka.JPG|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=War Medal.JPG|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Campaign Star.JPG|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Victory Medal.JPG|width=130}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Songbidhan Padak(Constitution Medal).JPG|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Tamgha-e-Diffa.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Sitara-e-Harb 1965 War Ribbon.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Tamgha-e-Jang 1965 War.png|width=130}}
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
| colspan="4"|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Bangladesh Armed Forces#Campaign / war medals|Bir Protik]]'''
''(Bir Protik)''
|-
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Bangladesh Armed Forces#Campaign / war medals|Rono Taroka]]'''
''(Rono Taroka)''
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Bangladesh Armed Forces#Campaign / war medals|Samar Padak]]'''
''(Samar Padak)''
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Bangladesh Armed Forces#Campaign / war medals|Mukti Taroka]]'''
''(Mukti Taroka)''
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Bangladesh Armed Forces#Campaign / war medals|Joy Padak]]'''
''(Joy Padak)''
|-
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Bangladesh Armed Forces#Campaign / war medals|Songbidhan Padak]]'''
''(Songbidhan Padak)''
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Campaign / war medals|Tamgha-e-Diffa]]'''
''(General Service Medal)''
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Campaign / war medals|Sitara-e-Harb 1965 War]]'''
''(War Star 1965)''
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Campaign / war medals|Tamgha-e-Jang 1965 War]]'''
''(War Medal 1965)''
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef|before=Air Vice Marshal [[Abdul Gafoor Mahmud]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Chief of Air Staff (Bangladesh)|Chief of Air Staff]]|years=1977 – 1981}}
{{s-aft|after=Air Vice Marshal [[Sultan Mahmud (officer)|Sultan Mahmud]]}}
{{end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hossain, Sadruddin Mohammad}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bangladesh Air Force air marshals]]
[[Category:Chiefs of Air Staff (Bangladesh)]]
[[Category:Mukti Bahini personnel]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Bangladesh-mil-bio-stub}}

Ram Pothineni

2026-03-25T19:30:27Z

Bogdanwyo: rework intro for consistency

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ram Pothineni
| image = Ram Pothineni.jpg
| caption = Pothineni in 2020
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1988|05|15}}
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]] India
| other names = Ustaad, Energetic Star, RAPO
| occupation = Actor
| yearsactive = 2006–present
| relatives = [[Sravanthi Ravi Kishore]] (uncle) [[Sharwanand]] (cousin)
}}
'''Pothineni Seetha Ram Chowdary''', also known as '''Ram Pothineni''' (born 15 May 1988) is an Indian actor who works in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu Cinema]]. Known for his energetic screen presence, he earned one [[Filmfare Award South|Filmfare Award]] and one [[South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Award]] for his work.<ref name="n18">{{Cite web|title=Happy Birthday Ram Pothineni: Do You Know These Lesser-known Facts About the Tollywood Star?|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/happy-birthday-ram-pothineni-do-you-know-these-lesser-known-facts-about-this-tollywood-actor-2141929.html|access-date=28 August 2020|website=News18|date=15 May 2019|archive-date=6 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606014906/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/happy-birthday-ram-pothineni-do-you-know-these-lesser-known-facts-about-this-tollywood-actor-2141929.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Pothineni made his acting debut with the box office success [[Devadasu (2006 film)|''Devadasu'']] (2006), for which he won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut – South]]. He achieved his breakthrough in 2008 with the action comedy [[Ready (2008 film)|''Ready'']] (2008). Pothineni continued to establish himself as a leading man with critical and commercial successes such as ''[[Maska (2009 film)|Maska]]'' (2009), ''[[Kandireega]]'' (2011), ''[[Pandaga Chesko]]'' (2015), ''[[Nenu Sailaja]]'' (2016), ''[[Hello Guru Prema Kosame]]'' (2018), ''[[iSmart Shankar]]'' (2019), and [[Red (2021 film)|''Red'']] (2021) and Skanda (2023) .<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 May 2020|title=Happy Birthday Ram Pothineni: 5 career-best performances of the energetic star|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/happy-birthday-ram-pothineni-5-career-best-performances-of-the-energetic-star/photostory/75733226.cms|access-date=28 August 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=24 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200524221200/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/happy-birthday-ram-pothineni-5-career-best-performances-of-the-energetic-star/photostory/75733226.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

Beyond his film career, Pothineni endorses many products and is a brand ambassador for [[Garnier]].

== Early life ==
Ram Pothineni was born as Pothineni Seetha Ram Chowdary on 15 May 1988, in [[Hyderabad]], to Murali Pothineni. He is the nephew of Telugu film producer, [[Sravanthi Ravi Kishore]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/sravanthiravikishore_interview_2.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705154556/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/sravanthiravikishore_interview_2.php |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 July 2008 |title=Stars : Star Interviews : 'Sravanthi' Ravi Kishore – Interview |website=[[Telugucinema.com]] |date= 1 July 2008}}</ref> Actor [[Sharwanand]] is his cousin.<ref>{{Cite web|title=8 lesser-known Siblings of Tollywood, see the list|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/8-lesser-known-siblings-of-tollywood/etphotostory/85456230.cms|work=Times Of India|date=22 August 2021}}</ref> His family hails from [[Vijayawada]], [[Andhra Pradesh]].

== Career ==
=== Debut and early career (2006–2010) ===
Pothineni first appeared with his theatrical debut in 2006 with ''[[Devadasu (2006 film)|Devadasu]]''.<ref>[http://idlebrain.com/trade/index.html Telugu cinema trade report for the first half of year 2006 – idlebrain.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805054518/http://www.idlebrain.com/trade/index.html |date=5 August 2012 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.cinegoer.com/alltimelongrun.htm CineGoer.com – Box-Office Records And Collections – All Time Long Run List] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070515123606/http://www.cinegoer.com/alltimelongrun.htm |date=15 May 2007 }}</ref> His second film, ''[[Jagadam]]'' opposite Isha Sahani was directed by [[Sukumar]]. He then appeared in ''[[Ready (2008 film)|Ready]]'' alongside [[Genelia D'Souza]] directed by [[Srinu Vaitla]] which was a commercial success.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-09-27/news-interviews/27923690_1_pleasant-surprise-hansika-ram |title=Surprise success |access-date=3 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120918111025/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-09-27/news-interviews/27923690_1_pleasant-surprise-hansika-ram |archive-date=18 September 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2009, he had two releases, ''[[Maska (2009 film)|Maska]]'' and ''[[Ganesh (2009 film)|Ganesh]]''.

In 2010, Pothineni had only one release, ''[[Rama Rama Krishna Krishna]]'', produced by [[Dil Raju]] and directed by [[Sriwass]].

=== Career ups and downs (2011–2016) ===
Pothineni's next film was ''[[Kandireega]]'' (2011).<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chowdhary|first=Y. Sunita|date=13 August 2011|title=Kandireega: This bee has no buzz|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/kandireega-this-bee-has-no-buzz/article2353784.ece|access-date=28 August 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Later he starred in ''[[Endukante... Premanta!]]'' (2012) alongside [[Tamannaah]], directed by [[A. Karunakaran|Karunakaran]] and produced by Sravanthi Ravi Kishore. In 2013, Pothineni appeared in ''[[Ongole Githa]]'' with [[Kriti Kharbanda]] directed by [[Bhaskar (director)|Bhaskar]] and produced by B.V.S.N. Prasad. In the same year, he co-starred alongside [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]] in the [[Action comedy film|action comedy]] ''[[Masala (2013 film)|Masala]]'', the remake of the Hindi film ''[[Bol Bachchan]],'' directed by [[K. Vijaya Bhaskar]] and jointly produced by Sravanthi Ravi Kishore and [[D. Suresh Babu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2013/venkatesh-join-hands-ram-bol-bachchan-remake-103086.html|title=Venkatesh joining hands with Ram for Bol Bachchan remake|date=30 January 2013|publisher=Oneindia Entertainment|access-date=30 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104024952/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/telugu/news/2013/venkatesh-join-hands-ram-bol-bachchan-remake-103086.html|archive-date=4 November 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2015, Pothineni starred in two films, ''[[Pandaga Chesko]]'' and [[Shivam (2015 Telugu film)|''Shivam'']] . While ''Pandaga Chesko'' directed by [[Gopichand Malineni]], was a commercial success,<ref>{{Cite news|title=Twitterati shower love on Ram's Pandaga Chesko as the film completes five years|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/twitterati-shower-love-on-rams-pandaga-chesko-as-the-film-completes-five-years/articleshow/76086655.cms|access-date=28 August 2020|website=The Times of India|date=29 May 2020 |language=en|archive-date=1 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200601134755/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/twitterati-shower-love-on-rams-pandaga-chesko-as-the-film-completes-five-years/articleshow/76086655.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Shivam (2015 Telugu film)|''Shivam'']] ended up as one of the biggest failures of his career.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Girl|first=Gossip|date=23 December 2015|title=Hero Ram Pothineni is desperate|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2015-12-23/Hero-Ram-Pothineni-is-desperate/195063|access-date=28 August 2020|website=www.thehansindia.com|language=en|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011192615/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2015-12-23/Hero-Ram-Pothineni-is-desperate/195063|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2016, He had two releases, both produced by his own production house [[Sri Sravanthi Movies]], ''[[Nenu Sailaja]]'' which was a commercial success<ref>{{Cite web|last=kavirayani|first=suresh|date=28 September 2016|title=I love spending time with myself: Ram|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/280916/i-love-spending-time-with-myself-ram.html|access-date=28 August 2020|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|archive-date=23 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171123132542/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/280916/i-love-spending-time-with-myself-ram.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Santosh Srinivas]]-directed ''[[Hyper (2016 film)|Hyper]]'' which was an average at the [[box office]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ram speaks on his gap after Hyper flop|url=https://www.myfirstshow.com/ram-speaks-gap-hyper-flop/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011192610/https://www.myfirstshow.com/ram-speaks-gap-hyper-flop/|archive-date=11 October 2020|website=My First Show}}</ref>

=== Success and recent work (2017–present) ===

[[File:Ram at Unnadi Okate Zindagi interview.png|thumb|Pothineni in 2017]]

His 2017 [[Coming-of-age story|coming-of-age film]] ''[[Vunnadhi Okate Zindagi]]'' received mixed reviews. In 2018, he starred in the [[romantic comedy]] ''[[Hello Guru Prema Kosame]]'' directed by [[Trinadha Rao Nakkina]]. In 2019, he collaborated with director [[Puri Jagannadh]] for the [[action thriller]] ''[[iSmart Shankar]]''. The film became a commercial success for Pothineni after a series of failures.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=12 April 2020|title=Ram Pothineni's Red to have a digital release? The iSmart Shankar actor responds|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ram-pothineni-s-red-to-have-a-digital-release-the-ismart-shankar-actor-responds-1666159-2020-04-12|access-date=28 August 2020|website=India Today|language=en|archive-date=26 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526172610/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ram-pothineni-s-red-to-have-a-digital-release-the-ismart-shankar-actor-responds-1666159-2020-04-12|url-status=live}}</ref> It grossed over {{Indian Rupee|90 [[crore]]}}, his career's highest grosser.<ref>{{Cite news|title=iSmart Shankar completes 100 days; Ram, Puri and Charmme reminisce the success|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ismart-shankar-completes-100-days-ram-puri-and-charmme-reminisce-the-success/articleshow/71754273.cms|access-date=28 August 2020|website=The Times of India|date=25 October 2019 |language=en|archive-date=11 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111003227/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ismart-shankar-completes-100-days-ram-puri-and-charmme-reminisce-the-success/articleshow/71754273.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
His 2021 film was [[Red (2021 film)|''Red'']] where he played a dual role, is a remake of [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film ''[[Thadam]]'' (2018).<ref name=":0" /> In 2022, he starred in the [[Lingusamy]]-directed ''[[The Warriorr]]'' where he played a police officer.<ref name="TW" /> The film received negative reviews from critics and was [[box-office bomb|huge commercial failure]].<ref>{{Cite news |title='The Warrior' Day 5 box office collection: Here is how much Ram Pothineni and Krithi Shetty's bilingual action drama mints over the first weekend |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/the-warrior-day-5-box-office-collection-here-is-how-much-ram-pothineni-and-krithi-shettys-bilingual-action-drama-mints-over-the-first-weekend/articleshow/92985117.cms |access-date=5 August 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=19 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
Pothineni then starred in [[Boyapati Srinu]]'s [[Skanda (film)|''Skanda'']] (2023)<ref>{{Cite web|title=RAPO20: Ram Pothineni says he is excited to see himself 'through the eyes of daddy of mass emotions' Boyapati|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/rapo20-ram-pothineni-says-he-excited-see-himself-through-eyes-daddy-mass-emotions-boyapati-1026970?amp|date=19 February 2022|work=Pinkvilla|access-date=1 April 2022|archive-date=4 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204161622/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/rapo20-ram-pothineni-says-he-excited-see-himself-through-eyes-daddy-mass-emotions-boyapati-1026970?amp|url-status=dead}}</ref> opposite [[Sreeleela]] to mixed reviews from the critics. He next starred in ''[[Double iSmart]],'' which released in 2024.

==Media image==
Pothineni has featured on [[Times Of India|Hyderabad Times Most Desirable Men]] list various times. He ranked 11th in 2017,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vijay turns most desirable man of 2017, beating Prabhas, Mahesh, Ram Pothineni and Allu Arjun|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/vijay-turns-most-desirable-man-2017-beating-prabhas-mahesh-ram-charan-763683|date=13 March 2018|work=IB Times}}</ref> 11th in 2018,<ref>{{Cite web|title=These Dishy dudes score high in Hyderabad's desirable man of 2018 list|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/hyderabad/these-dishy-dudes-score-high/articleshow/68394268.cms|date=14 March 2019|work=Times Of India}}</ref> 3rd in 2019<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hyderabad Times Most Desirable Men of 2019 List|url=https://www.theprimetalks.com/hyderabad-times-most-desirable-men-of-2019-list/?amp|date=18 March 2020|work=The Prime Talks}}</ref> and 2nd in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hyderabad Times Most Desirable Men: See the top 10 on the list|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/web-stories/hyderabad-times-most-desirable-men-2020-top-10/photostory/83146601.cms|date=2 June 2021|work=Times Of India}}</ref>
Pothineni did his first ever brand endorsement for [[Garnier]] alongside [[John Abraham]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ram Pothineni first ever brand endorsement for Garnier|url=https://www.tollywood.net/ram-pothineni-first-ever-brand-endorsement/|date=6 October 2020|work=Tollywood.net|access-date=28 April 2022|archive-date=28 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828025903/https://www.tollywood.net/ram-pothineni-first-ever-brand-endorsement/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
===As actor===
{{Pending films key}}
*''All films are in Telugu, unless otherwise noted.''
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Title
! Role(s)
! Notes
! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|2006 || ''[[Devadasu (2006 film)|Devadasu]]''
|Devadas ||
|
|-
|2007 || ''[[Jagadam]]''
|Seenu||
|
|-
|2008 || ''[[Ready (2008 film)|Ready]]''
| Chandu (Danayya){{efn|Pothineni played a single character with two or more names.|name=character}} ||
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2009 || ''[[Maska (2009 film)|Maska]]''
| Krishna "Krish" ||
|
|-
| ''[[Ganesh (2009 film)|Ganesh]]''
|Ganesh ||
|
|-
|2010 || ''[[Rama Rama Krishna Krishna]]''
|Rama Krishna ||
|
|-
|2011 || ''[[Kandireega]]''
| Srinivas "Sreenu" ||
|
|-
|2012 || ''[[Endukante... Premanta!]]''
|Krishna & Ram{{efn|Pothineni played two characters.|name=dual}}
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 October 2021 |title=Ram Pothineni's neck injury halts the shoot of his next with director N Lingusamy |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/ram-pothinenis-neck-injury-halts-the-shoot-of-his-next-with-director-n-lingusamy/e6c788f574351 |access-date=3 October 2021 |website=OTTPlay}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2013 || ''[[Ongole Githa]]''
|Dorababu (White){{efn|name=character}} ||
|
|-
| ''[[Masala (2013 film)|Masala]]''
| Ram (Rehman){{efn|name=character}}
|
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|2015
|''[[Rey (film)|Rey]]''
| Narrator
| Voice role
|
|-
| ''[[Pandaga Chesko]]''
| Karthik ||
|
|-
| ''[[Shivam (Telugu film)|Shivam]]''
| Shiva (Ram){{efn|name=character}} ||
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2016 || ''[[Nenu Sailaja]]''
| Hari ||
|
|-
| ''[[Hyper (2016 film)|Hyper]]''
|Suryanarayana Murthy ||
|
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Vunnadhi Okate Zindagi]]''
| Abhiram ||
|
|-
| 2018||''[[Hello Guru Prema Kosame]]''
|Sanju || Also singer for "Idea Cheppu Friendu"
|
|-
| 2019||''[[iSmart Shankar]]''
|Ustaad "iSmart" Shankar / Arun{{efn|Pothineni played a single character with two different personalities.|name=personality}} ||
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2021 ||''[[Red (2020 film)|Red]]''
| Aditya & Siddharth{{efn|name=dual}} ||Dual role
|
|-
|''[[Romantic (film)|Romantic]]''
|Himself
|Cameo appearance in the song "Peene Ke Baad"
|
|-
|2022
|''[[The Warriorr]]''
|Satya
|Telugu-Tamil bilingual film
|<ref name="TW">{{Cite news|title=Ram Pothineni's The Warrior will be something beyond the usual cop film: Lingusamy|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ram-pothinenis-the-warrior-will-be-something-beyond-the-usual-cop-film-lingusamy/articleshow/88945917.cms|access-date=17 January 2022|website=The Times of India|date=17 January 2022 }}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''[[Skanda (film)|Skanda]]''
|Bhaskar Raju & Skanda{{efn|name=dual}}
|Dual role
|
|-
|2024
|''[[Double iSmart]]''
|Ustaad "iSmart" Shankar
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-14 |title=Ram Pothineni-Puri Jagannadh return for Double iSmart, film to release in 2024 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/ram-pothineni-puri-jagannadh-return-for-double-ismart-film-to-release-in-2024-8609209/ |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''[[Andhra King Taluka]]''
|Sagar
|Also lyricist and playback singer
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Oct/13/ram-pothinenis-next-to-be-helmed-by-director-mahesh-babu | title=Ram Pothineni's next to be helmed by director Mahesh Babu | website=[[Cinema Express]] | date=October 2024 }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-15 |title=Ram Pothineni's RAPO22 Is Now Titled Andhra King Taluka, Watch First Glimpse |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/ram-pothinenis-rapo22-is-now-andhra-king-taluka-on-his-birthday-article-151643473 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>
|}
2026 The revolt an action saga 2 part franchise

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Work
!Result
!{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|2002
|[[List of film festivals in Europe|Europe Film Festival, Switzerland]]
|Best Actor
|''Adayaalam''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/happy-birthday-ram-pothineni-do-you-know-these-lesser-known-facts-about-this-tollywood-actor-2141929.html|title=Happy Birthday Ram Pothineni: Do You Know These Lesser-known Facts About this Tollywood Actor?|date=15 May 2019|access-date=28 August 2020|archive-date=6 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606014906/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/happy-birthday-ram-pothineni-do-you-know-these-lesser-known-facts-about-this-tollywood-actor-2141929.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2007
|[[54th Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut – South|Best Male Debut]]
|[[Devadasu (2006 film)|''Devadasu'']]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/filmfareswards2007.html|title=54th Fair One Filmfare Awards 2007|website=Idlebrain.com|date=4 August 2007|access-date=14 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
|2008
|[[55th Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards South]]
|rowspan="2" |[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Best Actor – Telugu]]
|[[Ready (2008 film)|''Ready'']]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=56th Idea Filmfare Awards 2008 South: The winners|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/56th-Idea-Filmfare-Awards-2008-South-The-winners/articleshow/4845030.cms|website=The Times of India|date=August 2009 |language=en|access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref>
|-
|2011
|[[58th Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards South]]
|''[[Kandireega]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/allu-arjun-mamooty-win-at-south-filmfare-awards-381403.html|title=The 58th Filmfare Award (South) winners|website=CNN-News18|date=4 July 2011|access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2020
|rowspan="2"|[[Zee Cine Awards Telugu]]
|Sensational Star of the Year
|rowspan="3"|''[[iSmart Shankar]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zee Cine Awards Telugu 2020 Full Winners List: Megastar Chiranjeevi, Samantha Akkineni, Pooja Hegde win big|url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/southcinema/zee-cine-awards-telugu-2020-full-winners-list-megastar-chiranjeevi-samantha-akkineni-pooja-hegde-win-big/ar-BBYRtmn|website=www.msn.com|access-date=20 May 2020|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011192607/https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/southcinema/zee-cine-awards-telugu-2020-full-winners-list-megastar-chiranjeevi-samantha-akkineni-pooja-hegde-win-big/ar-BBYRtmn|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2" |Best Actor
|{{nom}}
||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tollywood.net/complete-winner-list-of-zee-cine-awards-telugu-2020/|title=Complete winner list of Zee Cine awards Telugu 2020|date=12 January 2020|access-date=18 January 2020|archive-date=3 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103034734/https://www.tollywood.net/complete-winner-list-of-zee-cine-awards-telugu-2020/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|[[South Indian International Movie Awards|10th South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-11 |title=Team 'Pushpa' wins big in 'SIIMA 2022' Winners list |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/team-pushpa-wins-big-in-siima-2022-winners-list-check-out-the-full-list-of-winners-in-all-the-other-categories-for-the-year-2021/articleshow/94131928.cms |access-date=2022-09-11 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== See also ==
*[[List of Indian male film actors]]
*[[List of dancers]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Ram Pothineni}}
*{{IMDb name|id=2433460}}
* {{Twitter|ramsayz}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pothineni, Ram}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Zee Cine Awards Telugu winners]]

Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act, 1986

2026-03-25T19:24:37Z

Bogdanwyo:

{{Short description|Indian federal law}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=January 2014}}
{{use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox legislation
| imagesize = 150
| long_title = An Act to protect the right of Muslim women who have been divorced by, or have obtained divorce from, their husbands and to provide for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.
| citation = [https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/1873/1/198625.pdf Act No. 25 of 1986]
| enacted_by = [[Parliament of India]]
| status = In Force
}}
The '''Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act, 1986,''' passed by the [[Parliament of India]] in 1986, was enacted to protect the rights of [[Muslim]] women who have been divorced from their husband and to address related matters. The Act was passed by the [[Rajiv Gandhi]] government, which held an absolute majority, to nullify the decision in the [[Shah Bano]] case,<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/2000/08/07/stories/05072524.htm | archive-url=https://archive.today/20150902123704/http://www.thehindu.com/2000/08/07/stories/05072524.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=2015-09-02 | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=2000-08-07 |title = Maintenance for Muslim women}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/from-shah-bano-to-salma/520890/ | title=From Shah Bano to Salma - Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/triple-talaq-abolishing-the-practice-will-grant-muslim-men-divorce-with-dignity-3043272.html|title=Triple Talaq: Abolishing the practice will grant Muslim men divorce with dignity|date=10 October 2016}}</ref> and effectively diluted the judgement of the Supreme Court.

It is administered by any magistrate of the first class exercising jurisdiction under the [[Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973]]. As per the Act, a divorced Muslim woman is entitled to reasonable and fair provision and maintenance from her former husband, to be paid within the period of [[iddat]].

According to the Statement of Objects and Reasons of this Act, if a Muslim divorced woman is unable to support herself after the iddat period–during which she cannot remarry–following the death of her spouse or a divorce, the magistrate is empowered to make order maintenance payments from her relatives who would be entitled to inherit her property under [[Muslim Law|Muslim law]]. However, if a divorced woman has no such relatives, and lacks the means to support herself, the magistrate may order the State [[Waqf]] Board to pay the maintenance. Thus, the liability of the husband to pay the maintenance was restricted to the period of the iddah only.{{sfn|On violence: a reader|2007|p=262-265}}{{sfn|The politics of autonomy : Indian experiences|2005|p=60-63}}

==Personal laws==
High Courts have interpreted "just and fair provision" that a woman is entitled to during her [[iddat]] period very broadly to include amounts worth hundreds of thousands of rupees. More recently, the Supreme Court in ''Danial Latifi v. Union of India'' read the Act with Articles 14 and 15 of the [[Constitution of India]], which prevent discrimination on the basis of sex, and held that the intention of the framers could not have been to deprive Muslim women of their rights. Further, the Supreme Court construed the statutory provision in such a manner that it does not fall foul of Articles 14 and 15.

The provision in question is Section 3(1)(a) of the Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act, 1986 which states that "a reasonable and fair provision and maintenance to be made and paid to her within the iddah period by her former husband".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://scroll.in/article/730642/arif-mohammad-khan-on-shah-bano-case-najma-heptullah-was-key-influence-on-rajiv-gandhi|title=Arif Mohammad Khan on Shah Bano case: 'Najma Heptullah was key influence on Rajiv Gandhi'}}</ref> The Court held this provision means that reasonable and fair provision and maintenance is not limited for the iddah period (as evidenced by the use of word "within" and not "for"). It extends for the entire life of the divorced wife until she remarries.<ref>{{cite book|title=Danial Lathifi Vs Union of India|year=2001|publisher=supreme court judgment|url=http://judis.nic.in/supremecourt/imgs1.aspx?filename=30336}}</ref> In ''Shabana Bano v Imran Khan'', the Supreme Court held that a Muslim divorced woman who has no means to maintain herself is entitled to get maintenance from her former husband even after the period of iddah and she can claim the same under S.125 CrPC.<ref>{{cite web|title=Shabana Bano Vs Imran Khan|url=http://judis.nic.in/supremecourt/imgst.aspx?filename=35771|work=supreme court|access-date=28 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://scroll.in/article/808289/how-the-indian-left-lost-the-plot-on-the-uniform-civil-code|title=How the Indian Left lost the plot on the uniform civil code}}</ref>

Divorced women are entitled to maintenance from their former husband not only for the iddat period but also to reasonable and fair provisions for future maintenance. S.3 of the Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act has to be interpreted liberally to assist divorced women. K. Zunaideen v. Ameena Begum (1998) 1 ctc 566.<ref>{{cite book|title=Muslim Women (Prot. of Rights on Div.) Act, 1986 with Rules - (Bare Act)|publisher=EBC|pages=3|edition=2015}}</ref>

==Notes==

The Act is declaratory and retrospective in its operation. Even if the wife is divorced prior to the commencement of the Act, her former husband is liable to provide reasonable and fair provision and maintenance to her. Hyder Khan v. Mehrunnisa(1993)1 APLJ 82 DNC (KER)<ref>{{cite journal|title=Muslim Women Protection of Rights on Divorce Act 1986|issue=2015|pages=1–10|publisher=Eastern Book Company|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Lawrence |editor1-first=Bruce B. |editor2-last=Karim |editor2-first=Aisha |title=On violence: a reader|year=2007|publisher=Duke University Press|location=Durham [NC]|isbn=978-0822390169|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=32SGA4EV9EEC&pg=PA264|ref={{sfnref|On violence: a reader|2007}}}}
* {{cite book|last=Aftab|first=Tahera|title=Inscribing South Asian Muslim women : an annotated bibliography & research guide|year=2008|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|isbn=978-9004158498|edition=[Online-Ausg.]|ref={{sfnref|Inscribing South Asian Muslim women|2008}}}}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Samaddar|editor-first=Ranabir|title=The politics of autonomy : Indian experiences|year=2005|publisher=Sage|location=New Delhi|isbn=0761934537|edition=1. publ.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kcVh_QInSD0C|ref={{sfnref|The politics of autonomy : Indian experiences|2005}}}}
* {{cite book|last=Noorani|first=A. G.|title=The RSS and the BJP : a division of labour|year=2001|publisher=Left Word|location=New Delhi|isbn=8187496134|edition=Repr., with updated epilogue.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6PnBFW7cdtsC|ref={{sfnref|The RSS and the BJP : a division of labour|2001}}}}
* {{cite book|last=Jindal|first=T.P.|title=Ayodhya imbroglio|year=1995|publisher=Ashish Pub. House|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1GfO7k7scSsC&q=Jindal%2C%20T.P.%20(1995).%20Ayodhya%20imbroglio&pg=PA129|location=New Delhi|isbn=8170246792|ref={{sfnref|T.P. Jindal|1995}}}}
* {{cite book|last=Noorani|first= Abdul Gafoor Abdul Majeed|title=The Muslims of India : a documentary record|year=2003|publisher=Oxford Univ. Press|location=New Delhi [u.a.]|isbn=0195661583|ref={{sfnref|The Muslims of India : a documentary record|2003}}}}
* {{cite book|last=Walsh|first=Judith E.|title=A brief history of India|year=2006|publisher=Facts on File|location=New York|isbn=1438108257|ref={{sfnref|A brief history of India|2006}}|url=https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofin0000wals}}
* {{cite book|last=Benhabib|first=Seyla|title=The claims of culture equality and diversity in the global era|year=2002|publisher=Princeton Univ. Press|location=Princeton, NJ|isbn=0691048630|ref={{sfnref|Seyla Benhabib|2002}}}}
* {{cite book|author=Makarand R Paranjape|title=Altered Destinations: Self, Society, and Nation in India|year=2009|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=978-1-84331-797-5|ref={{sfnref|Altered Destinations: Self, Society, and Nation in India|2009}}}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
*{{cite book |title=Utopias in Conflict: Religion and Nationalism in Modern India |first=Ainslie Thomas |last=Embree |author-link=Ainslie Embree |publisher=University of California Press |year=1990 |isbn=9780520068667 |pages=107–111 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7gFI5RMh_R8C&pg=PA107}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act 1986}}
[[Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 1986]]
[[Category:Islam in India]]
[[Category:Women's rights in India]]
[[Category:Women's rights legislation]]
[[Category:Rajiv Gandhi administration]]
[[Category:Muslim politics in India]]
[[Category:Law about religion in India]]
[[Category:1986 in women's history]]
[[Category:Divorce law in India]]

Periyakulam Lok Sabha constituency

2026-03-19T14:13:59Z

Bogdanwyo:

{{Short description|Constituency of the Lok Sabha}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Periyakulam
| type = LS
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| union_territory =
| established = 1952
| abolished = 2008
| assembly_cons =
| latest_election_year = 2004
| reservation = None
| mp =
| party =
| electors =
| preceded_by =
}}
'''Periyakulam''' was a [[Lok Sabha]] constituency in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name=delimitation1976>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3939-dpaco-1976/ |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1976 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=1 December 1976 |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref> It was absorbed in [[Theni Lok Sabha constituency]] after the 2009 election as part of reorganisation of Lok Sabha seats to reflect the change in population over specific geographic areas. Periyakulam Lok Sabha constituency is defunct.

==Assembly segments ==
Periyakulam Lok Sabha constituency was composed of the following assembly segments:<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|title = List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies
|accessdate = 2008-10-11
|work = Tamil Nadu
|publisher = Election Commission of India
|url-status = dead
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060504185928/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|archivedate = 2006-05-04
}}</ref>
#[[Periyakulam Assembly constituency|Periyakulam]] (now in [[Theni Lok Sabha constituency|Theni]] after 2009)
#[[Theni Assembly constituency|Theni]] (defunct)
#[[Bodinayakkanur Assembly constituency|Bodinayakkanur]] (now in [[Theni Lok Sabha constituency|Theni]] after 2009)
#[[Cumbum Assembly constituency|Cumbum]] (now in [[Theni Lok Sabha constituency|Theni]] after 2009)
#[[Andipatti Assembly constituency|Andipatti]] (now in [[Theni Lok Sabha constituency|Theni]] after 2009)
#[[Sedapatti Assembly constituency|Sedapatti]] (defunct)

==Members of the Parliament==
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="40%"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Party
|-
|1952-57||K. Sakthivadivel Gounder
|rowspan=3|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|1957-62||R. Narayanaswami
|-
|1962-67||M. Malaichami Thevar
|-
|1967-71||[[H. Ajamal Khan]]||[[Swatantra Party]]
|-
|1971-77||[[S. M. Muhammed Sheriff]]||[[IUML|Indian union Muslim league]]
|-
|1977-80||S. Ramaswamy||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|-
|1980-82||Cumbum N. Natarajan||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|-
|1982-84||[[S. T. K. Jakkaiyan]]
|rowspan=4|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|-
|1984-89||P. Selvendran
|-
|1989-91||[[R. Muthiah]]
|-
|1991-96||R. Ramasamy
|-
|1996-98||[[R. Gnanagurusamy]]||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|-
|1998-99||[[R. Muthiah]]
|rowspan=2|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|-
|1999-04||[[T.T.V. Dhinakaran]]
|-
|2004-2009||[[J.M. Aaron Rashid]]||[[Indian National Congress]]
|}

The seat was absorbed in [[Theni (Lok Sabha constituency)|Theni Lok Sabha constituency]] after 2009 election. So Periyakulum seat has become defunct since then.

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of Winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2004|2004]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|49.51}}
{{bar percent|[[#1999|1999]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|45.6}}
{{bar percent|[[#1998|1998]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|51.8}}
{{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|47.6}}
{{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|61.3}}
{{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|60.7}}
{{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|60.9}}
{{bar percent|[[#1982|1982]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|50.1}}
{{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|50.4}}
{{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|68.3}}
{{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Independent}}|42.0}}
{{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Swatantra Party}}|43.9}}
{{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|47.2}}
{{bar percent|[[#1957|1957]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|50.1}}
{{bar percent|[[#1952|1952]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|44.4}}
}}
=== 2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections]]: Periyakulam<ref name=election2004>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/4126-general-election-2004-vol-i-ii-iii/ |title=General Election 2004 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[J. M. Aaron Rashid]]
|votes = 346,851
|percentage = 49.51
|change = n/a
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[T.T.V. Dhinakaran]]
|votes = 325,696
|percentage = 46.49
|change = +0.85
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 21,155
|percentage = 3.02
|change = -3.86
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 700,603
|percentage = 66.29
|change = +6.93
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing = +49.51
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = United Progressive Alliance
|loser = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 1999===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Party
!Candidate
!Votes
!%
!
{| class="wikitable"
!±%
|}
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|'''[[T. T. V. Dhinakaran|T.T.V.Dhinakaran]]'''
|'''303,881'''
|'''45.6%'''
|'''-6.2%'''
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|P.Selvendran
|258,075
|38.8%
| -1.6%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Puthiya Tamilagam}}"|
|[[Puthiya Tamilagam|PT]]
|Mansoor Alikhan
|87,429
|13.1%
| +9.8%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|MGR Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
|Dhiravida Thelugar Munnetra Kazhagam
|P.R.Jeganathan
|1,414
|0.2%
|New
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|A.Sadayandi
|1,327
|0.2%
|New
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|C.Rajagopal
|1,256
|0.2%
|New
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|K.Elamurugan
|1,105
|0.2%
|New
|-
! colspan="3" |Majority
|45,806
|6.9%
| -4.5%
|-
! colspan="3" |[[Voter turnout|Turnout]]
|665,824
|59.4%
| +2.2%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
| colspan="2" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] '''Hold'''
!
!
!
|}

===General Election 1998===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Party
!Candidate
!Votes
!%
!
{| class="wikitable"
!±%
|}
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|'''[[Sedapatti Muthiah|R.Muthaih]]'''
|'''319,672'''
|'''51.8%'''
|'''+4.2%'''
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|R.Gandhimathy
|249,092
|40.4%
| -7.2%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Puthiya Tamilagam}}"|
|[[Puthiya Tamilagam|PT]]
|C.Mookaih
|20,219
|3.3%
|New
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|P.V.K.Deivendran
|5,549
|0.9%
|New
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|M.Veeraprakash
|4,214
|0.7%
|New
|-
! colspan="3" |Majority
|70,580
|11.4%
| -7.7%
|-
! colspan="3" |[[Voter turnout|Turnout]]
|617,136
|57.2%
| -10.0%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
| colspan="2" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] '''gain from''' [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
!
!
!
|}

===General Election 1996===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Party
!Candidate
!Votes
!%
!
{| class="wikitable"
!±%
|}
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|'''R.Gnanagurusamy'''
|'''326,665'''
|'''47.6%'''
|'''+20.6%'''
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|R.Ramasamy
|195,328
|28.5%
| -32.8%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
|[[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|MDMK]]
|[[N. Eramakrishnan]]
|91,601
|13.3%
|New
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|M.Periyasamy Devar
|20,035
|2.9%
| -0.2%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}"|
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|P.Thangaraj
|11,503
|1.7%
| -4.1%
|-
! colspan="3" |Majority
|131,337
|19.1%
| -15.2%
|-
! colspan="3" |[[Voter turnout|Turnout]]
|686,544
|67.2%
| +5.5%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
| colspan="2" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] '''gain from''' [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
!
!
!
|}

===General Election 1991===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Party
!Candidate
!Votes
!%
!
{| class="wikitable"
!±%
|}
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|'''R.Ramasamy'''
|'''382,759'''
|'''61.3%'''
|'''+0.6%'''
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|[[N. Eramakrishnan|Cumbum Ramakrishnan]]
|168,799
|27.0%
| -0.3%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}"|
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|K.Madasamy
|36,454
|5.8%
| -3.6%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Balakrishnan
|19,148
|3.1%
|New
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|P.Rajangam
|1,211
|0.2%
|New
|-
! colspan="3" |Majority
|213,960
|34.3%
| +0.9%
|-
! colspan="3" |[[Voter turnout|Turnout]]
|624,469
|61.7%
| -3.6%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
| colspan="2" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] '''Hold'''
!
!
!
|}

===General Election 1989===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Party
!Candidate
!Votes
!%
!
{| class="wikitable"
!±%
|}
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|'''[[Sedapatti Muthiah|R.Muthaiah]]'''
|'''402,691'''
|'''60.7%'''
|'''-0.2%'''
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|A.K.Cumbum Mahindran
|181,287
|27.3%
| -5.9%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}"|
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|S.Gunasekharan
|62,536
|9.4%
|New
|-
! colspan="3" |Majority
|221,404
|33.4%
| +5.7%
|-
! colspan="3" |[[Voter turnout|Turnout]]
|663,502
|65.3%
| -6.2%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
| colspan="2" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] '''Hold'''
!
!
!
|}

===General Election 1984===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Party
!Candidate
!Votes
!%
!
{| class="wikitable"
!±%
|}
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|'''P.Selvendran'''
|'''348,903'''
|'''60.9%'''
|'''+14.4%'''
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|S.Agniraju
|190,290
|33.2%
| -17.2%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|K.Palaniswamy
|5,376
|0.9%
|New
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|K.Surulvelu
|5,122
|0.9%
|New
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|K.Ayyadurai
|2,148
|0.4%
|New
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|S.S.Sailani
|1,125
|0.2%
|New
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|K.Jayamani
|837
|0.1%
|New
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|A.Rajendran
|633
|0.1%
|New
|-
! colspan="3" |Majority
|158,613
|27.7%
| +23.8%
|-
! colspan="3" |[[Voter turnout|Turnout]]
|572,802
|71.5%
| +2.7%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
| colspan="2" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] '''Hold'''
!
!
!
|}

===By-election 1982===
{{Election box begin | title=Lok Sabha by-election, 1982: [[Periyakulam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Periyakulam]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[S. T. K. Jakkaiyan]]
|votes = 252,377
|percentage = 50.1%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[N. Eramakrishnan]]
|votes = 183,117
|percentage = 36.4%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = A.K. Sheik
|votes = 28,869
|percentage = 5.7%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = A. Wahab
|votes = 16,366
|percentage = 3.2%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = M. Pandian
|votes = 10,261
|percentage = 2.0%
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 69,260
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 503,651
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|loser = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 1980===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Party
!Candidate
!Votes
!%
!
{| class="wikitable"
!±%
|}
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|'''Cumbum N.Natarajan'''
|'''255,204'''
|'''50.4%'''
|'''+24.7%'''
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|S.Ramasaamy
|235,322
|46.5%
| -21.8%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|Surilvelu
|6,934
|1.4%
| +0.4%
|-
! colspan="3" |Majority
|19,882
|3.9%
| -38.6%
|-
! colspan="3" |[[Voter turnout|Turnout]]
|506,263
|68.8%
| -0.5%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
| colspan="2" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] '''gain from''' [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
!
!
!
|}

===General Election 1977===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Party
!Candidate
!Votes<ref name=election1977>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4116-general-election-1977-vol-i-ii/ |title=General Election, 1977 (Vol I, II) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref>
!%
!
{| class="wikitable"
!±%
|}
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|'''S.Ramasamy'''
|'''328,100'''
|'''68.3%'''
|'''New'''
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|Palanivel Rajan
|123,708
|25.7%
|New
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|K.Andithevar
|12,813
|2.7%
|New
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|K.Surulivelu
|4,808
|1.0%
| -0.5%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|S.Gunasekharan
|1,630
|0.3%
|New
|-
! colspan="3" |Majority
|204,392
|42.5%
| +32.5%
|-
! colspan="3" |[[Voter turnout|Turnout]]
|480,718
|69.3%
| +3.4%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
| colspan="2" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] '''gain from''' [[Independent politician|IND]]
!
!
!
|}

===General Election 1971===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Party
!Candidate
!Votes
!%
!
{| class="wikitable"
!±%
|}
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|'''S.M.Mohammad Sherief'''
|'''175,940'''
|'''42.0%'''
|'''New'''
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Swatantra Party}}"|
|[[Swatantra Party|SWA]]
|Ajmalkhan
|134,015
|32.0%
| -11.9%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|H.Muthaih
|45,066
|10.8%
|New
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|S.Alagarsamy Chettiyar
|27,371
|6.5%
|New
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|K.Surilvelu
|6,108
|1.5%
|New
|-
! colspan="3" |Majority
|41,925
|10.0%
| +3.4%
|-
! colspan="3" |[[Voter turnout|Turnout]]
|388,500
|65.9%
| -9.0%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
| colspan="2" |[[Independent politician|IND]] '''gain from''' [[Swatantra Party|SWA]]
!
!
!
|}

===General Election 1967===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Party
!Candidate
!Votes
!%
!
{| class="wikitable"
!±%
|}
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Swatantra Party}}"|
|[[Swatantra Party|SWA]]
|'''H.Ajmalkhan'''
|'''183,593'''
|'''43.9%'''
|'''New'''
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|M.Ibrahim
|155,972
|37.3%
| -9.9%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|M.Muthaiah
|65,329
|15.6%
|New
|-
! colspan="3" |Majority
|27,621
|6.6%
| +5.7%
|-
! colspan="3" |[[Voter turnout|Turnout]]
|404,894
|74.9%
| +6.7%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Swatantra Party}}"|
| colspan="2" |[[Swatantra Party|SWA]] '''gain from''' [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
!
!
!
|}

===General Election 1962===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Party
!Candidate
!Votes
!%
!
{| class="wikitable"
!±%
|}
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|'''Malaichamy Thevar'''
|'''146,829'''
|'''47.2%'''
|'''-2.9%'''
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|Muthaiah
|143,930
|46.3%
|New
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|Ponnusamy
|12,357
|4.0%
|New
|-
! colspan="3" |Majority
|2,899
|0.9%
|
|-
! colspan="3" |[[Voter turnout|Turnout]]
|303,116
|68.2%
| +14.7%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| colspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]] '''Hold'''
!
!
!
|}

===General Election 1957===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Party
!Candidate
!Votes
!%
!
{| class="wikitable"
!±%
|}
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|'''R.Narayanasamy'''
|'''116,715'''
|'''50.1%'''
|'''+5.7%'''
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|Muthaiah
|64,867
|27.8%
|New
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|M.V.Sethu Rao
|19,238
|8.3%
|New
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|M.K.M.Meeran
|16,282
|7.0%
|New
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|S.S.Marisamy
|15,838
|6.8%
|New
|-
! colspan="3" |Majority
|51,848
|-
! colspan="3" |[[Voter turnout|Turnout]]
|232,940
|53.5%
| -12.1%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| colspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]] '''Hold'''
!
!
!
|}

===General Election 1952===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Party
!Candidate
!Votes<ref name=election1951>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4111-general-election-1951-vol-i-ii/ |title=General Election, 1951 (Vol I, II) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref>
!%
!
{| class="wikitable"
!±%
|}
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|'''A.Shaktivel gounder'''
|'''107,875'''
|'''44.4%'''
|'''New'''
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Forward Bloc}}"|
|[[Forward Bloc|Forward Bloc (Marxist group)]]
|C.Raghupathi Thevar
|74,991
|30.9%
|New
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party }}"|
|[[Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party|KMPP]]
|S.N.K.Sundaram
|30,461
|12.5%
|New
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Socialist Party (India)}}"|
|[[Socialist Party (India, 1948)|Socialist Party]]
|Velayudha Nair
|29,450
|12.1%
|New
|-
! colspan="3" |Majority
|32,884
|-
! colspan="3" |[[Voter turnout|Turnout]]
|242,777
|65.6%
|New
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| colspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]] '''Win (New Seat)'''
!
!
!
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
* [[Periyakulam]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}

{{coord|10.1|77.5|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Periyakulam (Lok Sabha Constituency)}}

[[Category:Former Lok Sabha constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]

Carlton Braganza

2026-03-10T05:19:51Z

Bogdanwyo: Article

{{Short description|Indian musician}}
{{Multiple issues|{{notability|1=Biographies|date=April 2023}}
{{Orphan|date=September 2023}}}}
{{Infobox artist
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Carlton Braganza
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Carlton Braganza (cropped).jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Braganza in 2024
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| residence =
| education =
| alma_mater = [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai]]
| known_for =
| notable_works = OPUS, Myopusradio and JUKEBOX JAMMIES
| style =
| movement =
| spouse =
| partner =
| awards = 
| elected =
| patrons =
| memorials =
| website = {{URL|carltonbraganza.com}}
| module =
}}

'''Carlton Braganza''' is an Indian singer and entertainer known for his hour-long "Jukebox Jammies" music sessions during the 2020 [[COVID-19 lockdowns]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Muthalaly |first1=Shonali |title=This Bengaluru musician has been jamming from his bedroom for 54 days straight |url=https://thehindu.com/entertainment/music/when-your-jukebox-is-in-jammies/article31601118.ece |access-date=12 March 2023 |work=The Hindu |date=16 May 2020 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=8 December 2020 |title=Independent musicians thrive as pandemic silences Bollywood |language=en |work=Eyewitness News |url=https://ewn.co.za/2020/12/08/independent-musicians-thrive-as-pandemic-silences-bollywood |access-date=12 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Independent Musicians Shine Bright As Pandemic Silences Bollywood |work=NDTV Movies |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/independent-musicians-shine-bright-as-pandemic-silences-bollywood-2335876 |access-date=12 March 2023}}</ref> During the '''COVID''' pandemic lockdown in India, Braganza started "Jukebox Jammies" on 22 March 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last=P |first=Mahalakshmi |date=June 20, 2020 |title=Cult Following: Supporting their own |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/cult-following-supporting-their-own/articleshow/76478461.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dhanaraj |first=Ruth |date=June 20, 2020 |title=Bridge over troubled waters |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/bridge-over-troubled-waters/article32803830.ece |website=The Hindu}}</ref> The series ran for almost 250 episodes, receiving more than 10 million views across [[Facebook]] and [[YouTube]] by the end of 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2020 |title=Carlton Braganza on Why Playing Daily Online Gigs During the Lockdown Was The Best Thing Ever |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/carlton-braganza-on-why-playing-daily-online-gigs-during-the-lockdown-was-the-best-thing-ever/ |website=Rolling Stone India}}</ref> Braganza launched a virtual talent competition called 'KroaKING'<nowiki/>' in 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kroaking in his jammies |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/music/kroaking-in-his-jammies/articleshow/89745227.cms |access-date=12 March 2023 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Carlton performed with [[Natalie Di Luccio]] at the [[Kala Ghoda Arts Festival]] in 2023.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tagat |first1=Anurag |title=Music Guide to Kala Ghoda Arts Festival 2023: Colonial Cousins, Shantanu Moitra and more |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/kala-ghoda-arts-festival-2023-mumbai-music-colonial-cousins-shantanu-moitra-band-of-boys/ |website=Rolling Stone India |access-date=12 March 2023 |date=5 February 2023}}</ref>

== Awards ==
Braganza was recognized at the India Nightlife Convention & Awards 2021 in the "Lockdown's Leading Lights" category for his contributions during the pandemic.<ref>{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=India Nightlife Convention & Awards (INCA) concludes its 5th Edition in Goa |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/in/news-releases/india-nightlife-convention-amp-awards-inca-concludes-its-5th-edition-in-goa-845342890.html |access-date=12 March 2023 |work=www.prnewswire.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==

<references />

== External links ==

* [https://www.youtube.com/c/carltonbraganza YouTube channel]{{India-musician-stub}}
{{songwriter-stub}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Indian musicians]]

List of Hindi films of 2015

2026-03-05T23:36:02Z

Bogdanwyo: slightly updated citations after review and corrected details to improve readability

{{Short description|none}}
{{Bollywood films}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}

This is a list of Bollywood films that were released in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/art_detail.php?articalid=1716#.Vo4gxvl97IU|title=Classifications 2016 |website=Box Office India|access-date=29 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/star-led-content-backed-films-shone-in-bollywoods-roller-coaster-year/|title=Star-led, content-backed films shone in Bollywood's roller-coaster year|date=26 December 2015|access-date=29 November 2016}}</ref>

The highest-grossing Bollywood film of 2015 was ''[[Bajrangi Bhaijaan]]'', which was the [[List of highest-grossing Bollywood films|second-highest-grossing Bollywood film ever]] at the time.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bajrangi Bhaijaan Becomes 2015's Highest Grossing Film, Guns For Rs 300 Crores |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/bajrangi-bhaijaan-becomes-2015s-highest-grossing-film-guns-for-rs-300-crores-1200983 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

==Box office collection==
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; margin:auto;"
|-
! Rank !! Title !! Gross !! Ref.
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 1
| ''[[Bajrangi Bhaijaan]]''
| {{INR}}920.9{{nbsp}}crore (US${{To USD|9209|IND|year=2017|round=yes}}{{nbsp}}million)
| {{efn|name=Gross|''Bajrangi Bhaijaan'' worldwide gross:
*India {{ndash}} {{INR|444.92 crore}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Bajrangi Bhaijaan Box Office Collection |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/bajrangi-bhaijaan/box-office/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=17 July 2015 |access-date=14 January 2019}}</ref>
*Overseas {{ndash}} {{INR|488.16 crore}}<ref name="boi-formats">{{cite web |title=Top Grossers All Formats Worldwide Gross |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/all_format_worldwide_gross.php |website=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=8 November 2018}}</ref>
}}
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 2
| ''[[Prem Ratan Dhan Payo]]''
| {{INR}}432{{nbsp}}crore (US${{To USD|4081.5|IND|year=2015|round=yes}}{{nbsp}}million)
| {{efn|''Dilwale'' worldwide gross: {{INRConvert|{{#expr:214.15+194}}|c}}
*Domestic: {{INRConvert|214.15|c}}<ref name="200crore">{{cite web|title=Bollywood 200 Crore Club Movies: Hindi Films|url=https://bollywoodmoviereview.in/bollywood-200-crores-movies-list/|website=Bollywood Movie Review|access-date=1 October 2017|date=3 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325184717/http://bollywoodmoviereview.in/bollywood-200-crores-movies-list/|archive-date=25 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*Overseas: US$30.2 million<ref name="ibtimes 725">{{cite news|last=Hooli|first=Shekhar|title=Baahubali 2 overseas box office collection: Rajamouli's film beats Chennai Express, Kabali's lifetime record in 1st weekend|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/baahubali-2-overseas-box-office-collection-rajamoulis-film-beats-chennai-express-kabalis-725036|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=1 May 2017|language=en}}</ref> ({{INR}}194{{nbsp}}crore)<ref name="exchange15">{{cite web |title=Exchange Rates (64.2 INR per USD) |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2076.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613003250/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2076.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 June 2007 |year=2015}}</ref>
}}
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 3
| ''[[Dilwale (2015 film)|Dilwale]]''
| {{INR}}376{{nbsp}}crore (US${{To USD|4320|IND|year=2015|round=yes}}{{nbsp}}million)
| <ref name="dnaindia 215">{{cite news|title=Best of 2015: Top 6 highest grossing films|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-best-of-2015-top-6-highest-grossing-films-2157811|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|date=26 December 2015}}</ref>
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 4
| ''[[Bajirao Mastani]]''
| {{INR}}356.2{{nbsp}}crore (US${{To USD|3562|IND|year=2015|round=yes}}{{nbsp}}million)
| <ref name="boxofficeindia.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/worldwide-total-gross.php|title=Top Worldwide Grossers All Time}}</ref>
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 5
| ''[[Tanu Weds Manu: Returns]]''
| {{INR}}243.6{{nbsp}}crore (US${{To USD|2436|IND|year=2015|round=yes}}{{nbsp}}million)
| <ref name="boxofficeindia.com" />
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 6
| ''[[Welcome Back (film)|Welcome Back]]''
| {{INR}}168.76{{nbsp}}crore (US${{To USD|1687.6|IND|year=2015|round=yes}}{{nbsp}}million)
| <ref name="boxofficeindia.com" />
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 7
| ''[[ABCD 2]]''
| {{INR}}158.31{{nbsp}}crore (US${{To USD|1583.1|IND|year=2015|round=yes}}{{nbsp}}million)
| <ref name="boxofficeindia.com" />
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 8
|[[Drishyam (2015 film)|''Drishyam'']]
|{{INR}}147{{nbsp}}crore (US${{To USD|1470.3|IND|year=2015|round=yes}}{{nbsp}}million)
|<ref name="boxofficeindia.com" />
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 9
| ''[[Dil Dhadakne Do]]''
| {{INR}}145{{nbsp}}crore (US${{To USD|1447.9|IND|year=2015|round=yes}}{{nbsp}}million)
| <ref name="boxofficeindia.com" />
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 10
| ''[[Baby (2015 Hindi film)|Baby]]''
| {{INR}}142.98{{nbsp}}crore (US${{To USD|1412.6|IND|year=2015|round=yes}}{{nbsp}}million)
| <ref name="boxofficeindia.com" />
|}

== January–March ==

{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#b0e0e6; text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" style="width:6%;"| '''Opening'''
! style="width:20%;"|'''Title'''
! style="width:20%;" | '''Director'''
! style="width:40%;" | '''Cast'''
! style="width:10.5%;"|'''Genre'''!! Studio!! Source
|- January!
| rowspan="13" style="text-align:center; background:plum; textcolor:#000;" |'''J A N'''
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#f1daf1;"|'''2'''
| ''[[International Hero (film)|International Hero]]'' || [[Sanjay Niranjan]]|| [[Nakul Vaid]], [[Jatin Grewal]], [[Gurleen Choter]]|| Drama || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/Movies/movie_detail/international_hero|title=International Hero|publisher=[[Box Office India]]|access-date=17 November 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108165652/http://boxofficeindia.com/Movies/movie_detail/international_hero|archive-date=8 January 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mumbai Can Dance Saala]]'' || [[Sachindra Sharma]]|| Ashima Sharma, [[Prashant Narayanan]], [[Aditya Pancholi]], [[Mukesh Tiwari]] || [[Thriller film|Thriller]] || ||<ref>{{cite news |title=Mumbai Can Dance Saalaa Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/mumbai-can-dance-saalaa/movie-review/45704548.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Take It Easy]]'' || [[Sunil Prem Vyas]]|| [[Vikram Gokhale]], [[Dipannita Sharma]], [[Raj Zutshi]], [[Anang Desai]], [[Joy Sengupta]], [[Sulabha Arya]], [[Vijay Kashyap]] || [[Drama]] || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/738118|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730192633/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/738118|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 July 2014|title=Take It Easy (2015)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=29 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#f1daf1;"|'''9'''
| ''[[Tevar]]'' || [[Amit Sharma (director)|Amit Sharma]] || [[Arjun Kapoor]], [[Sonakshi Sinha]], [[Raj Babbar]], [[Manoj Bajpai]] || [[Action film|Action]], [[Romance film|Romance]] || [[Eros International]], MAD Entertainment, Naresh Agarwal Films, Sanjay Kapoor Entertainment ||<ref>{{cite web |title=Tevar review: Arjun Kapoor does a backslide to his 'Gunday-Ishaqzaade' mode |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/tevar-movie-review-arjun-kapoor-sonakshi-sinha-movie-makes-a-couple-of-promises-but-delivers-nothing/ |website=The Indian Express |language=en |date=9 January 2015}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#f1daf1;"|'''16'''
| ''[[Alone (2015 Hindi film)|Alone]]'' || [[Bhushan Patel]] || [[Bipasha Basu]], [[Karan Singh Grover]] || [[Horror film|Horror]] || [[Panorama Studios]] ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/743034 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140612002641/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/743034 |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 June 2014 |title=Alone (2015) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2014-07-30}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Crazy Cukkad Family]]'' || [[Ritesh Menon]]|| [[Swanand Kirkire]], [[Shilpa Shukla]], [[Ninad Kamat]], [[Kushal Punjabi]], [[Kiran Karmarkar]], Yusuf Hussain|| [[Comedy]] || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/751686|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009111752/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/751686|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 October 2014|title=Crazy Cukkad Family (2015) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=15 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.glamsham.com/movies/scoops/14/oct/06-news-prakash-jhas-shilpa-shukla-starrer-to-release-on-16th-jan-2015-101406.asp|title=Prakash Jha's Shilpa Shukla starrer to release on 16th Jan 2015|publisher=Glam Sham|date=6 October 2014|access-date=2 November 2014}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Sharafat Gayi Tel Lene]]'' || [[Gurmmeet Singh]]|| [[Zayed Khan]], [[Tina Desai]], [[Rannvijay Singha|Rannvijay Singh]], [[Talia Benson]], [[Anupam Kher]] || [[Comedy]], [[Thriller film|Thriller]] || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/546286 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206032438/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/546286 |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 February 2012 |title=Sharafat Gayi Tel Lene (2015) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2014-09-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/bollywood/zayed-khan-makes-a-comeback-with-sharafat-gayi-tel-lene/article_8517e36a-6c40-11e4-95e4-7fd8f8862742.html|title=Zayed Khan Makes a Comeback with 'Sharafat Gayi Tel Lene': Trailer|publisher=India-West}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#f1daf1;"|'''23'''
| ''[[Baby (2015 Hindi film)|Baby]]'' || [[Neeraj Pandey]] || [[Akshay Kumar]], [[Taapsee Pannu]], [[Rana Daggubati]], [[Anupam Kher]], [[Kay Kay Menon]], [[Danny Denzongpa]] || [[Thriller film|Thriller]] || [[T-Series Films]], [[Friday Filmworks]], [[Cape of Good Films]], Crouching Tiger Motion Pictures||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/akshay-kumars-baby-and-gabbar-to-release-on-the-same-day/|title=Akshay Kumar's Baby and Gabbar to release on the same day?|work=bollywoodlife.com|date=September 2014 |access-date=28 February 2015}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Dolly Ki Doli]]'' || [[Abhishek Dogra]]|| [[Sonam Kapoor]], [[Pulkit Samrat]], [[Rajkummar Rao]], [[Varun Sharma]] || [[Romance film|Romantic]], [[Comedy]] || Kinesis Films, Arbaaz Khan Production ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/502836|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010232336/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/502836|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 October 2012|title=Dolly Ki Doli (2015)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2014-07-03}}</ref><ref name="clash">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Mentor-protg-to-clash-at-BO/articleshow/44967218.cms|title=Mentor, protégé to clash at BO|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=29 October 2014|access-date=2 November 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;background:#f1daf1;"|'''30'''
| ''[[Chal Guru Ho Ja Shuru]]'' || [[Manoj Sharma]] || [[Hemant Pandey]], [[Chandrachur Singh]], [[Sanjay Mishra (actor)|Sanjay Mishra]], [[Manoj Pahwa]] || [[Comedy]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Hawaizaada]]'' || [[Vibhu Puri]] || [[Ayushmann Khurrana]], [[Pallavi Sharda]] || [[Drama]] || [[Reliance Entertainment]], Trilogic Media, Film Farmers||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/728307 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140516030414/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/728307 |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 May 2014 |title=Hawaizaada (2015) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2014-05-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/ayushmann-khurranas-hawaizaada-to-release-on-january-30-2015/|title=Ayushmann Khurrana's Hawaizaada to release on January 30, 2015!|publisher=Bollywood Life|date=11 December 2014|access-date=11 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231133602/http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/ayushmann-khurranas-hawaizaada-to-release-on-january-30-2015/|archive-date=31 December 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Khamoshiyan (film)|Khamoshiyan]]'' || [[Karan Dara]]|| [[Gurmeet Choudhary]], [[Ali Fazal]], [[Sapna Pabbi]] || [[Horror film|Horror]] || [[Fox Star Studios]], [[Vishesh Films]] ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/742666|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140609000910/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/742666|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 June 2014|title=Khamoshiyaan (2015)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2014-06-05}}</ref><ref name="year2015">{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/khamoshiyaan-mr-x-and-hamari-adhuri-kahaani-release-dates-announced/|title=Khamoshiyaan, Mr X and Hamari Adhuri Kahaani release dates announced!|publisher=BollywoodLife|date=1 November 2014|access-date=2 November 2014}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Rahasya]]'' || [[Manish Gupta (director)|Manish Gupta]] || [[Tisca Chopra]], [[Ashish Vidyarthi]], [[Kay Kay Menon]] || [[Mystery film|Mystery]] || [[Viacom18 Motion Pictures]], UVI Film Productions||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/690599|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131122025915/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/690599|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 November 2013|title=Rahasya (2015) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=5 June 2014}}</ref>
|- February!
| rowspan="8" style="text-align:center; background:#7FFFD4; textcolor:#000;" |'''F E B'''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#DBFFF8;"|'''6'''
|''[[Jai Jawaan Jai Kisaan]]'' || [[Milan Ajmera]]|| [[Jatin Khurana]], [[Om Puri]], [[Prem Chopra]], [[Rati Agnihotri]], [[Rishi Bhutani]], [[Sanjay Chakraborty]], [[Akhilesh Jain]]|| [[Drama]] || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/595062|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130608063451/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/595062|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 June 2013|title=Jai Jawaan Jai Kisaan (2015)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date= 15 October 2014}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Shamitabh]]'' || [[R. Balki]] || [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Dhanush]], [[Akshara Haasan]] || [[Drama]] || [[Eros International]], Hope Productions ||<ref name="clash"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/742180|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140721180625/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/742180|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 July 2014|title=Shamitabh (2015)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=18 August 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#DBFFF8;"|'''13'''
| ''[[MSG: The Messenger]]'' || [[Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh]], [[Jeetu Arora]]|| [[Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh]], [[Daniel Kaleb]], [[Flora Saini]], [[Jayshree Soni]], [[Olexandra Semen]], [[Gaurav Gera]], [[Jay Singh Rajpoot]], [[Himanshu Tiwari]]|| [[Action film|Action]], [[Drama]] || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/messenger-of-god-sant-gurmeet-ram-rahim-singh-release-date-237483-2015-01-26|title=MSG gets a Friday the 13th release|date=27 January 2015 |publisher=[[India Today]]|access-date=27 January 2015}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Roy (2015 film)|Roy]]'' || [[Vikramjit Singh]] || [[Ranbir Kapoor]], [[Jacqueline Fernandez]], [[Arjun Rampal]] || [[Romance film|Romance]], [[Thriller film|Thriller]] || [[T-Series Films]] ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/606296|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130721191847/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/606296|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 July 2013|title=Roy (2015)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2014-06-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-popular/ranbir-arjun-jacqueline-starrer-roys-release-date-out/|title=Ranbir-Arjun-Jacqueline Starrer Roy's Release Date Out!|publisher=Koimoi|date=18 June 2014|access-date=2 November 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#DBFFF8;"|'''20'''
|''[[Badlapur (film)|Badlapur]]'' || [[Sriram Raghavan]] || [[Varun Dhawan]], [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]], [[Huma Qureshi]], [[Yami Gautam]], [[Vinay Pathak]], [[Divya Dutta]] || [[Action film|Action]], [[Thriller film|Thriller]] || [[Eros International]], [[Maddock Films]] ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/743626|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622115435/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/743626|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 June 2014|title=Badlapur (2015)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2014-08-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/varun-dhawans-badlapur-to-release-on-february-20-2015/|title=Varun Dhawan's 'Badlapur' to release on February 20, 2015|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|date=28 August 2014|access-date=2 November 2014}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Qissa (film)|Qissa]]'' || [[Anup Singh (filmmaker)|Anup Singh]] || [[Irrfan Khan]], [[Tillotama Shome]], [[Tisca Chopra]], [[Faezeh Jalali]], [[Rasika Duggal]] || [[Historical Drama]] || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/qissa-to-release-feb-20-on-multiple-platforms/|title=Qissa (2015)|date=2 February 2015 |publisher=[[Indian Express]] |access-date=2015-02-05}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#DBFFF8;"|'''27'''
| ''[[Ab Tak Chhappan 2]]'' || [[Aejaz Gulab]]|| [[Nana Patekar]], [[Ashutosh Rana]], [[Vikram Gokhale]], [[Gul Panag]] || [[Crime]], [[Drama]] || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-popular/ab-tak-chhappan-2s-first-look-posters-released/|title=Ab Tak Chhappan 2|publisher=Koimoi.com|access-date=10 February 2014}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Dum Laga Ke Haisha]]'' || [[Sharat Katariya]] || [[Ayushmann Khurrana]], [[Bhumi Pednekar]] || [[Comedy]] || [[Yash Raj Films]] ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/728444|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302053055/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/728444|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 March 2014|title=Dum Laga Ke Haisha (2015)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=5 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yashrajfilms.com/Movies/MovieIndividual.aspx?MovieID=a8994da3-6556-4550-a6b0-79944417a112|title=Dum Laga Ke Haisha|publisher=[[Yash Raj Films]]|date=5 November 2014}}</ref>
|- March!
| rowspan="9" style="text-align:center; background:#93CCEA; textcolor:#000;"| '''M A R'''
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;background:#B0E0E6;"|'''6'''
|''[[Badmashiyaan]]'' || [[Amit Khanna]] || [[Suzzanna Mukherjee]], [[Sidhant Gupta]], [[Gunjan Malhotra]], [[Sharib Hashmi]], [[Karan Mehra]] || [[Romantic comedy]] || ||<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Badmashiyaan-jodi-Sidhant-and-Suzanna-are-fond-of-each-other-in-real-life-too/articleshow/46419352.cms|title=Badmashiyaan jodi Sidhant and Suzanna are fond of each other in real life too|work=The Times of India|date=9 April 2015 |last1=Kotwani |first1=Hiren }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Coffee Bloom]]'' || [[Manu Warrier]]|| [[Arjun Mathur]], [[Sugandha Garg]], [[Mohan Kapur]] || [[Romance film|Romance]], [[Drama]] || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/arjun-sugandha-coffee-to-bloom-in-india--north-america-on-march-6-2015-hindi-news-125378|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527132350/http://www.indiaglitz.com/arjun-sugandha-coffee-to-bloom-in-india--north-america-on-march-6-2015-hindi-news-125378|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 May 2015|title=Arjun, Sugandha coffee to bloom in India & North America on March 6, 2015|website=IndiaGlitz.com|date=10 Feb 2015|access-date=12 Feb 2015}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Dirty Politics]]'' || [[K. C. Bokadia]] || [[Mallika Sherawat]], [[Naseeruddin Shah]], [[Jackie Shroff]], [[Atul Kulkarni]], [[Anupam Kher]], [[Ashutosh Rana]] || [[Political Drama]] || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/article/lifestyle/showbiz/dirty-politics-movie-review-not-mallika-sherawats-redeeming-vehicle/50969/|title='Dirty Politics' movie review: Not Mallika Sherawat's redeeming vehicle – The Financial Express|date=7 March 2015|work=The Financial Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/todays-big-release-dirty-politics-hey-bro-744657|title=Todays Big Release: Dirty Politics, Hey Bro – NDTV Movies|work=NDTVMovies.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Hey Bro]]'' || [[Ajay Chandhok]]|| [[Ganesh Acharya]], [[Nupur Sharma]], [[Maninder Singh (actor)|Maninder Singh]] || [[Comedy]], [[Action film|Action]] || ||<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-review/Hey-Bro/movie-review/46476043.cms|title=Hey Bro Movie Review|work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#B0E0E6;"|'''13'''
| ''[[NH10 (film)|NH10]]'' || [[Navdeep Singh (director)|Navdeep Singh]] || [[Anushka Sharma]], [[Neil Bhoopalam]], [[Darshan Kumar]] || [[Thriller film|Thriller]] || [[Eros International]], [[Clean Slate Filmz]], [[Phantom Films]]||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/588550 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831074607/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/588550 |url-status=dead |archive-date=31 August 2013 |title=NH10 (2015) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2014-11-19}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#B0E0E6;"|'''20'''
| ''[[Dilliwali Zaalim Girlfriend]]'' || [[Japinder Kaur]] || [[Divyendu Sharma]], [[Jackie Shroff]], [[Prachi Mishra]], [[Ira Dubey]] || [[Comedy]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Hunterrr]]'' || [[Harshavardhan Kulkarni]] || [[Gulshan Devaiah]], [[Radhika Apte]], [[Sai Tamhankar]] || [[Comedy]] || [[Shemaroo Entertainment]], Falco, Bala Industries & Entertainment, Tailormade Films, [[Phantom Films]] ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india.com/stream/hunterrr-trailer-gulshan-devaiah-the-sex-addict-has-all-the-fun-in-this-adult-film-249283|title=Hunterrr trailer: Gulshan Devaiah, the sex addict has all the fun in this adult film!|publisher=India.com|date=15 January 2015|access-date=16 January 2015}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#B0E0E6;"|'''27'''
|''[[Barkhaa]]'' || [[Shadaab Mirza]]|| [[Sara Loren]], [[Taaha Shah]], [[Shweta Pandit]], [[Priyanshu Chatterjee]] || [[Romance film|Romance]] || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/barkhaa/|title=Barkhaa Movie: Reviews | Release Date | Songs | Music | Images | Official Trailers | Videos | Photos | News - Bollywood Hungama|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=27 March 2015 }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Yahaan Sabki Lagi Hai]]''||Satavisha Bose, Cyrus R. khambhata||Varun Thakur, Eden Shyodhi, Heerok Das, [[Teeshay Shah]]||Social|| ||
|-
|}

==April–June==


{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#b0e0e6; text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" style="width:6%;"| '''Opening'''
! style="width:20%;"|'''Title'''
! style="width:20%;" | '''Director'''
! style="width:40%;" | '''Cast'''
! style="width:10.5%;"|'''Genre'''!! Studio!! Source
|-
| rowspan="11" style="text-align:center; background:plum; textcolor:#000;" |'''A P R'''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#f1daf1;"|'''3'''
| ''[[Detective Byomkesh Bakshy!]]'' || [[Dibakar Banerjee]] || [[Sushant Singh Rajput]], [[Anand Tiwari]], [[Swastika Mukherjee]], Divya Menon, Neeraj Kabi, [[Meiyang Chang]] || Thriller || [[Yash Raj Films]], DBP ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/600622|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705014652/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/600622|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 July 2013|title=Detective Byomkesh Bakshy|author=Bollywood Hungama|work=bollywoodhungama.com|access-date=28 February 2015}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Luckhnowi Ishq]]'' || Aanand Raut ||[[Adhyayan Suman]], [[Karishma Kotak]]|| Romance || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/2464493|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150130173005/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/2464493|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 January 2015|title=Luckhnowi Ishq (2016)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=7 January 2016}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#f1daf1;"|'''10'''
| ''[[Dharam Sankat Mein]]'' || Fuwad Khan || [[Naseeruddin Shah]], [[Paresh Rawal]], [[Annu Kapoor]], [[Murali Sharma]] || Drama || [[Viacom18 Motion Pictures]], Trigno Media ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/733454|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140902181823/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/733454|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 September 2014|title=Dharam Sankat Mein (2015)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=18 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ek Paheli Leela]]'' || Bobby Khan || [[Sunny Leone]], [[Jay Bhanushali]], Mohit Ahlawat, [[Rajneesh Duggal]], [[Rahul Dev]], [[Jas Arora]] || Musical || [[T-Series Films]], Paper Doll Entertainment ||<ref name="Ek Paheli Leela 2015">{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/743590|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616172610/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/743590|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 June 2014|title=Ek Paheli Leela (2015)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=4 January 2015}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;background:#f1daf1;"|'''17'''
| ''[[Court (2014 film)|Court]]'' || Chaitanya Tamhane || Vira Satidhar, Vivek Gombher, Geetanjali Kulkarni || Drama || Zoo Entertainment ||<ref name="Court 2015">{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/3972928|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150401154913/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/3972928|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 April 2015|title=Court (2015)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=12 May 2015}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Margarita with a Straw]]'' || [[Shonali Bose]] || [[Kalki Koechlin]], [[Revathi]], [[Hussain Dalal]] || Drama || [[Viacom18 Motion Pictures]], Ishan Talkies ||
|-
| ''[[Mr. X (2015 film)|Mr. X]]'' || [[Vikram Bhatt]] || [[Emraan Hashmi]], [[Amyra Dastur]] || Sci fi/thriller || [[Fox Star Studios]], [[Vishesh Films]] ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/685003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131026003707/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/685003|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 October 2013|title=Mr. X (2015)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=15 October 2014}}</ref><ref name="dates">{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/release-dates-for-mr-x-khamoshiyaan-and-hamari-adhuri-kahaani-announced/|title=Release dates for Mr X, Khamoshiyaan and Hamari Adhuri Kahaani announced|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|date=31 October 2014|access-date=5 November 2014}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[NH-8 Road to Nidhivan]]'' || Munindra Gupta || Auroshikha Dey, Ravneet Kaur, Satyakam Anand, Arjun Fauzdar, Swaroopa Ghosh || Horror || || |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/3035487|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226021652/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/3035487|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 February 2015|title=NH-8 – Road To Nidhivan|work=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=3 April 2015}}</ref>
|-
|''Ek Adbhut Dakshina Guru Dakshina''
|Kiran Phadnis
|Rajeev Govinda Pillai, Rajesh Shringarpure, [[Sulagna Panigrahi]], [[Girish Karnad]], [[Roopa Ganguly]]
|Dance/drama
|
|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/Ek-Adbhut-Dakshina-Guru-Dakshina/movie-review/46961383.cms|title=Movie Ek Adbhut Dakshina Guru Dakshina 2015, Story, Trailers|website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=29 November 2016}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#f1daf1;"|'''24'''
| ''[[Ishq Ke Parindey]]'' || Shakir Khan || Rishi Verma, Priyanka Mehta, Manjul Aazad, Yasir Iftikhar Khan || Romance || ||<ref>{{cite news |title=Ishq Ke Parindey Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/ishq-ke-parindey/movie-review/47041637.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kaagaz Ke Fools]]'' || Anil Kumar Chaudhary || [[Vinay Pathak]], [[Mugdha Godse]], [[Raima Sen]], [[Saurabh Shukla]], [[Rajendra Sethi]], [[Amit Behl]] || Comedy || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/3282684/Kaagaz%20Ke%20Fools|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518085652/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/3282684/Kaagaz%20Ke%20Fools|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 May 2015|title=Kaagaz Ke Fools|author=Bollywood Hungama|work=bollywoodhungama.com|date=13 August 2011 |access-date=1 October 2015}}</ref>
|-
|- May
| rowspan="12" style="text-align:center; background:#7FFFD4; textcolor:#000;" | '''M A Y'''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#DBFFF8;"|'''1'''
| ''[[Gabbar Is Back]]'' || [[Krish (director)|Krish]] || [[Akshay Kumar]], [[Shruti Haasan]], [[Suman (actor)|Suman]] || Crime/action || [[Viacom18 Motion Pictures]], Bhansali Productions ||<ref>{{cite news|title=Suman Talwar enjoyed action scenes with Akshay Kumar'|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/suman-talwar-enjoyed-action-scenes-with-akshay-kumar/|work=[[The Indian Express]]|issue=18 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/big-plans-for-akshay-kumars-gabbar-is-back/|title=Big plans for Akshay Kumar's 'Gabbar Is Back'|publisher=The Indian Express |date=11 March 2015 |access-date=29 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/598538|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827214512/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/598538|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 August 2013|title=Gabbar (2015)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2014-04-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-popular/trade-update-on-akshay-kumars-gabbar-release-date-story-more/|title=Trade Update On Akshay Kumar's 'Gabbar': Release Date, Story & More|publisher=Koimoi|date=13 September 2014|access-date=5 November 2014}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Sabki Bajegi Band]]'' || Anirudh Chawla || [[Sumeet Vyas]], [[Swara Bhaskar]], Alekh Sangal, [[Shaurya Chauhan]], [[Amol Parashar]] || Thriller/drama || [[Percept Picture Company|Percept Pictures]], Yen Movies||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/3821546/Sabki%20Bajegi%20Band|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626120703/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/3821546/Sabki%20Bajegi%20Band|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 June 2015|title=Sabki Bajegi Band|author=Bollywood Hungama|work=bollywoodhungama.com|date=13 August 2011 |access-date=1 October 2015}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#DBFFF8;"|'''8'''
| ''[[Kuch Kuch Locha Hai]]'' || Devang Dholakia || [[Ram Kapoor]], [[Sunny Leone]], [[Evelyn Sharma]], Navdeep Chabbra || Comedy || ||
|-
| ''[[Piku]]'' || [[Shoojit Sircar]] || [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Deepika Padukone]], [[Irrfan Khan]], [[Moushumi Chatterjee]], [[Jisshu Sengupta]]|| Comedy/drama || MSM Motion Pictures, Saraswati Entertainment, Rising Sun Films||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/740482|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712140942/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/740482|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 July 2014|title=Piku (2015)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2014-06-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/amitabh-bachchan-deepika-padukones-piku-has-a-release-date-640231|title=Filmmaker Shoojit Sircar's Next Movie Piku, Starring Amitabh Bachchan, Deepika Padukone And Irrfan Khan, Will Hit The Screens On April 30, 2015|publisher=NDTV India|date=24 June 2014|access-date=5 November 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#DBFFF8;"|'''15'''
| ''[[Bombay Velvet]]'' || [[Anurag Kashyap]] || [[Ranbir Kapoor]], [[Anushka Sharma]], [[Karan Johar]], [[Kay Kay Menon]] || Crime/drama || [[Fox Star Studios]], [[Phantom Films]] ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/546278|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710104357/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/546278|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 July 2012|title=Bombay Velvet (2015)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2014-11-17}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#DBFFF8;"|'''22'''
| ''[[Main Hoon Part-Time Killer]]'' || [[Faisal Saif]] || [[Adithya (actor)|Adithya Menon]], [[Kavita Radheshyam]]|| [[Spoof film|Spoof]], comedy, thriller || ||<ref name="dates"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Salman-Khan-verdict-Main-Hoon-Part-Time-Killer-release-pushed-by-week-for-Salman/articleshow/47198860.cms|title=Salman Khan verdict:'Main Hoon (Part-Time) Killer' release pushed by week for Salman |website=www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com |access-date=2014-05-08}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Tanu Weds Manu: Returns]]'' || [[Anand L. Rai]] || [[R. Madhavan]], [[Kangana Ranaut]]|| Romance/comedy || [[Eros International]], [[Colour Yellow Productions]] ||<ref name="dates"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-kangana-ranaut-s-tanu-weds-manu-returns-gets-preponed-2067860|title=Kangana Ranaut's 'Tanu Weds Manu Returns' gets preponed!|publisher=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA India]]|access-date=11 March 2015}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#DBFFF8;"|'''27'''
| ''[[Waiting (2015 film)|Waiting]]'' ||Anu Menon || [[Naseeruddin Shah]], [[Kalki Koechlin]], [[Arjun Mathur]], [[Rajat Kapoor]], [[Suhasini Maniratnam]]|| Drama|| [[Drishyam Films]], Ishka Films||<ref>{{cite web|title=Waiting|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/755058/Waiting|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004004217/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/755058/Waiting|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 October 2015|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=13 August 2011 |access-date=25 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Waiting|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/waiting/ET00041207|website=BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;background:#DBFFF8;"|'''29'''
| ''[[I Love Desi]]'' || Pankaj Batra || Vedant Bali, [[Priyanka Shah]], [[Gulshan Grover]]|| Comedy || ||<ref name="dates"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/597596/P%20Se%20PM%20Tak|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518081726/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/597596/P%20Se%20PM%20Tak|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 May 2015|title=P Se PM Tak|author=Bollywood Hungama|work=bollywoodhungama.com|date=13 August 2011 |access-date=1 October 2015}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ishqedarriyaan]]'' || [[V. K. Prakash]] || [[Mahaakshay Chakraborty]], [[Evelyn Sharma]], [[Kavin Dave]], Mohit Dutta || Drama || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/3109376/Ishqedarriyaan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428040105/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/3109376/Ishqedarriyaan|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 April 2015|title=Ishqedarriyaan|author=Bollywood Hungama|work=bollywoodhungama.com|date=13 August 2011 |access-date=29 April 2015}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[P Se PM Tak]]'' || [[Kundan Shah]] || [[Meenakshi Dixit]], Rocky Verma, [[Bharat Jadhav]], [[Yashpal Sharma (actor)|Yashpal Sharma]] || Comedy || ||<ref name="dates"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/685831/I%20Love%20Desi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131223113456/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/685831/I%20Love%20Desi|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 December 2013|title=I Love Desi|author=Bollywood Hungama|work=bollywoodhungama.com|date=13 August 2011 |access-date=1 October 2015}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Welcome 2 Karachi]]'' || [[Ashish R Mohan]] || [[Arshad Warsi]], [[Jackky Bhagnani]], [[Lauren Gottlieb]], [[Ayub Khoso]], Adnan Shah, [[Imran Hasnee]] ||Comedy || Pooja Entertainment ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/7511|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141115174659/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/7511|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 November 2014|title=Check out: Jackky Bhagnani and Arshad Warsi in Welcome 2 Karachi – Latest Movie Features – Bollywood Hungama|author=Bollywood Hungama|work=bollywoodhungama.com|access-date=29 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/869221/welcome-2-karachi-set-in-karachi-shot-in-birmingham/|title='Welcome 2 Karachi' set in Karachi, shot in Birmingham|date=14 April 2015|work=The Express Tribune|access-date=24 April 2015}}</ref>
|-
|- June
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center; background:#93CCEA; textcolor:#000;"| '''J U N'''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#B0E0E6;"|'''5'''
| ''[[Dil Dhadakne Do]]'' || [[Zoya Akhtar]] || [[Anil Kapoor]], [[Shefali Shah]], [[Priyanka Chopra]], [[Ranveer Singh]], [[Anushka Sharma]], [[Farhan Akhtar]], [[Rahul Bose]], [[Zarina Wahab]]|| Drama || [[Eros International]], [[Junglee Pictures]], [[Excel Entertainment]] ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/732336|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302102323/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/732336|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 March 2014|title=Dil Dhadakne Do (2015)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2014-04-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-zoya-akhtar-s-next-film-dil-dhadakne-do-releases-first-look-2004938|title=Zoya Akhtar's next film 'Dil Dhadakne Do' releases first look|publisher=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA India]]|date=24 July 2014|access-date=5 November 2014}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mere Genie Uncle]]'' || Ashish Bhavsar ||[[Tiku Talsania]], Swati Kapoor, [[Shakti Kapoor]], [[Ehsaan Qureshi]] || Drama || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/bollywood-friday-dil-dhadakne-do-vs-mere-genie-uncle-1001342.html|title=Bollywood Friday: 'Dil Dhadakne Do' vs 'Mere Genie Uncle'|date=4 June 2015|website=News18}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#B0E0E6;"|'''12'''
| ''[[Hamari Adhuri Kahani]]'' || [[Mohit Suri]] || [[Emraan Hashmi]], [[Vidya Balan]], [[Rajkummar Rao]]|| Romance/drama || [[Fox Star Studios]], [[Vishesh Films]] ||<ref name="dates"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/685005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101232651/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/685005|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 November 2013|title=Hamari Adhuri Kahani (2015)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2014-06-05}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#B0E0E6;"|'''19'''
| ''[[ABCD 2]]'' || [[Remo D'Souza]] || [[Varun Dhawan]], [[Shraddha Kapoor]], [[Prabhu Deva]], [[Lauren Gottlieb]], [[Dharmesh Yelande]], [[Punit Pathak]], [[Raghav Juyal]]|| [[Dance film|Dance]] || [[Walt Disney Pictures]], [[UTV Motion Pictures]] ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1862455/ABCD-2-to-be-shot-in-U.S.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130630093922/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1862455/ABCD-2-to-be-shot-in-U.S.|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 June 2013|title=ABCD: Any Body Can Dance 2|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=2014-08-12}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#B0E0E6;"|'''26'''
| ''[[Miss Tanakpur Haazir Ho ]]'' || Vinod Kapri || [[Annu Kapoor]], [[Om Puri]], Rahul Bagga, Hrishitaa Bhatt || Comedy/drama || [[Fox Star Studios]], Crossword Films, NG Film Crafts||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/687059|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131115035520/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/687059|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 November 2013|title=Miss Tanakpur Haazir Ho|author=Bollywood Hungama|work=bollywoodhungama.com|access-date=1 October 2015}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Uvaa]]''|| Jasbir Bhaati || [[Om Puri]], [[Jimmy Sheirgill]], [[Sangram Singh]], [[Archana Puran Singh]] || Social/comedy || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/759556|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110050511/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/759556|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 January 2015|title=Uvaa|author=Bollywood Hungama|work=bollywoodhungama.com|access-date=1 October 2015}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Lion of Gujarat]]''||Dinesh Lamba||Dinesh Lamba, Akruti Agrawal, Homi Wadia||Action|| ||
|}

==July–September==


{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#b0e0e6; text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" style="width:6%;"| '''Opening'''
! style="width:20%;"|'''Title'''
! style="width:20%;" | '''Director'''
! style="width:40%;" | '''Cast'''
! style="width:10.5%;"|'''Genre'''!! Studio!! Source
|-
| rowspan="9" style="text-align:center; background:plum; textcolor:#000;" |'''J U L'''
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#f1daf1;" |'''3'''
| ''[[Bezubaan Ishq]]'' || Jashwant Gangani || [[Nishant Singh Malkani]], [[Mugdha Godse]], [[Sneha Ullal]] || Romance || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/photogallery/movies/bollywood-friday-guddu-rangeela-second-hand-husband-or-bezubaan-ishq-whats-your-pick-1014737.html|title=Bollywood Friday: 'Guddu Rangeela', 'Second Hand Husband' or 'Bezubaan Ishq'; what's your pick?|date=2 July 2015|work=IBN|access-date=5 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Guddu Rangeela]]'' || [[Subhash Kapoor]] || [[Arshad Warsi]], [[Aditi Rao Hydari]], [[Amit Sadh]] || Comedy ||[[Fox Star Studios]], Mangl Murti Films ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/several-bollywood-releases-have-been-postponed-in-2015-heres-why/16009192|title=Several Bollywood releases have been postponed in 2015. Here's why|date=25 February 2015|work=mid-day|access-date=24 April 2015}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Second Hand Husband]]'' || Smeep Kang || [[Gippy Grewal]], [[Tina Ahuja]], [[Dharmendra]] || Drama || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/second-hand-husband-review-govindas-daughter-tina-ahuja-is-a-no-hoper/|title=Second Hand Husband review: Govinda's daughter Tina Ahuja disappoints|date=6 June 2020}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#f1daf1;" |'''10'''
| ''[[I Love NY (2015 film)|I Love NY]]''||[[Radhika Rao (director)|Radhika Rao]]||[[Sunny Deol]], [[Kangana Ranaut]]||Romance/drama|| [[T-Series Films]] ||<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/4765128|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614165008/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/4765128|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 June 2015|title=I Love New Year(2015)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2014-07-27}}</ref><ref name="Glamsham">{{cite web|url= http://www.glamsham.com/movies/news/15/jul/bollywood-box-office-report-of-the-week.asp |title= Bollywood Box Office Report Of The Week |publisher=Glamsham |access-date=9 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Thoda Lutf Thoda Ishq]]''|| Sachin Gupta||[[Hiten Tejwani]], [[Sanjay Mishra (actor)|Sanjay Mishra]]||Romance/drama|| ||<ref name="Glamsham"/><ref name="auto"/>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#f1daf1;" |'''17'''
| ''[[Bajrangi Bhaijaan]]'' || [[Kabir Khan (director)|Kabir Khan]] || [[Salman Khan]], [[Kareena Kapoor]], [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]], [[Harshaali Malhotra]] || Action, comedy, drama || [[Eros International]], Salman Khan Films, Kabir Khan Films||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/732337|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306043339/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/732337|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 March 2014|title=Bajrangi Bhaijaan (2015)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2014-07-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.glamsham.com/movies/news/15/jul/bollywood-box-office-report-of-the-week-23072015.asp |title= BAJRANGI BHAIJAAN is still dominating the box-office |publisher=Glamsham |access-date=23 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#f1daf1;" |'''24'''
| ''[[Aisa Yeh Jahaan]]'' || [[Biswajeet Bora]] || [[Palash Sen]], [[Ira Dubey]], Kymsleen Kholie, [[Yashpal Sharma (actor)|Yashpal Sharma]]|| Drama || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/4827684|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613001344/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/4827684|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 June 2015|title=Aisa Yeh Jahaan (2015)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=24 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Fly Away Solo|Masaan]]'' || Neeraj Ghaywan || [[Richa Chadha]], Vicky Kaushal, [[Sanjay Mishra (actor)|Sanjay Mishra]], [[Shweta Tripathi]]|| Drama || [[Drishyam Films]], [[Phantom Films]], Macassar Productions, [[Sikhya Entertainment]], [[Pathé]], [[Arte France Cinéma]]||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/759460|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110050501/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/759460|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 January 2015|title=Masaan (2015)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=24 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#f1daf1;" |'''31'''
| ''[[Drishyam (2015 film)|Drishyam]]'' || [[Nishikant Kamat]] || [[Ajay Devgn]], [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]], [[Shriya Saran]], [[Rajat Kapoor]] || Drama/thriller ||[[Viacom18 Motion Pictures]], [[Panorama Studios]] ||<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Shriya-Saran-to-play-Ajay-Devgns-wife-in-the-Drishyam-remake/articleshow/46370475.cms |title=Shriya Saran to play Ajay Devgn's wife in the Drishyam remake|newspaper=[[Times of India]] |access-date=21 March 2015 |last1=Iyer |first1=Meena }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-ajay-devgn-tabu-starrer-drishyam-remake-to-release-on-july-31-2015-2068754 |title=Drishyam Remake (2015)|publisher=[[DNA India]] |access-date=18 March 2015}}</ref>
|- August
| rowspan="8" style="text-align:center; background:#7FFFD4; textcolor:#000;" | '''A U G'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#DBFFF8;"| '''7'''
| ''[[Bangistan]]'' ||[[Karan Anshuman]]||[[Riteish Deshmukh]], [[Pulkit Samrat]]|| Comedy || [[Junglee Pictures]], [[Excel Entertainment]], Zorg Werke ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/723789|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140105090816/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/723789|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 January 2014|title=Bangistan (2015)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=7 February 2015}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#DBFFF8;"| '''14'''
| ''[[Brothers (2015 film)|Brothers]]'' || [[Karan Malhotra]] || [[Akshay Kumar]], [[Sidharth Malhotra]], [[Jacqueline Fernandez]], [[Jackie Shroff]], [[Conan Stevens]] || Drama || [[Fox Star Studios]], [[Lionsgate Films|Lionsgate]], [[Dharma Productions]], [[Endemol India]]||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://film-book.com/brothers-2015-movie-trailer-warrior-remake-spins-a-new-story/|title=BROTHERS (2015) Movie Trailer: WARRIOR Remake Spins a New Story|work=FilmBook|date=10 June 2015 |access-date=1 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/745117|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140817225449/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/745117|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 August 2014|title=Brothers (2015)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=21 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/DharmaMovies/status/563691006676054016|title=Brothers (2015) Release Date|publisher=Twitter|access-date=6 February 2015}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Gour Hari Dastaan]]'' || [[Ananth Narayan Mahadevan]] || [[Vinay Pathak]], [[Konkona Sen Sharma]], [[Ranvir Shorey]], [[Tannishtha Chatterjee]] || Drama || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/550634/Gour%20Hari%20Dastaan%20-%20The%20Freedom%20File|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712051304/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/550634/Gour%20Hari%20Dastaan%20-%20The%20Freedom%20File|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 July 2015|title=Gour Hari Dastaan (2015)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=13 August 2011 |access-date=26 October 2015}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#DBFFF8;"| '''21'''
| ''[[All Is Well (2015 film)|All Is Well]]''|| [[Umesh Shukla]] || [[Abhishek Bachchan]], [[Asin Thottumkal]], [[Rishi Kapoor]], [[Supriya Pathak]]|| Drama || [[T-Series Films]], Alchemy Film Productions ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/622498|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130804123226/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/622498|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 August 2013|title=All is Well (2015)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=12 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Manjhi – The Mountain Man]]''|| [[Ketan Mehta]]|| [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]], [[Radhika Apte]] || Drama|| [[Viacom 18 Motion Pictures]], [[National Film Development Corporation of India|NFDC]], Maya Movies||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/566606|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120823050435/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/566606|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 August 2012|title=Manjhi: The Mountain Man|author=Bollywood Hungama|work=bollywoodhungama.com|access-date=1 October 2015}}</ref>
|-
| ''Rolling Dream''|| Maahi Kaur || Saachi Tiwari || Drama || ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Schedule|url=http://www.wmiff.net/2015-film-considerations.html|website=wmiff.net|access-date=24 September 2016}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#DBFFF8;"| '''28'''
| ''[[Kaun Kitne Paani Mein|Kaun Kitney Paani Mein]]'' ||[[Nila Madhab Panda]] || [[Saurabh Shukla]], [[Radhika Apte]], [[Gulshan Grover]]|| Social/drama || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3477214/|title=Kaun Kitney Pani Mein (2015)|publisher=IMDb |access-date=2014-09-01}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Phantom (2015 film)|Phantom]]'' ||[[Kabir Khan (director)|Kabir Khan]] || [[Saif Ali Khan]], [[Katrina Kaif]]|| Action/thriller || [[UTV Motion Pictures]], [[Nadiadwala Grandson Entertainment]] ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/673371|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130918185922/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/673371|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 September 2013|title=Phantom (2015)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2014-05-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/after-jagga-jasoos-phantom-katrina-kaif-feature-raajneeti-2-613917|title=After 'Jagga Jasoos', 'Phantom', Katrina Kaif to Feature in 'Raajneeti 2'?|publisher=International Business News|date=13 November 2014|access-date=15 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.glamsham.com/movies/news/15/aug/bollywood-box-office-report-of-the-week-27-08-2015.asp |title= Bollywood Box Office Report Of The Week |publisher=Glamsham |access-date=27 August 2015}}</ref>
|- September
| rowspan="10" style="text-align:center; background:#93CCEA; textcolor:#000;"| '''S E P'''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#B0E0E6;"|'''4'''
| ''[[Welcome Back (film)|Welcome Back]]'' || [[Anees Bazmee]] || [[John Abraham (actor)|John Abraham]], [[Shruti Hassan]], [[Anil Kapoor]], [[Nana Patekar]], [[Paresh Rawal]], [[Dimple Kapadia]] || Romance/comedy || Base Industries Group, [[Eros International]], Swiss Entertainment ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gulfnews.com/life-style/celebrity/desi-news/bollywood/welcome-back-to-premiere-in-dubai-on-september-3-1.1542618|title='Welcome Back' to premiere in Dubai on September 3|author=Staff Report|work=gulfnews.com|date=29 June 2015 |access-date=1 October 2015}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Lakhon Hain Yahan Dilwale]]''||Munnawar Bhagat||[[Aditya Pancholi]], [[Arun Bakshi]], [[Kishori Shahane]]||Romance|| ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#B0E0E6;"|'''11'''
| ''[[Hero (2015 Hindi film)|Hero]]''|| [[Nikhil Advani]] || [[Sooraj Pancholi]], [[Athiya Shetty]], [[Salman Khan]], [[Tigmanshu Dhulia]], [[Aditya Pancholi]], [[Sharad Kelkar]] || Action/romance || [[Eros International]], [[Salman Khan Films]], [[Mukta Arts]], [[Emmay Entertainment]]||<ref name="Hero 2015">{{Cite web|url=http://m.bollywoodhungama.com/en/h5/movies/718511/top/movie_details.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602191341/http://m.bollywoodhungama.com/en/h5/movies/718511/top/movie_details.php|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 June 2015|title=Hero (2015)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] }}</ref><ref name="Hero">{{cite web|url=http://www.glamsham.com/movie/hero/3143/%7ctitle=Hero|title=Hero|work=Glamsham|access-date=1 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.glamsham.com/movies/news/15/sep/bollywood-box-office-report-of-the-week-3rd-september-2015.asp |title= Bollywood Box Office Report Of The Week: 3rd September 2015 |publisher=Glamsham |access-date=10 September 2015}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Sorry Daddy]]''|| Vijay Pal and Shakur ||Shamim Khan, [[Mukesh Tiwari]], [[Tinu Verma]] || Action/drama || ||<ref>{{cite web|last1=Daddy|first1=Sorry|title=Sorry Daddy|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/ajaz-khan-at-sorry-daddy-music-launch-malayalam-videos-60352.html|work=India Glitz|ref=Sorry Daddy}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#B0E0E6;"|'''18'''
| ''[[Katti Batti]]'' || [[Nikhil Advani]] || [[Imran Khan (Bollywood actor)|Imran Khan]], [[Kangana Ranaut]]|| Romance/comedy || [[UTV Motion Pictures]], [[Emmay Entertainment]] ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/746613|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140916003852/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/746613|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 September 2014|title=Katti Batti (2015)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2015-01-13}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Meeruthiya Gangster]]'' || [[Zeishan Quadri]] ||[[Jaideep Ahlawat]], Aakash Dahiya, [[Shadab Kamal]], [[Nushrat Bharucha]], [[Ishita Sharma]] || Crime/comedy || ||<ref name="India 2015">{{cite web | author=India | title=Rahat Fateh Ali Khan song for 'Meeruthiya Gangsters' unveiled | website=The Indian Express | date=10 September 2015 | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/rahat-fateh-ali-khan-song-for-meeruthiya-gangsters-unveiled/ | access-date=10 September 2015}}</ref>
|-

| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;background:#B0E0E6;"|'''25'''
| ''[[Kis Kisko Pyaar Karoon]]''|| [[Abbas–Mustan]] || [[Kapil Sharma (comedian)|Kapil Sharma]], Arbaz Khan, [[Manjari Phadnis]], [[Simran Kaur Mundi]], [[Elli Avram]], Sai Lokur, [[Varun Sharma]], [[Supriya Pathak]] || Comedy || [[Venus Records & Tapes|Venus Worldwide Entertainment]], Abbas–Mustan Films Production, Pooja Entertainment, Trigger Edge||<ref name="Hero 2015"/>
|-
| ''[[Bhaag Johnny]]'' || [[Shivam Nair]] || [[Kunal Khemu]], [[Zoa Morani]], [[Mandana Karimi]] || Drama || [[T-Series Films]] ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/503631|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130118105051/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/503631|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 January 2013|title=Bhaag Johnny|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=30 October 2014}}</ref>
|}

==October–December==

{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#b0e0e6; text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" style="width:6%;"| '''Opening'''
! style="width:20%;"|'''Title'''
! style="width:20%;" | '''Director'''
! style="width:40%;" | '''Cast'''
! style="width:10.5%;"|'''Genre'''!! Studio!! Source
|- October
| rowspan="14" style="text-align:center; background:plum; textcolor:#000;" |'''O C T'''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#f1daf1;" |'''2'''
| ''[[Singh Is Bliing]]'' || [[Prabhu Deva]] || [[Akshay Kumar]], [[Amy Jackson]] || Comedy || [[Pen Studios]], [[Grazing Goat Pictures]]||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/739035|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140501095225/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/739035|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 May 2014|title=Singh Is Bling (2015)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2014-11-21}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Talvar (film)|Talvar]]'' || [[Meghna Gulzar]] || [[Irrfan Khan]], [[Konkona Sen Sharma]], [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] || Thriller || [[Junglee Pictures]], VB Pictures||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/742713|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810162249/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/742713|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 August 2014|title=Talvar (2015)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] | access-date=23 August 2015}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#f1daf1;" |'''9'''
| ''[[Jazbaa]]'' || [[Sanjay Gupta (director)|Sanjay Gupta]] || [[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan]], [[Irrfan Khan]], [[Shabana Azmi]] || Action/drama || [[Essel Vision Productions]], Viking Media & Entertainment, White Feather Films||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/750165|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119124450/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/750165|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 January 2015|title=Jazbaa (2015)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=19 January 2015}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;background:#f1daf1;" |'''16'''
| ''[[Bumper Draw]]'' || Irshad Khan || [[Rajpal Yadav]], [[Zakir Hussain (actor)|Zakir Hussain]], [[Subrat Dutta]], [[Rushad Rana]] || Comedy || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/5894822|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905060755/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/5894822|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 September 2015|title=Bumper Draw (2015)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=5 October 2015}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Chinar Daastaan-E-Ishq]]'' || Sharique Minhaj || [[Faisal Khan]], Inayat Sharma, [[Dalip Tahil]], [[Shahbaz Khan (actor)|Shahbaz Khan]] || Romantic/drama || ||
|-
| ''[[Pyaar Ka Punchnama 2]]'' || [[Luv Ranjan]] || [[Kartik Aaryan]], [[Nushrat Bharucha]], [[Sonnalli Seygall]], Omkar Kapoor || Comedy || [[Viacom18 Motion Pictures]], [[Panorama Studios]] ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/677759|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106041502/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/677759|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 November 2013|title=Pyaar Ka Punchnama 2 (2015)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Wedding Pullav]]'' || [[Binod Pradhan]] || [[Anushka Ranjan]], [[Diganth Manchale]], [[Karan Grover]], [[Rishi Kapoor]], [[Sonnalli Seygall]] || Comedy || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/3282274|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409115516/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/3282274|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 April 2015|title=Wedding Pullav (2015)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=5 October 2015}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#f1daf1;" |'''22'''
|''[[Shaandaar (2015 film)|Shaandaar]]'' || [[Vikas Bahl]] || [[Shahid Kapoor]], [[Alia Bhatt]], [[Pankaj Kapur]] || Romance/comedy || [[Fox Star Studios]], [[Dharma Productions]], [[Phantom Films]]||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/747545|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228183227/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/747545|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 December 2014|title=Shaandaar (2015)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=14 May 2015}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;background:#f1daf1;" |'''30'''
| ''[[Titli (2014 film)|Titli]]'' || [[Kanu Behl]] || [[Shashank Arora]], [[Ranvir Shorey]], [[Amit Sial]], [[Lalit Behl]] || Crime || [[Yash Raj Films]], DBP||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/750696|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011205956/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/750696|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 October 2014|title=Titli (2015)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=5 October 2015}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Main Aur Charles]]'' || [[Prawaal Raman]] || [[Randeep Hooda]], [[Richa Chadha]], [[Adil Hussain]], Nandu Madhav|| Thriller || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/595501|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430025038/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/595501|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 April 2013|title=Main Aur Charles (2015)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=5 October 2015}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Once Upon a Time in Bihar]]'' || Nitin Chandra || [[Ashish Vidyarthi]], Kranti Prakash Jha, Ajay Kumar, [[Arti Puri]], Pankaj Jha, Deepak Singh || Political || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/6366375|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022085135/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/6366375|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 October 2015|title=Once Upon A Time In Bihar (2015)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=5 October 2015}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Guddu Ki Gun]]''
|Shantanu Ray Chhibber, [[Sheershak Anand]]
|[[Kunal Khemu]], [[Payel Sarkar]], [[Aparna Sharma]], [[Sumeet Vyas]]||Comedy|| Trigger Edge, Emenox Media ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LAWlBaXSOZY|title=Guddu Ki Gun - Official Trailer - Kunal Khemu - Erecting in Cinemas 30th OCT.|last=Zee Music Company|date=4 October 2015|access-date=29 November 2016|via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Love Exchange (film)|Love Exchange]]'' || Raj V Shetty || Mohit Madan, Jyoti Sharma || Romance || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/6265641|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927130938/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/6265641|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 September 2015|title=Love Exchange (2015)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=4 November 2015}}</ref>
|-
| ''Prithipal Singh... A Story'' || Babita Puri || Vikas Kumar, Anjali Singh || Biopic || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/1013624|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214213322/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/1013624|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 December 2014|title=Prithipal Singh... A Story (2015)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=4 November 2015}}</ref>
|- November
| rowspan="8" style="text-align:center; background:#7FFFD4; textcolor:#000;" | '''N O V'''
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;background:#DBFFF8;"| '''6'''
| ''[[Four Pillars of Basement]]'' || Giresh Naik K || Dillzan Wadia, [[Bruna Abdullah]], Aaliya Singh, Zakir Hussain|| Thriller || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/5630197|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905081530/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/5630197|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 September 2015|title=Four Pillars of Basement (2015)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=5 October 2015}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Charlie Kay Chakkar Mein]]'' || Manish Srivasta || [[Naseeruddin Shah]] || Crime/thriller || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/6248706|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923002836/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/6248706|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 September 2015|title=Charlie Kay Chakkar Mein (2015)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=5 October 2015}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Yaara Silly Silly]]'' || Subhash Sehgal || [[Paoli Dam]], [[Parambrata Chatterjee]] || Romance || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/4905916|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716025533/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/4905916|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 July 2015|title=Yaara Silly Silly (2015)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=5 October 2015}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Ranbanka]]''||Aryeman Ramsay
|Manish Paul, [[Ravi Kishan]], Pooja Thakur||Action
|
|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/Ranbanka/movie-review/49676237.cms|title=Movie Ranbanka 2015, Story, Trailers|website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=29 November 2016}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#DBFFF8;"| '''12'''
|''[[Prem Ratan Dhan Payo]]'' || [[Sooraj Barjatya]] || [[Salman Khan]], [[Sonam Kapoor]], [[Neil Nitin Mukesh]], [[Swara Bhaskar]], [[Armaan Kohli]], [[Anupam Kher]], [[Deepak Dobriyal]], [[Sanjay Mishra (actor)|Sanjay Mishra]] || Romance || [[Fox Star Studios]], [[Rajshri Productions]] ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/597898|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609233146/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/597898|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 June 2013|title=Prem Ratan Dhan Payo (2015)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=15 November 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#DBFFF8;"| '''20'''
| ''[[X: Past Is Present]]'' || Various Directors || [[Rajat Kapoor]], [[Huma Qureshi]] || [[Anthology film|Anthology]] || [[Drishyam Films]], Made In Madras Ink||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/xthefilm|title=X (2015)|publisher=Drishyam Films |access-date=6 Nov 2015}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#DBFFF8;"| '''27'''
| ''[[Angry Indian Goddesses]]'' || [[Pan Nalin]] || [[Sarah-Jane Dias]], [[Tannishtha Chatterjee]], [[Anushka Manchanda]], [[Sandhya Mridul]] || Drama || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-salman-khan-s-prem-ratan-dhan-payo-delays-release-of-angry-indian-goddesses-2142280|title=Angry Indian Goddesses (2015)|publisher=DNA |access-date= 13 Nov 2015}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Tamasha (2015 film)|Tamasha]]'' || [[Imtiaz Ali (director)|Imtiaz Ali]] || [[Deepika Padukone]], [[Ranbir Kapoor]] || Romance || [[UTV Motion Pictures]], [[Nadiadwala Grandson Entertainment]], Window Seat Films ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/674554|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131130011154/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/674554|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 November 2013|title=Tamasha (2015)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=6 May 2015}}</ref>
|- December
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:#93CCEA; textcolor:#000;"| '''D E C'''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#B0E0E6;"|'''4'''
| ''[[Hate Story 3]]'' || Vishal Pandya || [[Zarine Khan]], [[Daisy Shah]], [[Sharman Joshi]], [[Karan Singh Grover]] || Adult/thriller || [[T-Series Films]] ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Hate Story 3 release date announced|date=7 August 2021 |url=http://www.glamsham.com/movies/scoops/15/apr/news-t-series-hate-story-3-release-date-announced.asp}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kajarya]]'' || [[Madhureeta Anand]] || Meenu Hooda, Ridhima Sud, Kuldeep Ruhil || Drama || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/movies/kajarya-trailer-launch-madhureeta-anand-addresses-the-issue-of-female-foeticide-in-her-new-film-1159931.html | title='Kajarya' trailer launch: Madhureeta Anand addresses the issue of female foeticide in her new film | publisher=IBN Live |access-date=3 November 2015}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#B0E0E6;"|'''11'''
| ''[[The Silent Heroes]]'' || Mahesh Bhatt || Maanuv Bhardawaj, Priyanka Panchal, Mann Bagga, Simran Deep, Nirmal Kumar Pant || Adventure || ||<ref>url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/movies/mahesh-bhatts-the-silent-heroes-to-release-on-december-11-1158194.html</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#B0E0E6;"|'''18'''
| ''[[Bajirao Mastani]]'' || [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]] || [[Ranveer Singh]], [[Deepika Padukone]], [[Priyanka Chopra]] || Romance || [[Eros International]], Bhansali Productions ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/526719|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418214531/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/526719|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 April 2014|title=Bajirao Mastani (2015)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=5 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/more/videos/view/id/6025821/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509063239/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/more/videos/view/id/6025821|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 May 2015|title="Yes, Bajirao Mastani Is Releasing On 18th Of December This Year": Ranveer Singh"|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=5 May 2015}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Dilwale (2015 film)|Dilwale]]'' || [[Rohit Shetty]] || [[Shah Rukh Khan]], [[Kajol]], [[Varun Dhawan]], [[Kriti Sanon]]|| Action/romance || [[Red Chillies Entertainment]], Rohit Shetty Productions ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Dilwale(2015) |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/this-is-what-happened-on-the-first-day-of-shah-rukh-khans-dilwale-shoot-748451 |publisher=[[NDTV]]|access-date=23 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Dilwale(2015) |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/kriti-sanon-set-start-shooting-dilwale-shah-rukh-khan-wishes-her-good-luck-626810 |work=[[International Business Times]]|date=20 March 2015 |access-date=23 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Dilwale(2015) |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-rohit-shetty-flags-off-dilwale-with-varun-dhawan-shah-rukh-khan-kajol-to-join-later-2070724 | publisher=[[DNA India]]|access-date=23 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/3351280/Dilwale|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518081903/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/3351280/Dilwale|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 May 2015|title=Dilwale|author=Bollywood Hungama|work=bollywoodhungama.com|date=13 August 2011 |access-date=1 October 2015}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
* [[List of Bollywood films of 2016]]
* [[List of Bollywood films of 2014]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Bollywood|horiz}}
{{2015 films}}
{{Indian film list}}

{{Portal bar|Bollywood}}

[[Category:Lists of Hindi films by year|2015]]
[[Category:Lists of 2015 films by language|Hindi]]
[[Category:2015 in Indian cinema|Bollywood]]
[[Category:2015 Hindi-language films|*]]

Masthu Shades Unnai Raa

2026-03-03T09:12:54Z

Bogdanwyo: Adding A Info

{{Short description|2024 Indian film by Thiru}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Masthu Shades Unnai Raa
| image = Masthu Shades Unnai Raa.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Thiru (Thirupathi Rao Indla)
| writer =
| screenplay = Thiru
| story = Anwar Sadiq
| producer = {{plain list|
* Aarem Reddy
* Prashanth. V
* Bhavani Kasula
}}
| starring = {{plain list|
* [[Abhinav Gomatam]]
* Vaishali Raj
}}
| cinematography = Siddhartha Swayambhoo
| editing = Ravi Teja Girijala
| music = '''Score''' [[Samuel Aby]] '''Songs''' Sanjeev. T
| studio = Kasula Creative Works
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|02|23}}
| runtime = 139 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Masthu Shades Unnai Raa''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[slice of life]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] film directed by Thiru.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Masthu Shades Unnai RaU |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-details/masthu-shades-unnai-ra/movieshow/107696535.cms |access-date=2024-08-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=22 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222180112/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-details/masthu-shades-unnai-ra/movieshow/107696535.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The film features [[Abhinav Gomatam]] and Vaishali Raj in lead roles. It is a remake of Malayalam film [[Manoharam (2019 film)|Manoharam]] (2019). ''Masthu Shades Unnai Raa'' was released on 23 February 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=masth shades unnai ra: షేడ్స్‌ చూపించేది అప్పుడే |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/masth-shades-unnai-ra-movie-first-look-and-release-date/0201/124019207 |access-date=2024-08-09 |website=EENADU |language=te |archive-date=11 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240211181504/https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/masth-shades-unnai-ra-movie-first-look-and-release-date/0201/124019207 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=August 2024}}

==Cast==
{{cast list|
* [[Abhinav Gomatam]] as Manohar "Manu"
** Rishi as Young Manu
* Vaishali Raj as Uma
* [[Nizhalgal Ravi]] as Jaggu Mama
* Moin as Shiva
** Rohan Roy as Young Shiva
*[[Ali Reza (actor)|Ali Reza]] as Rahul
**Karthikeya as Young Rahul
*[[Chakrapani Ananda]] as Venkanna Mama
*Jyothi Reddy as Manu's mother
*Krishna Kumar as Rahul's father
*Ravindar Bommakanti as Balachandar
*Sai Krishna as Vijay
*Lavanya Reddy as Vidya
* Sandhya Janak as Uma's mother
* [[Surya (Telugu actor)|Surya]] as Machine Das
* Phani as Karthik
* Ramani as Venkanna Mama's wife
* Rocket Raghava as Purushottam
* Yogi Katri
* [[Tharun Bhascker]] as [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] Veer Das
* [[M. V. V. Satyanarayana]] as Ranganathan
* Shweta Avasthi as Lilly
** Emlin as Young Lilly
* [[Chitra Shukla]]
}}
==Music==
The film's [[soundtrack|soundtrack album]] is composed by Sanjeev. T and [[background score]] is composed by [[Samuel Aby]].

{{Track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_lyrics = Kittu Vissapragada
| all_music = Sanjeev T
| title1 = Hello Ammayi
| length1 = 4:42
| extra1 = [[Sid Sriram]]
| title2 = Entha Chitram Chudu
| note2 = Additional Vocals: Krishna Tejasvi
| length2 = 3:57
| extra2 = Sanjeev T
| title3 = Chinni Jeevithame
| length3 = 3:51
| extra3 = [[Hemachandra (singer)|Hemachandra]], Sanjeev T
| title4 = Oore Pilavaga
| length4 = 3:13
| extra4 = Sanjeev T
}}

==Release==
''Masthu Shades Unnai Raa'' was released on 23 February 2024. Post-theatrical digital streaming rights were acquired by [[Amazon Prime Video]] and was premiered on 29 March 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-03-27 |title=Masthu Shades Unnai Ra to have its OTT premiere on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Mar/27/masthu-shades-unnai-ra-to-have-its-ott-premiere-on-this-date |access-date=2024-08-09 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=9 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240809065623/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Mar/27/masthu-shades-unnai-ra-to-have-its-ott-premiere-on-this-date |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==
''[[The New Indian Express]]'' rated the film 2 out of 5 wrote that "Despite some strong moments and a sincere Abhinav Gomatam performance, the film remains generic, a mediocre fare at best".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2024-02-24 |title='Masthu shades unnai ra' movie review: A half-baked dramedy that has nothing new to offer |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2024/Feb/24/masthu-shades-unnai-ra-movie-review-a-half-baked-dramedy-that-has-nothing-new-to-offer |access-date=2024-08-09 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=13 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913112031/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2024/Feb/24/masthu-shades-unnai-ra-movie-review-a-half-baked-dramedy-that-has-nothing-new-to-offer |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|31032531|title=Masthu Shades Unnai Raa}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:Slice of life films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2024 drama films]]

Seedan

2026-03-03T03:23:16Z

Bogdanwyo: basic adjusted details as per guidelines further

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Seedan
| image = Seedan.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Subramaniam Siva]]
| producer = Amit Mohan
| story = [[Ranjith (director)|Ranjith]] '''(Original Story)''' Subramaniam Siva '''(Additional Story)'''
| based_on = ''[[Nandanam (film)|Nandanam]]'' by [[Ranjith (director)|Ranjith]]
| screenplay =
| starring = [[Dhanush]] [[Unni Mukundan]] [[Ananya (actress)|Ananya]]
| music = [[Dhina]]
| cinematography = Srinivas Devamsam
| editing = Ram Sudharsan
| studio = Myth Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2011|02|25}}
| runtime = 135 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Seedan''''' ({{langx|ta|சீடன்}}) ({{langx|en|Disciple}}) is a 2011 Indian [[Tamil-language]] [[romantic fantasy]] [[drama film]] directed by [[Subramaniam Siva]]. The film stars [[Dhanush]], [[Unni Mukundan]] and [[Ananya (actress)|Ananya]], while [[Sheela]], [[Suhasini Mani Ratnam]], [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]], [[Ponvannan]], and [[Ilavarasu]] appear in supporting roles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jan-10-02/dhanush-seedan-ananya-13-01-10.html |title=Dhanush moves to Seedan - Tamil Movie News - Dhanush {{pipe}} Seedan {{pipe}} Ananya {{pipe}} Subramania Siva {{pipe}} Suhasini Mani Rathnam {{pipe}} Sheela |publisher=Behindwoods.com |date=2010-01-13 |accessdate=2011-03-20 |archive-date=16 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100116015019/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jan-10-02/dhanush-seedan-ananya-13-01-10.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The film, a remake of the 2002 [[Malayalam film]], ''[[Nandanam (film)|Nandanam]]'', released on 25 February 2011 to mixed reviews. This film was dubbed in Telugu as ''Mahalakshmi''.<ref>{{cite AV media |url-status = live |archive-url = https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/CGgfvlBieD0 |archive-date = 2021-12-11| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CGgfvlBieD0 |title = Mahalakshmi Full Movie {{!}}{{!}} Dhanush, Unni Mukundan, Ananya |website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

==Plot==
Mahalakshmi is a servant at the residence of the elderly Amritavalli. Everyone is really fond of her and treats her as one of the family, not a servant. However, she finds herself doing all the work in the house. She is also a great devotee of [[Lord Murugan]]. Despite residing in [[Pazhani]], she is unable to attend a [[Palani Murugan temple|Murugan temple]] there.

In a dream, Maha finds herself at her wedding with an unknown man. The next day, that man comes to the house. He is none other than Amritavalli's own grandson Mano Ramalingam. He falls in love with Maha. Maha, though hesitant at first, finds herself in love with him as well. Mano constantly assures Maha that his mother will arrange their marriage. However, as fate would have it, Mano is afraid to admit to his mother Thangam that he is in love. This encourages Thangam to fix his marriage with her childhood friend's daughter. However, when Thangam learns of the love affair, she is helpless, and all she can do is encourage the lovebirds to forget each other. Soon, everyone (except Amritavalli, Thangam, and Mano) treats Maha as a servant, not a family member. Maha, angry, claims to Lord Murugan that she will not face him ever again.

Enter Saravanan, a cook appointed by Madhava Gounder. Everyone loves Saravanan's cooking. However, Maha disapproves as cooking was her only peaceful hobby in the house after she fell in love. Saravanan is told to stay in the guest house where Gumbidiswamy is staying. However, Gumbidiswamy is staying at their home because he is a fraud trying to pass himself off as a swami. It does not take Saravanan long to realize that Gumbidiswamy is a fraud, and he uses this to blackmail him. Having control over Gumbidiswamy, Saravanan makes him tell everyone that, according to background and religious research, Mano and his fiancée are not suitable for each other.

After doing many things such as this, Saravanan is able to unite Maha and Mano. Thangam and Amritavalli agree to let Mano marry Maha. On the day of their wedding, Maha and Mano search for Saravanan to thank him for his help. Instead of Saravanan, another person comes and claims to be the only Saravanan in the area. Disappointed, Maha goes to Murugan's altar to pray, and there she sees Saravanan. He soon fades away. At that point, Maha understood that Saravanan was Murugan himself.

The film ends with a message that God may come down to earth in a human form to help those in need.

==Cast==
''As per the film's opening and end credits:''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FAlHKl6qaSM|title=சீடன் | Seedan Full Movie | Dhanush | Unni Mukundan | Ananya | Vivek | Dhanush Movies|date=2 March 2023|via=YouTube}}</ref>
{{Cast listing|
* [[Dhanush]] as Saravanan and [[Lord Murugan|Murugan]] (extended cameo appearance)
* [[Sheela|''Chemeen'' Sheela]] as Amritavalli
* [[Suhasini Maniratnam]] as Thangam
* [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] as Gumbidi Swami
* [[Unni Mukundan]] as Mano Ramalingam (credited as Jai Krishna)
* [[Ananya (actress)|Ananya]] as Mahalakshmi
* [[Ponvannan]] as Vijay
* [[Manobala]] as Sozhiyoor Somalingam
* [[Ilavarasu]] as Madhava Kounder
* [[Mayilsamy]] as Gumbidiswamy's follower
* [[Cell Murugan]] as Gumbidiswamy's assistant
* [[Meera Krishnan]] as Janaki
* P. S. Seethalakshmi
* Seeni Amma
}}

==Production==
In early 2003, [[Sibi Sathyaraj]] was set to make his acting debut through ''Swami'', the Tamil remake of the Malayalam film ''[[Nandanam (film)|Nandanam]]'' (2003), directed by [[Renjith]]. [[Navya Nair]] was cast as the lead actress and [[A. R. Rahman]] was considered as the music composer, in the film to be produced by [[Swargachitra Appachan]]. However, despite beginning pre-production work, the film was later dropped.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://in.movies.yahoo.com/020727/113/1ss0o.html|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20030701120007/http://in.movies.yahoo.com/020727/113/1ss0o.html|archive-date = 1 July 2003|title = Satyaraj's son in Swami|work=[[Yahoo! Movies]]}}</ref>

==Music==
The [[soundtrack album]] was composed by [[Dhina]] in his 50th film.
{{Infobox album|
| name = Seedan
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Dhina]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 11 February 2011
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label =
| producer = [[Dhina]]
| prev_title = [[Vallakottai (film)|Vallakottai]]
| prev_year = 2010
| next_title = [[Bhavani (2009 film)|Bhavani]]
| next_year = 2011
}}
{| class="wikitable"
! # !! Track-Title !! Singer(s) !! Lyrics
|-
| 1 || "Enadhu" || V. V. Prasanna, [[Aalap Raju]], Janaki Iyer || [[Yugabharathi]]
|-
| 2 || "Munpani" || [[Shreya Ghoshal]] || rowspan=5|[[Pa. Vijay]]
|-
| 3 || "Oru Naal Mattum" || [[K. S. Chithra]]
|-
| 4 || "Saravana Samaiyal" || [[Dhanush]], [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[K. J. Yesudas|Yesudas]]
|-
| 5 || "Valliamma" || [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Chinnaponnu]]
|-
| 6 || "Yaadhumaagiye" || [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
|}

==Reception==
===Critical response===
''The Times of India'' gave the film three out of five stars and wrote that "Though Subramaniam Siva meanders in the first half by making substantial changes in the original, he displays a much better grip in the second, which makes the movie an enjoyable watch".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/seedan/movie-review/7585572.cms|title = Seedan Movie Review {3/5}: Critic Review of Seedan by Times of India| newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref> Pavithra Srinivasan of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' rated the film 2/5 stars and wrote, "A lot less histrionics and a more realistic screenplay, and this movie might have scored. As it is, Seedan doesn't live up to expectations".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-seedan/20110225.htm |title=Review: Seedan is no match to the original - Rediff.com Movies |work=Rediff.com |date=2011-02-25 |first=Pavithra|last=Srinivasan|accessdate=2011-03-20 |archive-date=30 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230184039/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-seedan/20110225.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' wrote, "On the whole, ''Seedan'' lacks subtleties and nuances of the original. If you like old-fashioned melodramatic family dramas with a message that true love will triumph against all odds, then it is your cup of tea".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/seedan-review-tamil-14963794.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131028195215/http://www.sify.com/movies/seedan-review-tamil-14963794.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-10-28 |title=Movie Review:Seedan |website=[[Sify]] |date= |accessdate=2011-03-20}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1874708}}
{{Subramaniam Siva}}

[[Category:2011 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2011 films]]
[[Category:2011 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2011 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Malayalam films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Dhina]]
[[Category:Films directed by Subramaniam Siva]]

Lisan ud-Dawat

2026-03-02T16:35:31Z

Bogdanwyo: Content updated and refined

{{Short description|Indo-European language of Gujarat, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=June 2021}}
{{Original research|date=August 2017}}
{{unbalanced|date=June 2020}}
}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Lisaan o Da'wat il-Bohra
| altname = Lisan al-Dawat
| nativename = لسان دعوۃ البهرة
| image = lisaan bohra.jpg
| imagecaption = "Lisaan o Da'wat il Bohra" in the Arabic script
| pronunciation =
| region = [[Western India]], [[Gujarat]]
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4 = [[Western Indo-Aryan languages|Western]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://homepages.fh-giessen.de/kausen/klassifikationen/Indogermanisch.doc |first1=Ernst|last1=Kausen|year=2006 |title=Die Klassifikation der indogermanischen Sprachen|type=doc}}</ref>
| fam5 = [[Gujarati languages|Gujarati]]
| script = [[Arabic script]]
}}

'''Lisaan ud-Da'wat''' or ''Lisaan o Da'wat il Bohra'' or ''Lisan ud-Dawat'' ({{langx|ar|لسان الدعوة|lit=language of the [[Dawah|Da'wat]]}}, ''da'wat ni zabaan''; abbreviated '''LDB''') is the language of the [[Dawoodi Bohras]] and [[Alavi Bohras]], [[Isma'ili]] [[Shia|Shi'a]] offshoots of the Muslim community primarily from [[Gujarat]], who follow the Taiyebi doctrines and theology.<ref name=":0">"Taiyebi" refers to the 21st Imam at-Taiyeb purportedly and ostensibly from the progeny of Lady Fatimah, the daughter of Prophet Mohammmad. After the seclusion of at-Taiyeb, the doctrines that emerged and propagated by his missionaries in Yemen is followed by Bohra communities of Gujarat</ref> The language is based on a Neo-Indo-Aryan language, [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], but incorporates a heavy amount of [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]], and [[Persian language|Persian]] vocabulary and is written in the [[Arabic script]] ''[[Naskh (script)|naskh]]'' style.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Daftary|first=Farhad|title=The Isma'ilis|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-521-85084-1|location=New York|pages=220, 240, 277, 279, 294, 299}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Majlis 3-Chapter 2|url=https://spark.adobe.com/page/3T93Sg8jez1Rg/#language-of-the-dawoodi-bohra-community-written-in-arabic-script-it-is-a-version-of-gujarati-dialect-spoken-in-western-india-with-a-blend-of-arabic-urdu-persian-and-english|access-date=2020-08-23|website=Adobe Spark}}</ref> Originally a [[ritual language]], since the period of the missionaries (دعاۃ) in [[Ahmedabad]] around 1005 AH/1597 AD it has also been propagated as the vernacular language for members of the Bohra communities, but the version used by their religious leader-''Saiyedna''<ref>It is a honorific word used for the missionary of Bohra communities around the world since the succession of the missionaries in Yemen from 532 AH/1138 AD</ref> and his assembly members or clergy still differs slightly from the Gujarati spoken by their community members.<ref name="Mullahs">{{cite book |first=Jonah |last=Blank |title=Mullahs on the Mainframe: Islam and Modernity Among the Daudi Bohras |year=2001 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |page=143 |isbn=9780226056777 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uDVHN6xkdiMC |via=books.google.com}}</ref> The reason is that the religious sermons is highly loaded and peppered with the inputs and sentences of Arabic language having direct references with ancient sectarian Bohra literature linked with Egyptian and Yemeni phase of Da'wah.<ref>It is a rightly guided spiritual mission after the demise of Muhammad in 11 AH/633 AD</ref> The earliest Bohras were Indian, and they spoke Gujarati. With the continuous effort of the Taiyebi leadership (of Yemen and their representatives in India) to promote Qur'anic and Islamic learning within the community, the language of these texts has, over time, percolated Lisaan ul-Da'wat, with Arabic (and Persian) words replacing part of the Gujarati lexicon.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kate|first=Fleet|title=The Encyclopaedia of Islam|publisher=Brill|year=2013|isbn=978-90-04-25268-4|location=Boston|pages=62}}</ref>

Some key works in Lisan al-Dawat are the translations of the Arabic literary masterpieces of [[Isma'ilism|Isma'ili]] literature written during the reign of the [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimids]] in [[Iran|Persia]] and [[Egypt]] (225-525 AH/840-1131 AD) and also the Taiyebi<ref name=":0" /> literature written in [[Yemen]] by 24 different missionaries (pl. ''du'aat'') between 532-974 AH/1137-1566 AD, with summaries and admonitions in poetic form too. The ''Da'i''-missionary (working under the guidance of Imam) was also expected to be sufficiently familiar with the teachings of different religions as well as various Islamic traditions, whilst knowing the local language and customs of the province in which he was to operate.<ref name=":1" /> This is the reason that the Bohra leadership of [[Ahmedabad]] phase (946-1070 AH/1540-1660) made notable efforts to amalgamate Yemeni Arabic lexicon with the local language. The influx of the Persian words during this time is due to the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] ruling the major parts of Gujarat. During the course of time this unique language became an identity for Bohras. Arabic tradition of religious writings continued in India and some works composed recently in Lisan al-Dawat is highly Arabicized as they are either translations or adaptations of earlier works and intended for popular use.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ismail K|first=Poonawala|title=Biobibliography of Isma'ili Literature|publisher=Undena Publications|year=1977|isbn=((0-89003-005-3))|oclc=899075576|location=California, USA|pages=19}}</ref>

Many in the community look upon their language Lisan al-Dawat as a bridge to keep united irrespective of their region, occupation and education. Also it serves as a unique tool to distinguish themselves from other [[Gujarati people|Gujarati communities]] who rather speak the same Gujarati but devoid of Arabic accent and vocabulary. In more recent times (i.e. since the beginning of 14th century AH), some of these works have appeared in a form of Arabicized Gujarati written in Arabic script, the official language of the Bohra Da'wah, so as to reach a wider public. In South Asia, the official language of the Sulaymani Bohras is Urdu, the language commonly used by the majority of the Muslims of India and Pakistan. They also deliver their sermons in Urdu.<ref name=":1" />

==Alphabet==
=== Vowel diacritics ===
Though not normally written and only implied,<ref name=":2" /> like Urdu, Lisan ud-Dawat also has diacritics taken from the [[Arabic]] language<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bhardwaj|first=Mangat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-NDmDAAAQBAJ&q=diacritics+in+shahmukhi&pg=PA377|title=Panjabi: A Comprehensive Grammar|publisher=Routledge|year=2016|isbn=978-1317643265|pages=378|quote=It is an ancient Arabic writing tradition (carried on in Persian, Urdu and Lisan ud-Dawat to omit the diacritics (except the Hamza) in ordinary writing and to depend on the context to interpret a word.}}</ref> to express short vowels.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sanlp.org/PMT/shahmukhi.htm|title=Punjabi - Shahmukhi Script|website=sanlp.org|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190919092600/http://www.sanlp.org/PMT/shahmukhi.htm|archive-date=19 September 2019|access-date=22 April 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+
Diacritics used in Lisan ud-Dawat
!Symbol
!Name
!Usage
![[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
!Notes
|-
|align="center"|{{Nastaliq|ٰ}}
|align="center"|Khari Zabar
|align="center"|a
|align="center"|[ə]
|align="center"|Used in Arabic loanwords such as ‘{{nastaliq|{{strong|عیسیٰ}}}}’ (‘Jesus’)
|-
|align="center"|{{Nastaliq|َ}}
|align="center"|Zabar
|align="center"|a
|align="center"|[ə]
|align="center"|
|-
|align="center"|{{Nastaliq|ً}}
|align="center"|Zabar Tanwīn
|align="center"|-an
|align="center"|[ən]
|align="center"|Used for Arabic loanwords such as ‘{{nastaliq|فور{{strong|اً}}}}’ (‘Immediately’)
|-
|align="center"|{{Nastaliq|ٓ}}
|align="center"|Maddah
|align="center"|ā
|align="center"|[ɑː]
|align="center"|Used only for Alif Maddah ({{nastaliq|ا}} + {{nastaliq|ٓ}} = {{nastaliq|آ}}), not written as a separate diacritic
|-
|align="center"|{{Nastaliq|ِ}}
|align="center"|Zer
|align="center"|i
|align="center"|[ɪ]
|align="center"|Written underneath a letter
|-
|align="center"|{{Nastaliq|ٍ}}
|align="center"|Zer Tanwīn
|align="center"|in
|align="center"|[ɪn]
|align="center"|Rarely used for Arabic loanwords, written underneath a letter
|-
|align="center"|{{Nastaliq|ُ}}
|align="center"|Pesh
|align="center"|u
|align="center"|[u]
|align="center"|
|-
|align="center"|{{nastaliq|ٔ}}
|align="center"|Hamza
|align="center"|{{strong|varied}}
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|Used on vowels to indicate a [[diphthong]] between two vowels, examples such as: ‘{{nq|{{strong|ئ}}}}’, ‘{{nq|{{strong|ۓ}}}}’, ‘{{nq|{{strong|ؤ}}}}‘, and {{nq|{{strong|أ}}}} , not written as a separate diacritic
|-
|align="center"|{{Nastaliq|ّ}}
|align="center"|Tashdīd
|align="center"|[[Gemination|Geminite]]
|align="center"|[.]
|align="center"|Doubles a consonant, goes above the letter being doubled - {{Nq|کّ}} = kk
|-
|}

=== Consonants ===

{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|-
|-
!No.
!colspan="2"|Name<ref>{{cite book |last1=Delacy |first1=Richard |title=Beginner's Urdu Script |date=2003 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=007141987X |pages=xv–xvi}}</ref>
![[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
!Final glyph
!Medial glyph
!Initial glyph
!Isolated glyph
![[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
|-
| 1
| {{Nastaliq|الف}}
| ''alif''
| {{IPA|/ɑ̈, ʔ, ∅/}}
|{{Nq|ـا}}
|{{Nq|ـا}}
|{{Nq|ا}}
| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|gu|{{Nastaliq|[[ا]]}}}}
|'''અ''', '''આ''' {{Small|(medial)}}
|-
| 2
| {{Nastaliq|بے}}
| ''bē''
| {{IPA|/b/}}
|{{Nq|ـب}}
|{{Nq|ـبـ}}
|{{Nq|بـ}}
| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|gu|{{Nastaliq|[[ب]]}}}}
|'''બ'''
|-
| 3
| {{Nastaliq|پے}}
| ''pē''
| {{IPA|/p/}}
|{{Nq|ـپ}}
|{{Nq|ـپـ}}
|{{Nq|پـ}}
| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|gu|{{Nastaliq|[[پ]]}}}}
|'''પ'''
|-
| 4
| {{Nastaliq|تے}}
| ''tē''
| {{IPA|/t/}}
|{{Nq|ـت}}
|{{Nq|ـتـ}}
|{{Nq|تـ}}
| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|gu|{{Nastaliq|[[ت]]}}}}
|'''ત'''
|-
| 5
| {{Nastaliq|ٹے}}
| ''ṭē''
| {{IPA|/ʈ/}}
|{{Nq|ـٹ}}
|{{Nq|ـٹـ}}
|{{Nq|ٹـ}}
| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|gu|{{Nastaliq|[[ٹ]]}}}}
|'''ટ '''
|-
| 6
| {{Nastaliq|ثے}}
| ''s̱ē''
| {{IPA|/s , θ/}}
|{{Nq|ـث}}
|{{Nq|ـثـ}}
|{{Nq|ثـ}}
| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|gu|{{Nastaliq|[[ث]]}}}}
|'''સ''' '''થ઼'''
|-
| 7
| {{Nastaliq|جيم}}
| ''jīm''
| {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}}
|{{Nq|ـج}}
|{{Nq|ـجـ}}
|{{Nq|جـ}}
| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|gu|{{Nastaliq|[[ج]]}}}}
|'''જ'''
|-
| 8
| {{Nastaliq|چے}}
| ''cē''
| {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}}
|{{Nq|ـچ}}
|{{Nq|ـچـ}}
|{{Nq|چـ}}
| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|gu|{{Nastaliq|[[چ]]}}}}
|'''ચ'''
|-
| 9
| {{Nastaliq|بڑی حے}}
| ''baṛī ḥē''
| {{IPA|/ɦ/}}
|{{Nq|ـح}}
|{{Nq|ـحـ}}
|{{Nq|حـ}}
| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|gu|{{Nastaliq|[[ح]]}}}}
|'''હ'''
|-
| 10
| {{Nastaliq|خے}}
| ''k͟hē''
| {{IPA|/x/}}
|{{Nq|ـخ}}
|{{Nq|ـخـ}}
|{{Nq|خـ}}
| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|gu|{{Nastaliq|[[خ]]}}}}
|'''ખ઼'''
|-
| 11
| {{Nastaliq|دال}}
| ''dāl''
| {{IPA|/d/}}
|{{Nq|ـد}}
|{{Nq|ـد}}
|{{Nq|د}}
| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|[[د]]}}}}
|'''દ'''
|-
| 12
| {{Nastaliq|ڈال}}
| ''ḍāl''
| {{IPA|/ɖ/}}
|{{Nq|ـڈ}}
|{{Nq|ـڈ}}
|{{Nq|ڈ}}
| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|gu|{{Nastaliq|[[ڈ]]}}}}
|'''ડ '''
|-
| 13
| {{Nastaliq|ذال}}
| ''ẕāl''
| {{IPA|/z , ð/}}
|{{Nq|ـذ}}
|{{Nq|ـذ}}
|{{Nq|ذ}}
| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|gu|{{Nastaliq|[[ذ]]}}}}
|'''ઝ઼''' '''ધ઼'''
|-
| 14
| {{Nastaliq|رے}}
| ''rē''
| {{IPA|/r/}}
|{{Nq|ـر}}
|{{Nq|ـر}}
|{{Nq|ر}}
| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|gu|{{Nastaliq|[[ر]]}}}}
|'''ર'''
|-
| 15
| {{Nastaliq|ڑے}}
| ''ṛē''
| {{IPA|/ɽ/}}
|{{Nq|ـڑ}}
|{{Nq|ـڑ}}
|{{Nq|ڑ}}
| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|gu|{{Nastaliq|[[ڑ]]}}}}
|'''દ઼'''
|-
| 16
| {{Nastaliq|زے}}
| ''zē''
| {{IPA|/z/}}
|{{Nq|ـز}}
|{{Nq|ـز}}
|{{Nq|ز}}
| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|gu|{{Nastaliq|[[ز]]}}}}
|'''ઝ઼'''
|-
| 17
| {{Nastaliq|ژے}}
| ''zhē''
| {{IPA|/ʒ/}}
|{{Nq|ـژ}}
|{{Nq|ـژ}}
|{{Nq|ژ}}
| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|gu|{{Nastaliq|[[ژ]]}}}}
|'''_'''
|-
| 18
| {{Nastaliq|سین}}
| ''sīn''
| {{IPA|/s/}}
|{{Nq|ـس}}
|{{Nq|ـسـ}}
|{{Nq|سـ}}
| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|gu|{{Nastaliq|[[س]]}}}}
|'''સ'''
|-
| 19
| {{Nastaliq|شین}}
| ''shīn''
| {{IPA|/ʃ/}}
|{{Nq|ـش}}
|{{Nq|ـشـ}}
|{{Nq|شـ}}
| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|gu|{{Nastaliq|[[ش]]}}}}
|'''શ'''
|-
| 20
| {{Nastaliq|صاد}}
| ''ṣvād''
| {{IPA|/s/}}
|{{Nq|ـص}}
|{{Nq|ـصـ}}
|{{Nq|صـ}}
| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|gu|{{Nastaliq|[[ص]]}}}}
|'''સ'''
|-
| 21
| {{Nastaliq|ضاد}}
| ''ẓvād''
| {{IPA|/z/}}
|{{Nq|ـض}}
|{{Nq|ـضـ}}
|{{Nq|ضـ}}
| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|gu|{{Nastaliq|[[ض]]}}}}
|'''ઝ઼'''
|-
| 22
| {{Nastaliq|طوۓ}}
| ''t̤o{{hamza}}ē''
| {{IPA|/t/}}
|{{Nq|ـط}}
|{{Nq|ـطـ}}
|{{Nq|طـ}}
| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|gu|{{Nastaliq|[[ط]]}}}}
|'''ત'''
|-
| 23
| {{Nastaliq|ظوۓ}}
| ''z̤o{{hamza}}ē''
| {{IPA|/z/}}
|{{Nq|ـظ}}
|{{Nq|ـظـ}}
|{{Nq|ظـ}}
| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|gu|{{Nastaliq|[[ظ]]}}}}
|'''ઝ઼'''
|-
| 24
| {{Nastaliq|عین}}
| ''{{okina}}ain''
| {{IPA|/ə,ɑː,ɪ,iː,u,uː,oː,ɔː,eː,ɛː, ʔ, ∅/}}
|{{Nq|ـع}}
|{{Nq|ـعـ}}
|{{Nq|عـ}}
| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|gu|{{Nastaliq|[[ع]]}}}}
|'''અ,આ,ઇ,ઈ,ઉ,ઊ,ઍ,ઐ,ઓ,ઔ'''
|-
| 25
| {{Nastaliq|غین}}
| ''g͟hain''
| {{IPA|/ɣ/}}
|{{Nq|ـغ}}
|{{Nq|ـغـ}}
|{{Nq|غـ}}
| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|gu|{{Nastaliq|[[غ]]}}}}
|'''ગ઼'''
|-
| 26
| {{Nastaliq|فے}}
| ''fē''
| {{IPA|/f/}}
|{{Nq|ـف}}
|{{Nq|ـفـ}}
|{{Nq|فـ}}
| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|gu|{{Nastaliq|[[ف]]}}}}
|'''ફ઼'''
|-
| 27
| {{Nastaliq|قاف}}
| ''qāf''
| {{IPA|/q/}}
|{{Nq|ـق}}
|{{Nq|ـقـ}}
|{{Nq|قـ}}
| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|gu|{{Nastaliq|[[ق]]}}}}
|'''ક઼'''
|-
| 28
| {{Nastaliq|کاف}}
| ''kāf''
| {{IPA|/k/}}
|{{Nq|ـک}}
|{{Nq|ـکـ}}
|{{Nq|کـ}}
| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|gu|{{Nastaliq|[[Kāf|ک]]}}}}
|'''ક'''
|-
| 29
| {{Nastaliq|گاف}}
| ''gāf''
| {{IPA|/ɡ/}}
|{{Nq|ـگ}}
|{{Nq|ـگـ}}
|{{Nq|گـ}}
| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|gu|{{Nastaliq|[[گ]]}}}}
|'''ગ'''
|-
| 30
| {{Nastaliq|لام}}
| ''lām''
| {{IPA|/l/}}
|{{Nq|ـل}}
|{{Nq|ـلـ}}
|{{Nq|لـ}}
| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|gu|{{Nastaliq|[[ل]]}}}}
|'''લ'''
|-
| 31<ref name=":4">Rarely used in literature, except when a distinction between the pronunciation of the non-retroflex character is needed</ref>
| {{Nastaliq|لؕام}}
| ''ḷām''
| {{IPA|/ɭ/}}
|{{Nq|ـلؕ}}
|{{Nq|ـلؕـ}}
|{{Nq|لؕـ}}
| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|gu|{{Nastaliq|[[ࣇ|لؕ]]}}}}
|'''ળ '''
|-
| 32
| {{Nastaliq|میم}}
| ''mīm''
| {{IPA|/m/}}
|{{Nq|ـم}}
|{{Nq|ـمـ}}
|{{Nq|مـ}}
| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|gu|{{Nastaliq|[[م]]}}}}
|'''મ'''
|-
| 33
| {{Nastaliq|نون}}
| ''nūn''
| {{IPA|/n, ɲ/}}
|{{Nq|ـن}}
|{{Nq|ـنـ}}
|{{Nq|نـ}}
| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|gu|{{Nastaliq|[[ن]]}}}}
|'''ન'''
|-
| 34<ref name=":4" />
| {{Nastaliq|ݨون}}
| ''ṇūṇ''
| {{IPA|/ɳ/}}
|{{Nq|ـݨ}}
|{{Nq|ـݨـ}}
| {{Nq|ݨـ}}
| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|gu|{{Nastaliq|[[ݨ]]}}}}
|'''ણ'''
|-
| 35
| {{Nastaliq|نون غنّہ}}
| ''nūn ġunnah''
| {{IPA|/[[Nasal vowel|◌̃]], ŋ/}}
|{{Nq|ـں}}
|{{Nq|ـن٘ـ}}
|{{Nq|ن٘ـ}}
| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|gu|{{Nastaliq|[[ں]]}}}}
{{Small|{{Nastaliq|(ن٘)}}}}
 
|'''ં'''
|-
| 36
| {{Nastaliq|واؤ}}
| ''vā{{hamza}}o''
| {{IPA|/ʋ, u, ʊ, o, ɔ, əʋ/}}
|{{Nq|ـو}}
|{{Nq|ـو}}
|{{Nq|و}}
| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|gu|{{Nastaliq|[[و]]}}}}
|'''ઊ''', '''ઓ'''
|-
| 37
| {{Nastaliq|نکی ہے}} {{Nastaliq|گول ہے}}
| ''choṭī hē'' ''gol hē''
|{{IPA|/ɦ, ɑ, e/}}
|{{Nq|ـہ}}
|{{Nq|ـہـ}}
|{{Nq|ہـ}}
| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|gu|{{Nastaliq|[[ہ]]}}}}
|'''હ'''
|-
| 38
| {{Nastaliq|دو چشمی ہے}}
| ''do-cashmī hē''
| {{IPA|/ʰ/}} or {{IPA|/ʱ/}}
|{{Nq|ـھ}}
|{{Nq|ـھـ}}
|{{Nq|ھ}}
| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|gu|{{Nastaliq|[[ھ]]}}}}
|'''varied''' / '''-'''
|-
| 39
| {{Nastaliq|ہمزہ}}
| ''hamzah''
| {{IPA|/ʔ/}}, {{IPA|/∅/}}
|{{Nq|ء}}
|{{Nq|ء}}
|{{Nq|ء}}
| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|gu|{{Nastaliq|[[ء]]}}}}
|'''-'''
|-
| 40
|{{Nastaliq|چھوٹی يے}}
|''choṭī yē''
|{{IPA|/j, i/}}
|{{Nq|ـی}}
|{{Nq|ـیـ}}
|{{Nq|یـ}}
| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" |{{lang|gu|{{Nastaliq|[[ی]]}}}}
|'''ઈ''', '''ઍ'''
|-
| 41
|{{Nastaliq|بڑی يے}}
|''baṛī yē''
|{{IPA|/ɛ, e,əj/}}
|{{Nq|ـے}}
|{{Nq|ـے}}
|{{Nq|ے}}
| style="height:150%;padding:10px;font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|gu|{{Nastaliq|[[ے]]}}}}
|'''ઍ''', '''ઐ'''
|}

No Lisan ud Dawat words begin with {{lang|ur|ں}}, {{lang|ur|ڑ}} or {{lang|ur|ے}}.
The [[Digraph (orthography)|digraphs]] of [[aspirated consonant]]s are as follows. In addition, {{Nastaliq|ل}} , {{Nastaliq|لؕ}} form ligatures with {{Nastaliq|ا}}: {{Nastaliq|لا}} ({{Nastaliq|ـلا}}) and {{Nastaliq|لؕا}} ({{Nastaliq|ـلؕا}}) and unlike Urdu Lisan ud-Dawat word which have t at last always wrttien in ۃ not in ت for example Urdu word-دعوت Lisan ud-Dawat word دعوۃ.

===Aspirated Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! No.
! '''Digraph'''<ref name="LoC">{{cite web|title=Urdu romanization|url=https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/urdu.pdf|publisher=The Library of Congress}}</ref>
! '''Transcription'''<ref name="LoC"/>
! '''IPA'''
! Example
|-
|1
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|بھ}}
| ''bh''
| {{IPA|[bʱ]}}
| {{Nastaliq|بھارت}}
|-
|2
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|پھ}}
| ''ph''
| {{IPA|[pʰ]}}
| {{Nastaliq|پھلؕ}}
|-
|3
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|تھ}}
| ''th''
| {{IPA|[tʰ]}}
| {{Nastaliq|ہاتھی}}
|-
|4
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ٹھ}}
| ''ṭh''
| {{IPA|[ʈʰ]}}
| {{Nastaliq|ٹھلؕیو}}
|-
|5
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|جھ}}
| ''jh''
| {{IPA|[d͡ʒʱ]}}
| {{Nastaliq|جھاڑی}}
|-
|6
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|چھ}}
| ''ch''
| {{IPA|[t͡ʃʰ]}}
| {{Nastaliq|چھوکرا}}
|-
|7
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|دھ}}
| ''dh''
| {{IPA|[dʱ]}}
| {{Nastaliq|دھوبی}}
|-
|8
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ڈھ}}
| ''ḍh''
| {{IPA|[ɖʱ]}}
| {{Nastaliq|ڈھول}}
|-
|9
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|رھ}}
| ''rh''
| {{IPA|[rʱ]}}
| {{Nastaliq|رهبر}}
|-
|10
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|ڑھ}}
| ''ṛh''
| {{IPA|[ɽʱ]}}
| {{Nastaliq|کڑھنا}}
|-
|11
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|کھ}}
| ''kh''
| {{IPA|[kʰ]}}
| {{Nastaliq|کھولنا}}
|-
|12
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|گھ}}
| ''gh''
| {{IPA|[ɡʱ]}}
| {{Nastaliq|گھبراہٹ}}
|-
|13
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|لھ}}
| ''lh''
| {{IPA|[lʱ]}}
| {{Nastaliq|لھد}}
|-
|14
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|مھ}}
| ''mh''
| {{IPA|[mʱ]}}
| {{Nastaliq|ڈمھ}}
|-
|15
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|نھ}}
| ''nh''
| {{IPA|[nʱ]}}
| {{Nastaliq|ننھا}}
|-
|16
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|وھ}}
| ''wh''
| {{IPA|[ʋʱ]}}
| {{Nastaliq|وهلا}}
|-
|17
| style="font-size: 150%"|{{Nastaliq|یھ}}
| ''yh''
| {{IPA|[jʱ]}}
| {{Nastaliq|یھڈ}}
|}

===Vowels===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!Romanization
! colspan="2" |Final
!Middle
!Initial
|-
|a (અ)
| colspan="2" |N/A
| style="font-size: 150%" |{{Nastaliq|ـَ}}
| style="font-size: 150%" |{{Nastaliq|اَ}}
|-
|ā (આ)
| style="font-size: 150%" |ـَا، ـَی، ـَہ
| colspan="2" |{{Nastaliq|ـَا}}
| style="font-size: 150%" |{{Nastaliq|آ}}
|-
|i (ઇ)
| colspan="2" |N/A
| style="font-size: 150%" |{{Nastaliq|ـِ}}
| style="font-size: 150%" |{{Nastaliq|اِ}}
|-
|ī (ઈ)
| colspan="2" style="font-size: 150%" |{{Nastaliq|ـِى}}
| style="font-size: 150%" |{{Nastaliq|ـِيـ}}
| style="font-size: 150%" |{{Nastaliq|اِی}}
|-
|ē (ઍ)
| colspan="2" style="font-size: 150%" |{{Nastaliq|ـے‬}}
| style="font-size: 150%" |{{Nastaliq|ـيـ}}
| style="font-size: 150%" |{{Nastaliq|اے}}
|-
|ai (ઐ)
| colspan="2" style="font-size: 150%" |{{Nastaliq|ـَے‬}}
| style="font-size: 150%" |{{Nastaliq|ـَيـ}}
| style="font-size: 150%" |{{Nastaliq|اَے}}
|-
|u (ઉ)
| colspan="2" |N/A
| style="font-size: 150%" |{{Nastaliq|ـُ}}
| style="font-size: 150%" |{{Nastaliq|اُ}}
|-
|ū (ઊ)
| colspan="3" style="font-size: 150%" |{{Nastaliq|ـُو}}
| style="font-size: 150%" |{{Nastaliq|اُو}}
|-
|-
|o (ઓ)
| colspan="3" style="font-size: 150%" |{{Nastaliq|ـو}}
| style="font-size: 150%" |{{Nastaliq|او}}
|-
|au (ઔ)
| colspan="3" style="font-size: 150%" |{{Nastaliq|ـَو}}
| style="font-size: 150%" |{{Nastaliq|اَو}}
|}
* {{lang|pnb-Arab|{{nq|ے}}}} (vadī ye) is only found in the final position, when writing the sounds e (ઍ) or æ (ઐ), and in initial and medial positions, it takes the form of {{lang|pnb-Arab|{{nq|یَ}}}}.

== Alavi Bohras (Lisaan ud-Da'wat il-'Alaviyah (LDA)-لسان الدعوۃ العلویۃ) ==

=== Origin ===
The [[Alavi Bohra]] community are muslims who believe in Shi'a Isma'ili Taiyebi doctrines, beliefs and tenets. The 18th [[Fatimid Caliphate|Faatemi Imaam]] Maulaana [[al-Mustansir Billah]] (478 AH/1094 AD), from the ''Aal''-progeny of [[Muhammad|Muhammad al-Mustafaa]], held the seat of the [[Fatimid Empire]] in Egypt and acted as the sole authority of the Shi'a Isma'ili branch of Islam. In his era, Maulaai Ahmad (مولائي احمد) along with his accomplices Maulaai Abdullah and Maulaai Nuruddin, on Mustansir Billah's decree, arrived at the coast of Gujarat ([[Khambhat]]) along with a group of traders. His responsibility was to spread [[Shia Islam|Shi'i Islam]] in the guise of doing trade. At that time, [[Chaulukya dynasty|Sidhraj Jaysingh]]<ref>A the ruler of Gujarat State who secretly accepted Isma'ili Faith on the hands of Maulaai Ahmad and was buried privately where only his close associates knew his place of burial</ref> was ruling in [[Patan, Gujarat|Patan]]-Sidhpur, and a small Isma'ili community was already residing in Gujarat who were well-versed with local customs and language. They helped the clergy in every possible way to dispense the word of Imam among those [[Brahmin]]s who showed sincere interest in Isma'ili doctrine. Historical accounts points that early Taiyebi preachers-''maulaai'' had to travel far and wide on the commands of their ''Da'i'' to such a remote place where they found the native language as a big hindrance to their religious agenda. So, they first learned and mastered the local language and it proved as a best tool of communication.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Engineer|first=Asghar Ali|title=The Bohras|publisher=Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd|year=1993|location=New Delhi|pages=101}}</ref>

At the end of the fifth century AH, many such representatives of [[Fatimid Egypt|Faatemi Imaam]] were also present in Yemen. Every Isma'ili preacher who came to India after Maulaai<ref>It is the term used in Da'wah Hierarchy where a person acts as per the orders of Da'i</ref> Ahmad, either from Egypt or from [[Yemen]], had [[Arabic]] as his mother tongue and it happened to be the official language of the [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimids]]. With the help of [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] speaking Isma'ili traders they gradually learnt the local native language to propagate their religion. It also happened that, in order to learn more about their religious teachings, many people from Gujarat migrated to Yemen to get religious teachings directly from the Da'i (the representative of the Imam of Egypt). This took place in the 10th century AH/16th century AD. This is where the basic Yemeni Arabic language of Taiyebis<ref name=":0" /> first got combined with the local [[Gujarati language]], giving birth to a new form of language which got more correlative, complex and comprehensive over time. Scholarly exchanges took place, mainly consisting of Indians visiting Yemen for instruction and guidance. The predominant language for the literary output of this period remained Arabic, although at a later stage the use of Gujarati in Arabic script became common.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Delia|first=Cortese|title=Arabic Ismaili Manuscripts|publisher=I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd. & IIS|year=2003|isbn=186064-860-6|location=New York|pages=9}}</ref> This form of language got the name Lisaan ud-Da'wat (Lisan al-Dawah) or Lughat ud-Da'wat (لغۃ الدعوۃ).[[File:Administrative map of Gujarat.png|thumb|Map of Gujarat]]

==== Language contact of Arabic, Sanskrit, and Gujarati with Persian and Urdu ====
A genealogical classification of languages is a classification according to their development from common ancestors. A language family is a group of languages related through descent from a common ancestor, called the proto language of that family. Let's see the tree diagrams of the two major language families which will help us to establish the relation among the languages. The first is Proto Indo-European Language and the other is Proto Hemito-Semitic/Afro-Asiatic language families.

During the mid-16th century, [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] invaded India through the Gulf of Khambhat (Cambay), since Khambhat was then the biggest port of India. Mughals came from Persia (Iran) and spoke [[Persian language|Persian]] (Farsi). This was the period when Bohra missionaries practiced and preached their faith openly and the local people felt their presence in [[Ahmedabad]]. Thus, with their acumen of doing trade and business, their social and commercial activities in and around Ahmedabad got momentum. Their language too progressed and it became the blend of Arabic, Urdu, Gujarati and Persian now known as a Bohra Gujarati Zabaan. Also, Persian art and culture with some Gujarati Hindu traditions got amalgamated with Indian Bohra art and culture.

With the invasion of the Mughals arose a need for trade and commerce. New trade routes were opened between India and Persia. Along this route, Turkic people also started trade and commerce. They spoke a Persio-Arabic language. The amalgamation of their language with the contemporary language of India gave rise to a new language, a link language called Urdu, due to the mingling of Persian and Hindavi (''aam boli''). Thus it is a [[Pidgin|Pidgin language]] and a part of the [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto Indo-European language]] family. During this era, in 1030 AH/1621 AD, there was a major schism of succession of religious authority (''da'i'') in Ahmedabad among the Bohras. A separation occurred and a small group of Bohras believed in the Da'iship (leadership) of the 29th [[Da'i al-Mutlaq]] Saiyedna Ali Saheb, the grandson of the 28th Da'i Saiyedna Shaikh Aadam saheb.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Misra|first=Satish C|title=Muslim Communities in Gujarat|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd.|year=1985|location=New Delhi|pages=31}}</ref> They were called as "Alavi" from now onward after their first ''da'i'' "Ali" after the schism. Thus, Alavi Bohras maintained their own separate identity from other Bohra groups of Gujarat and Yemen, but the basic language pattern of all the Bohra communities remained unchanged, unlike the [[Sulaymani Bohra]]s who chose to embrace Urdu as their community language.

Thus due to these reasons and the migration of the Alavi Bohras from Ahmedabad to Vadodara in 1110 AH/1699 AD, they speak Lisaan ud-Da'wat, a blend of many languages including [[Luwati language|Khojki]]. However, Khojki has a minimal influence on the Alavi Bohra language and Sanskrit vocabulary also gradually degraded due to Gujarati influence on this language. Alavi Bohras read, write and speak an Arabicized form (permeated with Arabic and Persian vocabulary) of Gujarati called '''''Lisaan ud-Da'wat il-'Alaviyah'''-''لسان الدعوۃ العلویۃ-'''LDA''', i.e. the "Language of the {{not a typo|Truly}} Guided Mission of Ali" (29th Da'i called ''Saiyedna and martyr''). Today, Alavi Bohras are settled in Vadodara (Gujarat) which is the official headquarters of the 45th [[Da'i al-Mutlaq]] Saiyedna Haatim Zakiyuddin saheb, called "''ad-Da'wat ul-Haadiyat ul-'Alaviyah''-الدعوۃ الهادیۃ العلویۃ" – the Rightly Guided Alavi Mission.
{| class="wikitable"
!
{| class="wikitable"
|LDA
| colspan="4" |<big>محبو عبادۃ کرو صبح و شام</big>
|-
|Couplet
|Mohibbo
|'Ibādat
|Karo
|Subah-o-shām
|-
|Language
|Arabic
|Arabic
|Gujarati
|Persian
|-
|English
|Loving people
|Worship
|Do
| Morning-and-evening
|-
|Translation
| colspan="4" |O people of love! Worship (your Lord) in morning and evening
|}
!
!
{| class="wikitable"
|LDA
| colspan="5" |<big>عبادۃ سی ملسے فضیلۃ تمام</big>
|-
|Couplet
|'Ibādat
|Si
|Milse
|Fazilat
|Tamām
|-
|Language
|Arabic
|Gujarati
|Gujarati
|Arabic
|Persian
|-
|English
|Worship
|By
|Will get
|Merits
|All
|-
|Translation
| colspan="5" |All merits you will get by worship
|}
|}

{| class="wikitable"
!
{| class="wikitable"
|LDA
| colspan="5" |<big>تمیں دنیا نی دولت چھو</big>
|-
|Couplet
|Tame
|Duniyā
| Ni
|Daulat
|Cho
|-
|Language
|Gujarati
|Arabic
|Gujarati
|Arabic
|Gujarati
|-
|English
|You
|World
|'s
|Wealth
|Are
|-
|Translation
| colspan="5" |You are the wealth of the World
|}
!
!
{| class="wikitable"
|LDA
|
| colspan="4" |<big>تمیں عقبی نی عزت چھو</big>
|-
|Couplet
|Tame
|'Uqbā
|Ni
|'Izzat
|Cho
|-
|Language
|Gujarati
|Arabic
|Gujarati
|Arabic
|Gujarati
|-
|English
|You
|Hereafter
|'s
|Respect
|Are
|-
|Translation
| colspan="5" |You are the respect of the Hereafter
|}
|}

=== Sound change and semantic change ===
==== Sound change====
[[Sound change]] is the most studied area in [[historical linguistics]]. Sound tends to change over time and due to contacts with other languages. Sound change also helps to determine whether languages are related.

{| class="wikitable"
!Example
!Standard Gujarati
!LDA
!Meaning
|-
|i.
|pankho - પંખો
|fankho پھنکھو
|fan
|-
|ii.
|aapo - આપો
|aalo آلو
|give
|}
In example i, the sound /p/ in 'pankho', meaning "fan", changes to the sound /f/ in 'fankho', meaning "fan". This change has come due to the interaction of Arabic, as it does not have the sound /p/. A similar case is given in example ii.
''Other examples:''
{| class="wikitable"
!Example
!Standard Gujarati
!LDA
!Meaning
|-
|iii.
|vAL - વાળ
|bAl - بال
|hair
|-
|iv.
|maL - મળ
|mil - مل
|meet
|-
|v.
|vAdaL - વાદળ
|vAdal - وادل
|cloud
|-
|vi.
|kangAL - કંગાળ
|kangAl - کاگل
|poor
|-
|vii.
|kAraN - કારણ
|kAran - کارن
|reason
|-
|viii.
|AngaN - આંગણ
|Angan - آنگن
|courtyard
|-
|ix.
|pahAD - પહાઽ
|pahAr - پھاڑ
|mountain
|-
|x.
|dahAD - દહાઽ
|dahAr - دھاڑ
|lion roar
|-
|xi.
|soDam - સોઽમ
|soram - سورم
|smell
|-
|xii.
|kadvAS - કઽવાશ
|kadvAs - کڑواس
|bitterness
|-
|xiii.
|mithAS - મિઠાશ
|mithAs - متھاس
|sweetness
|-
|xiv.
|Su - શું
|su - سوں
|what
|}
In example iii, the retroflex sound /L/ in vaL meaning "hair" changes to the alveolar /l/ in bAl. Similar cases are shown in iv, v and vi. In example vii, the retroflex sound /N/ in 'kAran', meaning "reason", changes to the alveolar sound /n/ in 'kAran'. A similar case is shown in example viii. In example ix, the retroflex sound /D/ in 'pahAD', meaning "mountain", changes to the alveolar sound /r/ in 'pahAr'. Similar cases are shown in examples x and xi. In example xii, the postalveolar sound /S/ in 'kadvAS', meaning "bitterness", changes to the alveolar sound /s/ in 'kadvAs'. Similar cases are shown in examples xiii and xiv.

From the above examples iii to xiv, it is observed that all of the retroflex and postalveolar sounds in Standard Gujarati changes to alveolar sounds in Alavi Bohra. This change is again due to the contact of Arabic and Persian, as the later languages do not possess retroflex and postalveolar sounds, thus they are changed to alveolar sounds in LDA.

From example i to xiv, it can be observed that, though they have borrowed words from Gujarati, the words are themselves blended with Arabic, Urdu and Persian. Thus, Alavi Bohras use an Arabisized form of Gujarati.

{| class="wikitable"
!Example
!Standard Gujarati
!LDA
!Meaning
|-
|xv.
|cap - કપ
|cup کپ ۔
|cup
|-
|xvi.
|barAbar - બરાબર
|barobar برابر ۔
|proper
|-
|xvii.
|hoshiyAr - હોંશિયાર
|hushiyAr ھشیار ۔
|clever
|-
|xviii.
|khushbU - ખુશબૂ
|khushbo خش بو ۔
|fragrance
|}
In example xv, the mid vowel /a/ in 'cap', meaning "cup", changes to the close-mid vowel /u/ in 'cup', meaning "cup", when followed by a stop, similar to example xvi. In example xvi, the open vowel /A/ in 'barAbar', meaning "proper", changes to the close-mid vowel /o/ in 'barobar' when followed by a stop. The same is the case with examples xvii and xviii, where the close-mid vowel of the end vowel of /o/ changes to /u/. Thus, if open and mid-vowels are followed by a stop/plosive sound, they change to close-mid vowels.

{| class="wikitable"
!Example
!Standard Gujarati
!LDA
!Meaning
|-
|xix.
|kem - કેમ
|kim - کیم
|why
|-
|xx.
|em - અેમ
|im - ایم
|that's why
|-
|xxi.
|namak - નમક
|nimak - نمک
|salt
|-
|xxii.
|gaL - ગળ
|gil - گل
|swallow
|-
|xxiii.
|ketla - કેટલા
|kitla - کتلا
|how many/much
|-
|xxiv.
|etla - અેટલા
|itla - اتلا
|this much
|-
|xxv.
|jetla - જેટલા
|jitla - جتلا
|that much
|}
In example xix, the close-mid vowel /e/ in 'kem', meaning "why", changes to the close vowel /i/ in 'kim'. Similarly, in example xx, the close mid vowel changes to a close vowel when followed by the nasal sound /m/. In example xxi, the mid vowel /a/ of 'namak', meaning "salt", changes to the close vowel /i/ in 'nimak' when followed by the nasal sound /m/. Also in example xxii, the mid vowel /a/ of 'gaL', meaning "swallow", changes to the close vowel /i/ in 'gil' when followed by the alveolar sound /l/. This means that if the close-mid and mid vowels are followed by a nasal sound /m/ or alveolar sound /l/, the sound changes to a close vowel. Similarly in example xxiii, the close-mid vowel /e/ in 'ketla', meaning "how many/much", changes to the close vowel /i/ in 'kitla'. Similar cases are shown in examples xxiv and xxv. Thus, close-mid and mid vowels change to close vowels when followed by the nasal sound /m/ or alveolar sound /l/ and /t/.

Thus, from example xv to xxv, we can observe that the open vowels tend to move towards the close vowels, affecting the Gujarati lexicon.

{| class="wikitable"
!Example
!Standard Gujarati
!LDA
!Meaning
|-
|xxvi.
|kyaare - ક્યારે
|kiwaare - کیوارے
|when
|-
|xxvii.
|tyaare - ત્યારે
|tiwaare - تیوارے
|at this time/then
|-
|xxviii.
|jyaare - જ્યારે
|jiwaare - جیوارے
|at that time/then
|}
In example xxvi, the consonant sounds /k/ and /y/ of 'kyaare', meaning "when", are separated by the vowel sound /i/, and the consonant sound /v/ is also infixed in 'kiwaare'. [[Infixation]] is a morphological process whereby a bound morpheme attaches within a root or stem. Infixation is a very common process in Arabic. Similar cases are shown in examples xxvii and xxviii.

A distinctive feature of the [[Semitic languages]] is the triliteral or triconsonantal root, composed of three consonants separated by vowels. The basic meaning of a word is expressed by the [[consonant]]s, and different shades of this basic meaning are indicated by vowel changes. This distinctive feature of Semitic languages may be affecting the Gujarati words in examples xv, xvi, and xix. Thus, this distinctive feature may also be responsible for the vowel changes in examples xv to xix.

Hence, from examples i to xxviii, we can observe that, although they have borrowed words from Gujarati, there is an impact of Arabic, Persian and Urdu due to the [[language contact]]. Also, we can say that these language contacts are affecting the Gujarati language internally.

=== Vocabulary ===
====Semantic Change====
Semantic change is a change in one of the meanings of a word.

{| class="wikitable"
!Ex
!Standard Gujarati
!Meaning
!LDA
!Meaning
|-
|i.
|rasoi - રસોઈ
|to cook
|pakAvvu - پکاوؤ
|to cook/to ripen
|-
|
|pakAvvu - પકાવવું
|to ripen
|pakAvvu - پکاوؤ
|to cook/to ripen
|}
In the above example, in standard Gujarati 'rasoi' means "to cook" and 'pakavvu' means "to ripen", and in LDA 'pakavvu' means both "to cook" and "to ripen". 'Pakna' means "to cook" as well as "to ripen" in Urdu. Here the meaning of "to ripen" is extended metaphorically. Metaphor in semantic change involves extensions in the meaning of a word that suggest a semantic similarity or connection between the new sense and the original one. Thus, due to the contact of Urdu and metaphorical extension they have dropped the word 'rasoi' and have adopted the word 'pakAvvu' to explain both the senses of to cook and to ripen.

{| class="wikitable"
!Ex
!Standard Gujarati
!Meaning
!LDA
!Meaning
|-
|ii.
|who (nominative)
|I (nominative)
|me (nominative) - میں
|I (nominative)
|-
|
|me (ergative)
|I (ergative)
|me (ergative) - میں
|I (ergative)
|}
In example ii, like in example i, in Gujarati 'who (nominative)' means "I" and 'me (ergative)' means "I", but in LDA, 'me' means "I" in both the cases. Also, in Urdu Language "mE" and in Persian "man" meaning "I" are used in both the cases. Thus, due to the contact of Urdu and Persian and metaphorical extension they have dropped the word 'who' and have adopted the word 'me' to explain both the senses I (nominative) and I (ergative). Thus, from example i and ii, we can observe the impact of Urdu and Persian on Gujarati through metaphorical extension.

====Semantic borrowing====
Semantic borrowing is the process of borrowing the entire semantic meaning from a language. Semantic borrowing occurs when two or more languages come into contact.

{| class="wikitable"
!Ex
!Standard Gujarati
!Borrowed word in LDA
!Meaning
|-
|i.
|bhikAri - ભીખારી
|faqir (Urdu) - فقیر
|beggar
|-
|ii.
|ghar - ઘર
|makAn (Arabic) - مکان
|house
|-
|iii.
|sandeSo - સંદેશો
|peghAm (Persian) - پیغام
|message
|-
|vi.
|salAh - સલાહ
|nasiHat (Arabic) - نصیحۃ
|advice
|-
|v.
|icchA - ઇચ્છા
|khwAhis (Persian) - خواھش
|wish
|-
|vi.
|chopdi - ચોપડી
|kitAb (Urdu) - کتاب
|book
|}
Thus, from the above examples i to vi, it is observed that Alavi Bohras speak borrowed words from Arabic, Persian and Urdu. Hence, they use a particular form of Gujarati permeated with Arabic, some Persian words, and some Urdu words and write in the Arabic script called Lisaan ud-Da'wat il-'Alaviyah. This unique language makes the Alavi Bohras linguistically different from other Bohra sects.

=== Recognition ===
After the 21st [[Fatimid Caliphate|Faatemi]] [[At-Tayyib Abu'l-Qasim|Imam Maulaana at-Taiyeb]] went into seclusion in 528 AH/1134 CE from [[Egypt]], his deputy, legatee and vicegerent, who is called the ''Da'i'' (a spiritual head or a missionary working on the divine command of Imam in seclusion), started a religious mission in the name of Imam at-Taiyeb for the purpose of self-searching and purity wherever Isma'ili-Taiyebi people were staying. This mission came to be known as "''ad-Da'wat ul-Haadiyat ut-Taiyebiyah-الدعوۃ الهادیۃ الطیبیۃ''"<ref name=":2">Rightly Guided Mission of the last Islamic Muhammad and his progeny till the present Da'i Saiyedna Haatim Zakiyuddin saheb</ref> meaning "The Rightly Guided Mission of Imam at-Taiyeb". This religious mission continued in [[Yemen]] between 532–974 AH (1138–1567 AD), from the first Da'i Saiyedna Zoeb till the 24th Da'i Saiyedna Yusuf having official language Arabic. During this period, as the time demanded and need arose, many Waali-Mullas (the representatives of Da'i who in his absence is entitled to do all religious activities) were appointed to teach in the Madrasah Taiyebiyah all aspects of the religious and social knowledge to the people. At each place where the Isma'ili-Taiyebi community resided, there used to be a learned and pious mulla who conducted various classes of religious teachings-''dars'' and ''halqah''<ref>A group of pupils who as per their mental capacity take sectarian Islamic knowledge from designated teacher after morning prayers in a mosque</ref> with different groups of students under the direct guidance of the Yemeni Da'i.
[[File:Saiyedna fakhruddin saheb diwan e haseen 1308 AH khazaano ilm no.jpg|alt=Anthology of 41st Da'i|thumb|41st Da'i Saiyedna Jivabhai Fakhruddin saheb wrote this poem (bayt) on acquiring Knowledge in 1914 AD in his anthology Diwaan e Haseen in LDA]]
As the Isma'ili-Taiyebis, residing in Gujarat (Ahmedabad) and nearby areas were very enterprising, enthusiastic, progressive and soulfully involved in business and accordingly in their daily affairs and conduct, they were called "Bohras" (excellent or unique community). Because of their lineage to the 21st Imam at-Taiyeb, they came to be known as Isma'ili Taiyebi Bohras.<ref>Belief in the 6th Imam Isma'ili, the son of 5th Fatemi Imam Ja'far as-Sadiq and 21st Imaam Taiyeb Abul Qasim and the Da'i in his seclusion</ref> In the 9th and 10th century AH, a special delegation used to come to Gujarat from Yemen, where Arabic was in vogue, and teach the local Waali-Mulla by giving necessary instruction from the Da'i, conduct examinations, inspect the madrasahs, and teach Arabic to smart students. Some of these students were sent to Yemen to acquire higher religious education under the inspection of the Da'i himself.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Engineer|first=Asghar Ali|title=The Bohras|publisher=Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.|year=1993|location=Delhi|pages=115, 116}}</ref> This way the trade and social relations between Yemen, Hind and Sindh<ref name=":3">The representative of Imam, Da'i has these three Jazaa'ir-Islands in his command. He then sends his deputies to other places of the world to see community affairs</ref> became stronger and the lingual expressions, dialects and accents of Arabic, Persian, Urdu and Gujarati got mixed together.<ref>Saiyedna, Fidaali Badruddin - al-Qaraatis ul-'Alaviyah</ref> Keeping the main structure of the Gujarati language intact, normally Arabic, Persian and Urdu words were introduced by the learned people and gradually the community as a whole began using them in their daily and routine conversations.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Deeni Newsletter|first=Mishkaat ul Haadi|date=20 May 2004|title=Apni Zabaan|url=http://alavibohra.org/alavibohra/index.php/archived/archived-aritcles#1425%20AH|volume=1|pages=4|journal=Mishkaat Ul-Haadi|via=Alavi Da'wat Library}}</ref>

After the demise of 24th Da’i in Yemen, the seat or the centre of this religious mission, ad-Da’wat ul-Haadiyat ut-Taiyebiyah, in 975 AH/1567 AD was transferred to Ahmedabad.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hayderali Diwaanji|first=Abd ut Taiyeb|title=Hadaa'iq Sirat e Fozalaa e Ahmedabad|publisher=Matba' e Mohammadi|year=1944|location=Mumbai|pages=20, 21}}</ref> And from the time of 25th Da’i, Saiyedna Jalaal<ref>The first Da'i of India (Ahmedabad) and his period marked the last row of Waali-Mulla (Maulaai)</ref> when he took the reign of Da’wat (mission), the Arabicized Gujarati language took the forefront in recognizing the micro-minority community<ref>The term denotes that in the world Muslims are in minority, then among Muslims Shi'as are in minority, then among Shi'as, Isma'ilis are in minority, then among them are the Bohras and the last are Alavis, who are the smallest group among Bohras</ref> i.e. Bohras to the masses in Western India and it was exclusively spoken by them. This Arabic-blended fantastic offshoot of Gujarati Language survived and its vocabulary prospered because of an active involvement, direct patronage and encouragement from the Da’i. The 31st Alavi Da'i Saiyedna Hasan Badruddin (d. 1090AH/1679 AD) of Ahmedabad noted for his anthology<ref>This collection of poems consists of Contemporary historic events involving Mughal dignitaries of Ahmedabad known as "Diwaan e Hasan"</ref> in Arabic also wrote Fa'al-Naamah<ref>A book having detailed instruction of seeking betterment for every worldly affairs through Qur'anic verses and the supplications of Ahl ul Bayt</ref> in LDA. This book gives a clear idea that apart from Arabic, Persian too had a huge influence on the lexicon of LDA.

In Vadodara, 41st Da'i al-Mutlaq Saiyedna Jivabhai Fakhruddin (d. 1347 AH/1929 AD) wrote many poems in LDA,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Vezaarat ud-Da'wat ul Haadiyah|first=Markaz ut-Tarbiyah wat Ta'leem|title=as-Sahifat ut-Taiyebiyah|publisher=ad-Da'wat ul Haadiyat ul-'Alaviyah|year=2010|location=Vadodara|pages=10, 11}}</ref> some of them are recited regularly by Alavi Bohras "''Aye Mumino socho zara, duniyaa che aa daar e fanaa''" (O ye believer, this worldly life is but temporary) and "''Khazaano ilm no mushkil-kushaa ni itrat che''" (The treasure of knowledge is the progeny of [[Ali|Ali ibn Abi Talib]], the legatee of [[Muhammad]]). Apart from this 35th [[Da'i al-Mutlaq]] Saiyedna Noorbhai Nuruddin (d. 1178 AH/1764 AD) in Surat compiled ''as-Sahifat un-Nooraaniyah'' having detailed explanation of Ritual Purity (''[[Wudu|wuzu]]'') and Prayer (''[[Salah|namaaz]]'') with supplications along with Q&A of [[Isma'ilism|Isma'ili jurisprudence]] in '''LDA.'''[[File:Majlis a husaini.jpg|alt=Spiritual Head|thumb|Aqaa Maulaa delivering a lecture in LDA in 2016 AD]]

=== Writing system ===
LDA is basically inspired and based on the 28-letter alphabet of Arabic. Because the missionaries had to deal with local people in Gujarat for trade and religious affairs, they included 16 other letters of Gujarati for better communication and expression. LDA thus contained 44 letters. From these, three independent letters, Pe-پ (પ), Che-چ (ચ), and Ghaaf-گ (ગ), are widely used to incorporate Gujarati, Persian and Urdu terminology that cannot be written in the Arabic alphabet. Three other letters modified from Arabic that are used exclusively for Gujarati words are ٹ ,ڈ, and ڑ (ઽ,ટ).

Thirteen other letters are from the Haa-ھ family. "Haa" is mixed with different letters to get letters of different languages, such as baa-haa (بھ,ભ), baa-taa (تھ,થ), baa-ţaa (ٹھ,ઠ), pe-haa (پھ,ફ), jeem-haa (جھ,ઝ), che-haa (چھ,છ), daal-haa (دھ,ધ), ďaal-haa (ڈھ,ઙ), kaaf-haa (کھ,ખ), and gaaf-haa (گھ,ઘ).

'''''28 [[Arabic]] letters used in LDA:'''''
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |Sr. No.
! colspan="2" |LDA
! colspan="3" |Example
! colspan="2" |Equivalent letters
|-
!Letter
!Transliteration
!Example
!Transliteration
!Translation
!Gujarati
!English
|-
|1.
|ا
|Alif
|اللہ
|Allaah
|The Almighty
|અ
|A
|-
|2.
|ب
|Baa (be)
|باب
|Baab
|Door
|બ
|B
|-
|3.
|ت
|Taa (te)
|تمام
|Tamaam
|Complete
|ત
|T
|-
|4.
|ث
|Ṯhaa (se)
|ثمر
|Ṯhamar
|Fruit
|સ઼઼
|Ṯ
|-
|5.
|ج
|Jeem
|جلال
|Jalaal
|Glory
|જ
|J
|-
|6.
|ح
|Ḥaa (he)
|حسد
|Ḥasad
|Jealousy
|હ઼
|Ḥ
|-
|7.
|خ
|Khaa (khe)
|خادم
|Khaadim
|Servant
|ખ઼
|Ḵh
|-
|8.
|د
|Daal
|دراز
|Daraaz
|Long
|દ
|D
|-
|9.
|ذ
|Ḍhaal (zaal)
|ذخيره
|Dhakheerah
|Treasure
|ઝ્
|Ḍh
|-
|10.
|ر
|Raa (re)
|رحمة
|Rahmat
|Grace
|ર
|R
|-
|11.
|ز
|Zay (ze)
|زمين
|Zameen
|Land
|ઝ
|Z
|-
|12.
|س
|Seen
|سحر
|Sahar
|Morning
|સ
|S
|-
|13.
|ش
|Sheen
|شکر
|Shukr
|Thanks-giving
|શ
|Sh
|-
|14.
|ص
|Ṣaad (suad)
|صبر
|Ṣabr
|Patience
|સ્
|Ṣ
|-
|15.
|ض
|Ẓaad (zuaad)
|ضمانة
|Ẓamaanat
|Security
|ઝ઼
|Ẓ
|-
|16.
|ط
|Ṭoe
|طاقة
|Ṭaaqat
|Strength
|ત઼
|Ṭ
|-
|17.
|ظ
|Żoe
|ظالم
|Żaalim
|Tyrant
|ઝં
|Ż
|-
|18.
|ع
|'Ain
|عقل
|'Aql
|Intellect
|અ્
|'A
|-
|19.
|غ
|Ghain
|غلط
|Ghalat
|Wrong
|ગ
|Gh
|-
|20.
|ف
|Faa (fe)
|فجر
|Fajar
|Dawn
|ફ
|F
|-
|21.
|ق
|Qaaf
|قلم
|Qalam
|Pen
|ક઼
|Q
|-
|22.
|ك
|Kaaf
|كرم
|Karam
|Blessing
|ક
|K
|-
|23.
|ل
|Laam
|لب
|Lab
|Lips
|લ
|L
|-
|24.
|م
|Meem
|مال
|Maal
|Money
|મ
|M
|-
|25.
|ن
|Nun
|نجم
|Najm
|Star
|ન
|N
|-
|26.
|ه
|Haa (he)
|هفته
|Haftah
|Week
|હ
|H
|-
|27.
|و
|Waaw
|وزن
|Wazan
|Weight
|વ
|W
|-
|28.
|ي
|Yaa (ye)
|ياد
|Yaad
|Remembrance
|ય
|Y
|}
'''''6 letters of different languages used in LDA:'''''
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |Sr. No.
! colspan="2" |LDA
! colspan="3" |Example
! colspan="2" |Equivalent letters
|-
!Letter
!Transliteration
!LDA
!Transliteration
!Translation
!Gujarati
!English
|-
|29.
|ٹ
|Ťe
|ٹامٹو
|Ťaameto
|Tomato
|ટ
|Ť
|-
|30.
|ڈ
|Ďaal
|ڈاڑم
|Ďařam
|Pomegranate
|ડ
|Ď
|-
|31.
|ڑ
|Řaa
|پھاڑ
|Pahaař
|Mountain
|ઙ
|Ř
|-
|32.
|پ
|Pe
|پنکھو
|Pankho
|Fan
|પ
|P
|-
|33.
|چ
|Che
|چکلي
|Chakli
|Sparrow
|ચ
|Ch
|-
|34.
|گ
|Gaaf
|گاي
|Gaai
|Cow
|ગ
|G
|}

'''''10 Gujarati letters derived from the Haa (ﻫ) family used in LDA:'''''
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |Sr. No.
! colspan="2" |LDA
! colspan="3" |Example
! colspan="2" |Equivalent letters
|-
!Letter
!Transliteration
!LDA
!Transliteration
!Translation
!Equivalent letter in Gujarati
!Equivalent letter in English
|-
|35.
|بھ
|Bha
|بھاري
|Bhaari
|Heavy
|ભ
|Bh
|-
|36.
|تھ
|Tha
|تھالي
|Thaali
|Plate
|થ
|Th
|-
|37.
|ٹھ
|Ťha
|ٹھوکر
|Ťhokar
|Stumbling
|ઠ
|Ťh
|-
|38.
|پھ
|Pha
|پھول
|Phool
|Flower
|ફ
|Ph
|-
|39.
|جھ
|Jha
|جھنڈو
|Jhando
|Flag
|ઝ
|Jh
|-
|40.
|چھ
|Cha
|چھاتي
|Chaati
|Chest
|છ
|Ch
|-
|41.
|دھ
|Dha
|دهومو
|Dhumo
|Smoke
|ધ
|Dh
|-
|42.
|ڈھ
|Ďha
|ڈهكن
|Ďhakkan
|Lid
|ઢ
|Ďh
|-
|43.
|كھ
|Kha
|كھيتر
|Khaytar
|Farm
|ખ
|Kh
|-
|44.
|گھ
|Gha
|گھر
|Ghar
|House
|ઘ
|Gh
|}

== Language Influence on Names ==
Humans devised names to identify different things. The 99 beautiful names - [[Names of God in Islam|al-Asmaa ul-Husnaa]] - described in the holy Qur'an and assigned to Allah are in fact the qualities of His representative-Prophet who will spiritually elevate a believer in the eyes of Allah for his eternal journey. These Prophets from [[Adam]] till [[Muhammad|Mohammad]], has names either in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] or in [[Arabic]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Grant|first=Anthony P.|title=The Oxford Handbook of Language Contact|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2019|isbn=9780199945092|location=New York, USA|pages=34}}</ref> In the beginning of [[Islam]], among Arabs and non-Arabs in and around [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabian peninsula]], Muslims followed the tradition of naming their children after the names of Prophets, their companions, historic events and places, honorific titles of learned men, Qur'anic words etc.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Yusuf|first=Prof. S. M.|title=Studies in Islamic History and Culture|publisher=Adam Publishers & Distributors|year=2005|isbn=9788174350954|location=New Delhi|pages=219}}</ref> This tradition continued in almost all sects of Islam.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Damrosch|first=David|title=World Literature in Theory|publisher=Wiley|year=2014|isbn=9781118407691|location=UK|pages=451}}</ref>

After the seclusion of 21st [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimid]] Musta'alavi Imam [[At-Tayyib Abu'l-Qasim|at-Taiyeb]] from [[Cairo]] in 528 AH, his missionaries-Du'aat in [[Yemen]] carried forward this tradition with the addition of naming the children after the Fatimid Imams, their titles and companions. The representatives-''Wulaat'' of Yemeni missionaries in India named their children after their masters-''du’aat''.<ref name=":3" /> But around the tenure of 19th Da'i al Mutlaq [[Idris Imad al-Din|Idrees Imaaduddin]], apart from traditional names, in India local names of Gujarati communities got introduced and included in Bohra society.<ref name=":1" /> From then onwards, these names without having any religious, political or cultural identity became an integral part of Lisaan ud Da'wat. These names have travelled down to many generations and till now [[Alavi Bohras]] name their children keeping alive their ancestral legacy.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mujeeb|first=Mohammad|title=Islamic Influence on Indian Society|publisher=Meenakshi Prakashan, The University of Michigan|year=1972|isbn=|location=India|pages=179}}</ref>

To cite an example, we will first examine the non-Islamic names of the authorities in different religious hierarchies attached directly with the affairs and service of the Rightly Guided Mission- ad-Da'wat ul-Haadiyah.<ref name=":2" />
[[File:Daftar dawat 1319 AH.jpg|alt=list of the names of Alavi Bohras who were born and died during the 41st Da'i|thumb|351x351px|Names of Alavi Bohras (birth-death) recorded in a registry during the time of 41st & 42nd Da'i. These are the names of 1319 AH/1901 AD]]
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" | Status
! colspan="3" | Name
! colspan="2" | Period
! rowspan="2" | Description
|-
!Latin script
!LDA
!Latin script
!LDA
!Gujarati
!AH
!AD
|-
| rowspan="2" |Maulaai
| rowspan="2" |مولائي
|Bhaarmal & Taarmal
|بھارمل انے تارمل
|ભારમલ અને તારમલ
|487 AH
|1094 AD
|Viziers of [[Jayasimha Siddharaja|Siddhraj Jaisinh]], the ruler of Patan
|-
|Kalaan (Khwaaja)
|کلان) خواجہ)
|કલાન (ખ્વાજા)
|810 AH
|1407 AD
|Settled in newly built Ahmedabad
|-
|Miya
|میاں
|Maamji
|مامجي
|મામજી
|970 AH
|1562 AD
|Martyred while doing ablution in Ahmedabad
|-
| rowspan="2" |Maulaai
| rowspan="2" |مولائي
|Khawj
|خوج
|ખૌજ
|1009 AH
|1600 AD
|Historian of 26th & 27th Ahmedabadi missionary in Kapadwanj
|-
|Raajan
|راجن
|રાજન
|960 AH
|1533 AD
|Remained in the service of 24th Yemeni missionary
|-
|Ustaaz
|استاذ
|Shaahuji
|شاھوجي
|શાહૂજી
|997 AH
|1588 AD
|Teacher of 27th Ahmedabadi missionary
|-
|Saiyedna
|سیدنا
|Jivabhai
|جیوا بھائي
|જીવાભાઈ
|1090 AH
|1679 AD
|Name of 32nd missionary of Vadodara
|-
| rowspan="2" |Maa sahebah
| rowspan="2" |ماں صاحبہ
|Qibu
|قیبو
|કીબુ
|1320 AH
|1902 AD
|Mother of 41st missionary of Vadodara
|-
|Raanibu
|راني بو
|રાનીબુ
|1361 AH
|1942 AD
|Wife of 42nd missionary of Vadodara
|}
Apart from the dignitaries whose names find mention in the Alavi historical accounts, there are many such names found till date among the common Alavi Bohras who name their children as per the names of their ancestors to keep their memories alive. Before the migration to [[Vadodara]], Alavi Bohras had names suffixed with either "Khaan" or " Ji" or " Shaah", but after migration in 1110AH/1698 AD this trend gradually got transformed into "Bhai".
{| class="wikitable"
! Male
! LDA
! Gujarati
! Female
! Gujarati
! LDA
|-
|Raaj
|راج
|રાજ
|Jibu
|જીબુ
|جیبو
|-
|Kikabhai
|کیکا بھائي
|કીકાભાઈ
|Buji
|બુજી
|بوجي
|-
|Chaandji
|چاندجي
|ચાંદજી
|Maanek
|માણેક
|مانک
|-
|Abuji
|أبوجي
|અબુજી
|Ratan
|રતન
|رتن
|-
|Jivan
|جیون
|જીવન
|Khaatoon
|ખાતૂન
|خاتون
|-
|Musanji
|موسنجي
|મુસનજી
|Khursheed
|ખુરશીદ
|خورشید
|-
|Taajkhan
|تاجخان
|તાજખાન
|Hira
|હીરા
|ھیرا
|-
|Khanji
|خانجي
|ખાનજી
|Mithan
|મીઠન
|میٹھن
|}

== First Documented Work ==
[[File:Saiyedna shaikh adam saheb 1025 AH (1) with wm.jpg|alt=LDA and the documents of Ahmedabad|thumb|171x171px|One of the First Document having instructions in LDA]]
The missionaries-''Du'aat''<ref>It is the plural of Da'i or a summoner, caller or the designated person authorized to invite people to the Rightly Guided Mission (ad-Da'wat ul-Haadiyah) by an Imam from the progeny of Muhammad</ref> of [[Ahmedabad]] has a distinction over the Du'aat of [[Yemen]]. Yemeni missionaries had their mother tongue Arabic and thus the literature of Taiyebi Isma'ilism<ref>A branch of Isma'ilism established in Yemen after the seclusion of 21st Imam at-Taiyeb. Missionaries carried out religious mission in his name and they are divinely appointed by his progeny in seclusion.</ref> between 532-975 AH/1138-1568 AD has been entirely written in Arabic. The same sectarian literature was taught in religious schools-madrasahs under the direct supervision of [[Da'i al-Mutlaq]] to not only Yemeni people but also to those who had come from western India to acquire knowledge of different theological branches. Clever and dedicated Indian students were elevated to some status and were gradually assigned Da'wah services in India. Those scholars or designated people-Maulaai who came back to India brought with them the Yemeni Da'wah Arabic.
[[File:Saiyedna shaikh adam saheb 1025 AH (2) with wm.jpg|alt=LDA and the documents of Ahmedabad|thumb|183x183px|Another page from the same work]]
These learned men taught in turn the fundamentals of Taiyebi faith wrapped in the multi-lingual robe. When the 25th Da'i al-Mutlaq Saiyedna Jalaal Fakhruddin (d. 975 AH/1567 AD) was in Ahmedabad and his predecessor was on the throne of Da'wat in Yemen, the last batch of Maulaai from Ahmedabad and other towns were given guidance and training to shoulder the responsibilities of Taiyebi Bohra community.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Abd al-Taiyeb|first=Hayderali|title=Hadaa'iq o Sirat e Fozalaa e Ahmedabad|publisher=Matba' Mohammadi|year=1944|location=Mumbai|pages=76–77}}</ref> Now the seat and centre of Da'wat e Haadiyah was going to be shifted from Yemen to Ahmedabad. 25th, 26th and 27th Da'is were among the last missionaries to get an opportunity to study in Yemen. They then ordered scholars to teach clever followers Arabic, Persian and Urdu. At that time there were at least 140 places in and around Gujarat where all branches of learning were taught in madrasahs to Bohra students.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Khawj|first=Bin Malak|title=Kaukab e Falak|publisher=Matba' Taiyebi|year=1901|location=Mumbai|pages=143}}</ref> To make religious learning more simple and understandable, scholars made serious efforts in using Gujarati as a medium of communication with masses and thus giving it a new form as Arabicized Gujarati.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Daftary|first=Farhad|title=Historical Dictionary of the Ismailis|publisher=Scarecrow Press, Inc.|year=2012|isbn=978-0-8108-6164-0|location=Maryland|pages=105}}</ref> As the case with many languages, it was initially verbal then got documented and written in many works of missionaries. It was not the work of a day or two, but it took one and a half century to reach its peak. This coincided with the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] control over Gujarat in the 17th century AD.<ref name=":1" />

Here, we will examine pages taken from "Sahifat us Salaat" (Book for the Understanding of Prayer) written by the pupil of 29th Da'i al-Mutlaq Ali Shamsuddin (d. 1046 AH/1637 AD) in Ahmedabad during the time of his grandfather 28th Da'i al-Mutlaq Shaikh Aadam Safiyuddin (d. 1030 AH/1621 AD) in 1025 AH/1616 AD.
[[File:Sahifah table 1.jpg|alt=words of old LDA|center|thumb|619x619px|Understanding of some the words of LDA used in the said MSS having old style of writing]]

==See also==
* [[Old Gujarati language]]

== Notes ==
{{noteslist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Appel and Muysken. (1987). Language Contact and Bilingualism. U.S.A.: Oxford University Press. Hans Hock, H. and Joseph Brian, D. (1996). Language History; Language Change and Language relationship: An Introduction to Historical and Comparative Linguistics. New York: Wolter de Groyter, Library of Congress Cataloging in publication data.
* Campbell, L. (1999). Historical Linguistics: An Introduction. London: Edinburgh University Press
* Bomhard, Allan, R. (1984). Toward Proto-Nostratic: A new approach to the comparison of Proto-Indo European and Proto-Afro-Asiatic. Amsterdam: John Benjamin Publishing Company.
* Daftary, F. (2007). The Ismailis: Their history and Doctrines. New York: Cambridge University Press.
* Daftary, F. (1996). Mediaveal Ismaili History and Thought. New York: Cambridge University Press.
* Ismail K. Poonawala, "The Pillars of Islam", Da'aim ul-Islam of al-Qadi al-Nu'man, Oxford University Press, 2002.
* Da'wat e A'laviyah Personal Library: Files of Letters & Correspondence-1815 AD.
* Katamba, F. (1993), Morphology, London: The Macmillan Press Limited.
* Qaraatis ud-Da'wat il-'Alaviyah, Alavi Library, Vadodara.

==External links==
* [http://alavibohra.org/ Official Website of Alavi Bohras with all Community Events and Activities]

{{Gujarati language}}
{{Western Indo-Aryan languages}}

[[Category:Alavi Bohras]]
[[Category:Dawoodi Bohras]]
[[Category:Gujarati language]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Shia Islam in India]]
[[Category:Ritual languages]]

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2026-03-01T02:10:58Z

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[[Atheism]] and [[agnosticism]] have a long history in India and flourish within the [[Śramaṇa|Śramaṇa movement]]. Indian religions like [[Jainism]], [[Hinduism]] and [[Buddhism]] consider atheism to be acceptable.<ref name="wayoflife">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J_-rASTgw8wC&pg=PA71|title=Hinduism, a way of life|last=Chakravarti|first=Sitansu|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|year=1991|isbn=978-81-208-0899-7|page=71|access-date=2011-04-09}}
</ref><ref name="Joshi">{{cite journal|last=Joshi|first=L.R.|year=1966|title=A New Interpretation of Indian Atheism|journal=Philosophy East and West|publisher=University of Hawai'i Press|volume=16|issue=3/4|pages=189–206|doi=10.2307/1397540|jstor=1397540}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cohen |first=Signe |date=2019-04-07 |title=There are 2.9 million atheists in India and it's been around in Asia for centuries |url=https://theprint.in/feature/there-are-2-9-million-atheists-in-india-and-its-been-around-in-asia-for-centuries/215680/ |access-date=2023-10-15 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Doubt]] has been ingrained even in Indian spiritual culture.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Bharath |first=Deepa |date=2023-10-05 |title=Nonreligious struggle to find their voice and place in Indian society and politics |url=https://apnews.com/article/india-atheists-rationalist-public-risk-7967186eb3bffade80e0d96e354a1baf |access-date=2023-10-14 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref>

India has produced some notable atheist politicians and [[reform movement|social reform]]ers.<ref name="secularism"/> Around 0.7 million people in India did not state their religion in the 2001 census and were counted in the "religion not stated" category. They constituted 0.06% of India's population. Their number has significantly increased four times, from 0.7&nbsp;million in the 2001 census to 2.9&nbsp;million in the 2011 census (0.24% of India's population) at an average annual rate of 15%.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Daniyal |first1=Shoaib |title=People without religion have risen in Census 2011, but atheists have nothing to cheer about |url=https://scroll.in/article/753475/people-without-religion-have-risen-in-census-2011-but-atheists-have-nothing-to-cheer-about |access-date=8 August 2022 |work=Scroll.in}}</ref><ref name="census_2011_religion">{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS |title=Population by religious community – 2011 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |access-date=25 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS |archive-date=25 August 2015}} Percentages are calculated from population figures for individual religions in this word document by dividing them from total population of India.</ref><ref name=census2011>{{cite web|title=All India Religion Census Data 2011|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/religion.php|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 March 2011}}</ref> According to the 2012 WIN-Gallup Global Index of Religion and Atheism report, 81% of Indians were religious, 13% were non-religious, 3% were convinced atheists, and 3% were unsure or did not respond,<ref name=gallup2012>{{cite web|title=Global Index of Religion And Atheism |url=http://redcresearch.ie/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/RED-C-press-release-Religion-and-Atheism-25-7-12.pdf |publisher=WIN-Gallup |access-date=3 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016062403/http://redcresearch.ie/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/RED-C-press-release-Religion-and-Atheism-25-7-12.pdf |archive-date=16 October 2012 }}</ref> while a demographic study by [[Cambridge University Press]] in 2004 found that around 2-6% of Indians identified as atheists or irreligious.<ref name=Zuckerman>{{cite book |last1=Zuckerman|first1=Phil|author-link1=Phil Zuckerman|editor1-last=Martin|editor1-first=Michael |title=The Cambridge Companion to Atheism|url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00mart_852|url-access=limited|date=2006 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521842709|pages=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00mart_852/page/n67 47]–66|chapter=Atheism: Contemporary Numbers and Patterns}}</ref>

== Indian History ==

===Ancient India===
{{See also|Śramaṇa}}Several ''śramaṇa'' movements are known to have existed in India before the 6th century BCE (pre-Buddha, pre-Mahavira), and these influenced both the [[āstika and nāstika]] traditions of Indian philosophy.<ref name="Ray, Reginald A. 1994">{{Cite book|title=Buddhist saints in India : a study in Buddhist values and orientations|last=Ray |first=Reginald A.|date=1994|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0195072022|location=New York|oclc=24211851}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Unifying Hinduism : philosophy and identity in Indian intellectual history|last=Nicholson |first=Andrew J.|isbn=9780231149877|edition= Paperback |location=New York |publisher=Columbia University Press |oclc=881368213|date = December 2013}}</ref> Martin Wiltshire says that the Śramaṇa tradition grew in India over two stages: the Paccekabuddha stage was the tradition of the individual ascetic, and the Savaka stage was the tradition of the disciples. Buddhism and Jainism eventually grew out of these two stages as different religions.<ref name="Wiltshire, Martin Gerald. 1990">{{Cite book|title=Ascetic figures before and in early Buddhism : the emergence of Gautama as the Buddha|last=Wiltshire |first=Martin Gerald.|date=1990|publisher=Mouton de Gruyter|isbn=0899254675|location=Berlin|oclc=22207705}}</ref> These traditions drew upon already established Brahmanical concepts, states Wiltshire, to formulate their own doctrines.<ref name="Wiltshire, Martin Gerald. 1990"/> Reginald Ray concurs that Śramaṇa movements already existed and were established traditions in pre-6th century BCE India, but disagrees with Wiltshire that they were nonsectarian before the arrival of Buddha.<ref name="Ray, Reginald A. 1994"/>

====Schools of Philosophy====
{{See also|Indian philosophy}}
In [[Indian philosophy]], there are six major orthodox (''[[Āstika and nāstika|astika]]'') schools of [[Hindu philosophy]]—[[Nyaya]], [[Vaisheshika]], [[Samkhya]], [[Yoga (philosophy)|Yoga]], [[Mīmāṃsā]] and [[Vedanta]], and five major heterodox ([[Āstika and nāstika|nāstika]]) schools of [[Śramaṇa]] —[[Jainism|Jain]], [[Buddhism|Buddhist]], [[Ajivika]], [[Ajñana]], and [[Cārvāka]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=A Comparative study of religions|last=Masih |first=Yakub |date=2005|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers|isbn=9788120808157|location=New Delhi|oclc=706614801}}</ref> The four most studied [[Āstika and nāstika|Nāstika]] schools, those rejecting the doctrine of [[Vedas]], are [[Jainism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Cārvāka]], and [[Ājīvika]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=An introduction to Hinduism|last=Flood |first=Gavin D. |date=1998|publisher=Cambridge University Press|others=Foundation Books |isbn=8175960280|edition= 1st South Asian paperback |location=[Cambridge, UK]|oclc=43575765}}</ref>

=====Charvaka=====
{{Main|Charvaka}}
{{Rquote|right|There is no heaven, no final liberation, nor any soul in another world, Nor do the actions of the four classes, orders, etc., produce any real effect.|from the '' Sarvadarśanasaṅ̇graha'', attributed to ''Brhaspati''<ref>{{cite book|author=Ramkrishna Bhattacharya|title=Studies on the Carvaka/Lokayata|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=59eygxzQTWQC&pg=PA91|year=2011|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=978-0-85728-433-4|page=91}}</ref><ref name="Madhava">{{cite book|author=Mādhava|title=The Sarva-darśana-saṃgraha|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/34125/34125-h/34125-h.htm|access-date=8 September 2013|year=1908|publisher=Project Gutenberg}}</ref>}}

The ''Cārvāka'' school originated in India around the 6th century BCE.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/Not-scared-of-God-but-man/articleshow/46570208.cms|title=Not scared of God, but man|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=15 March 2015 }}</ref> It is classified as a ''[[nāstika]]'' school. It is noteworthy as evidence of a [[Materialism|materialistic]] movement in ancient India.<ref name=moor>{{cite book|author1= Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan|author2= Charles A. Moore|title= A Sourcebook in Indian Philosophy|publisher= Princeton University Press|year= 1957|edition= Twelfth Princeton Paperback printing 1989|pages= [https://archive.org/details/sourcebookinindi00radh/page/227 227–249]|isbn= 0-691-01958-4|url= https://archive.org/details/sourcebookinindi00radh/page/227}}</ref> Followers of this school only accepted ''pratyakşa'' (perception) as a valid ''pramāna'' (evidence). They considered other ''pramāna'' like ''sabda'' (testimony), ''upamāna'' (analogy), and ''anumāna'' (inference) as unreliable.<ref name="pramana">{{cite book|author=Deepak Sarma|title=Classical Indian Philosophy: A Reader|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5TK5I6R9xtkC&pg=PA4|year=2011|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-13399-9|page=4}}</ref> As a result, perception could not support the existence of God or the soul (tman). They also considered everything to be made of four [[Mahābhūta|elements]]: earth, water, air, and fire. The Cārvāka pursued enjoyment of life and the elimination of physical pain. So, they can be considered [[hedonistic]].<ref name="hedonism">{{cite book|author=Eugene F. Bales|title=A Ready Reference to Philosophy East and West|url=https://archive.org/details/readyreferenceto0000bale|url-access=registration|access-date=7 September 2013|year=1987|publisher=University Press of America|isbn=978-0-8191-6640-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/readyreferenceto0000bale/page/211 211]–}}</ref> All of the original Cārvāka texts are considered lost.<ref name="carvakalost">{{cite book|author=William M. Indich|title=Consciousness in Advaita Vedanta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ykZjWOiBMoC&pg=PA35|year=2000|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1251-2|page=35}}</ref> A much-quoted ''[[sūtra]]'' ([[Barhaspatya sutras]]) by Brhaspati, who is considered the founder of the school, is thought to be lost.<ref>{{cite book|author=Eugene F. Bales|title=A Ready Reference to Philosophy East and West|url=https://archive.org/details/readyreferenceto0000bale|url-access=registration|access-date=7 September 2013|year=1987|publisher=University Press of America|isbn=978-0-8191-6640-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/readyreferenceto0000bale/page/211 211]}}</ref> The ''Tattvopaplavasimha'' by [[Jayarāśi Bhaṭṭa]] (8th century CE) and the ''Sarvadarśanasaṅ̇graha'' by [[Madhavacarya]] (13th century) are considered important secondary Cārvāka texts.<ref name="hedonism"/>

=====Samkhya=====
{{Main|Samkhya}}
''Sāṃkhya'' is an ''āstika'' school but has some atheistic elements. Sāṃkhya is a radically [[dualism (Indian philosophy)|dualist]] philosophy.<ref name="dual">{{cite book|author=Richard King|title=Indian Philosophy: An Introduction to Hindu and Buddhist Thought|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uca8R72W8iQC&pg=PA63|year=1999|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-7486-0954-3|pages=52, 63}}</ref> They believed that the two [[ontology|ontological principles]], ''puruṣa'' (consciousness) and ''prakriti'' (matter), were the underlying foundation of the universe.<ref name="dual"/><ref name="Dasgupta">{{cite book|author=Surendranath Dasgupta|title=A History of Indian Philosophy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PoaMFmS1_lEC&pg=PA238|year=1992|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0412-8|page=238}}</ref> The objective of life is considered to be the separation of pure consciousness from matter (''[[kaivalya]]'').<ref name=dual/> The reasoning within this system led to the ''Nir-isvara Sāṃkhya'' (''Sāṃkhya'' without God) philosophy, which deemed the existence of God as unnecessary.<ref name="nir-isavara">{{cite book|author=Dale Maurice Riepe|title=Naturalistic Tradition in Indian Thought|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UZZGEhp8gasC&pg=PA210|year=1996|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1293-2|page=210}}</ref> There is the opposing reasoning that accepts God, called ''Sesvara Sankhya'' (''Sāṃkhya'' with God).<ref name="withgod">{{cite book |author=Andrew J. Nicholson |title=Unifying Hinduism: Philosophy and Identity in Indian Intellectual History |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-52642-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/unifyinghinduism0000nich/page/118 118–] |title-link=Unifying Hinduism: Philosophy and Identity in Indian Intellectual History |date=14 October 2010 }}</ref> ''[[Samkhya Karika]]'' ({{Circa|350 CE}}) is the earliest known systematic text of this philosophy.<ref name=dual/>

=====Mīmāṃsā=====
{{Main|Mīmāṃsā}}
''[[Mīmāṃsā]]'' (meaning [[exegesis]])<ref name=dual/> is also an ''astika'' school. They believed the Vedas to be author-less and self-authenticating. They did not accept the Vedas as being composed by any ''[[ṛishi]]'' (saint), they considered them to not be authored by anyone (''apauruṣeya''). They accepted the minor deities of the Vedas but resisted any notion of a Supreme Creator. They only concentrated on upholding the ''[[ṛta]]'' (order) by following the duties of the Vedas. The foundational text of this school is the ''Mīmāṃsā Sutra'' by [[Jaimini]] (c. 200 BCE – 200 CE).<ref name=dual/>

=====Ājīvika=====
{{Main|Ājīvika}}
''[[Ājīvika]]'' is yet another ''nastika'' school with an atheistic outlook. None of their scriptures survive, and there is some question as to whether or not the accounts of them in secondary sources (often hostile) are accurate. They believed in a naturalistic atomic theory and held that the consequences of natural laws led to a deterministic universe. They denied [[karma]] but upheld the [[Ātman (Hinduism)|atman]]. They lived in ascetic communities and existed in southern India until at least the 14th century.

=====Buddhism and Jainism=====
{{See also|God in Buddhism|God in Jainism}}
[[Jainism]] rejects the idea of a [[creator deity]] responsible for the manifestation, creation, or maintenance of this universe. According to Jain doctrine, the universe and its constituents (soul, matter, space, time, and principles of motion) have [[Jainism and non-creationism|always existed]]. Along with this, as 'universal natural laws govern all of the components and actions, an immaterial being like God cannot create a material being like the universe'. Jainism offers an elaborate [[Jain cosmology|cosmology]], including heavenly beings (devas), but these beings are not viewed as creators; they are subject to suffering and change like all other living beings and must eventually die. Jains define godliness as the inherent quality of any soul characterised by infinite bliss, infinite power, [[Kevala Jnana]] (pure infinite knowledge),{{sfn|Sangave|2006|p=164}} and perfect peace. However, these qualities of a soul are subdued due to the [[Karma in Jainism|karmas]] of the soul. One who achieves this state of soul through [[Ratnatraya|right belief, right knowledge and right conduct]] can be termed a god. This perfection of the soul is called kevalin. A soul thus becomes a liberated soul—liberated of miseries, cycles of rebirth, the world, karmas, and finally of the body as well. This is called [[Moksha (Jainism)|moksha]].

[[Gautama Buddha]] rejected the existence of a [[Creator deity#Buddhism|creator deity]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Thera|first=Nyanaponika|title=Buddhism and the God-idea|url=http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/nyanaponika/godidea.html|work=The Vision of the Dhamma|publisher=Buddhist Publication Society|location=Kandy, Sri Lanka|quote=In Buddhist literature, the belief in a creator god (issara-nimmana-vada) is frequently mentioned and rejected, along with other causes wrongly adduced to explain the origin of the world; as, for instance, world-soul, time, nature, etc. God-belief, however, is placed in the same category as those morally destructive wrong views which deny the kammic results of action, assume a fortuitous origin of man and nature, or teach absolute determinism. These views are said to be altogether pernicious, having definite bad results due to their effect on ethical conduct.}}</ref><ref>''Approaching the Dhamma: Buddhist Texts and Practices in South and Southeast Asia'' by Anne M. Blackburn (editor), Jeffrey Samuels (editor). Pariyatti Publishing: 2003 {{ISBN|1-928706-19-3}} pg 129</ref> refused to endorse many views on creation,<ref>{{cite book|title=The All Embracing Net of Views: Brahmajala Sutta|year=2007|publisher=Buddhist Publication Society|chapter-url=http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.01.0.bodh.html|author=Bhikku Bodhi|editor=Access To Insight|location=Kandy, Sri Lanka|chapter=III.1, III.2, III.5}}</ref> and stated that questions on the origin of the world are not ultimately useful for ending [[dukkha|suffering]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Acintita Sutta: Unconjecturable|url=http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/an/an04/an04.077.than.html|work=AN 4.77|publisher=Access To Insight|author=Thanissaro Bhikku|language=en|year=1997|quote=Conjecture about [the origin, etc., of] the world is an unconjecturable that is not to be conjectured about, that would bring madness & vexation to anyone who conjectured about it.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Cula-Malunkyovada Sutta: The Shorter Instructions to Malunkya|url=http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.063.than.html|publisher=Access To Insight|author=Thanissaro Bhikku|language=en|year=1998|quote=It's just as if a man were wounded with an arrow thickly smeared with poison. His friends & companions, kinsmen & relatives would provide him with a surgeon, and the man would say, 'I won't have this arrow removed until I know whether the man who wounded me was a noble warrior, a priest, a merchant, or a worker.' He would say, 'I won't have this arrow removed until I know the given name & clan name of the man who wounded me... until I know whether he was tall, medium, or short... The man would die and those things would still remain unknown to him. In the same way, if anyone were to say, 'I won't live the holy life under the Blessed One as long as he does not declare to me that 'The cosmos is eternal,'... or that 'After death a Tathagata neither exists nor does not exist,' the man would die and those things would still remain undeclared by the Tathagata.}}</ref> [[Buddhism]] instead emphasises the system of causal relationships underlying the universe, [[pratītyasamutpāda]], which constitutes the [[dharma|dhamma]] and source of enlightenment. No dependence of phenomena on a supernatural reality is asserted in order to explain the behaviour of matter.

====Philosophers and ancient texts====
[[Ajita Kesakambali]] was a [[materialist]] philosopher. He is mentioned in the ''[[Samaññaphala Sutta]]''. He rejected gods, an afterlife and karma.<ref name="ajita kesa">{{cite book|author=David J. Kalupahana|title=Ethics in Early Buddhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sXhp8w6r93QC&pg=PA16|year=2008|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-3280-0|pages=16–17}}</ref> [[Payasi]] is a character, referred to as a prince, who appears in the Buddhist text ''[[Digha Nikaya]]'' in the ''Payasi Sutta''. He did not believe in rebirth or karma. He debated with [[Mahākāśyapa|Kassapa]], a disciple of Buddha, and lost according to Buddhist sources.<ref name="payasi2">{{cite book|author=K. R. Norman|title=Pāli Literature: Including the Canonical Literature in Prakrit and Sanskrit of All the Hīnayāna Schools of Buddhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XdCkFokTBbEC&pg=PA40|year=1983|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-02285-9|page=40}}</ref><ref name="IndianPhilo">{{cite book|author=Surendranath Dasgupta|title=A History of Indian Philosophy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PoaMFmS1_lEC&pg=PA106|year=1992|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0412-8|page=106}}</ref>

=====Jabali's speech from the Ramayana=====
{{See also|Jabali}}

In the Hindu epic ''[[Ramayana]]'' (''Ayodhya Khanda''), when [[Bharata (Ramayana)|Bharata]] goes to the forest to convince [[Rama]] to return home, he was accompanied by a [[sophist]]<ref name="jabali sophist">{{cite book|title=A Comparative History of Ideas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gpulmza7BBYC&pg=PA152|year=1992|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1004-4|page=152}}</ref> called [[Jabali]] ("{{lang|sa|जाबालिः}}"). Jabali uses [[nihilism|nihilistic]]<ref name="nihilist jabali"/> reasoning to convince Rama. He also says that rituals are a waste of food and scriptures were written by smart men so that people will give alms. Rama then calls him a deviant from the path of ''[[dharma]]'' ("{{lang|sa|धरमपथात}}"), refuses to accept his "''nastika''" views and blames his own father for taking Jabali into service.<ref name=valmiki_uncensored>{{cite book|title=Ramayana|page=Sarga 108–109|author=Valmiki|author-link=Valmiki|chapter=Ayodhya Kanda}}</ref> He also equates the Buddha to a thief.<ref name=valmiki_uncensored/> On hearing Rama's retort, Jabali retracts his statements, saying that he was merely arguing like a nihilist.<ref name="nihilist jabali">{{cite book|title=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jvkAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA307|year=1862|publisher=Cambridge University Press for the Royal Asiatic Society|page=307}}</ref> However, these verses referring to the Buddha<ref name="buddha jabali">{{cite book|author=Mahadev Moreshwar Kunte|title=The Vicissitudes of Âryan Civilization in India: An Essay, which Treats of the History of the Vedic and Buddhistic Polities, Explaining Their Origin, Prosperity, and Decline|url=https://archive.org/details/vicissitudesrya01kuntgoog|access-date=9 September 2013|year=1880|publisher=printed at the Oriental Printing Press by N. W. Ghumre|page=[https://archive.org/details/vicissitudesrya01kuntgoog/page/n482 449]}}</ref> are considered a later [[Interpolation (manuscripts)|interpolation]], as those verses use a different [[Metre (poetry)|metre]].<ref name="buddha jabali"/><ref name="directed at buddhist?">{{cite book|author=Sanujit Ghose|title=Legend of Ram: Antiquity to Janmabhumi Debate|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rfgkCrumMfYC&pg=PA140|year=2004|publisher=Bibliophile South Asia|isbn=978-81-85002-33-0|page=140}}</ref>

=====The Carvaka incident in the Mahabharata=====
A character described as a Carvaka briefly appears in the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' (in the ''[[Shanti Parva]]''). As [[Yudhishthira]] enters the city of [[Hastinapur]], a [[brahmin]], referred to as Carvaka, accuses him of killing his own kinsmen and says that he would suffer for it. The accuser is revealed to be a ''[[rakshasa]]'' in disguise, who was a friend of [[Duryodhana]]. He had existed since the [[Satya Yuga]] by virtue of a boon from the god [[Brahma]], that he could only be killed when he is showing contempt towards brahmins. He was killed by other brahmins by the chanting of sacred hymns and Yudhishthira was assured that his actions were within the [[kshatriya]] code.<ref name="Fitzgerald">{{cite book|author=James L. Fitzgerald|title=The Mahabharata, Volume 7: Book 11: The Book of the Women Book 12: The Book of Peace|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8iIbqXwKoxIC&pg=PA86|year=2003|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-25250-6|pages=255–258}}</ref> This event may be a possible denigration of the [[Carvaka]] philosophy.<ref name="carvaka maha">{{cite book|author=Arvind Sharma|title=Essays on the Mahābhārata|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KnCxH85Vra4C&pg=PA309|year=2007|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-2738-7|page=309}}</ref>

===Medieval India===
In the 9th century CE, Jain philosopher [[Jinasena]] wrote the [[Mahapurana (Jainism)|Mahapurana]]. The book contains the following often quoted words,<ref name="world">{{cite book|author=Warren Matthews|title=World Religions, 7th ed.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3V4zalTcXCwC&pg=PA156|year=2011|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-1-111-83472-2|page=156}}</ref>

{{Cquote|Some foolish men declare that a creator made the world. The doctrine that the world was created is ill-advised, and should be rejected. If God created the world, where was he before creation? If you say he was transcendent then, and needed no support, where is he now?}}

This quote was also featured later in [[Carl Sagan]]'s book, ''[[Cosmos (Sagan book)|Cosmos]]''.<ref name="Cosmos">{{cite book|author=Carl Sagan|author-link=Carl Sagan|title=Cosmos|year=1985|publisher=Ballantine Books|isbn=978-0-345-33135-9|chapter=Chapter 10|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/cosmoscosm00saga}}</ref> In the 14th century, philosopher Madhavacarya wrote the ''[[Sarva-Darsana-Sangraha]]'', which is a compilation of all Indian philosophies, including ''Carvaka'', which is described in the first chapter.<ref name="Madhava"/>

=== Modern India ===

====19th century====

Between 1882 and 1888, the Madras Secular Society published a magazine called ''The Thinker'' (''Tattuvavivesini'' in [[Tamil language|Tamil]]) from [[Madras]]. The magazine carried articles written by anonymous writers and republished articles from the journal of the London Secular Society, which the Madras Secular Society considered itself affiliated to.<ref name="madras journal">{{cite news|title=Tracing the history of an unknown radical group|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/tracing-the-history-of-an-unknown-radical-group/article5203705.ece?homepage=true|access-date=7 October 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=5 October 2013}}</ref>

====20th century====
[[File:YUKTHIVADI.JPG|thumb|150px|The ''[[Yukthivadi]]'' in 1929 was the first [[atheist]]/[[rationalist]] magazine published in [[Malayalam]].]]
Twentieth century India too experienced multiple spiritualism activism trends which weighed in favor of spirituality over religion and rituals.<ref name=":2" />

[[Periyar E. V. Ramasamy]] (1879–1973) was an atheist and rationalist leader of the [[Self-Respect Movement]] and [[Dravidar Kazhagam]].<ref name=":2" /> His views on irreligion are based on the eradication of the caste system, thinking religion must be denied to achieve its obliteration.

[[Goparaju Ramachandra Rao]] (1902–1975), better known by his [[Nom-de-guerre|nom de guerre]] "Gora", was a social reformer, anti-caste activist, atheist and disciple of [[Mahatma Gandhi]]. He and his wife, [[Saraswathi Gora]] (1912–2006) who was also an atheist and social reformer, founded the [[Atheist Centre]] in 1940.<ref name="humanism">{{cite book|author=Wiel Veugelers|title=Education and Humanism: Linking Autonomy and Humanity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T_4Wyzz-utoC&pg=PA114|access-date=8 September 2013|date=16 November 2011|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-94-6091-577-2|page=114}}</ref> The Atheist Centre is an institute working for social change.<ref name="Disenchanting India">{{cite book|author=Johannes Quack|title=Disenchanting India: Organized Rationalism and Criticism of Religion in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TNbxUwhS5RUC&pg=PA338|year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-981260-8|pages=89, 338|author-link=Johannes Quack}}</ref> Gora expounded his philosophy of [[positive atheism]] as a way of life.<ref name=humanism/> He later wrote more about positive atheism in his 1972 book, ''Positive Atheism''.<ref name="gorapositive">{{cite book|author=Robyn E. Lebron|title=Searching for Spiritual Unity...Can There Be Common Ground?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KILFE33zGngC&pg=PA532|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131009083814/http://books.google.com/books?id=KILFE33zGngC&pg=PA532|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 October 2013|access-date=8 September 2013|date=January 2012|publisher=CrossBooks|isbn=978-1-4627-1262-5|page=532}}</ref> Gora also organised the first World Atheist Conference in 1972. Subsequently, the Atheist Centre has organised several World Atheist Conferences in [[Vijayawada]] and other locations.<ref name="Disenchanting India"/>

[[Abraham Kovoor]] (10 April 1898 – 18 September 1978) was an Indian professor and rationalist who gained prominence after retirement for his campaign to expose as frauds various Indian and Sri Lankan "god-men" and so-called paranormal phenomena. His direct, trenchant criticism of spiritual frauds and organized religions was enthusiastically received by audiences, initiating a new dynamism in the rationalist movement, especially in Sri Lanka and India.

[[Jawaharlal Nehru]] (1889–1964), India's first [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] was a Hindu agnostic and a self-styled [[scientific humanist]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Sankar Ghose|title=Jawaharlal Nehru, a Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MUeyUhVGIDMC&pg=PA332|year=1993|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=978-81-7023-369-5|page=332}}</ref> He wrote in his [[autobiography]], ''[[Toward Freedom]]'' (1936), about his views on religion and superstition.<ref name="voices">{{cite book|author=Dale McGowan|title=Voices of Unbelief: Documents from Atheists and Agnostics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wWWU32YNq4UC&pg=PA139|year=2012|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-978-3|page=139}}</ref>

[[Meghnad Saha]] (1893–1956) was an atheist [[astrophysicist]] best known for his development of the [[Saha equation]], used to describe chemical and physical conditions in stars.

[[Bhagat Singh]] (1907–1931), an Indian revolutionary and socialist nationalist who was hanged for using violence against British government officials, was a staunch atheist. He laid out his views in the essay "[[Why I Am an Atheist]]", written in jail shortly before his execution.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/715660/on-bhagat-singhs-death-anniversary-why-i-am-an-atheist|title=On Bhagat Singh's death anniversary: 'Why I am an atheist'|date=23 March 2015 }}</ref>

[[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]] (1883–1966) was an eminent [[Hindu nationalism|Hindu nationalist]] leader of the [[Indian independence movement]]. He was also an atheist and a staunch [[rationalist]]<ref>{{Cite book|title = Towards Understanding Communalism|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=8_RtAAAAMAAJ|publisher = Centre for Research in Rural and Industrial Development|date = 1992-01-01|isbn = 9788185835174|first = Pramod|last = Kumar}}</ref> who disapproved of orthodox [[Hindu]] belief, dismissing [[Cattle in religion|cow worship]] as superstitious.<ref>{{Cite news|title = The man who thought Gandhi a sissy|url = https://www.economist.com/news/christmas-specials/21636599-controversial-mentor-hindu-right-man-who-thought-gandhi-sissy|newspaper = The Economist|access-date = 2016-01-23|issn = 0013-0613}}</ref> Being Hindu, for him, was a cultural and political identity.

[[Joseph Edamaruku]] (7 September 1934 – 29 June 2006), popularly identified by his surname Edamaruku, was a journalist and rationalist from Kerala. He was the Delhi Bureau chief of the Malayalam magazine Keralasabdam for more than twenty years, and the founder-editor of Therali, a rationalist periodical in Malayalam.<ref name="Founder">{{cite web |last1=Pande |first1=SK |title=Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya: A Centenary Salute to Multifaceted Philosopher |url=https://www.newsclick.in/debiprasad-chattopadhyaya-centenary-salute-multifaceted-philosopher |website=Newsclick |date=5 November 2018 |access-date=23 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106152418/https://www.newsclick.in/debiprasad-chattopadhyaya-centenary-salute-multifaceted-philosopher |archive-date=6 November 2018}}</ref> He was president of the [[Indian Rationalist Association]] from 1995 to 2005.<ref name="Rationalist">{{cite web |title=Noted rationalist Edamaruku passes away |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-noted-rationalist-edamaruku-passes-away-1038420 |website=DNA India |publisher=Diligent Media Corporation |access-date=17 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817065027if_/https://www.dnaindia.com/web/20200817065027oe_/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-noted-rationalist-edamaruku-passes-away-1038420 |archive-date=17 August 2020}}</ref>

[[Khushwant Singh]] (1915–2014), a prominent and prolific writer of Sikh extraction, was avowedly non-religious.

Founded in 1984 [[Tarksheel Society]] (Rationalist Society) is a [[rationalist]] group based in [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]], [[India]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":32">{{Cite web |last=Torgalkar |first=Varsha |date=2022-05-17 |title=In India, Hindu nationalists embolden challenges to atheism |url=https://religionnews.com/2022/05/17/in-india-hindu-nationalists-embolden-challenges-to-atheism/ |access-date=2023-10-15 |website=Religion News Service |language=en-US}}</ref>

[[Maharashtra Andhashraddha Nirmoolan Samiti|Maharashtra Andhashraddha Nirmulan Samiti]] ( Committee for Eradication of Blind Faith, CEBF) is an organisation dedicated to fighting [[superstition in India]], particularly in the state of [[Maharashtra]]. It was founded by [[Narendra Dabholkar]] in 1989.<ref name="not against">{{cite news |last=Kakodkar |first=Priyanka |date=21 August 2013 |title=He was not against God but fought exploitation |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/he-was-not-against-god-but-fought-exploitation/article5042507.ece?ref=relatedNews |accessdate=23 October 2013}}</ref>

In 1997, the [[Federation of Indian Rationalist Associations]] was founded.<ref name=atheism_voice>{{cite news|title=In India, atheism finds its voice|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/1197562/report-in-india-atheism-finds-its-voice|access-date=5 September 2013|newspaper=DNA India|date=13 October 2008}}</ref>

====21st century====

[[File:Ex Muslims of Kerala.jpg|thumb|Ex Muslims of Kerala logo depicting coconut tree and pens representing [[Kerala]] and knowledge, counter to [[Saudi Arabia]]'s logo of palm tree with swords]]
[[File:EA Jabbar with ex Muslims Arif Hussain Theruvath (President, Non-Religious Citizens) and Liyakkathali CM (President ex-Muslims of Kerala).jpg|thumb|EA Jabbar with ex Muslims [[Arif Hussain Theruvath]] (President, Non-Religious Citizens) and [[Liyakkathali C. M.]] (President ex-Muslims of Kerala)]]
[[Amartya Sen]] (born 1933), an Indian [[economist]], philosopher and [[List of Nobel laureates|Nobel laureate]], is an atheist<ref>{{Cite web|title = The Arguing Indian|url = http://alumni.berkeley.edu/california-magazine/july-august-2006-indo-chic/arguing-indian|website = Cal Alumni Association|access-date = 2016-01-23|date = 22 January 2010}}</ref> and he holds that this can be associated with one of the [[Atheism in Hinduism|atheist schools]] in [[Hinduism]], the [[Charvaka|Lokayata]].<ref>{{Cite news|title = A World Not Neatly Divided|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/23/opinion/a-world-not-neatly-divided.html|newspaper = The New York Times|date = 2001-11-23|access-date = 2016-01-23|issn = 0362-4331|first = Amartya|last = Sen}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = News & Broadcast – Amartya Sen Speaks on Culture at World Bank|url = http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/NEWS/0,,contentMDK:20045541~pagePK:64257043~piPK:437376~theSitePK:4607,00.html|website = web.worldbank.org|access-date = 2016-01-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Rediff on the NeT Business News: Market economy not the panacea, says Sen|url = http://www.rediff.com/business/1998/dec/28sen.htm|website = rediff.com|access-date = 2016-01-23}}</ref>

[[Maharashtra Rationalist Association|Sunday Sapiens]], the successor of Maharashtra Rationalist Association,<ref>{{cite book|last=Quack|first=Johannes|date= 2012|title=Disenchanting India: Organized Rationalism and Criticism of Religion in India|url=http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199812608.001.0001/acprof-9780199812608-chapter-10|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=101–106|isbn=9780199812608}}
</ref> is actively involved in developing scientific temper and eradicating superstition.

In 2008, the website Nirmukta was founded. It later became an organisation aiming to promote [[free thought]] and [[secular humanism]] in India.<ref name="milliongods" />

In 2009, historian [[Meera Nanda]] published a book entitled ''The God Market''. It examines how Hindu religiosity is gaining more popularity among the rising [[middle class]], as India is liberalising the economy and adopting [[globalisation]].<ref name=glitter>{{cite news|title=The Glitter in the Godliness|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?263657|access-date=6 September 2013|newspaper=[[Outlook India]]|author=William Dalrymple|author-link=William Dalrymple (historian)|date=18 January 2010}}</ref>

In March 2009, in [[Kerala]], a [[pastoral letter]] addressing the [[laity]] was issued by the [[Kerala Catholic Bishops' Council]] urging the members to not vote for political parties which advocate atheism.<ref name="don't vote">{{cite news|title=Don't vote for those who preach atheism: Kerala church body|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/don-t-vote-for-those-who-preach-atheism-kerala-church-body/438276/|access-date=2 October 2013|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=24 March 2009}}</ref><ref name="don't vote2">{{cite news|title=Kerala Church makes a poll sermon|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-others/tp-states/kerala-church-makes-a-poll-sermon/article1049087.ece?ref=archive|access-date=2 October 2013|newspaper=[[Hindu Business Line]]|date=12 April 2009}}</ref> In July 2010, another similar letter was issued.<ref name="don't vote 2010">{{cite news|title=Church blow to 'atheist' parties|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100726/jsp/nation/story_12726907.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100731095411/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100726/jsp/nation/story_12726907.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 July 2010|access-date=2 October 2013|newspaper=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]|location=India|date=26 July 2010}}</ref>

On 10 March 2012, [[Sanal Edamaruku]] investigated a so-called miracle in [[Vile Parle]], where a [[Jesus]] statue had started weeping and concluded that the problem was caused by faulty drainage. Later that day, during a TV discussion with some church members, Edamaruku accused the [[Catholic Church]] of miracle-mongering. On 10 April, Angelo Fernandes, President of the Maharashtra Christian Youth Forum, filed a police complaint against Edamaruku under the [[Hate speech laws in India|Indian Penal Code Section 295A]].<ref name=jesus>{{cite news|url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/article/2/2012041720120417220221187efd41360/FIR-against-rationalist-for-questioning-%E2%80%98miracle%E2%80%99.html|title=FIR against rationalist for questioning 'miracle'|date=17 April 2012|newspaper=Mumbai Mirror|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615170321/http://www.mumbaimirror.com/article/2/2012041720120417220221187efd41360/FIR-against-rationalist-for-questioning-%E2%80%98miracle%E2%80%99.html|archive-date=15 June 2012|access-date=5 September 2012}}</ref> In July while on a tour in [[Finland]], Edamaruku was informed by a friend that his house was visited by the police. Since the offence is not [[bail]]able, Edamaruku stayed in Finland.<ref name=jesus2>{{cite news|title=Jesus wept … oh, it's bad plumbing. Indian rationalist targets 'miracles'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/nov/23/india-blasphemy-jesus-tears|access-date=6 September 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|date=23 November 2012}}</ref>

On Friday 7 July 2013, the first "Hug an Atheist Day" was organised in India by Nirmukta. The event aimed to spread awareness and reduce the stigma associated with being an atheist.<ref name=hug>{{cite news|title=Think free and hug an atheist this Friday|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/1844423/report-think-free-and-hug-an-atheist-this-friday|access-date=8 September 2013|newspaper=[[DNA India]]|date=6 June 2013}}</ref><ref name=hug2>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/?pageNumber=1&parentId=77669&operation=complaint|title=Give the atheist closest to you a hug|access-date=8 September 2013|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=6 June 2013}}</ref>

On 20 August 2013, [[Narendra Dabholkar]], a rationalist and anti-superstition campaigner,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/govind-pansare-mm-kalburgi-gauri-lankesh-murder-5316465/|title=Indian rationalism, Charvaka to Narendra Dabholkar|date=21 August 2018|work=[[The Indian Express]]|first=Seema|last=Chishti}}</ref> was shot dead by two unknown assailants, while he was out on a morning walk.<ref name=dabholkar>{{cite news|title=Rationalist Dabholkar shot dead|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/rationalist-dabholkar-shot-dead/article5041138.ece|access-date=6 September 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=20 August 2013}}</ref>

According to [[Sultan Shahin]] of progressive [[New Age Islam]], more Indian Muslims are now questioning their own religion, some consider themselves just [[Cultural Muslims|cultural Muslim]] and some consider themselves even as [[Apostasy in Islam by country#India|ex-Muslims]].<ref name=":2" />

Nastik Nation, an organization was started in the year 2015. This organisation has translated and published the international bestseller, [[God Delusion]] and [[The Greatest Show on Earth: The Evidence for Evolution|The Greatest Show on Earth]] by [[Richard Dawkins]] in many Indian languages.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nastiknation.org/|title=Nastik Nation – Helpline 📞💬 9446808800}}</ref>

On 17 March 2017, H.Farook, an ex-Muslim atheist, was murdered by Muslim radical group in Coimbatore. The murders of Farook joined their close and hidden ex-Muslim organization pretending to be ex-Muslims who has understood the hollow falsehood of Islam and Quran. Later one day they called Farook saying that one of their bikes was out of petrol and needed him to come with some. They attacked in a group and murdered him. It is reported that the group involved practiced thefts and plundering at night and distributed a share of it to the nearby slums like what Mohammed had done in sixth century.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/tamil-nadu-youth-h-farook-killed-for-being-an-atheist-father-says-he-too-will-become-one-4586999/ | title=Tamil Nadu youth killed for being an atheist, father says he too will become one | date=27 March 2017 }}</ref>

On 9 January 2021, E.A.Jabbar, freethinker, atheist, and rationalist from [[Kerala]] and Islamic preacher [[M. M. Akbar|M.M. Akbar]] were engaged in a debate on the [[Quran]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/tracking-indian-communities/to-believe-or-not/ | title=To believe or not? | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=23 January 2021 }}</ref> Both sides claimed to have defeated the other debater even as there was no clear verdict.<ref>{{Cite news|date=29 July 2020|title="Manoj John elected to international rationalist federation (മനോജ് ജോൺ അന്താരാഷ്ട്ര യുക്തിവാദി ഫെഡറേഷനിൽ)". Mathrubhumi Newspaper. 29 July 2020. Retrieved 29 July 2020.|work=Mathrubhumi daily newspaper|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/nri/pravasi-bharatham/mumbai/mumbai-news/article-1.4937724|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=28 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128130922/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/nri/pravasi-bharatham/mumbai/mumbai-news/article-1.4937724|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In August 2021, Abdul Khader Puthiyangadi, an [[India]]n citizen and rationalist from [[Kerala]], was arrested by the UAE police in 2021 without bail and sentenced to prison in the UAE for three years for criticizing Islam on social media in his native language [[Malayalam]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/release-of-malayali-rationalist-sought/article36551598.ece|title = Release of Malayali rationalist sought|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 19 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nastiknation.org/news/2021/04/26/freethinker-from-kerala-faces-death-penalty-in-dubai-jail-as-he-is-trapped-into-blasphme-charges/|title=Freethinker from Kerala faces death penalty in Dubai jail as he is trapped into blasphme charges|work=Nastik Nation|date=26 April 2021|access-date=27 December 2022|archive-date=5 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205122409/https://www.nastiknation.org/news/2021/04/26/freethinker-from-kerala-faces-death-penalty-in-dubai-jail-as-he-is-trapped-into-blasphme-charges/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 10 January 2022, ex-Muslim rationalist Aneesh Jasy from Tamil Nadu was arrested without bail over his Facebook posts against Islam.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ex-muslim-rationalist-aneesh-jasy-arrested-tn-cops-facebook-posts-islam-159662 | title=Ex-Muslim rationalist Aneesh Jasy arrested by TN cops for Facebook posts on Islam | date=9 January 2022 |work=The News Minute |access-date=27 December 2022}}</ref>

===== Rise of ex-Muslims of Kerala =====
In 2021 in [[Kerala]], several [[ex-Muslims]] formed an organisation called ''Ex-Muslims of Kerala''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Ex Muslims of Kerala – Rights and dignity for who leave Islam|url=https://exmuslimsofkerala.org/|access-date=27 December 2022}}</ref> It is an organisation founded in 2021 by E. A. Jabbar, Liyakkathali CM, Arif Hussain, and a few others who left Islam in Kerala.<ref name=":0"/> The organisation gives support to those who left Islam, a minority that is facing persecution from the Islamic community because of their leaving.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Ex-Muslim organisation gathers steam in Kerala|url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=725045&u=|work=Kerala Kaumudi|date=8 January 2022|access-date=27 December 2022}}</ref> The organisation conducts debates with Islamic scholars and fundamentalists on various topics.<ref name=":0"/> Ex-Muslims of Kerala observe 9 January as ex-Muslim day as the remembrance of E. A. Jabbar's debate with Islamic preacher [[M. M. Akbar]], by conducting seminars on atheism and Islam.<ref name=":1"/>

===== Liyakkathali–Rahul Easwar debate - Slavery in Islam =====
[[File:Liyakkathali CM vs Rahul Easwar debate on Slavery in Islam.jpg|thumb|Debate between Liyakkathali CM and [[Rahul Easwar]] on slavery in Islam, 23 August 2025.]]
In August 2025, a controversy arose over organizing a debate on slavery in Islam between members of the Ex-Muslim community and Islamic groups in Kerala. Members of the Ex-Muslim collective, including Liyakkathali C. M., were initially challenged by Abdullah Basil of the Wisdom Islamic Group (associated with Salafi–Wahhabi circles) to participate in such a debate. Arif Hussain expressed willingness to debate, but only in a public setting, while Basil’s team proposed holding the discussion exclusively on their own online platforms. Liyakkathali rejected an online debate, arguing that moderation would not be neutral, and instead suggested a neutral studio. The Wisdom group, however, insisted on their own studio in Pullikkal, Malappuram, leading to a stalemate. Liyakkathali had openly invited and challenged Islamic preachers in Kerala to participate, none came forward, reportedly out of concern that such a public debate might encourage more individuals to leave Islam

To ensure the debate took place, Liyakkathali eventually invited Indian public intellectual and activist [[Rahul Easwar]], who was already engaged in discussions on jihad and Islamic apologetics. On 23 August 2025, a public debate between Liyakkathali and Rahul Easwar was held at the Wagon Tragedy Memorial Town Hall in Tirur, [[Malappuram]] district, Kerala on the topic on Slavery in Islam.<ref>{{cite news |title=Debate on slavery in Islam held in Tirur |newspaper=Malayala Manorama |location=Malappuram |date=24 August 2025 |language=ml}}</ref>

== Legal status, rights and laws ==
{{See also|Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India}}
Atheism and irreligion not officially recognised in India.{{discuss}} [[Apostasy]] is allowed under the right to [[Freedom of religion in India|freedom of religion]] in the [[Constitution of India|Constitution]].<ref name="milliongods" /> According to advocate Asim Sarode, along with constitutional freedom religion and conscience, freedom of expression helps protect atheists in India.<ref name=":32"/> Sarode says, Article 51A (h) of Indian constitution expects all Indian citizens a duty to inculcate “scientific temper, humanism and spirit of inquiry and reform.”<ref name=":32"/> The [[Special Marriage Act, 1954]] allows the marriage of people with no religious beliefs, as well as non-religious and non-ritualistic marriages. However, there are no specific laws catering to atheists and they are considered as belonging to the religion of their birth for administrative purposes.<ref name=milliongods>{{cite news|title=Indian atheists seek recognition in the land of a million gods|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/Indian-atheists-seek-recognition-in-the-land-of-a-million-gods/articleshow/14527853.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724083120/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-30/science/32483706_1_atheists-religion-beliefs|url-status=live|archive-date=24 July 2013|access-date=5 September 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=30 June 2012}}</ref> The box in which the 'caste' and 'religion' are to be filled is still present in a lot of forms. Some of these boxes on forms are also compulsory, and one does not always have the option of leaving them empty. The closest option one gets is 'Choose not to say' or 'Other' as an answer to these boxes.<ref name="news18.com">{{Cite web |date=2019-02-16 |title=Tamil Nadu Woman Becomes First Indian To Get 'No Caste, No Religion' Certificate After 9-Year-Long Battle |url=https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/no-caste-no-religion-tamil-nadu-woman-becomes-first-indian-to-get-certificate-after-9-year-old-battle-2038463.html |first=Raka |last=Mukherjee |access-date=2022-05-12 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

Ravi Kumar, an atheist from [[Haryana]] is another person who is struggling and fighting to be officially and legally irreligious and caste-less in India. He went to court to declare him officially atheist and he got one certificate in which it was mentioned that he had "No Caste, No Religion, & No God". Later, Justice Tejinder Singh Dhindsa of the Punjab and Haryana High Court said they had exceeded their authority and asked him to return the certificate; he refused to do so. The Fatehabad district authorities who issued the certificate withdrew it in April 2019. Kumar plans to continue his quest to be officially declared an atheist.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-27 |title=The Atheist |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/the-atheist-tattoo-religious-belief-god-6089681/ |access-date=2022-05-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-03 |title=Price this Haryana man is paying for turning atheist – no job & social boycott |url=https://theprint.in/india/price-this-haryana-man-is-paying-for-turning-atheist-no-job-social-boycott/230665/ |access-date=2022-05-12 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

Sneha Parthibaraja, a lawyer from [[Vellore]] was the first citizen in India to get an official 'no religion, no caste' certificate.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-05 |title=Meet Sneha, First Indian To Receive 'No Caste, No Religion' Certificate |url=https://odishabytes.com/meet-sneha-first-indian-to-receive-no-caste-no-religion-certificate/ |access-date=2022-05-12 |website=odishabytes |language=en-US}}</ref> She won this right on 5 February 2019, after a nine-year court battle.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet country's first woman to be legally 'caste, religion-less' citizen – M.A. Sneha: A caste and religion less person |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/meet-countrys-first-woman-to-be-legally-caste-religion-less-citizen/m-a-sneha-a-caste-and-religion-less-person/slideshow/68164541.cms |access-date=2022-05-12 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref name="news18.com"/> Indian actor [[Kamal Haasan]], who is known for his atheism, congratulated her on Twitter for this achievement.<ref name="news18.com"/>

===Hate speech laws and irreligion===
{{Main|Hate speech laws in India}}

===Notable verdicts===

On 29 October 2013, the [[Bombay High Court]] judged in favour of an atheist school teacher from [[Nashik]].<ref name="atheist teacher">{{cite news|title=Teacher cannot be forced to fold hands in school prayers: Bombay high court|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Teacher-cannot-be-forced-to-fold-hands-in-school-prayers-Bombay-high-court/articleshow/25137023.cms|access-date=4 November 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=2 November 2013}}</ref> Sanjay Salve had been employed by the state-funded Savitribai Phule Secondary School since 1996. In June 2007, during a prayer session, Salve did not fold his hands during the pledge or prayer. The school management called this indiscipline and refused him a higher pay grade in 2008 when Salve became eligible for it. Salve sought legal recourse citing the article 28 (a) of the Constitution which states "no person attending any educational institution recognised by the State or receiving aid out of State funds shall be required to take part in any religious instruction that may be imparted in such institution or to attend any religious worship that may be conducted in such institution".<ref>{{cite law|title=Constitution of India, Section 28 (a)|date=1950}}</ref><ref name="what wrong">{{cite news|title=Pray, what wrong did I do, asks atheist teacher|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pray-what-wrong-did-i-do-asks-atheist-teacher/article5080102.ece?ref=relatedNews|access-date=4 November 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=20 September 2013}}</ref> The court ruled in Salve's favour and directed the school to release his dues by 31 January 2014.<ref name="answers prayers">{{cite news|title=Bombay High Court answers atheist teacher's prayer; asks school to pay dues|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-bombay-high-court-answers-atheist-teacher-s-prayer-asks-school-to-pay-dues-1911611|access-date=4 November 2013|newspaper=[[DNA India]]|date=31 October 2013}}</ref>

On 23 September 2014, the [[Bombay High Court]] declared that the government cannot force a person to state a religion on any document or form. The court also stated any citizen has the right to declare that he/she does not belong to any religion. The decision came in response to a [[Public Interest Litigation]] (PIL) filed by Ranjit Mohite, Kishore Nazare and Subhash Ranware, representing an organisation called Full Gospel Church of God, after the Maharashtra state printing press refused to issue them a gazette notification stating that they belonged to no religion. The petitioners stated that the organisation had 4000 members, and that they believe in [[Jesus Christ]] but they do not follow [[Christianity]] or any religion. Responding to the petition, the Maharashtra and the central governments had stated that "no religion" cannot be treated as a religion on official forms. The court cited the Article 25 of the Constitution, which guarantees right to freedom of conscience, while passing the verdict.<ref name=no_religion_BHC>{{cite news|title=Citizen can declare that he does not belong to any religion: Bombay High Court|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/west/story/citizen-can-declare-that-he-does-not-belong-to-any-religion-bombay-high-court-300977-2014-09-26|access-date=26 November 2014|work=[[India Today]]|date=26 September 2014}}</ref><ref name=BHC_religion>{{cite news|title=Citizen can declare that he does not belong to any religion: Bombay High Court|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/citizen-can-declare-that-he-does-not-belong-to-any-religion-bombay-high-court/|access-date=26 November 2014|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=24 September 2014}}</ref>

==Persecution and attacks==
{{see also|Discrimination against atheists}}
According to Jaswant Zirakh of the [[Tarksheel Society]], Indians are usually comfortable with atheist concepts, but usually it involves popular religious leadership and [[Godman (India)|godmen]] tending to attack atheism since they tend to worry about losing their power and income.<ref name=":32"/> Among the Indian Muslim communities, atheists worry of backlash, they and their families may face social boycott and ostracism including stopping them in participation of funerary rites of their dear ones.<ref name=":32"/>

[[Narendra Nayak]], an advocate of atheism, has claimed to have been attacked three times and had his scooter damaged twice, with one of the attacks leaving him with head injuries. This compelled him to take self-defence lessons and carry a [[nunchaku]].<ref name="nunchaku1">{{cite news|title=Rationalists fight superstition with dignity and nunchakus|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Rationalists-fight-superstition-with-dignity-and-nunchakus/articleshow/21969422.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130825075441/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-22/bangalore/41435861_1_karnataka-superstition-karate|url-status=live|archive-date=25 August 2013|access-date=6 September 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 August 2013}}</ref> [[Tarksheel Society|Megh Raj Mitter]]'s house was surrounded by a mob after he debunked the [[Hindu milk miracle]], forcing him to call the police.<ref name="Twilight">{{cite news|title=Confrontation in the Twilight zone|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/confrontation-in-the-twilight-zone-113083001107_1.html|access-date=5 September 2013|newspaper=Business Standard|date=30 August 2013}}</ref>

On 15 March 2007, a bounty of {{INRConvert|700|k|lk=r|year=2007}} was announced on atheist<ref name=Theocracy>{{cite news|title=Taslima on IBNLive chat: 'India is not a theocracy'|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/taslima-on-ibnlive-chat-india-is-not-a-theocracy/56692-7-9.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20141215113951/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/taslima-on-ibnlive-chat-india-is-not-a-theocracy/56692-7-9.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 December 2014|access-date=15 December 2014|work=[[IBNLive]]|date=18 January 2008}}</ref> [[Bangladesh]]i author [[Taslima Nasrin]], while living in India, by a [[Muslim]] cleric named Maulana Tauqeer Raza Khan for allegedly writing derogatory statements about Muhammad in her work.<ref name=TaslimaHead>{{cite news|title=Muslim body announces Rs 5 lakh for Taslima's head|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-muslim-body-announces-rs-5-lakh-for-taslimas-head-1085098|access-date=15 December 2014|work=[[DNA India]]|date=15 March 2007}}</ref> In December 2013, an [[First Information Report|FIR]] was filed against Nasrin in [[Bareilly]] by a cleric named Hasan Raza Khan, for hurting religious sentiments. Nasrin had allegedly tweeted on [[Twitter]] that "In India, criminals who issue [[fatwa]]s against women don't get punished." Raza Khan said that by accusing clerics of being criminals, Nasrin had hurt religious sentiments.<ref name=AntiFatwaTweet>{{cite news|title=Cleric files FIR against Taslima Nasreen's anti-fatwa tweet|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Cleric-files-FIR-against-Taslima-Nasreens-anti-fatwa-tweet/articleshow/26925330.cms|access-date=15 December 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=6 December 2013}}</ref>

On 2 July 2011, the house of U. Kalanathan, secretary of the [[Kerala Yukthivadi Sangham]], was attacked in [[Vallikunnu]] after he suggested on television that the temple treasures of [[Padmanabhaswamy Temple]] should be used for public welfare.<ref name=kalanathan>{{cite news|title=Rationalist leader's house attacked|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/rationalist-leaders-house-attacked/article2157439.ece|access-date=23 October 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=4 July 2011}}</ref>

On 16 February 2015, rationalist [[Govind Pansare]] and his wife were attacked by unknown gunmen. He later died from the wounds on 20 February.<ref name=Pansare>{{cite news|title=Rationalist Pansare is dead|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/461081/rationalist-pansare-dead.html|access-date=5 October 2015|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=21 February 2015}}</ref> On 30 August 2015, [[M. M. Kalburgi]], a scholar and rationalist, was shot dead at his home. He was known for his criticism of superstition and idol worship.<ref name=Kalburgi>{{cite news|title=Rationalist Kalburgi Shot Dead in Dharwad|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/Rationalist-Kalburgi-Shot-Dead-in-Dharwad/2015/08/31/article3002639.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831003935/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/Rationalist-Kalburgi-Shot-Dead-in-Dharwad/2015/08/31/article3002639.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 August 2015|access-date=5 October 2015|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=31 August 2015}}</ref><ref name=Time-kalburgi>{{cite magazine|title=Indian Scholar Who Spoke Out Against Idol Worship Is Shot Dead|url=https://time.com/4016747/mm-kalburgi-india-murder-rationalist-idol-worship-hindu-nationalism/|access-date=5 October 2015|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=31 August 2015}}</ref> Soon afterwards, another rationalist and author, [[K. S. Bhagwan]], received a threatening letter. He had offended religious groups by criticizing the [[Gita|Bhagavad Gita]].<ref name=BhagwanWriter>{{cite news|title=Writer Bhagwan receives threat letter|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/writer-bhagwan-receives-threat-letter/article7635331.ece|access-date=5 October 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=10 September 2015}}</ref><ref name=ThreatLetter>{{cite news|title=In Karnataka, Another Writer Gets Threat Letter After Scholar MM Kalburgi's Murder|url=http://www.ndtv.com/karnataka-news/after-mm-kalburgis-murder-writer-ks-bhagwan-receives-threat-letter-1215955|access-date=5 October 2015|work=[[NDTV]]|date=10 September 2015}}</ref>

==Demographics==

===Indian government census===
The Indian census does not explicitly count atheists.<ref name="secularism">{{cite book|author=Phil Zuckerman|title=Atheism and Secularity|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z1hbaAHsAlUC&pg=RA1-PA139|access-date=7 September 2013|date=21 December 2009|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-35182-2|chapter=Chapeter 7: Atheism and Secularity in India}}</ref> In the [[2011 Census of India]], the response form required the respondent to choose from six options under religion. The "Others" option was meant for minor or tribal religions as well as [[atheist]]s and [[agnostic]]s.<ref name=milliongods/>

The religion data from [[2011 Census of India]] was released in August 2015. It revealed that about 2,870,000 people had stated no religion in their response, about 0.27% of the nation's population.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/753475/people-without-religion-have-risen-in-census-2011-but-atheists-have-nothing-to-cheer-about|title=People without religion have risen in Census 2011, but atheists have nothing to cheer about|work=Scroll.in|first=Shoaib|last=Daniyal|date=7 September 2015|access-date=27 December 2022}}</ref> However, the number included atheists, rationalists and also those who believed in a higher power. [[K. Veeramani]], a [[Dravidar Kazhagam]] leader, said that it was the first time the number of non-religious people was recorded in the census. However, he added that he believed that the number of atheists in India was actually higher as many people do not reveal their atheism out of fear of [[Discrimination against atheists|discrimination]].<ref name=FirstTimeCensus>{{cite news|title=2.87 million Indians have no faith, census reveals for first time|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/2-87-million-Indians-have-no-faith-census-reveals-for-first-time/articleshow/48689278.cms|access-date=10 September 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=27 August 2015}}</ref>

===Different surveys===

====World Values Survey (2006)====

According to the 2006 [[World Values Survey]], conducted by the Dentsu Communication Institute Inc, Japan Research Center (2006), 6.6% of Indians stated that they had no religion.<ref name="dentsu">{{cite web|title=World Values Survey (2006) ''English source requested''|url=http://www2.ttcn.ne.jp/~honkawa/9460.html|access-date=5 September 2013|language= ja}}</ref>

====WIN-Gallup Global Index of Religion and Atheism (2005 and 2012)====

According to the 2005 Global Index of Religion and Atheism report from WIN-Gallup, 87% of Indians were religious and 4% called themselves atheists.<ref name=surveyTOI>{{cite news|title=More Indians have stopped believing in God: Survey|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/uk/More-Indians-have-stopped-believing-in-God-Survey/articleshow/20284261.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528042059/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-27/uk/39556084_1_more-indians-dip-4-people|url-status=live|archive-date=28 May 2013|access-date=5 September 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=27 May 2013}}</ref> According to the 2012 report by the same organisation, 81% of Indians were religious, 13% were non-religious, 3% were convinced atheists and 3% were unsure or did not respond.<ref name=gallup2012/>

====Worldviews and Opinions of Scientists in India (2007)====

In 2007, a survey was conducted by the Institute for the Study of Secularism in Society and culture of the [[Trinity College (Connecticut)|Trinity College]] with the help of [[Center for Inquiry]] (India) called 'Worldviews and Opinions of Scientists in India'. 1100 scientists were surveyed from 130 institutes. Most of them identified themselves as [[secular]] (59%) or somewhat secular (16%) but refused to be labelled [[irreligious]]. 83% defined secularism, as it appears in the Indian constitutions, as the separation of state and religion. But, 93% also defined it as tolerance of other religious philosophies. 20% equated secularism to atheism. Only 11% called themselves completely not spiritual. However, 8% reportedly said they would refuse to do [[Stem cell controversy|stem cell research]] based on religious or moral convictions.<ref name=SecularScientists>{{cite news|title=Indian scientists are secular, but religious: Survey|url=http://computing.in.msn.com/article.aspx?cp-documentid=3207887|access-date=15 December 2014|work=[[MSN]]|date=16 May 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006231549/http://computing.in.msn.com/article.aspx?cp-documentid=3207887|archive-date=6 October 2013}}</ref> [[Yagnaswami Sundara Rajan|Y. S. Rajan]] commented on this saying that most Indians do not feel there is a conflict between science and religion.<ref name=trinity>{{cite web|title=Worldviews and Opinions of Scientists India 2007-08|url=http://prog.trincoll.edu/ISSSC/INDIAN_SURVEY_WEBSITE/|publisher=[[Trinity College (Connecticut)|Trinity College]]|access-date=5 September 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006200643/http://prog.trincoll.edu/ISSSC/INDIAN_SURVEY_WEBSITE/|archive-date=6 October 2013}}</ref> Other the hand, Innaiah Narisetti, chairman of Centre for Inquiry (India) and [[Pushpa Mittra Bhargava|Pushpa Bhargava]], the former director of the [[Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology]], pointed out the lack of [[scientific temper]] among Indian scientists.<ref name=god_scientists>{{cite news|title=God save Indian science|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080610/jsp/nation/story_9389713.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080929164252/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080610/jsp/nation/story_9389713.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 September 2008|access-date=8 September 2013|newspaper=The Telegraph|location=India|date=10 June 2008}}</ref>

====Religion Among Scientists in an International Context (2014)====
In a survey conducted by [[Elaine Howard Ecklund]] of [[Rice University]], it was found that:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
! India
! United Kingdom
|-
| Scientists who identified as nonreligious
| 6%
| 65%
|-
| Scientists who attend religious services on a regular basis (once a month or more)
| 32%
| 12%
|-
| Scientists who never attend religious services
| 19%
| 68%
|-
| Scientists who believe that there are basic truths in many religions
| 73%
| 49%
|-
| Scientists who believe in God
| 27%
| 11%
|-
| Scientists who believe in a higher power of some kind
| 38%
| 8%
|}
The ongoing study has surveyed 1,581 scientists from UK and 1,763 from India.<ref name=MoreReligious>{{cite news|title=Indian scientists significantly more religious than UK scientists|url=http://esciencenews.com/articles/2014/09/25/indian.scientists.significantly.more.religious.uk.scientists|access-date=15 December 2014|work=(e)Science News|date=25 September 2014|archive-date=15 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215082507/http://esciencenews.com/articles/2014/09/25/indian.scientists.significantly.more.religious.uk.scientists|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==== Gallup International Association (2022) ====
A 2022 [[Gallup International Association]] survey found that 18% of Indians did not believe in God, equating to around two hundred million of the population.<ref name="Anon. w440">{{cite web |date=12 April 2023 |title=More Prone to Believe in God than Identify as Religious. More Likely to Believe in Heaven than in Hell. |url=https://www.gallup-international.com/fileadmin/_processed_/a/5/csm_07_2a498aad84.jpg |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241123122954/https://www.gallup-international.com/survey-results-and-news/survey-result/more-prone-to-believe-in-god-than-identify-as-religious-more-likely-to-believe-in-heaven-than-in-hell |archive-date=23 November 2024 |access-date= |website=[[Gallup International Association]]}}</ref>

==Notable Indian atheists==
{{see also|Category:Indian atheists}}
*[[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
*[[Bhagat Singh]]
*[[Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar]]
*[[Meghnad Saha]]
*[[Jiddu Krishnamurti]]
*[[Periyar]]
*[[Narendra Dabholkar]]
*[[Govind Pansare]]
*[[Gauri Lankesh]]
*[[C. V. Raman]]
*[[Jyotirao Phule]]
*[[Savitribai Phule]]
*[[J. B. S. Haldane]]
*[[George Orwell]]
*[[Abraham T. Kovoor]]
*[[Javed Akhtar]]
*[[Zubeen Garg]]
*[[Zoya Akhtar]]
*[[Shriram Lagoo]]
*[[Farhan Akhtar]]
*[[Bhaichung Bhutia]]
*[[Ileana D'Cruz]]
*[[S. S. Rajamouli]]
*[[Rajneesh]]
*[[Prakash Raj]]
*[[Vijay Sethupathi]]
*[[Kamal Haasan]]
*[[M. K. Stalin]]
*[[Ram Gopal Varma]]
*[[Amartya Sen]]
*[[:ml:രവിചന്ദ്രൻ സി.|Ravichandran C]]
*[[Maniratnam|Mani Ratnam]]
*[[Gauhar Raza]]

== See also ==
* [[Atheism in Hinduism]]
* [[Freedom of religion in India]]
* [[Hate speech laws in India]]
* [[Irreligion]]
* [[Religion in India]]
* [[Religious skepticism]]
* [[Secular humanism]]
* [[Secularism in India]]
* [[Superstition in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |author=Johannes Quack |title=Disenchanting India: Organized Rationalism and Criticism of Religion in India |year = 2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-981260-8|author-link=Johannes Quack }}
* {{cite book|last=Sangave|first=Vilas Adinath|title=Aspects of Jaina religion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8UhvGRoyAqMC|year=2006|publisher=Bharatiya Jnanpith|isbn=978-81-263-1273-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Binder |first=Stefan |title=Total Atheism: Secular Activism and the Politics of Difference in South India |location=United Kingdom |publisher=Berghahn Books |year=2020 |isbn=978-1789206753}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline}}
{{Wikiquote}}

{{Asia topic|Irreligion in}}
{{Irreligion}}
{{India topics}}
{{Religion in India topics}}
{{Portal bar|Religion|Philosophy|India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Irreligion in India}}
[[Category:Irreligion in India| ]]
[[Category:Religion in India]]
[[Category:Religious demographics]]

K. Kavitha

2026-02-28T08:47:30Z

Bogdanwyo: improved article

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1978)}}
{{Family name hatnote|Kalvakuntla|lang=Telugu}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=June 2021}}
{{promotional|date=October 2023}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kalvakuntla Kavitha
| image = Kalvakuntlakavitha (cropped).jpg
| caption = Kalvakuntla in 2025
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1978|03|13|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Karimnagar]], [[Andhra Pradesh (1956-2014)|Andhra Pradesh]] (present-day [[Telangana]]), India
| residence = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| constituency1 = [[Nizamabad Lok Sabha constituency|Nizamabad]]
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| term_start1 = 16 May 2014
| term_end1 = 23 May 2019
| predecessor1 = [[Madhu Yashki]]
| successor1 = [[Dharmapuri Arvind]]
| office = [[Telangana Legislative Council|Member of the Telangana Legislative Council]]
| predecessor = R. Bhupathi Reddy
| constituency = [[Nizamabad, Telangana|Nizamabad Local Authorities]]
| term_start = 12 October 2020
| term_end = 6 January 2026
| party = [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]] (2014–2025)
| relatives = [[K. T. Rama Rao]] (brother) [[T. Harish Rao]] (cousin) [[Joginapally Santosh Kumar]] (cousin)
| spouse = {{Marriage|Devanapalli Ramayagari Anil Kumar|2003}}
| relationship =
| children = 2
| source =
| mother = K. Shobha
| father = [[K. Chandrashekar Rao]]
}}
'''Kalvakuntla Kavitha''' (born 13 March 1978) is an Indian politician who served as a [[Member of the Legislative Council]] (MLC) from Nizamabad. Earlier she served as a Member of Parliament from [[Nizamabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nizamabad Lok Sabha Constituency]] from 2014 to 2019. She is the daughter of former [[chief minister of Telangana]], [[K. Chandrasekhar Rao]].

Earlier she was a member of [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]] party, she was suspended from BRS on 2 September 2025 for ‘anti-party activities’.<ref name="lok">{{cite web |title=Sixteenth Lok Sabha Members Bioprofile - Kalvakuntla, Smt. Kavitha |url=http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4802&lastls=16 |access-date=2014-07-27 |publisher=[[Lok Sabha]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-02 |title=BRS suspends K Kavitha from party – with KCR ‘blessing’ – day after she lashed out at cousin |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/k-kavitha-suspension-brs-kcr-anti-party-activities-10225809/ |access-date=2025-09-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Kalvakuntla Kavitha was born in [[Karimnagar]] to K. Chandrashekhar Rao and Shobha. Her father is leader of Telangana Movement and first chief minister of Telangana state. Her father is from Chinthamadaka village in [[Siddipet district|Siddipet District]], Telangana.

She completed her bachelor’s degree in engineering from [[VNR Vignana Jyothi Institute of Engineering and Technology]], Hyderabad. She did her master’s degree in computer science from the [[University of Southern Mississippi]], United States.

K. Kavitha is married to Devanapalli Anil Kumar, a businessman. They have two sons.<ref name="Who is Kalvakuntla Kavitha ?" />

== Professional Career ==
Kalvakuntla Kavitha began her professional journey as an IT professional in the United States, where she worked in the technology sector after completing her master's degree in computer science. Her experience abroad provided her with valuable global exposure and professional insight, shaping her worldview and deepening her understanding of international systems and governance. Despite being miles away from home, Kavitha remained deeply connected to her Telangana roots. The growing momentum of the Telangana statehood movement inspired her to return to India and actively contribute to the region’s social and political transformation.<ref name="Who is Kalvakuntla Kavitha ?">{{cite news |title=Who is Kalvakuntla Kavitha ? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/who-is-kalvakuntla-kavitha-/articleshow/66460675.cms |access-date=17 October 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=1 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251017052426/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/who-is-kalvakuntla-kavitha-/articleshow/66460675.cms |archive-date=17 October 2025}}</ref>
==Transition to public life==
While living abroad, Kalvakuntla Kavitha remained closely connected to developments in her homeland and became increasingly aware of the growing Telangana statehood movement, spearheaded by her father, K. Chandrashekar Rao. This deepening sense of connection and purpose inspired her to return to India and play an active role in the movement.

Upon her return, Kavitha dedicated herself to the cause of Telangana, mobilizing youth, women, and cultural groups to build widespread awareness and unity. Her efforts marked the beginning of her transition from a professional career to public life, rooted in her commitment to social justice, cultural revival, and regional empowerment.

==Social and Cultural Leadership==
In 2006, Kalvakuntla Kavitha founded Telangana Jagruthi, a cultural and social organization dedicated to promoting Telangana’s unique identity, rich traditions, and native language. Through this platform, she organized cultural programs, literary events, and awareness campaigns that played a crucial role in strengthening the Telangana movement at the grassroots level.<ref name="Kalvakuntla Kavitha: Leading to Excel">{{cite news |last1= |date=5 January 2023 |title=Kalvakuntla Kavitha: Leading to Excel |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/hyderabad/kalvakuntla-kavitha-leading-to-excel-776279 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251017052525/https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/hyderabad/kalvakuntla-kavitha-leading-to-excel-776279 |archive-date=17 October 2025 |access-date=17 October 2025 |work= |publisher=The Hans India |language=en}}</ref>

In 2008, Kavitha collaborated with historians and archaeologists to initiate efforts aimed at restoring and preserving the historical legacy of the Telangana region. One of her first major initiatives was the conservation and excavation of the Koti Lingala Temple, a sacred site spanning over 40 acres, believed to be one of the earliest Shiva temples in the region—bearing more than a thousand years of historical significance.<ref name="Kalvakuntla Kavitha: Leading to Excel" />

Continuing her cultural mission, in 2009, Kavitha brought the vibrant Bathukamma festival—an emblem of Telangana’s cultural identity—to the national stage by organizing celebrations in New Delhi. That same year, she took the festival to the global arena by hosting celebrations in Dubai, transforming Bathukamma into an international cultural event that connected the Telangana diaspora with their heritage.

In 2010, Kavitha visited the Chenchu tribe, an indigenous community residing deep within the Nallamala Forest. During her visit, she strongly opposed deforestation and mining activities in this ecologically sensitive region, advocating for the protection of tribal livelihoods and the preservation of Mother Nature.<ref name="Kalvakuntla Kavitha: Leading to Excel" />

== Career ==
After her marriage, in 2003, Kavitha moved to the US with her husband and returned to India in 2006. In 2014, the new state of [[Telangana]] was carved out of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and Kavitha's father was the leader of the movement for statehood. In the election of May 2014, her father's party swept the Telangana seats both for the state assembly and the national parliament and her father became the first [[chief minister of Telangana]]. She lost Lok Sabha election 2019 from Nizamabad to a BJP candidate [[Dharmapuri Arvind]].

===Early public life===
In 2006, the Telangana movement got a fresh impetus with the resignation of its leader K Chandrashekhar Rao from the Union Cabinet to express his strong dissent with the Central Government for going back on the promise of Telangana State formation.

This inspired the people from Telangana, who left their careers to join the movement. Motivated by the commitment and sacrifices made by the movement's leader and others who joined the movement, Kavitha actively participated in the people's movement.{{citation needed|date=March 2024}}

=== Telangana Jagruthi ===
Drawing Inspiration from the ongoing people's movement for the statehood of Telangana and a strong desire to work for the welfare of the people, led Kavitha to the formation of ''Telangana Jagruthi'' in August 2006. However, the organization was formally registered in November 2007. The word Jagruthi means Awakening. Awakening the Telangana society to a renewed sense of pride & unity was the goal.<ref name="Telangana Agitation Revisited: Politicos, artistes and leaders who struck TS gong {{!}} Telangana Agitation Revisited: Politicos, artistes and leaders who struck TS gong">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Telangana Agitation Revisited: Politicos, artistes and leaders who struck TS gong {{!}} Telangana Agitation Revisited: Politicos, artistes and leaders who struck TS gong |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/featured/010623/telangana-agitation-revisited-politicos-artistes-and-leaders-who-str.html |access-date=17 October 2025 |work= |publisher=Deccan Chronicle |date=1 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251017053416/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/featured/010623/telangana-agitation-revisited-politicos-artistes-and-leaders-who-str.html |archive-date=17 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

''Telangana Jagruthi'' played a key role in mobilizing the support of women and youth and also large sections of the society which acted as a force multiplier in the peaceful and non violent struggle for Telangana Statehood.<ref name="Telangana Agitation Revisited: Politicos, artistes and leaders who struck TS gong {{!}} Telangana Agitation Revisited: Politicos, artistes and leaders who struck TS gong" />

K. Kavitha took an initiative to skill the youth of Telangana for making them ready for the gainful employment.<ref>[http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/telangana-jagruthi-to-provide-employment-to-youth-k-kavitha-116090200816_1.html][[Telangana Jagruthi]] to provide employment to youth: K. Kavitha</ref> Currently Telangana Jagruthi Skill Centers are imparting training to 8500 students across Telangana and assist them in placements.
===Labour and Trade Unions ===
Kavitha is actively involved in labour and trade unions. Currently she serves in the following Labour and Trade Unions.
# Honorary President - Telangana Rashtra Vidyut Karmika Sangham - TRVKS - Electricity Employees Union.
#Honorary President - Telangana Anganwadi Workers and Helpers Association - TAWHA - An organization of Anganwadi workers.

=== Bharat Scouts and Guides ===
K Kavitha has been elected the first state chief commissioner of Telangana chapter of Bharat Scouts and Guides (BS & G) Association. She formally took charge at the investiture ceremony held at the BSG state headquarters at Domalguda.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/bharat-scouts-and-guides-in-private-institutions-soon/article7606439.ece Bharat Scouts and Guides in private institutions soon]</ref>

===Hindu Mazdoor Sabha===
Kavitha was elected as honorary president of Hindusthan Mazdoor Sabha - HMS (The Singareni Miners and Engineering Workers’ Union) in 2025.<ref name="Kavitha elected as honorary president of HMS in Singareni">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Kavitha elected as honorary president of HMS in Singareni |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/kavitha-elected-as-honorary-president-of-hms-in-singareni/article69997183.ece |access-date=31 August 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |date=31 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250831173249/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/kavitha-elected-as-honorary-president-of-hms-in-singareni/article69997183.ece |archive-date=31 August 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Political career ==
After the formation of Telangana state in 2014, Kavitha contested general elections from [[Nizamabad Lok Sabha constituency]] and won with over 164,184 vote majority. She took active leadership in the protests and demonstrations that were organized in support of the statehood movement all across Telangana.{{citation needed|date=March 2024}}

As an MP, in Parliament and public life, Kavitha supported the cause of [[Telangana]] as well as other national issues.{{citation needed|date=March 2024}} Kavitha once again contested as an MP in the [[2019 Indian general election]] from Nizamabad. She lost to [[Dharmapuri Arvind]] with a margin of 70,875 votes.

Kavitha is elected as [[Member of Legislative Council]] from Nizamabad Local Authorities' Constituency in October 2020 in the bypoll, which was held after the disqualification of the then sitting member R. Bhoopati Reddy. Kavitha had secured 728 votes out of the total 823.<ref name="Kalvakuntla Kavitha begins new innings as MLC">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Kalvakuntla Kavitha begins new innings as MLC |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/kavitha-begins-new-innings-as-mlc/articleshow/78940961.cms |access-date=19 January 2022 |work= |date=31 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119174952/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/kavitha-begins-new-innings-as-mlc/articleshow/78940961.cms |archive-date=19 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Kavitha was elected unopposed from [[Nizamabad district|Nizamabad]] Local Authorities constituency in the biennial polls to the [[Telangana Legislative Council]] held in December 2021 for the second time.<ref name="Unanimous win for Kavitha in Nizamabad">{{cite news |last1=Deccan Chronicle |first1= |title=Unanimous win for Kavitha in Nizamabad |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/241121/kavitha-wins-mlc-poll-unanimously.html |access-date=19 January 2022 |date=25 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119174104/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/241121/kavitha-wins-mlc-poll-unanimously.html |archive-date=19 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref> She took oath as MLC on 19 January 2022.<ref name="Kalvakuntla Kavitha takes oath as Nizamabad local bodies MLC">{{cite news |first1= |title=Kalvakuntla Kavitha takes oath as Nizamabad local bodies MLC |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/telangana/kalvakuntla-kavitha-takes-oath-as-kamareddy-nizamabad-local-bodies-mlc-725299 |access-date=19 January 2022 |work= |date=19 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119175323/https://www.thehansindia.com/telangana/kalvakuntla-kavitha-takes-oath-as-kamareddy-nizamabad-local-bodies-mlc-725299 |archive-date=19 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref>[[File:Kalvakuntla Kavitha takes oath as MLC.jpg|thumb|Kalvakuntla Kavitha takes oath as MLC]]

=== Parliamentary Committee ===
In the Parliament, Kavitha is a member of the Estimates Committee, the Standing Committee on Commerce and also on the Consultative Committee, Ministry of Rural Development, Panchayati Raj and Drinking water and Sanitation.<ref name="TRS K. Kavitha nominated as member of CWP">{{cite news |last1= |date=28 December 2016 |title=TRS K. Kavitha nominated as member of CWP |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/trs-k-kavitha-nominated-as-member-of-cwp-116122800701_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251017062948/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/trs-k-kavitha-nominated-as-member-of-cwp-116122800701_1.html |archive-date=17 October 2025 |access-date=17 October 2025 |work= |publisher=Business Standard}}</ref><ref name="Kalvakuntla Kavitha">{{cite news |date=17 October 2025 |title=Kalvakuntla Kavitha |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/topic/kalvakuntla-kavitha |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251017062808/https://www.outlookindia.com/topic/kalvakuntla-kavitha |archive-date=17 October 2025 |access-date=17 October 2025 |publisher=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref>

=== Commonwealth Parliamentary Association ===
Recently, Kavitha has been nominated to the steering committee of Commonwealth Women Parliamentarians (CWP) India Region. Commonwealth Women Parliamentarians works for increasing the women representatives in Parliaments.<ref name="Kalvakuntla Kavitha: Leading to Excel" />

===Parliamentary delegation ===
Kavitha has traveled to many countries and officially she was a part of the Vice President's Delegation to [[Cambodia]] and [[Laos]] as well as with Lok Sabha Speaker's delegation to the [[European Parliament]] to Brussels, Belgium.<ref>[http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/2015-06-23/Kavitha-leaves-for-Belgium/158915 Kavitha Leaves For Belgium]</ref>

=== Rift with party ===
In May 2025, a private letter to K. Chandrasekhar Rao in which Kavitha alleged conspiracies in the party against him was leaked to press after which there were differences between her and the party members including with her brother K. T. Rama Rao. She later denied these and called them "rumors". In July 2025 she was allegedly sidelined by KTR in the appointment of the party's in-charge for a Coal Miner's union. <ref>https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/k-kavitha-suspended-from-brs-by-father-k-chandrashekar-rao-9201898</ref>

Reports of differences were continuously denied by both her and her party members.

In September, after the Ghose report on irregularities in Kaleeshwaram irrigation project was made public and the subsequent direction of the state government to launch of investigation into it by the CBI, she lashed out on [[T. Harish Rao|Harish Rao]], her cousin and the then irrigation minister of the state. On 2nd September 2025, the disciplinary committee of the party suspended her for anti-party activities in a letter signed by KCR.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Basheer |first=Abdul |date=2025-09-02 |title=KCR suspends daughter K Kavitha from BRS over remarks against party |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/telangana/story/kcr-daughter-k-kavitha-suspended-from-brs-days-after-comments-against-party-2780653-2025-09-02 |access-date=2025-09-02 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> After her suspension, she resigned from the party membership and also tendered her resignation as an MLC on 3 September 2025 <ref name="Kavitha decides to quit as MLC and from primary membership of BRS after suspension; not to join any party">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=3 September 2025 |title=Kavitha decides to quit as MLC and from primary membership of BRS after suspension; not to join any party |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/kavitha-resigns-from-brs-following-her-suspension-also-quits-as-mlc/article70007220.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250903111621/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/kavitha-resigns-from-brs-following-her-suspension-also-quits-as-mlc/article70007220.ece |archive-date=3 September 2025 |access-date=3 September 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="Kavitha Resigns from BRS, Quits as MLC">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=3 September 2025 |title=Kavitha Resigns from BRS, Quits as MLC |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/telangana/kavitha-resigns-from-brs-quits-as-mlc-1901287 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250903111940/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/telangana/kavitha-resigns-from-brs-quits-as-mlc-1901287 |archive-date=3 September 2025 |access-date=3 September 2025 |work= |publisher=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref> Hon’ble Chairman [[Gutha Sukender Reddy]] accepted the resignation on 6 January 2026.<ref name="MLC Kavitha’s resignation accepted by Council chairman">{{cite news |last1= |title=MLC Kavitha’s resignation accepted by Council chairman |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/mlc-kavithas-resignation-accepted-by-council-chairman/article70479656.ece |access-date=7 January 2026 |work= |publisher=The Hindu |date=6 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260107033947/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/mlc-kavithas-resignation-accepted-by-council-chairman/article70479656.ece |archive-date=7 January 2026 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Jagruthi Janam Bata==
Kalvakuntla Kavitha has initiated a programme to travel across the telangana from 25 October 2025 to 13 February 2026 by interacting with intellectuals, educationalists, and caste organizations to discuss the way forward for her movements towards a 'Social Telangana'.<ref name="Kavitha to tour 32 Telangana districts from October 25 to February 13; hold discussions with people as part of Jagruthi Janam Bata">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=15 October 2025 |title=Kavitha to tour 32 Telangana districts from October 25 to February 13; hold discussions with people as part of Jagruthi Janam Bata |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/kavitha-to-tour-32-telangana-districts-from-october-25-to-february-13-hold-discussions-with-people-as-part-of-jagruthi-janam-bata/article70166149.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251015101912/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/kavitha-to-tour-32-telangana-districts-from-october-25-to-february-13-hold-discussions-with-people-as-part-of-jagruthi-janam-bata/article70166149.ece |archive-date=15 October 2025 |access-date=15 October 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref>[[File:Kalvakuntla Kavitha unveils poster of Jagruthi – Janam Bata programme.jpg|thumb|Kalvakuntla Kavitha unveiled the poster of the Jagruthi – Janam Bata programme, in the presence of Jagruthi leaders, supporters, and cadre]]

== Suspension from Bharat Rashtra Samithi ==
On September 2, 2025, K. Kavitha was suspended from the [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]] (BRS) by party president [[K. Chandrashekar Rao]], her father and the former [[chief minister of Telangana]]. The suspension followed her public allegations against senior BRS leader and cousin [[T. Harish Rao]], whom she blamed for the federal investigation targeting KCR. In an official statement, party leaders cited her recent comments and activities as "anti-party" and damaging to the BRS.<ref name="Kavitha Resigns from BRS, Quits as MLC" /><ref name="KCR suspends daughter Kavitha from BRS for ‘anti-party activities’">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=2 September 2025 |title=KCR suspends daughter Kavitha from BRS for ‘anti-party activities’ |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/kcr-suspends-daughter-kavitha-from-brs/article70003379.ece |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250902100949/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/kcr-suspends-daughter-kavitha-from-brs/article70003379.ece |archivedate=2 September 2025 |accessdate=2 September 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Key Initiatives ==
'''Women’s Reservation Bill:''' Kavitha held a round table conference in [[New Delhi]] at Hotel Le Meridian on 15 March 2025 demanding instant introduction of the [[Women's Reservation Bill, 2010|Women's Reservation Bill]] in the current session of Parliament.<ref name="BRS leader K Kavitha holds round table discussion over Women’s Reservation Bill">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=16 March 2023 |title=BRS leader K Kavitha holds round table discussion over Women’s Reservation Bill |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/brs-k-kavitha-holds-round-table-discussion-over-womens-reservation-bill-2347191-2023-03-16 |archivedate= |accessdate=21 October 2025 |publisher=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Earlier she protested a day-long hunger strike at [[Jantar Mantar, New Delhi|Jantar Mantar]] on 10 March 2025.<ref name="Jantar Mantar protest: Opposition parties demand Women’s Reservation Bill in Parliament">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=10 March 2023 |title=Jantar Mantar protest: Opposition parties demand Women’s Reservation Bill in Parliament |url=https://telanganatoday.com/jantar-mantar-protest-opposition-parties-demand-womens-reservation-bill-in-parliament |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251021094629/https://telanganatoday.com/jantar-mantar-protest-opposition-parties-demand-womens-reservation-bill-in-parliament |archivedate=21 October 2025 |accessdate=21 October 2025 |publisher=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref>

'''Round Table Conferences''': Kavitha held over 20 major round table conferences across the state, engaging with all BC groups to explain the importance and benefits of reservation. These meetings also aimed to mobilize support and pressurize both the state and central governments.<ref name="Kavitha warns Congress, BJP against further delay in BC reservations">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=29 March 2025 |title=Kavitha warns Congress, BJP against further delay in BC reservations |url=https://telanganatoday.com/kavitha-warns-congress-bjp-against-further-delay-in-bc-reservations |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251021092611/https://telanganatoday.com/kavitha-warns-congress-bjp-against-further-delay-in-bc-reservations |archivedate=21 October 2025 |accessdate=21 October 2025 |publisher=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref>

'''72-Hour Hunger Strike''': Kavitha launched a 72-hour hunger strike demanding the 42% BC reservation on 4 August 2025 at Dharna Chowk. She called off her proposed 72-hour hunger strike that began at 10 am morning as the police denied permission for her protest after 4 pm.<ref name="Telangana Jagruthi chief Kavitha launches 72-hour hunger strike, demands separate 10% Muslim quota">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=4 August 2025 |title=Telangana Jagruthi chief Kavitha launches 72-hour hunger strike, demands separate 10% Muslim quota |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/telangana-jagruthi-chief-kavitha-launches-72-hour-hunger-strike-demanding-42-reservation-for-bcs/article69892709.ece |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251021091608/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/telangana-jagruthi-chief-kavitha-launches-72-hour-hunger-strike-demanding-42-reservation-for-bcs/article69892709.ece |archivedate=21 October 2025 |accessdate=21 October 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="K Kavitha's 72-Hour Fast Ends On Day 1 After High Court Order">{{cite news |date=5 August 2025 |title=K Kavitha's 72-Hour Fast Ends On Day 1 After High Court Order |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/brs-telangana-k-kavithas-72-hour-fast-ends-on-day-1-after-high-court-order-9019286 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251021091553/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/brs-telangana-k-kavithas-72-hour-fast-ends-on-day-1-after-high-court-order-9019286 |archivedate=21 October 2025 |accessdate=21 October 2025 |work= |publisher=NDTV |language=en}}</ref> [[Indian National Lok Dal]] leader [[Arjun Chautala|Arjun Singh Chautala]] attended the dharna and extended his support to Kavitha.

'''Political Engagement''': Kavitha met with Union Minister of State for Social Justice and Empowerment [[Ramdas Athawale]], along with numerous local and national party representatives, urging them to expedite the bills passed by the Telangana Assembly concerning BC reservations. She requested the Union Minister to support the cause and push for early approval.<ref name="42 per cent BC quota discussed in Athawal-Kavitha meeting">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=28 June 2025 |title=42 per cent BC quota discussed in Athawal-Kavitha meeting |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2025/Jun/28/42-per-cent-bc-quota-discussed-in-athawal-kavitha-meeting |accessdate=21 October 2025 |publisher=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Kavitha holds talks with Union Minister Athawale over 42% BC quota">{{cite news |last1= |date=28 June 2025 |title=Kavitha holds talks with Union Minister Athawale over 42% BC quota |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/telangana/kavitha-holds-talks-with-union-minister-athawale-over-42-bc-quota-983432 |archivedate= |accessdate=21 October 2025 |work= |publisher=The Hans India |language=en}}</ref>

'''Rail Roko Protest''': In June–July 2025, Kalvakuntla Kavitha has announced a state-wide Rail Roko protest on July 17, demanding the Central government to approve the bills passed by Telangana Assembly for providing 42 per cent reservations to Backward Classes (BCs) in local bodies, education and employment.<ref name="Trains won’t be allowed to move if 42% BC quota is not approved by Centre: Kavitha">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=8 July 2025 |title=Trains won’t be allowed to move if 42% BC quota is not approved by Centre: Kavitha |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/trains-wont-be-allowed-to-move-if-42-bc-quota-is-not-approved-by-centre-kavitha/article69787214.ece |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251021092952/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/trains-wont-be-allowed-to-move-if-42-bc-quota-is-not-approved-by-centre-kavitha/article69787214.ece |archivedate=21 October 2025 |accessdate=21 October 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="Amid BRS family feud, Kavitha’s Hyderabad rail roko call sets up a litmus test">{{cite news |date=28 June 2025 |title=Amid BRS family feud, Kavitha’s Hyderabad rail roko call sets up a litmus test |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/amid-brs-family-feud-kavithas-hyderabad-rail-roko-call-sets-up-a-litmus-test-10093161/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251021093033/https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/amid-brs-family-feud-kavithas-hyderabad-rail-roko-call-sets-up-a-litmus-test-10093161/ |archivedate=21 October 2025 |accessdate=21 October 2025 |publisher=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Controversies==
===Delhi liquor policy scam===
{{main|2022 Delhi liquor policy case}}
In 2023, Kavitha has been accused of being involved in the [[Delhi liquor scam]]. She has been questioned and investigated by [[Enforcement Directorate]] (ED) regarding her role in the scam.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Livemint |date=2023-03-11 |title=Delhi liquor scam: BRS leaders K Kavitha grilled for over 9 hrs |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/delhi-liquor-scam-brs-leaders-k-kavitha-grilled-for-over-9-hrs-11678554643614.html |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-09 |title=How K. Kavitha came under probe for the Delhi liquor scam |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/how-k-kavitha-came-under-probe-for-the-delhi-liquor-scam/articleshow/98513235.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-04-30 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=What is Delhi liquor scam? KCR daughter Kavitha questioned by ED{{!}} BRS{{!}} Sisodia |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JguiyZP7Yec |access-date=2023-04-30 |language=en}}</ref> She was arrested by the ED on 15 March 2024 in connection with the liquor scam.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-16 |title=BRS leader and KCR daughter Kavitha arrested in liquor scam case |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/brs-leader-kavitha-arrested-by-ed-in-hyderabad-brought-to-delhi-12470191.html |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=Moneycontrol}}</ref>

On 26 March 2024, Kavitha was sent to judicial custody for 15 days in [[Tihar Jail]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/delhi-excise-policy-case-delhi-court-brs-leader-k-kavitha-judicial-custody-april-9 |title=Delhi Excise Policy case: Delhi court sends BRS leader K Kavitha to judicial custody till April 9 |date=26 March 2024 |website=Bar and Bench |access-date=26 March 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/excise-policy-case-brs-leader-k-kavitha-taken-to-tihar-jail/articleshow/108793880.cms?from=mdr |title=Excise policy case: BRS leader K Kavitha taken to Tihar Jail |date=26 March 2024 |website=The Economic Times |access-date=26 March 2024 }}</ref>

On 11 April 2024, she was again arrested by the CBI in [[Tihar Jail]] and was released on bail on 27 August 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi excise policy case: High Court reserves order on BRS MLA K. Kavitha's bail plea |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/delhi-excise-policy-case-high-court-reserves-order-on-kavithas-bail-plea/article68225226.ece |website=The Hindu |date=29 May 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-27 |title=Supreme Court grants bail to BRS leader K. Kavitha in excise policy cases |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sc-grants-bail-to-k-kavitha-in-excise-policy-case/article68571859.ece |access-date=2024-08-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

On February 27th 2026 the special court cleared charges against Kavitha.<ref name="Kavitha Discharged in Delhi Excise Policy Case">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Kavitha Discharged in Delhi Excise Policy Case |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/telangana/kavitha-gets-relief-in-delhi-liquor-policy-case-1940259 |access-date=28 February 2026 |work= |publisher=Deccan Chronicle |date=27 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260228084336/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/telangana/kavitha-gets-relief-in-delhi-liquor-policy-case-1940259 |archive-date=28 February 2026 |language=en}}</ref>

==Elections contested==
===Lok Sabha===
{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Year
! Constituency
! colspan="2"|Party
! Votes
! %
! Opponent
! colspan="2"|Opponent Party
! Opponent Votes
! %
! Result
! Margin
! %
|-
! [[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
| rowspan="2"|[[Nizamabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nizamabad]]
| {{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi|rowspan=2}}
| 409,709
| 38.55
| [[Dharmapuri Arvind]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 480,584
| 45.22
| {{no2|Lost}}
| -70,875
| -6.67
|-
! [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
| 439,307
| 42.49
| [[Madhu Yaskhi Goud]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 272,123
| 26.23
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 167,184
| 16.17
|-
|}

===Telangana Member of Legislative Council===
* Member of Legislative Council, Nizamabad Local Authorities' Constituency (First term) - 2020-21
* Member of Legislative Council, Nizamabad Local Authorities' Constituency (Second term) - 2021–25

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}

* [http://www.kalvakuntlakavita.org K.Kavitha Official site]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{16th LS members from Telangana|state=expanded}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kavitha, Kalvakuntla.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:Bharat Rashtra Samithi politicians]]
[[Category:People from Karimnagar]]
[[Category:People from Nizamabad district]]
[[Category:Women in Telangana politics]]
[[Category:India MPs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Telangana]]
[[Category:Members of the Telangana Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Indian prisoners and detainees]]
[[Category:Inmates of Tihar Jail]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Women members of the Lok Sabha]]

Nannayya

2026-02-26T12:04:00Z

Bogdanwyo:

{{Short description|11th-century Telugu-language poet}}
{{about|the Telugu author|the Mesopotamian goddess|Nayana}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Nannayya Bhattaraka
| image = Nannaya Telugu Poet (Stamp of India - 2017 - Colnect 741696 - Adikavi Nannaya Telugu Poet (cropped).jpeg
| caption = Nannaya as depicted on a 2017 postage stamp of India
| pseudonym =
| birth_place = [[Rajamahendravaram]].<ref name=VV/> (present-day [[Rajamundry]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]])
| death_date = 11th century
| death_place =
| occupation = Poet, writer
| period = 11th century
| genre = Poet
| movement = [[Bhakti movement]]
| notableworks = [[Andhra Mahabharatam]]
| spouse =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
}}

'''Nannayya Bhattaraka''' or '''Nannayya Bhattu''' (sometimes spelled '''Nannaya'''; {{Circa|11th century}}) was a [[Telugu language|Telugu]] poet and the author of ''[[Andhra Mahabharatam]]'', a Telugu retelling of the [[Sanskrit]]-language ''[[Mahabharata]]''. Nannaya is generally considered the first poet (''Adi Kavi'') of Telugu language.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Devadevan |first=Manu V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=exzhDwAAQBAJ&dq=Nannaya+first+poet+(adi+kavi)&pg=PA18 |title=The 'Early Medieval' Origins of India |date=3 December 2020 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-108-49457-1 |pages=18 |language=en |author-link=Manu V. Devadevan}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Das |first=Sisir Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BC3l1AbPM8sC&dq=Nannaya+first+poet+(adi+kavi)&pg=PA139 |title=A History of Indian Literature, 500-1399: From Courtly to the Popular |date=2005 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |isbn=978-81-260-2171-0 |pages=139 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rao |first=Sonti Venkata Suryanarayana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fXJkAAAAMAAJ&q=Nannaya+first+poet+(adi+kavi) |title=Vignettes of Telugu Literature: A Concise History of Classical Telugu Literature |date=1999 |publisher=Jyeshtha Literary Trust |pages=57 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="VV" /> He was patronised by [[Rajaraja Narendra]] of [[Rajahmundry|Rajamahendravaram]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Datta |first=Amaresh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&dq=Rajaraja+Narendra+nannaya&pg=PA984 |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature |date=1987 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |isbn=978-81-260-1803-1 |volume=1 |pages=179, 984 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=VV>{{Cite book |last=Knipe |first=David M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2P8TDAAAQBAJ&dq=Rajaraja+Narendra+nannaya&pg=PA12 |title=Vedic Voices: Intimate Narratives of a Living Andhra Tradition |date=2015 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-939768-6 |pages=12, 27 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Rajaraja Narendra was an admirer of ''[[Mahabharata]]'' and wanted the message of the Sanskrit epic to reach the Telugu masses in their own language and idiom.<ref name=":1" /> He commissioned Nannaya, a scholar well versed in [[Vedas]], [[Puranas]], and [[Itihasa|Itihasas]] for the task. Nannaya began his work in {{Circa|1025 CE}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Johnson |first=W. J. |chapter=Āndhra Bhāratamu |date=2009 |chapter-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780198610250.001.0001/acref-9780198610250-e-183 |title=A Dictionary of Hinduism |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en |doi=10.1093/acref/9780198610250.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-861025-0}}</ref> and wrote [[Adi Parva|Adi Parvam]], [[Sabha Parva|Sabaparvam]], and a part of [[Vana Parva|Aranyaparvam]].<ref name=":1" />

Nannaya is the first of the three Telugu poets, called the ''[[Kavitrayam]]'' ("trinity of poets"), who wrote ''Andhra Mahabharatam''. His work, which is rendered in the [[Champu]] style, is chaste and polished and of a high literary merit. The advanced and well-developed language used by Nannaya suggests that prior [[Telugu literature]] other than royal grants and decrees must have existed before him. However, these presumed works are now [[Lost literary work|lost]]. Legends also credit him with writing the Sanskrit-language ''Andhra-shabda-chintamani'', said to be the first work on [[Telugu grammar]].

==Early life==
Nannaya was born in a [[Telugu Brahmin]] family.<ref>{{cite book|title=Social Scientist Volume 23|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=06WaAAAAIAAJ|publisher=Indian School of Social Sciences|year=1995|quote=The genre and style created by Nannayya became the standard for marga poets. Nannayya was a Brahmin and a respected Sanskrit scholar of his time in the court of King Rājarājanarendra who ruled the central Andhra deltaic region.}}</ref> He resided in [[Rajahmundry|Rajamahendravaram]] under the patronage of [[Eastern Chalukyas|Eastern Chalukya]] king [[Rajaraja Narendra]].<ref name="VV" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Datta |first=Amaresh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&dq=Nannaya+tikkana&pg=PA173 |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature |date=1987 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-260-1803-1 |volume=1 |pages=172, 173 |language=en |author-link=Amaresh Datta}}</ref>

== Andhra Mahabharatam ==
Rajaraja Narendra was an admirer of ''[[Mahabharata]]'' and wanted the message of the Sanskrit epic to reach the Telugu masses in their own language and idiom.<ref name=":1" /> He commissioned Nannaya, a scholar well versed in [[Vedas]], [[Puranas]], and [[Itihasa|Itihasas]] for the task. Nannaya wrote [[Adi Parva|Adi Parvam]], [[Sabha Parva|Sabaparva]], and a part of [[Vana Parva|Aranyaparvam]].<ref name=":1" /> Later in the 13th century [[Tikkana]] left the remainder of Aranyaparvam and wrote 15 parvams from [[Virata Parva|Virata Parvam]] to [[Svargarohana Parva|Svargarohana Parvam]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ak9csfpY2WoC&dq=Nannaya+tikkana&pg=PA393 |title=Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia |date=19 May 2003 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-22821-4 |editor-last=Pollock |editor-first=Sheldon |editor-link=Sheldon Pollock |pages=393, 397 |language=en}}</ref> After that in the 14th century [[Errana]] Aranyaparva filled the remainder.<ref name=":1" />

== Grammar ==

Some legends credit Nannaya with writing ''Andhra-shabda-chintamani'' ("Magic Jewel of Telugu Words"), a [[Sanskrit]]-language work that was the first treatise on [[Telugu grammar]]. This [[Lost literary work|lost work]] is said to have contained five chapters with 82 verses in the [[Arya metre]].<ref name="VNR_DS">{{cite book |editor1=Velcheru Narayana Rao |editor1-link=Narayana Rao (author) |editor2=David Shulman |editor2-link=David Dean Shulman |title=Classical Telugu Poetry: An Anthology |year=2002 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=9780520344525 |pages=230–238 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SFXVDwAAQBAJ }}</ref> Nannaya is said to have written this text with help of his friend Narayana Bhatta.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Paniker |first=K. Ayyappa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC |title=Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |year=1997 |isbn=978-81-260-0365-5 |pages=538 |language=en}}</ref> Nannaya's grammar is said to have been divided into five chapters, covering samjnā, [[sandhi]], ajanta, [[halanta]] and [[kriya]].<ref name="Padmapriya ch1">{{cite book |title= A Comparative Study Of Andhrashabdachintamani And Balavyakaranam |last= Gopavaram |first= Padmapriya |author2=Subrahmanyam, Korada |year= 2011 |publisher= University of Hyderabad |location=Hyderabad|chapter=1}}</ref>

Yelakuchi Bala-sarasvati wrote a Telugu gloss (commentary) on this work, and his ''Bala-sarasvatiyamu'' refers to this legend in brief. A more elaborate version of the legend appears in [[Appa-kavi]]'s ''Appakavīyamu'' (1656). According to this version, [[Vemulawada Bheemakavi|Bhimana]], who was jealous of Nannaya, stole and destroyed ''Andhra-shabda-chintamani'' by throwing it in the [[Godavari River]]. Unknown to others, King [[Rajaraja Narendra|Rajaraja-narendra]]'s son Saranga-dhara, an immortal ''[[siddha]]'', had memorised Nannaya's grammar. He gave a written copy of Nannaya's work to Bala-sarasvati near Matanga Hill (at [[Vijayanagara]]), and Bala-sarasvati wrote a Telugu gloss (commentary) on the work. With help of the god [[Vishnu]], Appa-kavi received a copy of Nannaya's work, and wrote ''Appakavīyamu'' as a commentary on this text. ''Ahobala-panditiya'' (also known as ''Kavi-siro-bhushana''), a Sanskrit commentary on ''Andhra-shabda-chintamani'', also retells this story.<ref name="VNR_DS"/>

While some of the grammatical ''sutras'' in Appa-kavi's work may be from Nannaya's time, ''Andhra-shabda-chintamani'' is an imaginary work,<ref name="VNR_DS"/> and was probably fabricated by Bala-sarasvati himself.<ref>{{cite book |editor=Sonti Venkata Suryanarayana Rao |title=Vignettes of Telugu Literature: A Concise History of Classical Telugu Literature |year=1999 |publisher=Jyeshtha Literary Trust |page=151 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fXJkAAAAMAAJ |oclc=49701372 }}</ref> Although Appa-kavi describes his work as a commentary, it is really an original work.<ref name="VNR_DS"/>

==See also==
*[[Telugu Literature]]
*[[Kavitrayam]]
*[[Adikavi Nannaya University]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

;Sources
* ''History and Culture of Andhra Pradesh,'' P. R. Rao
* Andhrula Saanghika Charitra, Pratapareddy Suravaram
* Andhra Vagmaya Charitramu, Dr. Venkatavadhani Divakarla
* Andhra Pradesh Darshini, Parts 1 and 2, Chief Editor Y. V. Krishnarao

== External links ==

* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tbnBvsL25lA&t=2125 About Nannaya Bharatham By Dr. Garikapati]
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Telugu poets]]
[[Category:11th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Rajahmundry]]
[[Category:Writers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Sanskrit–Telugu translators]]

Sitarampur Junction railway station

2026-02-21T13:12:25Z

Bogdanwyo:

{{Short description|Railway station in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2015}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|50px]] {{font color|blue|SITARAMPUR JUNCTION}}
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] [[junction station]]
| style = Indian Railways
| image = Sitarampur Junction.jpg
| image_caption = Sitarampur railway station nameplate
| address = [[Sitarampur]], [[Asansol]], [[Paschim Bardhaman district]], [[West Bengal]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|23|43|24|N|86|53|48|E|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|99|m|ft}}
| line = [[Howrah–Delhi main line]] [[Asansol–Patna section]] [[Howrah–Gaya–Delhi line]] [[Howrah–Allahabad–Mumbai line]] [[Grand Chord]] [[Asansol–Gaya section]]
| other =
| structure =
| platform = 5
| tracks = Quadruple Electric-Line
| entrances =
| parking = Available
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = 1960–1961<ref name=elec>{{cite web|title=History of Electrification|url=http://www.irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html|publisher=CORE (Central Organisation for Railway Electrification)|access-date=1 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071225163912/http://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html|archive-date=25 December 2007|url-status=live}}</ref>
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = STN
| zone = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| division = Asansol Division
}}
| owned =
| operator =
| status = Functional
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_type = India West Bengal#India
| map_dot_label = Sitarampur Junction
| map_caption = Location in [[West Bengal]]##Location in India
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-caption = Interactive map
| mapframe-custom = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=300|frame-height=180|zoom=14|type=point|marker=rail}}
}}
{{Railways in Asansol|collapse=y}}
'''Sitarampur Junction''' (station code: '''STN''') is the railway station serving the neighbourhood of [[Neamatpur]] and [[Sitarampur]] in [[Asansol]], [[Paschim Bardhaman district]] in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]]. Sitarampur Junction is part of the [[Asansol railway division|Asansol Division]] of the [[Eastern Railway zone]] of the [[Indian Railways]].<ref name=witness>{{cite news|title=No witness to nail train gangs|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100712/jsp/bengal/story_12672342.jsp|access-date=11 April 2012|newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)]]|date=12 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912064835/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100712/jsp/bengal/story_12672342.jsp|archive-date=12 September 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sitarampur Junction is connected to [[metropolitan area]]s of India, Delhi–Kolkata main line via the Mugalsarai–Patna route as well as the [[Grand Chord]] route. It has an average elevation of {{convert|99|m|ft}}.

==Overview==

===Mining-industry zone===
"The entire belt between Durgapur ({{Convert|158|km|abbr=on}} from Howrah), and all the way up to Dhanbad and beyond is industrialized. Apart from factories, there are many coal mines, some closed now, and some with fires burning deep in the mineshafts. The mining area extends for a large area, mostly to the south of the tracks. Quite a portion of the track passes through cuttings, where the surrounding area is higher than the track level, resulting in the profusion of characteristic small masonry bridges crossing the tracks." This description is from "Gomoh loco shed and CLW trip record" by Samit Roychoudhury.<ref>{{cite web|title= Gomoh loco shed and CLW trip record |work= Indian Railway Reports|publisher=IRFCA }}</ref>

==History==
As the movement of coal by trains increased considerably a new railway line, the [[Grand Chord]], was laid from Sitarampur to Mughalsarai. At that time, Sitarampur boasted the largest steam locomotive shed and the second largest coal moving yard in the country. Now the steam loco shed is gone as steam engines were phased out.

==Facilities==
[[File:Sitarampur railway station platform.JPG|thumb|Sitarampur railway station platform]]
The major facilities available are waiting rooms, reservation counter,2 wheeler and 4 wheeler vehicle parking. The vehicles are allowed to enter the station premises. The station also has an STD/ISD/PCO telephone booth, ATM counter, toilets, tea stall and book stall.<ref name=amenities>{{cite web|title=Major passenger amenities available in stations over Asansol Division|url=http://www.er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,6,443,529,542|work=Commercial Information|publisher=Official Website of the Eastern Railway|access-date=1 April 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015233919/http://www.er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0%2C6%2C443%2C529%2C542|archivedate=15 October 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===Platforms===
The platforms are connected by [[foot overbridge]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Sitarampur Junction railway station}}
* [http://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/585 Sitarampur Junction map]
* [http://bardhaman.nic.in/ Official website of the Bardhaman district]

{{Paschim Bardhaman topics}}
{{Railway stations in West Bengal}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1901]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Paschim Bardhaman district]]
[[Category:Railway junction stations in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Asansol railway division]]

Dhalai district

2026-02-20T11:53:26Z

Bogdanwyo: Stub

{{About|the district|its eponymous headquarters|Tripura|other uses|Tripura (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dhalai district
| settlement_type = [[Districts of Tripura|District of Tripura]]
| total_type = Total
| image_skyline = Dumboor Lake.png
| image_caption = Dumboor Lake
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-point = none
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Tripura
| coordinates = {{coord|23.91634|N|91.88782|E|display=inline,title|region:IN-TR}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tripura]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|Division]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 1995
| seat_type = Headquarter
| seat = [[Ambassa]]
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 =
| area_total_km2 = 2312.29
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 3,78,000
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 96.79 %
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 = --
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name1 = [[Tripura East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tripura East]]
| leader_title2 = [[Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name2 = [[Ambassa (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ambassa]], [[Chawamanu (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chawamanu]], [[Kamalpur, Tripura Assembly constituency|Kamalpur]], [[Karamcherra Assembly constituency|Karamcherra]], [[Raima Valley (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Raima Valley]], [[Surma (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Surma]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 799289 ; 799273 ; 799285 ; 799204 ; 799287 ; 799275 ; 799284
| area_code = +03826 ; +03824
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = TR 04
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Roads in India|Major highways]]
| blank_info_sec1 = [[National Highway 8 (India)|NH 8]]
| blank_name_sec2 = Average annual precipitation
| blank_info_sec2 = 1922 mm - 2855 mm
| website = {{URL|https://dhalai.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Dhalai district''' (pron: /ˈdʰɔlai/) is an administrative [[district]] in the state of [[Tripura]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/even-before-1971-war-started-with-pakistan-india-had-won-the-battle/152975/|title=Even before 1971 war started with Pakistan, India had won the battle|website=[[ThePrint]] |date=22 November 2018 }}</ref> The district headquarter is in [[Ambassa]]. As of 2011, it was the least populous district of Tripura (out of [[Districts of Tripura|8 districts]]), despite being the largest.<ref name="districtcensus">{{cite web | url = http://www.census2011.co.in/district.php | title = District Census 2011 | access-date = 30 September 2011 | year = 2011 | publisher = Census2011.co.in}}</ref>

==History==
Dhalai District was created in 1995 by bifurcating North Tripura District and including part of Amarpur Sub-Division of the South Tripura District. It was created keeping in view the administrative exigency of providing development and good governance to the largely Tribal and inaccessible areas. The district is named after [[Dhalai River]] which originates in the district.

==Geography==
In the North-eastern part of Tripura, the district covers an area of about 2426 km2. It is mainly between two hills: Atharamura Range and Sakhan Range. More than 70% area is hilly and forest covered. The terrain is mostly undulating and hilly with small water streams ({{transliteration|trp|chharas}}), rivers and fertile valleys intervening. Major rivers originating from Dhalai are Dhalai, Khowai, Gomati and Manu. Major hills are Atharamura, Longtharai, Kalajhari and part of Sakhan.

The district headquarters at Ambassa is about 85 km from the state capital [[Agartala]]. The district is bordered by [[Bangladesh]] on the northern and southern sides.

[[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation]] is exploring for natural gas reserves in the district in Salema block. The district falls in [[Earthquake zones of India|Seismic Zone 5 of India]] and is prone to landslides, thunderstorms and lightning strikes in summer and rainy seasons.

*[https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Dhalai,+Tripura/@23.8250263,91.960585,10z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x375232a2f48e552d:0x1af0ac022d9e0811 Dhalai district on Google maps]

==Climate==
The district has a tropical climate with hot and humid summers, a prolonged rainy season and warm winters. Rains are frequent in March and April. Maximum temperatures in summers and winters are 36 °C and 28 °C, respectively. The minimum temperatures in summers and winters are 17 degree and 5.3 degree Celsius respectively.

==Demographics==
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Dhalai district (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Tripura |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11393/download/14506/DDW16C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hindus]]|darkorange|81.20}}
{{bar percent|[[Buddhists]]|yellow|10.34}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Tripura|Christians]]|dodgerblue|6.07}}
{{bar percent|[[Muslims]]|green|2.18}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.21}}
|caption=Distribution of religions
}}

According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Dhalai district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 378,230,<ref name="districtcensus"/> roughly equal to the nation of [[Maldives]].<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | access-date = 1 October 2011 | quote = Maldives 394,999 July 2011 est. | archive-date = 27 September 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110927165947/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 564th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has a population density of {{convert| 157 |PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}.<ref name=districtcensus/> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001-2011 was 22.78%.<ref name=districtcensus/> Dhalai has a [[sex ratio]] of 945 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males<ref name=districtcensus/> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 86.82%. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 16.31% and 55.68% of the population respectively.<ref name=districtcensus/>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Dhalai district (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Kokborok]] |value1 = 41.57 |color1 = deepskyblue
|label2 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value2 = 35.08 |color2 = gold
|label3 = [[Chakma language|Chakma]] |value3 = 9.07 |color3 = goldenrod
|label4 = [[Hindi]] |value4 = 2.06 |color4 = orange
|label5 = [[Garo language|Garo]] |value5 = 1.07 |color5 = limegreen
|label6 = [[Falam language|Halam]] |value6 = 1.60 |color6 = darkblue
|label7 = [[Meitei language|Manipuri]] |value7 = 1.47 |color7 = turquoise
|label8 = [[Odia language|Odia]] |value8 = 1.43 |color8 = brown
|label9 = [[Bishnupriya Manipuri language|Bishnupuriya]] |value9 = 1.20 |color9 = yellow
|label10 = [[Mog language|Mog]] |value10 = 1.07 |color10 = teal
|label11 = Others |value11 = 4.38 |color11 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 41.57% of the population spoke [[Kokborok]], 35.08% [[Bengali language|Bengali]], 9.07% [[Chakma language|Chakma]], 2.06% [[Hindi]], 1.87% [[Garo language|Garo]], 1.60% [[Falam language|Halam]], 1.47% [[Meitei language|Manipuri]], 1.43% [[Odia language|Odia]], 1.20% [[Bishnupriya Manipuri language|Bishnupuriya]] and 1.07% [[Arakanese language|Mog]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Tripura|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10223/download/13335/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1600.XLSX|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Parliamentary constituency==
Dhalai shares the [[Lok Sabha]] constituency of [[Tripura East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tripura East]] (shared with North Tripura and South Tripura districts). The Member of Parliament of [[16th Lok Sabha]] for this constituency is Rebati Mohan Tripura.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ |title = Parliament of India}}</ref> The state of Tripura sends a single member for [[Rajya Sabha]], currently Smt. Jharna Das Baidya.

==Administrative divisions==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sl. No!! Subdivision !! Headquarters !! Blocks !! Tehsils
|-
| 1 || Ambassa || Ambassa || Ambassa, Ganganagar || Ambassa, Dalubari, Nalichara, Shikaribari, Ganganagar
|-
| 2 || Kamalpur || Kamalpur || Salema, Durgachowmuhani || Kamalpur, Barasurma, Mahabir, Manikbhander, Mayachari, Baralutma, Halhali, Salema, Kachuchara
|-
| 3 || Gondatwisa || Gondatwisa || Dumburnagar, Raishyabari || Gondatwisa, Jagbandhupara, Raishyabari, Hathimatha
|-
| 4 || Longtharai Valley || Chailengta || Manu, Chawmanu || Manu, Chailengta, Karamchara, Chawmanu, Manikpur, Gobindbari
|-
| || Dhalai District || 4 Sub-divisions || 8 R.D. Blocks || 24 Tehsils
|-
|}

==Governance==
===Administration===
The district has a Zone of [[Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council]], headed by a Zonal Development Officer. The police department is headed by a Superintendent of Police. Sub-jails are in Kamalpur and Gondatwisa. The Sub-divisions are headed by a Sub-Divisional Magistrate and Collector, who is in charge of revenue, elections, land records, birth and death registration, tribal welfare and law and order. At the R.D. Block, a Block Development Officer is administrative head who implements all the government development schemes in the villages like [[National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005|MGNREGS]], [[Indira Awaas Yojana]], [[Swachh Bharat Abhiyan]] etc. At the village level, the Rural Panchayat Secretary assists Gram Sabha and Gram Panchayat in administration.

===Publicly elected representatives under Panchayati Raj Institution===
There are two Municipal Councils at Ambassa and Kamalpur and 137 Gram Panchayats (under Government of Tripura) or Village Committees (under TTAADC) headed by a chairperson. At the Rural Development (RD) Block level Block Advisory Committee and Panchayat Samiti headed by a chairperson. Zilla Parishad is the apex institution at the district level headed by a Sabhadhipati.

===Development initiatives===
There are development schemes and programmes implemented in the district. The notable among these are [http://www.tigproject.in/ Indo-German Development Cooperation Project (IGDC)], [http://rural.nic.in/sites/IWMP.asp/ Integrated Watershed Management Project (IWMP)], [[National Rural Livelihood Mission]] (state unit Tripura rural livelihood mission),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://aajeevika.gov.in/|title=Aajeevika, National Rural Livelihood Mission}}</ref> Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme, [https://web.archive.org/web/20160320103558/http://mha1.nic.in/badp_aap/index.html Border Area Development Programme (BADP)], [[Backward Regions Grant Fund]] (BRGF),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://epanchayat.gov.in/mopr/viewPortalPage.do?cToken=null|title=Backward Regions Grant Fund, Ministry of Panchayati Raj}}{{Dead link|date=July 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [http://tribal.nic.in/Content/SpecialCentralAssistancetoTribalSubPlan.aspx/ Special Central Assistance to Tribal Sub Plan (SCA to TSP)], [[Swachh Bharat Abhiyan]] [https://web.archive.org/web/20150622132628/http://sbm.gov.in/sbm_new/ Swachh Bharat Mission - Gramin - SBM(G)] (erstwhile [[Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan]], NBA).
[[File:MGNREGA Tripura Dhalai Earth cutting road work 2014.jpg|thumb|MGNREGA Road formation work at Ghantacherra, Ambassa block in 2014]]

==Educational institutions==
The district administration claims 96.79% literacy, largely attributed to the primary schools built and running in almost every habitation. However, according to Census 2011, the literacy rate was 86.82%: 92.45% for males and 80.83% for females creating gender gap of 11.62%.

The primary school system, up to class 8 is mainly supported by the [[Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan]] programme of the Government of India. It is managed by the State Government (Junior Basic schools in non-ADC areas and most of the Senior Basic and Higher Secondary schools in ADC and non-ADC areas) and TTAADC (mainly the Junior Basic schools in ADC areas).<ref>{{ cite web|url=http://schooleducation.tripura.gov.in/PDFs/List%20of%20TTAADC%20Controlled%20%20Schools%20in%20TRIPURA%20(As%20on%2031-08-2014).xls|title = List of TTAADC controlled schools in Tripura}}</ref>

There are [http://schooleducation.tripura.gov.in/PDFs/List%20of%20English%20Medium%20Schools%20in%20TRIPURA%20(As%20on%2031-08-2014).xls/ 24 English medium schools in Dhalai]. There are four special schools — [[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya]], at 82 miles in Manu Block, and [[Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya]] at Gondatwisa, Ganganagar and Hezacharra along with [http://www.kvambassa.com/ Kendriya Vidyalaya at Jawaharnagar, Ambassa]. There are residential schools set up by government and missionary organisations. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150822143140/http://twdtripura.in/TTWREIS.htm Tripura Tribal Welfare Residential Educational Institutions Society (TTWREIS)] runs the Radhamohan Memorial Ashram School at Sadhu tilla, Ambassa. St. Arnold's Schools are at Dalapatipara, Gandatwisa and Lalchari, Ambassa. Holy Cross High School is at Kathalcherra, Manu block.

There is one Dhalai District Polytechnic, at Kamalacherra, Ambassa,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://highereducation.tripura.gov.in/Education/Technical_Sta_Govt.aspx|title=Technical Colleges in Tripura|publisher=Directorate of Higher Education, Government of Tripura}}</ref> [[Industrial Training Institute]] at Lalchari, Ambassa, [http://highereducation.tripura.gov.in/Education/pdf/govtclg2014.pdf/ Government Degree Colleges]{{Dead link|date=July 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} at Kamalpur, GandaTwisa and Chailengta.

==Healthcare==
[[File:Health check-up camp at Srinibash para, Dhalai, Tripura.jpg|thumb|Health check-up camp at Srinibash para, Dhalai, Tripura]]
[[National Rural Health Mission]] (NRHM, now [https://web.archive.org/web/20150613055631/http://nrhm.gov.in/ National Health Mission, NHM])is being implemented in the district.

Dhalai has a District Hospital at Kulai in Ambassa block, sub-divisional hospitals at Kamalpur, Gandacherra and Manu. In addition to them, Primary Health Centers, Community Health Center and Health Sub-centers are in the villages. Multi Purpose health Worker (MPW), [[Auxiliary nurse midwife|Auxiliary Nurse and Midwives]] (ANM) and [[Accredited Social Health Activist]] (ASHA) deliver healthcare services at village level.
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nrhm.gov.in/communitisation/asha/about-asha.html|title=Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA)|access-date=22 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708120224/http://nrhm.gov.in/communitisation/asha/about-asha.html|archive-date=8 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Private practitioners of [[allopathy]] and [[homoeopathy]] are present in the district. Traditional health practitioners called "Uja/Uza" work with locally available medicinal plants and some rituals, but the practise has declined greatly due to availability of modern healthcare.

The district is in humid and forested region and is highly prone to diseases like [[malaria]], [[diarrhoea]] and [[Japanese encephalitis]]. In summer 2014, there was a large outbreak of malaria across the district.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/malaria-deaths-put-tripura-on-alert/article6109984.ece| title = Malaria deaths put Tripura on Alert|work=The Hindu| date = 12 June 2014}}</ref>

==Security and border management==
Having an international boundary with Bangladesh has led to deployment of [[Border Security Force]] battalions. The district also has other paramilitary units of [[Central Reserve Police Force]], [[Assam Rifles]] and state government's [https://web.archive.org/web/20150711171149/http://www.tripurapolice.nic.in/TripuraStateRifles.htm Tripura State Rifles]. [[Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act]] (AFSPA), was operational in the district when insurgency was rampant in the state. However, security units have successfully managed to reduce the insurgency in the region leading to step-by-step reduction in the area under operation of AFSPA, finally being lifted from entire state in May 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/tripura-government-lifts-afspa-after-18-years/ |title = After 18 years, Tripura govt lifts AFSPA |date = 28 May 2015 |publisher= The Indian Express}}</ref>

The 3rd Battalion of TSR is at Kachucherra in Ambassa block. Units of this battalion are given the responsibility of security of railway track, security in Kathalbari-Sikaribari region among other. (Outposts/camps of security forces are often in forest areas which makes them vulnerable to malaria due to high infestation of mosquitoes in the region.)

==Infrastructure==

===Transport===
National Highway 44 runs from Guwahati-Shillong in the northeast to center and then to west towards Agartala. Work had begun but currently stopped for National Highway 44-A connecting Manu to Aizawl, Mizoram.

The district has meter gauge rail connectivity on the Lumding-Agartala line with stations at Manu, {{rws|Jawaharnagar}} and Ambassa. There is a non-functional airstrip at Kamalpur.
[http://tsu.trp.nic.in/transport/ Tripura Road Transport Commission] runs bus service from Ambassa to Agartala, Kamalpur, Gandacherra. Nearly 330 habitations, out of a total of 1037, are not connected by any motorable road, about 95 of them being in the Gandacherra region. There are many individual private operators who run local transport services to block headquarters, villages and to Agartala. Private transport companies also run bus service from Ambassa to Shillong and Guwahati.

Transport in the urban regions of Ambassa and Kamalpur are run by auto-rickshaws and cycle-rickshaws. All the transport services are regulated by transport unions of drivers and owners.

When militancy was rampant in the district and AFSPA was in force, travelling on the highway happened in batches with patrol squad of paramilitary forces on the ends of the motorcade. Although such procedures are stopped now, paramilitary forces exercise foot patrol of important roads.

===Electricity===
[https://web.archive.org/web/20150621042538/http://www.tsecl.gov.in/irj/go/km/docs/internet/TRIPURA/webpage/pages/Home.html Tripura State Electricity Corporation Limited] is the provider of grid-connected electricity to the district. Unconnected habitations and border outposts are serviced by [http://treda.nic.in/ Tripura Renewable Energy Development Agency] by solar [[photovoltaic system]]s. There is less load-shedding in towns but long hours of load shedding is done for rural areas. The distribution network often gets disturbed due to storms and trees falling on distribution lines.

===Drinking water===
[http://www.dwstripura.in/dws/Index.aspx Drinking Water and Sanitation wing] of the [http://pwd.tripura.gov.in/pwd/index.php/ Public Works Department] manages the drinking water supply in the district. Schools and Anganwadi Centers have been specifically targeted to improve drinking water supply as well as attendance to these institutions. Most of region suffers from excessive iron content in the groundwater which necessitates installation of iron removal plants (IRPs). 579 habitations have partial coverage of drinking water supply and 16 habitations have reported drinking water quality problem. A water treatment plant is set up in Kulai near Ambassa.

Most of the rural areas get drinking water from deep tube wells, handpumps, ring wells with a few having overhead water tanks. Many villages need drinking water supplied by tanker in the dry season and 59 such distressed pockets have been identified. Private contractors and government run tanker supply services. Many tribal inhabitations use water from open streams and ponds for drinking, cooking, washing utensils and clothes, and bathing. Water-borne disease diarrhoea is common due to mixing of human excreta into drinking water source in many villages.

Packaged drinking water of brands "Twimuk", "Tribeni", "Eco Freshh", "Blue Fina", "Life Drop" and "Aqua Zoom" among others is consumed in government offices, restaurants etc. Filters of many types and brands, in addition to locally manufactured ceramic filters, are sold although their acceptance in rural areas is less. Halogen tablets are distributed by the administration to reduce microbial content in water, which is sometimes consumed as a medicine directly in some areas or its use discontinued due to the smell it imparts to drinking water.

===Sanitation===
[[File:Chan Kumar Para AWC toilet Dhalai Tripura.jpg|thumb|Situation of toilet built for Anganwadi in Chand Kumar para of Kathalbari in Ambassa block, Dhalai district, Tripura]]
Dhalai district has high incidence of open defecation, especially in the interior hilly and forest areas. The district has implemented Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan, the [[Swachh Bharat Abhiyan]] and convergence with MGNREGS to address this problem, with commendable success in difficult areas like Kalyansing village in Gondatwisa.

Schools and Anganwadi Center are focused on providing urinals and latrines, separate for boys and girls along with baby-friendly toilets in Anganwadi Centers to inculcate the habit of using sanitary latrines at a young age. However, many toilets lie dysfunctional due to lack of maintenance and damage. Earlier schemes of providing free plastic squatting plates has not produced results as most of them lie unused as many people cannot afford to construct a toilet. [[Open defecation]] has created problems of diarrhoea and vulnerability to malaria.

===Irrigation===
Except for the areas near streams and rivers, most of the agriculture is rain-fed. Perennial irrigation is minimal with only barrages, large structures for storing water, being used. Small check dams and ponds built by the local residents and by the government under many programmes and schemes are the source of water for irrigation and other purposes. Efforts are ongoing by the district administration to identify fallow land that can be brought under perennial irrigation with small dams or borewells.

===Telecommunication===
The district has landline telephone services of [[Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited|BSNL]], although not in all the block. Cellular network service providers along with 2G services for the most part and 3G in Ambassa and Kamalpur are BSNL, Airtel, Aircel and Reliance, with some interior areas not covered. The district is part of the Tripura State Wide Area Network<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dit.tripura.gov.in/projects-infrastructure?page=6 |title=Tripura State Wide Area Network |publisher=Department of IT, Govt. of Tripura |access-date=8 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709053920/http://dit.tripura.gov.in/projects-infrastructure?page=6 |archive-date=9 July 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> which is an [[Optical fiber communication|OFC]]-supported system up to Block Development Officer and other important institutions. BSNL provides Wi-Max and WLL services to some areas.

The police department has its own wireless communication system. All India Radio has transmission tower at Sikaribari of meter wave range and partial coverage of FM range.

==Economy==
In 2006 the [[Ministry of Panchayati Raj]] named Dhalai one of the country's 250 [[Poverty in India|most backward districts]] (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=brgf/> It is the only district in Tripura receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).<ref name=brgf>{{cite web|author=Ministry of Panchayati Raj |date=8 September 2009 |title=A Note on the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme |publisher=[[National Institute of Rural Development]] |url=http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf |access-date=27 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405033402/http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf |archive-date=5 April 2012 }}</ref> The district has predominantly agrarian economy with several micro- and small-scale industrial units.

===Agriculture===
[[File:Fodder cultivation at Kekmacherra, Ambassa block, Dhalai.jpg|thumb|Fodder cultivation in the kharif season]]
[[File:MGNREGA Ghantacherra Dhalai Tripura 2014 Jhum.jpg|thumb|Villagers returning from MGNREGA work along a "Jhum" field in the hills near Ghantacherra, Ambassa block]]
Most of the district is dependent on rain-fed farming although due to heavy rains in the monsoon and rain in winter and summer makes sufficient supply of water. Irrigation ponds form another water supply for agriculture.

Horticultural plantations include banana, pineapple, mango, litchi, jackfruit, papaya, betel nut, orange, lemon, and other fruit trees. [http://www.neramac.com/showpage.asp?id=102/ North Eastern Regional Agricultural Marketing Corporation Limited (NERAMAC)]{{Dead link|date=July 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} had Fruit Juice Concentration Plant (FJCP) at Nalkata since 1988, but it has been non-operational since 2010. Several tea estates are in Manu, Chawmanu, Salema and Durgachowmuhani blocks, with a tea processing unit at Salema.

Vegetables like tomato, cabbage, cauliflower, snake gourd, pumpkin, okra, corn, cucumber, beans, potato, carrot, radish, bamboo shoot are grown in parts of the district. Spice cultivation includes chili pepper, coriander, ginger, turmeric, tamarind, garlic, onion etc.

Animal husbandry includes cow, pig, goat, duck and poultry rearing. The Animal Resource Department has set up Pig Breeding Farm at Nalichera and Regional Exotic Pig Breeding Farm and Composite Livestock Farm for Goats at Nalkata.<ref>{{ cite web|url=http://ardd.tripura.gov.in/ |title=Tripura State Animal Resource Development Department}}</ref> Fisheries form a prominent income activity with local production as well as fish imported from Andhra Pradesh sold in huge quantities, with the Fisheries Department setting up hatcheries at Gondatwisa and Karamcherra.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://fisheries.tripura.gov.in/Labs.htm |title = Labs and Hatcheries of Tripura Fishries Department}}</ref> [http://cmlnortheast.com/ Center for Microfinance and Livelihood Northeast], an organisation supported by [http://www.dorabjitatatrust.org/ Tata Trusts], has planned for fisheries and dairy development in the district.

===Industry===
Micro- and small-scale industrial units of latex processing, metal article fabrication, bakery, saw mill etc. exist in the district. There are brick kilns operating across the district, including Ambassa, Gondatwisa, Kulai, Salema, Chailengta. Tripura Industrial Development Corporation Limited has planned an "Integrated Infrastructure Development Centre" in Dhalai, but a site for it is yet to be selected.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tidc.in/G_indus_estate2.html |title = List of industrial estates in Tripura}}</ref> MSME Development Institute, Agartala has created areas of industrial development, and steps to set up a new industrial unit in Dhalai. Tripura Bamboo Mission has set up bamboo clusters for incense sticks, basketry and [[bamboo cultivation]] at Manu, Kamalpur, Ambassa, Salema and Ganganagar.

===Services===
Service sector units consist largely of small shops of grocery, vegetables, fish, meat, electrical and consumer appliances, mobile phones sale and talktime recharging, photocopying, internet cafés, photography, tailoring, salons, jewellery, vehicle repairing, books and stationary, garments etc. Coaching of computer operating, school subjects of Science, Mathematics and English, Odia including private home tutoring form another small part. In the banking sector, State Bank of India, Tripura Gramin Bank, Tripura State Cooperative Bank, United Bank of India, Bank of India, Central Bank of India, Uco Bank, Canara Bank and ICICI Bank have their branches across in the district.

==Religion==
Hindus form a majority of the community, although there are Buddhists (mostly Chakma and Mog communities), Christians and Muslims. Religious organisations in district are Ramakrishna Sevasadan, Baptist Church, St. Arnold's Mission etc.

==Media, Society and Culture==
One of the biggest media at Dhalai is "Amar Tripura Media Network" . This Media network has been made with Amar Tripura TV Channel (Bengali), Imangni Tripura TV Channel (Kokborok), Film, Serial and Telefilm Making Production Dreams Picture and online News Publisher on [https://web.archive.org/web/20131208203328/http://www.amartripura.com/ www.amartripura.com]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amartripura.com|title=AMAR TRIPURA TV|last=The Biggest Media|first=Network of Dhalai|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121217072122/http://www.amartripura.com/|archive-date=17 December 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The major tribes inhabiting the region are Tripuri, Reang, Kuki (Halam/Darlong/Hrangkhawl), Koloi and Chakma. Reangs are one of the Primitive Tribal Groups (PTG) or [http://tribal.nic.in/Content/Particularly%20Vulnerable%20Tribal%20Group.aspx/ Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG)] as classified by the Government of India.

Jhum festival after harvesting season, Hojagiri of the Bru-Reangs, Bihu/Bizu of the Chakmas, Garia Puja are prominent festivals celebrated. Bengali communities mostly reside in the plain region in the west and northwestern regions. Durga Puja, Ker Puja, Biswakarma Puja are their prominent festivals.

There are NGOs operating in the district: [http://prabahadhalai.org/ Prabaha Dhalai] (working in the sector of goat rearing and HIV/AIDS), Project Bharosa (working with schools and SHGs), [http://nfch.nic.in/ National Foundation for Communal Harmony] (assisting destitute children),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nfch.nic.in/?q=details-assisted-children-tripura |title= National Foundation for Communal Harmony's work in Tripura}}</ref> "Prayaas" Relief Committee for Disabled Persons, Action Research and Training Organisation at Manu. [http://www.tata.com/aboutus/sub_index/Tata-trusts Tata Trusts]-funded [http://cmlnortheast.com/ Center for Microfinance and Livelihood] has started [http://cmlnortheast.com/tripura-state-initiative/ Tripura State Initiative] in Dhalai district in Fishery (Manu block) and Dairy (Salema block) sectors.

The District Sports Complex in Ambassa has two badminton courts, table tennis and carrom board, gymnastics equipment and regular judo training is ongoing. Currently there is no trained physical instructor appointed in the complex. A swimming pool is available at Kulai school. There are many playgrounds and stadia including those at Gondatwisa, Ambassa, East Kathalcherra and Kamalpur. A new sports complex is being constructed in Kekmacherra in Ambassa block. Yearly sports events are organised by the State Sports Authority.

==Achievements and special mentions==
Dhalai was one of the first districts to implement MGNREGS and [https://uidai.gov.in/ Aadhaar] enrolment. For the financial year 2014–15, the district was the highest in the country in generating average person-days, at 99, of wage labour generated under the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme under the [[National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005]].

The 35th Shodh Yatra was organised at Gondatwisa in the district from 13 to 18 May 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sristi.org/cms/35thshodhyatra|title=35th Shodh Yatra by SRISTI}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
*[http://dhalai.nic.in/DHALAIprofile.pdf/ District Profile of Dhalai], prepared by Dr. Shailesh K Yadav, IAS
*[http://dhalai.nic.in/report_to_the_NCST_Chairperson_May_2015.pdf/ Report to Chairperson of National Commission for Scheduled Tribes, Government of India], prepared by Sri Subhasis Das, TCS, Gr. I

==External links==
*[http://dhalai.gov.in/ Official website of Dhalai district]
*[http://tripura.gov.in/ Official website of the Government of Tripura]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150709200700/http://ddptripura.nic.in/ Official website of Dhalai District Polytechnic]
*[http://dhalai.jnv.academy/ Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Dhalai ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702125159/http://dhalai.jnv.academy/ |date=2 July 2016 }}
*[http://www.ttaadc.nic.in/ Official website of the Tripura Tribal Area Autonomous District Council] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026063543/http://ttaadc.nic.in/ |date=26 October 2021 }}

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Dhalai district
|North = ''[[Bangladesh]]''
|Northeast = Unakoti District
|East = [[North Tripura district]]
|Southeast =
|South =''[[Bangladesh]]''
|Southwest = [[Gomati district]]
|West = Khowai District
|Northwest =
}}

{{Districts of Tripura}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhalai District}}
[[Category:Dhalai district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Tripura]]
[[Category:1995 establishments in Tripura]]

Indian Airlines Flight 410

2026-02-19T22:30:57Z

Bogdanwyo: creating a article!

{{More citations needed|date=February 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}{{Short description|1978 politically-motivated plane hijacking in India}}{{Infobox aircraft occurrence
| name = Indian Airlines Flight 410
| image = Indian Airlines Boeing 737-2A8; VT-EGE, December 1998 BUI (5404996252).jpg
| image_upright = 1.15
| caption = An Indian Airlines Boeing 737-200, the model of the hijacked aircraft.
| occurrence_type = Hijacking
| date = {{start date|1978|12|20|df=y}}
| summary = [[Aircraft hijacking]]
| site = [[Varanasi Airport]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| coordinates = {{coord|25|27|08|N|082|51|34|E|type:airport|display=inline,title}}
| aircraft_type = [[Boeing 737-200]]
| operator = [[Indian Airlines]]
| tail_number = Unknown
| origin = [[Calcutta Airport]]
| stopover = [[Amausi Airport]]
| destination = [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Palam Airport]]
| passengers = 126
| crew = 6
| fatalities = 0
| survivors = 132
| IATA = IC410
| occupants = 132
}}
'''Indian Airlines Flight 410''' was a domestic passenger flight from [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] to [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Palam Airport]], [[Delhi]], India. On 20 December 1978, the flight was hijacked by Bholanath Pandey and [[Devendra Pandey]] shortly before landing at Palam Airport. The hijackers claimed to be members of the Indian Youth Congress, and demanded the release of [[Indira Gandhi]], withdrawal of the charges against her son [[Sanjay Gandhi]], and the resignation of the [[Janata Party]] government. The hijackers surrendered shortly after 60 passengers managed to escape.

The prosecution against the two hijackers was dropped after Indira Gandhi and her party returned to government in 1980. Bholanath Pandey and Devendra Pandey then went on to serve as members of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|legislative assembly of Uttar Pradesh]].

== Timeline ==
On 20 December 1978, the aircraft (a [[Boeing 737-200]]) was hijacked shortly before landing at Palam Airport by Bholanath Pandey and Devendra Pandey,{{refn|The two hijackers were not related|group=Note}} who were armed with a [[toy gun]] and a [[cricket ball]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=The IC 410 Hijacking Case: A Shameful Example of the Congress' Dangerous Contempt for the Rule of Law |url=https://www.vifindia.org/article/2014/april/15/the-ic-410-hijacking-case-a-shameful-example-of-the-congress-dangerous |access-date=2024-02-02 |website=www.vifindia.org |language=en}}</ref> The hijackers initially ordered the pilots to fly the plane to [[Nepal]], which the pilots refused due to a shortage of fuel. The hijackers then ordered the pilots to fly to [[Bangladesh]], which the pilots also refused. The hijackers then settled for [[Varanasi Airport]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.

The hijackers made speeches over the plane intercom informing passengers that the plane had been hijacked and that the passengers would not be harmed. The hijackers claimed to be members of the [[Indian Youth Congress]]; a claim that the Congress later denied.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |date=9 December 2014 |title=Indian Airlines Boeing 737 hijacking: A black political comedy |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19790115-indian-airlines-boeing-737-hijacking-a-black-political-comedy-821765-2014-12-09 |access-date=2023-09-10 |website=India Today}}</ref>

Upon landing in [[Varanasi Airport|Varanasi]], the hijackers used the plane's radio to announce their demands to the authorities.<ref name=":2"/> Their main demands were the release of [[Indira Gandhi]] (who had been arrested after [[The Emergency (India)|the Emergency]]), the withdrawal of all the cases against her son [[Sanjay Gandhi]], and the resignation of the [[Janata Party]] government.<ref name="Kishin_2005">{{cite book |author=Wadhwaney |first=Kishin R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dY3uofmVqR8C&dq=bholanath+and+devendra+Pandey&pg=RA1-PA124 |title=Indian Airports (Shocking Ground Realities) |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books |year=2005 |isbn=978-81-288-0872-2 |page=124 |accessdate=2011-07-28}}</ref><ref name=":1"/>

Negotiations commenced early in the morning of 21 December 1978, after a charter flight, carrying [[Ram Naresh Yadav]], the [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]], the Inspector General of the Police{{who?|date=February 2024}} and the Chief Secretary{{who?|date=February 2024}}, landed at the airport at 1:00am.<ref name=":1" /> The negotiations continued for several hours, whilst the hijackers kept the 130 passengers and crew hostage within the plane. One passenger reportedly{{By whom|date=February 2024}} managed to escape undetected during this time.<ref name=":2"/>

At around 6:00am, in response to passenger complaints about the stuffy air in the plane, the hijackers allowed the passengers to open the rear fuselage doors. This deployed the [[evacuation slide]], which allowed 60 passengers to escape. The hijackers surrendered shortly afterwards.<ref name=":2" />

== Aftermath ==
After Indira Gandhi and her party returned to government in the [[1980 Indian general election]], the prosecution against the two hijackers were dropped.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |title=IC 410 Plane Hijackers become MLA's in India – Bholanath & Devendra Pandey |url=https://mythgyaan.com/ic410-plane-hijackers-bholanath-devendra-congress-mla-india/ |website=Mythagaan.com |access-date=2023-09-10 |date=6 August 2023}}</ref> The [[Indian National Congress]] party rewarded them with party tickets for the [[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980 state assembly election]]. Both won the election and became members of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|legislative assembly]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Bholanath Pandey served as a Congress MLA from 1980 to [[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]], and from [[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]] to [[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]], and Devendra Pandey remained a member of the house for two terms.{Citation needed|date=February 2024}

== Notes ==

{{Reflist|group=Note}}

== See also ==

* [[List of hijackings of Indian aeroplanes#1970s|List of hijackings of Indian aeroplanes - 1970s]]
* [[List of aircraft hijackings#1970s|List of aircraft hijackings - 1970s]]
* [[List of accidents and incidents involving airliners by location#India|List of accidents and incidents involving airliners by location - India]]
* [[List of accidents and incidents involving airliners by airline (D–O)#I|List of accidents and incidents involving airliners by airline (D–O)]]
* [[List of accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft#1978|List of accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft - 1978]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* [https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19790115-indian-airlines-boeing-737-hijacking-a-black-political-comedy-821765-2014-12-09 Hijacking: A toy-gun affair], India Today, 15 January 1979.
* [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Tale-of-two-hijackers-One-is-Congress-candidate-other-most-wanted/articleshow/33156540.cms Tale of two hijackers: One is Congress candidate, other most wanted], The Times of India, 3 April 2014.

== External links ==
* {{ASN accident|id=19781220-1|type=Hijacking}}
* [http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/india-s-tryst-with-plane-hijacks-114031800597_1.html India's tryst with plane hijacks], Business Standard, 18 March 2014.
* [https://mythgyaan.com/ic410-plane-hijackers-bholanath-devendra-congress-mla-india/ IC 410 Plane Hijackers become MLA's in India], Mythgyaan, 27 March 2019.

{{Aviation accidents and incidents in 1978}}
{{Aviation accidents and incidents in India}}
{{Air India}}

[[Category:Aircraft hijackings in India]]
[[Category:Crime in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian (airline) accidents and incidents]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in India]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in 1978]]
[[Category:1978 in India]]
[[Category:December 1978 in Asia]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents involving the Boeing 737 Original]]
[[Category:Desai administration]]
[[Category:Hostage taking in India]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in India in the 1970s]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]

Noori (goat)

2026-02-18T18:18:11Z

Bogdanwyo: Put Up

{{Short description|Cloned goat}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox animal
| name = Noori
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| othername =
| species = [[Pashmina goat]]
| gender = Female
| birth_date = 9 March 2012
| birth_place = [[Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir|SKUAST-K]], [[Srinagar]], [[India]]
| death_date = 15 March 2023 (age 11)
| death_place = Shuhama Farm [[Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir|SKUAST-K]]
| death_cause = Aging<ref>{{Cite web |title=Noori-Pashmina goat no more, huge loss for scientific fraternity |url=https://statetimes.in/noori-pashmina-goat-no-more-huge-loss-for-scientific-fraternity/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Statetimes |date=22 March 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref>
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| relativeage =
| nationality = [[India]]
| employer =
| role = First cloned pashmina goat
| years_active =
| known =
| tricks =
| awards =
| title =
| term =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| owner =
| parents =
| children =
| weight =
| height =
| appearance =
| namedafter =
| website =
}}

'''Noori''' (Arabic word for "light") was a female [[pashmina goat]], the first pashmina goat to be [[cloning|cloned]] using the process of [[nuclear transfer]].<ref name="Noori goat kashmir"/> Born on 9 March 2012, she was kept at the place of her birth, at the Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, [[Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir]], Shuhama, [[Srinagar]] in the [[India]]n territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref name="Noori goat">{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2012/03/15/kashmir-scientists-clone-rare-cashmere-goat/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316121201/http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2012/03/15/kashmir-scientists-clone-rare-cashmere-goat/|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 March 2012|title=Kashmir scientists clone rare cashmere goat|publisher=[[Fox News]]|access-date=2012-12-12}}</ref><ref name="Noori goat kashmir"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://skuastkashmir.ac.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=171&Itemid=33|title=Faculty details|publisher=skuastkashmir|accessdate=2012-12-12|archive-date=7 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121207090926/http://www.skuastkashmir.ac.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=171&Itemid=33|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Birth==
Noori was born on 9 March 2012 to three mothers (one provided the egg, another the DNA and a third carried the cloned embryo to term). She was created using the technique of [[somatic cell nuclear transfer]], in which the [[cell nucleus]] from an adult cell is transferred into an unfertilised [[oocyte]] (developing egg cell) that has had its [[cell nucleus|nucleus]] removed. The hybrid cell is then stimulated to divide by an electric shock, and when it develops into a [[blastocyst]], it is implanted in a surrogate mother using [[laparoscopic surgery]]. This is the same method as was used in cloning the first mammal of the world, [[Dolly (sheep)|Dolly]]. Noori was cloned by Dr. Riaz Ahmad Shah, Dr.Syed Hilal Yaqoob, Dr. Maajid Hassan Bhat, Dr. Mujeeb Fazili, Firdous Ahmad Khan and colleagues at the Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry of Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir in Shuhama, 13 km to the east of [[Srinagar]]. The successful cloning of Noori, which took two years, will assist the department in cloning the endangered species of [[Kashmir stag]] (hangul); they previously cloned a [[water buffalo]] in 2009. The funding for Noori's cloning was provided by the [[World Bank]], which runs the National Agricultural Innovation Project (NAIP) of the [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]].<ref name="Noori goat kashmir">{{cite web|url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2012/Apr/28/celebrating-world-veterinary-day-2012-with-noori--15.asp|title=Celebrating world veterinary day-2012 with "NOORI"|publisher=greaterkashmir.com|accessdate=2012-12-12}}</ref><ref name="Noori goat"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scoopnews.in/det.aspx?19737|title=SKUAST- Kashmir produced world's first cloned Pashmina kid|publisher=scoopnews.in|accessdate=2012-12-12}}</ref>

==Pashmina goat==
Noori also offers hope to the people of Kashmir of increasing production of [[pashmina]], a type of fine [[cashmere wool]]. At present pashmina wool is being imported from [[China]] to fulfill demand, due to the rarity of [[pashmina goat]], which is a special breed of [[goat]] indigenous to high altitudes of the [[Himalayas]] in [[Ladakh]]. Pashmina shawls are [[spinning (textiles)|hand spun]] and [[weaving|woven]] and the [[textiles]] are embroidered in Kashmir, where more than 10 million people are associated with this industry.<ref name="LuxFib">{{cite book |last= Franck|first= Robert R.|title=Silk, Mohair, Cashmere and Other Luxury Fibres |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M-om7HI3rwcC&dq=cashmere+pashmina&pg=PA142|accessdate= 2012-12-12|date=October 2001 |publisher= Woodhead Publishing|isbn= 1-85573-540-7|page=142 }}</ref><ref name="LuxKnit">{{cite book |last= Morse|first= Linda|author2=Lidia Karabinech |author3=Lina Perl |author4=Colby Brin |title=Luxury Knitting: The Ultimate Guide to Exquisite Yarns |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r2N05Gz_FUsC&dq=cashmere+pashmina&pg=PA12|accessdate= 2012-12-12|date=October 2005 |publisher= Sterling Publishing|isbn= 1-931543-86-0|page=12 }}</ref><ref name="Noori goat"/><ref name="Noori goat kashmir"/>

==Death==
Noori died in March 2023 at the age of 11.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World's First cloned Pashmina goat dies in Kashmir |url=http://www.risingkashmir.com/worlds-first-cloned-pashmina-goat-dies-in-kashmir |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=www.risingkashmir.com|date=22 March 2023 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Kashmir]]
[[Category:Cloned animals]]
[[Category:Individual goats]]

Kamal (director)

2026-02-18T01:55:03Z

Bogdanwyo:

{{short description|Indian film director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Kamal Director at IFFK.jpg
| birth_name = Kamaluddin Mohammed Majeed
| birth_date = 1957
| birth_place = [[Mathilakam]], [[Kodungallur]], [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| othername =
| occupation = [[Film director]]
| yearsactive = 1981–present
| spouse = Saburabi
| partner =
| children =
| parents =
| awards =
| known_for = ''[[Kakkothikkavile Appooppan Thaadikal|Kakkothi Kaavile Appoppan Thaadikal]]'' (1988) ''[[Niram]]'' (1999) ''[[Karutha Pakshikal]]'' (2006) ''[[Celluloid (film)|Celluloid]]'' (2013)
}}
{{Indian patronymic|Kamaluddin or by his stage name Kamal|Mohammed Majeed}}
'''Kamaluddin Mohammed Majeed''', [[mononym]]ously known as '''Kamal''', is an Indian film director, screenwriter, and producer who predominantly works in the [[Malayalam cinema]]. He was the former chairman of [[Kerala State Film Academy|Kerala State Chalachitra Academy]]. Kamal made his directorial debut with the 1986 film ''[[Mizhineerppoovukal|Mizhineerppovukal]]''. In a career spanning over three decades, Kamal has directed over forty films. His films have won various [[National Film Awards]] and [[Kerala State Film Awards]], including for films such as ''[[Kakkothikkavile Appooppan Thaadikal|Kakkothi Kaavile Appoppan Thaadikal]]'' (1988), ''[[Ulladakkam]]'' (1991), ''[[Mazhayethum Munpe|Mazhayethum Munpe]]'' (1995), ''[[Niram]]'' (1999), ''[[Madhuranombarakkattu]]'' (2000), ''[[Meghamalhar]]'' (2001), ''[[Nammal]]'' (2002), ''[[Perumazhakkalam]]'' (2004), ''[[Karutha Pakshikal]]'' (2006), and ''[[Celluloid (film)|Celluloid]]'' (2013).

==Early life ==
Kamal was born as Kamaluddin Mohammed Majeed on 28 November 1957 in [[Kodungallur]], as the eldest son of Abdul Majeed and Sulaikha Beevi. He has two younger brothers.<ref>[https://in.bookmyshow.com/person/kamaluddin-mohammed-majeed/21864 Kamaluddin Mohammed Majeed Biography & Movie List – BookMyShow]. In.bookmyshow.com. Retrieved on 19 December 2016.</ref>

==Career==
He started his career by writing the film ''[[Thrasam]]'', directed by Padiyan in 1981. He also worked as an associate director in the film.

His first film was ''Mizhineer Pookkal'' in 1986 and to date, he has directed more than 43 movies, among which are two non-Malayalam movies, one each in Tamil and Hindi. Apart from his role as a director, Kamal has held several administrative posts within the Malayalam film industry. He had previously acted as the general secretary of the Malayalam Cine Technicians Association (MACTA) and has been an executive member of the Kerala Chalachitra Academy. He was elected president of the Kerala Directors' Union ([[FEFKA]]) in 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article1339256.ece |title=Kamal elected FEFKA president |publisher=newindianexpress.com |date=14 November 2012 |access-date=18 February 2013 |archive-date=14 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814160317/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article1339256.ece |url-status=dead }}</ref>

His works include ''Unnikale Oru Katha Parayam'', ''Kakkothikavile Appooppan Thadikal'', ''Thoovalsparsham'', ''Ghazal'', ''Ulladakam'', ''Ee Puzhayam Kadannu'', ''Azhagiya Ravanan'', ''Mazhayethum Munpe'', ''Meghamalhar'', ''Madhuranombarakaattu'', ''Perumazhakkalam'', ''Karutha Pakshikal'', ''Khaddama'' and ''Celluloid''. His interest in film-making led him to enroll at the Kalabharathi Film Institute in [[Thrissur]].{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}

''[[Celluloid (film)|Celluloid]]'' (2013) is the biopic of J.C Daniel, the father of Malayalam cinema. Smitha at the entertainment site, oneindia.com, stated that the film is one of the best films made in recent times from Indian cinema.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/reviews/2013/celluloid-movie-review-103504.html |title=Celluloid Movie Review – Don't miss this one |publisher=Oneindia |date=17 February 2013 |access-date=18 February 2013 |archive-date=14 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514153939/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/malayalam/reviews/2013/celluloid-movie-review-103504.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

''Aami'' is a biopic of poet and author [[Kamala Surayya]].<ref name=Aami1>[http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/vidya-balan-totally-transformed-herself-into-madhavikutty.html "When Vidya Balan totally transformed herself into Madhavikutty"]. ''Malayala Manorama''. Retrieved 4 July 2016.</ref>

==Personal life==
Kamal's son, Jenuse Mohamed, made his debut as a film director in 2015 with the Malayalam film ''[[100 Days of Love]]''.<ref>19 March 2015. [http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/love-in-bengaluru/article7011171.ece/ "Love in Bengaluru"]. ''The Hindu''. Retrieved 12 April 2015.</ref>

In April 2020, reports surfaced that an aspiring [[Malayalam cinema|Mollywood]] actress had sent the director a [[legal notice]] on 26 April 2019, accusing him of [[Sexual assault|sexually assaulting]] her after promising her a role in his film. Kamal said he suspected a former Chalachitra Academy employee to be behind the recent [[Exposé (journalism)|exposé]], and, terming the allegations baseless, intended to defame him.<ref>{{Cite news|title=This is a baseless allegation to spoil my name: Kamal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/this-is-a-baseless-allegation-to-spoil-my-name-kamal/articleshow/75381436.cms|access-date=2020-07-06|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=25 April 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Director Kamal dismisses sexual harassment allegations against him, calls it baseless|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/director-kamal-dismisses-sexual-harassment-allegations-against-him-calls-it-baseless-1.4720282|access-date=2020-07-06|website=Mathrubhumi|language=en|archive-date=6 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706210353/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/director-kamal-dismisses-sexual-harassment-allegations-against-him-calls-it-baseless-1.4720282|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Filmography==

===As director===
*''Note: all of his films are in Malayalam, except otherwise noted.''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year || Film
! Notes
|-
| 1986||''[[Mizhineerppoovukal]]''
|
|-
|1987|| ''[[Unnikale Oru Kadha Parayam]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1988|| ''[[Kakkothikkavile Appooppan Thaadikal]]''
|
|-
|''[[Orkkapurathu]]''
|
|-
|''[[Unnikrishnante Adyathe Christmas]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1989|| ''[[Peruvannapurathe Visheshangal]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Pradeshika Varthakal]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1990|| ''[[Pavam Pavam Rajakumaran]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Thooval Sparsam]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Shubhayathra]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1991|| ''[[Pookkalam Varavayi]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Vishnulokam]]''
|
|-
|''[[Ulladakkam]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1992||''[[Ennodu Ishtam Koodamo]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Aayushkalam]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Champakulam Thachan]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1993|| ''[[Ghazal (1993 film)|Ghazal]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Bhoomigeetham]]''
|
|-
|1995|| ''[[Mazhayethum Munpe]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1996|| ''[[Azhakiya Ravanan]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Ee Puzhayum Kadannu]]''
|
|-
|1997|| ''[[Krishnagudiyil Oru Pranayakalathu]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1998|| ''[[Kaikudunna Nilavu]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Ayal Kadha Ezhuthukayanu]]''
|
|-
|1999|| ''[[Niram]]''
|
|-
|2000|| ''[[Madhuranombarakkattu]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2001|| ''[[Meghamalhar]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Piriyadha Varam Vendum]]''
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]] film
|-
|2002|| ''[[Nammal]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2003|| ''[[Gramaphone (film)|Gramaphone]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Swapnakoodu]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2004||''[[Manjupole Oru Penkutty]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Perumazhakkalam]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2005|| ''[[Zameer: The Fire Within]]''
| [[Hindi]] film
|-
| ''[[Rappakal]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2006|| ''[[Pachakkuthira]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Karutha Pakshikal]]''
|
|-
|2007|| ''[[Goal (2007 Malayalam film)|Goal]]''
|
|-
|2008|| ''[[Minnaminnikoottam]]''
|
|-
|2010|| ''[[Aagathan]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2011|| ''[[Gaddama]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Swapna Sanchari]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2013|| ''[[Celluloid (film)|Celluloid]]''
|Also producer
|-
| ''[[Nadan]]''
|
|-
|2015|| ''[[Utopiayile Rajavu]]''
|
|-
|2018|| ''[[Aami]]''
|
|-
||2019||''[[Pranaya Meenukalude Kadal]]''
|
|-
||2024||''[[Vivekanandan Viralanu]]''
|
|}

===As associate director===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Film !! Director
|-
| 1982
| ''[[Chillu]]'' || [[Lenin Rajendran]]
|-
| 1984
| ''[[Oru Kochu Swapnam]]''|| Vipin Das
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1985
| ''[[Aa Neram Alpadooram]]'' || [[Thampi Kannanthanam]]
|-
| ''[[Avidathepole Ivideyum]]'' || [[K. S. Sethumadhavan]]
|-
| ''Ayanam'' || [[Hari Kumar (director)|Harikumar]]
|}

===As screenwriter ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Film
|-
|1980
|''[[Kaavalmaadam]]''
|-
| 1981
| ''Thrasam''
|-
|1983
|[[Kadamba (1983 film)|''Kadamba'']]
|-
| 1985
| ''[[Aa Neram Alpadooram]]''
|-
| 1986
| ''Sunil Vayassu 20''
|-
| 1997
| ''[[Krishnagudiyil Oru Pranayakalathu]]''
|-
| 2001
| ''[[Meghamalhar]]''
|-
|2002
|[[Gramophone (film)|''Gramophone'']]
|-
| 2003
| ''[[Swapnakkoodu]]''
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Karutha Pakshikal]]''
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Minnaminnikoottam]]''
|-
|2010
|''[[Aagathan]]''
|-
| 2013
| [[Celluloid (film)|''Celluloid'']]
|}

==Awards and nominations==

=== [[National Film Awards]] ===
* 2005– [[National Film Award for Best Film on Other Social Issues|Best Film on Other Social Issues]] for ''[[Perumazhakkalam]]''
* 2007– [[National Film Award for Best Film on Family Welfare|Best Film on Family Welfare]] for ''[[Karutha Pakshikal]]''
* 2013– [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam|Best Feature Film in Malayalam]] for ''[[Celluloid (film)|Celluloid]]''

=== [[Kerala State Film Award]] ===
* 1991 [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Director|Best Director]] for ''[[Ulladakkam]]''
* 1995 [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Popular Film|Best Popular Film]] for ''[[Mazhayethum Munpe]]''
* 2000 [[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Film|Second Best Feature Film]] for ''[[Madhuranombarakkattu]]''
* 2001 [[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Film|Second Best Feature Film]] for ''[[Meghamalhar]]''
* 2001 [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Screen Play|Best Screen Play]] for ''[[Meghamalhar]]''
* 2002 [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Popular Film|Best Popular Film]] for ''[[Nammal]]''
* 2013 [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Film|Best Film]] for ''[[Celluloid (film)|Celluloid]]''<ref>[http://www.fwdlife.in/kerala-state-film-awards-2013-announced-best-actor-prithviraj-best-film-celluloid Kerala State Film Awards 2013 Announced: Best Actor :Prithviraj, Best Film: Celluloid – FWD Life | The Premium Lifestyle Magazine |]. Fwdlife.in (14 December 2015). Retrieved on 19 December 2016.</ref>

=== [[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards]] ===
Source:<ref name="Critics Awards">[https://www.keralafilmcritics.com/2020/10/film-critics-awards-complete-list-from.html "കേരള ഫിലിം ക്രിട്ടിക്‌സ് അവാര്‍ഡ് 1977 - 2012"]. Kerala Film Critics Association. Retrieved 25 January 2023.</ref>
* 1995 [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Second Best Film|Second Best Film]] for ''[[Mazhayethum Munpe]]''
* 1996 [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Second Best Film|Second Best Film]] for ''[[Ee Puzhayum Kadannu]]''
* 1999 [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Second Best Film|Second Best Film]] for ''[[Niram]]''
* 2001 [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Film|Best Film]] for ''[[Meghamalhar]]''
* 2002 [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Second Best Film|Second Best Film]] for ''[[Nammal]]''
* 2004 [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Film|Best Film]] for ''[[Perumazhakkalam]]''
* 2004 [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Director|Best Director]] for ''[[Perumazhakkalam]]''
* 2006 [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Film|Best Film]] for ''[[Karutha Pakshikal]]''
* 2006 [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Director|Best Director]] for ''[[Karutha Pakshikal]]''
* 2010 [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Film|Best Film]] for ''[[Khaddama]]''
* 2010 [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Director|Best Director]] for ''[[Khaddama]]''
* 2012 [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Film|Best Film]] for ''[[Celluloid (film)|Celluloid]]''
* 2012 [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Director|Best Director]] for ''[[Celluloid (film)|Celluloid]]''

=== [[Asianet Film Awards]] ===
* 2001: Asianet Film Award for Best Director- ''[[Meghamalhar]]''

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Kamal}}
* {{IMDb name|id=0436382|name=Kamal}}
* Kamal's memoirs serialised in ''[[Madhyamam Weekly]]'': [https://archive.today/20150412075157/http://www.madhyamam.com/weekly/3076 1], [https://archive.today/20150412075129/http://www.madhyamam.com/weekly/3085 2], [https://archive.today/20150412075158/http://www.madhyamam.com/weekly/3094 3], [https://web.archive.org/web/20150327070114/http://www.madhyamam.com/weekly/3103 4], [https://archive.today/20150412075128/http://www.madhyamam.com/weekly/3113 5], [https://web.archive.org/web/20150327070119/http://www.madhyamam.com/weekly/3125 6], [https://archive.today/20150412075159/http://www.madhyamam.com/weekly/3133 7], [https://archive.today/20150412075157/http://www.madhyamam.com/weekly/3144 8], [https://web.archive.org/web/20150417052555/http://www.madhyamam.com/weekly/3154 9] {{in lang|ml}}

{{Kamal (director)}}
{{Kerala State Film Award for Best Director}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kamal}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:People from Thrissur district]]
[[Category:Film directors from Thrissur]]
[[Category:Film producers from Thrissur]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Writers from Thrissur]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Malayalam screenwriters]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Kerala]]
[[Category:Directors who won the Best Film on Family Welfare National Film Award]]
[[Category:Directors who won the Best Film on Other Social Issues National Film Award]]
[[Category:Male actors from Thrissur]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Kerala Film Critics Awards winners]]

Joy Mathew

2026-02-13T18:18:48Z

Bogdanwyo: page edit

{{short description|Indian actor and director}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Joy Mathew
| image = Joy mathew actor.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1961|9|20}}
| birth_place = Challissery, [[Calicut]], India
| spouse = Saritha
| children = 3
| occupation = {{Flatlist|
* Actor
* director
* playwright
* screenwriter
}}
| known_for =
}}

'''Joy Mathew''' (born 20 September 1961) is an Indian film and theatre actor. He is also a [[film director]], [[playwright]] and [[screenwriter]]. He predominantly works in [[Malayalam cinema]].

==Career==

Joy Mathew is best known for playing the lead role in [[John Abraham (director)|John Abraham]]'s 1986 film ''[[Amma Ariyan]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://explore.bfi.org.uk/4ce2b6eb99581|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004221330/http://explore.bfi.org.uk/4ce2b6eb99581|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 October 2013|title=AMMA ARIYAN|publisher=British Film Institute (www.bfi.org.uk)|access-date=20 December 2012}}</ref> which was voted one of the Top 10 Indian films by [[British Film Institute]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.listsofbests.com/list/19048-bfi-imagineasia-top-20-indian-films-critics|title=Lists of bests|publisher=www.listsofbests.com|access-date=20 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213345/http://www.listsofbests.com/list/19048-bfi-imagineasia-top-20-indian-films-critics|archive-date=4 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2012, he made his directorial debut with ''[[Shutter (2012 film)|Shutter]]'' which portrays unexpected incidents happening in two days and a night in the city of [[Kozhikode]]. The film had its Indian premiere at the 17th [[International Film Festival of Kerala]] and international premiere at the 9th [[Dubai International Film Festival]]. It won the Silver Crow Pheasant Award for Best Feature Film (Audience Prize) at the 17th [[International Film Festival of Kerala]]. ''Shutter'' was also screened at Chennai Film Festival (2012–13), [[Mumbai Film Festival]] (2012–13), Bangalore Film Festival (2012–13), [[Busan Film Festival]] (2012–13), [[Hamburg Film Festival]] (2012–13), and Indian Panorama (2012–13).<ref name=IFFKaward>SHUTTER remade in six Indian languages like Tamil, Marathi, Telugu, Kannada, Punjabi and Kongini|http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/Shutter-still-room-for-remakes/article16070683.ece} {{cite news|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/contentView.do?contentId=13032215&tabId=1&programId=11565535 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130111052013/http://english.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/contentView.do?contentId=13032215&tabId=1&programId=11565535 |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 January 2013 |title=Curtains down on IFFK, Sta. Nina bags Suvarna Chakoram |date=14 December 2012 |newspaper=[[Malayala Manorama]] |publisher=[[Malayala Manorama|Manoramaonline]] |access-date=15 December 2012 }}</ref>

Joy Mathew has written more than 22 plays in [[Malayalam]], such as ''Madhyadharanyazhi'' (1994), ''Veeedukal Kathunnu'' (1999), ''Athirthikkal'' (1989), ''Sankadal'' (1996), ''Pretoria – 18 Oct'' (1996) and ''Chille 73'' (1997). He received the [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi]] award for his play ''Sankadal'' in 1996. He was honoured by [[Kerala Sahitya Academy]] for the Best Anthology of one act plays "Sisu" in 1994 and ''Madhyadhanyazhi'' for the Best Drama in 1995, ''Daivathinte Thoppi'' (2015), ''Poonaranga'' (2015), ''Raktha Thabala'' (2017).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dubaifilmfest.com/en/films/cast/id/5336|title=Joy Mathew|publisher=dubaifilmfest.com|access-date=18 December 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130122000905/http://dubaifilmfest.com/en/films/cast/id/5336|archive-date=22 January 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Personal life==

Joy Mathew was born to P. V. Mathew and Esther on 19 September 1959.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/mb4eves/online/malayalam/kerala/women/articles/features-article-432440 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224220404/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/mb4eves/online/malayalam/kerala/women/articles/features-article-432440 |url-status=dead |title=JOY 4 EVER |archivedate=24 February 2014 |website=www.mathrubhumi.com}}</ref> He married Saritha Ann Thomas who had been working as the head of sales at Electronics Company Dubai. The couple have three children: Mathew, Ann and Tania.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/malayalamContentView.do?contentId=14702057&programId=1073752204&channelId=-1073750705&BV_ID=@@@&tabId=3 |title=Malayalam News, Kerala News, Latest Malayalam News, Latest Kerala News, Breaking News, Online News, Malayalam Online News, Kerala Politics, Business News, Movie News, Malayalam Movie News, News Headlines, Malayala Manorama Newspaper, Breaking Malayalam News |publisher=Manoramaonline.com |access-date=2015-12-13}}</ref>

==Awards==
* 2012: [[International Film Festival of Kerala]] – Silver Crow Pheasant Award for Best Feature Film (Audience Prize) – ''[[Shutter (2012 film)|Shutter]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://iffk.in/iffk-2012/|title=IFFK 2012 – 26th International Film Festival of Kerala|access-date=8 January 2017|archive-date=27 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027055247/https://iffk.in/iffk-2012/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/suvarna-chakoram-for-sta-nina/article4202911.ece "Suvarna Chakoram for Sta.Nina"]. ''The Hindu''. 14 December 2012. Retrieved 15 December 2012.</ref>
* 2013: [[Vanitha Film Awards]] – Best Scriptwriter – ''[[Shutter (2012 film)|Shutter]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kerala9.com/news-category/news/movie-news/ttk-prestige-vanitha-film-awards-shobhana-prithviraj-win-best-actor-actress-awards |title=TTK Prestige-Vanitha Film Awards: Shobhana, Prithviraj win best actor, actress awards |publisher=Kerala9.com |date=2014-01-20 |access-date=2015-12-13 |archive-date=7 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307082405/http://kerala9.com/news-category/news/movie-news/ttk-prestige-vanitha-film-awards-shobhana-prithviraj-win-best-actor-actress-awards |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* 2013: [[Asiavision Awards]] – Best Debut Director – ''[[Shutter (2012 film)|Shutter]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emirates247.com/entertainment/mammotty-kavya-madhavan-bag-asiavision-awards-2013-11-05-1.526962 |title=Mammotty, Kavya Madhavan bag Asiavision awards – Emirates 24|7 |publisher=Emirates247.com |date=2013-11-05 |access-date=2015-12-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060116/http://www.emirates247.com/entertainment/mammotty-kavya-madhavan-bag-asiavision-awards-2013-11-05-1.526962 |archive-date= 4 March 2016 }}</ref>
* 2013: [[Asiavision Awards]] – Best Anti Hero – ''[[Amen (2013 film)|Amen]]''<ref>{{cite web|author=+json.loginStatus.userName+ |url=http://gulfnews.com/arts-entertainment/celebrity/mammootty-and-john-abraham-rule-asiavision-awards-1.1255582 |title=Mammootty and John Abraham rule Asiavision Awards |publisher=GulfNews.com |date=2013-11-16 |access-date=2015-12-13}}</ref>
* 2015: [[Kerala State Film Award – Special Mention]] for acting – ''[[Mohavalayam]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://madaboutmoviez.com/2015/08/10/the-kerala-state-film-awards-2015-complete-list-of-winners/ |title=The Kerala State Film Awards 2015: Complete List of Winners {{!}} mad about moviez |website=madaboutmoviez.com |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811040611/http://madaboutmoviez.com/2015/08/10/the-kerala-state-film-awards-2015-complete-list-of-winners/ |archive-date=2015-08-11}}</ref>
* 2018: [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Story]] – ''[[Uncle (2018 film)|Uncle]]''

==Filmography==
===As actor===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1986 || ''[[Amma Ariyan]]'' || Purushan ||
|-
| 2012|| ''[[Shutter (2012 film)|Shutter]]'' || Singer || Directorial debut
|-
| rowspan=12 | 2013 || ''[[Annayum Rasoolum]]'' || Mattanchery Joseph ||
|-
| ''[[Rose Guitarinaal]]'' || Daddy ||
|-
| ''[[Amen (2013 film)|Amen]]'' || Father Abraham Ottaplakal ||
|-
| ''[[Honey Bee (2013 film)|Honey Bee]]'' || Cleetus ||
|-
| ''[[Neelakasham Pachakadal Chuvanna Bhoomi]]'' ||Abdulla Haji ||
|-
| ''[[Zachariayude Garbhinikal]]'' ||Anuradha's husband ||
|-
| ''[[Sringaravelan]]'' ||Don Gopi Prasad ||
|-
| ''[[Philips and the Monkey Pen]]'' || Capt.Richard Philip ||
|-
| ''[[Idukki Gold]]'' ||John ||
|-
| ''[[Bangles (film)|Bangles]]'' ||Priest ||
|-
| ''[[Nadan]]'' || G Krishna Kumar||
|-
| ''[[Silence (2013 film)|Silence]]'' ||Advt. Markose||
|-
| rowspan="19"| 2014 ||''[[1983 (film)|1983]]''||Gopi Aashan ||
|-
| ''Pranayakatha'' ||Seban's father ||
|-
| ''Manja''|| Journalist Richard ||
|-
| ''[[Praise the Lord (film)|Praise the Lord]]'' ||Kunjutty ||
|-
| ''[[7th Day (film)|7th Day]]'' || P.T.R. Bhattathiri ||
|-
| ''[[Avatharam (2014 Malayalam film)|Avatharam]]''||Irumbanakkal Joseph||
|-
| ''[[Vikramadithyan]]'' ||Dr.Ramanath Pai ||
|-
| ''[[Law Point]]'' || Prof.John||
|-
| ''[[Konthayum Poonoolum]]''||Isac ||
|-
| ''[[Sapthamashree Thaskaraha]]'' ||Poius Mathew ||
|-
| ''[[Rajadhi Raja (2014 film)|Rajadhi Raja]]''||Ahammed shah ||
|-
| ''[[Ulsaha Committee|Ulsahacommittee]]'' ||Ayyankaar ||
|-
| ''[[Munnariyippu]]'' ||T G Menon ||
|-
| ''[[Njaan]]'' || Joy Mathew||
|-
| ''[[Ithihasa]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Asha Black]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Angels (2014 film)|Angels]]'' ||Fr.Varghese Punyalan ||
|-
| ''Oru Korean Padam'' ||Director Joy Mathew ||
|-
| ''[[Nagara Varidhi Naduvil Njan]]'' ||Minister Sebastian ||
|-
| rowspan="14"| 2015 ||''[[Lailaa O Lailaa]]''||Dr. Aravind Menon ||
|-
| ''[[Mariyam Mukku]]'' ||Sayip (Salomi's father) ||
|-
| ''[[Rasputin (2015 film)|Rasputin]]'' || Vayalil Satheesan ||
|-
| ''[[Utopiayile Rajavu]]'' ||C. Parameswaran Pillai ||
|-
| ''[[Pathemari]]'' ||Chandran||
|-
|''[[Jamna Pyari]]''||Prakashan||
|-
| ''Swargathekkal Sundaram''||Lopez/Gee Varghese||
|-
| ''Alif''||Hajiyar||
|-
| ''[[Chirakodinja Kinavukal]]'' ||Virakuvettukaran ||
|-
| ''Monsoon''||Mamachan||
|-
| ''Namukkore Aakasham'' ||Col.John Samuel ||
|-
| ''[[Loham]]''||Arif Bhai||
|-
| ''[[Oru Korean Padam]]'' || Himself ||
|-
| ''[[Charlie (2015 Malayalam film)|Charlie]]''||Ummer||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2016 || ''[[Mohavalayam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[King Liar]]'' || Pothuval Master||
|-
| ''[[Devi (2016 film)|Devi]]''|| Krishna's father || Trilingual film
|-
| rowspan="12"| 2017 || ''[[God Say]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Cinemakkaran]]'' || Pothuval Master||
|-
| ''[[Munthirivallikal Thalirkkumbol]]'' || Ulahannan's friend||
|-
| ''[[Chakkaramaavin Kombathu]]'' || Ali Mammu||
|-
| ''[[Puthan Panam]]'' || Mahin Haji||
|-
| ''Chippy'' || John Samuel||
|-
| ''[[Clint (film)|Clint]]'' || Dr.Samuvel||
|-
| ''[[Goodalochana]]'' || Rahin Hajji||
|-
| ''[[Crossroad (2017 film)|Crossroad]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Pathirakalam'' || narration||
|-
| ''Paathi'' || Theyyam Kalakaran ||
|-
| ''[[Balloon (2017 film)|Balloon]] '' || Fr. Andrews ||
|-
| rowspan="8" | 2018 || ''[[The Sound Story]]'' || George || [[Docufiction]]
|-
|''[[Kinar (film)|Kinar]]'' || rowspan="2" | Hariharan || Bilingual film
|-
|''[[Kinar (film)|Keni]]'' || Tamil
|-
|''[[Uncle (2018 film)|Uncle]]''|| Vijayan||
|-
|''[[Udalaazham]]'' || Rameshan ||
|-
|''[[Street Lights (film)|Street Lights]]'' || Joseph ||
|-
|''[[Chalakkudikkaran Changathi]]'' || Thamburan ||
|-
|''[[Sthalam]]'' || Fr. Varghese ||
|-
| rowspan=6 |2019 || ''[[Mr. & Ms. Rowdy]]'' || Abraham Mathew ||
|-
| ''[[Children's Park (film)|Children's Park]]'' || Govindan ||
|-
| ''Naan Petta Makan'' || Simon Britto ||
|-
| ''[[Marconi Mathai]]'' || Luca Mappla ||
|-
| ''Thelivu'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Edakkad Battalion 06]]'' || Basheer ||
|-
| rowspan=3 |2021 || ''[[Drishyam 2]]'' || Adv.Janardhanan || Amazon Prime Release
|-
| ''[[Kenjira]]'' || ||Paniya Language Movie
|-
| ''[[Kanakam Kaamini Kalaham]]'' || Balachandran ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2022 || ''[[Karnan Napoleon Bhagath Singh]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trailer of movie 'Karnan Napoleon Bhagat Singh' creating ripples on social media |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/01/23/trailer-karnan-napoleon-bhagat-singh.html |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=OnManorama}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Naaradan]]'' || Shivadas Kurup ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cris |date=2022-03-03 |title=Naradan review: Tovino-Aashiq Abu film shows reality of new age journalism |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/naradan-review-tovino-aashiq-abu-film-shows-reality-new-age-journalism-161545 |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2023 || ''[[Christy (2023 film)|Christy]]'' || Joseph || <ref>{{Cite web |title='Christy' is not 'Malena', clarifies Malavika Mohanan |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2023/jan/29/christy-is-not-malena-clarifies-malavika-mohanan-2542488.html |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[1921: Puzha Muthal Puzha Vare]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-30 |title=Ann Esther, daughter of famous actor Joy Mathew, gets married |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/ann-esther-daughter-of-famous-actor-joy-mathew-gets-married/articleshow/96618398.cms |access-date=2023-03-04 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Dhoomam (2023)|Dhoomam]]'' || Minister|| <ref>{{cite news |title=Dhoomam |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-details/dhoomam/movieshow/98630746.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Chaaver]]'' || Mukundan ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 September 2023 |title=Tinu Pappachan's Chaaver locks a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/sep/28/tinu-pappachanschaaverlocks-a-release-date-48096.html |access-date=30 September 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=7 | 2024 || ''[[Oru Sarkar Ulpannam]]'' || || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lensmenreviews.com/oru-sarkar-ulpannam-malayalam-movie-review-2024/|title=Oru Sarkar Ulpannam Review | A Preachy, Predictable Drama That Struggles to Find an Emotional Connect|first=Aswin|last=Bharadwaj|date=March 8, 2024}}</ref>
|-
| ''Badal'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-26 |title=Badal Premiere Locked: Shwetha Menon's Political Thriller Will Release On THIS Date |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/badal-premiere-locked-shwetha-menons-political-thriller-will-release-on-this-date-8828912.html |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Jamalinte Punjiri'' || ||<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-06 |title=Jamalinte Punjiri To Sree Muthappan, 3 Malayalam Films Releasing This Week |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/jamalinte-punjiri-to-sree-muthappan-3-malayalam-films-releasing-this-week-8923270.html |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Sree Muthappan'' || ||<ref name="auto"/>
|-
| ''Swargathile Katturumbu'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-03-26 |title=Dhyan Sreenivasan's Swargathile Katturumbu gears up for release |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Mar/26/dhyan-sreenivasans-swargathile-katturumbu-gears-up-for-release |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Chithini'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-07-12 |title=Chithini Trailer: Amith Chakalakkal and Vinay Forrt in a supernatural horror thriller |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Jul/12/chithini-trailer-amith-chakalakkal-and-vinay-forrt-in-a-supernatural-horror-thriller |access-date=2024-09-29 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Manorathangal]]'' || Raghavan Mama || Segment: ''Silalikhitham''<ref>{{cite news |title=മമ്മൂട്ടിയും മോഹൻലാലും ഫഹദും എംടി ചിത്രത്തിൽ; 'മനോരഥങ്ങൾ' റിലീസിന് |newspaper=South Live|url=https://www.southlive.in/movie/film-news/mt-vasudevan-nair-s-manorathangal-mammootty-mohanlal-fahadh-faasil-priyadarshan|date=14 July 2024}}</ref>
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Haal (film)|Haal]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-02-24 |title=Shane Nigam-starrer Haal announces release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Feb/24/shane-nigam-starrer-haal-announces-release-date |access-date=2025-02-25 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2026 || ''Koodothram'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-31 |title=Baiju Ezhupunna's Koodothram gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2026/Jan/31/baiju-ezhupunnas-koodothram-gets-release-date |access-date=2026-02-01 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

===As director, writer===
{| class="wikitable"
|-samoohyapadam
! rowspan=2|Year
! rowspan=2|Title
! colspan=2|Credited as
! rowspan=2|Notes
|-
! Director
! Writer
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Saamoohyapaadam]]'' || || {{yes}} ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Shutter (2012 film)|Shutter]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || Directorial debut
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Uncle (2018 film)|Uncle]]'' || || {{yes}} ||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Chaaver]]'' || || {{yes}} ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actor Joy Mathew's daughter Ann Esther gets married |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/12/30/actor-joy-mathew-daughter-marriage-ceremony-pictures.html |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=OnManorama}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0558593}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mathew, Joy}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:People from Kozhikode district]]
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:Indian male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kerala]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam theatre]]
[[Category:Film directors from Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]

Tenali Rama

2026-02-13T03:27:23Z

Bogdanwyo:

{{short description|Telugu poet and scholar (1480–1528)}}
{{redirect|Tenali Ramakrishna|19
film|Tenali Ramakrishna (film)}}
{{For-multi|the Indian television series|Tenali Rama (TV series)}}{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}
{{AI-generated|date=February 2026|reason=[https://en.Bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tenali_Rama&diff=1252249188&oldid=1251848042 This 2024 rewrite]; note [[WP:AISIGNS]] in promotional tone, undue emphasis on significance, etc., both here and in user's other edits}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Tenali Ramakrishna statue.jpg
| name = Tenali Ramakrishna
| alt = Portrait
| caption = Statue of Tenali Ramakrishna in [[Tenali]]
| native_name = తెనాలి రామకృష్ణుడు
| birth_name = Garlapati Ramakrishna
| birth_date = {{birth date|1480|9|22|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Tenali]], [[Vijayanagara Empire]] (modern day [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]])
| death_date = {{death date and age|1528|8|5|1480|9|22|df=y}}
| death_place = Tenali, Vijayanagara Empire
| death_cause = [[Snakebite]]
| occupation = Poet
| spouse = Sarada Devi
| children = Bhaskara Sarma (son) Amruta Devi (daughter)
| father = Garlapati Ramayya
| mother = Lakshmamma
}}

'''Tenali Ramakrishna''' (born '''Garlapati Ramakrishna'''; 22 September 1480 – 5 August 1528), also known as '''Tenali Ramalinga''' and '''Tenali Rama''', was a [[Telugu language|Telugu]] poet, scholar, and advisor in the court of [[Krishnadevaraya|Sri Krishnadevaraya]] of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]]. Hailing from [[Tenali]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He earned acclaim as one of the [[Ashtadiggajas]], a group of eight celebrated Telugu poets in Sri Krishnadevaraya's court, and is best known for his sharp wit and humour. His literary contributions include the notable work ''Panduranga Mahatmyam'', which is regarded as one of the five great Telugu [[Kāvya]]s. He is often referred to by the title "Vikatakavi," meaning "jester poet," reflecting his unique ability to blend humour with wisdom. Tenali Ramakrishna's legacy continues to inspire various cultural adaptations in literature and media.<ref>{{cite book |author=Neela Subramaniam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gj2eOqgrq-oC&q=tenali+vikatakavi |title=Vikatakavi Tenali Rama |publisher=Sura Books |isbn=9788174780713 |access-date=2017-07-19}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Tenali Ramakrishna was born in a [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-speaking [[Brahmin]] family in the village of [[Tenali]] in the [[Vijayanagara Empire]]. His father, Garlapati Ramayya, was a priest at the Ramalingeswara Swami Temple in Santharavuru. After the death of his father during Ramakrishna's childhood, his mother Lakshmamma took him to Vijayanagara.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e-W8AgAAQBAJ&q=tenali+ramakrishna|title=Tenali Sharan Krishna|author=T. Sunandamma|date=2014-01-06|access-date=2017-07-19}}</ref>

Despite not receiving formal education, Ramakrishna's thirst for knowledge led him to become a renowned scholar. As per popular legend, after being rejected by Vaishnava scholars for being a Shaiva, he wandered aimlessly until he met a sage who advised him to worship the Goddess [[Kali]]. According to the tale, Goddess Kali blessed him for his devotion and wit, predicting he would achieve greatness as a poet.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691633688/the-king-and-the-clown-in-south-indian-myth-and-poetry|title=The King and the Clown in South Indian Myth and Poetry|date=2016-04-19|isbn=978-0-691-63368-8|language=en|last1=Shulman|first1=David Dean|publisher=Princeton University Press}}</ref>

== Vijayanagara court ==
[[File:Model of court in Sri Krishnadevaraya asthanam.jpg|thumb|Tenali Rama and other Asthadiggajas in the Imperial court of Sri Krishnadevaraya.]]

Tenali Ramakrishna was appointed as an advisor and poet in the court of King Krishnadevaraya. He earned the title "Vikatakavi" (jester poet) due to his sharp wit and humour. He was one of the [[Ashtadiggajas]], a group of eight celebrated poets in the Vijayanagara court, and became an important figure in Krishnadevaraya's administration, assisting the king in various matters.<ref name="google1">{{cite book|author=Roshen Dalal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC&q=tenali+ramakrishna&pg=PA412|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|year=2010|isbn=978-0-14-341421-6|page=412|publisher=Penguin Books India|access-date=2017-07-19}}</ref> He was very close to the royal family and Prime Minister [[Timmarusu]]. Folk tales of Tenali Rama with Krishnadevaraya are popular in India depicting his witty tales and his friendly rivalry with the very knowledgeable Royal Priest Venkata [[Tathacharya]] due to undisciplined and lazy nature of Ramakrishna.

== Literary works ==
Tenali Ramakrishna's most significant literary contribution is ''Panduranga Mahatmyam'', considered one of the five great Telugu ''Kāvyas''. This work narrates the legend of [[Panduranga]], an incarnation of [[Vishnu]], and focuses on devotion and the afterlife. Additionally, he composed ''Udbhataradhya Charitamu'', a narrative poem about the Shaiva teacher Udbhata, influenced by the work of Palakuriki Somanatha's ''Basava Puranam''. Through his works, Ramakrishna demonstrated his deep connection to Shaivism while gaining recognition for his literary prowess.<ref name="google1"/>

== Later years and death ==
Tenali Ramakrishna is believed to have died in 1528 due to a [[snakebite]], a year before the death of Krishnadevaraya. Although historical records of his final years are scarce, he is said to have played a significant role in assisting Krishnadevaraya in state matters and was regarded as the king's close friend.<ref>{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=8178060671|title=Tales of Tenali Rama|publisher=Unicorn Books|author=Jyotsna Atre|isbn=978-8178060675|date=September 2007}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
Tenali Ramakrishna's life and wit have inspired numerous cultural works:
* The 1956 Telugu film ''[[Tenali Ramakrishna (film)|Tenali Ramakrishna]]'', starring [[A. Nageswara Rao]]
* The 1956 Tamil film ''[[Tenali Raman (film)|Tenali Raman]]'', starring [[Sivaji Ganesan]]
* The 1982 Kannada film ''[[Hasyaratna Ramakrishna]]'', starring [[Anant Nag]]
* The 1990 Hindi television series ''Tenali Rama'' aired on [[Doordarshan]]
* The 2003 animated series ''[[The Adventures of Tenali Raman]]'' was produced by [[Cartoon Network (India)|Cartoon Network]]
* The [[Sony SAB]] series ''[[Tenali Rama (TV series)|Tenali Rama]]'' (2017–2020, 2024 - 2025) is also based on his legendary tales.
* Tenali Ramakrishna's character appears in various Telugu, Tamil, and Kannada films and series.<ref>{{citation|title=Ready for Tenali Rama!|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/ready-for-tenali-rama/article19263113.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=12 July 2017}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Citation |last=Rao|year=1989|title=Indian Heritage and Culture|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|isbn=8120709306}}
* {{Citation |last=Goyal|year=2015|title=Fix Your Problems – the Tenali Raman Way|publisher=V&S Publishers|isbn=978-9352150748}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline}}
{{Astadiggajas}}
{{Humor and wit characters}}
{{lists of poets |state=collapsed}}
{{Portal bar|India}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramakrishna, Tenali}}
[[Category:Tenali Rama]]
[[Category:Deaths due to snake bites]]
[[Category:People from the Vijayanagara Empire]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Humour and wit characters of India]]
[[Category:Writers from Guntur district]]
[[Category:Poets from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Vijayanagara poets]]
[[Category:Scholars from the Vijayanagara Empire]]
[[Category:1480 births]]
[[Category:1528 births]]

Soudaminir Sansar

2026-02-12T17:33:39Z

Bogdanwyo: Started Entry

{{short description|Indian Bengali soap opera}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox television
| alt_name = Soudaminir Songshar
| image = Soudaminir Sansar.jpg
| genre = [[Drama]] [[Family]] [[Comedy]]
| writer = Saswati Ghosh
| creator =
| story =
| director = *Shibangshu Bhattacharjee --- {{small|(present)}}
*Rajendra Prasad Das {{small|(past)}}
| creative_director =
| presenter =
| starring = {{ubl|Susmili Acharjee|Adhiraj Ganguly}}
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme = Soudaminir Sansar
| endtheme = Soudaminir Sansar
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22–24 minutes
| composer =
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 387
| executive_producer =
| producer = Joydeb Mondal
| network = [[Zee Bangla]]
| company = Jyoti Productions
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2019|06|17}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2021|02|12}}
| related = {{Plainlist|
* [[Bhanumotir Khel]]
* [[Alo Chhaya]]
}}
}}

'''''Soudaminir Sansar''''' is an Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language television drama which premiered on 17 June 2019. It was broadcast on Bengali General Entertainment Channel [[Zee Bangla]] and is also available on the digital platform [[ZEE5]], and SEEFlix, even before its TV telecast. The series starred Susmili Acharjee and Adhiraj Ganguly.<ref name="SS">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/prothom-protishruti-actress-sushmili-bags-lead-role-insoudaminir-sansar/articleshow/69307812.cms|title=Prothom Protishruti actress Sushmili bags lead role in 'Soudaminir Sansar'|website=The Times of India|date=14 May 2019 |access-date=29 January 2021}}</ref> The story line was set in the 1950s, often referred to as the [[History of Bengal|Golden era]] of [[Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/soudaminir-sansar-crosses-100-episodes/articleshow/71876130.cms|title='Soudaminir Sansar' crosses 100 episodes|website=The Times of India|date=3 November 2019 |access-date=29 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/soudaminir-sansar-starts-with-a-bang-scores-well-on-trp-charts-right-after-launch/articleshow/69988860.cms|title='Soudaminir Sansar' starts with a bang; scores well on TRP charts right after launch|website=The Times of India|date=28 June 2019 |access-date=29 January 2021}}</ref>

==Plot==
Soudamini and Shankar get married during childhood. They have fun-filled spooky escapades and treasure hunts within the joint family of the Mukherjee household. In her past life, Soudamini brings peace into this chaotic household of her in-laws but dies prematurely. However, she returns to the same home as a young artist named Mini Mukherjee in her next birth. She rescues the family's treasures, brings peace again in the family, tells everyone that Soudamini was killed by Annakali in her previous birth. She marries off Shankar with Manasha and returns to Kolkata.

==Synopsis==
In the year of 1952, this series shows the story of Soudamini, an orphan girl, who lived with her grandfather in Khoerkota village. Harisadhan Mukherjee's family was in the possession of a gold coin or Mohor passed on through generations. But their family members are at loggerheads with each other over this gold coin as Bhoot Dadu, Karalisadhon Mukherjee, the ghost of the late grandfather of Harisadhon, was determined to not give any mohor or gold coins to anyone till their feud and jealousy towards each other in the family ends and peace returns to the house. He has Soudamini marry Shankar, Harisadhan's second grandson, in this Mukherjee's "kondol" family as he believes she's the only one who can bring peace in this house. Sodu tries to find an amicable solution to their family feud as she bonds with her cousin-in-laws Dhana, Lakshmi and Gansha. Her and Shankar's daily cute arguments continue as they get to know each other better. After her mother-in-law does not accept her and Annakali, her aunt-in-law, repeatedly insults her, Soudamini finally brings peace into her in-laws' chaotic household along with a sweet bonding with Shankar and everyone else in the family.

The story goes on as the daily comedic events of Puja and fun competitions and the feel of old Bengali village times brings a bright color to their story. Sodu's good friend Phuli marries her elder brother-in-law Dhana. Sodu, Dhana, Gansha, and Lakshmi open a Jatradol secretly, as Dhana's dream was to be a great Jatra Samrat, and also because their family fell into a money crisis. They keep Shankar out of their plan, as Sodu wants Shankar to focus on his studies only, which he doesn't that much. Their play unexpectedly becomes popular and it helps them to earn more for the family as everything fell into a peaceful and happy track again. Although it became quite hard for Sodu to disguise as both Soudamini and Jatralakshmi since everyone thought they were both a different person. Things couldn't get worse as Shankar grew a crush on the said Jatralakshmi, as he loved her acting not knowing she was his own wife. After some time, the truth comes out as the family gets angry at them and Harisadhan tells Sodu to leave the house as he felt betrayed that they kept lying to them even though they did it for their family's good. Grief-stricken Sodu leaves the house with teary eyes as both Shankar and the rest of the family were in pain and didn't want her to go. Shankar was determined to bring Sodu back and their bonding grew stronger as he slowly starts to fall in love with her not realizing it and did everything to help her as the gang Dhana, Phuli, Gansha, and Lakshmi were with them.
With also Shankar celebrating Sodu's birthday to make her feel happy. Finally with the help of Shankar and the gang, Harisadhan realizes his mistake and welcomes Sodu back home with a warm hug. She finds her mother Moa Maa, who is alive and discovers that she was adopted by her grandfather when her mother lost her at a village fair. Peace finally comes back in the family as they all happily celebrated [[Lakshmi Puja]]. Tragically Annakali Soudamini's aunt-in-law (Mejo Maa) kills her by drowning as she tried to know the location of the said gold coins from Sodu, but she never reveals it to her. Annakali made everyone believe that Soudamini died by accident and that she tried to save her.

=== 15 years later ===

Soudamini comes back in her next birth. Shankar became a good and the only Doctor in the village for his late wife Soudamini's wish. Even though he became completely different and stoic then before and only believed his Mejo Maa, Annakali as he thought no one else in his family cared enough for Sodu as Annakali was the only one who heard Sodu's cries that day and tried to save her. In her next birth Soudamini was born as an actress named Mini. She came to Shankar's village [[Berachampa]] with her Mom and Dad, for her new movie's shooting and enters Mukherjee house as Sodu. Everyone thought she is having mental problems as she slowly starts to regain her past lives memories so Shankar starts treating her due to her family's request. Mansha, Shankar's second wife, who is also Annakali's niece starts to hate and grow jealous of her. Shankar slowly starts to suspect that Mini is his lost Sodu as she came back in a reincarnation which both Bhootdadu and the family believed but Mini remains silent in pain even though she knew the truth, because it could cause a problem for her to know the actual truth behind Sodu's death. The two of them form a sweet friendship, but Mini's heart was soon broken as Shankar tries to explain her that all she remembers now was the past. She may be a reincarnation for Sodu, but she is also Mini who is a star and has a career for herself. Grief-stricken Shankar asks Mini to leave and that she shouldn't remain stuck in her past lives’ memories and love anymore, it's not possible for them to be together since Shankar has a second wife now but the age difference between them still doesn't help as they both remember their sweet memories together. Chini, Mini's cousin sister, and Gansha fall in love and marry.

Due to Maa Bagala Mukhi's hand in making Mini's mind believe that she is Sodu, Mini starts living with Soudamini's memories only. After being able to remember the passcode or chora that Bhoot Dadu had given to Sodu years back, she finally finds the location of those Gold Coins (Mohor) in their village's old temple. With the help of Bhoot Dadu and Chini, she reveals the truth about Sodu's death and exposes her death as a murder. Everyone went into a huge shock as Shankar couldn't believe that the person, he trusted the most after Sodu's death was the reason why Sodu is not with them anymore. Annakali escapes and disguises herself as a Saint (Sadhu Baba) and also as a dacoit as she tried to snatch the gold coins away but failed in doing so. Mini uses those gold coins for the betterment of the village and the family. Everyone became happy once again and starts preparation for Shankar and Mini's wedding as they wanted them to be together again but at the end Mini prepares Mansha as the bride and announces that she now knows that she is Mini not Soudamini and that she has her own career and identity to focus on. Also, it would unfair for them to not give Mansha a chance since she also realized her mistakes and became good. Mansha and Shankar remarry. The village also slowly starts developing with the gold coin's money.
A few months later Mini's family visits the Mukherjee house when her film on Soudamini's life is shown and released. The show ends with a happy ending as they all watch the movie together and relive their old memories. Both Shankar and Mini smile at each other with a last glance, as happy tears flow out of Mini's eyes, seeing her past life Soudamini's story now woven into a beautiful film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zee5.com/tvshows/details/soudaminir-sansar-bangla-tv-show/0-6-1764|title=Soudaminir Sansar on Zee5|website=[[ZEE5]]|access-date=29 January 2021}}</ref>

==Cast==
===Main===
* Susmili Acharjee as
** Soudamini Mukherjee aka Sodu, (Deceased), Shankar's wife
** Mini Mukherjee (in Soudamini's next birth), daughter of Tapati and [[Lokesh]] Mukherjee, Chini's cousin
* Adhiraj Ganguly as Dr. Shankar Mukherjee, Harisadhan's grandson, Moynamoti and Goursadhan's son, Soudamini and Monosha's husband,a doctor.
* Soumi Banerjee as Monosha Mukherjee: Shankar's second wife.

===Recurring===
* Samir Biswas as Late Karali Mukherjee, Sodu's "Bhoot Dadu": Harisadhan's grandfather.
* [[Biswajit Chakraborty]] as Harisadhan Mukherjee: Shankar's paternal grandfather, Umasadhan, Kalisadhan and Goursadhan's father
* [[Prity Biswas]] as Annakali Mukherjee (Main Antagonist) : Lakshmi's and Ganesh's mother, Kalisadhan's wife, Sodu's killer.
* Sourav Das as Dhananjay Mukherjee aka Dhana: Umasadhan and Haimaboti's son, Shankar and Lakshmi's elder cousin Brother, Phuli's husband, Chorki's father
* Beas Dhar / Poonam Basak as Phuli Mukherjee: Soudamini's good friend and Dhana's wife and Chorki's mother
**
* Bhavana Banerjee as Lakshmirani Mukherjee aka Lakshmi: Shankar elder cousin sister
* Dedipya Ganguly as Ganesh Mukherjee aka Gansha: Shankar's younger cousin brother and Chini's husband.
** Debrishi Chatterjee as Young Ganesh Mukherjee
* Oindrila Saha as Chini Mukherjee: Mini's cousin sister and Ganesh's wife
* Debapratim Dasgupta as Goursadhan Mukherjee: Moynamoti's husband, Shankar's father.
* [[Samata Das]] as Moynamoti Mukherjee: Goursadhan's wife, Shankar's mother
* Sumit Samaddar as Umasadhan Mukherjee: Haimaboti's husband, Dhona's father
* Boni Mukherjee as Haimaboti Mukherjee: Umasadhan's wife, Dhana's mother
* Arindol Bagchi as Kalisadhan Mukherjee: Annakali's husband, Lakshmi and Ganesh's father.
* Tanisha Ganguly as Chorki Mukherjee: Dhana and Phuli's daughter
* Manasi Sengupta as Tapati Mukherjee: Mini's mother
* [[Neil Chatterjee (actor)|Neil Chatterjee]] as Lokesh Mukherjee: Mini's father
* Mousumi Kar Chatterjee as Moa Maa: Soudamini's biological mother

==Production==
===Filming===
Based on the backdrop of rural Bengal, the series filming at a studio in [[Pailan]].<ref name="SS"/>

== Awards ==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; margin:auto;"
|- style="background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;"
|-
|- style="background:#F0E8C;"

|-
|-
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Nominee
!Presenter
!Result
!Note
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2018
| rowspan="2" | Zee Bangla Sonar Sansar Awards
| Best Producer
|Rajendra Prasad Das
|
|{{won}}
| Collectively
|-
|Best Production
|Joydeb Mondol
|Jyoti Production
|{{won}}
| Collectively
|-
|- style="background:#b0c4de;"

|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Character
! Nominee
! Result
! Note
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2019
| rowspan="7" | Zee Bangla Sonar Sansar Awards<ref>{{cite web|url=https://comingsoon.zee5.com/comingsoon/index.php|title=ZEE5|website=comingsoon.zee5.com|access-date=2021-01-05}}</ref>
|Best Daughter
|Soudamini Mukherjee
|Susmili Acharjee
| {{won}}
| Collectively
|-
|Best Young Actor
|Shankar Mukherjee
|Adhiraj Ganguly
| {{won}}
| Collectively
|-
|Favourite child artist
| Ganesh Chandra Mukherjee
|Debrishi Chatterjee
| {{won}}
| Collectively
|-
|Best brother-in-law
|Ganesh Chandra Mukherjee
|Debrishi Chatterjee
| {{won}}
| Collectively
|-
|Best brother-in-law
|Dhananjoy Mukherjee
| Sourav Das
| {{won}}
|Collectively
|-
| Best sister-in-law
|Lakshmi Rani Mukherjee
|Bhavana Bannerjee
|{{won}}
| Collectively
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://www.zee5.com/tvshows/details/soudaminir-sansar-bangla-tv-show/0-6-1764}}

{{Zee Bangla}}

[[Category:Bengali-language television programming in India]]
[[Category:Zee Bangla original programming]]
[[Category:2019 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2021 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Television productions suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]

Filmfare Critics Award for Best Film

2026-02-11T15:36:23Z

Bogdanwyo:

{{Short description|Honor awarded to Hindi films}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}

{{Infobox award
| name = [[Filmfare Awards|Filmfare Award]] for Best Film
| image =
| caption=
| awarded_for = Best Film
| presenter = ''[[Filmfare]]''
| country = India
| year = ''[[Uski Roti]]'', [[Mani Kaul]] ([[18th Filmfare Awards|1971]])
| holder = ''[[I Want to Talk]]'', [[Shoojit Sircar]] ([[70th Filmfare Awards|2025]])
| website = [http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/ Filmfare Awards]
}}

The '''Filmfare Critics Award for Best Film''' is awarded during annual [[Filmfare Awards]], given by the [[Filmfare]] magazine.<ref>{{cite web| title = Critics Award for Best Film| publisher = Filmfare Awards Official listing, [[Indiatimes]]| url = http://recipeguide.indiatimes.com/awards2001/ex_cfilm.htm| access-date = 2014-05-20| archive-date = 18 December 2014| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141218030957/http://recipeguide.indiatimes.com/awards2001/ex_cfilm.htm| url-status = dead}}</ref> These are the oldest and most prominent film awards given for [[Bollywood|Hindi films]] in [[India]], having started in 1954. Movie awards were first given by popular vote. Many complained that films with commercial appeal rather than artistic merit were being recognised, hence a new award category was added, the Best Film (Critics). [[Mani Kaul]] has a record four wins in this category, followed by three wins each for [[Shoojit Sircar]] and [[Kumar Shahani]].

''[[Rajnigandha]]'', [[Black (2005 film)|''Black'']] and ''[[Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara]]'' are the only films to win both Best Film (Critics) and [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]].

==Winner==
In the list below, each individual entry shows the winning title, followed by the director of the film.

===1970s===
{| class="wikitable"
!Film
!Winners
!Year
|-
| ''[[Uski Roti]]''
| rowspan="2" | [[Mani Kaul]]
| 1971
|-
| ''[[Ashadh Ka Ek Din]]''

| 1972
|-
| ''[[Maya Darpan]]''
| [[Kumar Shahani]]
| 1973
|-
| ''[[Duvidha]]''
| [[Mani Kaul]]
| 1974
|-
| ''[[Rajnigandha]]''
| [[Basu Chatterjee]]
| 1975
|-
| ''[[Aandhi]]''
| [[Gulzar (lyricist)|Gulzar]]
| 1976
|-
| ''[[Mrigayaa]]''
| [[Mrinal Sen]]
| 1977
|-
| ''[[Shatranj Ke Khilari]]''
| [[Satyajit Ray]]
| 1978
|-
| ''[[Arvind Desai Ki Ajeeb Dastaan]]''
| [[Saeed Akhtar Mirza]]
| 1979
|-
|}

===1980s===
{| class="wikitable"
!Film
!Winners
!Year
|-
| ''[[Jeena Yahan]]''
| [[Basu Chatterjee]]
| 1980
|-
| ''[[Albert Pinto Ko Gussa Kyoon Aata Hai? (1980 film)|Albert Pinto Ko Gussa Kyon Aata Hai]]''
| [[Saeed Akhtar Mirza]]
| 1981
|-
| ''[[Aadharshila]]''
| Ashok Ahuja
| 1982
|-
| ''[[Masoom (1983 film)|Masoom]]''
| [[Shekhar Kapur]]
| 1983
|-
| ''[[Sookha]]''
| [[M.S. Sathyu]]
| 1984
|-
| ''[[Damul]]''
| [[Prakash Jha]]
| 1985
|-
| ''[[Aghaat]]''
| [[Govind Nihalani]]
| 1986
|-
| ''[[Om-Dar-Ba-Dar]]''
| [[Kamal Swaroop]]
| 1989
|-
|}
===1990s===
{| class="wikitable"
!Film
!Winners
!Year
|-
| ''[[Khayal Gatha]]''
| [[Kumar Shahani]]
| 1990
|-
| ''[[Kasba (film)|Kasba]]''
| [[Kumar Shahani]]
| 1991
|-
| ''[[Diksha (film)|Diksha]]''
| [[Arun Kaul]]
| 1992
|-
| ''[[Idiot (1992 film)|Idiot]]''
| [[Mani Kaul]]
| 1993
|-
| ''[[Kabhi Haan Kabhi Naa]]''
| [[Kundan Shah]]
| 1994
|-
| ''[[Bandit Queen]]''
| [[Shekhar Kapur]]
| 1995
|-
| ''[[Bombay (1995 film)|Bombay]]''
| [[Mani Ratnam]] (the only dubbed film to win the award)
| 1996
|-
| ''[[Khamoshi: The Musical]]''
| [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]
| 1997
|-
| ''[[Virasat (1997 film)|Virasat]]''
| [[Priyadarshan]]
| 1998
|-
| ''[[Satya (1998 film)|Satya]]''
| [[Ram Gopal Varma]]
| 1999
|-
|}
===2000s===
{| class="wikitable"
!Film
!Winners
!Year
|-
| ''[[Sarfarosh (1999 film)|Sarfarosh]]''
| [[John Matthew Matthan]]
| 2000
|-
| ''[[Halo (1996 film)|Halo]]''
| [[Santosh Sivan]]
| 2001
|-
| ''[[Dil Chahta Hai]]''
| [[Farhan Akhtar]]
| 2002
|-
| ''[[The Legend of Bhagat Singh]]''
| [[Rajkumar Santoshi]]
| 2003
|-
| ''[[Munna Bhai M.B.B.S.]]''
| [[Rajkumar Hirani]]
| 2004
|-
| ''[[Yuva]] & [[Dev (2004 film)|Dev]]''
| [[Mani Ratnam]] & [[Govind Nihalani]]
| 2005
|-
| ''[[Black (2005 film)|Black]]''
| [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]
| 2006
|-
| ''[[Lage Raho Munna Bhai]]''
| [[Rajkumar Hirani]]
| 2007
|-
| ''[[Chak De! India]]''
| [[Shimit Amin]]
| 2008
|-
| ''[[Mumbai Meri Jaan]]''
| [[Nishikant Kamat]]
| 2009
|}

===2010s===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year || Film || Recipient(s)
|-
| '''2010''' ||''[[Firaaq]]'' || [[Nandita Das]]
|-bgcolor=#edf3fe
| '''2011''' ||''[[Udaan (2010 film)|Udaan]]'' || [[Vikramaditya Motwane]]
|-
| '''2012''' ||''[[Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara]]'' || [[Zoya Akhtar]]
|-bgcolor=#edf3fe
| '''2013''' ||''[[Gangs of Wasseypur]]'' || [[Anurag Kashyap]]
|-
| '''2014''' ||''[[The Lunchbox]]'' || [[Ritesh Batra]]
|-bgcolor=#edf3fe
| '''2015''' || ''[[Ankhon Dekhi]]'' || [[Rajat Kapoor]]<ref>{{cite web | title = 60th Britannia Filmfare Awards 2014: Complete list of winners | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/60th-Britannia-Filmfare-Awards-2014-Complete-list-of-winners/articleshow/46080277.cms | date = 1 February 2015 | access-date = 2015-02-01 | newspaper = The Times of India | archive-date = 3 February 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150203081332/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/60th-Britannia-Filmfare-Awards-2014-Complete-list-of-winners/articleshow/46080277.cms | url-status = live }}</ref>
|-
| '''2016''' ||''[[Piku]]'' || [[Shoojit Sircar]]
|-bgcolor=#edf3fe
| '''2017''' || ''[[Neerja]]'' || [[Ram Madhvani]]<ref>{{cite news |url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/62nd-filmfare-awards-2017-winners-list/articleshow/56541241.cms |title = 62nd Filmfare Awards 2017: Winners' list |work = The Times of India |date = 15 January 2017 |access-date = 15 January 2017 |archive-date = 14 January 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170114235906/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/62nd-filmfare-awards-2017-winners-list/articleshow/56541241.cms |url-status = live }}</ref>
|-
| '''2018''' ||''[[Newton (film)|Newton]]'' || [[Amit V. Masurkar]]
|-bgcolor=#edf3fe
| '''2019''' || ''[[Andhadhun]]'' || [[Sriram Raghavan]]
|}

===2020s===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year || Film || Recipient(s)
|-
| '''2020''' ||''[[Article 15 (film)|Article 15]]'' & ''[[Sonchiriya]]'' ||[[Anubhav Sinha]] & [[Abhishek Chaubey]]
|-bgcolor=#edf3fe
| '''2021''' ||''[[Eeb Allay Ooo!]]'' || Prateek Vats<ref>{{Cite web|title=Filmfare Awards 2021: Check complete list of winners|url=https://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/filmfare-awards-2021-check-complete-list-of-winners-2351198.html|author=Ankita Bhandari|publisher=Zee News|date=28 March 2021|access-date=29 March 2021|archive-date=6 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206153337/https://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/filmfare-awards-2021-check-complete-list-of-winners-2351198.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| '''2022''' || ''[[Sardar Udham]]'' || [[Shoojit Sircar]]
|-
|-bgcolor=#edf3fe
| '''2023''' || ''[[Badhaai Do]]'' || [[Harshavardhan Kulkarni]]
|-
| '''2024''' || ''[[Joram (film)|Joram]]'' || [[Devashish Makhija]]
|-
|-bgcolor=#edf3fe
| '''2025''' || ''[[I Want to Talk]]'' || [[Shoojit Sircar]]
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Film]]
* [[Filmfare Award]]s
* [[Bollywood]]
* [[Cinema of India]]

==References==

<references />

==External links==
*[https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards/winners Filmfare Critics Awards Best Film]
* [http://deep750.googlepages.com/FilmfareAwards.pdf List of Filmfare Award Winners and Nominations, 1953–2005] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612065210/http://deep750.googlepages.com/FilmfareAwards.pdf |date=12 June 2009 }}

{{Filmfare Awards}}
{{FilmfareCriticsAwardBestMovie}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Filmfare Critics Award For Best Movie}}
[[Category:Filmfare Awards|F, Critics]]
[[Category:Awards for best film]]

Changrabandha

2026-02-10T01:03:56Z

Bogdanwyo:

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Changrabandha
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal # India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.4131|N|88.9193|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Cooch Behar district|Cooch Behar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 4,483
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 735301
| area_code_type = [[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]]/ Telephone code
| area_code = 03584
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Jalpaiguri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalpaiguri]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Mekliganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mekhliganj]]
| website = {{URL|coochbehar.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Changrabandha''' (also called Nagar Changrabandha) is a [[census town]] and a [[gram panchayat]] in [[Mekhliganj (community development block)|Mekhliganj]] [[Community development block in India|CD block]] in [[Mekhliganj subdivision]] of [[Cooch Behar district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. It is a [[border checkpoint]] on the [[Bangladesh-India border]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=450| height=400| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|26|14|0|N|89|2|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Places in the Mathabhanga, Mekhliganj subdivisions and Sitai CD block in Dinhata subdivision of Cooch Behar district''' CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, M: Municipal town Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|26|19|48|N|89|13|12|E}}| label-pos1=left|label1= Mathabhanga | numbered1=M| mark-title1= [[Mathabhanga]] (M)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #800000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|26|19|48|N|88|46|12|E}}| label-pos2=right|label2= Haldibari| numbered2=M| mark-title2= [[Haldibari, India]] (M)
|mark-coord3={{coord|26|21|0|N|88|55|12|E}}| label-pos3=left|label3= Mekhliganj| numbered3=M| mark-title3= [[Mekhliganj]] (M)
|mark-coord4={{coord|26|24|47|N|88|55|9|E}}| label-pos4=top|label4=Changrabandha|labela4= Check-point| numbered4=CT| mark-title4= Changrabandha (CT)|shape-color4=black| label-size4=14|label-color4=black 
|mark-coord5={{coord|26|25|52|N|89|16|23|E}}| label-pos5=left|label5=Ghoksadanga| numbered5=R| mark-title5= [[Ghoksadanga]] (R)| shape-color5= #C42222
|mark-coord6={{coord|26|20|10|N|89|15|13|E}}| label-pos6=top|label6=Matiar Kuthi| numbered6=R| mark-title6= [[Matiar Kuthi]] (R)| shape-color6= #C42222
|mark-coord7={{coord|26|18|56|N|89|18|35|E}}| label-pos7=left|label7=Nishiganj| numbered7=R| mark-title7= [[Nishiganj]] (R)| shape-color7= #C42222
|mark-coord8={{coord|26|20|45|N|89|9|26|E}}| label-pos8=top|label8=Sikarpur| numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[Sikarpur, Cooch Behar]] (R)| shape-color8= #C42222
|mark-coord9={{coord|26|10|23|N|89|10|46|E}}| label-pos9=top|label9=Sitalkuchi| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Sitalkuchi, Cooch Behar]] (R)| shape-color9= #C42222
|mark-coord10={{coord|26|18|11|N|88|59|0|E}}| label-pos10=left|label10=Kuchlibari| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Kuchlibari]] (R)| shape-color10= #C42222
|mark-coord11={{coord|26|3|5|N|89|19|13|E}}| label-pos11=top|label11=Sitai| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Sitai, Cooch Behar]] (R)| shape-color11= #C42222
|mark-coord12={{coord|26|24|0|N|88|48|20|E}}|label12= Teesta River| label-color12 = #77A1CB| label-angle12=50| label-pos12=top| label-size12=10| mark-size12=0| mark-title12=none
|mark-coord13={{coord|26|13|30|N|89|16|40|E}}|label13= Jaldhaka River| label-color13 = #77A1CB| label-angle13=65| label-pos13=top| label-size13=10| mark-size13=0| mark-title13=none
|arc-coordA={{coord|26|10|0|N|88|50|0|E}}|arc-textA= BANGLADESH| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-10| arc-gapA=4.5| arc-radiusA=0.4}}

===Location===
Changrabandha is located at {{coord|26.4131|N|88.9193|E|display=inline}}.

===Area overview===
The map alongside shows the western part of the district. In Mekhliganj subdivision 9.91% of the population lives in the urban areas and 90.09% lives in the rural areas. In Mathabhanga subdivision 3.67% of the population, the lowest in the district, lives in the urban areas and 96.35% lives in the rural areas.<ref name="handbook">{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2013 Cooch Behar |work = Tables 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 5 August 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |url-status = dead }}</ref> The entire district forms the flat [[alluvium|alluvial]] flood plains of mighty rivers.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1903_PART_A_DCHB_KOCH%20BIHAR.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Koch Bihar, Series 20, Part XIIA| work= Census of India 2011, pages 17-21 Physical feafures| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |accessdate = 5 August 2020}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivisions. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Border checkpoint==
Changrabandha is a land border checkpoint,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbec.gov.in/customs/cs-act/notifications/csnt63-94.htm |title=Notification No. 63/94-Cus. (N.T.) dtd 21/11/1994 with amendments - Land Customs Stations and Routes for import and export of goods by land or inland water ways |accessdate=8 May 2019 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120128165640/http://www.cbec.gov.in/customs/cs-act/notifications/csnt63-94.htm |archivedate=2012-01-28 }}</ref> on the Bangladesh-India border, being developed (in 2018) as an integrated checkpost (ICP) for the smooth movement of goods and people. The land port and checkpoint at [[Burimari railway station|Burimari]] in [[Lalmonirhat District]] of [[Rangpur Division]] is on the Bangladesh side of the border.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://lpai.gov.in/content/innerpage/next-phase.php | title = Next phase: Road map of ICPs | publisher = Land Ports Authority of India | accessdate = 8 May 2019 | archive-date = 16 November 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181116000958/http://lpai.gov.in/content/innerpage/next-phase.php | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.bangladeshtradeportal.gov.bd/kcfinder/upload/files/Land%20Ports%20in%20a%20Brief%281%29.pdf |title = Land ports in brief |publisher= Bangladesh government | accessdate = 8 May 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://currentsamachar.com/union-home-minister-reviews-integrated-check-posts-and-border-management-projects |title = Union Home Minister reviews Integrated Checkposts and Border Management projects|publisher= Current Samachar | accessdate = 8 May 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://indianexpress.com/article/india/centre-plans-13-new-integrated-check-posts-to-encourage-engagement-with-neighbours-4895820/ |title = Centre plans 13 new Integrated Check Posts to encourage engagement with neighbours | publisher= The Indian Expres, 18 October 2017 | accessdate = 8 May 2019 }}</ref>

There is a customs office for export/import at Changrabandha.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.customsindiaonline.com/content.php?id=t912009 | title =Notification No.:91/2009-Customs | publisher =CustomsIndiaOnline | accessdate =11 May 2019 | archive-date =20 June 2019 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20190620104010/http://customsindiaonline.com/content.php?id=t912009 | url-status =dead }}</ref>
{{New Mal–Changrabandha–New Cooch Behar Line|collapse=y}}
{{Domohani-Lalmonirhat line|collapse=y}}

===CD Block HQ===
The headquarters of Mekhliganj CD block is at Nagar Changrabandha.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1903_PART_A_DCHB_KOCH%20BIHAR.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Koch Bihar, Series 20 Part XII A, 2011 census of India | work= Map of Kooch Bihar with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fourth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | accessdate = 8 May 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbpublibnet.gov.in/node/2099 |title = BDO Offices under Cooch Behar District | work= Department of Mass Education Extension & Library Services, Government of West Bengal |publisher= West Bengal Public Library Network | accessdate = 8 May 2019 }}</ref>

==Demographics==
As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Nagar Changrabandha had a total population of 4,483, of which 2,251 (50%) were males and 2,232 (50%) were females. Population below 6 years was 489. The total number of literates in Nagar Changrabanda was 3,172 (79.42% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 8 May 2019 }}</ref>

==Transport==
[[Changrabandha railway station]] (station code CBD) and [[New Changrabandha railway station]] (station code NCBD) lies on the broad gauge [[New Mal-Changrabandha-New Cooch Behar line]]. A pair of DMUs have been introduced on this route from Siliguri to Changrabandha via New Mal Jn from 20 January 2016. [[Padatik Express|Sealdah - New Alipurduar Padatik Superfast Express]] runs from New Changrabandha railway station.<ref> {{Cite web|title=12377/Padatik Express(PT)|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-padatik-express-12377/7585/325/444|website=indiarailinfo.com}} </ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nfr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=947&did=1453121513595EACEB47E6F99B168A98BED1770B6B4D8.web91 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202073307/http://www.nfr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0%2C4%2C268&dcd=947&did=1453121513595EACEB47E6F99B168A98BED1770B6B4D8.web91 |url-status=dead |archive-date= 2 February 2016 |title=Train running on the newly converted New Mal Junction-Changrabandha to start |publisher=North East Frontier Railway |accessdate=20 January 2016 }}</ref> There is a train from New Cooch Behar to Siliguri Jn via Changrabandha.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-new-coochbehar-siliguri-jn-demu-via-changrabandha-75714/41895/551/445|title = 75714 New Cooch Behar-Siliguri Jn DEMU (via Changrabandha) | publisher= IndiaRailInfo | accessdate = 19 May 2019}}</ref>

Changrabandha is on State Highway 12A.<ref name=police>{{cite web| url = http://www.wbtrafficpolice.com/state-highways.php |title = List of State Highways in West Bengal | publisher= West Bengal Traffic Police | accessdate = 8 May 2019}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
Changrabandha Block Primary Centre, with 10 beds at Changrabandha, is the major government medical facility in the Mekhliganh CD block. Mekhliganj Subdivional Hospital, with 120 beds, functions at [[Mekhliganj]].<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work= Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher = Government of West Bengal|accessdate = 29 July 2020}}</ref><ref name=medical>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/Hospitals.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics - Hospitals | publisher = Government of West Bengal | accessdate = 29 July 2020 | archive-date = 14 September 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200914160418/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/Hospitals.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Official website|https://changrabandha.in}}

{{Cooch Behar District}}
{{India–Bangladesh land border checkpoints}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Cooch Behar district]]
[[Category:Bangladesh–India border crossings]]

Kamlesh Mehta

2026-02-07T23:21:42Z

Bogdanwyo: minor cleanup

{{short description|Indian table tennis player}}
{{BLP sources|date=December 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kamlesh Mehta
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1960|05|01}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| known_for =
| occupation = Table tennis player
}}

'''Kamlesh Navichandra Mehta''' (born 1 May 1960) is an Indian retired table tennis player. In March 2017, the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports, Government of India, appointed him as the national observer for table tennis.<ref>{{cite news|title=Government designates 12 Olympians as National Observers|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/government-designates-12-olympians-as-national-observers-4577915/|accessdate=30 March 2017|agency=Press Trust of India|work=The Indian Express|date=20 March 2017}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Nicknamed Kamu, Kamlesh Mehta was born in [[Mumbai]] on 1 May 1960. After primary school at St. Joseph's [[Wadala]] branch, he went to [[Ramniranjan Anandilal Podar College of Commerce and Economics|R. A. Podar College]] in [[Mumbai]] to graduate in Commerce and then joined [[Dena Bank]]. He is married to the table tennis player from Assam, [[Monalisa Baruah Mehta|Monalisa Baruah]] (Monalisa Baruah Mehta).

==Table tennis career==
Kamlesh was the captain of the Indian team from 1982 to 1989 and was the highest ranked Indian player in Asia, the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] and the world. He played in the final of the national championships on eleven occasions between 1981 and 1994, winning the title eight times. He was runner-up on three occasions.

Kamlesh represented India in seven world championships, eight Asian championships, two [[Asian Games]], four [[South Asian Games|South Asian Federation games]], two [[Olympic Games]] and many other official and friendly competitions in India and abroad. His best performance came in the SAF Games in 1991 at [[Colombo]] where he won seven gold and four silver medals.

He won the World Bank Championship at the Isle of Man (UK) in 1989. He won all four gold medals at the Pentangular International Championships in 1983.

==Awards==
During a nearly twenty-year career, Kamlesh Mehta has received numerous recognitions. The [[Maharashtra]] Government's Shiv [[Chhatrapati]] Award was the first, received in 1979 followed in 1984 by The Friendship Trophy for being the best player from India at the Asian Championship in Islamabad. He was twice named the Best Sportsman by the Sports Journalists' Association of Bombay. He was awarded the [[Arjuna Award]], in 1985. He was the first Indian to receive the Fair Play Trophy at the Commonwealth Championships, in 1989.

==Coaching==
Mehta has coached the Indian table tennis team on multiple occasions. His was first appointed in 1998 to coach the national team at the Osaka Asian Games.<ref>{{cite news|title=Indians' display encouraging: Mehta|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/1998/98oct10/sports.htm#4|accessdate=30 March 2017|agency=Press Trust of India|issue=10 October 1998|work=The Tribune}}</ref> Later, he assisted the chief coach [[Massimo Constantini]] at the 2010 Guangzhou Asian Games.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kamlesh Mehta to coach Indian TT team at Asian Games|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/report-kamlesh-mehta-to-coach-indian-tt-team-at-asian-games-1457566|accessdate=30 March 2017|agency=DNA|work=Daily News and Analysis}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Olympedia}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20200418111523/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/me/kamlesh-mehta-1.html Kamlesh Mehta] at Olympic Sports-Reference

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mehta, Kamlesh}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Marathi sportspeople]]
[[Category:Indian male table tennis players]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:Olympic table tennis players for India]]
[[Category:Table tennis players at the 1988 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Table tennis players at the 1992 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Indian sports coaches]]
[[Category:Indian bankers]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Asian Games table tennis players for India]]
[[Category:South Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:South Asian Games silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:South Asian Games medalists in table tennis]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]

Jalgaon

2026-02-05T08:30:24Z

Bogdanwyo: expanded structure based on references

{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{pp-move|small=yes}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jalgaon
| settlement_type = City
| official_name = 
| image_skyline = {{Multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 280px
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2/1/2
| image1 = Jalgaon skyline.jpg
| caption1 = Jalgaon Skyline
| image2 = Jalgaon Municipal Corporation.jpg
| image3 = Khandesh Central.jpg
| image4 = Jalgaon Airport.jpg
| caption4 = [[Jalgaon Airport]]
| image5 = Dr. ketaki and dr. vaibhav's wedding preparations in dr. ulhas patil medical college and hospital jalgaon 11.jpg
| image6 = Govt. Ayurved College & Hospital,Jalgaon.jpg}}
| image_caption = Khandesh Central mall, Municipal corporation building, Medical College Jalgaon, Ayurveda Hospital Jalgaon
| other_name =
| image_alt =
| nickname = Banana city
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 6
| mapframe-point = none
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Jalgaon in Maharashtra
| coordinates = {{Coord|21.004|N|75.568|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{Flagu|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of divisions in India|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nashik division|Nashik]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon]]
| established_title =
| established_date = 1960
| founder =
| named_for =
| governing_body = [[Jalgaon Municipal Corporation]]
| leader_title =
| leader_title2 = Mayor
| leader_name2 = Jayshree Mahajan([[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shivsena]])
| government_type = [[Municipal corporation]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 98
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 216
| population_total = 650,000
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank = [[India]]: [[List of cities in India by population|102nd]] [[Maharashtra]]: [[List of cities in Maharashtra by population|13th]]
| population_demonym = Jalgaonkar
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Where is Jalgaon, Information about Jalgaon, Where is Jalgaon, Located, Places to Visit|url=https://www.majorcitiesofworld.com/where-is-jalgaon-in-india/|access-date=2022-02-06|website=majorcitiesofworld.com |date=12 June 2017 }}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Language
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Spoken
| demographics1_info2 = [[Khandeshi language|Khandeshi]] (Ahirani)<ref>{{Cite web |title=About District {{!}} District Jalgaon, Government of Maharashtra {{!}} India |url=https://jalgaon.gov.in/about-district/ |access-date=2023-06-20 |language=en-US}}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 0257
| registration_plate = MH-19
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Literacy Rate]]
| blank4_info_sec1 = 77.22%
| website = {{URL|www.jalgaon.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
| length_km = 17.4
| width_km = 14.3
| area_note = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Jalgaon City Municipal Corporation|url=http://www.jcmc.gov.in/english/|access-date=2021-09-26|website=jcmc.gov.in|archive-date=26 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926151214/http://www.jcmc.gov.in/english/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| native_name =
}}

'''Jalgaon''' ({{Audio|Jalgaon.ogg|pronunciation}}) is a city in the state of [[Maharashtra]], India. The city is located in [[North Maharashtra]] in the sub-region of [[Khandesh]], and serves as the administrative headquarters of its namesake district, the [[Jalgaon district]]. In the sub-region of [[Khandesh]], Jalgaon is the largest city in Khandesh. Situated on Asian Highway 53 and 76.3 Km(47.41 Miles) from '[[Ajanta Caves]]'.
The [[Girna River|Girna river]] flows from the western part of the city. Jalgaon is colloquially known as the "''Banana city of India''" as the region's (Jalgaon district) farmers grow approximately two-thirds of Maharashtra's banana production.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/oldStory/49165/ |title=Banana republic Jalgaon bears fruit |work=The Indian Express|date=18 June 2004 |access-date=3 January 2011}}</ref>

== Government and Politics ==
[[Jalgaon]] is administered by the [[Jalgaon City Municipal Corporation]], which was established in 21 March 2003.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jalgaon City Municipal Corporation |url=https://jcmc.gov.in/about_us_M.html#}}</ref> The municipal jurisdiction covers about 68.2–68.8 km².<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jalgaon City Municipal Corporation Jalgaon |url=https://jcmc.gov.in/images/tenders/notice_pub.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jalgaon City Municipal Corporation |url=https://www.jcmc.gov.in/ |access-date=2026-01-14 |website=www.jcmc.gov.in}}</ref> The municipality was earlier constituted under the Maharashtra Municipal Councils, Nagar Panchayats & Industrial Townships Act, 1965, and the change/upgrade to a corporation was enacted under provisions invoking the Bombay Provincial Municipal Corporations Act, 1949 (the “Corporations Act”) as part of the state notifications that created the corporation.

There are 19 zones within the city.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Jalgaon City Municipal Corporation |url=https://www.jcmc.gov.in/election-ward-formation-draft-2025-26.htm |access-date=2026-01-14 |website=www.jcmc.gov.in}}</ref> There are 75 wards in the Jalgaon City Municipal Corporation.<ref name=":0" />

==Demographics==
As per Indian government census 2011, the population was 4,60,228 out of this 240590 were males and 219638 were females.

{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |Year
! rowspan="2" |Male
! rowspan="2" |Female
! rowspan="2" |Total Population
! rowspan="2" |Change
! colspan="8" |Religion (%)
|-
!Hindu
!Muslim
!Christian
!Sikhs
!Buddhist
!Jain
!Other religions and persuasions
!Religion not stated
|-
|2001<ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/21494/download/24626/PC01_C01_27.xls Census India 2001].</ref>
| style="text-align:right;" |193496
| style="text-align:right;" |175122
| style="text-align:right;" |368618
| style="text-align:center;" | –
| style="text-align:right;" |77.429
| style="text-align:right;" |16.915
| style="text-align:right;" |0.171
| style="text-align:right;" |0.169
| style="text-align:right;" |3.238
| style="text-align:right;" |1.961
| style="text-align:right;" |0.086
| style="text-align:right;" |0.030
|-
|2011<ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11382/download/14495/DDW27C-01%20MDDS.XLS Census India 2011].</ref>
| style="text-align:right;" |240590
| style="text-align:right;" |219638
| style="text-align:right;" |460228
| style="text-align:right;" |0.249
| style="text-align:right;" |76.123
| style="text-align:right;" |18.271
| style="text-align:right;" |0.234
| style="text-align:right;" |0.174
| style="text-align:right;" |3.207
| style="text-align:right;" |1.714
| style="text-align:right;" |0.079
| style="text-align:right;" |0.199
|}
{{Chart|definition=Religion of Jalgaon by year.chart|data=Religion of Jalgaon by year.tab|width=400px}}

==Climate==
Jalgaon has a [[hot semi-arid climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''BSh'') owing to the [[rain shadow]] of the [[Western Ghats]]. There are three seasons in Jalgaon: the sweltering and arid "hot" season from March to mid-June, the warm and "wet" under [[monsoon of South Asia|the monsoon]] from mid-June to September, and the dry "cool" season from October to February. In Jalgaon District, the average annual rainfall is around 690 mm and the temperature can range from 10 to 48 degrees Celsius, making it a diverse climate with scorching summers of up to 45 degrees Celsius.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About District {{!}} District Jalgaon, Government of Maharashtra {{!}} India |url=https://jalgaon.gov.in/about-district/ |access-date=2023-02-01 |language=en-US}}</ref>
{{Weather box
| width =
| location = Jalgaon City (1991-2020, extremes 1969-present)
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| collapse =
| Jan record high C = 36.4
| Feb record high C = 41.2
| Mar record high C = 43.9
| Apr record high C = 47.2
| May record high C = 48.4
| Jun record high C = 46.6
| Jul record high C = 43.9
| Aug record high C = 40.4
| Sep record high C = 39.8
| Oct record high C = 39.5
| Nov record high C = 37.7
| Dec record high C = 36.4
| year record high C = 48.4
| Jan high C = 29.8
| Feb high C = 32.6
| Mar high C = 37.3
| Apr high C = 41.1
| May high C = 42.3
| Jun high C = 38.1
| Jul high C = 32.7
| Aug high C = 31.0
| Sep high C = 32.5
| Oct high C = 34.4
| Nov high C = 32.8
| Dec high C = 30.4
| year high C = 34.5
| Jan low C = 11.8
| Feb low C = 13.7
| Mar low C = 18.2
| Apr low C = 23.7
| May low C = 26.7
| Jun low C = 25.9
| Jul low C = 24.2
| Aug low C = 23.3
| Sep low C = 22.8
| Oct low C = 19.2
| Nov low C = 14.6
| Dec low C = 11.2
| year low C = 19.6
| Jan record low C = 1.7
| Feb record low C = 3.9
| Mar record low C = 8.2
| Apr record low C = 13.1
| May record low C = 19.0
| Jun record low C = 19.3
| Jul record low C = 19.8
| Aug record low C = 17.1
| Sep record low C = 12.3
| Oct record low C = 9.5
| Nov record low C = 5.0
| Dec record low C = 1.7
| year record low C = 1.7
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 3.7
| Feb rain mm = 3.5
| Mar rain mm = 5.3
| Apr rain mm = 2.2
| May rain mm = 6.7
| Jun rain mm = 140.5
| Jul rain mm = 227.5
| Aug rain mm = 179.5
| Sep rain mm = 131.2
| Oct rain mm = 41.3
| Nov rain mm = 11.4
| Dec rain mm = 6.2
| year rain mm = 759.0
| Jan rain days = 0.3
| Feb rain days = 0.4
| Mar rain days = 0.7
| Apr rain days = 0.1
| May rain days = 0.7
| Jun rain days = 6.6
| Jul rain days = 12.2
| Aug rain days = 10.7
| Sep rain days = 7.1
| Oct rain days = 2.4
| Nov rain days = 0.4
| Dec rain days = 0.3
| year rain days = 41.9
| time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 40
| Feb humidity = 33
| Mar humidity = 26
| Apr humidity = 23
| May humidity = 27
| Jun humidity = 48
| Jul humidity = 67
| Aug humidity = 74
| Sep humidity = 65
| Oct humidity = 44
| Nov humidity = 39
| Dec humidity = 39
| year humidity = 44
| source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDcityextremes2>
{{cite web
| url = https://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230101061732/https://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| archive-date = 1 January 2023
| title = Climatological Tables 1991-2020
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| access-date = 1 January 2023
| page = 21}}</ref>
}}Jalgaon has been ranked 19th best “National Clean Air City” under (Category 2 3-10L Population cities) in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2024 |title=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024 |url=https://prana.cpcb.gov.in/ncapServices/robust/fetchFilesFromDrive/Swachh_Vayu_Survekshan_2024_Result.pdf |website=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024}}</ref>

==Education==
[[File:KBC North Maharashtra University main building.jpg|thumb|Kaviyatri Bahinabai North Maharashtra University]]

[[North Maharashtra University]] is located 8 km away from the city. Prominent under/post-graduate colleges in the city are [[Mooljee Jetha College, Jalgaon|Mooljee Jetha College]] and Nutan Maratha College.

Jalgaon has three medical colleges, [[Government Medical College, Jalgaon|Government Medical College]], [[Dr. Ulhas Patil Medical College and Hospital, Jalgaon]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gmcjalgaon.org/|title=Government medical college & Hospital of Jalgaon.|date=10 April 2020|website=gmcjalgaon.com|access-date=10 April 2020}}</ref> and the [[Government Ayurved College, Jalgaon]] providing the knowledge of Ayurveda.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gacjalgaon.org/|title=Government ayurved college & Hospital of Jalgaon.|date=25 April 2023|website=gacjalgaon.com|access-date=25 April 2023}}</ref>

The '''Anubhuti Residential School''' an CISCE affiliated School based in Jalgaon, founded by [[Bhavarlal Jain]] <ref>{{cite web |title=Founded by|url=https://cehs.unl.edu/cyaf/international-engagement/anubhuti-school-experience/|website=University of Nebraska–Lincoln|publisher=University of Nebraska–Lincoln|access-date=1 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Founded by|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Marwari_Heritage/kXS2DAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22Anubhuti+School%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA322&printsec=frontcover|website=The Marwari Heritage, ISBN 9781942322061, 1942322062|publisher=IntegralDMS|access-date=1 January 2026}}</ref> The school stands in the top 10 list of ISC residential schools in India. .<ref>{{cite web |title=Top 10 Schools of India|url=https://www.panchdoot.com/youth/education-world-best-schools-in-india-2023-ranking/|website=Panchdoot|publisher=Panchdoot|access-date=1 January 2026}}</ref> The school's name, Anubhuti, translates to 'experience' in Sanskrit. It is full-fledged co-educational residential school.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anubhuti International Residential School|url=https://www.anubhutischool.in/index1.htm|access-date=2025-09-26|website=www.anubhutischool.in|language=en}}</ref> Founded in 2007, The school campus is located at Jain Divine Park on a wooded hillside in 100 acres <ref>{{cite news |title=Founded and area|url=https://www.starschooling.com/boardingschools/maharashtra/anubhuti-international-school|work=StarSchooling|access-date=2026-01-01}}</ref> For which it recognised with CSE Green Schools Awards.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CSE Green Schools Awards|url=https://www.cseindia.org/press-release-cse-green-schools-awards--1078|access-date=2026-01-01|website=centre for science and environment|language=en}}</ref>

The school accepts students from the fifth through the twelfth grade (ages nine–eighteen) and follows the [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education|ICSE]] board. The School is affiliated to the CISCE (Council for Indian School Certificate Examination), New Delhi which conducts the ICSE (Class 10) & ISC (Class 12) examinations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CISE Affiliation|url=https://school.careers360.com/schools/anubhuti-school-jalgaon|access-date=2025-09-26|website=school.careers360.com|language=en}}</ref>

== Transport ==

=== Airport ===
[[Jalgaon Airport]] {{Airport codes|JLG|VAJL}} situated at southeast of the city centre, was built in 1973 by the Public Works Department.<ref>{{cite web |title=Airstrips in Maharashtra |url=http://www.mahapwd.com/statistics/airstrips.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001075044/http://www.mahapwd.com/statistics/airstrips.htm |archive-date=1 October 2021 |access-date=3 February 2012 |publisher=Maharashtra Public Works Department}}</ref> The Jalgaon municipal council took over its operations in April 1997 and handed it over to the [[Maharashtra Airport Development Company]] in April 2007.<ref name="JAL1">{{cite news |date=23 March 2012 |title=President inaugurates Jalgaon airport |url=http://www.newstrackindia.com/newsdetails/2012/03/23/356--President-inaugurates-Jalgaon-airport-.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407110942/http://www.newstrackindia.com/newsdetails/2012/03/23/356--President-inaugurates-Jalgaon-airport-.html |archive-date=7 April 2014 |access-date=25 March 2012 |publisher=Newstrackindia.com}}</ref> The Government of Maharashtra signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with The [[Airports Authority of India]] (AAI) to upgrade the existing airfield in July 2009.<ref>{{cite web |title=MADC – Projects |url=http://www.madcindia.org/projects.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226054653/http://www.madcindia.org/projects.html |archive-date=26 February 2012 |publisher=[[Maharashtra Airport Development Company]]}}</ref> [[Pratibha Patil]], then president of India, laid the foundation stone for the development and expansion of the Jalgaon airport in June 2010.<ref>{{cite news |date=13 June 2010 |title=President lays foundation stone for Jalgaon airport |url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/maharashtra/president-lays-foundation-stone-for-jalgaon-airport_633580.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616004201/http://zeenews.india.com/news/maharashtra/president-lays-foundation-stone-for-jalgaon-airport_633580.html |archive-date=16 June 2013 |access-date=4 February 2012 |publisher=Zeenews.com}}</ref> Jalgaon offers flights to [[Mumbai]], [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]], [[Ahmedabad]], [[Kolhapur]], [[Nashik Airport|Nashik]] and [[Nanded]] operated by [[TruJet]] airlines.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Domestic airlines in India {{!}} Domestic airline tickets Booking |url=https://www.trujet.com/#/home |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419220748/https://www.trujet.com/#/home |archive-date=19 April 2022 |access-date=2022-02-26 |website=trujet.com}}</ref> In March 2024, Fly91 restarted commercial operations in the airport, by starting new flights to [[Manohar International Airport|Goa]], [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]], [[Pune Airport|Pune]] and [[Alliance Air (India)|Alliance Air]] started new flights to [[Ahmedabad Airport|Ahmedabad]] and [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai]].

=== Railway ===
The city is served by the [[Jalgaon Junction railway station]]. The railway connects the city to major cities like [[New Delhi]], [[Mumbai]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Kolkata]], [[Bengaluru]], [[Chennai]], [[Agra]], and [[Lucknow]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=How to Reach {{!}} District Jalgaon, Government of Maharashtra {{!}} India |url=https://jalgaon.gov.in/how-to-reach/ |access-date=2022-01-24 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Tourist attractions==
[[Gandhi Teerth]] is one of the biggest tourist attractions in Jalgaon city. It is a research institution and museum based on the life of Mahatma Gandhi. It was established on 25 March 2012 by the Gandhi Research Foundation.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gandhi Teerth, Jalgaon: Gandhi Tourist Places |url=https://www.mkgandhi.org/gandhiyatra/gandhi-teerth-jalgaon.html|access-date=2021-09-26|website=mkgandhi.org|language=en}}</ref>
{{multiple image
| perrow = 2
| total_width = 400
| image1 = Vyas Temple.jpg
| image2 = Waterfall in the Satpura Range.jpg
| image3 = Temple of Chandika Devi - Patan -Maharashtra -SGR 001.jpg
| image4 = Mudhai Devi temple - side view.jpg
| footer = Shree Jagatguru Ved Maharshi Vyas Muni Mandir, Manudevi Temple Vicinity, Temple of Chandika Devi, Mudhai Devi Temple.
}}

[[Guru Purnima]] festival at [[Vyasa|Maharishi Krishna Dvaipayana Vedvysa]] Temple in [[Yawal]] is also a popular pilgrimage destination. It is visited by pilgrims from within Jalgaon and neighboring states like Madhya Pradesh. The temple is located at the confluence of the river Hadkhai-Khadkai also known previously as River Harita and Sarita. Vyasa was invited by the sage [[Lomasha]] to perform a sacrifice for the [[Pandava]]s after their incognito exile. It is one of the main three temples of Vyasa, the others being Vyas Chatti, [[Badrinath]] and Vyas [[Varanasi|Kashi]] Temple.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Programs in Yaval Vyasa Temple|work=Lokmat|url=https://www.lokmat.com/jalgaon/various-programs-guruparnimela-maharishi-vyas-temple-yaval/}}</ref>

Other ancient pilgrim places and tourist destinations include,

* [[Changdeva Temple]]
* [[Patnadevi]], an old temple built by the Mandlik kings of [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty|Yadav]] completed in year 1128 AD.
* [[Mudhai Devi Temple]], of [[Hemadpanti architecture]] built around 1150–1200 AD
* Saint [[Muktabai]] Temple, home to Muktabai Dindi, which has been an integral part of the [[Pandharpur Wari]] for over 310 years.{{cn|date=February 2026}}
* [[Satpuda Manudevi Temple, Adgaon]]
* Unapdev Hot Spring.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Unapdev Hot Water Fountain|url=https://jalgaon.gov.in/tourist-place/unapdev-hot-water-fountain/}}</ref>
* [[Padmalaya|Padmalaya – Shree Ganpati Temple (Prabhakshetra)]], is one of the Saade-teen (three and a half) 'Shree [[Ganesha|Ganapati]] Peeth' in India. It has two swayambhu idols consist of corals and one has its trunk curving to the right and other one to the left.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shree Kshetra Padmalaya|url=https://jalgaon.gov.in/tourist-place/shree-padmalaya-jalgaon/}}</ref>

==Notable people==
{{Further|Category: People from Jalgaon|label1=list of people from Jalgaon}}
* [[Bhāskara II]] (c. 1114–1185), aka Bhāskarāchārya, was an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[Indian mathematicians|mathematician]] and [[astronomer]] {{Additional citation needed|date=September 2023}}
* [[Bahinabai Chaudhari]] (1880–1951), a farmer whose poetry, published posthumously, helped popularize the Ahirani dialect.
* [[Pandurang Sadashiv Sane]], aka Sane Guruji, social activist and freedom fighter worked as the teacher in Pratap High School in [[Amalner]] town.<ref>{{Cite news|last=tojsiab|title=पांडुरंग सदाशिव साने इतिहास देखें अर्थ और सामग्री – hmoob.in|language=en|url=https://www.hmoob.in/wiki/Sane_Guruji|access-date=2022-01-26}}</ref>
* [[Balkavi]] (1890–1918), a Marathi poet.
* Keki Moos (1912-1989), a famous artist and painter<ref>{{Cite news|title=A forgotten genius: State ignores restoration of Keki Moos|work=Mumbai Mirror|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/a-forgotten-genius-state-ignores-restoration-of-keki-moos-extraordinary-artwork-decrepit-bungalow/articleshow/50520293.cms}}</ref>
* [[Pratibha Patil]] (1934–present), a former [[president of India]] (2007–12) and governor of [[Rajasthan]] (2004–07).
* [[Suresh Jain]], 8 times MLA from city and Ex-minister of Govt of Maharashtra and Found Guilty in Garkul Ghotala.
* [[Ishwarlal Jain]] (1946 – present), three times MLA and 6 years Rajya Sabha MP. NCP Party Treasurer.
* [[Bhavarlal Jain]] (1937–2016), an entrepreneur who founded [[Jain Irrigation Systems]].
* [[Ujjwal Nikam]], a public prosecutor who has worked on high-profile murder and terrorism cases.
* [[Haribhau Jawale]] (1953 – present), 3 term MLA and Member of Parliament from Raver.
* [[Eknath Khadse]] (1952–present), a politician of the [[Nationalist Congress Party]].
* [[Namdeo Dhondo Mahanor]] (1942–2023), a Marathi poet and recipient of the [[Padma Shri]] award.
* [[Gulab Raghunath Patil]] (1966–present) Senior Leader of Shiv Sena and Minister in Maharashtra.
* [[Suresh Damu Bhole]] (1965–present), MLA & President of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] Jalgaon District.
* [[Sanju Rathod]] (1998–present), singer, songwriter, composer, and lyricist

==See also==
* [[Jalgaon Municipal Corporation]]
* [[Jalgaon Zilla Parishad]]
* [[Jain Irrigation Systems]]
* [[Make in Maharashtra]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.anubhutischool.in/ Official Anubhuti School Website]
* {{Official website}}

{{Jalgaon district topics}}
{{Maharashtra}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Jalgaon| ]]
[[Category:Talukas in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Cities in Maharashtra]]

IndusInd Securities

2026-01-31T16:20:10Z

Bogdanwyo: creating pg!

{{short description|Indian equity broker}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = IndusInd Securities Limited
| logo =
| former_name = Reliance Securities Limited (2005 - 2025)
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| founder =
| area_served = India
| key_people = Lav Chaturvedi [[Chief Executive Officer]]
| products = Equity Broking
| owner = [[hinduja Group]]
| num_employees = 900
| parent = [[IndusInd Capital]]
| tagline =
| foundation = {{Start date|2005|06|17|df=y}}
| location_city = Reliance Centre, Santa Cruz (East), [[Mumbai]]
| location_country = [[India]]
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.reliancesmartmoney.com/}}
}}

'''IndusInd Securities Limited''' formerly '''Reliance Securities Limited''' is a broking arm of [[Reliance Capital]].<ref>Reliance Capital Website [http://www.reliancecapital.co.in/about_bo.html "Business Divisions of Reliance Capital"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150327030649/http://www.reliancecapital.co.in/about_bo.html |date=27 March 2015 }}</ref> It is one of [[India]]’s largest [[retail]] broking houses with over 1 million customers and a pan-[[India]] presence at more than 1,700 locations.<ref>NDTV Profit [http://profit.ndtv.com/stock/reliance-capital-ltd_relcapital/reports-chairman-speech "Reliance Capital's Chairman Speech on NDTV profit"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402160745/http://profit.ndtv.com/stock/reliance-capital-ltd_relcapital/reports-chairman-speech |date=2 April 2015 }}</ref> The [[company]] is a corporate member of both the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] (BSE) and the [[National Stock Exchange of India|National Stock Exchange]] (NSE), and provides access to [[equities]], [[Derivative (finance)|derivatives]], IPO's, [[mutual funds]], bonds and corporate FDs.<ref>Money Control [http://www.moneycontrol.com/india/stockpricequote/refineries/relianceindustries/RI "Reliance Industries Listed in NSE & BSE"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150323125251/http://www.moneycontrol.com/india/stockpricequote/refineries/relianceindustries/RI |date=23 March 2015 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of private equity firms]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.reliancesmartmoney.com/ Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622023640/https://www.reliancesmartmoney.com/ |date=22 June 2018 }}

{{Financial services in India}}
{{Online brokerages}}
{{Reliance Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group}}

[[Category:Financial services companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2005]]
[[Category:Brokerage firms]]
[[Category:2005 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Financial services companies established in 2005]]
[[Category:Hinduja Group]]

{{India-company-stub}}

T. A. Mathuram

2026-01-29T12:14:51Z

Bogdanwyo:

{{Short description|Indian actress and playback singer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = T. A. Mathuram
| image = Paithiakaran 1947 film.jpg
| caption = N.S. Krishnan and T. A. Mathuram from the 1947 Tamil film ''Paithiakaran''
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1918|10|14}}
| birth_place = [[Srirangam]], [[Trichinopoly District]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]] (now [[Tiruchirappalli district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]])
| death_date = {{death date and age |1974|05|23|1918|10|14 |df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Madras]] (now [[Chennai]]), [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| occupation = Actress
| yearsactive =
| spouse = [[N. S. Krishnan]]
| children =
| website =
}}
'''T. A. Mathuram''' (14 October 1918 – 23 May 1974) was an Indian actress and playback singer.<ref name=pp>{{cite journal |journal=Pesum Padam |title=T. A. Mathuram |date=June 1949 |page=64}}</ref>

== Biography and career ==
Mathuram was born in [[Srirangam]] on 14 October 1918 in a family of artists. Her first Tamil film was Rathnaavali released in 1935. Her next film was Vasantha Sena produced in Poone and released in 1936. She paired with [[N. S. Krishnan]] in this film.<ref name=pp /> She married him later.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/rise-and-fall-ns-krishnan-tamil-cinema-s-legendry-comedian-who-died-tragedy-53723 |title=Rise and Fall of N. S. Krishnan .. |website=thenewsminute.com |access-date=23 May 2018}}</ref>

She and Krishnan became a popular comedy duo in South Indian cinema.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=27 November 2014 |title=When NSK met Mathuram |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/lighter-vein-column-nsk-part-3/article6639763.ece |access-date=15 May 2020 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Indian [[playback singer]] [[Ramya NSK]] is a granddaughter of Mathuram.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Tamil fame Ramya NSK ties the knot with actor Sathya; see their wedding pic |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-fame-ramya-nsk-ties-the-knot-with-actor-sathya-see-their-wedding-pic/articleshow/71153655.cms |website=The Times of India |language=en |access-date=15 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Tamil contestant Ramya NSK ties the knot with actor Sathya. See pics from their wedding ceremony |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/tv/bigg-boss-tamil-contestant-ramya-nsk-ties-knot-actor-sathya-wedding-ceremony-pictures-550134 |last=Karki |first=Tripti |date=17 September 2019 |website=India TV News |language=en |access-date=15 May 2020}}</ref>

Mathuram died in a road accident in 1974<ref>{{Cite web |title=உயிரே போனாலும் ஒரு நடிகருக்கு திருமணம் செய்துவைக்கமாட்டேன் என்று சொன்ன அம்மா.! அந்த நடிகை யார்.?KPTV - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U8JC7j-4wv0 |access-date=18 July 2020 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{Incomplete list|date=April 2017}}
*[[Ratnavali (1935 film)|Ratnavali]] (1935)
*Vasantha Sena (1936)
*[[Baktha Thulasidas (1937 film)|Baktha Thulasidas]] (1937)
*[[Ambikapathy (1937 film)|Ambikapathy]] (1937)
*[[Jothi (1939 film)|Jothi Ramalinga Swamigal]] (1939)
*[[Maya Machhindra]] (1939)
*[[Pandurangan (film)|Pandurangan]] (1939)
*[[Prahalada (1939 film)|Prahalada]] (1939)
*[[Naveena Vikramadityan]] (1940)
*[[Aryamala]] (1941)
*[[Ashok Kumar (film)|Ashok Kumar]] (1941)
*[[Vedavathi Alladhu Seetha Jananam]] (1941)
*[[Alibabavum 40 Thirudargalum (1941 film)|Alibabavum 40 Thirudargalum]] (1941)
*[[Kannagi (1942 film)|Kannagi]] (1942)
*[[Manonmani]] (1942)
*[[Sivakavi]] (1943)
*[[Mangamma Sabatham (1943 film)|Mangamma Sabatham]] (1943)
*[[Haridas (1944 film)|Haridas]] (1944)
*[[Poompaavai]] (1944)
*[[Bharthruhari]] (1944)
*[[Paithiyakkaran]] (1947)
*[[Chandralekha (1948 film)|Chandralekha]] (1948)
*[[Amarakavi]] (1948)
*[[Nallathambi (1949 film)|Nallathambi]] (1949)
*[[Ratnakumar]] (1949)
*[[Mangayarkarasi]] (1949)
*[[Inbavalli]] (1949),
*[[Parijatham (1950 film)|Parijatham]] (1950)
*[[Laila Majnu (1950 film)|Laila Majnu]] (1950)
*[[Manamagal]] (1951)
*[[Vanasundari]] (1951)
*[[Panam (film)|Panam]] (1952)
*[[Mudhal Thethi]] (1955)
*[[Madurai Veeran (1956 film)|Madurai Veeran]] (1956)
*[[Ambikapathy (1957 film)|Ambikapathy]] (1957)
*[[Yaar Paiyyan|Yaar Paiyan?]] (1957)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{IMDb name|0558996}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Madhuram, T. A.}}
[[Category:1918 births]]
[[Category:1974 deaths]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from Tiruchirappalli]]
[[Category:Tamil comedians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian comedians]]

St. Andrew's Church, Puducherry

2026-01-18T04:51:30Z

Bogdanwyo: Started A Post

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox church
|name = St. Andrew's Church
|fullname =
|image = Andrews Church Reddiarpalayam Pondicherry Front View.jpg
|caption = Front view of the church
|pushpin map = India Puducherry#Tamil Nadu#India
|pushpin label position =
|pushpin map alt =
|pushpin mapsize =
|map caption =
|coordinates = {{coord|11|55|54|N|79|47|40|E|display=inline,title}}
|location = Reddiarpalayam, [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
|country = [[India]]
|denomination = [[Catholic]]
|website = {{URL|standrewschurchpondy.com/index.html}}
|bull date =
|founded date = {{start date|df=yes|1745}}
|founder =
|dedication =
|dedicated date =
|consecrated date =
|cult =
|relics =
|events =
|status = [[Parish church]]
|functional status = Active
|architect =
|architectural type = [[Chapel]]
|style = [[Gothic architecture]]
|groundbreaking =
|completed date =
|demolished date =
|capacity =
|parish =
|archdiocese = [[Archdiocese of Pondicherry and Cuddalore]]
|archbishop =
|priestincharge =
|priest =
|asstpriest =
|chaplain =
|logo =
|logosize =
|logolink =
|logoalt =
}}
'''St. Andrew's Church''' is one of the oldest churches in Reddiarpalayam area of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], a Union territory in [[South India]]. The original structure was built in [[Gothic architecture]] in 1745 by [[Kanakaraya Mudali]], the longest serving dubash of the [[French Indies Company|French East India Company]]. During the opening of the Church, Mudali hosted a feast that included all castes and religions, the first of its kind that is recorded in the history of South India. It is believed that the Church was destroyed by the British in 1761 and was later rebuilt in 1830. It is the first Church in South India to have an inscriptions made in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] during the times.

St. Andrew's Church is a working church with hourly prayer and daily services and follows [[Roman Catholic]] sect of [[Christianity]]. The chapel was controlled by Capuchin priests initially and then changed hands to Petiti Seminaire School Fathers up to 1860. In modern times, it is under the dominion of [[Archdiocese of Pondicherry and Cuddalore]]. It is one of the most prominent landmarks in Puducherry.

==Architecture==
{{Multiple image|caption_align=center|header_align=center
|align=left
| total_width = 400
| width1 = 2048 | height1 = 1536
| width2 = 5184 | height2 = 3456
|direction=horizontal
|image1=Andrews Church Reddiarpalayam Pondicherry Altar.jpg
|image2=Andrews Church Reddiarpalayam Pondicherry Altar2.jpg
|foot_notes=Altar of the temple
}}
The church is built in [[Gothic architecture]]. The altar has conventional Catholic images in the altar and a vestry for the devotees. The bust size statue of [[Kanakaraya Mudali]] is housed over his tomb in the precincts of the church. The plaques of Our Lady and St. Andrew are housed in glass chambers in standing posture on either side of the altar in the walls facing the devotees. A grotto of Ou Lady of Lourdes is located outside near the entrance.<ref name=history>{{cite web|title=Brief History|url=http://standrewschurchpondy.com/about.html#p1|publisher=St. Andrew's Church, Pondicherry|year=2014|access-date=20 November 2015}}</ref>

The church is believed to be the first of its kind to have an inscription in [[Tamil language|Tamil]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Drenched in a colonial vibe, Puducherry introduces you to stunning gothic buildings, including gorgeous churches. Here are some of the best churches you can easily cover on a short trip|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/explore/story/70791/on-a-cathedral-trail-in-puducherry|publisher=Outlook Traveler|date=23 August 2020|last=Kaushik|first=Karan|access-date=24 October 2020}}</ref> The church is one of the most visited and a prominent landmark in the town.<ref>{{cite web|title=Navigating my way through the French drapes and reminiscing about the whirlwind winter love affair with Puducherry|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/explore/story/70814/with-all-my-love-reminiscing-about-puducherry|publisher=Outlook Traveler|date=30 August 2020|last=Basu|first=Sohinee|access-date=24 October 2020}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Tamil inscription at Andrews Church Puducherry.jpg|200px|left|thumb|Tamil inscriptions, the oldest one found in churches in South India]]
The details of the church are found in the inscriptions made in the temple in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], the first one of its kind in South India. Pondicherry was founded by 1674 by Francois Martin, while the French East Indian Company by Thaniappa Mudaliar in 1691 CE. The colony passed hands between the French and [[British Raj|British]] colonial Empire till 1816 when it became a permanent colony of the French. Some accounts place that the church was built in 1675 by Capuchins following the Apostle [[St. Andrew]]. Other accounts place that the church was built in the fort by Father Ephraim de Nevers in 1642 as a temporary structure, which would go on to be modified as a permanent structure in 1675.<ref>{{cite news|title=The early Capuchins|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/the-early-capuchins/article3190225.ece|work=The Hindu|date=3 April 2006|access-date=21 November 2015}}</ref> As per other accounts and also the official history of the Church, it was built by [[Kanakaraya Mudali]] (1696- 1746), the grandson of Thaniyappa Mudaliyar and the longest serving dubash for the French Colonial Empire in 1745. He hosted a multi caste religious feast in the region subsequently attended by people across different castes and religions in the region. It is believed that the Church was destroyed by the British in 1761 and was later rebuilt in 1830.<ref name=history/>

==Worship practises==
St. Andrew's Church was originally under the dominions of the cathedral and later changed hands to [[Petit Seminaire Higher Secondary School|Petit Seminaire School]] Fathers up to 1860. The priests serving in the church were originally only French, but during modern times, Tamils have also been appointed. In modern times, the Church is administered by the [[Archdiocese of Pondicherry and Cuddalore]].<ref>{{cite report|title=Supplement to the ORDO of August 2010-11|publisher=Archdiocese of Pondicherry and Cuddalore|page=29|url=http://www.pondicherryarchdiocese.org/PARKEDDOMAINS/archdiocesepondicherry/ADDRESS%20BOOK.pdf|access-date=21 November 2015|year=2011}}</ref> Mass is offered in the church from Monday to Saturday at 6 a.m. An additional Sunday Vigil Mass is offered at 5 p.m. on Saturdays. On Sundays, Mass is at 5 a.m., 6 a.m., and 5 p.m.<ref name=mass>{{cite web|title=Mass timings|url=http://standrewschurchpondy.com/masstimings.html|publisher=St. Andrew's Church, Pondicherry|year=2014|access-date=20 November 2015}}</ref>

The feast of the namesake is commemorated on November 30 every year. But the feast of the Blessed Virgin Mary under the title ''Our Lady of Presentation''{{efn|It commemorates Our Lady at the [[Presentation of Jesus]]. Not to be confused with [[Presentation of Mary]].}} is considered the main feast of the parish. It is celebrated for eight days, starting with flag hoisting on 24 January and ending on 2 February.<ref name=fest>{{cite web|title=Festivals|url=http://standrewschurchpondy.com/feast.html|publisher=St. Andrew's Church, Pondicherry|year=2014|access-date=20 November 2015}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://catholicchurches.in/directory/pondicherry-churches/standrews-church-reddiarpalayam.htm St. Andrew's Church]

{{commons category|Andrews Church Reddiarpalayam Puducherry}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Andrew's Church, Puducherry}}
[[Category:Roman Catholic church buildings in Puducherry]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic churches completed in 1745]]
[[Category:Archdiocese of Pondicherry and Cuddalore]]
[[Category:1745 establishments in the French Empire]]
[[Category:18th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in India]]

Prashant Singh Rawat

2026-01-05T22:16:54Z

Bogdanwyo: Bio

{{Short description|Indian basketball player (born 2000)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox basketball biography
| name = Prashant Singh Rawat
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| number =
| position = [[Forward (basketball)|Forward]]
| height_m = 2.02
| weight_lb =
| league =
| team =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2000|8|15|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| nationality = Indian
| high_school = Aryaman Vikram Birla Public School
| college = Motiram Baburam Government Post Graduate College, [[Haldwani]], [[Uttarakhand]]
| draft_year = 2022
| career_start = 2017
| career_end =
| years1 = 2017–2022 | team1 = [[Uttarakhand]]
| highlights =
2017 [[National Basketball Championship]] – Champion<ref name="Shukla">[https://www.jagran.com/uttarakhand/nainital-now-son-will-play-senior-international-basketball-after-father-20043980.html पिता के बाद अब बेटा खेलेगा सीनियर इंटरनेशनल बास्केटबाल, फीबा एशिया कप के लिए चयन] Skand Shukla ([[Dainik Jagran]]), 19 February 2020. Accessed 25 February 2021.{{in lang|hi}}</ref>
| medaltemplates =
}}

'''Prashant Singh Rawat''' (born 15 August 2000) is an Indian professional [[basketball]] player, last playing for [[Uttarakhand]] of the [[National Basketball Championship]].

==Personal==
Prashant Singh Rawat is the son of Narendra Singh Rawat, a former [[India men's national basketball team|India national team]] player who represented his home country from 1993 to 2000 at several international events in [[Indonesia]], [[Singapore]], [[Malaysia]] and [[China]]. After this, Narendra Singh Rawat was appointed as a physical teacher in a private school in [[Rudrapur, Uttarakhand]]. During this time he continued to practice basketball with Prashant. In later years Prashant went on to Motiram Baburam Government Post Graduate College where he was part of the basketball team.<ref name="Shukla"/>

==Playing career==
Rawat was selected for the [[NBA Academy]] in 2017 as one of the top 22 children in the country.<ref name="Hindustan Team">[https://www.livehindustan.com/uttarakhand/haldwani/story-haldwani-39-s-prashant-selected-in-senior-basketball-team-3034005.html हल्द्वानी के प्रशांत का सीनियर बास्केटबॉल टीम में चयन] [[Hindustan (newspaper)|Hindustan]], 18 February 2020. Accessed 25 February 2021.{{in lang|hi}}</ref>

He represented [[India men's national under-18 basketball team|his home country]] at the [[2018 FIBA Under-18 Asian Championship]] in [[Thailand]].<ref name="Shukla"/> Also a [[Gold medal|Gold Medalist]] in the [[South Asia Basketball Championship|South Asian Basketball Championship 2018]] in [[Bangladesh]].{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}

Since 2020, he has been a member of the [[India men's national basketball team|Indian senior team]] for the [[2021 FIBA Asia Cup qualification]]<ref name="Shukla"/> and [[FIBA Basketball World Cup qualification|2023 FIBA Basketball World Cup Asian Qualification]].{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}

Altogether, he represented India in [[China]], [[Australia]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Thailand]]<ref name="Hindustan Team" /> [[Bahrain]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Indonesia]].{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}

He represented the nation in [[2022 FIBA Asia Cup]] in [[Jakarta, Indonesia]] . He has represented India in [[2022 FIBA 3x3 Asia Cup]] in [[Singapore]].{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.fiba.basketball/asiacup/2021/qualifiers/player/Prashant-Singh-Rawat FIBA profile]
*[https://basketball.asia-basket.com/player/Prashant-Rawat/India/Indian-National-Team/478895 Profile] at Eurobasket.com
*[https://basketball.realgm.com/player/Prashant-Rawat/Summary/164576 Profile] at RealGM

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rawat, Prashant Singh}}
[[Category:2000 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Forwards (basketball)]]
[[Category:Indian men's basketball players]]
[[Category:Basketball players from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:People from Haldwani]]
[[Category:People from Nainital district]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

{{India-basketball-bio-stub}}

Rishi Vohra

2026-01-03T07:00:27Z

Bogdanwyo: Stub

{{Short description|Indian novelist}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=February 2017}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox writer
|name = Rishi Vohra
|image = Rishi_Vohra_at_Chandigarh_Literati_(2015).jpg
|caption = Rishi Vohra at Chandigarh Literati in 2015
|language = English (Novels and Columns)
|genre = [[Fiction]]
|notableworks =
|website = {{URL|rishivohra.com}}
}}
'''Rishi Vohra''' is an [[India]]n novelist, known for his novels ''The Love Story We Wrote'', ''Diary of an Angry Young Man'', ''I am M-M-Mumbai'', ''HiFi in Bollywood'' and ''Once Upon the Tracks of Mumbai.''

==Early life==
Rishi Vohra grew up in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]. He is of [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] [[Khatri]] descent, born to a [[Hindu]] father and a [[Sikh]] mother. He completed his schooling from [[Bombay Scottish School]] and junior college at [[Jai Hind College]]. After his HSC, he went to the U.S. for higher studies and completed a [[B.S.]] degree in [[Corporate Finance]] from [[Arizona State University]] in [[Tempe, Arizona]] and an [[Associate of Arts]] degree in film from [[Scottsdale Community College]] in [[Scottsdale, Arizona]]. After working in the entertainment industry for several years, he returned to the U.S. and completed an [[MBA]] in [[Sustainability]] from [[San Francisco State University]] in [[San Francisco]], [[California]] and a Masters Diploma in [[Environmental Law]] from [[World Wildlife Fund]]. He is also a Certified Specialist of Wine from the Society of Wine Educators, United States and Alfiere Italico – Wine Cultore (Italy).

==Career==

===AdFilm Production===
Rishi started his career in Ad Filmmaking under [[Prahlad Kakkar]]. During that time, he worked on several renowned campaigns such as [[Brooke Bond]], [[Maggi]], and [[Rexona]].<ref name="missmalini.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.missmalini.com/2012/10/03/10-anecdotes-from-the-hindi-film-industry/|title=10 Anecdotes from the Hindi Film Industry!|date=2012-10-03|publisher=MissMalini|accessdate=2017-02-26}}</ref>

===Feature films===
He worked as an [[assistant director]] under filmmakers [[Sohail Khan]] and [[Shimit Amin]].<ref name="dnaindia.com">{{cite web|author=Boski Gupta |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/interview-an-insider-s-view-of-b-town-2073546 |title=An insider's view of B-Town | Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis |website=Dnaindia.com |date=2015-04-01 |accessdate=2017-02-26}}</ref> He worked on films ''[[Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya (1998 film)|Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya]]'', ''[[Hello Brother (1999 film)|Hello Brother]]'', ''[[Maine Dil Tujhko Diya]]'' and ''[[Ab Tak Chhappan]]''.<ref name="imdb.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2242356/|title=Rishi Vohra|publisher=IMDb|accessdate=2017-02-26}}</ref>

===Television===
While working for Sohail Khan, he directed a television show, ''Chehre Pe Chehra.''<ref>{{cite news|last=Ghose |first=Daliya |url=http://www.bollywoodmantra.com/news/sohail-khan-to-judge-comedy-circus/14028/ |title=Sohail Khan to judge 'Comedy Circus' | Sohail Khan |newspaper=Bollywoodmantra |date=2014-02-26 |accessdate=2017-02-26}}</ref> He has also worked as a [[Television producer|producer]] for [[Sony Entertainment Television (India)]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://quantacare.org/pdf/Times_Wellness_-_Article.pdf |title=Head towards balance |website=Quantacare.org |accessdate=2017-02-26}}</ref>

===Music videos===
He directed the music video of the song "Kya Yehi Pyaar Hai" sung by [[Kamaal Khan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mp3take.mobi/mp3/kya_yehi_pyaar_hai_kamaal_khan.html |title=Kya Yehi Pyaar Hai Kamaal Khan Mp3 Free Download | Mp3Take |website=Mp3take.mobi |accessdate=2017-02-26}}</ref> and the promotional video of the song "Aaja Nindiya" composed by [[Sangeet-Siddharth]] and featured in ''[[Aatma (2013 film)|Aatma]].''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bDu2M2AX194|title='Aaja Nindiya' featuring Sangeet Haldipur OST 'AATMA' 2013|last=Sangeet Siddharth|date=16 March 2013|via=YouTube}}</ref>

===Live events===
He has directed star shows and live events.<ref name="dnaindia.com"/>

==Wine==
Rishi Vohra is a Certified Specialist of Wine (CSW) and currently writes for delWine.<ref name="jaicobooks.com">{{cite web|url=http://jaicobooks.com/j/j_searchtry.asp?selcat=author_name&keyword=Rishi%20Vohra |title=Jaico Publishing House |website=Jaicobooks.com |accessdate=2017-02-26}}</ref>

==Filmography==
*''[[Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya (1998 film)|Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya]]''<ref name="imdb.com"/>
*''[[Hello Brother (1999 film)|Hello Brother]]''<ref name="imdb.com"/>
*''[[Maine Dil Tujhko Diya]]''<ref name="imdb.com"/> (2002)
*''[[Ab Tak Chhappan]]''<ref name="imdb.com"/> (2004)

==Novels==
*''Once Upon the Tracks of Mumbai'' (2012) – [[Jaico Publishing House]]<ref name="jaicobooks.com"/>
*''HiFi in Bollywood'' (2015) – [[Jaico Publishing House]]<ref name="jaicobooks.com"/>
*Short story "The Mysterious Couple," in the anthology ''Something Happened on the Way to Heaven'' (2014) by [[Sudha Murthy]] – [[Penguin Books]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rishivohra.com/about-the-author/ |title=About the Author |publisher=Rishi Vohra |date=2014-06-20 |accessdate=2017-02-26}}</ref>
*''I am M-M-Mumbai'' (2018) -<ref name="rishivohra.com"/>
*Short story "Kaala Baba," in the anthology ''City of Screams'' (2019) by Neil D'Silva – Half Baked Beans<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bigskylibrary.net/anthologies/city-of-screams.html|title=City of Screams}}</ref>
*''Diary of an Angry Young Man'' (2021) -<ref name="rishivohra.com"/>
*''The Love Story We Wrote'' (2023) -<ref name="rishivohra.com"/>

==Book awards==
''Once Upon the Tracks of Mumbai'' was long listed for the [[Crossword Book Award]] (2013)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news18.com/news/books/crossword-book-awards-all-the-eligible-titles-619343.html |title=Crossword Book Awards: All the eligible titles |publisher=News18 |date=2013-06-26 |accessdate=2017-02-26}}</ref> and awarded an Honorable Mention at the [[Hollywood Book Festival]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodbookfestival.com/winners2013.htm |title=Hollywood Book Festival |publisher=[[Hollywood Book Festival]] |accessdate=2017-02-26}}</ref> in [[Los Angeles]], California.

==Affiliations==
*Indo-Italian Chamber of Commerce and Industry (IICCI) – Alfiere Italico – Wine Cultore (Italy)<ref name="rishivohra.com"/>
*[[Film Writers Association]]
*Society of Wine Educators, USA – Certified Specialist of Wine (CSW)<ref name="rishivohra.com">{{cite web|url=http://rishivohra.com/education/|title=Education|date=2014-06-20|publisher=Rishi Vohra|accessdate=2017-02-26}}</ref>
*Indian Wine Academy<ref name="rishivohra.com"/>
*Bombay Judo Club (Black Belt – National Judo Federation of India)<ref name="rishivohra.com"/>
*[[Net Impact]]<ref name="rishivohra.com"/>
*[[Sigma Pi]]<ref name="rishivohra.com"/>

==See also==
* [[List of Indian writers]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vohra, Rishi}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Arizona State University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:Jai Hind College alumni]]
[[Category:Scottsdale Community College alumni]]
[[Category:Novelists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Writers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:San Francisco State University alumni]]

N. Chandrasekharan Nair

2025-12-31T07:43:56Z

Bogdanwyo: Adding New Post

{{Short description|Indian scholar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{BLP sources|date=October 2011}}

'''N. Chandrasekharan Nair''' is a noted [[Hindi]] scholar.<ref name="thehindu20051203">{{cite news |title=Photo Id: 6220065 |url=http://www.thehinduimages.com/hindu/photoDetail.do?photoId=6220065 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=3 December 2005 |access-date=11 October 2011 |archive-date=29 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329141621/http://www.thehinduimages.com/hindu/photoDetail.do?photoId=6220065 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He founded Kerala Hindi Sahitya Academy<ref>{{cite news |title=Filmmaker falls to death from train |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/04/02/stories/2010040255750400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100407085227/http://www.hindu.com/2010/04/02/stories/2010040255750400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 April 2010 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2 April 2010 |access-date=11 October 2011 }}</ref> and was former Head of the Department of Hindi at [[Mahatma Gandhi College, Thiruvananthapuram Kerala|Mahatma Gandhi College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala]].<ref name="thehindu20071027">{{cite news |title=Work in Hindi receives recognition |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/27/stories/2007102750110200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071029204615/http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/27/stories/2007102750110200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 October 2007 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=27 October 2007 |access-date=11 October 2011 }}</ref> He received the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development]]’s award for Hindi writers in non-Hindi speaking areas for 2004-05<ref name="thehindu20071027" /> and the 2008 Maharashtra Hindi Sahitya Academy award.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hindi scholar donates prize money to students |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/04/02/stories/2008040250910200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409040237/http://www.hindu.com/2008/04/02/stories/2008040250910200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 April 2008 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2 April 2008 |access-date=11 October 2011 }}</ref> He has campaigned to have Hindi declared [[Languages with official status in India|India's official language]].<ref name="thehindu20051203" />

He is the recipient of India's highly prestigious award [[Padma Shri]] 2020 for his work in the field of literature and education.<ref>{{cite web |title=Padma Awards 2020 Announced |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=197647 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=The Hindu Net Desk |title=Full list of 2020 Padma awardees |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/full-list-of-2020-padma-awardees/article30656841.ece |work=The Hindu |date=26 January 2020 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Career ==
He was an adviser to fifteen ministries from 1982 to 2009. He was awarded a research fellowship by U.G.C and Emeritus Professor of U.G.C.

===Writing===
He writes in Hindi and [[Malayalam]]. He is a poet, novelist, dramatist, story writer, research scholar, painter and critic in art and literary fields. He received seven national awards along with fifty-nine other awards. Honored and awarded in the third [[World Hindi Conference|world Hindi conference]] at [[New Delhi]] along with [[Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai]] and other well-known writers of the Hindi world.

Nair wrote more than fifty introductions to the works of other writers. He has written more than 800 periodical articles. He published fifty six books. More than a dozen of his books were selected as textbooks by [[List of universities in India|Indian Universities]]. Seven professors have taken PhDs on his work.

===Painting===
Nair produced nearly one hundred paintings. He has exhibited at [[Kerala House]] New Delhi.

=== Organizations ===
He was elected chairman of the Gandhi Centenary Committee in [[Ottapalam]] and has been elected vice-president of the same in [[Palakkad district]]. Nair established Gandhi Vignan Bhavan in Ottapalam and constituted a committee for running that institution.

Nair established many committees of students such as Gandhi Peace Corps, Bharath Yuvak Samaj etc.

Nair was a member of Sreerammakrishna Ashramam Ottapalam. He presided over many functions there.

=== Kerala Hindi Sahitiya Academy ===
In 1980 Kerala Hindi Sahitiya Academy was started as a Sanstha in [[Trivandrum]]. The main aims and objectives of the KHSA are to promote and protect the nation's integration through literary and cultural activities. The organization was started by a working committee headed by Nair.

The academy was inaugurated on 13 June 1982 and registered as a [[Charitable organization|charitable society]]. The first Sahitiya Puraskar by the academy was awarded to Sri Dev Keraliya. Over the years, the organization encouraged hundreds of writers. These writers are rewarded on a regular basis for their originality and commitment to Hindi. The organization established an atmosphere and a literary trend for Hindi languages across the State. The institution has a research library. KHSA has published many books, some of whichwere awarded at a national level. Six students earned Doctoral Degrees under the program.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}

{{authority control}}
{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nair, N. Chandrasekharan}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Hindi-language poets]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:Indian male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language novelists]]
[[Category:Poets from Kerala]]
[[Category:Painters from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Novelists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature and education]]

Rajendra Tower

2025-11-09T00:53:06Z

Bogdanwyo:

{{Short description|Clock tower in Gaya, Bihar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Rajendra Tower
| alternate_names = Tower Chowk
| image = Tower Chowk Gaya close-up.jpg
| caption = Rajendra Tower, August 2022
| location_town = [[Gaya (India)|Gaya]]
| location_country = [[India]]
| completion_date = Between 1910 and 1914
}}

'''Rajendra Tower''' ([[Hindi]]: राजेन्द्र टावर), locally known as '''Tower Chowk''',<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-09-24|title=इतिहास का अंधकूप बनाम बंद गलियों का रूह-चुह : गया में यौनकर्म और यौनकर्मी : पहली क़िस्त|url=http://streekaal.com/2014/09/blog-post_23-10/|access-date=2021-05-27|website=streekaal.com}}</ref> is a historic [[clock tower]] in [[Gaya, India|Gaya]], [[Bihar]], [[India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title=Revamp bells ring for tower - Rs 14-lakh project to restore British raj relic|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/revamp-bells-ring-for-tower-rs-14-lakh-project-to-restore-british-raj-relic/cid/389298|access-date=2023-01-28|newspaper=The Telegraph|location=India|first=Alok|last=Kumar|date=31 May 2011}}</ref> Built sometime between 1910 and 1914 during the [[British Raj|British rule]] by the-then collector [[C. E. A. W. Oldham|George Oldhum]], it was renamed as Rajendra Tower after the [[List of presidents of India|first Indian president]] [[Rajendra Prasad|Dr. Rajendra Prasad]] in 1981 by the administration of [[List of chief ministers of Bihar|Bihar's Chief Minister]] [[Jagannath Mishra]]. The tower is widely considered to be the symbol of the city.<ref>{{Cite web|title=47 दिनों में भी नहीं बना राजेंद्र टावर|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/gaya/32741|access-date=2021-05-26|website=Prabhat Khabar - Hindi News|language=hi}}</ref>

== History ==
The clock tower was built during the [[British Raj]] by Oldhum, the-then collector of [[Gaya district]], which was under [[Bihar and Orissa Province]] sometime between 1910 and 1914. The clock tower gradually became symbolic for the city of [[Gaya, India|Gaya]]. After the end of British rule in 1947, the clock tower became the property of the new Indian state of [[Bihar]]. It was renamed Rajendra Tower in 1981 after [[Rajendra Prasad|Dr. Rajendra Prasad]], the first [[President of India]] by the government of Bihar.<ref name=":0" /> According to locals, there were four clocks in the tower on each side and people used to hear the chimes of the clock kilometers away, whereas pedestrians used to set their watches, using the tower's clocks.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ये तो ठीक नहीं है, गया शहर के टॉवर की तीन लाख से निखरेगी सूरत, लेकिन घड़ी की नहीं होगी मरम्‍मत|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/gaya-this-is-not-good-the-tower-of-gaya-city-will-be-enhanced-by-three-lakhs-but-the-watch-will-not-be-repaired-21246593.html|access-date=2021-05-27|website=Dainik Jagran|language=hi}}</ref> Due to the presence of the clock tower, the area gradually became a commercial district and goes by the name of Tower Chowk.<ref>{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=10 Feb 2021|title=Civic body gives nod to Rs 547-crore budget in Gaya {{!}} Patna News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/civic-body-gives-nod-to-rs-rs-547-cr-budget-in-gaya/articleshow/80775140.cms|access-date=2021-05-27|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-30|title=टावर चौक की कपड़े दुकान के छज्जे पर आग लगने से मच गई अफरातफरी|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/bihar/gaya/news/fire-broke-out-on-the-balcony-of-the-clothes-shop-of-tower-chowk-070657-6935941.html|access-date=2021-05-27|website=Dainik Bhaskar|language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Bihar}}

[[Category:Clock towers in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Bihar]]
[[Category:Gaya, India]]
[[Category:Towers completed in the 1910s]]
[[Category:1910s establishments in India]]

Millis Jefferis

2025-10-20T11:30:50Z

Bogdanwyo: rework content to improve readability as per guidelines

{{Short description|British Army general}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{lead too short|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox military person
| name = Sir Millis Jefferis
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1899|1|9}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1963|9|5|1899|1|9}}
| birth_place = [[Merstham]], [[Surrey]]
| death_place = [[Porthgwarra]], [[Cornwall]]
| image = File:Millis Jefferis.png
| caption =
| nickname =
| allegiance = United Kingdom
| branch = {{plainlist|
*[[British Army]]
*[[British Indian Army]]
}}
| serviceyears = 1918–1953
| servicenumber = 15844
| rank = [[Major-general (United Kingdom)|Major-general]]
| commands =
| unit = [[Royal Engineers]]
| battles = [[World War I]] [[Waziristan campaign (1936–1939)|Waziristan Campaign]] Second World War
| awards = Knight Commander of the [[Order of the British Empire]] Commander of the [[Order of the British Empire]] [[Military Cross]] [[Mentioned in dispatches]] Norwegian [[War Cross with sword]]
| laterwork = Deputy Engineer-Chief India Engineer-in-Chief Pakistan Chief superintendent of the [[Military Engineering Experimental Establishment]]
}}
[[Major-general (United Kingdom)|Major-General]] '''Sir Millis Rowland Jefferis''' [[Order of the British Empire|KBE]] [[Military Cross|MC]] (9 January 1899 – 5 September 1963) was a British military officer who founded a special unit of the British [[Ministry of Supply]] which developed unusual weapons during the [[Second World War]].

==Early career==
Born at Merstham, Surrey on 9 January 1899,<ref>General Register Office entry of birth, Jan–Mar 1899, Croydon registration district, Volume 2a Page 278</ref> Jefferis was educated at [[Tonbridge School]] and [[Royal Military Academy, Woolwich]]. From Woolwich he was commissioned into the [[Royal Engineers]] on 6 June 1918, during the final months of [[World War I]], and after passing through the [[Royal School of Military Engineering|School of Military Engineering]] at [[Chatham, Kent|Chatham]], he was posted to the First Field Squadron RE in the [[British Army of the Rhine]] (BAOR).<ref name = Times_Obituary >''Sir Millis Jefferis New Weapons of War (Obituary)''. ''[[The Times]]'', 7 September 1963 p10 column E.</ref>

In 1920 he went to India and served with the [[Madras Engineer Group|Queen's Own Madras Sappers and Miners]] in the Third Field Troop at Sialkot. In 1922 he went into the Works Services in India as garrison engineer at [[Kohat]] and then at [[Spina Khaisora|Khaisora]] which is today in [[Pakistan]]. He saw active service in the [[Waziristan campaign (1936–1939)|Waziristan Campaign]] where his main responsibility was the construction of roads.<ref name = Times_Obituary /> On 12 June 1923 he was awarded the [[Military Cross]], the citation read:

{{blockquote|''The War Office, 12th June, 1923.''

His Majesty the KING has been graciously pleased to approve of the undermentioned rewards for distinguished service in the Field with the Razmak Force: —

''Awarded the Distinguished Service Order.''

Maj. Leslie Charles Bertram Deed, R.E.

''Awarded the Military Cross.''

Lt. Millis Rowland Jefferis, R.E.

For gallantry and devotion to duty whilst reconnoitring ahead of the road construction parties on the Isha-Razmak road between May and December 1922, and in the supervision of the work. The satisfactory progress of the road was due in great measure to their efforts and disregard of danger.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=32833|pages=4133–4134|date=12 June 1923}}</ref>}}

He then returned to Chatham and went to [[Cambridge University]].<ref name = Times_Obituary /> In 1925, he returned to India and was placed on special duty at [[Kabul]] in the foreign and political department. In 1926 he returned to [[Nowshera, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa|Nowshera]] as garrison engineer and spent several years in Works Services at [[Peshawar]] where he made full use of this engineering genius designing bridges.<ref name = Times_Obituary /> Also in 1925, he married Ruth Carolyne, daughter of G. E. Wakefield. They had three sons, two of whom went on to serve in the Royal Engineers.<ref name = Times_Obituary /> On 1 June 1929, Jefferis was promoted to [[Captain (armed forces)|captain]].<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=33500|page=3587|date=31 May 1929}}</ref>

In 1934 he was posted to the [[Royal Bombay Sappers and Miners]] at Kirkee as a company commander in the training battalion. He returned to Britain in 1936 and joined the Twenty-third Field Company at [[Aldershot]]. Moving to the First Field Squadron, he stayed at Aldershot while the unit was being [[Armoured warfare|mechanised]].<ref name = Times_Obituary /> While at Aldershot, Jefferis successfully raced horses and played [[Squash (sport)|squash]] competitively.<ref>''Point-To-Point Meetings – The Whaddon Chase''. ''[[The Times]]'' newspaper, 14 March 1938 p4 column E.</ref><ref>''Squash Rackets – Army Championship ''. ''[[The Times]]'' newspaper, 9 November 1937 p8 column G.</ref> He was promoted [[major (United Kingdom)|major]] on 6 June 1938,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=34517|supp=y|page=3638|date=9 May 1939}}</ref> and on 4 April 1939 he was appointed a [[staff (military)|General Staff Officer, Grade 2]] (GSO2).<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=34624|page=3106|date=9 May 1939}}</ref>

==Second World War==
===Norway===
In 1940, after [[World War II]] had begun, Jefferis was sent to Norway. He returned to give a personal account of his activities to Prime Minister [[Winston Churchill]], who used his report to brief the War Cabinet:

{{blockquote|sign=|source=|The Prime Minister gave the War Cabinet an account of the report which had been made personally to him by Major Jefferis. Major Jefferis had been sent out to Andalsnes with instructions to blow up the Western railway in Central Norway. He had accordingly gone down the railway line and joined Brigadier Morgan’s Brigade; but the Norwegians had categorically refused to allow him to carry out any demolitions. He had been present when Morgan’s Brigade had been engaged by the enemy. The Germans had attacked with artillery, tanks and armoured cars, which our troops had been without. Far more destructive of morale, however, had been the low-flying attacks with bombs and machine guns. Although the casualties had not been so great as from shell fire, the moral effect of seeing the aircraft coming, of being unable to take cover, of being able to observe the bomb dropping, and of the terrific explosion, had been overwhelming.

Jefferis had eventually found himself with the Germans behind him. Picking up a sergeant and two privates, he had succeeded in making his way back to Andalsnes; and on the way he had managed to blow up the girders of two bridges on the German side. He estimated that it would take some three weeks to repair these. At Andalsenes the conditions of air attack had been such as to make it quite impossible to walk down to the jetty during daylight hours. He had spent a day in a sloop in the harbour at which thirty bombs had been aimed. None had hit, but the immunity of a ship under such conditions could only be, in Major Jefferis’s opinion, a matter of time, and he calculated that his life would probably not be more than three days.

The general conclusion which he (the Prime Minister) drew from Major Jefferis’s account was that it was quite impossible for land forces to withstand complete air superiority of the kind which the Germans had enjoyed in Norway. This made it all the more imperative to the success of our operations at Narvik that we should establish air bases in that area, not only for fighters, but also for bombers.<ref>[[The National Archives]], [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/catalogue/displaycataloguedetails.asp?CATLN=7&CATID=-4279405 CAB 65/7/1], [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documentsonline/details-result.asp?Edoc_Id=7965566 ''Conclusion of a Meeting of the War Cabinet held at 10 Downing Street, SW1, on Wednesday, May 1, 1940 at 10:30 am''], pp. 5–6. (Free download available.)</ref>}} For his service in Norway, Jefferis was awarded the Norwegian [[War Cross with sword]],<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=35660|supp=y|page=3493|date=7 August 1942}}</ref> and [[mentioned in dispatches]] for his efforts in the withdrawal from [[Lillehammer]].<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=35020|supp=y|pages=7200–7201|date=20 December 1940}}</ref><ref>[http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documentsonline/details-result.asp?Edoc_Id=7688597 Recommendations for honours and awards, Army—Image details—Jefferis, Millis Rowland—Mention in Despatches], ''DocumentsOnline'', [[The National Archives]] (fee usually required to view full original recommendation). Retrieved on 6 November 2008</ref>

===MD1===
Jefferis started working on sabotage devices for the "Military Intelligence Research" (MIR). When MIR was combined with other ''hush-hush'' elements to form the [[Special Operations Executive|SOE]], Jefferis' unit was not included and it instead became a department in the Ministry of Defence; the only unit of the Minister of Defence (The Prime Minister, [[Winston Churchill]]) and was known as "[[MD1]]", ultimately based in a house called "The Firs" in Whitchurch near [[Aylesbury]] in Buckinghamshire England.<ref>Thomson, 1958, p63</ref>

The unit was responsible for the design, development and production of a number of unique special forces and regular munitions during the Second World War. It gained the nickname "Winston Churchill's toyshop".

Jefferis was an explosives expert and engineer, but lacked the ability to manage men well. He was assisted in the management of MD1 by a wily assistant – Major [[Stuart Macrae (inventor)|Stuart Macrae]], whose book ''Winston Churchill's Toyshop'', is still one of the few published works on this unique unit.

Over the period of the Second World War, MD1 was responsible for the introduction into service of a total of 26 different devices.

Their designs include the [[PIAT]], the [[Sticky bomb]] and one of the first magnetic Limpet [[naval mines]].

Through the application of the Squash head and HEAT technology they had a role in the development and production of Lt-Col [[Stewart Blacker]]'s [[Blacker Bombard]], the PIAT (Blacker's smaller version of the bombard) matched to a hollow charge warhead, [[Hedgehog (weapon)|Hedgehog]] (effectively an adaption of the Bombard spigot mortar principle working with the Navy's [[Directorate of Miscellaneous Weapons Development]]) and tank variants including the [[Armoured Vehicle Royal Engineers|AVRE]] with its "Flying Dustbin" 230mm Petard [[spigot mortar]],<ref>[http://www.remuseum.org.uk/articles/rem_article_assaultbridge.htm Royal Engineers Museum] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100625161850/http://www.remuseum.org.uk/articles/rem_article_assaultbridge.htm |date=25 June 2010 }}</ref> and a bridge-laying tank.

Jefferis developed the idea of the squash head further. His most ambitious project was a bomb designed to sink [[capital ship]]s, his ideas were put forward by himself and [[Lord Cherwell]] in 1944 and coincided with the Admiralty's interest in developing a homing bomb for use against the Japanese. The development of this weapon was supported by the Air Staff and MAP who allocated it a higher priority that any other anti-capital ship weapon. When the war ended, development of the 'Cherwell-Jefferis' bomb was continued under the code names ''Journey's End'' and ''[[Blue Boar (bomb)|Blue Boar]]''.<ref>Twigge 1996. pp. 104–105.</ref>

Prime Minister Churchill became acquainted with then Jefferis in 1940 and regarded him as a "singularly capable and forceful man." He recommended a promotion to [[Lieutenant Colonel (United Kingdom)|lieutenant colonel]] so that Jefferis would have more authority. Jefferis received substantive promotion to this rank on 10 February 1944.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=36576|supp=y|page=2977|date=20 June 1944}}</ref>

Jefferis' development of the hollow charge led ultimately to the same design being used, after refinement by [[James Chadwick]], in the core of the plutonium bomb dropped on Nagasaki.

Jefferis was promoted to Knight Commander of the [[Order of the British Empire]] (KBE) by Churchill in the [[1945 Prime Minister's Resignation Honours]], having previously been appointed a Commander of the Order (CBE).<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=37227|supp=y|pages=4183–4184|date=14 August 1945}}</ref> He was promoted to acting [[Major General (United Kingdom)|major general]] on 15 May 1945,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=37236|supp=y|page=4274|date=21 August 1945}}</ref> and substantive [[colonel (United Kingdom)|colonel]] on 14 July 1945.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=37245|supp=y|page=4377|date=28 August 1945}}</ref> He left the Ministry of Supply on 20 November 1945, reverting to the temporary rank of brigadier.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=37419|supp=y|page=233|date=1 January 1946}}</ref>

==Later career==
In 1945, Jefferis became deputy Engineer-in-Chief in India and 1947 he became Engineer-in-Chief in Pakistan, holding the temporary rank of major general.<ref name = Times_Obituary /> He was promoted to substantive [[brigadier]] on 1 November 1947,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=38242|supp=y|page=2007|date=19 March 1948}}</ref> and returned to England on 2 January 1950<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=38922|supp=y|page=2617|date=26 May 1950}}</ref> to become Chief Superintendent of the Military Engineering Experimental Establishment,<ref name = Times_Obituary /> reverting to the rank of brigadier on 8 March 1950.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=38854|supp=y|page=1151|date=7 March 1950}}</ref> He was made [[Aide de Camp|ADC to the King]] on 24 May 1951 and held that appointment until he retired on 18 August 1953, on his retirement he was granted the honorary rank of major-general.<ref name = Times_Obituary /><ref>{{London Gazette|issue=39268|supp=y|page=3479|date=22 June 1951}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette|issue=39939|supp=y|page=4467|date=14 August 1953}}</ref> As an ADC, Jefferis took part in [[George VI]]'s funeral, and Queen [[Elizabeth II]]'s [[Coronation of the British monarch|Coronation Procession]].<ref>''Processions''. ''[[The Times]]'' newspaper, 1 June 1953 p19.</ref><ref>{{London Gazette|issue=39575|supp=y|pages=3345–3351|date=17 June 1952}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette|issue=40020|supp=y|pages=6223–6227|date=17 November 1953 }}</ref> He died on 5 September 1963.<ref name = Times_Obituary />

== Ocean racing ==
Jefferis had a passion for ocean racing. In 1938, he built a 7-ton yacht at Aldershot called ''Prelude'' with another Royal Engineer officer and they sailed successfully both before and after the war.<ref name = Times_Obituary /><ref name = "Times Yacht Racing" >''Yacht Racing – The New Lloyd's''. ''[[The Times]]'' newspaper, 25 May 1948 p6 column B.</ref><ref>''Sports in Brief – Ocean Racing''. ''[[The Times]]'' newspaper, 9 May 1953 p3 column C.</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
*{{cite book |last=Thomson |first=George |author2=William Farren |title=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, Volume 4 |year=1958 |publisher=Royal Society |location=London |chapter= Fredrick Alexander Lindemann, Viscount Cherwell }}
*{{cite web
| url = http://www.millsgrenades.co.uk/box.htm
| title = Stuart Macrae's "Toy Box"
| access-date =6 November 2008
| work = The Mills Grenade Collectors site
}}
*{{cite book
| first = Stuart
| last = Macrae
| author-link = Stuart Macrae (inventor)
| title = Winston Churchill's Toyshop
| publisher = Roundwood Press
| year = 1971
| ISBN = 0-900093-22-6
}}
*{{cite book
| first = Stephen Robert
| last = Twigge
| title = The Early Development of Guided Weapons in the United Kingdom, 1940–1960
| publisher = Taylor & Francis
| year = 1992
| ISBN = 978-3-7186-5297-6
}}
*{{cite book
| first = Giles
| last = Milton
| title = Churchill's Ministry of Ungentlemanly Warfare
| publisher = John Murray
| year = 2017
| ISBN = 978-1-444-79898-2
}}
*{{cite news
| title = Sir Millis Jefferis (obituary)
| newspaper = The Times
| date = 7 September 1963
| page = 10 column E
| ref = {{harvid|Times 7 September 1963}}
}}

==Further reading==
{{Portal|Cornwall}}
*{{cite book
| last = Delaforce
| first = Patrick
| title = Churchill's Secret Weapons: The Story of Hobart's Funnies
| publisher = [[Pen and Sword Books|Pen & Sword]]
| year = 2007
| isbn = 978-1-84415-464-7
}}
*{{cite book
| last = Milton
| first = Giles
| title = The Ministry of Ungentlemanly Warfare
| author-link = Giles Milton
| publisher = [[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]]
| year = 2016
| isbn = 978-1-444-79895-1
}}

==External links==
*[https://generals.dk/general/Jefferis/Millis_Rowland/Great_Britain.html Generals of World War II]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jefferis, Millis}}
[[Category:1899 births]]
[[Category:1963 deaths]]
[[Category:British Army major generals]]
[[Category:British Indian Army generals]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:Graduates of the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:People educated at Tonbridge School]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Surrey]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Military Cross]]
[[Category:Recipients of the War Cross with Sword (Norway)]]
[[Category:Royal Engineers officers]]
[[Category:Weapon designers]]

Siya Deodhar

2025-10-19T06:56:05Z

Bogdanwyo: Started New Stub

{{Short description|Indian basketball player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}

{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Siya Deodhar
| image =
| caption =
| nationality = Indian
| birth_date = 28 April 2003
| birth_place = Dharampeth, [[Nagpur]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = Basketball player
| years_active = 2018–present
| sport = Basketball, 3x3 basketball
| position = Point guard
| team = [[India women's national basketball team]], [[Maharashtra]] (domestic)
}}

'''Siya Deodhar''' (28 April 2003)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-07-12 |title=Siya Deodhar (India) - Basketball Stats, Height, Age {{!}} FIBA Basketball |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/players/280978-siya-deodhar |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=www.fiba.basketball |language=en}}</ref> is an Indian [[basketball]] player from [[Maharashtra]]. She plays for the [[India women's national basketball team]] as a point guard. She plays for Maharashtra team in the domestic tournaments. She also plays 3x3 basketball.<ref>https://play.fiba3x3.com/players/f2fc823b-534b-4d03-9efb-4d140131c0d0</ref>

== Early life ==
Deodhar is from Dharampeth, [[Nagpur]], Maharashtra, India. She is born to Shreesh and Swati. She learnt her basics at Shivaji Nagar Gymkhana under coaches Shatrughna Gokhale and Vinay Chikate, both [[Shiv Chhatrapati Award|Chhatrapati awardees]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-07-07 |title=Nagpur's Siya to represent India at FIBA Women's Asia Cup in China |url=https://www.nagpurtoday.in/nagpurs-siya-to-represent-india-at-fiba-womens-asia-cup-in-china/07071732 |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=Nagpur Today : Nagpur News |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Siya Deodhar of Nagpur to represent India in Basketball at the Asian Games |url=https://www.nagpurtrends.com/articles/siya-deodhar-of-nagpur-to-represent-india-in-basketball-at-the-asian-games-Gps2yo |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=www.nagpurtrends.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Career ==
Deodhar was selected to play for the Indian senior 3x3 basketball team at the [[2022 Asian Games|19th Asian Games]] 2023 held at Hangzhou, [[China]], along with Anu Maria Shaju, Yashneet Kaur and Vaishnavi Yadav.<ref name=":3" />

In August 2020, she was selected for high school basketball programme in Kansas.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-17 |title=Behind closed doors, hoopsters prepare to chase their American dream |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/basketball/indian-hoopsters-american-dream-ncaa-behind-closed-doors-6413461/ |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> She got a scholarship to study and play in the US and was signed up by Life Prep Academy in Wichita, [[Kansas]], along with Ann Mary Zachariah of Kerala.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-08-13 |title=Siya Deodhar first Nagpur hoopster to bag US scholarship |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/77517623.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst |access-date=2025-07-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> She became the fourth female player to play high school basketball in the [[United States]] after Asmat Kaur Taunque, Harsimran Kaur and Zachariah.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2025-07-07 |title=Nagpur cager Siya in Indian women's team for Asia Cup in China |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/nagpur-cager-siya-in-indian-womens-team-for-asia-cup-in-china/articleshow/122284429.cms |access-date=2025-07-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

She also took part in the NBA Academy India women's camps in May 2018, January and October 2019.<ref name=":1" />

In July 2025, she was selected to represent the Senior India women's team in the FIBA Asia Cup basketball Division B tournament to be held in [[Shenzhen]], China, from July 13 to 20.<ref name=":2" />

== Awards ==
She got the BWB All Star in the 2018 BWB Asia 2018 Women and 2019 BWB Asia 2019 Women.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Deodhar, Siya}}
[[Category:2003 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Nagpur]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian women's basketball players]]
[[Category:Basketball players from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]
[[Category:Basketball players at the 2022 Asian Games]]

Outer Ring Road, Chennai

2025-10-19T04:16:49Z

Bogdanwyo: Expanded content with additional details

{{Short description|Urban road transit in Chennai, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}

{{infobox road
| country = IND
| name = Outer Ring Road, Chennai
| map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=290|frame-height=300|zoom=10|frame-align=center|type=line|stroke-width=3|id= Q7112001|title=Outer Ring Road, Chennai}}
| map_custom = yes
| map_notes = Outer Ring Road, Chennai in red
| photo = Outer Ring Road Aerial View.jpg
| photo_notes = Aerial view of Outer Ring Road near Mudichur
| maint = Tamil Nadu Road Development Company (TNRDC)
}}

The '''Outer Ring Road''', officially '''State Highway 234''' ('''SH 234'''),<ref>{{cite news | last = Ramakrishnan | first = Deepa H. | title = Chennai Outer Ring Road will now be known as SH 234 | newspaper = The Hindu | location = Chennai | publisher = Kasturi & Sons | date = 11 November 2018 | url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chennai-outer-ring-road-will-now-be-known-as-sh-234/article25465910.ece | access-date = 18 November 2018}}</ref> is a major transport corridor along the periphery of [[Chennai Metropolitan Area]] (CMA) by the [[Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority]] (CMDA). It is 62 km long road connecting GST Road at [[Perungalathur]], [[Grand Southern Trunk Road|GST Road]] at [[Vandalur]], [[National Highway 48 (India)|NH 48]] (GWT Road) at [[Nazarethpettai]], [[CTH Road]] at [[Nemilichery]] to [[National Highway 5 (India, old numbering)|NH 16]] (GNT Road) at Vijayanaallur and to TPP road at [[Minjur]]. On 29 August 2010, the then Tamil Nadu Deputy Chief Minister [[M. K. Stalin]] laid the foundation for the first phase of the project from Vandalur to Nemilichery covering a distance of 30 kilometres (19 mi). The Chennai ORR generally covers Avadi, Redhills, Minjur and Tambaram neighbourhoods.

==Phases==
The project was developed in 2 phases with 2 segments each.

===Phase 1===
The Phase 1 of the project covers a distance of 29.65 km. 10 Grade separators at major junctions have been planned along this route. It also includes 50 bus bays on both sides and also truck lay-byes for parking of around 100 trucks. Phase I of this project was implemented by GMR, and the project was originally expected to be completed by June 2012. Phase I was thrown open to the public on 29 August 2014 the then Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu [[J. Jayalalithaa]] through Video conferencing.

====Segment I====
The Segment I extends from GST Road (Vandalur) to NH48 (Nazarethpettai) covering a distance of 19.7 km. The development covers an area of about 265.38 Hectares.

====Segment II====
The Segment II extends from NH48 (Nazarethpettai) to CTH Road (Nemilichery) covering a distance of 9.5 km. The development covers an area of about 140.9 Hectares.

===Phase II===
The Phase 2 covers a distance of 33.1 km. Chennai Outer Ring Road Phase-II was inaugurated in 9 February 2021.<ref>{{cite news | title = Chennai Outer Ring Road Phase-II Inaugurated | newspaper = The Hindu | location = Chennai | date = March 2021 | url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/outer-ring-road-phase-ii-inaugurated/article33786950.ece | access-date = 10 March 2021}}</ref>

====Segment III====
The Segment III extends from [[CTH Road]] (Nemilichery) to [[Grand Northern Trunk Road|GNT Road]] (Redhills) covering a distance of 18.8 km. The development covers an area of about 258.02 Hectares.

==Planned Developments (PPP mode)==
Price Waterhouse Coopers (PWC) has done a micro market study on the development of 50 m along the road. It has suggested that the components of the development could include a 5-star hotel, retail segments – including an "auto main street" where the ORR connects industrial suburbs that house automobile giants such as Hyundai, Ford and Renault Nissan – and facilities like multiplex, residential, hospital, commercial, warehouse and green spaces. Developers would be identified through open competitive bidding for these projects.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/iw/2009/08/09/stories/2009080950711500.htm |access-date=24 August 2009 |title= A road to ring in growth |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090812061733/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/iw/2009/08/09/stories/2009080950711500.htm |archive-date=12 August 2009 }}</ref>

===High-Growth Zone===
The region close to NH-45 is seen as a high-growth area covering the Chennai neighbourhoods places [[Vandalur]], [[Mannivakkam]], [[Mudichur]], [[Sengundram|Redhills]], [[Thiruninravur]], [[Pattabiram]], [[Muthapudupet]], Morai, Malayambakkam-Mangadu, Minjur and Ponneri (Smart City). This would be the location for a 5-star hotel.

===Auto Main Street===
Localities near [[Minjur]] and [[Ponneri]], which are hubs of automobile and component industries, would be the ideal locale for the auto main street, which is a niche retail for the automobile industry for which about {{convert|50|acre|m2}} have been earmarked.

===Residential Areas===
Residential areas have been planned for more than 150 acres near Minjur, Ponneri while residential spaces have been planned at Malayambakkam, Nazarethpettai, Agaramel and Poonamallee.

===Warehouse===
A major warehouse has been planned in Minjur.

===IT Park===
Pattabiram in Avadi would have [[TIDEL Park|TIDEL IT Park]].

===Knowledge city===
Tamil Nadu Knowledge City is planned to be set up from Palavedu stretch of Outer Ring road, covering Tamaraipakkam and [[Vengal]] town regions in [[Tiruvallur district]].

==Project Status==
'''June 2015''':
* GMR — NAPC has been awarded the contract for development of Phase I of ORR. First phase is to cost about 1,100 crores.<ref>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2009/08/12/stories/2009081250550200.htm] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090917090813/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2009/08/12/stories/2009081250550200.htm|date=17 September 2009}}</ref><ref>[http://www.gmrgroup.co.in/Highways/Chennai_Outer_Ring_Road.html Highways - Chennai Outer Ring Road] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100413050804/http://www.gmrgroup.co.in/Highways/Chennai_Outer_Ring_Road.html |date=13 April 2010 }}. Gmrgroup.co.in. Retrieved on 2013-12-06.</ref>
* Project will be completed by November 2020

'''February 2021''':
* Road has been opened completely for public use on 8th Feb 2021.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Sundaram
| first = Ram
| title = CM opens second phase of Chennai Outer Ring Road
| newspaper = The Times of India
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| language =
| publisher = The Times Group
| date = 8 February 2021
| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/cm-opens-second-phase-of-chennai-outer-ring-road/articleshow/80752564.cms
| access-date = 9 February 2021}}</ref>

==Transit connectivity==
Outer Ring Road has connectivity with [[Poonamallee Bypass metro station]] of [[Yellow Line (Chennai Metro)]] on [[Poonamallee High Road]]. Another metro station along ORR is planned near Pattabiram Rountana.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Chennai Topics}}
{{Roads of Chennai}}
{{Rapid Transit in Chennai}}
{{Transport in Chennai}}
{{Transport in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Highways in India}}

[[Category:Roads in Chennai]]
[[Category:Urban road transit in Chennai]]
[[Category:Ring roads in India]]

Matsya Narayana Temple, Bengaluru

2025-10-10T12:51:19Z

Bogdanwyo:

{{Short description|Hindu temple of the god Matsya in Bangalore, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Sri Matsya Narayana Temple
| image = Sri Matsya Narayana Temple and Sri Vanadurga Devi Temple 29.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Frontside of temple in July, 2024
| map_type = 
| map_caption = Location in Karnataka
| coordinates = {{coord|12|58|N|77|38|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| native_name =
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Bangalore]]
| location = [[Bangalore]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Matsya|Sri Matsya Narayana]] ([[Vishnu]])
| facade_direction =
| temple_tank =
| tower =
| festivals =
| architecture = [[Temple]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| established =
| creator =
| website = http://www.omkarhills.org/
}}

The '''Sri Matsya Narayana Temple''' is located in [[Bangalore]], in the state of [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. The temple is located in Omkar Ashram,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wikimapia.org/14834605/Omkar-Ashrama-Omkar-Hills|title=Omkar Ashrama - Omkara Hills}}</ref> in [[Omkar Hills]] [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://temples360.blogspot.com/2020/07/matsya-narayana-temple-bangalore.html|title=Matsya Narayana Temple Bangalore}}{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The temple is located in Omkar Ashram, in Omkar Hills Bangalore.

== Religious significance ==
The Sri Matsya Narayana Temple is the only temple in Karnataka dedicated to Sri Matsya Narayana Swamy. The [[Matsya]] [[Avatar|avatara]] was the first incarnation of Hindu deity Vishnu among the [[dashavatara]] (ten avataras) of Vishnu. [[Matsya]] means ‘fish’ in Sanskrit<ref name=matsya>{{cite web|title=Matsya Purana complete|url=http://www.dharmakshetra.com/avatars/Matsya%20Purans.html|publisher=dharmakshetra.com|accessdate=15 May 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220091813/http://www.dharmakshetra.com/avatars/Matsya%20Purans.html|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref><ref name=book/> and Matsya avatara is the incarnation of Vishnu in the form of a fish.<ref name=matsya/><ref>{{cite web|title=Manas: Indian Religions, Vishnu|url=http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/Religions/Avatars/Vishnu.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121205094450/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/Religions/Avatars/Vishnu.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 December 2012|work=sscnet.ucla.edu/|accessdate=15 May 2014}}</ref> At the end of the first epoch ([[Satya Yuga]]), when the world was destroyed by a great flood, Vishnu is believed to have assumed this form to save humanity and the Vedas from the great deluge.<ref name=book>{{cite book|last=Glucklich|first=Ariel|title=The Strides of Vishnu : Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective: Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective|date=11 April 2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199718252|pages=155–156|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KtLScrjrWiAC&q=matsya+means+fish&pg=PA155|accessdate=15 May 2014|chapter=9 Maps and Myths in the Matsya Purana}}</ref>

The Matsya avatara is generally represented as a [[Chaturbhuja|four-armed]] deity having the upper half of Vishnu with four arms. Two arms hold [[Panchajanya|shanka]] (conch shell) and [[Sudarshana Chakra|chakram]] (divine discus) and the other two arms are in [[Abhayamudra|abhaya]] (divine protection) and [[Varadamudra|varada]] (boon) and the lower half of Matsya (fish).

== Worship and festival ==
The temple is open for darshan from 7 AM to 12.30 PM and from 4.30 PM to 8PM on Monday to Saturday and on Sundays and holidays, the temple is open for darshan from 7 AM to 8 PM.

The Matsya Narayana temple celebrates the major annual festival on Matsya Jayanti. The annual festival of Matsya Jayanti is celebrated on Chaitra Shukla Paksha Tritya (Third day of the waxing moon period of the Chaitra month (March- April)) every year.

==Gallery==
===Matsya Narayana temple in 2024===
<gallery mode="packed-hover" heights="100">
Sri Matsya Narayana Temple and Sri Vanadurga Devi Temple 03.jpg
Sri Matsya Narayana Temple and Sri Vanadurga Devi Temple 15.jpg
Sri Matsya Narayana Temple and Sri Vanadurga Devi Temple 16.jpg
Sri Matsya Narayana Temple and Sri Vanadurga Devi Temple 12.jpg
Sri Matsya Narayana Temple and Sri Vanadurga Devi Temple 31.jpg
</gallery>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{commons category|Sri Matsya Narayana Temple and Sri Vanadurga Devi Temple, Omkara hills}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Temples dedicated to avatars of Vishnu]]

{{India-hindu-temple-stub}}

Umshiang Double-Decker Root Bridge

2025-08-27T14:38:19Z

Bogdanwyo:

{{Short description|Living root bridge in Meghalya, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
[[File:Double Decker Living Tree Root Bridges, Meghalaya.jpg|thumb|Umshiang Double-Decker Root Bridge in 2015]]
'''Umshiang Double-Decker Root Bridge''' is a [[living root bridge]] in [[Meghalaya]], India. It can be reached via trekking {{convert|45|km}}, or 6500 steps, from [[Cherrapunji]]. There is also a waterfall nearby.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Exploring Umshiang, Home To The Double Decker Living Roots Bridges|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/explore/story/69070/exploring-umshiang-home-to-the-double-decker-living-roots-bridges|access-date=28 May 2021|website=outlookindia.com|date=28 September 2018 }}</ref>

Due to tourism, the health of the root bridge has degraded.<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 November 2019|title=Explained: In Meghalaya living root bridges, study sees global potential. Can it work?|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/in-meghalaya-living-root-bridges-study-sees-global-potential-can-it-work-6132569/|access-date=28 May 2021|website=The Indian Express}}</ref> A replica of the bridge has been made in Nongriat in Cherrapunji to present the [[Khasi people|Khasi]] and [[Pnar people|Jaiñtia]] peoples' craft of building bridges from the secondary roots of trees.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meghalaya to showcase root-bridge on R-day|date=23 January 2020 |url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/meghalaya/meghalaya-to-showcase-root-bridge-on-r-day.html|access-date=28 May 2021}}</ref>

These living bridges are grown from a special type of rubber tree. As the roots grow, so the strength of the bridge increases.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Venkatesh|first=Bhavya|date=21 September 2020|title=Let's go places|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/children/offbeat-indian-destinations-that-are-a-travellers-delight/article32658780.ece|access-date=28 May 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> They take around 25 years to grow and operate, but can carry the weight of 50 people and go on functioning for 500 years.<ref>{{Cite web|date=22 October 2011|title=Trail Of The Unexpected: The root masters of India|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/asia/trail-unexpected-root-masters-india-1875995.html|access-date=28 May 2021|website=The Independent}}</ref>

The root bridges are honoured as the Tajmahal of Meghalaya. Meghalaya presented the root bridge at its 70th [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]] ceremony.
== See also ==
* [[Breathing bridge]]

== References ==
{{commonscat}}
<references />

{{coord|25.2512622|91.6719456|display=title}}

[[Category:Tourist attractions in Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Bridges in India]]
[[Category:Living root bridges]]

Meenar-1 Dam

2025-06-02T05:40:26Z

Bogdanwyo: expanded information additionally and corrected details

{{Short description|Diversion dam in Kerala, India}}

{{Infobox dam
| name = Meenar-1 Dam
| name_official =
| image = File:Meenar Dam.jpg
| image_caption =
| image_alt =
| image_size =
| location_map = India Kerala
| location_map_size =
| location_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|9.4164|77.1758|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| location = [[Pathanamthitta]], [[Kerala]]
| purpose = Power generation
| status = O
| construction_began =
| opening = {{Start date and age|1991|p=yes|br=yes}}
| demolished =
| cost =
| owner = [[Kerala State Electricity Board]]
| dam_type = Concrete-Gravity
| dam_crosses = Meenar river
| dam_height_foundation = {{Convert|17.20|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| dam_height_thalweg =
| dam_length = {{Convert|36.75|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| dam_elevation_crest =
| dam_width_crest =
| dam_width_base =
| dam_volume =
| spillway_count =
| spillway_type = Ungated- overflow section
| spillway_capacity =
| res_name =
| res_capacity_total =
| res_capacity_active =
| res_capacity_inactive =
| res_catchment =
| res_surface =
| res_max_length =
| res_max_width =
| res_max_depth =
| res_elevation =
| res_tidal_range =
| plant_operator =
| plant_commission =
| plant_decommission =
| plant_type =
| plant_turbines =
| plant_capacity = 340 MW
| plant_annual_gen =
| website = https://dams.kseb.in
| extra =
| dam_height =
}}

'''Meenar-1 Dam''' is a concrete, gravity dam constructed across Meenar river in [[Seethathodu]] village of [[Pathanamthitta district|Pathanamthitta]] district in [[Kerala]], India. It is a diversion dam built as a part of Sabarigiri hydro electric project. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerala State Electricity Board Limited - Kerala State Electricity Board Limited|url=https://www.kseb.in/index.php?option=com_jdownloads&view=download&id=18146:y-r2-dtd-28-04-2021&lang=en|access-date=2021-07-28|website=www.kseb.in}}</ref>

[[Sabarigiri Hydro Electric Project]] (340 MW) is the second largest hydro electric project of Kerala and is located in Pathanamthitta district. This dam was constructed as a part of Sabaigiri Augmentation Scheme. The reservoir receives water from [[Kullar Dam|Kullar]]- [[Gavi Dam|Gavi]] reservoir and its own catchment. Water from this reservoir is diverted to [[Meenar-2_Dam|Meenar – II reservoir]] through a tunnel. Taluks through which release flows to Pamba river and it flows
through [[Ranni, Kerala|Ranni]], [[Konni, Kerala|Konni]], [[Kozhencherry]], [[Thiruvalla]], [[Chengannur]], [[Kuttanad|Kuttanadu]], [[Mavelikkara|Mavelikara]] and [[Karthikappally]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Diversion Structures in Pathanamthitta district – KSEB Limited Dam Safety Organisation|url=https://dams.kseb.in/?p=190|access-date=2021-07-28|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Specifications ==

* River Basin : Pamba
* Release from Dam to river: Pamba
* Name of the project : Sabarigiri HEP
* Classification : MH ( Medium Height)
* Maximum Water Level (MWL) : EL 1077.2 m
* Full Reservoir Level ( FRL)EL 1076.0 m
* Storage at FRL : 0.03 Mm3
* Crest LevelEL : 1076.0 m
* River Outlet : Pamba

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Dams in Kerala}}

[[Category:Dams in Pathanamthitta district]]

{{India-dam-stub}}

Thrikkadavoor Sree Mahadeva Temple

2024-12-16T14:53:47Z

Bogdanwyo: Started A Place

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Kerala, India}}
{{confusing|reason=The writing style is a bit clumsy and confusing|date=April 2023}}{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Thrikkadavoor Sree Mahadeva Temple
| image = File:THRIKKADAVOOR KSHETHAM-1.jpg
| image_alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Kerala
| map_caption = Location in Kerala
| coordinates = {{coord|8.92053|76.59550|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Kerala]]
| district = [[Kollam district]]
| location = [[Thrikkadavoor]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Shiva]]
| festivals= Srattu, [[Thiruvathira|Thiruvathira Aaratu]]
| architecture = [[Kerala]]
}}
'''Thrikkadavoor Sree Mahadeva Temple''' is a [[Hindu]] temple situated in [[Thrikkadavoor]], [[Kollam district]], [[Kerala|Kerala, India]]. [[Travancore Devaswom Board]] controls the temple.<ref name="janmabhumidaily-1">{{Cite web |title=തൃക്കടവൂർ ശ്രീ മഹാദേവ ക്ഷേത്രം - ജന്മഭൂമി.കോം |url=http://www.janmabhumidaily.com/jnb/News/50324 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225072648/http://www.janmabhumidaily.com/jnb/News/50324 |archive-date=2014-02-25 |access-date=2013-02-12}}</ref><ref name="mathrubhumi-1">{{Cite web |date=2013-03-04 |title=തൃക്കടവൂർ മഹാദേവർ ക്ഷേത്ര ഉത്സവത്തിന് കൊടിയേറി |url=https://newspaper.mathrubhumi.com/kollam/news/kollam-1.7312500 |publisher=mathrubhumi}}</ref>

== Legend ==
It is one of the [[108 Shiva Temples]] in [[Kerala]] with golden flag staff. [[Mrikanda]] and his wife Marudmati(Manasvini) worshipped [[Shiva]] and sought from him the boon of begetting a son. As a result, he was given the choice of either a gifted son, but with a short life on earth or a child of low intelligence but with a long life. Mrikandu rishi chose the former, and was blessed with [[Markandeya]], an exemplary son, destined to die at the age of 16.<ref name="templedarsan-1">{{Cite web |title=തൃക്കടവൂർ ശ്രീ മഹാദേവ ക്ഷേത്രം|url=http://templedarsan.com/temples/thirakadavayoor-mahadeva-temple/|publisher=templedarsan}}</ref><ref name="janmabhumidaily-1"/>

[[Markandeya]] grew up to be a great devotee of [[Shiva]] and on the day of his destined death he continued his worship of [[Shiva]] in his aniconic form of [[Lingam|Shivalingam]]. The messengers of [[Yama]], the god of death were unable to take away his life because of his great devotion and continual worship of [[Shiva]]. [[Yama]] then came in person to take away Markandeya's life, and sprung his noose around the young sage's neck. By accident or fate the noose mistakenly landed around the [[Lingam|Shivalingam]], and out of it, [[Shiva]] emerged in all his fury attacking [[Yama]] for his act of aggression. After defeating [[Yama]] in battle to the point of death, [[Shiva]] then revived him, under the condition that the devout youth would live forever. For this act, [[Shiva]] was thereafter known also as [[Kalantaka]]. This was said to have happened in Thirukkadavoor also call Thrikkadavoor. Thus, [[Maha Mrityunjaya|Maha Mrityunjaya Stotra]] is also attributed to [[Markandeya]], and this legend of [[Shiva]] conquering death is inscribed in metal and worshiped at Thirukkadavoor mahadeva temple.<ref name="templedarsan-1"/><ref name="janmabhumidaily-1"/>

==Deities==
The main deity of this temple is Lord [[Shiva]]. [[Ayyappan]], [[Ganesha]], [[Brahmarakshasa]], [[Yakshini]], [[Nagaraja]], [[Nagayakshini]] are the sub deities inside the temple. [[Krishna|Sree Krishna]] is also worshipped in the temple at an outside [[Garbhagriha]].<ref name="templedarsan-1"/>

==Festivals==
The annual Srattu festival attracts thousands of people, including foreigners. The festival falls in the month of [[Kumbha (month)|Kumbham]] (February/March). 10 days festival includes [[Thiruvathira|Thiruvathira Aaratu]] and, 101 [[Pottery|Kudam]] [[Kalasam]], Chathussatham are offering. The eight artificial horses, which represent the eight areas(karas) around the temple, is a special attraction. May be the world's only one Nedumkuthira (Eduppukuthira- men carrying vertical horse-chariot) procession through water witnessed by global tourists.<ref name="templedarsan-1"/>

== Thrikkadavoor Sivaraju ==
[[Thrikkadavoor Sivaraju]] is a male elephant owned by the temple and, the elephant was honored by [[Devaswom boards in Kerala|Travancore Devaswom]] giving [[Gajarajarathnam|Gajarajarathna Award]] to him.<ref name="mathrubhumi-2">{{Cite web |date=2023-04-19 |title=തൃക്കടവൂർ ശിവരാജു ഇനി ഗജരാജരത്നം |url=https://newspaper.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/kerala-1.8488531 |publisher=mathrubhumi}}</ref><ref name="manoramaonline-1">{{Cite web |date=2023-04-19 |title=തൃക്കടവൂർ ശിവരാജു ഇനി ഗജരാജരത്നം |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/thiruvananthapuram/2023/04/19/thrikkadavur-sivaraju-got-gajaraja-ratna-award-from-travancore-devaswom-board.html |publisher=manoramaonline}}</ref><ref name="deshabhimani-1">{{Cite web |date=2023-04-19 |title=തൃക്കടവൂർ ശിവരാജു ഇനി ഗജരാജരത്നം |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/news/kerala/news-kerala-19-04-2023/1086812 |publisher=deshabhimani}}</ref><ref name="keralakaumudi-1">{{Cite web |date=2023-04-19 |title=തൃക്കടവൂർ ശിവരാജു ഇനി ഗജരാജരത്നം |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/news/news.php?id=1051050&u=thrikkadavoor-sivaraju-elephant |publisher=keralakaumudi}}</ref><ref name="janmabhumi-2">{{Cite web |date=2023-04-19 |title=തൃക്കടവൂർ ശിവരാജു ഇനി ഗജരാജരത്നം |url=https://www.janmabhumi.in/news/thiruvananthapuram/thrikadavur-sivaraju-is-now-gajarajaratnam |publisher=janmabhumi}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* [https://news12.in/kerala/30093/ തൃക്കടവൂർ മഹാദേവർ ക്ഷേത്രത്തിലെ ഒൻപതാം ഉൽസവത്തിന്റെ ഭാഗമായി ക്ഷേത്രത്തിനുള്ളിൽ കെട്ടുകാഴ്ച] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423111154/https://news12.in/kerala/30093/ |date=2023-04-23 }}
{{commons category|Thrikkadavoor Mahadeva Temple}}

{{Hindu temples in Kerala}}

[[Category:Shiva temples in Kerala]]
[[Category:108 Shiva Temples]]

Asad Khan (Bijapuri noble)

2024-10-06T08:01:12Z

Bogdanwyo:

{{Short description|Official of the Sultanate of Bijapur (died 1549)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
'''Asad Khan''' (died 1549), earlier named '''Yusuf Lari''', was a noble and general of the [[Sultanate of Bijapur]]. As a wealthy official and head of the sultanate's military, he played a crucial role in the installment of [[Mallu Adil Shah]], his overthrow from power six months later, and later the unsuccessful deposition of [[Ibrahim Adil Shah I]].{{sfn|Flatt|2019|p=143}}

==Biography==
Born outside the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] a Turkman{{sfn|Flatt|2019|p=139}}{{sfn|Flatt|2019|p=139, n. 86}} from Persia,<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]]|title=ʿĀDELŠĀHĪS|url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/adelsahis-a-dynasty|first=Richard M.|last=Eaton|author-link=Richard M. Eaton|date=2011|quote=Thus the dynasty’s entire history is replete with Iranian generals, ministers, diplomats, governors, and cavalrymen enjoying royal patronage. Some of the more prominent include Asad Khan Lārī}}</ref> Yusuf Lari{{efn|According to historian [[Emma J. Flatt]], "Yusuf Lari" was a [[slave name]] referring to his owner and place of origin{{sfn|Flatt|2019|p=139, n. 86}}}}{{sfn|Flatt|2019|p=139}} was brought to the region as a slave and entered into the service of [[Yusuf Adil Shah]] of the [[Sultanate of Bijapur]]. He assisted in deposing the regent of [[Ismail Adil Shah|Yusuf's designated successor]], Kamal Khan,{{sfn|Flatt|2019|p=139}} who had pushed [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] practices upon the sultanate, oppressed Yusuf Lari's affiliated ''afaqis'' court faction, and later abused his power. This provided for Yusuf Lari's accession to leadership of the afaqis,<ref name="EIca"/> and as a reward for his efforts, he was given charge of the estate of the heavily fortified [[Belgaum]], while he received the title he is commonly referred to, Asad Khan. Administration of Belgaum, a valuable point of trade, greatly increased Asad Khan's wealth, while he gained further riches pursuing campaigns as the ''[[ispahsalar]]'' (senior commander) of Bijapur's military.{{sfn|Flatt|2019|p=139}}

In 1518, he aided in the construction of a mosque, called the ''Masjid Safa'', in his [[jagir]] of Belgaum. A joint Persian–Arabic inscription attests his ownership of the fort and creation of the mosque.<ref name="EIca">{{Encyclopaedia Islamica|title= ʿĀdil-Shāhīs|first=Huda Seyyed|last=Hussein-zadeh|translator=Keven Brown|url=https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/entries/ISLO/COM-0179.xml|year=2015}}</ref>

His influence as a highly potent official gave him sway in dynastic politics,{{sfn|Flatt|2019|p=140}} through which he was able to guarantee the accession of [[Mallu Adil Shah]] to the throne in 1534. Switching sides half a year later from Mallu's realised incompetence, he supported the deposition of Mallu in place of [[Ibrahim Adil Shah I]].<ref name="EIca"/>{{sfn|Flatt|2019|p=140}}

Under the reign of Ibrahim, Asad Khan was given the role of prime minister, and openly defied the statewide decree of the sultan changing the religion in the sultanate to [[Sunni Islam]], following [[Shia Islam|Shiism]].{{sfn|Flatt|2019|p=140}} Plots were sprung up against him twice, purporting of his alleged future misdeeds against the sultanate, both of which Ibrahim fell victim to believing:{{sfn|Flatt|2019|pp=140–141}} the first in 1540 saw Asad Khan's rival Yusuf Turk allege that he, along with his land of Belgaum, were to defect to the [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate]] in outrage of the state's change in doctrinal creed. He fled to Belgaum, being pursued by Yusuf Turk and Ibrahim, but through a prolonged conflict involving multiple of the [[Deccan sultanates]],{{sfn|Flatt|2019|p=140}}{{sfn|Shyam|1966|pp=86–87}} was able to retain it and ultimately have land gained from the now-imprisoned Yusuf Turk by someone of similar interests as he.{{sfn|Flatt|2019|p=140}} In 1543, a coalition was formed by Asad Khan of Ahmadnagar, [[Bidar Sultanate|Bidar]], and Bijapur to depose Ibrahim from power; the sultan took notice of this, and a drawn-out, but ultimately unsuccessful affair ensued putting on display Asad Khan's influence, not restricted to the borders of the Bijapur Sultanate.{{sfn|Flatt|2019|pp=141–144}}

Asad Khan died in 1549, and retained Belgaum his whole career. [[Burhan Nizam Shah I]] of Ahmadnagar took advantage of Asad Khan's death and invaded Bijapur soon after.{{sfn|Shyam|1966|p=89}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Sources===
*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HDGdDwAAQBAJ|title=The Courts of the Deccan Sultanates: Living Well in the Persian Cosmopolis|first=Emma J.|last=Flatt|date=2019|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781108481939}}
*{{cite book|first=Radhey|last=Shyam|date=1966|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5C4hBqKdkEsC|title=The Kingdom of Ahmadnagar|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=9788120826519}}



[[Category:1549 deaths]]
[[Category:People from the Sultanate of Bijapur]]
[[Category:16th-century generals]]
[[Category:16th-century nobility]]